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T. et al., Hole Transport in Triphenylmethane Doped Polymers, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., May 1996, 2704-2708, vol. 35, Pt. 1, No. 5A.;  Hallas, G. et al, Dyes Containing Flourine-I; Electronic Absorbtion Spectrum of 2,3,4,5,6-Pentaflouro Malachite Green and the Effect of the Pentaflourophenyl Group, Tetrahedron, vol. 28, pp. 893-896, 1972.;  Jandke, Markus et al., Phenylquinoxaline Polymers and Low Molar Mass Glasses as Electron-Transport Materials in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, Macromolecules, 1998, 6434-6443, 31, American Chemical Society.;  Jin, Sung-Ho et al., Blue electroluminescence in blend of polymers containing carbazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units, Thin Solid Films, 2000, 255-258, 363, Elsevier Science S.A.;  Kuder, James E. et al., Anodic and Photochemical Oxidation of Triphenylmethanes, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 761-766, vol. 44, American Chemical Society.;  Leclerc, M. et al., Electrochemical, Conductive and Magnetic Properties of 2,7-Carbazole-based Conjugated Polymers, Macromolecules, vol. 35, Feb. 7, 2002, pp. 2122-2128.;  Limburg, W. et al., Electronic Transport Properties of Molecularly Doped Polymers_Some Substituted Triarylmethanes, Organic Coatings and Plastics, Chemistry, 1978, 534-539, 38.;  Malpert, John H. et al., Color intensity control in polymers using triarylmethane leuconitriles as color formers, Tetrahedron, 2001, 967-974, 57, Elsevier Science Ltd.;  Naka, Shigeki et al., High electron mobility in bathophenanthroline, Applied Physics Letters, Jan. 10, 2000, 197-199, 76(2), American Institute of Physics.;  Nguyen, T. P. et al., Multilayer light emitting diodes using a PPV based copolymer, Optical Materials, Jan. 1998, 154-158, 9, Elsevier Science B.V.;  O'Brien, D. et al., Use of poly(phenyl quinoxaline) as an electron transport material in polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., Aug. 12, 1996, 881-883, 69(7), American Institute of Physics.;  Posch, P. et al., Perylenediimides with Electron Transport Moieties for Electroluminescent Devices, Synthetic Materials, 1999, 1110-1112, 102, Elsevier Science S.A.;  Redecker, M. et al., Electron transport in starburst phenylquinoxalines, Applied Physics Letter, Jul. 5, 1999, 109-111, 75(1) American Institute of Physics.;  Rehahn, Matthias et al, Synthesis, solution properties and conversion of poly(2,9-o-phenanthroline-alt-(2'5'-dihexyl)-4,4 -p-terphenylene)s into soluble, well-defined copper(I) and silver (I) complex polymers, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1998, 127-140, 199, Huthig&Wepf Verlag, Zug.;  Schmitz, Christoph, Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene), Poly (triphenyldiamine), and Spiroquinoxaline, Advanced Functional Materials, 2001, 41-46, 11(1), Wiley-Vch Verlag GmbH.;  Schurmann et al; Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Heterocyclic Model Compounds for Electroluminescent Devices; Synthetic Metals 102 (1999) pp. 1069-1070.;  Sun, Li-Xian et al., PVC membrane lithium-selective electrodes based on oligomethylene-bridged bis-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1996, 57-64, 329, Elsevier Science B.V.;  Suzuki, A et al, A New Stereospecific Cross-Coupling by the Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Alkenylboranes with 1-Alkenyl or 1-Alkynyl Halides, Tetrahedron Letters, No. 36, pp. 3437-3440, 1979.;  Thomas, K.R. Justin et al., Quinoxalines Incorporating Triarylamines: Potential Electroluminescent Materials with Tunable Emission Characteristics, Chem. Mater., 2002, 2796-2802, 14, American Chemical Society.;  Yamamoto et al, Electrically conducting and thermally stable pi-conjugated poly(arylene)s prepared by organometallic process, Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 17, pp. 1153-1205, 1992.;  Yamamoto, Takakazu et al., Preparation and Properties of pi-Conjugated Poly(1,10-phenanthroline03,8-diyl), Chemistry Letters, 1995, 785-786.;  Yamamoto, Takakazu et al., Preparation of New Electron-Accepting p-conjugated Polyquinoxalines. Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction, Electrically Conducting Properties, and Use in Light-Emitting Diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 3930-3937, 118, American Chemical Society.;  Young, Ralph H. et al., Dipole Moments of Hole-Transporting Materials and Their Influence on Hole Mobility in Molecularly Doped Polymers, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 4230-4240, 99(12), American Chemical Society.;  Zhao et al, Photorefractive Polymer with Side-Chain Second Order Nonlinear Optica and Charge-Transporting Groups. Chem Mater 1995 (7) pp. 1237-1242.;  Zhu, Lihua et al., A relationship between driving voltage and the highest occupied molecular orbital level of hole-transporting metallophthalocyanine layer for organic electroluminescence devices, Thin Solid Films, 2001, 213-218, 396, Elsevier Science B.V.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021613, Feb. 26, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021612, Mar. 15, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021610, Apr. 6, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021618, Jan. 28, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021617, Feb. 24, 2004.US8293139-B2  Jandke et al., "Phenylquinoxaline Polymers and Low Molar Mass Glasses as Electron-Transport Materials in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes," Macromolecules, 31, pp. 6434-6443 (1998).;  Adachi et al., Nearly 100% Internal Phosphorescence Efficiency In An Organic light Emitting Device, Journal Of Applied Physics, Nov. 15, 2001, vol. 90, pp. 5048-5051.;  Beilstein Record No. 8797439 2006.;  Borsenberger, P.M. et al., Hole Transport in Triphenylmethane-doped Poly(styrene), Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 185-191, 1997.;  Borsenberger, P.M. et al., Hole Transport in Vapor-Deposited Triphenylmethane Glasses, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Mary 1996, 2698-2703, vol. 35, Pt. 1, No. 5A.;  Borsenberger, Paul M. et al., Effects of the Dipole Moment on Charge Transport in Disordered Molecular Solids, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993, 4815-4819, 97(18), American Chemical Society.;  Chao et al, Effect of Side Chain Alkyl Length on the Electroluminescence Characteristics fo Carbazole-Based Light Emitting Polymers, Macromol, Chem Phys. 2001 (20) pp. 2864-2871.;  Cui, Yuanting et al., Thiophene-Linked Polyphenylquinoxaline: A New Electron Transport Conjugated Polymer for Electroluminescent Devices, Macromolecules, 1999, 3824-3826, 32, American Chemical Society.;  Dietrich-Buchecker, Christiane et al., Selective and efficient synthesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted 1,10- phenanthrolines, Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 3395-3396, 40, Elsevier Science Ltd.;  Filler, R. et al, Flourocarbon Chemistry-Tris(4-nitro-2,3,5,6-tetra flourophenyl)methane and companions, Journal of Flourine Chemistry, vol. 102, pp. 185-188, Elsevier Science, 2000.;  Gibson, Harry W. et al., Surface Analyses by a Triboelectric Charging Techniques, Analytical Chemistry, Apr. 1979, 483-487, 51(4) American Chemical Society.;  Giebeler, C. et al., The photovoltaic effect in poly(p-phenylene-2,3'-bis(3,2'-dipheny1)-quinoxaline-7-7'-diy1), Optical Materials, Jan. 1998, 99-103, 9, Elsevier Science B.V.;  Gruenbaum, W. T. et al., Hole Transport in Triphenylmethane Doped Polymers, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., May 1996, 2704-2708, vol. 35, Pt. 1, No. 5A.;  Hallas, G. et al, Dyes Containing Flourine-1; Electronic Absorbtion Spectrum of 2,3,4,5,6-Pentaflouro Malachite Green and the Effect of the Pentaflourophenyl Group, Tetrahedron, vol. 28, pp. 893-896, 1972.;  Zhu, Lihua et al., A relationship between driving voltage and the highest occupied molecular orbital level of hole-transporting metallophthalocyanine layer for organic electroluminescence devices, Thin Solid Films, 2001, 213-218, 396, Elsevier Science B.V.;  Jin, Sung-Ho et al., Blue electroluminescence in blend of polymers containing carbazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units, Thin Solid Films, 2000, 255-258, 363, Elsevier Science S.A.;  Kuder, James E. et al., Anodic and Photochemical Oxidation of Triphenylmethanes, J. Org. Chem., 1979, 761-766, vol. 44, American Chemical Society.;  Leclerc, M. et al., Electrochemical, Conductive and Magnetic Properties of 2,7-Carbazole-based Conjugated Polymers, Macromolecules, vol. 35, Feb. 7, 2002, pp. 2122-2128.;  Limburg, W. et al., Electronic Transport Properties of Molecularly Doped Polymers_Some Substituted Triarylmethanes, Organic Coatings and Plastics, Chemistry, 1978, 534-539, 38.;  Malpert, John H. et al., Color intensity control in polymers using triarylmethane leuconitriles as color formers, Tetrahedron, 2001, 967-974, 57, Elsevier Science Ltd.;  Naka, Shigeki et al., High electron mobility in bathophenanthroline, Applied Physics Letters, Jan. 10, 2000, 197-199, 76(2), American Institute of Physics.;  Nguyen, T. P. et al., Multilayer light emitting diodes using a PPV based copolymer, Optical Materials, Jan. 1998, 154-158, 9, Elsevier Science B.V.;  O'Brien, D. et al., Use of poly(phenyl quinoxaline) as an electron transport material in polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., Aug. 12, 1996, 881-883, 69(7), American Institute of Physics.;  Posch, P. et al., Perylenediimides with Electron Transport Moieties for Electroluminescent Devices, Synthetic Materials, 1999, 1110-1112, 102, Elsevier Science S.A.;  Redecker, M. et al., Electron transport in starburst phenylquinoxalines, Applied Physics Letter, Jul. 5, 1999, 109-111, 75(1) American Institute of Physics.;  Rehahn, Matthias et al, Synthesis, solution properties and conversion of poly(2,9-o-phenanthroline-alt-(2', 5'-dihexyl)-4,4''-p-terphenylene)s into soluble, well-defined copper(I) and silver (I) complex polymers, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1998, 127-140, 199, Huthig&Wepf Verlag, Zug.;  Schmitz, Christoph, Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene), Poly (triphenyldiamine), and Spiroquinoxaline, Advanced Functional Materials, 2001, 41-46, 11(1), Wiley-Vch Verlag GmbH.;  Schurmann et al; Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Heterocyclic Model Compounds for Electroluminescent Devices; Synthetic Metals 102 (1999) pp. 1069-1070.;  Sun, Li-Xian et al., PVC membrane lithium-selective electrodes based on oligomethylene-bridged bis-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, Analytica Chimica Acta, 1996, 57-64, 329, Elsevier Science B.V.;  Suzuki, A et al, A New Stereospecific Cross-Coupling by the Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Alkenylboranes with 1-Alkenyl or 1-Alkynyl Halides, Tetrahedron Letters, No. 36, pp. 3437-3440, 1979.;  Thomas, K.R. Justin et al., Quinoxalines Incorporating Triarylamines: Potential Electroluminescent Materials with Tunable Emission Characteristics, Chem. Mater., 2002, 2796-2802, 14, American Chemical Society.;  Yamamoto et al, Electrically conducting and thermally stable pi-conjugated poly(arylene)s prepared by organometallic process, Progress in Polymer Science, vol. 17, pp. 1153-1205, 1992.;  Yamamoto, Takakazu et al., Preparation and Properties of pi-Conjugated Poly(1,10-phenanthroline03,8-diyl), Chemistry Letters, 1995, 785-786.;  Yamamoto, Takakazu et al., Preparation of New Electron-Accepting p-conjugated Polyquinoxalines. Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction, Electrically Conducting Properties, and Use in Light-Emitting Diodes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 3930-3937, 118, American Chemical Society.;  Young, Ralph H. et al., Dipole Moments of Hole-Transporting Materials and Their Influence on Hole Mobility in Molecularly Doped Polymers, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 4230-4240, 99(12), American Chemical Society.;  Zhao et al, Photorefractive Polymer with Side-Chain Second Order Nonlinear Optica and Charge-Transporting Groups. Chem Mater 1995 (7) pp. 1237-1242.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021617, C. Pusch Authorized Officer, Feb. 24, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021613, D. Marsitzky Authorized Officer, Feb. 26, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021612, N. Doslik Authorized Officer, Mar. 15, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021610, M. Fritz Authorized Officer, Apr. 6, 2004.;  PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US 03/021618, S. Fanni Authorized Officer, Jan. 28, 2004.US8529796-B2  Jandke et al., "Phenylquinoxaline Polymers and Low Molar Mass Glasses as Electron-Transport Materials in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes," Macromolecules, 31, pp. 6434-6443 (1998).;  Adachi et al., "Nearly 100% Internal Phosphorescence Efficiency in an Organic Light Emitting Device," Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, vol. 90, pp. 5048-5051.;  Beilstein Record No. 8797439 2006.;  Borsenberger et al., "Hole Transport in Triphenylmethane-doped Poly(styrene)," Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 1997, vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 185-191.;  Borsenberger et al., "Hole Transport in Vapor-Deposited Triphenylmethane Glasses," Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1996, vol. 35, Pt. 1, No. 5A, pp. 2698-2703.;  Borsenberger et al., "Effects of the Dipole Moment on Charge Transport in Disordered Molecular Solids," The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1993, vol. 97(18), pp. 4815-4819.;  Chao et al, "Effect of Side Chain Alkyl Length on the Electroluminescence Characteristics fo Carbazole-Based Light Emitting Polymers," Macromol, Chem Phys., 2001, vol. 202, pp. 2864-2871.;  Cui et al., "Thiophene-Linked Polyphenylquinoxaline: A New Electron Transport Conjugated Polymer for Electroluminescent Devices," Macromolecules, 1999, vol. 32, pp. 3824-3826.;  Dietrich-Buchecker et al., "Selective and efficient synthesis of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted 1,10-phenanthrolines," Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, vol. 40, pp. 3395-3396.;  Filler et al, "Fluorocarbon Chemistry-Tris(4-nitro-2,3,5,6-tetra flourophenyl)methane and companions," Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2000, vol. 102, pp. 185-188.;  Gibson et al., "Surface Analyses by a Triboelectric Charging Techniques," Analytical Chemistry, 1979, vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 483-487.;  Giebeler et al., "The photovoltaic effect in poly(p-phenylene-2,3'-bis(3,2'-diphenyl)-quinoxaline-7-7'-diyl)," Optical Materials, 1998, vol. 9, pp. 99-103.;  Gruenbaum et al., "Hole Transport in Triphenylmethane Doped Polymers," Japanese Journal of Appllied Physics, 1996, vol. 35, Pt. 1, No. 5A, pp. 2704-2708.;  Hallas et al, "Dyes Containing Flourine-I; Electronic Absorbtion Spectrum of 2,3,4,5,6-Pentaflouro Malachite Green and the Effect of the Pentaflourophenyl Group," Tetrahedron, 1972, vol. 28, pp. 893-896.;  Jandke et al., "Phenylquinoxaline Polymers and Low Molar Mass Glasses as Electron-Transport Materials in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes," Macromolecules, 1998, vol. 31, pp. 6434-6443.;  Jin et al., "Blue electroluminescence in blend of polymers containing carbazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units," Thin Solid Films, 2000, vol. 363, pp. 255-258.;  Kuder et al., "Anodic and Photochemical Oxidation of Triphenylmethanes," J. Org. 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