TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The film is formed by dissolving the precursor species, and optionally a binder, in a first solvent to form a solution; passing the substrate through the solution to coat the substrate; and forming the film on the substrate by removing the solvent from the coating. The solvent is removed) by a vacuum evaporation, thermal evaporation, and/or solvent extraction. The method involves employing a positive printing process in which the precursor species is undoped and consisting undoped polymeric species or undoped molecular species; and that the portions are doped with conductivity-altering species comprising dopant(s) to form regions having the second electrical conductivity. The formation of regions involves patterning the thin film with a predetermined pattern of dopant(s), and driving the dopant(s) into the regions of the film to providing the regions in the layer having the second electrical conductivity. The precursor species is doped with a dopant species by doping with gaseous vapors; doping by oxidizing cations; photoinitiated doping; solution doping; or chemical reaction doping. The method involves doping small conjugated molecules to increase their conductivity by a charge transfer reaction. The method also involves a negative printing process in which the precursor species is doped and consisting of doped polymeric species or doped molecular species; and that the portions are de-doped with the conductivity-altering species comprising de-dopant (24) to form regions having second electrical conductivity that is greater than or equal to2 orders of magnitude less than the first electrical conductivity. The regions are formed by patterning the layer with a predetermined pattern of at least one de-dopant; and driving the de-dopant into the major surface to provide the regions in the layer having the second electrical conductivity. The de-dopant is used neat, if it is liquid at room temperature and atmosphere pressure. It is dissolved in the second solvent. The patterning step involves passing the film-coated substrate over a patterned mechanism such that the patterned mechanism contacts the film with a first conducting state, or driving the conductivity-altering species into the regions. The driving step involves heating at 60-250degreesC; or by forming conductive patterns on the substrate film prior to forming the thin film, applying a voltage to the regions to absorb the conductivity-altering species on the regions, placing the regions with the conductivity-altering species in contact with the thin film, and transferring the conductivity-altering species to the thin film. The polymer layer is provided with an array of second electrodes under the polymer layer. The electrical field is applied vertically between the conductive patterns and the array of second electrodes, which charges the dopants and drives the dopants to diffuse vertically into the polymer layer. The patterning step may involve providing a mold with non-planar patterns comprising recesses and protrusions; coating the mold with the conductivity-altering species; providing the film with a first conductivity; and transferring the conductivity-altering species from the protrusions onto the regions in the film, which correspond to the protrusions by impressing the mold into the film. Preferred Property: The first electrical conductivity is different from the second electrical conductivity by greater than or equal to2 orders of magnitude.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The patterned mechanism has a predetermined pattern being transferred to the film to form the regions of a second conductivity. The patterned mechanism comprises patterned rollers, ink jet patterning, and/or mold patterning. It is formed on the patterned roller by ink-jet printing. The ink-jet printing employs droplets of the dopant solution having a volume of less than or equal to1 pl. The predetermined pattern is formed on the patterned roller by laser-jet printing, comprising writing the pattern onto a charged drum; depositing the conductivity-altering species onto patterned areas; and transferring the pattern to the thin film by a rolling roll.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant comprises oxidizing reagents, reducing reagents, Lewis acids, and/or Lewis bases. It comprises iodine, bromine, arsenic (V) fluoride, tin (V) fluoride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium hydride, lithium hydride, calcium hydride, butyl lithium, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, potassium permanganate, water, or alkali metal or amine salts that contain nitrogen oxide or nitrogen dioxide ions, or triarylsulfonium and diaryliodonium salts. The dopant comprises iodine, bromine, arsenic (V) fluoride, antimony (V) fluoride metal hexaflurophosphate, metal perchloriate, or metal triiodide. The de-dopant comprises chemical that is capable of neutralizing charges in the backbone of the doped polymeric species, preferably amines, imines, thiols, metal hydrides, sulfides, sulfites, bisulfites, and metabisulfites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first solvent comprises N-methyl pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, phenol, benzyl alcohol, acetic acid, and/or water. The dopant comprises water toluenesulfonic acid, organic peracid or mineral peracid, sodium naphthalide, or triarylsulfonium and diaryliodonium salts. The undoped molecular species comprises perylene, substituted perylene, tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, substituted tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, tetracyanonaphthalene, substituted tetracyanonaphthalene, tretrathiafulvalene, substituted tretrathiafulvalene, tetraselenafulvalene, or substituted tetraselenafulvalene. The dopant comprises tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, substituted tetracyano-p-quinodimethane, tetracyanonaphthalene, substituted tetracyanonaphthalene, tetrathiafulvalene, substituted tretrathiafulvalene tetraselenafulvalene, or substituted tetraselenafulvalene. The dopant is dissolved in a second solvent consisting of N-methyl pyrrolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, chloroform, phenol, benzyl alcohol, acetic acid, and/or water. The de-dopant comprises chemical that is capable of neutralizing charges in the backbone of the doped polymeric species, preferably phenols. Preferred Property: The first solvent has a boiling point below 200degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant comprises oxidizing reagents, reducing reagents, Lewis acids, and/or Lewis bases. It comprises iodine, bromine, arsenic (V) fluoride, tin (V) fluoride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium hydride, lithium hydride, calcium hydride, butyl lithium, sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, potassium permanganate, water, or alkali metal or amine salts that contain nitrogen oxide or nitrogen dioxide ions, or triarylsulfonium and diaryliodonium salts. The dopant comprises iodine, bromine, arsenic (V) fluoride, antimony (V) fluoride metal hexaflurophosphate, metal perchloriate, or metal triiodide. The de-dopant comprises chemical that is capable of neutralizing charges in the backbone of the doped polymeric species, preferably amines, imines, thiols, metal hydrides, sulfides, sulfites, bisulfites, and metabisulfites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first solvent comprises a monomer of a conducting polymer, preferably aniline, phenol, thiophenol, phenyl acetylene, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, or isothianaphthene. The binder comprises poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), gelatin, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyethylene glycol-butyl stearate, vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol copolymer, methyl vinyl ether/maleic acid copolymer, polysiloxane, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), or copolymers containing acrylate or methacrylate. The undoped polymeric species includes polyaniline, substituted polyaniline or block copolymers of polyaniline; polypyrrole, substituted polypyrrole or block copolymers of polypyrrole; polythiophene, substituted polythiophene or block copolymers of polythiophene; polyisothianaphthene, substituted polyisothianaphthene or block copolymers of polyisothianaphthene; polyparaphenylene, substituted polyparaphenylene or block copolymers of polyparaphenylene; polythienylene vinylene, substituted polythienylene vinylene or block copolymers of polythienylene vinylene; polyparaphenylene vinylene, substituted polyparaphenylene vinylene or block copolymers of polyparaphenylene vinylene; polyacetylene, substituted polyacetylene or block copolymers of polyacetylene; or poly(phenylene sulfide), substituted poly(phenylene sulfide) or block copolymers of poly(phenylene sulfide). The dopant comprises polystyrene sulfonic acid. The doped polymeric species comprises doped polyaniline, doped substituted polyaniline or doped block copolymers of polyaniline; doped polypyrrole, doped substituted polypyrrole or doped block copolymers of polypyrrole; doped polythiophene, doped substituted polythiophene or doped block copolymers of polythiophene; doped polyisothianaphthene, doped substituted polyisothianaphthene, or doped block copolymers of polyisothianaphthene; doped polyparaphenylene, doped substituted polyparaphenylene or doped block copolymers of polyparaphenylene; doped polythienylene vinylene, doped substituted polythienylene vinylene or doped block copolymers of polythienylene vinylene; doped polyparaphenylene vinylene, doped substituted polyparaphenylene vinylene or doped block copolymers of polyparaphenylene vinylene; or doped polyacetylene, doped substituted polyacetylene or doped block copolymers of polyacetylene. Preferred Composition: The dopant species is present at 1-50 wt.%. Preferred Property: The polymer has a solubility of 3-50 wt.% in the first solvent.