TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The PV device includes a circuit element of resistors, diodes, and/or varistors connected in parallel to a PV cell. The first electrode is cathode (16) or anode (14). The electron acceptor and donor materials are disposed adjacent to the cathode and anode, respectively. Each PV cell includes an electron transport material disposed between the cathode and the electron acceptor material, and a hole transport material disposed between the anode and the electron acceptor material. The PV cells are disposed on a transparent substrate (150).Preferred Method: The first and second conducting materials are disposed by vacuum deposition, spin coating, spraying, or ink-jet printing. The second electrode is disposed by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation, sputtering, or electroplating.Preferred Parameter: The EM radiation has a wavelength of 100 nm-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode comprises potassium (K), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), lanthanum (La), cesium (Ce), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), indium (In), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), samarium (Sm), and/or europium (Eu). The anode is transparent metals or conducting oxides. The transparent metals are gold (Au), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and/or platinum (Pt). The conducting oxides are indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc indium tin oxide, and/or antimony oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode may comprise alloy of K, Li, Na, Mg, La, Ce, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ag, In, Sn, Zn, Zr, Sm, and/or Eu. The transparent metals can be alloy of Au, Co, Ni, and/or Pt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electron donor material is metal-free phthalocyanine; phthalocyanine pigments containing copper, zinc, nickel, platinum, magnesium, lead, iron, aluminum, indium, titanium, scandium, yttrium, cerium, praseodymium, lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thallium, ytterbium, and lutetium; quinacridone pigment; indigo and thioindigo pigments; merocyanine compounds; cyanine compounds; squarylium compounds; hydrazone; pyrazoline; triphenylmethane; or triphenylamine.The electron acceptor material is perylene tetracarboxidiimide, perylene tetracarboxiimidazole, anthraquinone acridone pigment, polycyclic quinone, naphthalene tetracarboxidiimidazole, cyanide- or carbon trifluoride-substituted poly(phenylene vinylene), or Buckminsterfullerene.The electron transport material is metal organic complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline, stilbene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, perylene derivatives, metal thioxinoid compounds, oxadiazole derivatives and metal chelates, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives, nitro-substituted fluorine derivatives, or triazines.The hole transport material is triaryldiamine, tetraphenyldiamine, aromatic tertiary amines, hydrazone derivatives, carbazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives having amino group, or polythiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron donor material can be conjugated electroconductive polymers of polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(thienylene vinylene), poly(isothianaphthalene); or poly(silane).