TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second compound is of formula (1)-(12).X, Y = COOH, PO3H2, PO4H2, SO3H2, SO4H2, or their deprotonated forms; andn = 0-20.X and Y are not simultaneously H.The second compound is 1-20C alkyl (di)carboxylic acids, 1-20C alkyl carboxylates, 1-20C alkyl (di)phosphonic acids, 1-20C alkyl (di)phosphonates, 1-20C alkyl sulfonic acid or 1-20C alkyl sulfonates.The chromophoric substance and second compound form a self-assembled monolayer on the semiconductive metal oxide layer. The molar ratio of chromophoric substance to co-adsorbed second compound is 1-5. The chromophoric substance is amphiphilic ruthenium polypyrydil complex. The chromophoric substance is ruthenium (II) complex of structure RuLL'(NCS)2.L = 4,4'-dicarboxylate-2,2'-bipyridine; andL' = 4,4'-nonyl-2,2'-bipyridineThe electrolyte comprises room temperature molten salt. The molten salt is liquid at least between standard room temperature to 80 degrees C greater than room temperature. The electrolyte also comprises polar organic solvent with boiling point of at least 100 degrees C at normal atmospheric pressure. The solvent is a nitrile, e.g. 3-methoxypropionitrile or butyronitrile. The electrolyte also comprises compound made by neutral molecule containing nitrogen atom(s) with lone electron pair. The compound made by neutral molecule is used as additive. The neutral molecule has structure 13.R'1, R'2 = H, alkyl, alkoxyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy-alkyl, poly-ether and/or phenyl (each substituent has 1-20C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte comprises gelifying compound, i.e. matrix-forming polymer. The polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene hexafluoropropylene (PVD-HFP), polyvinylidene hexafluoropropylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVD+HFP+CTFE) copolymers, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, or their derivatives. The electrolyte preferably comprises copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (2-50 wt.% of electrolyte).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gelifying Compound: The gelifying compound is preferably silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or alumina nanoparticles; magnesium oxide or titanium dioxide nanotubes; or titanium dioxide nano-rods. The gel contains gelifying compound in minor proportions of 2-20, preferably at most 10 wt.%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The second compound is preferably (deoxy)cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, cyclohexane-carboxylic acid, adamantane acetic acid, adamantane propionic acid or 4-pentyl bicyclo (2,2,2)-octane-1-carboxylic acid (claimed).