TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate layer comprises planar, fibrous, ribbon-like, or cylindrical geometry. It has a thickness of 1 mum to 6.35 mm (preferably 25-127 mum). The cylindrical geometry has a diameter of 1 mum to 6.35 mm (preferably 10-380 mum). The substrate comprises a material adapted to be flexible or conformable. The electrochemical device further comprises an anode layer. The anode layer is lithium-metal, lithium-free or lithium-ion. The electrochemical device further comprises electrode layer(s) including a thickness of 0.05 mum to 10 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer may comprise ceramic or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer may comprise metal, metal-alloy or semiconductor shape memory alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming a second electrochemical layer comprises providing a gaseous environment including argon, nitrogen or oxygen; providing a sputter target; and sputter-depositing the second electrochemical layer with the sputter target comprising a single phase target or a multi-phase target.Preferred Materials: The substrate may comprise carbon. The sputter target comprises Li3PO5, Li4P2O4, LiPO3, Li3PO3, lithium oxide (Li2O, Li2O2), lithium nitride (Li3N), phosphorus (P), phosphorus oxide (P2O5), phosphorus nitride (P5N3, PN), phosphorus oxynitride (PON, P4ON6), tin (Sn), tin nitride (Sn3N4), tin oxide (SnO2), tin nitrate (Sn(NO3)4), lithium tin (LixSn, x = greater than 0 and at most 4.4), lithium phosphide (LixP, x = greater than 0 and at most 3), Li5SnP3, Li8SnP4, Li7PN4, Li10PN10, LiPN2, LiN2P, Li2.88PO3.73N0.14, Li2SnO3, Li8SnO6, Sn4P3, SnP, SnP3, Sn2P2O7, Sn3(PO4)2, or lithium (Li); M, MNx (x = greater than 0 and less than 1/3 valence of M), MOx (x = greater than 0 and less than 1/2 valence of M), M(NO3)x (x = valence of M), LixM (alloy or solid solution of Li and M), or LixP (x = greater than 0 and at most 3); sulfur (S), sulfur nitride ((SN)x), selenium (Se), selenium oxide (SeOx, x = 2, 2.5 or 3), tellurium (Te), tellurium oxide (TeOx, x = 2, 2.5 or 3), lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), MSx (x = greater than 0 and less than 1/2 valence of M), MSex (x = greater than 0 and 1/2 valence of M), MeFx, MeClx, MeBrx or MeI (x = valence of M), M(SO4)x (x = 1/2 valence of M), M(ClO4)x, M(BrO4)x or M(IO4)x (x = valence of M); or Li2Be2O3, Li4BeO3, beryllium (Be), beryllium oxide (BeO), lithium borate (LiBO2), boron (B), boron oxide (B2O3), boron nitride (BN), lithium aluminate (Li2AlO4, LiAlO2, LiAl5O8), aluminum (Al), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium silicate (Li4SiO4, Li8SiO6), silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), lithium germanate (Li4GeO4), germanium (Ge), germanium oxide (GeO2), germanium nitride (Ge3N4), lithium arsenate (Li3AsO4), arsenic (As), arsenic oxide (As2O3, As2O5), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), lithium chlorate (LiClO4), lithium scandate (LiScO2), scandium (Sc), scandium oxide (Sc2O3), lithium yttrium oxide (LiYO2), yttrium (Y), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), yttrium nitride (YN), lithium zirconate (Li8ZrO6), zirconium (Zr), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), zirconium nitride (ZrN), lithium cerium oxide (LiCeO2), cerium (Ce), cerium oxide (CeO2), lithium aluminum silicate (LiAlSiO4), lithium silicon aluminate (Li9SiAlO8), lithium silicon phosphate (Li3.6Si0.6P0.4O4), lithium scandium phosphate (Li3Sc2(PO4)3), lithium titanium phosphate (LiTi2(PO4)3), lithium boron phosphate (Li0.2BPO4.1), lithium boron nitride (Li3BN2), lithium aluminum nitride (Li3AlN2), lithium silicon nitride (LiSi2N3, Li2SiN2, Li5SiN3, Li18Si3N10, Li21Si3N11, Li8SiN4), lithium aluminum fluoride (LiAlF4), lithium aluminum chloride (LiAlCl4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), or lithium silicon sulfide (Li3SiS3.5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer may comprise polymer. A second electrochemical device comprises a composite including a polymer matrix. The polymer matrix comprises polyethylene oxide, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyester, or polyvinylpyrrolidone.