TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrode is anode or cathode. The battery further comprises counter ions and lithium salt. The counter ions are selected from BF4, Cl, Br, I, ClO4, sulfonate, sulfonamide, borate, phosphate, phosphonate, PF6, triflate, nitrate, nitrile, carboxylate, alkali (Na+, Li+, K+), alkaline earth (Ca2+, Mg2+), transition element (Fe+2,+3, Zn+2, Ti+2,+4) metal ions or organic ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is carbon anode (preferably graphite, mesocarbon microbead, buckyball, fullerene, multiwall carbon nanotube or single wall carbon nanotube). The anode and cathode comprises a nonionic surfactant, reactive end group surfactant, cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant, fluorinated surfactant or dimeric (Gemini) surfactant. The reactive end group surfactant is vinyl, allyl, acryl, propargyl, diene, polyene, isocyanato, lactone, lactam, silane, siloxy, mercaptyl or epoxy. The cationic surfactant is ammonium or phosphonium derivative. Anionic surfactant is sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphate or phosphonate. The electrolyte comprises at least one agent selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, sulfone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methyl phosphonate, 1,4-dioxane, polyethylene glycol or its oxide, polypropylene glycol or its oxide, polyphosphate and polyphosphonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is non-ion surfactant, organosilicone surfactant or Gemini surfactant (preferably e.g. alkylene glycol alkyl/aryl ether, block copolymer of polyethylene, ethylene oligomer, hydrocarbon chain with polyoxyalkylene chain, polyglycol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alkylene/arylene diol, Brij (RTM) compound, Triton (RTM) compound, polyalkyleneoxide-modified siloxane or polyoxyarylene compound).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode is lithium metal oxide cathode (preferably LiNiCoO2, LiCoO2, LiNiO2 or LiMnO2). The lithium salt is LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiOF6, LiBF4, LiASF6, LiN(CF3(CF2)nSO2)2.n = 1 or 4. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 47 Compounds are specifically claimed as surfactant e.g. Brij 52 (RTM: polyoxyethylene octylphenylether), Triton X-100 (RTM:polyoxyethylene octylphenylether), Silwet 560 (RTM) and Dowanol EB (RTM: 2-Butoxyethanol    ).    EXAMPLE - Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode and LiNiCoO2 cathode were punched into disks and dried at 60degreesC in vacuo for 24 hours. MCMB anode were modified by treating with 10 wt.% solution of Brij 52 (RTM; polyethylene-co-polyethylene oxide surfactant) in tetrahydrofuran and then heating at 120degreesC for 5 minutes. A complex impedance spectrum was obtained over a frequency of 0.01 Hz - 100 kHz. The MCMB anode was charged at 0.5 mA/cm2 for 3 hours and discharged at 50 mA/cm2 for 5 minutes in Li half-cells. The anode was then analyzed in symmetrical cells. The interfacial resistance and impedance for surfactant-treated anode/without treated anode were 37/174 and 37/38 respectively.