TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrogen generator has an electrical insulator (15) interposed between 2 or more porous components, and heating unit, which provides high-frequency induction-heat to catalyst components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The heating process utilizes exhaust heat and heating process is depended from electric-power-generation process using meta-gas obtained from the methane-fermentation process. The exhaust heat from the generator, which generates electric power using meta-gas obtained by the methane-fermentation unit is utilized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The waste-liquid processing agent is calcium oxide.Preferred Material: The moisture-content adjustment material is organic residue.Preferred Composition: The amount of calcium oxide and moisture-content adjustment material fermented in alkali environment mixed with 100 vol. parts of waste liquid are 5-30 vol. parts and 80-100 vol. parts, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pruning material or the rod-like saw dust is blended with naturally occurring ground polymers such as gluten, gelatin, wheat flour, sea weed or decomposed rubber gum, oligomer, or heat-fusible synthetic macromolecule having a particle size of 100 mm or less as a base material, by mechanical mixing under normal temperature 10degreesC and set as a cylinder or pulp. Then, the base material (5-20 times) is added to the binder. The binder is mixed with a matured fertilizer or a chemical fertilizer, which are fermented using an aerobic soil microbe to augment the fertilizer effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Material: The raw material utilized in synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid is chosen from an enzymatically degraded substance of soybean milk, cow's milk, skimmed milk powder, sea-tangle extract, fruit juice, fish meat extract, various protein or vegetable juice, cheese whey, soybean broth, tofu wastewater, husk, bonito broth, canned food, juice or alcohol distilled waste liquid (potato shochu-liquor lees, rice shochu-liquor less or barley shochu lees), sweet potato starch lees or potato starch less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The Lactobacillus having glutamic acid decarboxylase producing ability is L. brevis or L. plantarum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The foodstuff material contained in non-airtight container is fermented with Lactobacillus without heat sterilization. The fermented liquor obtained after primary fermentation is adjusted to pH 3.5-5.5. EXAMPLE - Monosodium glutamate (in g) (50) was mixed with soybean milk (450 ml) containing protein (3.7), lipid (3.7), carbohydrate (2.6), sodium (85.5), vitamin E (1 mg), calcium (55 mg), magnesium (22 mg), lecithin (130 mg) and isoflavone (29 mg), and adjusted to pH 5.2. The obtained mixture was mixed with starter culture medium containing polypeptone, yeast extract, glucose, magnesium sulfate, ion sulfate, salt and sodium acetate, adjusted to pH 6.8, autoclaved at 120 degrees C for 15 minutes, inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005 strain and cultivated for 2 days at 30 degrees C. After primary fermentation the pH was adjusted to 3.5-5.5 and the fermented culture solution was filtered and the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid when measured was 5.2 w/v% (95% yield) and molecular weight was 103. The obtained gamma-aminobutyric acid has excellent flavor and storage stability. -
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The titanium-manganese hydrogen occlusion alloy is an alloy of formula: TixCr2-yMny, where Ti is titanium, Cr is chromium, Mn is manganese, x is 1-1.2, and y is 1-1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Silicon: The silicon is discarded silicon or wafer crushed waste generated during semiconductor manufacture. The discarded silicon is in the form of hydrated solution, slurry or cake.Preferred Hydroxide: The hydroxide of basic hydroxide aqueous solution is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, a calcium hydroxide, hydrated beryllium and/or iron hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus further has a hydrogen storage unit for storing the hydrogen produced by the reaction unit, another storage unit (U1) for storing solid or liquid product produced by reaction unit, and a dehydration unit for extracting the moisture content from the product stored in the storage unit (U1).The hydrogen storage unit is a hydrogen occlusion alloy (20) to which occlusion of hydrogen of high-pressure state is carried out, or a high-pressure cylinder in which hydrogen of high-pressure state is pressed-in.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic ligand is triethylene diamine. The organic compound is alcohol, aromatic hydrocarbon, aliphatic hydrocarbon and/or halogenated organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The press-molding is performed using oil hydraulic press or still-water isotropic-pressure press.Preferred Property: The pore volume of molded metal complex is 62-100% of pore volume of porous dicarboxylic acid metal complex before molding. EXAMPLE - Methanol solution (25 ml) of copper sulfate hydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), terephthalic acid (1.05 g), formic acid (1.6 ml) and dimethylformamide (30 ml) were reacted at 65degreesC for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, to obtain deposit. The deposit was added in methanol solution (60 ml) of triethylene diamine (Teda) (0.35 g) and reaction filtrate (20 ml). The mixture was reacted at 170degreesC for 1 hour. Subsequently, suction filtration was carried out to obtain deposit. The deposit was washed and dried at 110degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain metal complex (Cu(OOCC6H4COO).1/2Teda). The complex had BET specific surface area of 1905 m2/g and pore volume of 0.73 ml/g. Methanol vapor was adsorbed in the obtained metal complex, and was molded at pressure of 160 MPa using hydraulic press. Subsequently, drying was carried out at 110degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain molded metal complex. The molded metal complex had pore volume of 0.52 ml/g, methane adsorption amount per unit weight of 158 Nml/g, bulk density of 0.777 g/ml and methane quantity stored per unit volume of 149 V/V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The plant residue is processed at 260 degrees C for 15 minutes in the presence of solvent e.g. water. The plant residue is remaining substance after extracting pigment or aromatic component from a plant selected from red cabbage, red Japanese radish, purple potato, safflower, beans or citrus type fruit. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No test details are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.    EXAMPLE - Shredded red cabbage (1.5 kg) was extracted with citric acid containing aqueous acid (2 l) at 25 degrees C for 2 hours. The mixture was passed through the metal mesh to obtain pigment liquid (2.4 l) and red cabbage residue (600 g). Red cabbage residue (2 g) was processed at 260 degrees C for 3 hours with ion exchange water (20 ml). The above mixture was filtered. The obtained filtrate was effectively used as methane fermentation raw material or liquid fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The region of the feed line of educts is cooled by free or forced convection.During cold start of the device, the region of the feed line of educts is electrically heated.Units are provided for tempering the region of the feed line of educts so that the flow speed of a medium in a region surrounding the region of the feed line is increased.The region of the feed line of educts is formed as a diffuser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reforming unit is formed as a partial oxidation unit and/or autothermal reformer.The reforming unit has a feed line (3) for a gas stream.The gas stream is a vehicle exhaust gas.The feed line has a unit (4) in the gas stream flow direction for introducing the low-boiling fuel fraction into the gas stream.A heater is used to remove the low-boiling fuel fraction using thermal separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide removing device has carbon dioxide separating membrane and carbon dioxide adsorbing agent. The carbon dioxide separating membrane isolates carbon dioxide from the reformed gas. The carbon dioxide adsorbing agent adsorbs carbon dioxide contained in the reformed gas, and is detachably provided in the carbon dioxide removing device.Preferred Property: The carbon dioxide removing device produces pressure difference between portion provided with the carbon dioxide separating membrane, and the other portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The carbon dioxide separating membrane is formed of cellulose acetate, polyimide or polysulfone acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon dioxide adsorbing agent is formed of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, zeolite or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Unit Manufacture: Manufacturing method comprises:(1) winding resin impregnation fiber bundle around the outer surface of the hollow liner;(2) thermosetting the resin impregnation fiber bundle wound around the outer surface of the liner; and(3) assembling the hydrogen occlusion units around the tank body.Preferred Unit: Both ends of the heat-medium pipe of each unit for hydrogen occlusion are provided at one end of the hydrogen occlusion unit. Optionally one end of each heat-medium pipe is provided at one end of the hydrogen occlusion unit and the other end of each unit is provided at the other end of the hydrogen occlusion unit. Heat-medium pipe of all the units for hydrogen occlusion is connected to the connection pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The system comprises a device to add a controlled amount of a nitrogen-free diluent gas to oxygen in the combustion chamber and to moderate the burning temperatures to prevent overheating of the refractory and boiler components.Preferred Components: The diluent gas is carbon dioxide from the separator. The amount of the diluent and addition is controlled by the firetube and boiler temperature, respectively. (D2) is for feeding oxygen from the supply in progressively increasing proportions along the length of the first traveling conveyor firebelt. (D3) is for feeding oxygen from the supply in progressively decreasing amount along the length of the second traveling conveyor firebelt. The nitrogen-free diluent gas is carbon dioxide and/or argon.Preferred Method: (m1) Involves collecting and passing combustion gas from the combustion chamber through a firetube and adding more oxygen and diluent gas to control the burning of the combustion gas to produce heat, supplying the heat to a boiler to convert the heat to steam, passing residual gases through a cyclone to remove or collect coarse fly-ash, supplying any residual exhaust gas to a baghouse to an acid gas scrubber to collect or remove the gas salts, and feeding gases to a carbon dioxide scrubber to remove carbon dioxide from it and feeding the carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide scrubber to a liquefier to liquefy carbon dioxide and feeding the carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide scrubber to the first combustion stage to as a diluent gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The excretion propagation region is livestock barn. The animal is livestock and fish.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The catalytic substrate comprises a substrate body (22) defining a hollow inner region and an inlet to the hollow inner region. It comprises a mesh screen with a catalyst material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Gas: The gas to be treated is sludge-digestion or biogas. Preferred Pipe: A mixed pipe (103) that mixes the gas to be treated and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, is provided at the path (100) which supplies gas to the gas treatment equipment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The ammonia decomposition catalyst contains metal-oxide support on which nickel or nickel oxide, and alkaline-earth metal, lanthanoids or their oxide, is supported. The metal-oxide support is alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The cyclic hydrocarbon is decalin. The dehydrogenation product is naphthalene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The coagulation unit has cooling pipe (42) to circulate the cooling medium. The storage tank has a discharge port to eject hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas produced in a reaction tank (10) is supplied to the storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reflux unit has a tank (5) for storing water vapor or water after heating in unit (A), a pump for pumping water to the water vapor producing unit from tank, and pressure regulating unit provided at the vicinity of the unit (A). The pressure in the tank is reduced, when the load of the modifying system is increased. The pressure in the unit (A) is maintained at predetermined pressure. The reactor in the reflux unit is carbon monoxide removal reactor (3). The reactor in the water vapor generator is a heat exchanger (4). Preferred Process: The reformed gas transitionally produced in the modifying system with respect to the load, is reacted in the carbon monoxide removal reactor, when the load of the modifying system is decreased. Cooling water supplied to the coolant layer of the heat exchanger is evaporated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The carbon dioxide separation membrane is made of alkali-metal group complex oxide of formula: A2BO3, where A is alkali metal(s), and B is titanium group element, or alkali-metal group orthosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A cathode is arranged in the reactor, and an anode is arranged at the hydrogen separation chamber (4) separated from the reactor. The cathode and anode are connected by a proton conductive material. An electricity is supplied to the cathode and anode by a fuel cell (13) which generates electric power with oxygen, hydrogen obtained from the reactor, or hydrocarbon group fuel. Water produced in the fuel cell is supplied to the reactor, while hydrogen is moved from the reactor to the hydrogen separation chamber electrochemically. The fuel cell is a single cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alkaline solution has a pH of 9-14. The leftovers may alternatively be contacted with an acidic aqueous solution, preferably at a pH of 1-5. The hydrogen is separated and purified from the mixture of gases that is generated, and stored in a container after an appropriate time. The heat used in the processing installation is also used for producing a metal oxide from the amphoteric metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Compound (8) is selected to bind particular pollutants by electrostatic attraction. Baskets, made of wire mesh, are filled with (1) and placed in the upper part of a filtration pond, then the polluted water or sludge passed through at a controlled rate. The system includes a sensor that monitors continuously the pollutant concentration, to indicate when (1) needs to be replaced.Preferred Device: Pond (11) has an upper layer of (1) coated with (8) and a lower layer of uncoated (1), with the two layers separated by a calibrated mesh that controls the flow rate. The storage device of item (2) comprises an underground reservoir filled entirely with (1), coated with an (8) that is acceptable for use with drinking water, so that roads and various works can be constructed above the reservoir without risk of causing subsidence or collapse.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: (8) is activated carbon for removal of heavy metals or talc for removal of hydrocarbons.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The chips (1) are coated by immersion in a solution of glue that is completely insoluble in water and is of the vulcanization type that adheres strongly to rubber; then partially dried in a flow of air; coated with active agent in a fluidized bed and finally dried. Preferably (8) is used in powdered form. In the storage device of item (2), (8) is 'rislan' or certain epoxy resins. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - A process control computer sets the transfer between the reactors, and determines the pH values.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The composting method includes detaching the side panel from the main unit; relocating the main unit by moving the main unit from the compostable material while leaving the compostable material in place; and transferring the compostable material back into the relocated main unit, and reattaching the side panel to the main unit. The main unit is relocated by, sliding or rolling the main unit.Preferred Component: A bottom surface of the main unit includes wheels or rollers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas containing organic vapors is derived from pyrolysis of biomass. The pyrolysis of biomass is achieved through electrical heat, or in a vehicle. The biomass forms a carbonaceous residue that reacts with water to form carbon monoxide. The carbonaceous residue and water are pressurized to 200-500 psi. The hydrogen containing water vapor devoid of carbon monoxide is subjected to scrubbing in an absorbent for scrubbing water vapor in gaseous hydrogen to furnish a gas devoid of water vapor containing hydrogen separated from the absorbent. The absorbent containing water is subjected to heat forming water vapor and an absorbent for recycle. The formation of hydrogen gas is achieved in a continuous mode.Preferred Component: The biomass is from woody material, waste paper, and/or and MSW (sic) including an individual. The solution for removing carbon dioxide is from aqueous bases and/or aqueous salts having an individual. The absorbent for scrubbing is from silica gel and/or alumina having individual. The gas containing hydrogen devoid of impurities is employed to power a fuel cell. The fuel cell generates electricity and is subjected to storage in a storage battery. The fuel cell is located in a vehicle. The organic vapor is from hydrocarbons, methanol, and/or acetic acid having individual. The reformer catalyst is arranged in series with the steam shift catalyst. The biomass is a liquefied organic mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Flammables processing method involves sending primary gas from the fluidized bed furnace into a boiler and introducing gas ejected from melting furnace into boiler. Heat recovery of the primary and secondary gases is carried out by the boiler. The boiler has heating surface which exchanges heat between heat receiving fluid and the introduced gas. Upper and lower inlets are provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is alcohol.Preferred Method: The solution is contacted with metal oxide at room temperature and non-heated condition, or heating condition. Ultrasonic wave is applied during contact.A support is made to maintain the metal oxide.The support is made to carry out flow contact with the solution, to obtain hydrogen.The volume required for dipping the support in the solution is controlled according to the load.Preferred Condition: The temperature of the reaction system solution in heating state is 50 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is basic oxide, preferably zinc oxide, cerium oxide, samarium oxide and/or lanthanum trioxide. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (20 ml) and water (100 ml) were mixed in a flask. Zinc oxide powder (1 g) was added in the flask and stirred at non-heated condition and room temperature. The ethanol aqueous solution and zinc oxide were contacted, to obtain gas containing 75 volume% of hydrogen and 25 volume% of carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The CO removal unit is located opposite or parallel to the reforming unit and connects with the manifold. The feedback mechanism sends the reformed gas to the manifold through a reformed gas passage formed by the space between the reforming tubes located close to each other or between the reforming tubes and the casing in the axial direction of the reforming tubes. The reforming tubes can be freely removed and replaced. A fuel trap unit is disposed between the manifold and the CO removal unit to remove fuel gas from the reformed gas. The manifold comprises a feed tube for feeding oxygen, air or steam to the reformed gas sent to the CO removal unit. The CO removal unit comprises section(s), and feed tubes disposed on the upstream side of each section to supply oxygen, air or steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The fuel comprises an isoparaffin fraction (I) comprising more than 75 wt.% isooctane, an isoparaffin fraction (II) comprising more than 90 wt.% isopentane, and a cycloparaffin fraction (III) comprising more than 90 wt.% cyclehexane. The (I)/(II) volume ratio is 2.3-10.6. The (I)+(II)/(III) volume ratio is 2.3-19. The fuel contains more than 43 vol.% (I). The fuel has an aromatics content below 5 vol.% and a benzene content below 0.1 vol.%. EXAMPLE - Low-lead aviation gasoline with a lead content of 0.56 g/l and an F4 octane rating of 130.0 comprises 81.4 vol.% B1, 8.6 vol.% B2 and 10.0 vol.% B3, where B1 is preferably an isooctane-rich alkylate, B2 is preferably an isopentane-rich light atmospheric distillate and B3 is preferably a cyclohexane-rich fraction from a light gasoline isomerization unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst structure includes a foam catalyst structure, which is a non-conductive or semi-conductive material. The plasma generator includes two electrodes. It includes an electric pulse generating mechanism for generating electric pulses to be supplied to the two electrodes. The first electrode is cylindrical and the second electrode is disposed axially inside the first electrode. The non-thermal plasma generator includes a microwave generator that emits microwaves that are directed to the flow passage. The catalyst structure includes open areas to allow a non-thermal plasma to propagate axially and radially within the catalyst structure. The non-thermal plasma generator is a pulsed corona discharge type plasma generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises passing a reactant stream comprising a gaseous hydrocarbon into a reaction chamber comprising a dehydrogenation catalyst, and where the reaction chamber has an internal dimension of at most 2 mm, where the reactant stream is passed into the reaction chamber at a LHSV of at least 4; and dehydrogenating the hydrocarbon within the reaction chamber to form a product stream comprising an olefin, where after at least 10 hours of continuous operation, at least 75 % of the equilibrium conversion of the hydrocarbon to an olefin is achieved. The method runs for at least 15 hours of continuous operation at LHSV of at least 32, where the yield olefin has diminished by at most 10 % over the course of 15 hours of continuous operation, and where the yield of olefin remains at least 25 %. Selectivity to an unsaturated hydrocarbon is at least 65 %. The yield of olefin decreases by less than 50, preferably less than 20 % at 0.2-20 hours of continuous operation without regeneration. The method comprises transferring heat from a heat exchanger that is adjacent to the reaction chamber at 1-100 W/cm2.Preferred Parameter: The product stream is quenched at at least 1, preferably at least 5 degrees C/ms of average heat exchanger residence time.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Dimension: The reaction chamber has a height of at most 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The amount of oxygen-containing gas blown into the reformer is adjusted by measuring the temperature at front and rear end of the reformer. Water vapor is introduced, while reacting thermal decomposition gas and oxygen-containing gas at 900 degreesC or less. Preferred Apparatus: The gasifier further has a furnace-temperature detector (8) at the front and rear ends of the reformer, a control unit to control the amount of oxygen-containing gas blown in according to the furnace temperature, and a water vapor blown-in unit at the front end of the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A voltage is applied to the detergent drain that is separated from the separation tank (8) which extracts the glycerol dissolved in glycerol tank (7) which stores the glycerol separated from the fatty acid ester. The sulfur contained in the waste oil fat is removed by adding adsorption agent to waste oil fat and heating to 80-200 degreesC, before transesterification. The free fatty acid in waste oil fat is removed by adding alkaline-earth metal oxide to waste oil fat and heating to 120 degreesC or more for 1 hour or more, before transesterification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The dehumidification process of desulfurized biogas is performed by pressure-cooling and pressure adsorption. The high-pressure gas having low due point and hardly containing condensed water or condensed gas obtained from dehumidification process, is dried, filled in high-pressure gas cylinder, and supplied to consumer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The dehumidifier has a pressure cooling-type separator, and a pressure adsorption-type separator. The manufacturing equipment of town gas further has a siloxane removal unit (8) for removing siloxane from impure gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A portion of desorbed gas is returned back to source gas.Preferred Properties: The pressure of the tower under reduced pressure is increased with highly pure methane gas, before supplying source gas. Adsorption is performed at pressure of less than 1 MPa (G), and desorption is performed at pressure of less than 0.1 MPa (G).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex consisting of metal and organic material is complex of copper and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The temperature of molten sodium in extrusion device is 105-125 degrees C.Preferred Process: The solidified linear or strip-shaped sodium is coated with magnesium, zinc or tin. The coated sodium is further molded into coil-shape or strip-shape. The solidified linear or strip-shaped sodium is reacted with dissolved magnesium, zinc or tin, intermetallic compound is formed, and coated sodium is obtained. The coil-shaped or strip-shaped hydrogen generating material is held in a container, and pulled out of the container, while processing front-end portion of the material. The reaction product MgO, ZnOH and ZnO, or SnOH and SnO produced, while manufacturing hydrogen generating material, is ejected out with excess of water. Hydrogen produced by the hydrogen generating material is used in fuel cell and electric current is produced by chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, by burning hydrogen in hydrogen fueled engine or storage tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of hydrogen generating material further has a coating forming unit, and film forming unit arranged between the extrusion device and processing unit. The extrusion nozzle is formed with aluminum, and has number of pores on the surface. The hydrogen generator further has a lead-out device for withdrawing the front-end of hydrogen generating material from the container. The lead-out device adjusts lead-out velocity of front-end portion of hydrogen generating material, and/or quantity of water sprayed from the spraying nozzle. Sodium extruded by extrusion apparatus is accommodated in tubular-shaped container made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The valuables contained in the concentrate of the fermentation residual liquor is collected. The residual liquor is concentrated using a multipurpose system concentration apparatus and concentrated under reduced pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pyrolysis treatment is effected by passing the shredded material through an externally heated rotary pyrolyzer. The pyrolyzer produces a gaseous mixture which is subject to further treatment to remove CFCs.Hydrocarbons in the gaseous mixture are used as fuel for generator.CFCs in the gaseous mixture are removed from the gaseous mixture prior to supply to the generator.The CFCs are removed from the gaseous mixture by passing the gaseous mixture through a catalyst bed to convert the CFCs to hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), which are subsequently removed to provide a mixture containing hydrocarbons and no or little CFCs.The gaseous mixture containing CFCs is supplied to the generator, and the exhaust from the generator is treated to remove CFCs. The shredding step is carried out in a controlled enclosure.The contaminated air from the controlled enclosure is fed to a catalyst bed to break down any CFCs.The generator is used to provide sufficient power to operate any equipment used in the method. The exhaust gas and contaminated air are fed to a microwave or other plasma generator, or catalyst bed to break down any CFCs. The mixture is fed into HCl/HF scrubber to remove HCl and HF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is a precious metal based catalyst.The catalyst bed comprises a tungsten oxide/titanium dioxide (WO3/TiO2) catalyst, where WO3 to TiO2 ratio is 0.5:1-0.01:1, and has specific surface areas of 10-150 m2/g.The catalyst bed comprises a sulfate-modified titanium dioxide/zirconia catalyst. The Ti to Zr mole ratio is 10:1-0.01:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Heating of the oil bath cycle with suspended catalyst is carried out with electric heaters concentric to the reactor tubes. In the middle, the reactor has a feed pipe with feed screw and a stirrer at the lower end that transport the solid starting material in the suspension and the calcium additives and catalyst dissolved in the product. The product from the second highest range, with reflux ratio in the diesel boiling range, preferably is mixed with 1-10% product from a lower range to produce the correct cetane number and correct lubricity for injection pumps. The oil bath cycle comprises the reactor, hydrocyclone with internal Venturi nozzle and inclined lamellar clarifier below this. The product vapor leaving the top of the cyclone via a safety vessel with droplet separator is fractionated in a distillation column and condenser. The solid residue from the clarifier is predried in an inclined screw conveyor and freed from oil constituents by heating outside the vessel, the vapor being recycled to the plant. The plant preferably obtains its current from a suitable generator, especially a diesel engine, the product gases are introduced into the suction air supply of this and the exhaust gases are used for thermal drying of the starting materials. The reactor may be used as a heat exchanger with numerous reaction tubes, at least partly surrounded, over the entire length, by a concentric heating element (partly) placed on the tube. Alternatively, an oil/gas burner is used instead of the electric heating;
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The edge element is an integral component of an arrangement consisting of a membrane, first gas diffusion electrode (10) and second gas diffusion electrode (12). The edge element is made from epoxy resin, silicone or polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the water flowing out of the fish breeding tank (5) can be purified by dedicated purification facilities and circulated into (5). The sludge produced by the biological treatment system is modified and introduced into (5). EXAMPLE - Thirty liters of water was added into a continuously aerated fish breeding tank of volume 45 l. Fifty tilapia fish were added. The solution collected from an activated sludge processing unit was added to these tanks. This was continuously added for 5 days in a flow rate of 2 l/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction chamber contains a catalyst; and an aqueous metal hydride solution containing sodium borohydride; and hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The regulator comprises a diaphragm seal, a poppet valve, a rocker valve, an inflatable bag, a double piston, a piston pump, a pressure transducer, controller and an electromechanical valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction chamber contains a catalyst; and an aqueous metal hydride solution containing sodium borohydride; and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic packed material is titania, zirconia, titania-zirconia, alumina, silica, alumina-silica, and/or activated carbon.Preferred Components: The catalytically active component of the catalyst is ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, platinum, gold, iridium, osmium, iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, cerium, and/or their water-insoluble or lightly-water-soluble compounds. The carrier is titania, zirconia, titania-zirconia, alumina, silica, alumina-silica, and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The reactor temperature during production of gas-liquid mixed phase is 374degreesC or more, and the pressure is 22 MPa.G or more. The reactor temperature during oxidation-decomposition is 150degreesC or more, and the pressure is more than a pressure which can maintain a liquid phase.Preferred Method: Oxidation reaction is carried out in the absence or presence of inorganic packed material and/or supported catalyst. During the release process, the temperature of the gas-liquid mixed phase is decreased. Decarboxylation is carried out by transferring carbon dioxide to the liquid phase side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The portion of close circuit is combined in the off-gas supply path. The apparatus has a circulation control unit for stopping the supply of hydrocarbon gas in the modifier and interlocking the gas circulation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has a modifier (4) containing burner (4a) as off-gas unit for reacting hydrocarbon and water vapor as raw material at high temperature to convert into hydrogen rich gas. The hydrogen purification apparatus purifies hydrogen rich gas to high purity hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the decarboxylation apparatus, carbon dioxide and calcium oxide adsorption agent are made to react.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The organic acid is propionic acid, or propionic acid and acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: When the propionic acid concentration is 2000 ppm or more, or ratio of propionic acid concentration with respect to acetic acid concentration is 4 or more, organic acid addition process is performed. The input of organic waste in the tank (11) is reduced during organic acid addition process. The solution containing organic acid is separated from slurry containing organic acid, and is added in tank (12). The solid content after separating the slurry is returned to the tank (11). Temperature of the solution containing organic acid is maintained at 40 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: An outlet connection (5) on the anode side and the feed connection on the cathode side are arranged on regions of the electrolyte membrane formed next to each other. The fluid distribution plate of the anode has flow paths arranged at right angles to the flow paths of the fluid distribution plate of the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The bio-heater comprises a beam- shaped chamber along which the waste product is transported in the chamber length direction. The bio-heater has a roller step floor for transporting the waste product from the inlet side to the outlet side. A compressor (5) is used to supply pre-heated air to the bio-heater. A mixer (4) is used to prepare a mixture of the waste product with a given moisture content and a pipe (20) is used to transport the mixture from the mixer to the bio-heater. The mixer has a weighing device. A dryer (6) is connected to the bio-heater via a pipe (21) and comprises a number of levels arranged one above the other, the waste product being transported from the top level to the bottom level. An air channel with openings is located on each level and used to pass air through the waste product. A gas scrubber (7) and an odor removal filter (8) are provided. A fan (9) is used to generate an under-pressure in the dryer, gas scrubber and filter. A connecting pipe (15) extending between the gas scrubber and bio-heater is used to generate an under-pressure in the latter. A feedback pipe (12) extending between the dryer outlet and mixer is used to return some of the dried waste product to the mixer. A thermal coupling (13) supplies heat for the drying process.Preferred Method: Some of the dried waste product is returned to the bio-heater inlet. The dwell time of the waste product in the bio-heater is at least 15 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous cosmetic composition further includes skin benefit agent, and humectant. The composition is packaged in a pressurized container.Preferred Composition: The total amount of anionic surfactant in the surfactant system is 6-80 wt.% of the total composition. The surfactant is present in 0.1-20 wt.% of the total composition. The propellant is present in an amount of 2-30 wt.% of the total composition.Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of the total amount of alkyl sulfate surfactant, alkyl phosphate surfactant, and alkyl succinate surfactant to the amount of amphoteric surfactant is 20:1-1:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The infested seed grain is added to the human or animal waste products in a closed or non-closed environment. The preparation of Muscodor albus further includes adding water to seed grain, facilitating the uptake of water into the seed grain, sterilizing the seed grain, inoculating the seed grain with Muscodor albus, growing the Muscodor albus culture so that is infests the seed grain, drying the infested seed grain, placing seed grain into a glass beaker, adding water to the glass beaker until it covers the seed grain, placing the glass beaker in a microwave oven for ten minutes, decanting the excess water, placing the seed grain in a flask with a stopper, placing the flask in an autoclave for at least40 minutes, allowing the flask to cool, allowing the Muscodor albus culture to grow for at least1 month at 23degreesC so that it infests the seed grain, removing the infested grain from the flask, air-dying the infested seed grain in a sterile hood with sterile air, and storing the dried infested seed grain at -4, -70degreesC, or at room temperature.Preferred Component: The closed environment is a disposable bag used in connection with a portable toilet. The seed grain is from barley, rye, rice, wheat, mustard, or grass,Preferred Material: The disposable bag is WAG BAG.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Automatic pressure relief valves (106, 108) release pressure from chambers. Temperature indicators display an indication of the temperature in the chambers. A formula-feed control valve (114) and formula-feed tube (112) are included to allow water to be introduced from the first chamber to the second chamber. A fluid-level indicator including a transparent tube displays the fluid level in the second chamber. A by-product-recovery-and-reactor drain and by-product-recovery-and-reactor valve allow for reaction byproduct to be removed from the second chamber. A heat-exchange-tube coil surrounds a reductant vessel within the second chamber to allow heat produced by the exothermic redox reaction to be passed into a coolant fluid circulating within the heat-exchange-tube coil and within an interconnected, external heat-consuming device or component. The heat-exchange-tube coil is interconnected with the external heat-consuming device or component by tubing that passes through walls of the second chamber by passing through an input and an output port. A metallic platinum catalyst is also included within the second chamber to facilitate reduction of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reductant is metallic aluminum or magnesium. The first chamber contains an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The flow establishing mechanisms comprise mechanism for establishing a wall protection fluid flow for protecting the electrodes, mechanism for establishing a downstream mixing fluid flow for creating turbulence in the ignited reactive mixture exiting from the plasma discharge region, mechanism for establishing fuel atomization fluid flow, and mechanism for establishing plasma shaping fluid flow to continually stretch and extinguish the plasma discharge generated within the plasma discharge region. The injection mechanism comprises mechanism for providing fuel, mechanism for providing oxidant to mix with the fuel and to form fuel/oxidant mixture, and nozzle for controlling injection of the fuel/oxidant mixture into the plasma discharge region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises operating a primary combustor or boiler (441) under fuel rich conditions to reduce NOx emissions by combustion at a stoichiometric ratio of 0.60-0.8, causing or allowing up to nominally 20% of the carbon in the solid fossil fuel (4410) to remain unburned; collecting the unburned carbon with fly ash upstream of a stack for storage either at the original combustion site for future combustion of the unburned carbon and sequestration of the carbon dioxide or for shipping to a site for underground sequestration after the combustion, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere; and combusting the unburned carbon in systems equipped with carbon dioxide sequestration methods. In power plants in regions having inadequate water supplies for forming dissolved carbon dioxide solutions, the sequestering step comprises injecting heated calcium oxide particles into the char fired boiler gases having temperature of 700degreesC to react with the carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate; calcining the calcium carbonate in a separate calcining vessel that is fired with char in a slagging combustor (44) to evolve gaseous carbon dioxide; compressing the gaseous carbon dioxide; and injecting the compressed carbon dioxide into a geologic formation, spent gas well, or saline formation. The sequestering step further comprises causing or allowing the carbon dioxide to mix with underground water to form carbonic acid, and causing or allowing the carbonic acid to mix with underground limestone to form calcium hydrogen carbonate. The pollutants including sulfur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxide are removed upstream of the carbon dioxide removal step by reaction with getters, with the removal occurring at gas temperatures above 1700degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The dust containing organic material, such as grass, twig and garbage are recovered by recovery process, and then bottles, cans, and plastic in the recovered dust (2A) are removed by classification process, before composted fermentation decomposition process. The piled-up dust containing organic material is covered with a waterproof sheet having air permeability for predetermined time, during fermentation decomposition process. The fermented material (2B) thrown into crushing chamber is ground, by rotating moving-blade vehicle having crushing blade radially attached to the peripheral surface, whose lower surface portion is turned into a sieve surface. The fermented material ground below the predetermined size is thrown into the sieve surface and recovered. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separation membrane contains palladium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum and zirconium, composite or alloy containing silver and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The refiner further has a separation-and-recovery unit for separating and recovering hydrogen dissolved into alkali metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has a heat-radiation portion (9b) to which oxygen-containing gas is introduced, between modification portion and carbon monoxide removal portion.Preferred Arrangement: The modification portion has a heater (33) for heating fuel gas. The heat radiation portion has a folded-back flow path for circulating hydrogen rich gas. The modification portion and carbon monoxide removal portion have a flow path for circulating fuel gas or hydrogen rich gas.Preferred Substrate: The substrate consists of a laminate material of ceramic.Preferred Conditions: The fuel gas is introduced at high temperature. The temperature of heater is gradually controlled to temperature of carbon monoxide removal portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas is mixture of water vapor, and methanol or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous component is welded pyroclastic rocks.Preferred Property: The porous component has porosity of 50-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen and work energy are simultaneously produced during the production of electric power. The partial oxidation reaction, an exothermic reaction, is performed using cerium-samarium oxide (CeSmO2), lanthanum-gallium oxide (LaGaO2) or stabilized-zirconia solid electrolyte capable of generating an electromotive force. The solid electrolyte of a fuel cell type reactor is heated using the nuclear heat energy removed from the high temperature gas cooled reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte is obtained by substituting a metal cation to samarium site which centered on 3b group of formula: Ce0.8(Sm1-xMx)0.2O1.9;M = Mg2+, Al3+, In3+, or Ga3+.Preferably, the solid electrolyte is highly efficient solid electrolyte of formula: Ce0.8Sm0.15In0.05O1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The means for reversing the flow of oxygen-containing gas (OCG) is a 4-way distributor (12) with a valve that can be moved between two positions to divert the gas flow to opposite inlet/outlets of the distributor. The distributor is equipped with a valve control device (13), e.g. a pneumatic piston. The OCG supply circuit (11) comprises a first conduit connecting a first inlet/outlet of the distributor to the first inlet/outlet of the OCG circulation channel in the cathode compartment, and a second conduit connecting a second inlet/outlet of the distributor, opposite to the first, to the second inlet/outlet of the OCG circulation channel in the cathode compartment. The OCG supply circuit (11) comprises a conduit connecting the OCG source (9) to a third inlet/outlet of the distributor and/or a conduit connecting the OCG post-treatment device (10) to a fourth inlet/outlet of the distributor. The hydrogen supply circuit is reversible and includes a 4-way distributor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: An air-tight seal can be used during fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The filter correlation radiometer is tuned to detect ethane using an ethane absorption peak at 3000/cm at a bandwidth of 150-3000/cm.Preferred Components: The beam splitter comprises bi-prism. The detector section detects radiation using a pushbroom imaging technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Conditions: The plasma is generated by using electrical or electromagnetic field.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is aluminum oxide, zeolite, zirconium oxide, gallium oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide and/or perovskite; rhodium, platinum or palladium on aluminum oxide support optionally with additions of cesium, lanthanum or zirconium; or silver or platinum on a metal oxide support.
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The methane-producing microorganisms comprise Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanosarcina barkerei, and Methanococcus vannielli.    The methane oxidizing microorganisms comprise Methylomonas metanica, Methyllococcus capsulatus, and Methylobacterium organophilum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The syngas is produced by gasification or pyrolysis of plastic or rubber waste, of bio-fuel such as wood chips or agricultural waste, or by reformation of petroleum and natural gas. The syngas is subjected to 400-700degreesC. Preferred Compounds: Sulfur to be removed is in form of hydrogen sulfide and/or carbonyl sulfide. The sorbent consists of more than 50 wt.% metallic iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The catalyst is packed in the later stage of the modifier, and/or in the front stage of the shift-reaction device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises iron, cobalt and/or chromium, supported on alumina or silica-alumina support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The catalyst is packed in later stage of modifier, and/or front stage of shift reaction device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst has a support supported with nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum and/or copper. The support contains zeolite or activated carbon as a main component. EXAMPLE - Chloroplatinic acid (1 mass%) as platinum metal was supported to HSZ-330HUA (zeolite support having BET surface area of 550 m2/g), and a catalyst (A) was obtained. Desulfurized kerosene was supplied to fixed bed flow-through-type reactor filled with the obtained catalyst (A). The kerosene was further supplied to low temperature shift reaction device, and processed to manufacture hydrogen. The temperature of reactor, modifier and low temperature shift reaction device were maintained at 650degreesC, 500degreesC and 240degreesC, respectively. The amount of non-decomposed hydrocarbon compound contained in kerosene was 0 volume ppm, and carbon monoxide concentration after low temperature shift reaction was 0.4 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is provided behind the modifier and/or before the shift reaction device. The catalyst comprises alumina support impregnated with nickel, ruthenium, rhodium and/or copper. The support further comprises an oxide of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or lanthanoid metal. EXAMPLE - De-sulfurized kerosene was introduced to a modifier at 650degreesC, and then to a fixed-bed flow-through-type reactor filled with cerium nitrate and barium nitrate impregnated gamma-alumina catalyst. The obtained gas was introduced to a high temperature shift reaction device at 500degreesC and then to a low temperature shift reaction device at 240degreesC. The obtained gas did not contain non-decomposed hydrocarbon compound and had 0.4 vol.% of dry carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The container has an opening-and-closing material (6) covering the aperture (5), and porous material (9) arranged covering the aperture (7).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous materials (8, 9) contain fluororesin porous materials (8a, 9a) and air permeable support materials (8b, 9b) laminated on fluororesin porous materials (8a, 9a). The fluororesin porous material is a polytetrafluoroethylene porous material. One surface of the porous materials (8, 9) is polytetrafluoroethylene porous material.Preferred Properties: The porous material (8) has water vapor permeability of 100-10000 g/m2/day. The porous material (9) has permeability of 1-100 cm3/cm2.second, when measured based on JIS L 1096.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hydride is powder-form having average particle diameter of 0.05-3 mm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydride is sodium hydride, potassium hydride or calcium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is made of Raney nickel
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Used solvent from the second absorption stage is heated before desorption by indirect heat exchange (52) with recirculated sorbent (15). A flash step (55) follows the second absorption stage and flash gas (CO2 and some H2S) is recycled to the second absorption stage. Absorption is carried out under a pressure of 10 - 150 bars. Sorbent leaving the absorber is heated to 50 -200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel comprises one of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, butanol, trioxane, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxy methane, dedecanol, butane and tetradecanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises barium, cerium and zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: An operating parameter of the fuel cell or a reformer is controlled and/or regulated depending on the measured change of the resonance behavior, preferably the resonance frequency. The oxidizable/reducible coating is made from a nickel cermet, nickel/nickel oxide (Ni/NiO), copper/copper oxide (Cu/CuO), lead/lead oxide (Pb/PbO), cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co/CoO), silver/silver oxide (Ag/AgO) or palladium/palladium oxide (Pd/PdO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterium: In (I), the nitrogen source is chosen from ammonium nitrate, yeast extract and urea. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - (I) is Pseudomonas FERM P-19204 or Acinetobacter IAM-3 or IAM-4 strain (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Isolation of polyvinyl alcohol degrading microbe was carried out as follows. An activated sludge was added into a culture medium comprising polyvinyl alcohol (1000 mg/l), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (1400 mg/l), dihydrogen potassium phosphate (270 mg/l), magnesium sulfate (50 mg/l), calcium chloride (50 mg/l), ferric sulfate (30 mg/l), sodium chloride (20 mg/l) and yeast extract (1000 mg/l). The polyvinyl alcohol was found to be degraded. The colonies of microorganisms highly degrading polyvinyl alcohol were isolated. The isolated organisms were found to be bacilli (rod-like), Gram negative, catalase and oxidase positive. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene was isolated from the organism and amplified by PCR using primers having sequences such as 5'-agagtttgatcctggctcag-3' and 5'-aaaggaggtgatccagcc-3'. The PCR product was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and purified. The direct sequencing of the PCR amplified product was performed and sequence was determined. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequence was found to comprise a fully defined sequence of 1492 base pairs as given in the specification, and when the sequence was compared with database, the isolated colony exhibited similarity to bacteria of Pseudomonas genus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A fuel mixing unit is provided for mixing the fuel and the diluent. The sensor is located in the fuel mixing unit. The sensor comprises an electronic circuit that outputs an electrical signal depending on a change in the volume of the sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sensor is manufactured using polymer ion exchange membrane or resin. The polymeric ion exchange membrane or resin is polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly ether ether sulfone sulfonic acid, perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer polyimide sulfonic acid, sulfonated polyolefin, or sulfonated polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Only one chamber is utilized, where the chamber(s) has outlet attached to metering device(s) to control the bioaugmentation of wastewater streams, wastewater bodies, ground-waters and any other aqueous discharges, where the microbes are introduced in an active state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The injectant is a liquid. It is a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Solution: The method further involves addition of microorganism enriching solution. The enrichment solution includes a pH buffer, vitamins, proteins, amino acid, sugar, trace elements, sodium nitrate or sodium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst is promoted with a metal effective to enhance the hydrogenation activity of the catalyst. The feedstock is supplied to the reaction zone to provide a liquid hourly space velocity within the range of 0.5-4/hrs and the reaction zone is operated at 300-500 degrees C and an average pressure of 20-60 bar. The process further comprises supplying a second toluene containing feedstock having a second toluene content which lower than first toluene content which is lower than the first toluene content which is lower than the first toluene content and also has 6-8C non-aromatic content, which is greater than the content of any 6-8C nonaromatic hydrocarbons in the first feedstock to the reaction zone; and operating the reaction zone under conditions that cause the disproportionation of the toluene to benzene and xylene with concomitant cracking of the nonaromatic hydrocarbons to convert the predominant portion of non-aromatic hydrogen content to lower molecular weight hydrocarbon content to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons to produce the lower boiling fraction in the LPG boiling range. The second feedstock has a second toluene content which is lower than the toluene content of the first feedstock by an incremental amount of at least 8 wt.%. The second feedstock contains 6-8C non-aromatic hydrocarbons in an incremental amount, which is at least 8 wt. % greater than the content of any 6-8C non-aromatic hydrocarbons in the first feedstream. The catalyst is promoted with a metal effective to enhance the hydrogenation activity of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The mordenite disproportionation catalyst is promoted with nickel, platinum, or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The moisture content of the mixture of the methane fermentation residue and the carbonized material is up to 70%. The ratio of methane fermentation residue having moisture content of 15-30%, and the non-biodegradable waste material having moisture content of up to 30%, is 4:1-1:5.10-40% of non-biodegradable waste material is added to the carbonization process, and organic waste is carbonized.The methane-fermentation residue is then subjected to preheat drying, with the combustion exhaust gas of the carbonization gas produced by the carbonization process.A portion of the methane gas generated by the dry-type methane fermentation is used as a fuel for generating vapor, as a heat source for generating electric power, as a fuel in carbonization process, and as a fuel of combustion deodorizing.The combustion exhaust gas of the carbonization gas is used as a heat source for composting process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing system further has a control apparatus and a flow-path switching unit in which the gas for desorption-regeneration is flowing. The control apparatus enables continuous hydrogen manufacture by switching the adsorber which adsorbs, and the adsorber which performs the desorption regeneration. The switching unit is provided, when the inflow of reformed gas in the adsorber is interrupted. The decomposed residual component is adsorbed to a portion of the adsorber by the flowing reformed gas, and simultaneously, the desorption-regeneration is performed in the remaining portion of adsorber.Preferred Modifier: The modifier is water vapor modifier, self-thermal-reforming device or a partial oxidation modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is activated carbon and/or zeolite.Preferred Gas: The gas for the desorption-regeneration is a fuel cell anode off gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a line for inducing the fuel cell anode off gas to the modifier equipped with a combustion unit, and a heat exchanger (8) provided at downstream side of fuel cell anode and upstream side of adsorber. The heat exchanger heats the fuel cell anode off gas by heat exchange with another gas in a fuel cell system, to a temperature more than the desorption-regeneration temperature of the adsorber.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The rust-proof performance test of the bearing is performed as per ASTMD1743 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The hydrogen occlusion alloy has a compositional formula (Ti1-xZrx) (Cr1-y-zFeyMz)n, where M is molybdenum and/or vanadium, 0at mostx less than 0.7, 0.1at mosty less than 0.8, 0at mostzat most0.3 and 1.5 less than n less than 2.5. EXAMPLE - Predetermined amount of titanium and chromium were mixed and heated in argon gas atmosphere. The obtained metal raw material had a purity of 99% or more. Dissolution was performed by performing cooling operation repeatedly for 3 times. The alloy was heat-sealed in a quartz tube. Homogeneous heat-processing was performed for 10 hours at 1000degreesC in a tubular-shape furnace, to obtain a hydrogen occlusion alloy consisting of a Laves phase having a hexagonal system 14C type crystal structure ((Ti0.2Zr0.8)(Cr0.5Fe0.5M)2). The alloy had excellent hydrogen occlusion-discharging characteristics at -40degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The ammonium salt solution contains inorganic ammonium compound comprising hydrochloric acid radical, sulfate radical, nitrate radical and/or phosphorus acid radical or organic ammonium compound, and has pH of 4-12. EXAMPLE - Magnesium alloy (0.05 g) containing 10 wt.% of lithium was dissolved in 5 wt.% ammonium chloride aqueous solution (5 ml) as ammonium salt solution having pH of 7 at 40 degrees C, to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen production efficiency was 98 %, and electrochemical equivalent of hydrogen was 0.038.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical fluid comprises methane, ethylene, hexafluoroethane, trifluoromethane, trifluorochloromethane, ethane, propylene, propane, pentane, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, isobutanol, benzene or pyridine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical fluid comprises carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, ammonia or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The mold is arranged in a pattern removal chamber. The supercritical fluid is supplied to the pattern removal chamber to dissolve the fugitive material.Preferred Components: A collection mechanism is associated with the chamber to collect the removed fugitive material. It comprises a valve (50) in the chamber through which the supercritical fluid and the dissolved fugitive material can pass. A heater (52) heats the fluid to a supercritical temperature of greater than the critical temperature of the fluid and to maintain the supercritical temperature at least during the removal of the fugitive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process comprises chemically characterizing the wastewater, selecting strains of filamentous fungi capable of maintaining a viable population in the wastewater and inoculating the wastewater with a fungal inoculum comprising at least one of the selected strains, especially an inoculum as above. Biodigestion is effected for at least 4 days.
EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution (35 %) containing tetraethylammonium hydroxide (0.55 mmol) was mixed with aqueous solution (25.2 %) containing sodium hydroxide (0.5 mmol). Colloidal silica (7.51 g, containing 50 mmol silicon dioxide) was added to the mixture and the resulting solution was stirred fro 30 minutes. A solution of aluminum sulfate (0.01 mmol) in warmed distilled water (5.4 ml) was added and the mixture was agitated for 30 minutes. Cerium nitrate (0.0133 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. A resultant gel was dried with stirring on an oil bath kept at 80-90 degrees C for 2.5 hours. When gel became highly viscous, the viscous matter was stirred until dryness. A resultant white solid was pulverized, transferred to cup, and placed in an autoclave. The dry gel was crystallized by heating the autoclave at 175 degrees C for 2 days. The autoclave was cooled with cold water. The resultant zeolite was taken out from the cup, washed with water, dried at room temperature, and baked at 550degreesC to burn the organic template. The base product was acted with aqueous ammonium nitrate solution and baked at 550 degrees C for 7 hours to obtain beta-zeolite containing cerium of proton type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The ratio is 0.5. The composition contains 0 wt.% alumina. The binder is less than 30 wt.% of the support. It includes silica at less than 50 wt.% of the total amount of the binder. The amount of cobalt (Co) compound added provides a Co/aluminum atomic ratio of 0.25:1-2:1. Preferred Components: The binder includes alumina. The cobalt compound is cobalt nitrate. Preferred Method: The method includes calcining the spray dried product in air at 700-1000degreesC after incorporating the cobalt compound. The cobalt compound is incorporated to convert, upon calcination, all the alumina to cobalt aluminate. The cobalt containing material is calcined in air at 800-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The solution treated metal particulate is calcined before treating with hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal particulate is cobalt (preferably), zinc, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, copper, ruthenium, nickel steel, and/or their alloys, and the metal is at least one compound of a hydrogenation catalyst consisting of nickel, cobalt, or ruthenium. The solution includes compound(s) consisting of zinc, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, or platinum. Preferred Properties: The metal particulates are particles having a size of 0.1 microns-5 mm. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of oxidizing solution to metal particulate is 0.01:1-100:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The catalyst metal particulate and the compound of the hydrogenation catalyst are nickel, cobalt, or ruthenium. The solution contains a compound of a promoter metal. The metal is cobalt. The promoter metal is manganese, titanium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, or platinum. The compound of the metal in the solution is nitrates, nitrites, nitrosyl compounds, permanganates, carboxylates, or chelates. The solvent for the solution is water or water and an organic solvent miscible with water. Preferred Process: The calcining atmosphere is 10-21 vol.% oxygen with the remainder being an inert diluent gas. The treating step is carried out at room temperature. The treated catalyst metal particulate is dried at 50-150degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The grinder operates at a torque of 18000-20000 foot-pounds of torque per motor shaft and a speed of 75-80 rpm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermoplastic material is polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acetal copolymer, acetal homopolymer, acrylic and/or polybutylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The porous metal substrate has a bulk porosity of 7-60% before application to the cold spray beam. The average body region pore diameter is the same as the average surface region pore diameter. Upon application of the cold spray, the average body pore diameter is larger than the average surface region pore diameter. The membrane is permeable to hydrogen. Preferred Method: The coated principal surface is exposed to an ion beam to reduce the variance of the coated principal surface or the average pore diameter in the surface region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The membrane contains at least some palladium. The metal substrate is stainless steel, preferably stainless steel 316. The material added is nickel having an average diameter of 1-50 (preferably 5) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heating unit is a source of heat external to the apparatus, or a heat radiating element within the combustion chamber. The catalyst is a monolithic catalyst. The heat exchanging element is coiled tubing. The outer wall of the combustion section and the outer wall of the heat recovery section form a housing for the apparatus. The housing is a cylinder having an internal diameter of less than 10 (preferably less than 6) inches, and a ratio between the length and diameter of 7:1-4:1.Preferred Method: The heated combustion gases are heated to an operating temperature of 100c within the combustion section. The operating temperature is reached in less than 20 (preferably less than 10) minutes. The heated combustion gases are passed through the combustion catalyst at a rate of at least 5000 HAS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The polymer films are polyimide or polypropylene oxide or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic compounds are platinum(II), palladium(II) or nickel(II) acetylacetonate, cyclooctadiene dimethyl platinum(II) or silver tetrafluoroacetylacetonate
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal alkoxide used for manufacture of filter, contains silicon, titanium and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is obtained by supporting metal in a support such as alumina, silica, zirconia, titania or their complex oxides, preferably titania.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.05-15%, preferably 0.1-10% of metal, preferably palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material of hydrogen manufacture is fossil fuel. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution containing rhenium trisalt (1.5 wt.%) and palladium dichloride (1 wt.%) was impregnated into an alumina support. The impregnated support was dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours to form alumina supported catalyst. The catalyst was mashed to form tablet-form catalyst. Reformed gas comprising hydrogen (49%), carbon dioxide (9.5%), carbon monoxide (10.5%) and water vapor (31) of desulfurized kerosene oil was introduced to shell-tube type reactor filled with the catalyst tablets. The gas ejected from the reactor contained hydrogen (74.6%), carbon monoxide (0.5%) and carbon dioxide (24.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The particle size of C1 is 1-10 mm. In C1, the slow-release nitrogen-containing fertilizer is a fertilizer chosen from IB nitrogen, CDU nitrogen, uraform (sic), phosphoric acid, guanylurea, oxamide and coated urea. The protein is chosen from casein, gelatin, collagen, keratin, albumin, sericin and zein. The binder is chosen from gum arabic, tragacanth gum, roast bean gum, cellulose derivative, gelatin, agar, citric-solubility phosphoric acid, talc, cement, gypsum, mortar and adhesive agent. C1 further contains a clay mineral, where the clay mineral is chosen from zeolite, activated clay, bentonite, diatom earth and synthetic hectorite. EXAMPLE - The solid type composition for a biotic restoration of the contaminated soil was prepared by mixing CDU nitrogen (in wt.%) (7.8), casein (9), hectorite (3) and cement (10). The 3 g of the prepared solid type composition was mixed with 1 g of sea sand and emulsion containing 500 g of crude oils and seawater. The obtained mixture was wrapped in a cloth, put in a pipe (used by agricultural irrigation works) of 15 cm diameter, placed at the depth of 20 cm for 112 days in the intertidal zone of seashore, and chloroform extract of the oil component present in the mixture was collected from the pipe at day 7, 14, 28 and 56. The alkane in the extracted oil component was analyzed by gas chromatography. The biodegradation rate of nC-17/hopan ratio by microorganisms was calculated, which indicated that the prepared solid type composition enabled biotic restoration of the contaminated soil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sludge subjected to heat processing is decomposed into organic acid (G). The organic acid produced is used as acid for the heating process. After which, the anaerobic digestion is performed to form methane gas (I) by methane fermentation. The methane gas is used as heat source or fuel for the heating process and the anaerobic digestion process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Support: The microbe fixing support is roll-shaped, such that the water-soluble base material becomes the core. EXAMPLE - Perforated flexible urethane foam sheet having density of 10 kg/m3, elongation rate of 800% and peel strength of 300 kPa, was laminated on a base film made of polyvinyl alcohol type resin. The laminate was cut, suitably shaped and rolled such that the urethane foam sheet becomes the outer layer. The roll-shaped support was packed and stored in warehouse for one month. The support when evaluated had excellent storage stability, sedimentation-discreteness in water tank and had outstanding microbe retention property and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The antagonistic microbes are chosen from Actinomyces, Trichoderma, non-pathogenic Fusarium and/or fluorescent Pseudomonas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The sensors in the automatic irrigation system are installed in the water supply and/or water drain pipes for measuring the antagonistic microbes based on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand value, biological oxygen demand value or adenosine triphosphate content. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The antagonistic microbe is Streptomyces OG-012 strain (FERM P-16493) or OG-013 strain (FERM P-16494) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The forceful oxidation-decomposition microbe contains polyvinyl alcohol decomposition microbe chosen from Pseudomonas FERMP-19204, Acinetobacter -IAM-3 stock, and/or Acinetobacter -IAM-4 stock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel processing apparatus further comprises a gas detector, and an on-board process control unit. The gas detector comprises a sensor within the interior of the enclosure for detecting the presence of a combustible gas in the interior of the enclosure. The sensor can detect the presence of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. The porting mechanism comprises wheels mounted to a bottom surface of the enclosure.The enclosure further comprises:(1) a connector for connecting the enclosure and the fuel reformer with a source of a feedstock or reformer fuel;(2) a connector for connecting the enclosure and the fuel reformer with a water source;(3) a connector for connecting the enclosure with an external drain within the building;(4) a connector for connecting the enclosure and the fuel reformer with a fuel cell for use in delivering hydrogen-rich reformate gas to the fuel cell;(5) a connector for connecting the fuel cell with the enclosure, for use in returning a fuel cell exhaust gas to the enclosure; or(6) a connector for establishing electronic communication with a remote process control unit.The source of reformer fuel comprises a natural gas utility line within a building. The water source comprises a water utility line within the building. The fuel reformer is capable of delivering hydrogen-rich reformate to a fuel cell stack in quantities adequate to generate at least 1, at least 3 or at least 7.5 kW of electricity.Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing a domestic drain for the enclosure; connecting a line between the fuel cell and the enclosure for returning a fuel cell exhaust gas to the enclosure; and providing the enclosure with a communication link with the remote process control unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The WGS section reactor is a low-temperature WGS reactor. The high activity catalyst is active at as low as 250 degrees C. The PROX section comprises a low-temperature PROX reactor. It is the only PROX reactor in the fuel processing system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The high activity catalyst comprises a noble metal-on-ceria-based nanophase-structured catalyst, preferably platinum and rhenium mixed metal on a nanocrystalline, cerium oxide-based support. The concentration of CO in the reformate following the further reduction in the low-temperature PROX reactor is less than 50 ppmv.Preferred Properties: The catalyst has a catalyst activity of at least 0.18 moles CO/mole platinum per second at 250 degrees C for a gas composition of 1.5-2.5% CO, 25-35% water (H2O), 30-50% hydrogen (H2), 10-14% carbon dioxide (CO2), and balance nitrogen (N2); a CO reaction order of 0.0-0.10; and an activation energy of up to 20 Kcal/mole CO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The fuel reforming system is further equipped with:(1) pressure recovery unit provided in the downstream side of the water-recovering unit;(2) carbon-dioxide recovery unit provided between the water-recovering unit and the fuel cell;(3) pressure reservoir and pressure-governing valve provided between the pressure-medium supplier and the modification reactor;(4) solid-removal unit provided between the modification reactor and the water-recovering unit;(5) hydrogen rich gas storage tank provided in the downstream side of the water-recovering unit; and(6) wastewater recovering unit and concentration measuring device provided in the downstream side of the fuel cell.The concentration measuring device detects concentration of gas component in the hydrogen rich gas supplied to the fuel cell. The control in the modification reactor is carried out according to the detected concentration. The pressure reservoir and the pressure-governing valve control the pressure of the hydrocarbon group fuel and water supplied to the reactor, according to the service condition of the fuel cell and according to the gas composition of the hydrogen rich gas. The wastewater recovery unit recovers water ejected from the fuel cell, and supplies it to the pressure-medium supplier. The supplier supplies a portion of hydrocarbon group fuel to the heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains rhodium, cerium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, platinum, nickel, iron and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel contains an oxygen-containing fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The soil microbe proliferation agent is uniformly dispersed on the ground and prevents the scattering on the surface. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No test details are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The thermal decomposition is performed at 600-800degreesC and 2-10 kPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The cooler has a internal gas channel (22), a inlet portion (23) at the lower side and a exit portion (24) at the upper side. The effluent raises from the inlet portion, passes via gas channel and ejects from exit portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The container has a heat removal unit consisting flat, rectangular, square and also round bodies. The heat removal unit is fixed or moves. The heat removal unit is connected to a buffer storage unit and the plant water storage unit. The container is equipped with one or more ventilators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thiamine nitrate and sugar are added to the treatment agent. The support of the decompose-treatment agent is powder form alumina group ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The decompose-treatment agent is dispersed in the stock solution tank, so that the agent is dropped or sprayed on the excrements. The excrements mixed with the treatment agent is passed to the anaerobic tanks (2-4 and 6) and aerobic treatment tanks (5 and 7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aerosol antiperspirant/deodorant product comprises (in wt.%) cyclomethicone (2-20, preferably 5), isopropyl palmitate (1-8, preferably 2.2), mineral oil (0.5-3.5, preferably 0.7), isostearyl alcohol (0.3-4, preferably 0.6), Nylon 611/dimethicone copolymer (0.1-1.5, preferably 0.3), solid antiperspirant active (5-25, preferably 10), perfume oil (0.3-2, preferably 1), and propellant gas (37-90, preferably 83) based on the total weight of the composition.Preferred Component: The cyclomethicone is D5 and/or D6. The propellant gas is selected from compressed gas propellants selected from industry standard inert gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or nitrogen; or liquefied gas propellants selected from hydrocarbons that are liquefied petroleum gas from propane, isobutene, n-butane, isopentane or n-pentane; fluorocarbons from 1,1-difluoroethane (152a) or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (134a) and/or diethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aerosol antiperspirant/deodorant product further comprises additional ingredients from emollients, silicone gums, elastomers, silicone resins, colorants, fragrances, antimicrobials, surfactants or inert particulates. EXAMPLE - An aerosol base was produced by combining cyclopentasiloxane (23.4 g), isopropyl palmitate (14 g), mineral oil (6.8 g), isostearyl alcohol (3.8 g), nylon 611/dimethicone copolymer (2 g) with stirring and heating to 90 degrees C until all of the polyamide was dissolved. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. An antiperspirant active (50 g) was added and dispersed into the resultant gel. A thick antiperspirant base was determined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The discrete particles comprise a refractory material from alumina. The cooling medium comprises water comprising steam. The catalyst bed comprises a low temperature shift catalyst, and pelletized zinc oxide. It also comprises a partial oxidation and/or steam reforming catalyst. It may also comprise a high temperature shift catalyst, or a desulfurization catalyst. A second bed comprising a catalyst and/or an inert is included. It comprises a low temperature shift catalyst. The process gas comprises carbon monoxide and steam.Preferred Condition: The coiled tubing has less than 20, preferably 10 m2 of heat exchanging surface/m3 of catalyst bed. The difference between two pressures is preferable less than 0.75 psi/ft of reactor. An inlet temperature of process gas is above 130degreesC. An outlet temperature on the process gas is 550-900degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The discrete particles comprise a refractory material from alumina. The cooling medium comprises water comprising steam. The catalyst bed comprises a low temperature shift catalyst, and pelletized zinc oxide. It also comprises a partial oxidation and/or steam reforming catalyst. It may also comprise a high temperature shift catalyst, or a desulfurization catalyst. A second bed comprising a catalyst and/or an inert is included. It comprises a low temperature shift catalyst. The process gas comprises carbon monoxide and steam.Preferred Condition: The coiled tubing has less than 20, preferably 10 m2 of heat exchanging surface/m3 of catalyst bed. The difference between two pressures is preferable less than 0.75 psi/ft of reactor. An inlet temperature of process gas is above 130degreesC. An outlet temperature on the process gas is 550-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: (I) further comprises a porous drainage media (24) between the bottom lining and the porous pavement layer, each leachate drainage pipe (22) is imbedded in the porous drainage media. (I) comprises several perforated distribution pipes (30) in fluid communication with each leachate drainage pipe to distribute leachate from at least one collection region to municipal solid waste resting upon the porous pavement layer. The porous pavement layer is made of asphalt or cement concrete, where the asphalt or cement concrete includes several drains in communication between a top surface of the asphalt and the porous drainage media, or roller-compacted concrete as part of a pavement system reinforced with high-strength geo-composites. The porous pavement layer is configured to be removable from the porous drainage media to provide access to the bottom lining.Preferred System: In (II), the step of disposing solid waste further involves providing a landfill in proximity to several bioreactor cells and depositing biodegraded mixed solid waste in the landfill. The step further involves providing a repository for biodegraded source separated solid waste in proximity to several bioreactor cells and depositing biodegraded source separated solid waste in the repository. The step further involves maintaining several cells in loading, anaerobic, aerobic, reclaim or empty mode. The leachate collection and recirculation system comprises leachate collection pipes underlying the quantity of one of the source separated solid waste and a mixed solid waste, the system for disposal of solid waste further comprises a permeable pavement layer overlying the leachate collection pipes for supporting the quantity of waste during biodegradation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The spinning assembly comprises: a hollow spindle (726) defining a spindle inlet and a spindle outlet (734), the spindle outlet communicating with the housing second outlet; and a tapered, porous cylindrical wall on the hollow spindle to define the hollow interior, the hollow interior communicating with the hollow spindle through the spindle inlet. The annular gap and the porous wall pores are sized for separating a suspension of municipal sewage sludge.Preferred Parameters: The spinning assembly rotates at a speed of 1000-50000 rpm, preferably 10000 rpm. The annular gap is constant along its length and of variable thickness. The tapered porous cylindrical wall has a pore size of 1-200 (preferably 50) micron. The cylindrical inner wall is tapered at an angle of 1-10 (preferably 2.5)degrees. The pressure differential between the inlet and the annular gap is 3-4 psi. The inlet and annular gap are configured and dimensioned for a flow rate of 1-20 (preferably 10) gallons per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The shift subreactor is a water gas shift subreactor. The shift subreactor, gaseous diffusion membrane subreactor, and methanation subreactor are concentrically placed relative to one another to define a cylindrical shape compatible with an interior surface of the housing. The cylindrical shift subreactor is a solid cylinder or is annular in shape. The gaseous diffusion membrane subreactor is on an outer or inner surface of the shift subreactor. The methanation subreactor is on an outer or inner surface of the gaseous diffusion membrane subreactor. The shift subreactor, gas diffusion membrane subreactor, and methanation subreactor are constructed to define a hollow longitudinal bore through the tubular housing. The methanation subreactor occupies the entirety of the space between the inner surface of the gaseous diffusion membrane subreactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixture is filtered, so that non-hydrogen component(s) of the mixture is separated from the mixture before the mixture is introduced into the separation zone. The mixture having hydrogen gas is generated by the oxidation of group I metals, group II metals, group I metal hydrides, group I metal aluminum hydrides, group I metal borohydrides, group II metal hydrides, group II metal aluminum hydrides, or group II metal borohydrides, with water. It is generated by the oxidation of sodium metal, sodium hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium metal, lithium hydride, or lithium borohydride, with water. The mixture contacts a polymer prefilter prior to contacting the membrane.Preferred Component: The collection zone collects the pure hydrogen gas from the separation zone. The sieve comprises a metal membrane having selective hydrogen permeability. The membrane is supported with a rigid porous structural support member that is in contact with the membrane on its downstream side. It comprises a tubular member having an opening communicating with the mixture, and a closed end.Preferred Property: The mixture in the reaction zone has a total pressure greater than 10 - 100 atmospheres. The tubular member has an average diameter of 0.01 mm - 10 cm, and length of 1 cm - 1 kilometer. The average supported area over the membrane contacted with a rigid porous structural support member is 1 micron2 - 1cm2. The temperature of the membrane is less than 1000 K. The membrane interfaces with the remainder of the separation mechanism in a pressure-tight seal with pressure-lightness that increases with a pressure of at most 700 atm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal membrane is made of palladium, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, yttrium, thorium, zirconium, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The filtering loops and filtering spacers of the filter core are integrally extended edge-to-edge in a spiral manner. Each of the air passages is axially extended from the intake opening of the filter casing to the discharging opening in a spiral manner. The filter core is constructed by overlapping a corrugated filtering layer having the air meshes formed on a flat filtering layer having the air pores to form an air filtering net and by coiling the air filtering to form the filtering loops via the flat filtering layer and the filtering spacers via the corrugated filtering layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The ethylene distributor rectifying section contains overhead stream.The overhead stream contains ethylene and components lighter than ethylene.The overhead stream is (partially condensed).The recovered liquid is used to reflux the ethylene distributor rectifying section.The C2 distributor section comprises a rectifying section located above the introduction of the feed stream, and a stripping section located below the introduction of the feed stream.A wall separates the C2 distributor section and the ethylene distributor stripping section.The C2 distributor section, the ethylene distributor rectifying section, and the ethylene distributor stripping section each comprises a mechanical mechanism for enhancing the contact of up flowing vapor and down flowing liquid.The distillation column pressure shell operates at 400-550 psia.A liquid separation upper region prevents liquid exciting the upper area from directly entering the C2 distributor and ethylene distributor stripping section.The liquid separator upper region is above the lower region and beneath the upper region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reaction zone is a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor chamber. The CVD reactor chamber has a first seal (34) to admit the flow of reactant, and second seal (36) to discharge the flow of reactant. The disrupter comprises a disrupter face angled at 10-500degrees from the longitudinal axis of the reactor in a direction against the flow of reactant, structures mounted intermittently along an inside wall of the reactor chamber, forward angled face, and following angled face. The coating reactor further includes reactant injection inlets (38) intermittently spaced along the longitudinal axis of the chamber and directed into the chamber at an angle to the fiber to create a mixing flow adjacent the fiber, and set of rollers along the interior of the chamber to convey the fiber tow repeatedly back and forth across the reactor longitudinal axis to interact with the reactant gas flow. The inlets are offset from each other long the longitudinal axis. Preferred Condition: The reaction zone is maintained at a pressure of 0.05-760 torr and temperature of 700-1800degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fiber comprises a single monofilament fiber, and fiber tow. It is a silicon carbide fiber, aluminum oxide fiber, or silicon carbide-based fiber. The fiber coating reactant comprises hydrocarbon, methane, boron trichloride, ammonia, silicon precursor, and hydrogen or nitrogen. The silicon precursor is dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, silicon tetrachloride, or silane. Preferred Process: The fiber is passed through a first seal through the CVD reactor chamber to discharge at a second seal of the reactor chamber. The fiber tows are simultaneously passed through the reaction zone for coating. The tow of fibers is passed through the reaction zone at a rate of 1-200 inches/minute, and the tows are spaced apart at 0.020-1 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The medium material consists of dry coffee dregs, bran or palm-husk fiber and a fermentation microbe. The another organic waste is livestock excrements, pruned branch, mowed grass or their mixture. 0.4-0.6 tons (preferably 0.3-0.5 tons) of fermentation accelerator is mixed with respect to 1 ton of cow-excrements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amount of oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas to supply is 0.001-0.25 in molar ratio of oxygen and carbon in hydrocarbon. The water-vapor volume to supply is 1.5-5 in molar ratio of water and carbon in the hydrocarbon. The front-stage inlet temperature of the catalyst bed is 350-550 degrees C. The boiling point of 90 mass% or more of hydrocarbon to supply is 30-350 degrees C. The sulfur content in the hydrocarbon to supply is 1 mass ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst filled in the front-stage of the catalyst bed contains rhodium, platinum and/or palladium. The catalyst filled in the middle-stage of catalyst bed contains ruthenium. The catalyst filled in the later-stage of catalyst bed contains ruthenium or nickel and has fracture strength of 5-50 kg/cm2. EXAMPLE - Rhodium (in mass%) (0.5) and alumina (residual amount), were mixed to obtain partial oxidation-reaction catalyst. Ruthenium (2.3), potassium oxide (K2O) (3) and alumina (residual amount) were mixed to obtain preliminary modification catalyst. Ruthenium (1.8), cerium oxide (CeO2) (7.5) and alumina (residual amount) were mixed to obtain water-vapor modification catalyst. The obtained partial modification catalyst, preliminary modification catalyst and water-vapor modification catalyst were respectively filled in front, middle and later stages of catalyst bed equipped with a burner provided at the later-stage exit portion.    Raw material mixture containing kerosene (hydrocarbon), water-vapor and air, was supplied from front-stage inlet portion of the catalyst bed. The supplied raw material mixture was heated at 200 degrees C, and the kerosene was modified into hydrogen gas.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydrocarbon is methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The heat recovery system further has PSA apparatus, and carbon monoxide selective-oxidation device arranged following heat exchanger (II). Alternately, the heat recovery system has single heat exchanger arranged between the modifier and carbon monoxide transformer or at conversion gas outlet tube of carbon monoxide transformer and two branch pipes of water. Alternately, the recovery system has three heat exchangers arranged between modifier, carbon monoxide transformer, and carbon monoxide selective oxidation device, and at outlet tube of carbon monoxide selective oxidation device, and 4 branch pipes of water connected to the modifier and heat exchangers, respectively.The flow amount of pure water to the heat exchanger (I) is controlled such that the temperature of carbon monoxide transformer and initial temperature of reformed gas to carbon monoxide are fixed. The pure water flow amount to heat exchanger (2 and/or 3) is controlled such that pure water for modification is completely evaporated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is liquid hydrocarbon such as liquid petroleum gas, town gas, natural gas, gasoline or naphtha.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic-type regulator contains aromatic compound which belongs to phenol, cresol, naphthol, catechol or their combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The porous component has holes of average diameter 5-200 Angstrom. The porous component is a metal oxide or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal ultrafine particles consists of metal chosen from potassium, calcium, lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, transition metal and platinum group metal. The film consists of noble metal, carbon or a polymer. EXAMPLE - Pure zeolite having porosity of 0.5 and diameter of 6 Angstrom, was immersed in solution (A) obtained by dissolving nickel sulfate crystal in ethylene glycol. Zeolite holes having average diameter of 9 Angstrom were filled by the solution (A) in reduced pressure atmosphere. The solution containing zeolite was heated at 200 degrees C, and refluxed for 3 hours. Water generated by reaction was removed using nitrogen. Zeolite was removed from the solution after refluxing, and dried in inert gas atmosphere under reduced pressure, to obtain zeolite uniformly holding nickel ultrafine particles of average particle diameter 5 nm.    A palladium film of 0.1 microm thickness was formed on the surface of zeolite, to obtain hydrogen storage material. The film interrupted oxygen and selectively permeated hydrogen. The hydrogen storage material had excellent hydrogen occlusion ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The air-conditioning unit is a heat exchanger (18) comprising exhaust passage connecting the treatment tank and inflow path. The high temperature and high humidity gas ejected from the treatment tank passes through the exhaust passage. External air is absorbed through the inflow path. Warming and de-humidified air are suitably passed through the treatment tank in the heat exchange process. The heat retention unit warms the lower portion of the treatment tank using the hot water from heater. The organic refuse disposer further comprises a water-washing deodorizing unit (27) connected to the processing unit. The gas ejected from the treatment tank is passed through the deodorizing unit storing microorganism-activated water and deodorized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grease composition contains 0.5-3 mass% of magnesium compound and 0.05-1 mass% of vapor phase corrosion inhibitor with respect to total amount to grease. EXAMPLE - Perfluoro alkyl ether having dynamic viscosity of 270 mm2/second at 40degreesC, polytetrafluoroethylene, and magnesium oxide or benzotriazole as vapor phase corrosion inhibitor were mixed to obtain a grease composition. The obtained composition was sealed to a rolling bearing. The rolling bearing had favorable rust proof, heat resistance, durability and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion or all of hydrogen is generated by catalytic reaction of lower hydrocarbon gas. EXAMPLE - Catalytic reaction of mixed gas containing hydrogen (3.6 vol%) and methane, was performed using molybdenum-supported catalyst for 10 hours, to obtain aromatic benzene at improved yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is a membrane for isolating the fuel and a fuel solvent. The membrane is only permeable to the fuel. It is a single-layered cross-linked membrane allowing the fuel to permeate in one direction. It further comprises a second cross-linked membrane formed on an outer layer of the single-layered cross-linked membrane to permeate only to the fuel under certain circumstances to form a multi-layered complex membrane. A porous substrate is provided between the single-layered cross-linked and the second cross-linked membrane. Preferred Process: The polymer is mixed with the fuel to form a gel-like structure. The second cross-linked membrane is moistened to permeate to the methanol. Preferred Material: The polymer is polyamide, cross-linked polyvinyl acetate, or preferably copolyamide. The cross-linked membrane is polyvinyl acetate, oligomers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The second cross-linked membrane is made of polyvinyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - Methanol (80 g) was mixed with nylon CM80000 (RTM: polyamide resin) (20 g) in a flask at 50degreesC. After the polyamide resin was fully dissolved, the resulting solution was maintained until it solidified. A colloidal fuel supplying apparatus was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat exchanger is a tube and fin heat exchanger, or a bar and plate heat exchanger. The first and second stage reactors are medium temperature water/gas shift reactors that operate 300-400degreesC. The first stage reactor is a high temperature reactor operating at 400-500degreesC and the second stage reactor is a low temperature reactor operating at 200-280degreesC. The WGS reactor system is positioned between a primary reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger is positioned between a primary reactor and a WGS reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger can be positioned between a WGS reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger is positioned within a WGS reactor assembly in the fuel processing system; or between a first stage reactor and a second stage reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is precious metals, iron oxide/chromium oxide or copper oxide/zinc oxide. The heat exchanger uses air to cool the reformate gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The main fluid is a reformate gas flowing in a hydrogen fuel processing system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The reformate gas enters the first stage reactor at 300degreesC and at a speed of 0.881 mole/s, enters the heat exchanger at 370degreesC, enters the second stage reactor at 310degreesC, and exits the second stage reactor at 315degreesC. The air enters the heat exchanger at 27degreesC and at a speed of 0.28 mole/s and exits the heat exchanger at 369degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel oil contains de-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-35), de-benzene heavy catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-20), de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-50), light naphtha (5-20) and acrylate (10-50). The fuel oil composition does not substantially contain an antioxidant. EXAMPLE - De-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline (in vol.%) (30), de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline (18), light naphtha (12) and acrylate (40) were blended, to obtain a fuel oil composition. The de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline contained olefin (1.2), aromatic component (20.6) and benzene (0.7). The de-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline contained olefin (0.7), aromatic component (42.2) and benzene (0.5). The light naphtha contained olefin (0.5), aromatic component (2.3), benzene (1.8) and 9 weight ppm of sulfur. The alkylate contained isooctane fraction (73) and 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane fraction (30.8). The obtained fuel oil composition contained olefin (0.5), aromatic component (14.1), benzene (0.5) and sulfur content (1.1 ppm). The distillation amount (E70) of the composition at 70 degreesC, was 37 vol.%. The 50% distillation temperature (T50) of composition was 82 degreesC. The composition had rapid vapor pressure (RVP), research octane number (RON), density (at 15 degreesC) and vapor lock index (VLI) of 69.5 kPa, 90.4, 0.7 g/cm3 and 952, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reformer: The fuel reformer contains 8.3-15 mass% of the compound (C), with respect to the fuel modification catalyst. The fuel reformer is obtained by supporting a catalyst support by at least one type of noble metal elements chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium and ruthenium, and baking.Preferred Catalyst: The fuel modification catalyst has heat conductivity of 60 W/mxK or more. The fuel modification catalyst is supported by honey-comb monolith, which is metal form, metal honey-comb and/or offset fin, preferably metal form. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound (C) is silicon carbide, aluminum nitride and/or boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gas-flow guiding component is supported with bellows (4) formed by shape memory alloy.Preferred Properties: The gas-flow guiding component is movable along axial direction of the hydrogen separating membrane according to temperature of hydrogen separating membrane. The bellows also moves according to temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen separating membrane comprises an alloy film containing palladium, niobium, vanadium and/or tantalum, and silver, iron and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The ferrite particle is doped by manganese, cobalt or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: In (I), the heating unit is covered with a protective cover. The support arm (2C) of stirring blade in stirring apparatus is rotated along the side wall board or partition plate of treatment tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A reactive gas consisting of pure oxygen, ozone-containing oxygen, air, oxygen-enriched air, ozone-containing air or ozone-containing oxygen enriched air with treated water is supplied to the pressurized reactor. Preferred Property: The reactive gas is supplied in the form of dissolved gas or fine gas bubble.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Structure: The reactive gas in the form of fine gas bubble is formed using gas-liquid mixer (atomizer). The pressurized reactor is equipped with a support of microorganism which raises habitat density of microorganism to retain height of microorganism concerning reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The recirculating amount of treated water is controlled to homogenize the concentration of volatile organochlorine compound in the to-be-processed water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Amount: The concentration of Pseudomonas fluorescence strain microbial cells is 104 colony forming factor/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The biomass liquefying system further has a system (S1) for generating electricity from waste material and a frozen gas manufacturing system (S2). The electric power generating system (1) has a steam-generating apparatus (5). The ethanol manufacturing system (4) has a separation apparatus (19), a fermentation apparatus (17) and a concentration apparatus (20). The air separation system (3) has a cryogenically cooling-air liquefaction and separation carbon dioxide liquefier (12) and a cooling-heat storage converter (15). The electric power generating system (2) has a low boiling point medium recuperator (8) and a refrigerating unit (11).Preferred Process: Hyperbaric oxygen gas and high pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) are induced from the system (3) to the steam generating apparatus. The sludge of biomass chip separated with the separation apparatus is burnt with oxygen in presence of carbon dioxide atmosphere. Combustion exhaust gas of the steam generating apparatus is then induced to the carbon dioxide liquefier, to obtain pure water and liquid CO2 gas. The waste material system (S1) equipped with a steam generating apparatus generates electric power by burning the sludge, and exhaust gas of the system (S1) is induced to the fermentation apparatus. The heat exchange of liquid nitrogen and a heat carrier is transferred to the cooling-heat storage converter and recuperator (8). The converter and the recuperator respectively recover the cooling-heat of separation apparatus and heat of vapor supplied from system (1) with a low boiling point medium. Ocean deep water is used for cooling of the recuperator. The frozen gas manufacturing system cools air and manufactures frozen air, frozen ethane or frozen nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), a nucleic acid, which contains (S1)-(S11) is used. (M1) involves (i) amplifying target cbhA gene by quantitative PCR using a primer pair having (S1-S4) or a sequence homologous to (S1-S4) measuring the quantity of amplified nucleic acid, calculating the number of cellulose decomposing bacteria having the characters (a)-(d) in the environmental sample based on the measured value, (ii) amplifying target 16S rDNA of cellulose decomposing bacteria by quantitative PCR using a primer pair having (S5-S7) or a sequence homologous to (S5-S7), measuring the quantity of amplified nucleic acid, calculating the number of cellulose decomposing bacteria having the characters (a)-(d) in the environmental sample based on the measured value, or (iii) hybridizing nucleic acid of cellulose decomposing bacteria with a labeled probe having an oligonucleotide of (S8-S10) or a sequence homologous to (S8-S10), and calculating the number of cellulose decomposing bacteria having the characters (a)-(d) in the environmental sample based on the signal obtained from the hybridized labeled probe. EXAMPLE - oligonucleotides having cellobiohydrolase A (cbhA) gene (cbhA14F) and cbhA14R were prepared as PCR primers. DNA was extracted from sludge collected from 5 (A-E) methane fermentation tanks maintained at high, low and medium temperatures. The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR using the prepared PCR primers. The amplified product was subjected to electrophoresis. The number of cellulose decomposing bacteria present in the sample was measured based on the electrophoresis result. It was found that the high temperature fermentation tanks A-C contained increased number of cellulose decomposing bacteria, and the low temperature treatment tanks D and E did not contain cellulose decomposing bacteria. The medium temperature treatment tank contained less number of cellulose decomposing bacteria, which was below the determination limit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner hose is plastic and the outer hose is a corrugated stainless steel metal hose. The helical wire operates a tensile spring that forms a helical outer profile in the hose wall when at rest.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains transition metal element, preferably nickel catalyst.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is oxide or activated carbon. The substrate is diamond, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, cerium dioxide or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains silica, zinc ferrite, titanium oxide, and molybdenum sulfide and/or molybdenum trioxide.Preferred Method: The contact of the desulfurizing agent and sulfur-containing compound is temporarily stopped, and again contacted, to desulfurize the sulfur-containing compound.The desulfurizing agent used in desulfurization is regenerated by oxidation. EXAMPLE - Nitric acid zinc hexahydrate (in g) (22.3), iron nitrate (III) nona hydrate (60.6), colloidal silica (30.1), and distilled water (150 ml) were mixed. pH of the obtained solution was adjusted to 7, by adding ammonia (35 ml) and hydroxide was co-precipitated. The obtained hydroxide was cured, filtered, water-washed, and dried at 120 degrees C for 12 hours, and at 800 degrees C for 3 hours. The obtained product was baked at 800 degrees C for 5 hours and ground to obtain a product of zinc ferrite-silica complex. Molybdenum trioxide (2 wt.pts), and lignin (molding adjuvant) (5 mass%) were mixed with the obtained product (1 wt.pts). The obtained mixture was molded to a tablet shape, dried, and baked at 500 degrees C for 1 hour. The obtained baked product was ground and classified to obtain desulfurizing agent containing zinc ferrite, silica, and molybdenum trioxide with average particle diameter of 500-700 micrometer. A gas composition containing hydrogen sulfide (1000 ppm), hydrogen (20 vol.%), and nitrogen (80 vol.%) was desulfurized using the obtained desulfurizing agent (600 mg) at 450 degrees C and normal pressure. The flow rate of the gas was 100 ml/minute. The composition of the desulfurized gas was oxygen (2 vol.%) and nitrogen (98 vol.%). Subsequently, oxidation of the desulfurizing agent was carried out at 450 degrees C at normal pressure, and desulfurization of the gas was carried out at 450 degrees C at normal pressure. The desulfurizing efficiency of the obtained desulfurizing agent was found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Each stage of the multi-pressure stripper is a countercurrent contactor. At least one stage of the multi-pressure stripper is a cocurrent contactor or a mixed contactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Additional heat is supplied at the stage(s) of multi-pressure stripper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is aqueous amine and/or aqueous alkanolamine, preferably amine-promoted aqueous potassium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: Directing the cryogenic aerosol stream includes moving the nozzle and substrate relative to each other to expose portions of the region at varying distances from the edge to the cryogenic aerosol stream. The method may include heating the substrate (preferably semiconductor substrate) and the nanoporous material outside of the region to a predetermine temperature to prevent condensation of moisture onto the material.Preferred Components: The region includes an edge bead of nanoporous material, preferably spin-on film (1).Preferred Dimensions: The region has a width of up to 4 mm. The width of cryogenic aerosol stream at the surface is greater than or equal to the width of the region, or less than a width of the region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fluid comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ammonia, krypton, argon, methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, ethylene, propylene, tetrafluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, sulfur hexafluoride and/or perfluoropropane. The cryogenic aerosol stream comprises gas and solid particles, e.g. gaseous carbon dioxide and solid carbon dioxide particles. The nanoporous material comprises a low volatility liquid solvent (with a boiling point above 175 degrees C) and an alkoxysilane of formula SiR4 (where at least 2 of the R groups are 1-4C alkoxy groups and the rest (if any) are hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl, halogen or substituted phenyl). The low volatility solvent is e.g. ethylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2-methyl-propanetriol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether and/or glycerol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The sulfur oxidizing bacteria are Paracoccus genus. They include Paracoccus denitrificans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The oxidation reduction potential is established at a level of at least -200 mV by adding nitrates to the body. The sulfur oxidizing bacteria population is at least 1x10 to the power of 5-1x10 to the power of 6 colony forming units/ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The microreactor includes a finely divided catalyst loaded in the channels. The micromachined path has a width or depth of 10-2000 mum. The capillary tube is treated with sodium/naphthalene complex solution at 55 degreesC, rinsed with methanol, rinsed in glacial acetic acid at 70 degreesC then rinsed in water and dried. A reinforcing sleeve is bound to the capillary tube with epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sludge contains metal components such as calcium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polysaccharide: The microorganism production polysaccharide is chosen from dextran, xanthan gum, pullulan, curdlan, rhamsan rubber, welan gum, scleroglucan and beta-glucan.Preferred Method: The cross-linking polymerization of epsilon-polysine is performed by reacting with compound having 2 or more glycidyl groups in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst containing copper is synthetic methanol catalyst. The catalyst that supports a base on support, is a catalyst that supports an alkali metal salt on support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is an alkaline earth metal oxide and the substance containing copper is synthetic methanol catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The desulfurizer further has a jacket (12) for heating, provided at the periphery of desulfurizer. The heat-conduction medium used in the jacket is heated with a heater (15) or water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The heat-conduction medium is silicone oil or aluminum. The desulfurizing agent is nickel group desulfurizing agent. Preferred Method: The pressure in desulfurizer is maintained higher than the vapor pressure of raw material in the heating temperature of desulfurizer. The desulfurizing temperature and pressure are 150-300degreesC and 0.1-1 MPa, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material is kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride is an aromatic hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The production of the hydrogen is realized by vapor reforming, partial oxidation, autothermal reforming or hybrid reforming of reagents in a hydrogen generator (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reforming is carried out at a higher pressure than regenerating the heat of the first zone. The cyclic process has a characteristic DELTAT-HT of 0.1-500degreesC, preferably 0.5-40degreesC. The space velocity is 1000-100000/hour, preferably 2000-50000/hour. The reforming conditions comprise a reforming catalyst having at least a portion heated to 700-2000degreesC. The reform product is reacted over a water-gas shift catalyst to produce a synthesis gas having increased hydrogen concentration. The reform product or synthesis gas is supplied to a hydrogen separator to produce a fuel cell feed gas having increased hydrogen concentration and a purge stream having depleted hydrogen concentration.Preferred Properties: The reactor bed packing material has a volumetric heat transfer coefficient of greater than 0.05 cal/cm3sdegreesC. The packing material is a honeycomb monolith having channel densities of 15-500 channels/cm2. It provides a wetted area greater than 6 cm2/cm3.Preferred Components: The catalyst consists of noble metal components, Group VIII metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium, or zinc. The packing materials of the first and/or second zones are stabilized or unstabilized magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The raising of the temperature of the steam and hydrocarbon mixture is an isentropic process. The spark ignition initiates a reformer reaction. The compression of the steam and hydrocarbon mixture compresses the mixture to achieve a temperature of at least 8000 degrees C. The exhaustion of the synthesis gas product produces a nitrogen-free exhaust product at a rate of 40.2 Nm3/hour.Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is a natural gas, preferably 100% methane. The hydrocarbon is any petroleum product or by-product. The fuel is diesel fuel.Preferred Ratio: The steam and natural mixture have a volume ratio of 5.66:1.0. The air and steam has an initial ratio of 1.68-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reactor is a piston cylinder arrangement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mixing zone comprises a reforming catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pre-reforming catalyst is a supported metal from nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and/or iridium on a refractory support. It comprises nickel supported on an alumina promoted with potassium.The tie inner vessel and pre-reforming zones are cylindrical.The layer of insulation is effective to minimize heat transfer from the secondary reforming zone to the pre-reforming catalyst zone.The effluent outlet is located adjacent to the inner feed plenum.The terminal end of each pre-reforming catalyst is disposed farther distance from the inner feed plenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component has a heat source for heating the cathode off-gas. An oxidation catalyst is provided at the supply portion vicinity. The apparatus has several supply portions provided with respect to the gas passageway.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separation component has palladium or palladium alloy layers laminated on the surface(s) of a base material containing a V group metal or its alloy. The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen-separation component is formed such that the amount of lamination of palladium or palladium alloy is gradually increased. The hydrogen separation component has a diffusion suppression layer for suppressing diffusion of dissimilar metals, provided between the alloys. Alternately, the supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component is made of palladium or vanadium alloy with a V group-metal content less than that of other region. The supply portion vicinity has good water-resistant material brittleness property, and hydrogen permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The heat recovered from carbonization waste heat of activated carbide is utilized as warm air required for drying wet organic substance waste material. Preferred Arrangement: The processing system of wet organic-substance waste material further has a solid-liquid separation water removal device for separating wastewater and organic refuse ground using disposer and dehydrating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The controlling unit controls flow rate of oxidizing agent gas from the oxidizing agent gas supplying unit (A) when the discharge of modification fuel is stopped, so that concentration of modification fuel in the gas supplied to the catalyst portion through the fuel introduction chamber is 1 vol.% or less.The quantity of discharge of oxidizing agent gas is fluctuated according to amount of hydrogen to be produced by the reformer.Time required for stopping discharge of modification fuel is extended when the quantity of discharge of oxidizing agent gas is less.The fuel introduction chamber (B) optionally has volume less than the quantity of oxidizing agent gas discharge from the unit (A).Discharge of oxidizing agent gas is also performed when temperature of modification fuel sprayed into the chamber (B) raises to vaporizable high temperature.The oxidizing agent gas supplying portion supplies oxidizing agent gas to the interior portion of fuel introduction chamber so that the oxidizing agent gas optionally forms rotational flow in interior portion of fuel introduction chamber.Preferred Component: The chamber (B) is equipped with heating portion (30) for heating inner wall face.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic material processing apparatus has a double-pipe structure comprising reaction container having an inner pipe (2) and an outer pipe (3) surrounding the inner pipe. Combustion of organic material is performed in the inner pipe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: To-be-processed organic material, an oxidizing agent and water are taken in the reaction container, organic material is decomposed completely and nitrogen content in the organic material is converted into harmless nitrogen gas, without converting it into ammonia or NOx. Preferred Energy: The combustion heat produced at the time of combustion is utilized as kinetic energy or heat energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The nutrient liquid is obtained by adding 1-3 parts of treacle and 1-3 parts of rice bran with 100 parts of water heated at 0-40 degreesC. The raw material is prepared by mixing 0.1-1.5 parts of odorless-fermented degradation promotion liquid, 0.1-0.4 parts of rice bran, 10-50 parts of compost and 0.04-0.2 parts of chaff with 100 parts of solid-liquid mixed organic material and stirring uniformly for 15-60 minutes. The odorless-fermented degradation promotion liquid is obtained by adding 0.1-0.5 parts of spawn. The moisture content of the raw material is adjusted to 40-60 %. The liquid portion is separated and neutralized to pH 6-7 by mixing with mineral acids such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, and organic acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid and wood vinegar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - In (I), the cellulose degradation enzyme genes are cellulase B gene and cellulase D gene derived from mesophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium josui and endoglucanase I gene derived from mesophilic anaerobic bacterium Ruminococcus albus. The anaerobic microbe is C.paraputrificum strain M FERM P16390 and the promoter region is a promoter region of the hydrogenase gene of C.paraputrificum strain M FERM P16390.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Materials: The plant materials are felling materials. Preferred Process: The blend is sprayed on the slope face, and is provided in layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: Wood-chip, a sludge fermentation fertilizer and effective microorganisms are mixed with the plant cultivation base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The washing fluid is polyethylene glycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: (1) is disposed upstream of (2) with respect to a flow direction of (g1). The total oxygen supply amount to (1) and (2) by (9, 1Ob, 10c, 10d) is set to increase as a fuel reforming requirement of (8) increases. (D1) further comprises a programmable controller (11) programmed to control (4,5) to increase the oxygen supply amount to (1) relative to the oxygen supply amount to (2), when the fuel reforming requirement is increasing. (8) is configured to reform hydrocarbon fuel using water, and (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15B, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) comprises a mechanism (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15b, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) which supplies water heated by the preferential oxidation heat of (1) to (8). The heated water supplying mechanism (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15b, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) comprises a heat exchange mechanism (12,13, 16,17a, 17b, 17c), which heats a heat medium by the preferential oxidation heat of (1), causes the heated heat medium to exchange heat with water, and supplies the water to (8). (9, lOb, 10C, 10D) comprises an air supply mechanism (9, lOb, 10C, 10D), which supplies air, and the heat medium comprises part of the air supplied by the air supply mechanism (9, lOb, 10C, 10D). (8) is further configured to reform hydrocarbon fuel using oxygen, and the heat exchange mechanism (12,13, 16, 17A, 17b, 17c) is configured to supply air to (8) after exchanging heat with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The reforming pressure is 10 - 100 bar. Fuel and oxygen are combusted in the regeneration cycle to generate a flue gas exiting (f1) at 300 - 600degreesC. The high-pressure hydrogen is separated from (g2) by subjecting (g2) to a pressure swing adsorption process where components other than hydrogen are substantially adsorbed. The reforming temperature provides a synthesis gas at 220 - 400degreesC. The flue gas is at 400 - 500degreesC and is used to generate steam for the steam reforming cycle. The oxygen in the regeneration cycle is provided as compressed air from a gas turbine. (P1) involves recovering absorbed components from (f1) and introducing at least a portion as fuel into (f1) during the regeneration cycle; and recycling a portion of the flue gas to (f1) during the regeneration cycle. (z1) is a pressure swing adsorption zone where substantially all of the components of the product gas stream other than hydrogen are adsorbed. (P2) involves purging the pressure swing adsorption zone to provide a purge gas stream and introducing at least a portion of the purge gas stream as the fuel in step (e). In (P2), the regeneration is conducted to provide a flue gas having time-average temperature of 400 - 500degreesC and the flue gas is passed through a heat exchanger to generate steam for reforming step (a). At least part of the flue gas passed through the heat exchanger is recycled to the second end of the second zone during regeneration. The oxygen containing gas of step (f) is provided as compressed air from a gas turbine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The packing material of the first and second zones are composed of materials selected from magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, milite, alumina, silica-alumina and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: An overhead vapor stream may be combined with the residual vapor stream to form a combined vapor stream, and the combined vapor stream is directed into heat exchange relation with the vapor distillation stream and heated. A portion of the heated combined vapor stream is discharged as the volatile residue gas fraction. In other embodiments, the process includes dividing the gas into first and second streams prior to cooling, and carrying out the remaining process steps as described above; or cooling the gas stream to partially condense it, separating the partially condensed gas stream to provide a vapor stream and liquid stream(s), dividing the vapor stream into first and second streams, and carrying out the remaining process steps as described above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A second gas separation system is fluidly connected to the rotary adsorption module operable to further purify the usable fuel gas component in the exported portion of the enriched fuel gas, for external use in a downstream system. The high temperature fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell. The rotary adsorption module is additionally operable to deliver at least a portion of the enriched usable fuel gas to the anode inlet. The second gas separation system is a pressure swing adsorption system. Downstream system comprises a high pressure hydrogen storage system operable to store purified hydrogen fuel for dispensing to hydrogen vehicles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas separation membrane is made from metal membrane, zeolite membrane, carbon membrane, an inorganic organic hybrid silica membrane or an amorphous silica membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The supporting base for gas separation membrane is the one produced by sintering particles having an aspect ratio of less than 2. A reaction barrier layer or a diffusion barrier layer is formed on the surface of the sintered metal on the side of the gas separation membrane formation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas separation membrane is made from metal membrane, zeolite membrane, carbon membrane, an inorganic organic hybrid silica membrane or an amorphous silica membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixed gas separation involves membrane separation or pressure swing adsorption; and is free of cryogenic separation.The process additionally involves: supplying the first syngas effluent to a shell-side of the reformer; supplying the second hydrocarbon portion with steam through the catalyst tubes; discharging the second syngas effluent from the catalyst tubes adjacent the shell-side inlet to form the syngas mixture; compressing air to the catalytic reforming with a gas turbine drive; and recovering heat from exhaust from the gas turbine. The autothermal reformer is operated with excess air. The reforming, shift conversion and the mixed gas separation are carried out at pressure of 10 - 200 (preferably 30) bars.Preferred Components: The catalyst zone comprises catalyst tubes. From the shift conversion, the carbon dioxide-rich gas stream comprises a molar ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen less than 3. A proportion of the first hydrocarbon portion relative to a total of the first and second hydrocarbon portions is 55 - 85 (preferably 60 - 80)%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The heavy tar having high boiling point is relatively separated from tar-containing gas by oil scrubbing. The light tar (33) having low boiling point is relatively separated from tar-containing gas by water scrubbing, and is used as treated oil in oil scrubbing process.Preferred Apparatus: The washing apparatus further has a tar separation unit (I) for separating tar from treated oil ejected from oil scrubber, washing oil-circuit line for circulating the separated tar and treated oil to oil scrubber, a tar separation unit (II) for separating tar from wash water ejected from water scrubber, and a washing water-cycle line for circulating the separated tar and wash water to water scrubber. The washing oil-circuit line is provided with a cooling unit for cooling the treated oil. The washing water cycle line is provided with a cooling unit for cooling wash water. The washing apparatus further has unit for supplying the tar separated by unit (II) to oil scrubber, as treated oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic fertilizer contains 0.1-20 mass% of metallic compound with respect to organic fertilizer. 10-4000 kg/acre of organic fertilizer is used with respect to soil area. Preferred Components: The metallic compound is ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferric chloride, ferrihydrite, aluminum sulfate, polychlorinated aluminum and/or aluminum hydroxide. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. 800 g of soil containing organic fertilizer was packed in a vinyl pot and the soil was inoculated with maize seedling. The growth of seedling was evaluated after 6 weeks. The result showed that the seedling had excellent growth promoting effect when compared to the control (seedling inoculated in soil unprocessed with organic fertilizer).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Ferrous sulfate (in mass parts) (5) was added to pig feces (100), dispersed uniformly and pH was adjusted to 7 using slaked lime. The mixture was fermented for three months at 15-25degreesC to obtain organic fertilizer. The obtained fertilizer had excellent growth promoting effect with respect to plants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-splitting medium contains at least 1 type of element of iron, nickel and cobalt. The hydrogen-burning catalyst contains at least 1 type of element selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. The area ratio of fine powder of hydrogen-burning catalyst occupied to the entire surface of the water-splitting medium is 0.1-30%. EXAMPLE - Iron nitrate ((Fe(NO)3.9H2O)) (in mole) (0.188) and aluminum nitrate ((Al(NO)3.9H2O)) (0.006) were dissolved in water (5 l). Urea (10) was added as a precipitant and the temperature was raised to 90 degrees C with uniform stirring. The solution was maintained at 90 degrees C for 3 hours and the resulting solution containing the precipitate was filtered and washed. The product was dried at 80 degrees C for 24 hours, 100 degrees C for 5 hours and 300 degrees C for 5 hours and baked at 500 degrees C for 10 hours. The obtained medium powder was molded to pellet form with average particle diameter of 5 mm.    Alloy catalyst (1 wt.%) of platinum and palladium in a molar ratio of 1:1 was supported to the surface of the produced iron oxide-alumina (Fe3O4-Al2O3) medium by dip coating, and dried at 100 degrees C for 1 hour. The dry medium was reduced under 5% hydrogen airflow at 450 degrees C for 1 hour. A water-splitting composite medium in which platinum-palladium was supported by the surface of water-splitting medium consisting of iron-aluminum, was obtained. The area ratio of fine powder of hydrogen-burning catalyst occupied to the entire surface of the water-splitting medium was 3%. The water-splitting composite medium was packed in a reaction container of hydrogen supply system for fuel cells, and hydrogen burning reaction and water-splitting reaction were performed. The water-splitting reaction temperature was stabilized within a short time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The foodstuff waste material is processed by explosive breaking after pressurization for 1-60 minutes and 10-30 kg/cm2 and retaining to the atmospheric pressure in 0.1-1 second. EXAMPLE - Solubilized liquid of malt lees was obtained by performing explosive breaking of malt lees (1 kg) using an explosive break apparatus at a pressure of 30 kg/cm2. The liquid (100 ml) was saccharified using cellulose (800 microg) and glucoamylase. Lactobacillus was made to act on the solubilization liquid and lactic acid fermentation was performed. The saccharide concentration was adjusted to 4.2%. Lactobacillus NBRC 14710 strain was inoculated and cultivated at 37 degrees Centigrade for 5 days. The produced amount of lactic acid was measured by enzyme method and was found to be 14.1 g/l of L-lactic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The hydrophilic flexible polyurethane foam is produced using raw material containing polyisocyanate component, polyol component, catalyst, foaming agent, surfactant and other adjuvant foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The decompose-treatment container has shut-off-valve ball valve in the upper insertion opening and lower extraction opening. The apparatus has a revived water system, which supplies water to a boiler, magnetizing equipment (ME), solid-liquid separation apparatus (SE) and steam release noise reduction deodorizing device. The revived water system has a special filter medium obtained by baking the ceramic powder of ore, and is packed in a cylindrical container. ME has a cable wound around the steam supply pipe in which the steam passes through and enters in the main structure of the decompose-treatment container incorporated with computer. ME changes the inside of the container into magnetic field state. SE has a small tank in which a portion of liquid collected in the lower portion of the container is stored in the same pressure as that of the container. The liquid is removed from SE as organic liquid fertilizer or wood vinegar. The deodorization device diffuses the steam abandoned from the steam release opening through the holes of silencer, deodorizes the base material and emits the steam from steam discharge tube as steam of non-pollution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming catalyst is a precious metal base reforming catalyst made of ruthenium and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is introduced into both sub-chambers of the electrolyte chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthesis gas is produced from a carbon containing raw material, water, oxygen and/or carbon dioxide, and a recycled low boiling-point component separated from the lower paraffin-containing gas. The obtained synthesis gas contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 1:0.5-138:1.4. The separated low boiling-point component is recycled as a raw material for synthesis gas production.Preferred Composition: The amount of recycled low boiling-point component in the raw material is 40-75 mol %. The amount of low boiling-point component which does not contain hydrogen, contained in the lower paraffin-containing gas, is 60 mol % or less.Preferred Component: The low boiling-point component is hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene and/or methane. EXAMPLE - Natural gas (in mol%) (7.8), steam (14.3), carbon dioxide (3.9) and source gas consisting of low boiling-point component (74), were reacted in the presence of modification catalyst at 870 degrees C under 2.1 MPa, to obtain a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 1:1. The synthesis gas was reacted in the presence of catalyst containing copper and zinc-type synthetic methanol catalyst component and zeolite catalyst component at 325 degrees C under pressure of 2 MPa, to obtain a lower paraffin-containing gas having hydrocarbon (70) containing propane (41) and butane (59), and low boiling-point component (69). The low boiling-point component which was methane and ethane (0.6), ethylene (0.8), carbon dioxide (39), unreacted carbon monoxide (22) and hydrogen (38), was separated from the lower paraffin-containing gas under 2.5 MPa, to obtain a liquefied petroleum gas. The obtained liquefied petroleum gas had high concentration of propane and butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The material is conveyed to the further treatment vessel by a covered conveyor or sealed auger (18). The further treatment vessel is connected to a tank (24) containing a bacterially active liquid, and in which the bacterially active liquid is fed into the treatment vessel to saturate the fiber. The further treatment vessel is connected to a gas collection tank. The material in the further treatment vessel is heated using a heating means, such as heating bars. During the first treatment step, the waste is collected and placed in a vessel which is sealed, such as an autoclave (8).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The fiber is heated to at least 60degreesC for at least12 (preferably 12-36) hours. After the required time period has elapsed, the liquid is drained off at which time it begins to produce gas. The treated waste material is dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Treatment of organic waste material comprises separating the organic residue into a liquid phase and a solid phase; and combusting the solid phase of organic residue at a maximum temperature of 900 degrees C, resulting in liberation of thermal energy and concentrated combustion residue, and the formation of flue gases. The heat treatment process comprises separation of ammonia. It includes sterilizing and/or hygienizing the organic waste material; degrading the cell structure of the organic waste material; dissolving the organic constituents of the organic waste material; and converting at least a fraction of the organic waste material into organic acids. It is a heat treatment process under elevated pressure, heat treatment process without elevated pressure, or heat treatment process by hygienization. Combusting the solid phase of the organic residue is effected by adding other combustible products, preferably waste products or other fuels.Preferred Composition: The organic waste material comprises 1-30 wt.% dry matter.Preferred Parameter: A reduction of the dry matter content of the organic waste material after the anaerobic fermentation process, is at least 50%. A reduction of the dry matter content of the organic waste material after combustion, is at least 90%. A reduction of the nitrogen content of the organic waste material after heat treatment process and after combustion, is at least 30 and at least 95%, respectively. Nitrogen of the solid phase of the organic residue to be combusted is at least 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The proton-electron mixed conductive ceramics is a metal oxide ceramic having a pervoskite type structure. The metal is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The storage system is disposed in a confined area at the facility. It includes a valve for releasing hydrogen from the storage system to a location outside the confined area in response to an unsafe condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactant stream comprises a hydrocarbon-containing gas and an oxygen-containing gas. The reaction zone comprises a catalyst consisting of nickel, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium, samarium, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, nickel-magnesium oxide, and/or Group VIII metals. The catalyst material comprises rhodium supported in alumina or zirconia granules having a diameter of 0.18-3 mm. It further comprises samarium. The ignition zone physically contacts the reaction zone. It comprises rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, gold, silver, osmium, iridium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, or rhenium. The igniter comprises platinum. It further comprises an element consisting of magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, or silicon. It further comprises cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anionic polymer has an anionic charge of at least about 5 mole percent. The water soluble anionic polymers is a polysaccharide such as polygalacturonic acid, polyglucuronic acid, polymannuconic acid, alginic acid, pectins and their sodium salts, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl starch, monophosphate starch, polylacrylic acid, polyacrylates, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) and its sodium salt or poly(vinyl sulfonates). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-2-vinylpyridinium betaine is specifically disclosed as zwitterionic polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power generator further comprises an external electrode provided for external connection. The second flow path plate has reinforce member to hold a sectional shape of each flow path formed in the plate. The flow path plate has a penetrating portion formed in a tunnel shape between portions being into contact with the anode electrode or the cathode electrode of the flow path, and an outlet or an inlet of the penetrating portion that is disposed at 0.5-1 mm in the inward direction of the anode electrode or cathode electrode from an end of the anode electrode or the cathode electrode. It is formed by pasting insulating resin members with each another.The direct type liquid fuel cell power generator meets the following condition according to equations (1)-(3):Y at mostY0x2 (1);Y = 1.04x10-4xnI/CMeOH (2)1.0at mostCMeOH at most5.0 (3)where n = number of electromotive portion units which the electromotive portion unit group has; I = current outputted by each electromotive portion unit; CMeOH = concentration of a methanol aqueous solution fuel to be supplied; Y = total amount (1/min) of the methanol aqueous solution fuel supplied to the electromotive portion unit group; and a temperature of the each electromotive portion unit that is 40-70degreesC.Preferred Property: The reinforce member has a sectional area which is at most50% of a sectional area of the flow path and a thickness of at least0.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating member is made of polyether imide resin, polyimide resin, polyamide imide resin, polysulfone resin, polyether sulfone resin, melamine phenol resin, silicon resin, polycarbonate resin, heat resistance vinyl ester resin, bis-phenol F-type epoxy resin, phenol novolak type epoxy resin, phenol resin, diaryl phthalate resin, polyamide resin and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Volume: The filler insert comprises less than 67 (preferably less than 33) vol.% of the volume of the cartridge.Preferred Component: The fuel cartridge comprises a connecting column (16), greater than or equal to2 disks (14), and an outlet port (24).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The absorbent material is made from polyester, polyethylene, polyolefin, polyacetal, polypropylene fibers, hemp, cotton, or cellulose acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A circulating flow of bed material is formed in the fluid bed, and the flammables are extruded in the circulating flow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gasifier has a unit for forming circulating flow of bed material, and a supply port (14) provided in circulating flow. The port (14) is provided in the position at which the furnace pressure value in the fluid bed is -2 to 10 kPaG. The gasifier has rectangular horizontal cross-section. The melting system has a conveying unit for conveying water obtained from compressed flammable, and water spraying unit to spray water in waste gas emitted from melting furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The fuel modification unit has a catalyst support (12) which holds fuel modification catalyst whereas the catalyst support (20) holds the catalyst which decreases carbon monoxide. The support (12) containing ceramic material and mixed with heat insulation material is baked and manufactured by post forming method. The charge ratio of heat insulating material mixed in the ceramic material is adjusted so as to adjust the heat conductivity of the fuel modification unit according to desired heat transfer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fermentation tank is provided with shredding equipment (15) in axial center position. The shredding equipment comprises a stirring tine shaft (20), spiral screw (22) and spiral cover (21). The spiral screw is wound at the stirring tine shaft. The spiral cover packs the spiral screw. The organic refuse disposer is further equipped with deodorizing device, overflow opening, bag attachment or detachment mechanism, and detachably fixable bag. The deodorizing device is arranged at space formed between inclined fermentation tank and casing. The overflow opening ejects manure obtained by processing the organic refuse to exterior portion, and is provided at upper surface in lower end vicinity of upper surface of the inclined fermentation tank. The bag attachment or detachment mechanism is provided at the overflow opening. The bag attachment or detachment mechanism comprises hose-shaped overflow receptacle and cover material. The overflow receptacle is provided at the overflow opening. The cover material has spring attached to front end portion of the overflow receptacle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic refuse is processed by decomposing an organic refuse by the facultative anaerobe supplied in the treatment tank.Preferred Apparatus: The exhaust gas adjustment unit limits the stop time of exhaustion or reduction time of displacement in a fixed time range. The human detector is arranged to the top edge portion of the organic refuse processing apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material is a microstructure, and has shape of wire or cylindrical shape and average diameter of 0.5 microns or less. Hydrogen occlusion material has bent shape. A metal particle is further included in the occlusion material. The powder of microstructure has node or cross-linking inside. EXAMPLE - FRO-3 (brown iron oxide having average particle diameter of 0.03 microns) and boron powder having average particle diameter of 21 microns were mixed in a ratio of 5:5 for 10 minutes and filled in a boat made of alumina. The filled powder was heat-processed at 1100 degrees C for 2 hours in an atmosphere containing nitrogen gas. The powder was cooled to obtain boron nitride microstructure containing iron particles of diameter 0.5 microns. The microstructure had hydrogen storage capacity of 0.1 wt.% or less at hydrogen pressure of 0-12 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Formulation: In (II), the microorganisms include B. thuringiensis FERM P-19220, FERM P-19221, and B. subtilis FERMP-19222.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The chemical bond which couples functional group of 1-40C fluorohydrocarbon compound and hydroxyl group of metal oxide, is an ether bond and/or ester bond.Preferred Method: The acid-catalyzed reaction method is performed using an aqueous medium. Preferred Definitions:    Rf1-Rf3 = alpha-substituent of formula (4 and/or 5);    X1, X2 = H and/or halogen atom; and    t, u = 1-4.    CF2X1CFX2-(OCF2CF(CF3))t-O-(CF2)u- (4)    CF2=CF-(OCF2CF(CF3))t-O-(CF2)u- (5)    EXAMPLE - 10 ml of water were added to 1.69 g of silica gel having 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl group. 168 mg of hafnium(IV) bis(perfluorooctane sulfonyl) amide were added and stirred continuously for 14 hours at room temperature. The solid product was filtered, washed with water and vacuum-dried at 80 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain 1.81 g of fixed Lewis acid catalyst consisting of hafnium salt and silica gel having 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxidizer is oxygen gas from air, oxygen from decomposing potassium or sodium chlorate, or oxygen from decomposing hydrogen peroxide. The fuel cell consumes a carbon-based fuel cell. The carbon-based fuel cell is a direct methanol fuel cell. The fuel cell is a hydrogen fuel cell utilizing pure hydrogen as fuel or hydrogen contaminated with carbon monoxide as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Property: The female sex hormone degrading bacteria has an ability to degrade 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol; k1 for 17beta-estradiol and/or estrone of at least0.5; ability to decrease the concentration of 17beta-estradiol and/or estrone from 10 mug/L-less than 10, preferably 1 ng/L; an ability to achieve the concentration decrease in 24, preferably 3 hours, at most, at its proper cell concentration; and a maximum specific growth rate (micromax) of at least0.1, when cultured in a nutrient medium.Preferred Bacteria: The female sex hormone degrading bacteria is Novosphingobium sp. JEM-1 strain (FERM BP-08637), Sphingomonas sp. JEM-3 strain (FERM BP-08638) or Sphingomonas sp. JEM-14 strain (FERM BP-08639), and Ochrobactrum sp. JEM-23 strain (FERM BP-08640).Preferred Method: Degradation treatment of female sex hormone in wastewater, comprises passing the wastewater through a reactor including a carrier having the bacteria carried on it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Prepared Composition: The content ratio (mass reference (standard)) of the synthetic-methanol-catalyst component with respect to the zeolite catalyst component is 0.5-3. The zeolite catalyst component is zeolite with silica/alumina (SiO2/A1203) molar ratio of 10-50. The content of propane in the liquefied petroleum gas is 38 mol% or more. The zeolite has three-dimensional pore, which diffuses reaction molecule within pores, such as small pore zeolite or large pore zeolite.Preferred Method: A synthesis gas is prepared by reacting hydrocarbon gas and water vapor. The obtained synthesis gas is circulated to catalyst layer (2a) containing catalyst and LPG containing propane as main component is obtained. EXAMPLE - Copper-zinc type synthetic methanol catalyst and proton type USY zeolite having silica/alumina molar ratio of 12.2 and pore with diameter of 0.74 nm as zeolite catalyst component were uniformly mixed and press molding-particle size regulation was performed. Hydrogen air was introduced and the catalyst components were reduced at 300degreesC for 3 hours, and a catalyst was obtained. The obtained catalyst was packed in a reaction tube and composition comprising hydrogen (66.7 mol%) and carbon monoxide (33.3 mol%) was circulated. The reaction was performed at 325degreesC under 2.1 MPa and gas space velocity of 3000 hr-1. The product analyzed by gas chromatograph had conversion ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon of 38%. 76% of produced hydrocarbon gas was propane and butane. The content of propane and butane were 55% and 45%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The synthesis gas is produced from a carbon containing raw material.A component having boiling point lower than propylene, is separated from the lower olefin-containing gas.The liquefied petroleum gas is manufactured without undergoing lower-olefin manufacturing process. EXAMPLE - Methane (as carbon containing raw material) and water vapor, were supplied to a modifier. The methane was then modified in the presence of modification catalyst, to obtain a synthesis gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Moisture content was removed from the synthesis gas. The synthesis gas was reacted in the presence of methanolation catalyst to obtain methanol and dimethyl ether (DME). The obtained methanol and dimethyl ether, were reacted at 330 degreesC under pressure of 140 kPa in the presence of H-ZSM-5(TM) (metallosilicate catalyst), to obtain a mixed gas containing methane, ethane and ethylene, as lower olefin-containing gas. The obtained lower olefin-containing gas was hydrogenated at 330 degreesC under 120 kPa in the presence of nickel, palladium or platinum catalyst, to obtain a liquefied petroleum gas. The obtained liquefied petroleum gas had propane content of 69 mass% and propane and butane conversion ratio of 65 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The combustion catalyst comprises a metal substrate; chromium-containing oxide layer in direct contact with the metal substrate; and active catalyst on the chromium-containing oxide layer, where the combination of the metal substrate, active catalyst and chromium-containing oxide layer define a catalyst having a low surface area of not more than 0.5 m2/g or not more than 1 m2/inch2. The reaction chamber and combustion catalyst define a catalyst system having a combustion activity such that, when a gas mixture containing vol.% methane (CH4), 1.9 vol.% oxygen (O2), and 89 vol.% nitrogen (N2) is passed through the chamber at GHSV of 1.6x106/hour and reaction chamber temperature of 835degreesC, there is a CH4 conversion of at least 9% and an O2 conversion of at least 50%; and when a gas mixture containing 1 vol.% CH4, 4.4 vol.% O2, 1.2 vol.% H2, 2 vol.% carbon monoxide (CO), and 91.4 vol.% N2 is passed through the chamber at a GHSV of 1.1x106/hour and at 710degreesC or 910degreesC, there is a CO conversion of at least 80% or at least 90%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The fiber plant is a non-woody fiber plant.Preferred Method: The fiber plant is pretreated by a relatively high pressure treatment under a high temperature, a steaming treatment under a high temperature, a boiling treatment under a high temperature, a fumigated treatment and a soaking treatment under a room temperature. The fiber plant is added into the culture solution by a ratio of 4-15%. The boiling step further comprises adding 0-4% (w/v) calcium oxide into the pulp solution and boiling the pulp solution for 25-40 minutes under 120-150 degreesC. The pulp solution is screened by 18-300 meshes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganism is isolated from one of a non-woody fiber plant and a livestock excrement compost. The microorganism is inoculated at 0-108 cfu/ml. The fermentatively culturing process is proceeded at 20-50 degreesC for 0-10 days. It is a static culture or a shaking culture.Preferred Components: The microorganism is a Gram positive bacterium. It consists of Bacillus licheniformis (PMBP-m5), Bacillus subtilis (PMBP-m6), or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PMBP-m7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The re-gasification apparatus is further equipped with a mixer with mixes the block of ice and water, and the separated mother liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide Particle: The porous aluminum oxide particle has a particle diameter of 1-30 mm. 20-300 mass parts of porous aluminum oxide particle is mixed with respect to 100 mass parts of dry weight of organic waste. EXAMPLE - 80 g of alumina particle of mean pore diameter 0.008 mum, particle diameter 4-6.7 mm and pore volume 0.43 cm3/g, and water were added to 500 g of deposited cattle feces of volume 400 cm3. Water was added and the water content of the mixture (2) was set to 40%. The mixture was introduced into a heat retention bottle (1) provided with a lid (11). The bottle was installed into a thermostat (3) maintained at 30degreesC. Air was supplied into the bottle, and the exhaust gas was removed through separate glass tubes (4,5). Stirring was performed followed by fermentation, to obtain a cattle-feces compost. The fermentation temperature of the mixture was 31.1degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system is a composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system which thermally decomposes ammonia by heating to 184degreesC or more, and hydrogen sulfide by heating to 1100degreesC or more using super heated steam.Preferred Components: The composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system further has electric power generating unit (8), hydrogen fuel cell (12), gas converter (7,11) and melting furnace. The electric power generating unit supplies electric power generated using methane gas to all other units of the system. The hydrogen fuel cell produces high concentration of hydrogen gas along with high-temperature carbonization unit. The gas converter thermally decomposes ammonia and hydrogen sulfide contained in the gas along with methane, and recovers hydrogen gas. The melting furnace makes residue produced by high-temperature carbonization unit, harmless by high temperature melting process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The methane gas produced in the methane-fermentation unit is used as fuel gas for carbonization in low-temperature carbonization unit and high-temperature carbonization unit. The residue produced in the methane-fermentation unit is dried using the exhaust heat of high-temperature carbonization unit. The high temperature gas and exhaust heat produced in the melting furnace are used as heat source and gas fuel for each unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The urea-aldehyde condensate is urea-acetaldehyde condensate e.g. 2-oxo-4-methyl-6-ureido hexahydro pyrimidine. The culture medium contains 0.00001-10 wt.% of urea-aldehyde condensate. The culture medium is soil. EXAMPLE - The particle size of the dry soil obtained from seashore was adjusted to 2 mm. The soil was mixed with 3 g of 2-oxo-4-methyl-6-ureido hexahydro pyrimidine to obtain culture medium for Rhodococcus bacteria. The obtained culture medium was effective in selective cultivation Rhodococcus bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: At least a portion of the steam produced by combustion is converted to hydrogen by the corrosion of a metal(s). Hydrogen is at least partially used as fuel in the combustion system. The production of hydrogen is increased by an electrical current in the metal(s). At least a portion of hydrogen and/or oxygen is used as fuel in the combustion system. Argon is removed from oxygen. Nitrogen from air separation is used to cool any portion of the cryogenic distillation system, storage of oxygen, storage of hydrogen, electrolysis, and/or coolant for the combustion system. Air is separated into enriched oxygen, pure oxygen, and/or very pure oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen is separated from the output chemical species, prior to being transported to an end use.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The input chemical species comprises a component from methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and/or a species containing carbon, which is a solid. The species containing carbon is from coal, activated carbon, char, and/or biomass. The output chemical species has a higher heat of combustion than methane, and comprises a compound consisting of acetylene, ethylene, ethane, and/or propylene. It has a heat of combustion greater than acetylene. Preferred Method: Hydrogen and methane are separated from the output chemical species, and recycled back into the input chemical species for reforming.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen is separated from the output chemical species, prior to being transported to an end use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The sensible heat of the combustible gas generated in the melting furnace is utilized for pre-heating of the air introduced to the sludge dry installation.Preferred Sludge: The dry sludge is preferably carbonized sludge.Preferred Conditions: The temperature and the retention time in the melting furnace during reaction are 1000-1600degreesC and 0.2-10 seconds, respectively.Preferred Properties: The particle size and moisture content of the dry sludge are 3 mm or less and 20 mass% or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Each cell arranged at peripheral portion has enlarged opening area than the opening area of each cell arranged at center portion.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is reforming catalyst, shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst. The reforming catalyst reforms original fuel gas containing hydrocarbon into hydrogen-rich gas. The shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst converts carbon monoxide contained in reactive gas to carbon dioxide.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic matter composting apparatus has thermometer (15) and hydrometer (13) for measuring the saturation temperature of air contacting the matter (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas generated in the steam-reforming process is subjected to shift reaction process and carbon dioxide removal process and subsequently to methanation process. When the carbon dioxide separation membrane is placed at the center of the carbon dioxide removal portion and generated gas is circulated on one side, a fluid with low carbon dioxide partial pressure such as fresh air and water vapor is circulated on other side, during carbon dioxide removal process. The carbon dioxide separation membrane is obtained by impregnating a carbon dioxide absorption solution into a porous material.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has methanation portion provided with methanation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Low temperature steam reforming process is performed at reaction pressure of 9.8 kg/cm2-G, with water vapor ratio (S/C) of 0-5 mol/atom. Subsequently, high temperature steam reforming process is performed. The steam reforming catalyst and conversion catalyst are externally heated. Preferred Method: The temperature of the system is raised to predetermined reaction temperature if the temperature at which water vapor does not condenses is reached after supplying raw hydrocarbon at 200degreesC or less, preferably 120degreesC or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst for low temperature steam reforming process comprises ruthenium-type catalyst. The catalyst for high temperature steam reforming process comprises nickel-type catalyst. Preferred Method: The activation or anti-oxidation of catalyst is performed by circulating through reformed gas (hydrogen-containing gas) in the system at the time of startup/stop. The catalyst used for low temperature steam reforming process restricts feed rate of raw hydrocarbon, when activity of the catalyst is reduced by carbonaceous adhesion, oxidation etc., Water vapor or reformed gas is only supplied and circulated to the device, and carbonaceous materials are removed and the catalyst is regenerated. Preferred Component: A blower for supplying air to the fuel cell is provided to the structure used for supplying or circulating gas at the time of startup/stop, when electric power generation/heat supply is performed combining the reforming device and fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The alkali solution is alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution. The acidic water solution is aqueous solution of organic acid preferably citric acid or phosphorus acid aqueous solution. Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is a compound of formula: MaMbH4-nRn.Ma = alkali metal;Mb = metal of 3A group;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkanoyl oxy group; andn = 0-4.Preferred Method: The amount of hydrogen generation is controlled by controlling the injection rate of hydrogen generation agent into acidic water solution, or aqueous alkali solution concentration of metal hydrogen complex. pH of acidic water solution is maintained less than 4 during hydrogen generation. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal hydrogen complex is sodium borohydride.    EXAMPLE - A hydrogen generation agent which consists of 20 wt.% of sodium borohydride, 25 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and 55 wt.% of water, was packed in a container. 50 g of 40 wt.% citric acid aqueous solution was prepared in another reaction container. The hydrogen generation agent was poured into the citric acid aqueous solution at a rate of 0.75-2.25 ml/minute and hydrogen generation rate was calculated. Hydrogen generation rate was found to increase with respect to pouring velocity of hydrogen generation agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogen generation catalyst is Raney nickel catalyst or Raney cobalt. EXAMPLE - Platinum (in g) (1) having average particle diameter of 1-2 mum was added to 100 ml of hydrazine aqueous solution (20 mass%), and hydrogen was generated immediately after injection of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The methane-fermentation processing apparatus is further equipped with pH meter (42) for measuring pH value in the souring tank, a unit for adjusting amount of addition of alkaline solubilized slurry to the souring tank based on measurement result of the pH meter, acid addition line (44) for adding acid to the souring tank, alkali addition line (25) for adding alkali to the souring tank, sludge return line, stirrer, ultrasonic production unit for micronizing solid content in the alkaline solubilized slurry, and wet-grinding pumps. The sludge return line returns a portion of sludge produced by the methane fermentation tank to the solubilization tank.Preferred Property: The ratio of content of carbon and nitrogen of organic acid-containing solubilized slurry supplied to the methane fermentation process is controlled, so that the input slurry to the methane fermentation tank is maintained in the range of methane-fermentation conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The agitator is held in a downward direction from the floating-roof-type gasholder top wall. The agitator is moved up and down along with the up-down direction of gasholder, and the stirring efficiency is improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The methane fermentation processing apparatus has cooling-water circular type syngas cooler (6) for collecting water contained in biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further comprises 0.1-40 wt.% nickel, 0.01-40 wt.% copper, 0.1-10 wt.% silver, and 0.1-40 wt.% cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic compounds in water is passed through the catalyst under pressure of 5-35 MPa and elevated temperature of 300-450degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of copper and the other element is 25-35 wt.%. The other element contains 0.1-1.0 wt.% manganese, 0.5-2.0 wt.% iron and 0.1-7.0 wt.% zinc. An amount of pores having pore diameters of 80-200 Angstrom occupy a largest volume in the porous structure. EXAMPLE - A mixture of ground aluminum isopropoxide (11.387 g) and hot water (100 ml) was heated at 70 degrees C and stirred for 10 minutes. An aqueous solution of copper nitrate (0.8982 g), an aqueous solution of manganese nitrate (0.0018 g) and ethylene glycol (10 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80 degrees C for at least 1 hour. Then, nitric acid (10 mmole/l) was added in portions to accelerate hydrolysis and pH was controlled to 1-2 to obtain a clear sol. The liquid was stirred for at least 30 minutes at 80 degrees C and then dried by evaporation to obtain a gelled solid and powder. This gel was dried at 180 degrees C for 12 hours, ground to at most 150 microns, further calcined at 500 degrees C for 5 hours, then reduced under a hydrogen atmosphere to prepare copper-manganese/alumina catalyst (3 g) having a total concentration of copper and manganese of 30 wt.% and a manganese concentration of 0.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Fermenter for use in a biogas plant has a stirrer with an external motor (8). Its shaft (7) passes through an aperture (6) in the lid (5) of the fermenter or in its wall. Paddles (9) mounted on the shaft can be swiveled back against it, allowing the shaft to be withdrawn through the aperture. The paddles are axially and/or radially offset on the shaft. Two or more paddles are at the same height on the shaft. Their angle of attack can be adjusted. The end of the shaft fits into a socket in the fermenter floor or, if the shaft is hollow, fits over a fixed guide tube (14). The paddle mountings (10) are locked using pins, bolts or sliding sleeves. They are fitted with a control for swiveling the paddles, e.g. a sliding rod passing inside or outside the shaft.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst material is trace elements of copper, cobalt and aluminum silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst material is trace elements of copper, cobalt and aluminum silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The conversion process further comprises a catalytic combustion phase of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide for the separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen is separated by means of compression and ultra-filtration and is partly recycled to the gasification phase. The part of the hydrogen is used directly in fuel cells for the production of high performance electric energy or in a gas turbine. The material is fed can be partially dried during the grinding operations and subjected to mixing with carbonaceous material by means of a premixing plant that have a lower caloric power less than a pre-established quantity. The carbon dioxide produced is, at least partly, separated and liquefied, and sold to companies operating in the technical gas field. The residual gases deriving from the separation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen still containing traces of carbon monoxide, non-condensable residual hydrocarbons and nitrogen are additionally used during the gasification phase, in order to enrich the reactions or used as such directly in OTTO gas groups for the production of electric energy or sent to a torch. The burner exploits the ionization of a plasma that is mixed with a carrier gas for activating a mixture of combustion supporting gases. The plasma torch is capable of sustaining the thermal reactions of the material charged into the oven.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon fuel is selected from coal, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The compressor is selected from mechanical compressor, thermal hydride compressor, magnetic compressor and magneto-caloric compressor. The reformer is a steam reformer, an autothermal reformer or a partial oxidation reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Culture: In (I), one or more identifying characteristics are tolerance of boron or benlate. The tolerance of boron is exhibited when the boron is present in the contaminated material at a concentration of 2000-20000 (preferably 2000 or 6300) ppm. The tolerance of benlate is exhibited when the benlate is present in the contaminated material at a concentration of 0.06 g/L or more. (I) belongs to order Polyporales and family Polyproraceae. (I) is effective in degrading hydrocarbon contaminants in contaminated material to non-toxic components, or components of reduced toxicity. (I) is effective in degrading both pentachlorophenol (PCP) and pentachloranisole (PCA) in contaminated material. (I) is effective in degrading PCP, PCA and dioxins in contaminated material. (I) is a biologically pure culture. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The reforming pressure is 10-100 bar. The fuel and oxygen are combusted in the regeneration cycle to generate a flue gas exiting the reformer at 300-600 degrees C. The reforming temperature conditions provide a synthesis gas in 220-400 degrees C. The flue gas is at a temperature of 400-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A packing material of the first and second zones comprises magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, millite, alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method includes introducing part of the separated hydrogen into the pressure swing reactor as a fuel source, cooling the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor with water to produce steam, introducing steam into the pressure swing reformer for reforming hydrocarbons, and recovering unreacted synthesis gas and by products from the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and recycling the recovered gas and by products to the pressure swing reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mixing chamber comprises a screw drive transporter connected at a first end to the source of dry metal hydride fuel. It is connected at a second end to the source of steam, and at the first end to the source of steam. The screw drive is coated with a catalyst for initiating the reaction between the steam and dry metal hydride fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The generation of hydrogen further includes operating the screw drive to transport the dry metal hydride fuel from the first end to the second end, feeding steam into the mixing chamber at the second end to pass through the metal hydride fuel toward the first end, and feeding steam into the mixing chamber at the first end to pass through the metal hydride fuel toward the second end.Preferred Component: The dry metal hydride fuel is calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium hydride, sodium hydride, or sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further comprises, after the separating step, heating the waste activated sludge to at least 200-240 degreesC, or injecting steam into the waste activated sludge to preheat the waste activated sludge from not more than 60-68 degreesC to at least 105-120 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The interpolymer resin particles comprise polymerized vinyl aromatic resin (45-80 wt.%), polyolefin (20-55 wt.%) and limonene (0.1-1 pbw/100 pbw interpolymer particles).Preferred Components: The polyolefin is polyethylene. The vinyl aromatic resin is a vinyl aromatic homopolymer or copolymer, preferably polystyrene or a copolymer of styrene and butyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The limonene is l-limonene, dl-limonene or (preferably) d-limonene. The blowing agent is n-propane, n-butane, iso-butane, n-hexane, cyclobutane, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, methylene chloride, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane or (preferably) n-pentane, iso-pentane, neopentane and/or cyclopentane. EXAMPLE - Interpolymer particles (85 lbs, containing 30 wt.% polyethylene and 70 wt.% polymerized styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer) were charged into a reactor containing deionized water (93 lbs), and Calsoft F90 (RTM) (5 g). d-Limonene (0.35 wt.%) and isopentane (13 wt.%) were added separately to the reactor. The contents of the reactor were stirred at 200 rpm and heated to 50 degrees C for 4 hours. The resulting particles had a more pleasant smell, i.e. orange blossom fragrance, compared to interpolymer particles of the prior art.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The partition is made of a flexible material that has an intrinsic tension to create a pressure on the reactant material contained within the fuel storage chamber. The movable partition is biased toward the fuel storage chamber to force the fuel material outwardly toward the catalyst chamber. A spring is located within the housing to bias the movable partition. The throttle valve comprises a valve body having a passageway for the fuel material, a movable valve operator to vary the cross-sectional area of the passageway, and a pressure chamber that receives the hydrogen gas from the hydrogen gas outlet. The movement of the valve operator is responsive to the hydrogen gas passing through the hydrogen gas outlet. The pressure chamber has a movable wall affixed to the valve operator. The position of the valve operator, is determined by the pressure within the pressure chamber. The fuel storage chamber further includes the hydrogen gas outlet to allow hydrogen gas from the gas permeable membrane to pass directly out of the container. The fuel container has an upper surface, side surface and a bottom surface and the portion of the fuel container comprising the flexible material is the upper surface. The space is located intermediate the gas permeable membrane and the upper surface. The hydrogen separation chamber receives the discharged fuel, and has the hydrogen gas outlet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage chamber and the hydrogen separation chambers are in the form of flexible bags constructed from a plastic material including nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Waste: The organic waste does not contain heavy metal, dioxin and toxic substances used as safety and sanitary failure during usage of methane gas or recycled materials. Preferred Process: The organic waste is obtained by classifying a plastic sheet, empty can and other foreign materials mixed in the reclamation, by machine classification and/or manual sorting. The unfermented decomposition product removed by post process operation is subjected to reclamation processing repeatedly in reclaimed ground after digging the reclamation material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The dehydrated filtrate is heat-processed by performing heat exchange with the exhaust heat of digestive waste liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The fungi and their symbiotic bacterial group as predominant organisms comprises Mucor indicus (ATCC90364), Myxococcus sp. (ATCC49305), Flavobacterium johnsoniae (ATCC23107), Pseudomonas alcaligenes (ATCC14909), Klebsiella ornitinolytica (ATCC31898), Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC14580), Bosea thiooxidans (ATCC700366) or Methylosinus tricosporium (ATCC35070).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon sources are organic matter including cellulose substances.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic salts as electron-acceptors include at least nitrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preparation: The alloy is prepared by preparing a powder by milling a mixture of elemental powders and/or pre-alloyed substances of the elemental ingredients of the alloy to be prepared in adequate proportions to obtain the required alloy; and annealing and/or sintering the prepared powder at elevated temperatures in a crucible for a short period in an inert or reactive atmosphere.Milling comprises ball milling, or mechanical alloying in the presence of an anti-sticking agent(s).Annealing and/or sintering is carried out at higher than 600 degreesC but at least 1100 degreesC in a steel crucible. Preferred Definition:    x = 0.4-1;    y = greater than 0 and up to 0.3;    t = 0.85-1.2;    M = mischmetal;    T = Si, Ge, or Ga.    EXAMPLE - (Ca0.64Mm0.36)1.1N5 was synthesized by mechanical alloys in a SPEX high-energy ball mill under argon. An MmNi5 powder, Ca granules, and Ni powders were used as starting materials. After alloying, an isothermal annealing was performed in a tubular furnace under argon. The mechanically alloyed powder was sealed in a stainless steel crucible before annealing. The powder was heated to 105 degreesC at 30 degreesC/min, and held at 1050 degreesC for 1 hour, then cooled down to room temperature in the furnace. A hydrogen absorption/desorption cycling experiment was performed at 30 degreesC under an absorption pressure of 3.5 MPa and a desorption pressure of 0.01 MPa. The absorption and desorption time was 12 minutes respectively. Under these conditions, the alloys could be fully hydrided and dehydrided. The hydrogen purity was 99.999%, and the maximum storage capacity was reduced to 1.23 wt.% after 250 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The pre-reformer comprises a catalyst for converting the hydrocarbon fuel to a mixture of 1C and 2C hydrocarbons. The steam reformer comprises at least two catalyst beds and a diverting mechanism for diverting feed streams between the two catalyst beds. A vaporization unit is provided upstream of the pre-reformer for vaporizing the hydrocarbon fuel. A condenser is provided downstream of the steam reformer for removing water from reformate. A methanation unit, selective oxidizer, or water gas shift reactor is provided downstream of the steam reformer for removing carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide from reformate. A combustor may be connected with the pre-reformer and/or catalyst bed for producing heated exhaust gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst bed comprises steam reforming catalyst (preferably precious metal catalyst), or water gas shift catalyst. Preferred Materials: The carbon dioxide-fixing material is alkaline earth oxide and/or doped alkaline earth oxide. It can be heated above 550degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive support plate contains elements selected from a group of yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), ytterbium (Yb), thulium (Tm), erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), dysprosium (Dy), gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm), praseodymium (Pr), nickel (Ni) or nickel oxide (NiO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Methane-fermentation of liquid containing primary slurry and/or secondary slurry, is performed by arranging granule shape methane bacterium and bio-film support (11), which consists of fiber and/or its processed material, in the processing apparatus. 6-7 wt.% of residue solid substance, 65-68 wt.% of sawdust and 25-28 wt.% of charcoal are used for methane fermentation. The apparatus of mechanism, which performs methane-fermentation primary slurry and/or secondary slurry in the presence methane bacterium and produces methane gas, is a tank which has bio-film support which consists of fiber and/or its processed product, and granule shape methane bacterium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas components generated by heating coal, is hydrocarbon of methane, ethane, ethene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel is town gas, liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas.Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound in the hydrocarbon group fuel is sulfide, thiophene and/or mercaptan compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biodegradation process is carried out while grinding the mixture, irradiating the mixture with ultraviolet radiation, contacting the mixture with ozone gas or during high rolling reduction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The methane fermentation processing apparatus has secondary grinding unit, ultraviolet irradiation unit and ozone gas supply unit equipped within the plastic degradation tank, and pressure regulation unit for maintaining the high pressure inside the plastic degradation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The flow amount of modification water and hydrocarbon-type fuel are increased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel and maximum generated energy in fuel cell are decreased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The outlet temperature of modifier is maintained constant, by controlling the flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel to the heating portion of modifier. The outlet temperature of the modifier is controlled to predetermined temperature, which is calculated from driving information of amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel for accumulation modification and/or start-stop frequency. The feed rate of air to carbon monoxide removal device is decreased, and concentration of carbon monoxide is reduced in the reformed gas passing through carbon monoxide transformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The natural gas feed stream further includes sour species.Preferred Process: The process further comprises cooling the dehydrated gas in a second vessel (14) to a second operating temperature at which solids of the sour species are formed or at which the sour species dissolve in a liquid; and removing from the second vessel a stream of dehydrated sweetened gas. The hydrates are heated to obtain a water-containing liquid. The sour species are heated to obtain a sour species-containing liquid. Heating includes adding a warm liquid, which is a natural gas liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The production of hydrogen-rich reformate includes producing hydrogen-rich reformate from the hydrocarbon feed and humidified air.Preferred Component: The hydrogen-rich reformate gas generator further includes source of hydrocarbon feed, small hydrogen generator receiving the hydrocarbon feed from the source and providing hydrogen-containing reformate gas, and source of humidifier. The small hydrogen generator is a mini-catalytic partial oxidizer (CPO), mini-non-catalytic partial oxidizer (POX), or mini-autothermal reformer (ATR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The inlet gas stream is contacted with the sulfur tolerant partial oxidation catalyst at a space velocity of at least10000/hr1. The inlet gas stream is preheated to 180-250degreesC. The reforming process is a steam reforming process, catalytic partial oxidation process or autothermal reforming process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inlet gas stream further comprises steam. The sulfur tolerant partial oxidation catalyst comprises platinum group metal component(s). The sulfur tolerant partial oxidation catalyst is in the form of a coated monolith carrier or a coated heat exchanger.Preferred Composition: The water/C ratio in the inlet gas stream is 1-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pre-reformed gas stream comprises a propylene concentration that is at least50% less than propane concentration of the hydrocarbon feed stream. The hydrocarbon feed stream is dry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pyrolysis liquid is cooled to form bio-oil which is then subjected to thermal cracking at a temperature greater than 1000 (1100)degreesC, achieved by rapid heating of the bio-oil, preferably by pouring or spraying it onto a hot plate (3). EXAMPLE - Bio-oil formed by the pyrolysis of wood and containing 25 vol.% water sprayed at a rate of 1 g/min into a pipe heated to 1050degreesC, resulting in the formation of synthesis gas comprising 48 vol.% hydrogen, 42 vol.% carbon monoxide, 8 vol.% methane and 2 vol.% carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains (i) a complex oxide containing active ingredients (I and II), or (ii) zinc and active ingredients (I and II). Preferred Property: The temperature of generated gas, is 500degreesC or less. MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING - Preferred Modifier: The alcohol modifier has shift-reaction device and selection oxidation-reaction device. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate (in g) (100), molybdenum chloride (127) and ion-exchange water (320 ml), were mixed and stirred. The obtained solution was impregnated into zinc oxide powder (43), dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 2 hours. The baked powder (128), ion-exchange water (400 ml) and nitric acid (3 ml) were mixed. The obtained slurry was supported to ceramic honey-comb having cell density of 400 cells/cubic inch, diameter of 3.5 cm and length of 12 cm, to obtain catalyst containing zinc oxide (43), molybdenum (51) and copper (33). The catalyst generated gas having hydrogen concentration of 70% and carbon monoxide concentration of 3%, and had reduced amount of by-products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Material: The carbon-type material has flat surface type molecular structure, and is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic group waste material is meat, bone meal, plastic, leftover food, woody material and bean curd lees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A pH regulator, a fermentation promoter and livestock excretion are added along with the methanogen containing material.The wood biomass is produced using Mousou-bamboo as a raw material.The mixed gas contains methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.The mixed gas, carbon dioxide and natural-gas-like-substance is separated from each component gas.The biomass is fermented under anaerobic condition without light.The biomass is changed into anaerobic state by introducing carbon dioxide or hydrogen.The sludge deposited on the water bottom is used as methanogen containing material.The cultivation waste bed of Pleurotus ostreatus, shiitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa, shimeji mushroom, eryngi mushroom or enokitake is used as mushroom cultivation waste bed. EXAMPLE - Mousou-bamboo was washed, fragmented, and set as wood biomass. Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation waste bed (250 g) was added to water (500 ml) and a mushroom cultivation waste bed was obtained. The waste bed was left for 1-2 weeks. The same quantity of sludge (75 g) was added as a methanogen-containing material to the above mixture (75 g). Calcium hydroxide aqueous solution was further added as a pH regulating substance and the pH was adjusted to 7 or more. The mixture was fermented and the generated mixed gas was then determined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Matrix: The carbon content is 1-8 wt.%. The matrix is a zeolite, modified zeolite, aluminosilicate, silica, alumina or composite membrane. The membrane is supported. The pore size is below 2 nm or 2-50 nm.Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon feed is selected from olefins, polyolefins, acetylenes, polyacetylenes, aromatics, polyaromatics, aromatic-aliphatic hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons. The two stages are performed at the same temperature or at different temperatures. EXAMPLE - A tubular MFI zeolite membrane was loaded with carbon by contacting it with an argon stream containing 10 vol.% butadiene at 60 degrees C and 0.1 MPa for 2 hours, increasing the temperature to 120 degrees C at a rate of 2 degrees C/minute, maintaining this temperature for 30 minutes, increasing the butadiene content to 25 vol.% for 20 minutes, increasing the temperature to 180 degrees C in the presence of pure butadiene for 10 minutes, maintaining this temperature for 2 hours, and cooling to room temperature. The overall carbon content was 7.5 wt.%. When the membrane was divided into three segments of equal length, the carbon contents in the first, second and third segments were 1, 6 and 16 wt.% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The starting material and the catalyst are treated together with a supplementary material capable of functioning as a reaction promotion medium. A surfactant is present with the catalyst. The reaction product containing nano-carbon material is heat-treated at 400-2800 (preferably 600-2200)degreesC in a gaseous atmosphere composed of argon, helium or nitrogen.Preferred Components: The supplementary material is a solvent to dissolve the starting material, a solvent to dissolve the catalyst, water, helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide or ammonia. The transition metal element-containing material comprises nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, ruthenium, rhodium or palladium. The nano-carbon materials contained in the reaction product comprise microunits shaped in a filament-like form, worm-like form and/or tubular form. The microunits have transition element at or in the tip portion. The tip portion has a transition metal, a transition metal oxide, transition metal carbide or a transition metal sulfide.Preferred Parameters: The pressure is 2-40 MPa and the temperature is 200-650 degrees C. The starting material has a dielectric constant of 1.5-25 at 25 degrees C. The microunits comprise an aggregate comprising microunits having an average diameter of 4-400 nm. The microunits have a length of 100 nm to 100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent to dissolve the starting material is carbon dioxide, aromatic hydrocarbons or ethers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is made of material selected from copper, aluminum and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The set of controlled variables further includes first and second mid point temperature difference, and temperature of the gas being liquefied in the first tube side at the midpoint. The variable relating to the temperature of the liquefied natural gas is the temperature of such gas removed from that of the exchanger. The set of controlled variables further includes the power required to drive the refrigerant compressor. The manipulated variable capacity of the refrigerant compressor is the speed of the refrigerant compressor and/or the angle of the inlet guide vane of the compressor. Preferred Methods: The pressure of the liquefied stream is reduced to get the liquefied product that is passed to storage and an off-gas. Adjusting the amount of refrigerant comprises venting gaseous refrigerant or draining liquid refrigerant. Partly condensing the high-pressure refrigerant is done by indirect heat exchange with auxiliary refrigerant evaporating at specific pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred method: The organic waste is treated/processed with mesophilic bacterium having heat generation effect and spore forming affect at 50degreesC or more, at 16.15-50degreesC, followed by processing with thermophilic bacteria having organic matter decomposing property.Preferred Amount: The organic waste processing agent contains 1.0x103-1.0x108 CFU/g each of mesophilic bacterium and thermophilic bacteria. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The mesophilic bacterium is Bacillus substilis C-3102 (FERM BP-1096) strain and the thermophilic bacteria is Bacillus pallidus TK6004 (FERM BP-08597) strain (all claimed).    EXAMPLE - Organic refuse (4.5 kg) was added to a refuse disposing apparatus, blended with microbial powder of Bacillus substilis C-3102 (30 g) and processed. After microbial cultivation, sporulation was induced at 50degreesC. The organic refuse was effectively decomposed with microbes for 2 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cylinder comprises a valve at the bottom end to control the flow of the water. The container is made of mild steel or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal of the metal hydride is sodium, boron, lithium, potassium or magnesium with aluminum, or any metal hydride capable of releasing hydrogen. The aluminum that is used in powder form is 5-50% to increase the density of the metal hydride and to produce more hydrogen per unit volume by reacting with an alkali, preferably sodium. The byproducts comprise sodium hydroxide and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The encapsulation of metal hydrides is done using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with less plasticizer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), brittle polyolefins or (preferably) polystyrene or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (a), the hydrogen-rich reformate is produced from the hydrocarbon feed and humidified air. Mini-CPO receives the hydrocarbon feed and the humidified air from the sources and provides hydrogen-containing reformate gas. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: (A) Further comprises a source of hydrocarbon feed and a source of air. The source of air is a source of humidified air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The support material has coefficient of thermal expansion less than 7x10-6, preferably 5x10-6/degreesC, and thermal conductivity greater than 100 W/mK at 25degreesC.Preferred Components: The discrete structures are particulates. The discrete structure comprises powders, particles, pellets, granules, spheres, beads, pills, balls, noodles, cylinders, extrudates and/or trilobes. At least a majority of discrete structures have maximum characteristic length of less than 6, preferably 3mm.Preferred Parameters: The contacting comprises containing reactant gas mixture at space velocity greater 100000/hr. The catalyst is maintained at catalytic partial oxidation promoting conditions at 600-2000, preferably 700-1600degreesC at gas pressure of 100-12500, preferably 130-10000 kPa.Preferred Methods: The method also comprises mixing methane-containing feedstock and oxygen containing feed stock to provide reactant gas mixture feed stock with carbon: molecular oxygen molar ratio of 1.25:1-3.3:1, preferably 2:1. The method also comprises preheating reactant gas mixture over catalyst at space velocity of 20000-100000000, preferably 50000-50000000/hr, maintaining auto thermal reaction promoting conditions during the contacting step, combining steam and/or carbon dioxide with hydrocarbon feedstock. The catalyst has thermal stability to resist decomposition at at most1200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction further forms carbonate ion. The carbonate ion is formed in the form of a metal carbonate compound. The method further involves reacting the metal carbonate compound with a metal hydroxide compound. The metal carbonate compound is formed as a precipitate. The method further involves the step of thermally decomposing the metal carbonate precipitate. The thermal decomposition step produces a metal oxide. The reaction further forms bicarbonate ion and occurs in the liquid phase at a pressure of greater than ambient (preferably greater than 10, particularly greater than 25) bar. The reaction is an electrochemical reaction. The minimum temperature at which the reaction is spontaneous is less than the minimum temperature at which the conventional reformation reaction of the organic substance is spontaneous. The conventional reformation reaction of the organic substance is a reaction of the organic substance with water or steam to form hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. The rate of production of hydrogen gas from the reaction of the organic substance at a desired temperature above the minimum temperature at which the reaction is spontaneous is greater than the rate of production of hydrogen gas from the conventional reformation reaction of the organic substance at the desired temperature. Preferred Components: The mixture comprises optionally oxygenated hydrocarbons or branched, cyclic or aromatic compound (preferably petroleum distillate particularly gasoline, diesel, bio-diesel, kerosene or its distillate, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, optionally substituted benzene, alkene, alkyne). The organic substance is in the gas phase. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base comprises hydroxide compound (preferably metal hydroxide compound, particularly alkali metal hydroxide compound). The base is in solid or molten state. The water is in the form of steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The quantity of catalyst in the polymerization zone is determined, and based on that determination, an amount of (II) is introduced to deactivate the catalyst but is not more than 125 (preferably not more than 110, especially not more than 105)% of the amount required to deactivate the catalyst. The polymerization is restarted within 2 - 6 (preferably 2 - 4) hours after (II) is introduced into (I). The method further involves withdrawing an effluent from (I) and introducing the effluent into separation zone in which the effluent is separated into polyolefin lean stream and polyolefin rich stream; and passing the polyolefin rich stream to an agglomerating zone comprising an extruder to extrude polyolefin in the agglomerating zone. The polyolefin rich stream is passed directly to agglomerating zone without first passing through a storage zone.Preferred Components: The polyolefin is homopolymer consisting of polymerized monomers having 2-10C atoms per molecule of copolymer comprising at least two different polymerized monomers having 2-16C atoms per molecule (preferably polymerized ethylene). The catalyst is Ziegler-Natta catalyst, Philips catalyst and/or metallocene catalyst, where the catalyst comprises transition metals of Group IVB-VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements.Preferred Apparatus: The separation zone and the agglomerating zone are directly connected without any intervening storage zones through which the polyolefin rich stream must pass before entering the agglomerating zone. The apparatus further comprises device for determining the quantity of (II) needed to stop polymerization in the reactor or slow the rate of polymerization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (II) Comprises water, alcohol (preferably methanol, ethanol and/or propanol) and/or another oxygen-containing material (ethyl acetate and/or acetic acid). At least one is isobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Both the first and second natural gas streams are taken from a natural gas pipeline. Cooling the first natural gas stream produces vapor and liquid fractions. The vapor fraction is expanded to produce the refrigeration bearing natural gas, and the liquid fraction is vaporized and recovered. The second natural gas stream undergoes a carbon dioxide removal step prior to cooling. A portion of the second cooled natural gas is turbo-expanded and warmed to provide some cooling for the first natural gas stream, second natural gas stream, and compressed mixed refrigerant fluid. Some of the power for compressing the mixed refrigerant fluid is provided from expanding the first cooled natural gas to produce the refrigeration bearing natural gas, and/or by the turbo-expansion of the second cooled natural gas portion. In other embodiment, production of liquefied industrial gas (e.g. nitrogen) includes cooling and expanding a natural gas stream to produce refrigeration bearing natural gas; cooling an industrial gas stream (74) by indirect heat exchange with the refrigeration bearing natural gas to produce cooled industrial gas stream (74); compressing, cooling, and expanding a mixed refrigerant fluid to produce refrigeration bearing mixed refrigerant fluid; warming the refrigeration bearing mixed refrigerant fluid by indirect heat exchange with the cooling compressed mixed refrigerant fluid and with cooled industrial gas to condense some of the cooled industrial gas; and recovering resulting condensed industrial gas as product liquefied industrial gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Sulfuric acid production reaction and sulfuric acid decomposition reaction are performed, to obtain hydrogen. Sulfur dioxide and water are reacted to obtain hydrogen and sulfuric acid during sulfuric acid production reaction. Sulfuric acid is decomposed to obtain water, sulfur dioxide and oxygen. Alternately, iodine-sulfur process which combines sulfur dioxide and iodine, Bunsen reaction for producing sulfuric acid from water, iodination hydrocracking reaction for decomposing hydrogen iodide and producing hydrogen and iodine, and sulfuric acid decomposition reaction are performed. The decomposition reaction is sulfuric acid evaporation process, which uses sulfuric acid as sulfur trioxide and water. The sulfur trioxide is decomposed to sulfur dioxide and oxygen by electrolysis.Preferred Material: The dividing wall is obtained by coating electrode (12) with ceramics such as yttria stabilized zirconia, scandia stabilized zirconia or oxidized cerium type. The electrode is corrosion resistance metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The endless belt is heated with combustion heat produced by supplying hydrocarbon-type fuel to the heater, and burning the supplied hydrocarbon-type fuel. The heating roller heats while the heater suspends and supports the endless belt. The heating driving roller serves both as driving device and the heater. The hydrogen gas producing apparatus is further equipped with discharge port, and regulator (35) for controlling quantity of hydrocarbon-type fuel provided to endless belt. The discharge port ejects hydrogen gas, while the mixed gas containing hydrogen gas produced by dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon-type fuel is supplied into the stored hydrocarbon-type fuel. The regulator (35) is provided in the conveyance direction downstream side of the storage tank of the conveyance path of the endless belt, and in conveyance direction upstream side of the heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The endless belt comprises an absorptive material capable of holding hydrocarbon-type fuel. The absorptive material is activated carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen generating material further comprises a water-retention agent containing alumina powder, silica powder, alumina group porous material, silica type porous material, vermiculite, pearlite, wood meal, silica gel, zeolite, activated carbon and/or water absorptive polymer. The amount of water-retention agent contained in hydrogen generating material is 10-300 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of total of aluminum powder and calcium oxide powder. Preferred Condition: The hydrogen is generated at normal temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator has opening-closing units which exchanges stored hydrogen generating material in container. Single piping is provided for both piping of water introduction and piping of hydrogen ejection. EXAMPLE - Aluminum powder (in g) (2.55) and calcium oxide powder (0.45) were mixed and packed in a test tube. Water (3 mL) was introduced to the tube, and reaction is initiated, to generate hydrogen. The total amount of generated hydrogen was 541 mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A membrane filter processing is performed to the clarified supernatant liquid, between anaerobic treatment and ammonia-removal processes. The solid liquid separation process uses mechanical solid liquid separator. The ammonia removal process carries out stripping processing of ammonia, and ammonia collection process for collects removed ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The enzyme is lipase, protease or amylase. The microorganism is Bacillus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The digestive liquor generated by methane fermentation is supplied to organic waste processing apparatus. Preferred Arrangement: The organic waste processing apparatus has a vent pipe, an air blower, a wastewater port and a switching conveyor (9). The vent pipe is arranged at the bottom face portion of fermenter, and has scattered blowing holes. The air blower is attached with a compressing device, and is provided at the base of vent pipe. The switching conveyor conveys the preserved waste material containing mixture of organic waste and plant sludge. The wastewater port is provided at the bottom portion of vicinity of insertion opening (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wooden material containing leaves is pruning material. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - White-rot fungi are 1 type of strains selected from white-rot-fungi FERM BP-1859, white-rot-fungi FERM P-17514, and group consisting of strain of Phanerochaete sordida ATCC 90872 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Pruning material (leaf 5% with a dry mass with respect to wooden material) such as zelkova, Prunus yedoensis, Cinnamomum camphora or ginkgo was ground, micronized, degreased with methanol and air-dried to obtain culture base material. The obtained base material (dry mass of 10 g) was added with 25 ml of water, Trametes versicolor (0.08%) was inoculated in it, cultured at 30 degreesC and the lignin decomposition ratio in culture base material was measured with time. The lignin was effectively decomposed by Trametes versicolor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The seawater undergoes processing such as electrodialysis, nano film processing, ion-exchange-membrane processing or reverse osmosis membrane processing.Preferred Amount: 1-100 volume% of seawater is utilized. The amount of yeast extract in manufacturing lactic acid is 0.1-5 wt./vol.%.Preferred Method: The lactic acid is manufactured by further adding yeast extract.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fibril: In (I), the dielectric constant of the organic solvent is chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon. (I) is produced by a microorganism, and has a specific surface-area of 55 m2/g or more. The cellulosic substance produced by the microorganism comprises a macro fibril extending radially from the central region, as observed under the optical microscope. The cellulosic substance is connected highly and mutually to the microfibril in circular pore described as phase separation structure, as observed under electron-microscope. EXAMPLE - Acetic acid bacteria such as Acetobacter ATTC10245 was cultivated in a fermenter containing 4% fructose as a source of carbon. A cellulosic fiber was obtained. The moisture content of the fiber was 10%. The fiber was then subjected to drying and acetone processing. The moisture content of the fiber was 300%. The specific surface area of the cellulosic fiber was 112 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The pre-pyrolyzed material is mechanically transported in a 6 m long gasification channel using a spiral from the filling shaft (6) up to the ash outlet (11). The gases produced are post-gasified in a hot gas pipe (12). The gases are fed through a gas channel of the coke screw, cooled and cleaned. The heated industrial coke is re-introduced into the gasifier in intervals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: The first transmission characteristic has a higher transmission for smaller wavelengths with respect to the operating frequency region. The first layer is made from glass and the second layer is made from silicon or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Each of the two contacting disks includes a support mat. Each support mat includes metal wires laid over each other and pressed together. The supporting mat(s) includes titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cylindrical carbon compound is carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanohorn.Preferred Acid: The strong acid is 5-35N sulfuric acid and/or 10-14N nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The manufacturing apparatus of low carbon monoxide reformed gas further has a unit for removing moisture content of reformed gas. The fuel reforming system further has carbon dioxide removal unit. Preferred Method: The manufactured reformed gas from modification reaction device is cooled. Pressure, temperature, liquid space velocity and water/fuel ratio are controlled in supercritical modification reaction device during reaction of fuel and water, according to the component concentration of reformed gas. The moisture content removed from the removal device is supplied to supercritical modification reaction device. Preferred Conditions: The molar ratio of water/(carbon in fuel) is set to 1-4. The hydrocarbon-type fuel contains oxygen-containing fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains rhodium, cerium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, platinum, nickel, iron and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of the center portion of cylindrical component contains a substance having large electrical resistance, and the periphery of the cylindrical shaped component contains a substance having high heat conductivity and low electrical resistance, and vice versa.Preferred Substance: The substance with large electrical resistance is nichrome or stainless steel.The substance with low electrical resistance is copper.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is obtained by holding metal on a support of two-layered cylindrical shaped structure united coaxially.The metal of the metal supported catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen storage and supply apparatus further has a supply apparatus of hydrogen storage material or hydrogen supply material provided at a portion for the hollow portion to the inner cylindrical-shaped main structure of the metal catalyst. The supply apparatus is a spraying apparatus supplying raw material (hydrogen supply material or hydrogen storage material) towards the inner wall of the rotating hollow cylindrical-shaped main structure. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal of the metal supported catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aggregation is performed with a centrifugal force. The functional substance is precipitated and settled using a compound such as ammonium chloride, cadmium and divalent ion. The separated functional substance is heated more than its destruction-by-fire temperature in nitrogen atmosphere or air, and a compound having capability of selectively decomposing the functional substance is added, to recover the metal.Preferred Compound: The compound having capability of selectively decomposing the functional substance is protease, urea and/or surfactant.Preferred Property: The particle diameter of the functional substance is 3-30 nm.Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from iron or its oxide/compound, nickel or its oxide/compound, cobalt or its oxide/compound, copper or its oxide/compound, gold or its compound, and platinum or its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The protease is dispase and/or trypsin. The organic substance is a protein (e.g. DpsA protein, MrgA protein or its variant), which belongs to a ferritin family such as ferritin, apoferritin or its variant. The protein molecule is obtained from virus such as adenovirus, rotavirus, poliovirus, HK97, CCMV and its variant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fuel component in raw material biomass resource containing starchy biomass and non-starchy biomass, is burnt. The starchy biomass used as rough starch milk is saccharified with saccharogenic amylase. The saccharified liquid is fermented to obtain fermentation liquor (FL). FL is distilled using the heat produced by vapor in the boiler to obtain hydrated ethanol vapor. The saccharified liquid and the residue are separated and the liquid is sent to the fermentation process and the residue is supplied to the boiler.Preferred Composition: The biomass resources are ground biomass or grain biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The amount of radiation unit of polyamino acid added is such that the concentration of unit in water is greater than 3 ppm. The concentration of coagulant is adjusted to 1-3 ppm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyamino acid is gamma-polyglutamic acid or its salt, preferably of molecular weight 10000000 or more. The gamma-polyglutamic acid or its salt is obtained from gamma-polyglutamic acid producing microbe. The radiation unit is obtained by exposing culture of gamma-polyglutamic acid producing microbe to radiation. EXAMPLE - Dioxin-polluted water containing 27 pg/l of polychlorinated dibenzopara dioxin, 23 pg/l of polychlorinated dibenzofuran and 13 pg/l of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl was mixed with 30 ppm of polychlorinated aluminum coagulant. Polyglutamic acid radiation unit was added to the mixture and aggregated. Water was filtered, to obtain treated water. The treated water had 1.7 pg/l of polychlorinated dibenzopara dioxin, 0.7 pg/l of polychlorinated dibenzofuran and 5.3 pg/l of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl. The treated water satisfied water quality standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Reactor: The inner and outer walls serve as supports for inconel resistance heating windings, which can be controlled separately. The reactor tubes are surrounded by ducts (5) that pass through the top and bottom covers of the annular space. The number of ducts per cover is 4-250. The radial and vertical temperature gradient is within 1% of the target temperature. There are air spaces between adjacent reactor tubes. Several multichannel reactor modules can be stacked to form a multizone oven. Several reactors with different wall radii and different numbers of reactor tubes arranged one within another on the same plane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas is supplied to the burner at at least 300 degreesC, especially at a temperature no more than 50 degreesC below the highest temperature in the gas-phase oxidation. This oxidation is performed at below the lower explosion limit, and the gas is conditioned in a heat exchanger that is heated by the combustion gases formed by burning the gas. Its temperature is controlled by varying the proportion of gas that passes through the heat exchanger, particularly with the temperature at the outlet of the exchanger being controlled from the volume flow through the exchanger.Preferred Oxidation: The waste gas is generated specifically in the oxidation of n-butane and/or n-butenes to maleic anhydride; xylene to phthalic anhydride; propene to acrylic acid; isobutene to methacrylic acid; 1,2-ethanediol to glyoxal and/or ethylene to ethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The prepolymer has methyl-dimethoxy silane groups and the value, log Po/w is at least 1.90. The prepolymer has trimethoxysilane groups and the value, log Po/w is greater than 2.35. The propellant gas is i-butane, n-butane, propane, R227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), R365mffc, R245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane), R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) and/or dimethylether. The prepolymer composition comprises 20-40 vol. % propellant gas. The propellant gas comprises at least 2/3, preferably 5/6 non-polar components. The prepolymer is a silane terminated prepolymer, preferably having triethoxysilane groups. EXAMPLE - A prepolymer composition comprised 100 pts. wt. prepolymer (reaction product of a polyurethane prepolymer with N-phenylaminomethyltrimethoxysilane), 2.4 pts. wt. Tegostab B8443(RTM; foam stabilizer), 0.8 pts. wt. amine catalyst, 6.5 pts. wt. propane, and 13 pts. wt. i-butane. The log Po/w value of the propellant gas mixture was 2.63 and the resulting foamed article was uniformly hardened with a fine cell structure. In comparison, use of a propellant gas mixture having a log Po/w value of 2.03 resulted in complete collapse of the foam within the joint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: Coupling comprises pushing pin actuatable by human user, the pin puncturing the cartridge. It comprises a pump actuatable by electronics mechanism, the pump pumping fluid from the cartridge to the container.
ACTIVITY - Vulnerary; Antidiabetic; Antiinflammatory; Antirheumatic; Hypoglycemic; Opthalmological; Gastrointestinal-Gen; Cytostatic; Antiviral; Cardioactive-Gen.; Virucide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger is of tube and fin, tube and shell or bar and plate type.Preferred Process: The first stage (WGS) reactor is a high temperature reactor operating at 300 - 500degreesC. The second stage (WGS) is a low temperature reactor operating at 200 - 280 or 300 - 400degreesC. The reformate gas enters the first stage reactor at a temperature of 300degreesC, the heat exchanger at a temperature of 370degreesC, the second stage reactor at a temperature of 310degreesC and exits the second stage reactor at 315degreesC. The heat exchanger uses air, which enters and exits the heat exchanger at ambient temperature and 360degreesC respectively, steam or liquid water to cool the reformate gas. The heat exchanger is positioned between the primary reactor and the (WGS) reactor or between the (WGS) reactor and the preferential oxidation reactor or within the (WGS) reactor assembly or between the first and second stage reactors. Both the first and third heat exchangers of the fuel processing system contain the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is selected from precious metals, iron(II,III) oxide/chromium(III) oxide and copper(II) oxide/zinc(II) oxide. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The CO-catalyst comprises iridium and is applied on top of the CO-sorption material. The CO-sorption material comprises hopcalite and/or zeolite. It is applied as a base layer of the substrate. The CO-sorption material and the CO-catalyst material are applied in a single layer on the substrate. The single layer has alternating regions of the CO-sorption material and the CO-catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The first and second modes are defined as a function of a reactor operating temperature. The first mode has an operating temperature of not more than 100degreesC. The second mode has an operating temperature not less than 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The substrates further define second set of flow channels through which a coolant flows in heat transfer relationship with the substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The off gas is mixed with blast furnace gas (1a), coke oven gas (2a), converter gas (3a), town gas (4a), propane gas and/or nitrogen (5a). The off gas is alternately mixed with low calorie gas, several fuel gas used in iron mill or high calorie gas, town gas, propane gas and coke oven gas, or blast furnace gas and/or nitrogen. The mixed gas is used as fuel in iron mill. The off gas is mixed with iron mill as product gas, through a piping network which interposed a gas holder (24). The pressure of the off gas is increased before mixing to iron mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Supernatant liquor or solubilization liquid of organic waste are added as nutrients to the water-soluble gas containing liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Phototrophs: The phototrophs are photosynthesis microorganisms or filament formed Chlorophyceae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Raw Material: The manure raw material is culture medium for mushroom cultivation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Hydrogen separating apparatus for separating hydrogen, is provided between each reactor of dehydrogenating apparatus.Hydrogen is selectively removed from the product obtained by the reactor in each step, and unreacted hydrogen supplying raw material is supplied to the subsequent reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal supported catalyst comprises palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Hydrogen supplying raw material is at least 1 type of hydrogenated aromatic compound chosen from cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, trimethylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, 1-methyldecahydronaphthalene, and their alkyl derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transition metal group porous material is foamed nickel group porous material. The catalyst is platinum/carbon type catalyst. The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises at least one layer of noble metal supported activated carbon fiber between transition metal group porous layers.Preferred Properties: The transition metal group porous material has thickness of 1-20 mm and porosity of 50-98%. The mass ratio of transition metal group porous material to catalyst is 4:1-1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic refuse processing apparatus has several discharge holes formed at reverse side of organic refuse facing side of stirring blade along axial direction, a ventilating fan, a deodorizing apparatus, a heating unit, a temperature/humidity sensor, a pH sensor and an automatic spraying apparatus of pH regulator. A cutting blade (16) is mounted on stirring blade. The fan ventilates treatment tank, and deodorizing apparatus is connected to exhaust tube ejected by ventilating fan. The heating unit heats treatment tank. The temperature/humidity sensor detects temperature and humidity in treatment tank. The temperature and humidity is kept constant with respect to the feedback value from sensor. The temperature is maintained at 40-60 degrees Centigrade. The pH sensor detects pH value in the tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The weight and/or volume reduction processing of the plant is herbicidal processing, on-site drying processing, composting processing, microorganism processing and/or pressing. A portion of the soil is weight and/or volume reduced by plowing-in microorganism method, preferably fermentation processing or in decomposition treatment. The soil is flooded for reducing the concentration of heavy metal accumulated in the plant during weight and/or volume reduction in the presence of a heavy metal solubilizer and the supernatant is separated. The heavy metal contained in the supernatant is removed by aggregation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Plant: The plant having heavy metal absorbing power is selected from plants belonging to Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae, Chrysanthemum family (Compositae), Amaranthaceae and grass family (Gramineae).Preferred Solubilizer: The heavy metal solubilizer is a chelating agent, biodegradable agent, acid, an alkali or a soil-acidifying agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methane selection-type nitrogen oxide removal catalyst supports palladium, platinum and/or ruthenium to the carrier.The carrier is zirconia supporting sulfate radicals .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The metal-oxide support is a sulfate-radical-containing zirconia support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon is methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose volume ratio is 1-4/1. The pregel mixture contains 20-103 g/l of added bacteria. The gelling bath is a 20-80 g/l calcium chloride solution with an enzyme content of 8-67 g/l. Additional enzymes can be immobilized using a 42-85 g/l calcium chloride solution with an enzyme content of 11-90 g/l. EXAMPLE - A pregel prepared by adding sodium alginate (20-50 g/l) to water at 30-37degreesC and stirring for 12 hours is mixed in desired proportions with a pregel prepared by adding carboxymethyl cellulose (20-30 g/l) to water at 30-37degreesC and stirring for 12 hours. Bacteria (unspecified) are added in an amount of 20-103 g/l, corresponding to 2-40 x 109 spores/ml, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes The mixture is added dropwise to an aqueous bath containing 20-80 g/l calcium chloride dihydrate and 8-67 g/l of enzymes, e.g. alpha-amylase, lipase, cellulase and protease. The microspheres are recovered, rinsed with water and dried.
EXAMPLE - The formation comprises the following deposits (from top to bottom): sand, chalk, sandstone, a multilayer deposit of dolomite, black shale and dry black clay, and alternating layers of salt and bottom sediments. Water is injected into the bottom sediments through a central injection well surrounded by gas production wells and into the multilayer deposit through peripheral injection wells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Co-reduction and cleanup system also includes praseodymium oxides (PrOx). The membrane separator comprises palladium for facilitating selective permeation of hydrogen. The other constituents comprise carbon monoxide and water. The stream comprises steam.Preferred Parameter: The layer is less than 10 micrometers thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The membrane separator may comprise palladium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The CO-reduction and cleanup system includes a water-gas shift and praseodymium oxides (PrOx). The membrane separator includes tubes for flowing the reformate across the membrane to separate the hydrogen from the reformate stream, or plates for flowing the reformate across the membrane to separate the hydrogen from the reformate stream. It is integral to the Co-reduction and cleanup system or to the reactor. It is integral to the water-gas shift to provide palladium-based membrane separation and water-gas shift catalyst together to remove the hydrogen as it is formed in the shift reactor. The palladium or palladium alloy is in the form of a layer defining a surface of each tube or plate. The fuel processing system includes a purge fluid system connected with the membrane separator to facilitate hydrogen transport from the membrane separator, a water transfer device having a membrane permeable to water and less permeable to hydrogen for separating steam from removed hydrogen, and a source of air providing momentum for directing separated steam from the water transfer device. The purge fluid system comprises a stream having lower hydrogen partial pressure than the reformate and for directing removed hydrogen from the membrane separator. The water-gas shift reacts the carbon monoxide and water in the reformate stream, and the PrOx removes a portion of any remaining carbon monoxide from the reformate stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The quantity of air introduced into pre-chamber for partial combustion, is controlled by pre-chamber temperature. Water and/or steam are introduced to pre-chamber. The gas calorie of to-be-recovered fuel gas is adjusted by adding air to cyclic duct and/or flue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A carbon monoxide removal apparatus is provided at the gas-passage way up streamside of the fuel cell. The amount of coolant current which flows into refrigerant route is adjusted according to the amount of mixed gas. The hydrogen gas route has wall material which separates catalyst support and heat exchange portion by a high thermal conductive material when compared with other region. The refrigerant of normal temperature is supplied to the refrigerant route through a heat exchange portion. A pressure regulation unit adjusts the pressure and mixed gas which flows inside the catalyst support. The flow of mixed gas is low in the down streamside of the catalyst support. The flow of refrigerant to refrigerant route and mixed gas to the catalyst support are identical. Preferred Gas: The mixed gas contains oxidizing agent. Preferred Support: The catalyst support has catalyst which promotes selective oxidation of carbon monoxide. The catalyst support has cylinder shape or concentric circle shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen generator has a forcedly conveyed transport unit (3) and a flow path (9) as transit system. The flow path conveys the material (1) to inlet in non-forced state from the discharge port.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid materials (1,6) are respectively a basic solution of metal hydrogen complex, and an acid solution.The metal hydrogen complex has the general formula (I):MaMbH4-nRn (I)Ma = alkali metal;Mb = metal of group 3A of periodic table;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy or alkanoyloxy; andn = 0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The purification agent contains an organic compound which is decomposed by microorganisms and which generates molecular hydrogen, organic acid or organic substance which utilizes the microorganisms.Preferred Properties: The purification agent has melting point of 10-40 degreesC and total carbon number of 8-16. The viscosity of the purification agent is reduced by increasing the temperature.Preferred Process: The purification agent is heated above its melting point by 20 degreesC or more. The liquefied purification agent is poured into soil and/or water along with warm water. EXAMPLE - A biodegradable polymer which produced acetic acid by decomposition, was taken as purification agent. The purification agent was poured into sand layer contaminated with volatile organic components at a pouring pressure of 1-2.5 kg/cm2. The ground temperature was 15 degreesC, and the pouring temperature was 55 degreesC. The purification agent was diffused in the sand layer. The concentration of total amount of organic components was decreased after 20 days from processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Material: The nutrient is rice bran which is added in an amount of 1-150 mass% with respect to sawdust. The enzyme extract is obtained using fruits, medicinal herb or wild grass with water. The egg is boiled in the fermented material inside the enzyme bath. EXAMPLE - Rice bran (in kg) (5) was added to Japanese cypress sawdust (100) and stirred. Fruit waste (20), mugwort (2) and sugar were added to water (100 l) and stirred for 1 hour. The stirred solution was filtered and 100 l of extract was obtained. The above extract (20 l) was added to the rice bran-sawdust mixture. The above materials were placed in a bathtub for 1-2 hours at 40degreesC. The bath materials were removed and fresh mixture and extract were added. The fermentation was continued for 5 days. Egg was placed in the fermented material and boiled for 30 minutes to 24 hours. The waste material obtained was dried naturally and packed in an air permeable bag. The bag was sealed and used as organic fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A pH regulator, a fermentation promoter and livestock excretion are added along with the methanogen containing material. The wood biomass is produced using Mousou-bamboo as a raw material. The mixed gas contains methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The mixed gas, carbon dioxide and natural-gas-like-substance is separated from each component gas. The biomass is fermented under anaerobic condition without light. The biomass is changed into anaerobic state by introducing carbon dioxide or hydrogen. The sludge deposited on the water bottom is used as methanogen containing material. The cultivation waste bed of Pleurotus ostreatus, shiitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa, shimeji mushroom, eryngi mushroom or enokitake is used as mushroom cultivation waste bed. EXAMPLE - Mousou-bamboo was washed, fragmented, and set as wood biomass (5). Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation waste bed (250 g) was added to water (500 ml) and a mushroom cultivation waste bed was obtained. The waste bed was left for 1-2 weeks. The same quantity of sludge (75 g) was added as a methanogen containing material (8) to the above mixture (75 g). Calcium hydroxide aqueous solution was further added as a pH regulating substance and the pH was adjusted to 7 or more. The mixture was fermented and the generated mixed gas (10) was then determined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The activated sludge containing Arthrobacter is contacted with wastewater. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Arthrobacter is Arthrobacter C1 strain (FERM P-19186).    EXAMPLE - The shaking culture of Arthrobacter C1 strain was performed using 10 ml of mineral salt culture medium containing 500 mg/L of dicyclo hexyl-phthalate ester (DCHP) for 72 hours. The culture was stopped and the concentrations of DCHP and total organic carbon were measured in culture solution. The result confirmed that the Arthrobacter C1 strain was effective in degradation of DCHP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The styrene resin particles are obtained by suspension polymerization. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The flame retardant adjuvant is 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl butane or 3,4-dimethyl-3,4-diphenyl hexane.    EXAMPLE - Styrene (46 kg), benzoyl peroxide (in g) (120) and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (29) were placed in a reactor containing magnesium pyrophosphate (75), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (6) and deionized water (36). The mixture was stirred and heated to 90degreesC for 6 hours. Polymerization was carried out at 125degreesC for 3 hours. The polymerization conversion ratio was 99.98%. The product was cooled, washed and dried to form polystyrene resin particles having particle diameter of 0.9-1.2 mm and weight average molecular weight of 280000.    Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (0.5), magnesium pyrophosphate (6) and toluene (20) were placed in a reactor to which the polystyrene resin particles (2 kg) were added. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate (1.5 wt.%) and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-diphenyl butane (0.3 wt.%) were added and heated to 100degreesC. Subsequently, n-butane (98) and isobutane (42) were pressed into the reactor at 100degreesC for 3 hours.    The product was cooled to 25degreesC, washed and dried to form automatic extinction type foamable polystyrene resin particles having excellent self-extinguishing property (according to JIS A 9511) and high melt rate. Pre-foamed particles formed from the foamable resin particles had excellent moldability. Foam molding of high quality, flame retardance and beautiful appearance was formed using the pre-foamed particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separation membrane comprises alloy of palladium, vanadium, niobium or vanadium, vanadium or niobium and/or other metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The combustion portion ejects gas emitted using hydrocarbon group gas and hydrogen gas as a fuel. When the combustion portion uses hydrocarbon gas as fuel, and hydrogen gas and gas emitted after passing through the fuel cell, flame detection is performed using flame detection unit (I), and flame detection unit (II), respectively. The flame detection unit (I) has the flame rod (34). The flame detection unit (II) has thermocouple (36). The modifier uses an ignition unit to ignite a burner (16a). The flame detection is released after switching the gas, which passes for predetermined time and used by the combustion portion. The ignition is continued.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fixed ingredient is sulfur compound. The precious metal is platinum. The support contains complex oxide of ceria and alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Partial oxidation reaction and water vapor modification of natural gas are performed at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of natural gas by adjusting oxygen/carbon ratio and sulfur/carbon ratio. The methane-rich gas is reacted at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of methane-rich gas in autothermal reforming process during which partial oxidation and water vapor modification are simultaneously carried out. The oxygen to carbon ratio is changed for adjusting the reaction temperature in the later stage of the modification reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The natural gas modification is performed using nickel- or ruthenium-type catalyst which has activity with respect to partial oxidation and water vapor modification reactions.Preferred Gases: The oxygen-containing gas is air. The modified gas produced contains hydrogen as main component, and nitrogen for ammonia synthesis. EXAMPLE - A catalyst containing ruthenium and aluminum was filled into the front stage modifier of a modification reaction device. Partial oxidation and water vapor modification of natural gas containing 88% of methane, 6% of ethane, 4% of propane and 2% of butane was performed. Pure oxygen was supplied into the modifier. The oxygen to carbon ratio was adjusted to 0.1 and the sulfur to carbon ratio was adjusted to 1.0. The modified gas contained 34.1% of hydrogen, 4.5 of carbon monoxide, 11.0% of carbon dioxide and 50.4% of methane. Carbon precipitation inside the reactor was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali compound is chosen from caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium alkoxide, potassium alkoxide and calcium hydroxide.Preferred Catalyst: The inorganic catalyst is a composite metal oxide, a carbon crystal compound, a metal supported carbon compound or a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Alkali compound (potassium hydroxide flakes mashed in mortar) (in g) (5.2), propylene glycol (organic hydrogen donor) (11.43), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) (41.48) and inorganic catalyst (5 wt.% platinum supported on activated carbon having particle diameter of 150-180 microns) (100 mg) were mixed and stirred with a magnetic stirrer after substitution with nitrogen gas. The stirred mixture was irradiated with microwaves of irradiation energy 325 W at 2.45 GHz for 40 minutes. Nitrogen gas was provided at 50 ml/minute during reaction, and microwave irradiation was alternately repeated every 13.5 seconds. Propylene glycol and tetralin were recirculated, inside temperature was maintained at 180 degrees C, and hydrogen was generated. The hydrogen generation amount in 50 ml/minute of nitrogen stream was found to be 45% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydride Powder: The content of ultrafine particle (Gp) in the hydride powder satisfies the relation: 0.1 M % at most Gp at most 7 M %. The alkali-metal aluminum hydride is selected from sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), sodium aluminum hydride (Na3AlH6), sodium-lithium-aluminum hydride (NaLi2AlH6), Na2LiAlH6), lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6), magnesium aluminum hydride (Mg(AlH4)2) and calcium aluminum hydride (Ca(AlH4)2). The alkali-metal boron hydride is lithium boron hydride (LiBH4) and/or sodium boron hydride (NaBH4). The hydrogen occlusion metal is nickel salt of rare earth metal (REMNi5), TiFe, TiCo, TiMn1.5, TiCr1.8, Zr(Fe0.7Mn0.3)2, Mg2Ni and/or magnesium. The metal hydride is a hydride of copper, titanium, vanadium, niobium, magnesium, palladium, zirconium, calcium, lithium, sodium, praseodymium, neodymium and/or lanthanum. The metal hydroxide is hydroxide of lithium, aluminum, yttrium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, copper, nickel, magnesium, manganese, ruthenium, vanadium and/or titanium. EXAMPLE - A mixed powder (in g) (6.28) consisting of an aggregate of lithium aluminum hydride particle (4.25), aggregate of lithium hydride (LiAlH4) particle (1.79), aggregate of titanium hydride ultrafine particle of particle size 50-700 nm, and aggregate of lanthanum hydride ultrafine particle, was introduced into a ball mill. Milling was performed for 60 minutes at 120 rpm, in argon atmosphere. The obtained hydride powder contained 96 M % of lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6) particle, 2 M % of titanium hydride ultrafine particle and 2 M% of lanthanum hydride ultrafine particle, dispersed in a matrix. The particle size of lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6) particle was found to be 5-400 micrometers. Hydrogen storage capacity of the obtained hydride particle was found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The system further comprises a catalyst temperature sensor which detects the temperature of the catalyst which achieves hydrogen gas production by the modifier. The memory means stores the sensor detection temperature, the amount for combustion of fuels, and the amount of combustion of fuels and air corresponding to the 1st state.The sensor detection temperature is stabilized in the predetermined value vicinity, and made to transfer from a 2nd to 3rd state while transferring from a 2nd state from a 1st state when the sensor detection temperature reaches a predetermined value. The adjustment means is equipped with a change means to change the amount of combustion air.The change means determines the grade which changes the amount of combustion air which the amount for combustion of fuels and/or combustion-air supply means which the fuel-supply means supplies based on the difference of sensor detection temperature and the predetermined value.When the amount of combustion air which the amount for combustion of fuels and/or combustion air supply means which the fuel-supply means for combustion supply is changed exceeding a predetermined range.It further has a means for perform a warning of abnormality and/or stops the operation of the system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: (II) is a powder with mean particle size at most 0.5, especially 0.2, mm. Preferred Process: The (II):(III) mole ratio is over 4.2, especially 4.4 :1, and reaction is at 30-70degreesC, particularly 40-65degreesC where tetrahydrofuran (THF) is used as solvent, under normal or slightly increased (by up to 100 mbar) pressure. To trigger the reaction, (I) may be added at 0.5-10, particularly 3-5, mole% relative to (III) added subsequently.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: This is a 5- or 6-membered cyclic monoether or polyfunctional ether, specifically THF (most preferred), 2-methyl-THF, tetrahydropyran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and/or 1,2-diethoxyethane. Optionally one or more co-solvents are added at up to 50wt.% of total solvent, particularly hydrocarbons. EXAMPLE - A suspension, under argon, of milled lithium hydride (42.4 g) in tetrahydrofuran (THF; 300 g) was treated with solid lithium borohydride (I; 1.1. g) and the temperature increased to 53degreesC. Addition of a boron trifluoride-THF complex (158.1 g) was started and the temperature increased rapidly to 59degreesC. The complex was added over 90 minutes then the mixture refluxed for a further 90 minutes. The cooled mixture was filtered clear; the cake washed twice with THF (100 ml) and the final solution (390 g) analyzed: it contained, per gram, 2.7 mmole boron; 2.69 mmole lithium; less than 0.0005 mmole fluorine and 10.9 mmole hydrogen, i.e. 22.9 g (I) as a 5.9% solution; yield 93%. No borane could be detected in a gas washer connected to the reaction vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred composition: The porous thermal barrier comprises ceramic foam (e.g. alumina or zirconia). The reformer further comprises heat insulation blanketing the reforming section and the outlet reducer, but not the inlet flow diffuser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel gas comprises propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: The mixture is a middle stream from distillation column (I) which has been fed with a mixture comprising 4-10C alkene(s), 2-3C alkene(s), 1-10C alkane(s) and oligomers of the alkenes. The feed to distillation column (I) further comprises 0-5 wt.% of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide. Preferred Compounds: The 1-10C alkane is n-pentane, 2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, 2-methyl hexane, 3-methyl hexane, 2,2-dimethyl butane, 2,3-dimethyl butane, cyclopentane and their mixtures. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The lactam is N-methyl pyrrolidone, N-ethyl pyrrolidone or N-propyl pyrrolidone, preferably N-methyl pyrrolidone. The 4-10C alkene is 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene. Preferably 4-10C alkene is mixture of 1-butene and 2-butene, or selected from 1-hexane and 1-octene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel-vaporizing device comprises a water injector for supplying moisture to the air-fuel mixture in the fuel vaporizer (6), a flame arrester (21) for suppressing flame propagation accompanying the partial oxidation of fuel inside the fuel vaporizer, a valve for supplying secondary air to the fuel vapor produced by the fuel vaporizer, a heater for heating the secondary air, a controller for controlling the valve to stop the supply of secondary air when a start-up period of a reformer is complete, and a sensor for detecting temperature of a catalyst of the fuel reformer.The controller is further programmed to determine that the start-up period of the fuel reformer is complete when the temperature of the catalyst exceeds a predetermined warm-up completion temperature to control a secondary air flow rate of the valve, such that the excess air factor of the fuel vapor supplied to the fuel reformer during the start-up period decreases as the temperature of the catalyst rises. The controller is also programmed to control the fuel injector, such that a fuel injection amount of the fuel injector increases as the temperature of the catalyst rises.Preferred Parameters: The excess air factor corresponding to the predetermined rich air-fuel ratio is 0.2-0.4. The excess air factor of fuel vapor supplied to the fuel reformer during the start-up period is set to 3-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The web substrate is steel, stainless steel, or brass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The web substrate can be aluminum (Al), copper, magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), or nickel (Ni). The metal is Mg, Ti, Ni, carbon, Al, vanadium, zirconium, palladium, chromium, lanthanum, molybdenum, yttrium, iron, or silicon. Preferred Parameter: The metal is 3-1000 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The web is a polymeric film.Preferred Parameter: The web is 5-250 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The web can be a fabric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The flexible web substrate is rolled on itself with a space between its overlapping layers. It can be a proton exchange membrane and has perforations. It has been deformed so that irregularities in the surface of the web provide a mechanism for spacing apart the overlapping layers of the flexible web. The metal hydride storage medium includes a fabric gas permeable spacer disposed between the overlapping layers, diffusion barrier layer(s), and an integrated heating mechanism.Preferred Property: The thin film has a density as bulk percentage of less than 90 (preferably less than 60)%.Preferred Process: The process includes exposing the thin film on the substrate to hydrogen gas to form the metal hydride or metal hydride alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The temporary dilute surfactant water solution is directed to flow through at least of the flow fields prior to a break-in period that is until the fuel cell has achieved 100% of its rated power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant added to water to make a temporary dilute surfactant solution is linear alcohols, branched alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and/or organic acids. It can be methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and/or propylamine. Preferred Property: The surfactant has a solubility in water that is greater than 25 g/100 g water, a surface tension of not greater than 35 dynes/cm, and a boiling point of not greater than 120degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Properties: The average length of grass is 1-15 cm. The mixture ratio of grass to wood chips is 1:3-3:1. The mixture is fermented at 50 degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkali component contains calcium carbonate material. EXAMPLE - Cherry tree material cut to chips with size of 1-2 cm and oyster shell were mixed in the weight ratio of 50/1 such that the pH was 7. Steaming explosive break processing of the obtained mixture was carried out at 200 degreesC for 10 minutes and wood disentangled material having honeycomb structure was obtained. Bacillus bacteria were inoculated into the wood disentangled material and microorganism raw material was produced. The raw material was statically cultured at 4 degreesC and the proliferation of the bacteria were found to be more than the inoculated amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: The silage is subjected to vacuum packing.Preferred Components: The sake lees and beer dregs are the residual components obtained from a manufacturing plant of beer and various alcoholic beverages. The sugarcane dregs are the residual components of pineapple skin, core of corn and core of pineapple, obtained from sugar industry, cannery, market, supermarket and fruits and vegetables processing plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbonaceous material has average cross-section diameter of 100 nm or less.The ratio of axial length of the fiber and average cross section diameter of the fibrous carbonaceous material is 500 or more.Preferred Composition: The powder-form carbonaceous material is graphite, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene.The fibrous carbonaceous material is carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene aggregate.Preferred Process: The fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed in a solvent, and the powder-form carbonaceous material is supplied to solution in which fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed, in the manufacture of the hydrogen storage component.The solvent is solution, which contains surfactant. EXAMPLE - A carbon nanotube having ratio (2R/L) of cross section average diameter (2R) and longitudinal direction length (L) of 1000 or more and cross section average diameter of 1 nm, was immersed in 10% aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene (10) octyl phenyl ether for 2 hours. The carbon nanotube dispersed solution was obtained. powder-form activated carbon average powder particle size of 30 micrometer was added to the solution. Ultrasonic distributed processing was performed for 8 hours after 2 hours immersion. Suction filtration was performed with respect to carbon nanotube/activated carbon solution. The solvent was removed, and carbon material was compressed. A hydrogen storage component was formed. The obtained hydrogen storage component had apparent density of 0.83 g/cm3 and excellent hydrogen occlusion ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The modification water distribution unit contains several throttle valves provided at entrance side of each cooling portion. The bypass supply unit contains several shut-off valves mutually connected in series, and a throttle valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The water vapor-electric power generating unit (1) comprises a steam generating unit which produces electric power and water vapor, carbon dioxide liquefier which liquefies carbon dioxide generated by combustion of fossil fuel, biomass fuel or waste material fuel in the presence of oxygen, and liquid carbon dioxide storage tank for storing liquefied carbon dioxide.The hydrogen-oxygen system comprises heat generator which heat pure water of unit (10), using steam from the steam turbine.The oxygen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (11) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing oxygen gas with a compressor.The nitrogen re-liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (15) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing nitrogen gas with a compressor.The hydrogen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing hydrogen gas with a compressor.Preferred Process: The ultra-low warming-cooling medium supplying cycle in the hydrogen-oxygen system pressurizes and cools liquid hydrogen.The oxygen liquefier pressurizes one portion of liquid oxygen and produces liquefied oxygen gas. The nitrogen re-liquefier pressurizes composition of liquid nitrogen and produces liquefied nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cleaning Process: The perfluorocompound is decomposed by burning using town gas, hydrogen, oxygen or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst preferably contains alloy of ruthenium and iron, or microparticles of ruthenium and iron supported on oxide carrier containing aluminum, titanium or zirconium oxide. The amount of ruthenium in the catalyst is 24 mol % or more.Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide purification catalyst is maintained at 100-200 degrees C in the reaction portion of hydrogen purification apparatus.The oxygen supply process for mixing the gas containing oxygen in the reformed gas is supplied from the reformed-gas supply process which supplies the reformed gas containing the hydrogen.The method comprises passing reformed gas through the carbon monoxide purification cleanup catalyst. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium chloride and ferric nitrate were dissolved in water so that the molar ratio of Ru/Fe was 75/25. gamma-alumina, aqueous ammonia solution and hydrazine were then added and stirred in inert gas atmosphere. Ru-Fe was reduced, and Ru-Fe catalyst for carbon monoxide purification was produced. Alumina sol and water were added into the catalyst, and a catalyst slurry was produced. The slurry was coated on a cordierite honey-comb structure so that the load of ruthenium was 3 g/l. The formed catalyst structure was installed in a hydrogen purification apparatus. Reformation gas containing 0.5 volume% of carbon monoxide, 15 volume% of carbon dioxide, 15 volume% of water vapor and remaining hydrogen was supplied into the purification apparatus. Air was then supplied so that the concentration of oxygen was 1 volume%. The catalyst was heated with an electric furnace. The catalyst temperature was changed, and the water vapor ejected was measured. Methanation was suppressed by the catalyst. The ejection of carbon monoxide at a catalyst temperature of 90 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 130 degrees C and 160 degrees C were 4950 ppm, 3020 ppm, 720 ppm and 80 ppm, respectively which were below detection limit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organochlorine compound is dioxin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: RDF, RPF or waste plastic is mixed with incinerated main ash or fly ash containing harmful organochlorine compound and harmful heavy metal, and heated at 600 degrees C or more for making the ash harmless.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The anode effluent gas is introduced to a carbon dioxide separation column (42). Portion of carbon dioxide is separated and recovered. The waste gas containing carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide flowing out from the column (42) is introduced to the tank (28). When the fuel cell is low temperature form, biogas is introduced to anode passing through a steam reforming process. When the cell is high temperature form, biogas is directly introduced to anode. The unreacted hydrogen of anode effluent gas is removed by performing catalyzed combustion, and then the gas is introduced to column (42). A solid-liquid separation film is arranged in the tank (28). The film prevents draining of methane bacterium to wastewater port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Rubber: The rubber is blend of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and/or acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, isobutylene isoprene rubber and halogenated isobutylene isoprene rubber. Halogenated isobutylene-isoprene rubber contains halide of copolymer having isobutylene as main component.Preferred Composition: The rubber composition contains layered clay mineral filler dispersed in mixture of rubber latex and water-soluble amino silane coupling agent which is N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl methyl-di methoxysilane, N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, (gamma)-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and/or (gamma)-aminopropyl triethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halide: The halide is chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler is mica processed with alkyl ammonium salt or clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The waste fat is washed and dried before adding the solvent. The solvent is selected from fuels (especially gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, biodiesel or diesel fuel), hydrocarbons, ethers, aromatics, furans (e.g. tetrahydrofuran) and halogenated hydrocarbons. The weight ratio of solvent to waste fat is 1:1. The particulate impurities are removed by centrifugation, gravity settling or filtration. The solvent is removed from the fat solution and particulate impurities after separation and is re-used, or the solvent is not removed and the fat solution is used as a fuel. The process can be operated in two stages at different temperatures, optionally with different solvents. The waste fat is heated at 132 degreesC or more for at least 20 minutes before adding the solvent and/or the waste fat is heated above 60 degreesC for at least 20 minutes before, during or after solvent addition. EXAMPLE - Animal fat (100 g) and hexane (100 g) were mixed vigorously and allowed to settle. After 1 hour, particulate impurities had formed a compact sediment (about 2 vol.%) and the supernatant was a clear solution containing less than 1% flocculated fat particles. The supernatant could be used as a fuel, optionally after removing some or all of the hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The bipolar plate has fluid ports.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: All molecular oxygen is consumed in the oxidation step. All fuel is reformed in the reforming step. The reforming step includes reaching thermodynamic equilibrium for the reacting stream.Preferred Component: The fuel comprises hydrocarbon or alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The catalytic bed comprises a metallic substrate or a ceramic wash coat. It includes a metal of a group VIII of the periodic table of elements. It comprises a porous catalyzed metallic substrate wound into a cylinder. EXAMPLE - A prevaporized methanol/steam/air mixture in the molar ratio of 1/2/6 (oxygen plus nitrogen) was fed inside the passage at a total rate of approximately 5 SLPM and approximately 200 degrees C. The composition of the exiting reformate was approximately 50 % hydrogen, approximately 21 % carbon dioxide, approximately 1.3 % carbon monoxide, 0.5 % methane with balance being nitrogen. This corresponded to 100 % conversion of the methanol and a hydrogen yield of approximately 45 cc/sec.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The filter assembly comprises both the particulate removal feature and the chemical adsorbent feature; one portion having the particulate removal feature, the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature; a housing with the particulate removal feature, the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature retained in the housing; and one portion having the particulate removal feature and a second portion having the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature.The housing defines a portion of a diffusion channel. The particulate removal feature is a membrane. The fuel cell is operably connected to electronic equipment (20) to provide power to the electronic equipment. It can be a portable, direct methanol fuel cell comprising the cathode, the anode and a liquid methanol source in fluid contact with the anode. The methanol (44) is retained in a compartment having a vent. The vent provides fluid contact between an interior of the compartment and an exterior of the compartment. The filter assembly is positioned within the vent. It is configured for fluid connection between the interior and exterior of the compartment. It comprises a selectively permeable hydrophobic and/or oleophobic feature that is the membrane.Preferred Property: The portable fuel cell has a weight of not more than 2 kg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic equipment is a cell phone, a personal computing device, or a lap top computer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical adsorbent feature comprises activated carbon, or impregnated activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes are cultured on activated carbon, carried out in water glass waste water with ADMI greater than 108. The water glass is separated from water after treatment with alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes, by lowering the pH of the waste water being biodegraded by alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes and removing coagulated water glass. The step of separating water glass from water comprises the steps of adjusting the pH of the water being biodegraded by alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes to a range within 6-11 and removing coagulated water glass. Separating water glass from water comprises distilling the waste water being biodegraded by alkalophilic/alkaline-tolerant microbes to remove water and concentrated water glass. Separating water glass from water comprises adjusting the pH of the water containing water glass to 6-11 and removing the coagulated water glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biomass is thermally decomposed at 450-850degreesC in the gasification furnace. The excess air ratio in the gasification furnace is 0.1-0.7. The thermal decomposition gas is modified at a temperature higher than the thermal decomposition temperature of the gasification furnace. Preferably, the temperature in the reformer is 900-1200degreesC and oxygen ratio is 0.1-0.5.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Calorie balance is maintained in the culture tank by supplying the culture medium and a sampling culture solution into ventilated supply of methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The thermophilus methane-using bacteria are bacteria acquired as deposition number FERM P-18645. EXAMPLE - Methylocaldum T-025 strain, which favorably propagated at 48-54 degreesC, was cultured in 100 ml of culture tank. The total amount of methane utilization per day was set to 500 mg. The microbe concentration in the culture solution was 10 g/l by dry microbial cell weight. Mixed salt culture medium and mixture of methane and air in the ratio of 1:5 were used in the culture. The mixed gas was mixed with feed in the rate of 0.2 l/day. Culture temperature was 50 degreesC. The residence time was 1 day. Calorie amount was 3156. Calorie balance in the main culture was maintained, and the culture temperature was controlled without using a cooling device. The microbial cell contains 76% or protein and suitable for use in feed. The microbial cells were evaluated in specific growth rate, and compared with growth rate of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b strain. The growth rate of Methylocaldum T-025 strain was twice that of the growth rate of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The particles comprise a material selected from tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The buffer tank collects the surplus part of methane gas generated at the methane gas generation source.A gas-quantity measurement means is provided at the buffer tank and measures the quantity of methane gas. The receipt control means is switched to the opening state for the discharge and acceptance piping, based on the quantity of gas measured by the gas quantity measurement means.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The sodium alginate is used in the biomass at an alginate:biomass ratio of 1:10000, the alginate being added in liquid form, especially with water at a dilution of 1/200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The solid organic waste is treated in a rotary anaerobic digester. The rotary anaerobic digester is rotated at 1 revolution for 1-10 minutes, preferably 2-5 minutes. The solid organic waste is mixed with other solid waste of average moisture level less than 30 wt.% before digestion. The relative quantities by weight of the solid organic waste and the other waste are controlled. The solid organic waste and the other solid waste are mixed so that the overall average moisture level is 50-60 wt.%, preferably 45-60 wt.%. The waste is treated by bacteriological digestion, and subsequently treating the treated waste in a pyrolysis process. After the pyrolysis process, the pyrolyzed waste is treated in a gasification process.Preferred Property: Before treatment, the solid organic waste has a moisture level of 45-75 wt.% (preferably 60-65 wt.%), a pH of 6-8.5, a density of not less than 450 g/L, and a particle size not more than 50 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a supply of solid organic waste and a supply of other waste having an average moisture level of not more than 30 wt.%, and blender (115) for mixing the solid organic waste and other waste before it is fed to the digestion vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In (A1), the first layer is selected from (1), the second layer is selected from (2), the third layer is selected from (3). The fourth layer of (A1) and (4) is selected from VSA-6, KE-J407, CaX(2), Lix(2), (greater than 86% Li), LiCaX (2) and binderless LiX(2) (greater than 86% Li), where (2) is the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. The second layer of (A1) and (2) contains activated carbon having a bulk density of at least 38 lb/ft3. The zeolite in the second layer of (A1) is X zeolite. The activated carbon in (2) is an impregnated activated carbon having a bulk density of at least 32 lb/ft3. EXAMPLE - An adsorbent bed comprised 4 layers, where the first layer comprised alumina having a bulk density of 49 lb/ft3 (78.26 lbm/TPD H2), the second layer and the third layer comprised Takeda G2X (RTM; activated carbon) having a bulk density of 39 lb/ft3 (278.02 lbm/TPD H2) and the fourth layer comprised VSA6 having a bulk density of 41.33 lb/ft3 (188.06 lbm/TPD H2). Purification of a hydrogen gas stream containing a feed mixture (%) of H2 (75.83), N2 (0.72), CH4 (3.35), CO (2.96) and CO2 (17.14) was carried out by passing the gas stream over the adsorbent bed. The amount of hydrogen recovered was 80% with a purity of 99.98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reformulation feed stream is prepared by cracking a preliminary cracking feed stream with catalyst particles in a cracking reactor to produce a cracked product, the catalyst particles in the cracking reactor having a same composition as the catalyst particles in the reformulating reactor; separating the cracked product from the catalyst particles in a separator vessel to obtain a cracked product stream; and recovering at least a portion of the cracked product stream to be the reformulation feed stream. The reformulated product stream is isolated from the cracked product stream. The catalyst particles that had previously resided in the cracking reactor is cycled to the reformulating reactor. A greater proportion of 5-8C hydrocarbons undergo hydrogen transfer reaction than cracking reaction. The olefins in the reformulation feed stream convert to isoparaffins in the reformulating reactor.Preferred Property: The reformulation feed stream has an initial boiling point below about 200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The operational cycle further includes manual state entered into from the off state where operator can direct operation of the overall system; or emergency shutdown state entered into from any of manager check state, startup state, or run state. The supply of fuel, air, and water comprises fuel subsystem, air subsystem, and water subsystem. The oxidizer comprises an anode tail-gas oxidizer. The reformer is an auto-thermal reformer. The fuel cell comprises a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.Preferred Process: The off state comprises at least 2 of displaying a message indicating the cause of the shutdown of a previous operation cycle, enabling the start of the operational cycle, transitioning to the manager check state, and transitioning to the manual state. The manager check state includes checking the operational readiness of the constituent elements of the fuel processor, transitioning to the preheat state, reporting an error detected during the check, and transitioning to the shutdown state if the error is detected. The preheat state includes providing air, water, and fuel to oxidizer; lighting off the oxidizer; purging a reactor of a reformer; transitioning to the startup state; detecting an error in providing air, water, and fuel or in lighting of the oxidizer, or in purging the reactor; and transitioning to the shutdown state. The startup state includes ramping production of the process feed stream, reforming the process feed stream as the production builds, transitioning to run state, and detecting an error in ramping production of the process feed stream or in reforming the process feed stream. The run state includes generating a process feed stream, reforming the process feed stream, transitioning to the shutdown state, and detecting error. The shutdown state includes purging an oxidizer or reformer, and cooling the purged oxidizer and reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The mixture of the agent and organic waste are mixed and stirred.Preferred Components: The organic waste is an organic refuse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The waste disposal system has an electric power generation unit which generates electric power using high temperature gas produced in a reduction gasified melting furnace, and the electric power is supplied to at least one portion of reduction gasified melting furnace and bio-diesel oil manufacturing apparatus. The fats and oils is transesterified in bio-diesel oil apparatus to produce bio-diesel oil and rough glycerol. A hydrogen gas generator (9) heats and vaporizes the rough glycerol, separates and refines to form glycerine and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is collected and used as hydrogen fuel cell (10). The exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in reduction gasified melting furnace is used as heat source until it is converted into fuel oil of bio-diesel engine. The heat source for heating the rough glycerol is exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in furnace (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Grease: The grease other than fluorine group grease is metal-complex soap group grease and/or urea-group grease.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water soluble polymer is dissolved after partial dehydrochlorination, moisture content of polymer is removed, and then dried. An organic solvent is added before carrying out partial dehydrochlorination. Then, the polymer is separated and dried. The dried polymer is preferably heated at 400-1500degreesC. The formation of inclined layer formed in one portion of graphite in the core-shell-surface is analyzed using a transmission electron microscope.Preferred Properties: The shell has thickness of 1-150 nm. The carbon particle has diameter of 5-200 nm. EXAMPLE - 10% Potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to latex obtained by microemulsion polymerization, and partial dehydrochlorination was carried out at 90degreesC for 8 hours. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone was added, stir-dissolved for 2 hours and freeze-dried. Then, potassium hydroxide and ethanol was added, stirred and uniformly dispersed. The mixture was refluxed for 8 hours, dehydrochlorination was further performed, and cooled. Large amount of water was added, decantation was performed, filtered and washed until pH of filtered water was set 8. A carbon precursor was obtained, after washing with hydrochloric acid. The wet cake was vacuum-dried at 80degreesC for 24 hours, and heated at 520degreesC for 24 hours, 190degreesC for 2 hours and 250 degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain carbon particle. The residual chlorine contained in carbon precursor was 8.8 wt.%. The residual chlorine of carbon particle was 1 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium compound is selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the electrolyte film has vinyl chloride or fluororesin as a base material. The electrolyte film uses sulfonic type resins such as perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid type resin, poly trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid type resin, polystyrene sulfonic acid type resin and phenolsulfonic acid resin, as base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyol composition comprises a physical blowing agent. It comprises at least 20 wt.% aromatic polyoxyalkylene polyol. It further comprises an aromatic polyester polyol. The aromatic polyoxyalkylene polyol based on an initiator is obtained from the condensation of phenol with formaldehyde. The polyisocyanate is present to provide for an isocyanate reaction index of 80-150 or 150-600. The water is 0-2 pbw/100 parts of the combined weight of the polyol composition and blowing agent mixture.Preferred Component: The aromatic polyether polyol comprises a toluenediamine-initiated polyol, Mannich base-initiated polyol, methylene diphenylamine-initiated polyol, phenol-acetone condensate-initiated polyol or a phenol-formaldehyde condensate-initiated polyol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The physical blowing agent is a hydrocarbon from butane, pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane or its isomers. It can be 1-4C hydrofluoroalkane hydrochlorofluoroalkane. The hydrofluoroalkane can be difluoromethane, difluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoropropane or hexafluorobutane. EXAMPLE - A polyisocyanurate foam containing (pbw) polyester polyol (47), oxypropylene-oxyethylene polyol (10), diethyl ethylphosphonate (5), trichloroisopropylphosphate (9), tetraethylene phosphate surfactant (6), surfactant (1.6), dimethylcyclohexylamine (0.3), Curitane 206 (TM)(2.2), water (0.3), formic acid (2.6), and Hfc 245fa (TM) (9.1) was prepared with reactants. The polyol composition was a combination of an aromatic polyester polyol and aromatic polyether polyol with good blend stability in the presence of the blowing agent, pentafluoropropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process : The first reactor is held at 450-550degreesC and the second at 600-700degreesC, while the pressure in both is 25-35 MPa. A stirred vessel is used as the first reactor and a tubular reactor as the second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Zinc oxide is utilized and without adding hydrogen. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst further comprises lithium and/or its oxides. It comprises platinum and/or its oxides, and sodium and/or its oxides. The carbon monoxide containing gas is a syngas. The WGS catalyst is supported on a carrier comprising alumina, zirconia, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, yttria, and/or iron oxide. The carrier is preferably zirconia. The source of sodium is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate.Preferred Composition: The WGS catalyst comprises 0.01-10 wt.% platinum or ruthenium, preferably 0.05-0.5 wt.%, with respect to the total weight of all catalyst components plus the support material, in the WGS catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide containing gas is contacted with the water gas shift catalyst at not more than 50 bar, preferably not more than 1 bar. EXAMPLE - A quartz wafer was pre-coated with 15 different carriers by slurry dispensing as master batches. After completion of dispensing step, the samples were oven-dried at 70 degrees C for 10 minutes. The carriers were impregnated with 1M sodium hydroxide gradient. The wafer was dried at room temperature for 2 hours and over-dried for 2 minutes. The last impregnation was a uniform dispensing from the stock solution vial Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 (1 % Pt) to the wafer. The wafer was dried at room temperature for 2 hours and reduced in 5 % hydrogen/nitrogen at 200 degrees C for 2 hours. The reduced library was screened for WGS activity with hydrogen/carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide/water mixed feed at 200 degrees C, 230 degrees C and 260 degrees C. The experiment demonstrated active and selective WGS catalyst formulations of various Pt and Na catalyst formulations on silica, alumina, and zirconia carriers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The catalyst comprises (i) ruthenium (Ru) and/or its oxides, cobalt (Co) and/or its oxides, and zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), europium (Eu) and/or their oxides; (ii) Ru and/or its oxides, Co and/or its oxides, and chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), and/or their oxides; (iii) Ru and/or its oxides, Co and/or its oxides, Fe and/or its oxides, and sodium (Na), potassium (K), and/or their oxides; (iv) Ru and/or its oxides, Co and/or its oxides, Zr and/or its oxides, lithium (Li) and/or its oxides, and Na, K, rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and/or their oxides; or (v) Ru and/or its oxides, Co and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and Li and/or its oxides. The catalyst comprises 0.01-10 wt.% each of Groups 8, 9, and 10 elements; and 0.05-20 wt.% each lanthanide element. The catalyst may be supported on a carrier, alumina, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria, silica, iron oxide, and/or preferably zirconia.Preferred Components: Cobalt may be present in its bulk state.Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is reacted with the catalyst at 150-450degreesC (preferably 350-450degreesC, 250-350degreesC, or 150-250degrees) and not more than 50 (preferably bar not more than 1) bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The catalyst comprises (i) platinum (Pt) and/or its oxides, lithium (Li) and/or its oxides, and iron (Fe) and/or its oxides; (ii) Pt and/or its oxides, Li and/or its oxides, and cobalt (Co) and/or its oxides; (iii) Pt and/or its oxides, Li and/or its oxides, and cerium (Ce) and/or its oxides; (iv) Pt and/or its oxides, sodium (Na) and/or its oxides, and zirconium (Zr) and its oxides; (v) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and lanthanum (La) and/or its oxides; (vi) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and yttrium (Y) and/or its oxides; (vii) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and Ce and/or its oxides; (viii) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and molybdenum (Mo) and/or its oxides; (ix) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and Fe and/or its oxides; (x) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and Co and/or its oxides; (xi) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, and manganese (Mn) and/or its oxides; (xii) Pt and/or its oxides, Na and/or its oxides, Zr and/or its oxides, and Co and/or its oxides; (xiii) Pt and/or its oxides, potassium (K) and/or its oxides, and Ce and/or its oxides; (xiv) Pt and/or its oxides, K and/or its oxides, and Fe and/or its oxides; or (xv) Pt and/or its oxides, K and/or its oxides, and Co and/or its oxides. The catalyst comprises 0.01-10 (preferably 0.05-0.5) wt.% each of Groups 8, 9, and 10 elements; and 0.05-20 wt.% each lanthanide element. It may be supported on a carried, e.g. alumina (preferably gamma-alumina), zirconia, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria, and/or iron oxide.Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is reacted with the catalyst at 150-450 degrees C (preferably 350-450 degrees C, 250-350 degrees C, or 150-250 degrees C) and not more than 75 (preferably not more than 1) bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The catalyst may comprise chromium, manganese, copper, and/or its oxides of these elements. The catalyst comprises (i) unsupported bulk nickel (Ni), and germanium (Ge), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), lead (Pb), and/or their oxides; (ii) unsupported bulk Ni, indium (In) and/or its oxides, and Cd and/or its oxides; (iii) unsupported bulk Ni, tin (Sn) and/or its oxides, and Te and/or its oxides; (iv) unsupported bulk Ni, Sn and/or its oxides, and Cd and/or its oxides; (v) unsupported bulk Ni, In and/or its oxides, and Sb and/or its oxides; (vi) unsupported bulk Ni, Sn and/or its oxides, and Sb and/or its oxides; or (vii) Ni supported on a carrier, and In, Sn, Te, and/or their oxides. The catalyst comprises 0.05-99 (preferably 0.5-99) wt.% Ni.Preferred Components: The carrier is alumina, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria, iron oxide, and/or preferably zirconia or cobalt oxide.Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is reacted with the water gas shift catalyst at not more than 50 (preferably not more than 1) bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water gas shift catalyst comprises: Pt and/or its oxides; Rh and/or its oxides; and Ti, Zr, Mo, Co, Ge, Sb, La and/or Ce, and/or their oxides. The water gas shift catalyst may comprise Pt and/or its oxides, Rh and/or its oxides, and Mo and/or its oxides. It may comprise Pt and/or its oxides, Rh and/or its oxides, Co and/or its oxide, and La and/or Ce or their oxides. The water gas shift catalyst is supported on a carrier comprising alumina, zirconia, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria and/or iron oxide. The carrier comprises zirconia, titania and/or ceria,Preferred Components: The water gas shift catalyst comprises 0.01-10 (preferably 0.05-0.5) wt.% Group 8, 9, or 10 element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactants: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is a syngas.Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is contacted with the water gas shift catalyst at 150-450 (preferably 250-350) degrees C and not less than 75 (preferably 1) bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water gas shift catalyst comprises: Pt and/or its oxides; Ru and/or its oxides; and Sc, Y, or La or their oxides, or Co, Mo, and/or their oxides.The catalyst may contain Na, K, Rb, La, and Ce, and/or their oxides.The water gas shift catalyst is supported on a carrier comprising alumina, zirconia, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria, and/or iron oxide.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.01-10 (preferably 0.05-0.5) wt.% Group 8, 9, or 10 element, and 0.05-20 wt.% Group 1 element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is contacted with the water gas shift catalyst at 150-450 (preferably 250-350)degreesC and not less than 75 (preferably not less than 1) bar.Preferred Reactant: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is a syngas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte film contains perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid type resin, poly trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid type resin, polystyrene sulfonic acid type resin or phenolsulfonic acid type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: (4) is either an aerobic biological filtration system, supplied with a flow of air and with upwards movement of water, e.g. a 'BIOFOR' (RTM) filter, or a fluidized or movable bed reactor. The microbial population in (4) can be chosen to provide selective removal of nitrogen, carbon or sulfur.Preferred Process: At least 1% of the circulating water is diverted to (4), and over 90% removal of nutrients from the diverted water is achieved. EXAMPLE - An evaporative condenser/cooling tower was supplied with 60 m3/hour of water containing 5 ppm nutrients (equivalent to a daily loading of 7.2 kg nutrients/day). The rate of evaporation was 48 m3/hour and of purge 11.5 m3/hour (16.1 ppm nutrients); the recycle rate was 2375 m3/hour, with 24.3 m3/hour being diverted through a biological filter. After passing through the filter, the treated water contained only 1.6 ppm nutrients, i.e. 90% elimination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The starter culture is provided by mixing 0.5-5 %v/v carbon source, 0.5-5 %v/v nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium source, and 0.001-0.02 %w/v active yeast to 1.5-4% soil sample. At least one nutrient and/or energy source includes a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. The starter culture is added to 30-90 %v/v water together with 10-50 %w/v molasses, 1-10 %v/v fish emulsion, 0.5-2 %w/v seaweed extract, 1-10 %v/v humic acid, 0.005-0.1 %w/v active yeast, 0.005-0.1% inactive yeast and 0.2-5% trace sea minerals. Compost (0.5-5 %w/v) is added at the transferring step. The additional nutrient includes a nitrogen source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The saccharide (40-50 %v/v) comprises glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, trehalose, white dextrin, canary dextrin, honey, molasses (preferred), maple syrup, maple sugar, or corn syrup.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Condition: The starter culture is maintained at 26-37degreesC. The mixture in starter culture adding step is incubated for 1-5 hours and maintained at 26-37degreesC. The predetermined temperature is 25-40degreesC. The mixture at the introducing step is incubated for 1-3 days at 26-37degreesC. At introducing step, the at least one additional nutrient and/or energy source is added uniformly for 1-3 days using a peristaltic pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalysts (I) contain copper and/or molybdenum. The process is carried out at 0-80degreesC and 0.8-4.5 bars. EXAMPLE - A mixture of solutions of 420 g copper (II) oxide, 240 g zinc nitrate and 140 g aluminum nitrate nonahydrate in nitric acid was contacted with a solution of 474 g sodium carbonate in 2 l demineralized water to cause precipitation at a pH of ca. 6. After stirring for a further 3 hours, the precipitate was filtered off, washed free of sodium and nitrate ions with water, dried at 120degreesC, calcined at 400degreesC for 1 hour, giving 272 g of mixed oxide, containing 52.5 wt. % copper (II) oxide, 30 wt. % zinc oxide and 17.5 wt. % aluminum oxide. The product was mixed with 1 wt. % graphite, compressed to 20 mm tablets, mechanically pressed through a 1.6 mm sieve, mixed with 2 wt. % graphite and pressed to 5 mm diameter, 3 mm high tablets having a lateral compressive strength of 66 N. The obtained catalyst (Ia) was contacted with a stream of methane containing 1000 ppm carbon oxysulfide or 1000 ppm hydrogen sulfide, at a space velocity of 1000 h-1 and a temperature of 25degreesC, until the sulfur content of the exhaust gas reached 1 ppm. The sulfur contents of (Ia) at this point were 8.8 wt. % and 8.6 wt. % respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The aluminum introducing mechanism comprises a hopper mounted above the receptacle, a rotary feeder below the hopper, and an aluminum delivery pipe extending from the rotary feeder into the receptacle below the level.The apparatus further comprises a makeup water introducing mechanism to introduce makeup water in the receptacle; a precipitate recovery mechanism to recover precipitates from the receptacle; an aqueous solution circulating mechanism for circulating an aqueous solution in the aluminum delivery pipe; a horizontal screen mounted inside the receptacle below the level; a rotating mechanism for rotating the screen along a horizontal plane; and a hydrogen gas recovery mechanism for recovering hydrogen gas from the receptacle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The passive mechanism comprises unseating mechanism for unseating at least a portion of the valve membrane sheet from the sealing component, when the direction of fluid pressure tends to flow fluid, in a direction away from the inlet channel across the valve membrane sheet toward the outlet channel; and seating mechanism (170) for seating the valve membrane sheet against the sealing component, when the direction of fluid pressure tends to flow fluid, in a direction away from the outlet channel across the valve membrane toward the inlet channel. The sealing component comprises a printed ring. The passive membrane valve comprises retaining mechanism for retaining the valve membrane sheet between the inlet and outlet channels. The valve membrane sheet confines transport of fluid from the inlet channel to the outlet channel, by peripheral slits oriented normal to the direction of fluid transport. The peripheral slits comprise opening region.Preferred Material: The printed ring comprises glass, silicone, silicone-based rubber, rubber, and/or polymer. The valve membrane sheet comprises an inorganic material, an organic material, a metal, a metal alloy, silicone, silicone-based rubber, rubber, and/or polymer. The substrate comprises ceramic, metal, glass, polymer, and/or wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The cavities increase in width in the rotation direction and with the width of a tab. The flanges are resilient in their cross-direction. An even number of cavities and tabs are provided on each flange. A cavity is located beneath each tab in the flange and this cavity is larger than the tab above it. Four ring sections are used to form the vessel. A conical tube with ventilation holes is placed on top of the base plate inside the vessel in order to allow the compost to be ventilated. The support part of the tube on top of the base plate is formed by a funnel-shaped foot with an open bottom side and without any ventilation holes. The top end of the tube is closed and provided with a handle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aqueous hydride used for producing oxide and hydrogen is selected from sodium boron hydride (NaBH4), lithium boron hydride (LiBH4), lithium hydride (LiH) and sodium hydride (NaH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Slurry dispersed in kerosene is stored in a storage tank (1) and supplied to the regenerator heat exchanger by a slurry booster pump (4). The separator arranged between the heat exchangers, separates the slurry into the natural gas, kerosene and water (18). The natural gas from the separator, is passed to heat exchanger. The heat exchanger exchanges heat of the natural gas and mixed fluid from the drum. The separated natural gas and the kerosene are separated by the cryogenic cooling condenser. The dispersion medium such as petroleum, kerosene or light oil having boiling point of 150 degrees C or more, molecular weight of 150 or more, pour points of -25 degrees C or less and vapor pressure of 0.2 mmHg or less is used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizable component contained in the refined gas is hydrogen and carbon monoxide which are separated by reformation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel reformer has carbon monoxide selection oxidization-reaction device (5) equipped with an evaporator (13). The evaporator carries out evaporation vaporization of water by the reaction heat of selective oxidation reaction. The water vapor from the evaporator is supplied to the heat exchanger. The fuel reformer reduces carbon monoxide in the reformed gas by carrying out selective oxidation of carbon monoxide. The heat exchanger is equipped with water spraying apparatus (15), which directly sprays water, and route (11) of water and/or air. The water sprayed by the water spraying apparatus is vaporized in the route to the modification reaction device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Units: The reaction portion (15) is provided at the upstream side of reformed gas flow path, and the reaction portion (17) is provided at the downstream side of reformed gas flow path. The bypass unit supplies the heating medium to a separate target simultaneously from the heat exchanger of reaction portion (15) to heat exchanger of reaction portion (17). The reaction portion(s) contains catalyst, which produces hydrogen-rich reformed gas from the gasified original fuel and water, and is set by the optimal temperature of the catalyst with the heat exchanger. The catalyst oxidizes carbon monoxide. The control unit operates the bypass unit at the time of starting of an apparatus. The heating medium e.g. water, is heated by the heat exchanger, and is supplied to the evaporation portion. The difference of required water quantity and circulating water flow is supplemented with bypass water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction container is filled with iron carbide. Water or water vapor is supplied as heating gas to container, and hydrogen is generated. Electric power is generated by supplying obtained hydrogen fuel to fuel cell. The exhaust heat generated by burning waste gas produced in the fuel cell, is supplied to reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The vulcanized rubber of the layer (11) has isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), nitrile rubber (NBR) and/or hydrogenated nitrile rubbers (HNBR). The layer (12) contains resin, which has an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) resin and/or MXD6 nylon. The hose further has an adhesive layer containing vulcanized rubber, which has isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), nitrile rubber (NBR), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), chloroprene rubber (CR), an acrylic rubber (ACM), and/or acrylate-ethylene rubber (AEM).
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic peroxide is dicumyl peroxide.    EXAMPLE - per cumyl D (RTM; dicumyl peroxide having 98% purity) (in g) (0.65) and (alpha)-methyl styrene (0.28) were mixed to obtain volume-reduction oil-formation agent. The obtained agent was fed into a flask. Styrene foam material (0.25) obtained by grinding waste material of foodstuff container to 5 mm2 and having number average molecular weight (Mn) of 91000, weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 141000 and dispersion degree (Mw/Mn) of 1.55, was fed into the flask and nitrogen was passed at 100 ml/hour for 10 minutes. The mixture was cooled, stirred, heated to 150degreesC and thermally decomposed at 153-159degreesC for 2 hours. The oil formation of the styrene foam was reduced. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the foam was 0.39x104, and dispersion degree (Mw/Mn) was 1.94.
EXAMPLE - A reaction water (100 ml) obtained by adding 5 volume% of methyl alcohol to pure water, was added to reaction container (200 ml) (Erlenmeyer flask) which was mounted on ultrasonic vibrator attached with an ultrasonic oscillator. The ultrasonic wave was irradiated on the reaction water for 60 minutes, by operating the ultrasonic oscillator. The gas was extracted from the gaseous phase of reaction container by micro syringe, and analyzed. The result showed that the generation amount of hydrogen was increased by adding methyl alcohol to water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin contains polyolefin-type resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic hydrate contains calcium sulfate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The inflow of wastewater is controlled using the bubble originating in the surfactant as an index. The flow rate of circulating flow in the reaction tank (1) is controlled. The apparatus further has a sensor (10) for detecting the bubble originating in the surfactant, a unit to fluctuate the feed rate of wastewater according to the index of the bubble, and an accelerator for accelerating the flow rate of the circulating flow in the reaction tank. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Flame Retardant: The halogenated flame retardant is hexa bromo cyclododecane. Preferred Additive: About 0.2-2 wt.pts of phosphoric acid ester group compounds having melting point of 40degreesC or more, is included as a flame retardant adjuvant. The styrene resin (100 wt.pts) includes 0.2-10 wt.pts of smectite such as bentonite. Preferred Foam: The air bubble of foam consists of air bubbles of 0.25 mm or less diameter and air bubbles of 0.3-1 mm diameter. The air bubble of 0.25 mm or less diameter has 0-20% of foam cross section of occupied area rate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The non-halogen group foaming agent is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, water or carbon dioxide.    EXAMPLE - A polystyrene resin Styron G9401 (in weight parts) (100), hexa bromo cyclododecane (4), bentonite (1), talc (2), anhydrous silica AEROSIL (0.1), nucleating agent and dry blend of barium stearates (0.25), were mixed and supplied to an extruder. The resin mixture was heated at 200 degrees C, melted, plasticized and kneaded. A foaming agent which consists of 100 wt.pts i-butane, 3 wt.pts of dimethyl ether and 1 wt.pts of water (100% of foaming agent contained 43% i-butane, 14% water and 43% dimethyl ether), were added to the resin mixture. The kneaded mixture was molded and a product for thickness 25 mm and width of 95 mm was obtained. The final product had foam density of 30 kg/m3, average diameters of 0.30 mm, 0.18 mm and 0.15 mm along thickness direction, width direction and length direction respectively. The ratio of a/b was 1.67 and a/c was 2. The foam had beautiful appearance with excellent heat resistance and minimum number of cracks. Foam combustibility and bending fracture strength, were favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Donor: The organic-type hydrogen donor is heterocyclic compound, amine-type compound, alcohol-type compound, ketone-type compound and/or alicyclic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkalinization combination is caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium alkoxide, potassium alkoxide and/or calcium hydroxide. The inorganic-type catalyst is a metal supporting composite metal oxide, a carbon crystallization combination, a metal supporting carbon compound, and/or a metal oxide. Preferred Process: The reactor equipped with the organic-type hydrogen donor, alkalinization combination and inorganic-type catalyst is irradiated with the microwave, and hydrogen is generated. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide flakes (in g) (3.43) as alkalinization combination, and cyclohexanol (30.59) as organic-type hydrogen donor, and 5 wt.% platinum supported on activated carbon (50 mg) of 150-180 mum of particle diameter as inorganic-type catalyst, were introduced into a flask. The flask was substituted with nitrogen gas, and irradiated with microwave having frequency of 2.45 GHz and irradiation energy of 325 W, for 80 minutes, and stirred. 50 ml/minute of nitrogen gas was poured into the flask during reaction, and was alternately irradiated for 13.5 seconds and left for 13.5 seconds, such that the irradiation time was half the reaction time. Cyclohexanol was refluxed, and the flask was maintained at boiling point vicinity, to generate hydrogen at a rate of 33.46%. The total amount of hydrogen generated in 80 minutes was 669.2 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorptive polymer contains poly N-vinyl acetamide, cross-linking type acryl copolymer or sodium polyacrylate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The feed stream is an ethylene stream containing acetylene, a propylene stream containing propyne and propadiene or a butene stream containing butyne, 3-buten-1-yne, 1,2-butadiene and/or 1,3-butadiene. There are one or more other hydrogenation zones before or after the zone for hydrogenating (I). The catalyst comprises a Group 10 or 11 metal on a support in the form of wire mesh, felt or foil or optionally perforated plate. The hydrogenation zone is in a vertical reactor. (I) are converted to olefins, green oil and optionally alkanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel reforming system further comprises a vacuum pump for decreasing pressure inside the reformer, an oxygen sensor, a pressure sensor (18), oxygen-amount threshold value setting unit, oxygen-amount comparing unit, output estimating unit and pressure comparing unit. The oxygen sensor measures or estimates the oxygen content in the reformer and judges whether the reforming process can be initiated, based on the residual oxygen amount in the reformer. The oxygen-amount threshold-value setting unit sets the oxygen-amount threshold value based on the estimated output. The oxygen-amount comparing unit compares oxygen-amount threshold value, and initiates reforming process when oxygen amount is less than the threshold value. The pressure-comparing unit compares the pressure threshold value, and initiates reforming process and the pressure in the reformer is less than the threshold value. Preferred Process: The compressor supplies oxidizing-agent gas into the combustor and decreases the pressure in the reformer temporarily. The oxygen-amount threshold value and pressure threshold value is reduced to increase the output of the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas flow paths (3) are at least partly formed by corrugated metal sheets (1). The evaporator comprises alternating stack of corrugated metal sheets and sheets of the water-absorbing material (2). The water-absorbing material is in the form of fibrous sheets. The evaporator comprises honeycomb(s) of porous ceramic material as the water-absorbing material. The gas flow paths are defined by the porous ceramic material.Preferred Properties: The evaporator has a length-to-diameter ratio of not more than 2 (preferably 0.5-1.5). The total cross-sectional area of the gas flow paths is at least 50 % (preferably at least 70 %) of the cross-sectional area of the evaporator. The water-absorbing material has a water-absorbing capacity of at least 0.30 (preferably at least 0.50) g/cc. The volume of the water-absorbing material is 10-50 % (preferably 15-30 %) of the total volume of the evaporator. The free surface area of the water-absorbing material is at least 100 (preferably 200-500) m2/m3 of evaporator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The water is added to the stream of hot gas by a quench ring.Preferred Conditions: The stream of hot gas has a temperature of 600-1100 degrees C (preferably 700-900 degrees C). The cooled steam-containing gas stream has a temperature of 200-450 degrees C (preferably 250-400 degrees C). The weight ratio of hot gas stream to water is 2.0-5.0 (preferably 3.0-4.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The curie temperature of the alloy is at or near room temperature or at a higher temperature. The m.pt. of the alloy is at a congruent m.pt. minimum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen contains two or more of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium (preferred) and the variation of solubility and diffusion of hydrogen is to effect isotropic separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The reaction is terminated, when the viscosity of the reaction solution is 20 cP or less at room temperature.Preferred Process: The moisture content is removed from the fuel by heating. The transparency of modified fuel during heating is measured, using a unit. The moisture content removal is terminated, when the transparency is less than the predetermined value. The transparency of mixed solution is measured using a unit, when separating glycerol and modified fuel. The separation is terminated, when transparency is less than the predetermined value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Powder: The powder (B) is fruit seed, fruit skin, seed coat and/or inner or outer endosperm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The fermented material (J) mixed with powder (B), fermented materials (H2 and H3), powder (B) and waste material (G) are fermented in organic-substance waste treatment unit (6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The oxygen-containing fuel is ketone such as ether and dimethyl ether, alcohol such as methanol and ethanol, or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reformer has a synthesizer which synthesis the oxygen-containing fuel emitted from the modification portion and takes in one portion of reformed gas emitted from modification portion, a tank which stores the synthesized oxygen-containing fuel, a unit to introduce one portion of the reformed gas emitted from the modification portion to the synthesizer when hydrogen generation amount decreases, a supply apparatus which introduces oxygen-containing fuel to modification portion, and controller which detects the fluctuation of hydrogen generation amount. When there is increase in hydrogen generation amount the supply apparatus introduces oxygen-containing fuel to the modification portion, and when there is decrease in hydrogen generation amount the synthesizer takes in one portion of reformed gas emitted from the modification portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: A chemical fertilizer and superphosphate of lime are added, and pH of the raw material is adjusted to 5-7.5 before performing fermentation. The pH of the fermented substance is adjusted to 5.5-8.5. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulator.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The liquid fertilizer processing apparatus further includes a desulfurizing apparatus for desulfurizing the produced gas and a combustor for burning the produced gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The controller detects temperature and pH of culture solution at the time of the decomposition reaction. The container has a sterilizer for sterilizing the organic material prior to supplying it to the container, by heating the organic material. A separator separates primary excreta produced by the decomposition reaction, into solid excreta and liquid excreta. A methane fermentation unit generates methane by performing methane fermentation of the liquid excreta. A final treatment unit decomposes the solid excreta into water and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The water absorption unit is installed in the upstream of the modifier. The modifier has a support which holds a modification catalyst on the surface. The water absorption unit mixes water absorber with the modification catalyst substance and forms the upper portion of the support, or holds the water absorber on the modification-catalyst layer (8) and forms the upstream side of the support. Preferred Method: The heat from the modifier is transferred to the water absorption unit by a heat transfer unit preferably a heat pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The treatment composition has a pH of 9.5-12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Lime is added at 10-40 (preferably 20-30) g/l of the sewage sludge based on a solids content of the sewage sludge of 3-7 wt.%. The time is intimately mixed with the sewage sludge followed by drying to a cake having a moisture content of 25-35 wt.% followed by subdividing the cake into small pieces and then further drying to a moisture content of less than 15 (preferably less than 10) wt.%. The final dried treatment composition is graded through a mesh followed by packing in sealed bags.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite is in the hydrogen form, and is free of acidity. The catalyst further comprises at least one Group VIII metal. It comprises a layered catalyst comprising a first layer comprising the zeolite and at least one Group VIII metal, and a second layer comprising an aluminosilicate zeolite, which is more shape selective than the zeolite of the first layer. It additionally comprises a large pore crystalline cracking component. It has been calcined in a steam/air mixture at an elevated temperature after impregnation of the Group VIII metal, which is platinum. The olefin is 2-4C olefin. The aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene (derivatives), and/or dimethylnaphthalene. The polyalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon is dialkylbenzene.Preferred Composition: The aromatic hydrocarbon and olefin are in a molar ratio of 4:1-20:1, respectively. The aromatic hydrocarbon and the polyalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon are in a molar ratio of 1:1-25:1, respectively. EXAMPLE - A liner was charged with 0.61 M aqueous solution of N-cyclodecyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium hydroxide (4.9 g), 1 M aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (1.2 g), and deionized water (5.9 g). To the mixture was added sodium borate decahydrate (0.06 g). To the solution was added CABO-SIL M-5 Trade Mark fumed silica (0.9 g). The gel was capped off and placed in an autoclave and heated in an oven at 60 degrees C while tumbling at 43 rpm. Once crystallization was completed, after heating for 12 days, the starting reaction gel turned into a clear liquid layer and a fine powdery precipitate. The mixture was filtered and the collected solids were washed with water, and rinsed with acetone to remove any organic residues. The solids were allowed to air-dry overnight, and dried at 120 degrees C for 1 hour. The reaction afforded 0.85 g SSZ-63.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Drying (I) comprises step (b) followed by step (c). Step (a) is carried out in an oil. The ground product has an average particle size of 1-5 mm. The ground product is mixed with oil (10:20-10:50 by weight). The process further comprises recovering the latent heat of evaporation of water vapor evolved in step (c) for reuse. Production of biomass fuel comprises addition of a gasifying agent before step (c). Production of biomass fuel comprises(a) grinding (I);(b) producing a slurry from oil and coal (preferably low-grade coal);(c) mixing the ground product of (I) with the coal slurry;(d) treating the ground product of (I) or the mixture in oil at 120-300 degreesC under a pressure higher than the vapor pressure of the oil at that temperature; and(e) drying the ground product or the mixture in oil at 120-200 degreesC (where the sequence of steps (c) to (e) is arbitrary); or(f) grinding (I);(g) treating the ground product in oil at 120-300 degreesC under a pressure higher than the vapor pressure of the oil at that temperature;(h) adding a gasifying catalyst to the ground product; and(i) drying the mixture at 120-200 degreesC (where the sequence of steps (g) to (i) is arbitrary provided that step (h) precedes step (i)). EXAMPLE - Sawdust of New Zealand pine (1.4 kg) and kerosene (5.38 kg) were mixed. The contents were kept at 150-180 degreesC under a pressure of 0.3 MPa for 1 hour and worked up to give dried biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The Group VIII metal is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir and/or Os (preferably Ni and/or Co).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous hydride is aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4), aqueous lithium borohydride (LiBH4), or aqueous sodium hydride (NaH). The control unit opens the first valve and closes the second and third valves if the temperature of the coolant is higher than a predetermined temperature. The control unit closes the first valve and opens the second and third valves if the temperature of the coolant is not higher than a predetermined temperature.Preferred Process: The generation of hydrogen and oxide comprises opening a first valve, closing second valve, and closing third valve. The cooling of hydrogen fuel cell further includes storing hydrogen in a hydrogen storage unit, storing aqueous hydride in a hydride storage unit, recalculating the temperature of the coolant, determining that the temperature of the coolant is below the predetermined temperature, and regenerating aqueous hydride from the oxide and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid or powder-form organic fertilizer is thrown into the mixing vessel, air with increased oxygen concentration is supplied into the vessel and organic liquid fertilizer is obtained. The air is obtained by passing the air through an oxygen-enrichment membrane. An anaerobic microbe and an enzyme material are supplied to the mixing vessel along with the solid or powder-form organic fertilizer. The fluid medium in the mixing vessel is preheated. The organic fertilizer is added to the mixing vessel after pulverization based on explosive break, heated and solubilized.Preferred Fluid Medium: The fluid medium in the mixing vessel is water, organic acid, inorganic acid, alkali solution or organic solvent. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Powder-form organic fertilizer (20 kg) and microorganism (2 kg) were added into a drum containing water (100 l). The drum was aerated with an oxygen-enriched air and liquid fertilizer was obtained. The liquid fertilizer was found to have 100% solubility and contained 6% of nitrogen, 5.10% of phosphorus, 2.70% of potassium and 1.0% of magnesium.
ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Fertilizer; Fungicide.    Cucumber seed was inoculated to the culture soil for seedling and cultivated at 25 degrees C for 16 hours and at 25 degrees C for 8 hours. 105 cfu (colony forming units) of Fusarium oxyporum as pathogenic microbe of cucumber vine crack disease, was inoculated to the 1 L of culture soil. 50 g of organic-fertilizer pellet containing Streptomyces OG-012 was added to the 1 L of soil and cultivated. After 6 weeks, the symptoms of cucumber vine crack disease were evaluated. The result confirmed that the organic-fertilizer pellet was effective in prevention effect with respect to cucumber vine crack disease.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.    SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Actinomyces are Streptomyces, preferably Streptomyces OG-012 strain (FERM P-16493) and Streptomyces OG-013 strain (FERM P-16494).    EXAMPLE - Baked diatom earth which supports 7x10 to the power 7 cfu of Streptomyces OG-013 strain was mixed with 1 g of cattle-feces manure as organic waste. The moisture content of the above mixture was adjusted to 40 weight/volume%, compressed and dried at 60 degrees C for 8 hours to obtain organic-fertilizer pellet having a moisture content of 12-15 weight/weight%. The obtained fertilizer was found to have excellent plant disease prevention effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: At least one portion of the solvent of saccharide solution is made to remain in the evaporation process. The pH of the saccharide solution is adjusted below 5 in the evaporation process. The pH of saccharide solution is adjusted between 1-5 in the fermentation head end process. The fermentation inhibitor is evaporated by blowing water vapor into the saccharide solution. The fermentation head end process further contains ventilation process for removing fermentation inhibitor, which inhibits fermentation by passing gas to the saccharide solution. The ventilation process is performed at 30-90degreesC.Preferred Components: The fermentation inhibitor is acetic acid and/or formic acid. EXAMPLE - Japanese cedar, Oregon pine, Japanese hemlock and lauan plywood were grounded to an average particle diameter of 1 mm. The ground materials were hydrolyzed with 3 mass% of sulfuric acid for 10 minutes at 150degreesC to obtain saccharide solution having pH of 0.5. The pH of the saccharide solution was adjusted to 4 using calcium hydroxide. The solution was maintained at 100degreesC under normal pressure. 20 volume/volume% of the liquid was evaporated and the concentration of acetic acid and formic acid in the saccharide solution was measured. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7 by adding calcium hydroxide. To the solution nutrition salt was added and Escherichia coli having oxygen permeability was inoculated. The mixture was subjected to alcoholic fermentation at 35degreesC for 50 hours to obtain ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Standard: The heat conductivity of inorganic substance is measured corresponding to JISA1412 specifications.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: An inorganic substance foam, which is a mixture of silica and alumina-type powder, is hardened to produce solid heat insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is an alcohol such as methanol or a hydrocarbon such as methane or naphtha. The catalyst is a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The whole amount of hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing gas are mixed. Water vapor is added to the mixture and supplied to a water vapor modification-reaction device (4). The mixture is subjected to two-stage steam reforming process. The mixture is supplied to low temperature steam reforming process. The exit gas is reformed by high temperature steam reforming process. The oxygen-containing compound is optionally steam-reformed or decomposed using a copper type catalyst or zinc and chromium type catalyst, before low temperature steam reforming process. The low temperature steam reforming process is optionally carried out at two-stage process. The mixture of oxygen-containing compound and water vapor or hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing compound is subjected to stage (I) of low temperature steam reforming process. The hydrocarbon and water vapor are added to the exit gas of stage (I) and subjected to stage (II) of steam reforming process. The exit gas of low temperature steam reforming process is subjected to high temperature steam reforming process. When the catalyst layer temperature is low during starting of the reaction, oxygen-containing compound and water vapor are supplied and the reaction is performed after attaining a favorable temperature rise. When the catalyst layer temperature is low during shut down of the system, oxygen-containing compound and water vapor raw material and heavy carbonized water are purged into the system and atmosphere of the system is made into reformed gas atmosphere. The reformed gas is recycled and supply of water vapor is stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of pentafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the refrigerant composition are preferably 40-60 wt.% and 20-40 wt.%, respectively. 12 examples of 3-5C hydrocarbon, such as butane, isopentane and propene, are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water soluble polymers comprise contains polyoxyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, methyl cellulose and starch, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl carboxylic acid, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl imino bis (methylene phosphonic acid), polyvinyl carboxylic acid and polyvinyl imino bis (methylene carboxylic acid), methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl alcohol-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic acid methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroethyl-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl alcohol-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer and vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel tank is arranged completely within the shell (2) of the hearing device. The fuel tank and/or fuel cell is arranged detachable from the hearing device. The fuel tank is made of flexible material allowing the shape and/or volume of the fuel tank to alter. The shape of the fuel tank is irregular, preferably formed to fill out the spare spaces or volumes respectively of the shell of the hearing device. The membrane comprises a nanomechanical coating, achieving other fluids than the fluid to be filled into the fuel tank to repel. The micro openings are realized by a woven fabric. The membrane and/or areas with micro openings are arranged at least partly on the outer surface of the hearing device shell. Preferred Method: Filling the fuel tank comprises: applying over-pressure; applying a voltage difference across the membrane or micro openings; or applying ionization of the fuel. Cleaning the outside of the hearing device comprises: drowning the hearing device at least partially or completely into the fuel fluid; and applying the output of an ultrasound generator within the fuel fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The hearing device comprises additionally electrical, mechanical, optical, or electromechanical sensor to monitor the filling state of the fuel in the fuel tank.Preferred Material: The fuel tank is made of a transparent or semi-transparent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The steam or water generated during syngas production and/or synthesis is injected into the reservoir.Preferred Components: The plant also comprises tail gas treatment unit, tail gas transferring mechanism, once-through Fischer-Tropsch units, and hydrogen introducing mechanism, and air compression unit. The hydrogen introducing mechanism adjusts the hydrogen gas/carbon monoxide ratio to a desired level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The BPEF is gradually added to the manure and the stirring is being made through the addition of BPEF. The stirring is maintained for a time after the addition of BPEF to ensure proper mixing. The manure is left to settle for at least 1 (preferably at least 7) days after the stirring is finished for allowing deposition of the solid fraction containing phosphorus and solid particles. The BPEF is added in an amount corresponding to at least 0.5 (preferably 0.5 - 5, especially 3) g of magnesium/litter of manure. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The micro gas detector comprises phased heaters. Preferred Function: Detection and identification of the gas by the micro gas detector and processor, respectively, may indicate a health of the equipment, and may also indicate a hazard to people in or around the equipment. The health of the equipment may indicate a probability of failure of the equipment. The micro gas detector and processor may detect and identify, respectively, a gas of the ambient air that indicates a level of toxins-to-people in the ambient air. The micro gas detector may detect a fault gas from the equipment. The processor may identify the detected fault gas and provide an early indication of decreased performance or failure of the equipment. Preferred Condition: The micro gas detector may do less than 1, preferably at most1 part per million detection of the gas. Preferred Equipment: The equipment is an electrical power transformer, an electrical motor, an electrical device, an air conditioner, internal combustion mechanism, an air processing system for monitoring the presence of at least one gas, or an air processing system for monitoring the presence of at least one gas in an enclosure for people.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas may comprise fault gases, i.e. acetylene, methane, ethane, and ethylene. The gas may also comprise pollutants, i.e. aldehydes, butyric acid, toluene, and hexane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas may also comprise fault gases, i.e. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen; or pollutants, i.e. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A1) Is cyclic polybutylene terephthalate or cyclic polyethylene terephthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductivity additive is metal nitrides (e.g. boron nitride and aluminum nitride, nanotubes of carbon and boron nitride), titanium diboride, cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), iridium (Ir), silicon (Si), rhodium (Rh), magnesium (Mg), tungsten (W), berylium (Be), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), copper (Cu) and/or silver (Ag). The electrical conductivity additive is Ag, Cu, stainless steel powder or fibers, Zn, Al, Manganese (Mn), bismuth, samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), Co, Mo, W, Ir, indium (In), Rh, Mg, Be, Au, magnetite, bronze and/or brass. The sound dampening additive is W, barium sulfate, zirconium sulfate, calcium sulfate, Pb, W, Au, Pt, Ir, Osmium, rhenium, tantalum, hafnium, Pd, Rh, borite, magnetite, hematite, zirconia, ceramic beads and/or chromite. The ionizing-radiation- opacity additive and the atomic particle-moderating additive is W, Pb, Zr, Si, In, Al, Ir, boron, cadmium, europium and/or Sm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductivity additive is pitch carbon, graphite and/or diamond. The electrical conductivity additive is carbon black and/or carbon nanotubes. The radiation-opacity additive and the atomic particle moderating additive is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The flexural plate wave device is disposed within a housing having a first surface (300), a second surface (305), and support features (325, 335). It further comprises a fluid inlet (320) and a fluid outlet (330).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A monocrystalline compound semiconductor material is located under the monocrystalline piezoelectric material; over the monocrystalline piezoelectric material; in the monocrystalline piezoelectric material; or adjacent to the monocrystalline piezoelectric material. A silicon semiconductor component is located over or on the monocrystalline silicon substrate. An interconnect structure couples the silicon semiconductor component and the flexural plate wave device. The monocrystalline silicon substrate has a recess; and the monocrystalline piezoelectric material is located in the recess. The monocrystalline silicon substrate has a first surface; the recess is located in the first surface; the monocrystalline compound semiconductor layer has a second surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The thermoelectric module (10) is provided between a cooled fluid passageway and a reformate passage of the heat exchanger. It has thermoelectric elements (12) connected to form a first end surface and a second end surface, a first electrical insulator (20) having a front side adjacent to the first end surface of the thermoelectric elements, and a second electrical insulator (22) having a front side adjacent to the second end surface of the thermoelectric elements. The first electrical insulator has a rear side adjacent to a heat conduction wall (24, 26) of the heat exchanger. The heat conduction wall faces a hot fluid passageway for the exhaust gas to form a hot side of the heat exchanger. The second electrical insulator has a rear side which faces a cold fluid passageway to form a cold side of the heat exchanger. A fluid return passageway communicates with the cold fluid passageway to permit cold fluid heated from an exchange of heat in the heat exchanger to be used in the fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric module comprises filled skuderite materials, bismuth telluride, silicon germanium, lead telluride, zinc cadmium antimony, and/or nanostructured (thin-film layered) thermoelectric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The powdered metallic particles are nickel-based alloys, chromium-based alloy, and/or carbide-based alloy.The carbide-based alloys comprise a combination of nickel-based and carbide-based alloys.The metal substrate is made from aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, magnesium, and/or magnesium alloys.Preferred Component: The metal substrate has opposite sides provided with the corrosion resistant metallic boundary regions, each of which has gas conveying channels that preferably have V cross-sections.One of the opposite sides of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding oxygen and extending vertically between horizontally extending conduits so that water formed as a byproduct is drained under gravity. The other side of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding hydrogen and arranged in a horizontal zig-zag configuration.Each channel is provided with at least one projection blocking the channel fully or partially and configured to obstruct gas flow.Any source of heat including a hot or heated plate (36) can be used as the heated component thermally treating a side of the substrate which is opposite to the one impinged by the particles.Preferred Dimension: The corrosion-resistant layer is 0.0080-0.010 inch thick.Preferred Method: The corrosion resistant metallic boundary region is provided by using a thermal spray technique or a cold gas dynamic technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component ratio of titanium and chromium in the hydrogen occlusion alloy is 1:1.6-1.9. The component ratio of sum total of titanium and chromium, and sum total of vanadium and molybdenum, is 85:15-80:20. Preferred Structure: The hydrogen occlusion alloy has a body centered cube (BCC) crystal structure. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of hydrogen occlusion alloy, further involves heat-processing the alloy at 1100-1400 degrees Celsius, after rapid solidification process. EXAMPLE - Titanium, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum powder, which have a purity of 99% or more, were uniformly mixed at an atomic ratio of 30%, 50%, 15% and 5%, respectively in argon atmosphere. The obtained alloy was subjected to water quenching at a cooling rate of 110-150 degrees Celsius/minute. After quenching, the alloy was subjected to heat-processing at 250 degrees Celsius, so that the distortion and microseggregation due to solidification shrinkage were eliminated, and cooled slowly. The obtained hydrogen occlusion alloy had uniform structure. The obtained alloy was used for hydrogen storage system. The obtained alloy had hydrogen storage capacity of 3.698 at 10 MPa, residual hydrogen storage capacity of 0.85 at 0.1 MPa and rechargeable hydrogen storage capacity of 2.848.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The system further consists of circuit (6), which circulates the suspension of reaction microorganisms (8) in culture tank. The strong magnetic field is intermittently applied to the reaction microorganisms passed through the superconductive magnetic generator provided at circuit. The strong magnetic field is formed by placing magnet of high temperature on superconductive bulk body. The reaction microorganisms are Bacillus or Escherichia coli. The strong magnetic field extends the lifetime of microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halogen-containing Flammables: The halogen-containing flammables is selected from trichloroethylene, chloroethylene, vinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The water-reactive metal is made from sodium. The gas generator has a housing (1) freely held so that the reaction surface of the solid block is adjusted parallel to the meniscus of the seawater. The block is free from bubbles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Water soluble, rapidly utilized microbial food compound(s) are added to the substrate prior to injection. The anaerobic biostimulation is used to immobilize metal contaminants to prevent their migration in ground water. It is used to promote removal of the contaminant nitrate by denitrification processes where the contaminant is reduced to nitrogen gas. It is used to promote anaerobic biodegradation of perchlorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen production rate is established by the demand for hydrogen by the fuel cell. The predetermined rate of each raw material is defined by a bank of values specific to the hydrogen production rate for the condition of the hydrogen generator and the condition of the hydrocarbon-containing feed. The hydrogen generator is ascertained by monitoring operating conditions. Cascade control based upon monitoring operating conditions establishes the bank of values of the predetermined rates specific to the hydrogen production rate. The predetermined rate of each of the raw materials is established by an algorithm specific to the hydrogen production rate and the conditions of the hydrogen generator and the hydrocarbon-containing feed. The operating condition of the hydrogen generator is ascertained by monitoring operating conditions. The carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide by preferential oxidation in the presence of free oxygen. The raw material is maintained for a sufficient portion of the transition period to accommodate slower responding conditions or to attenuate adverse transient responses. The target hydrocarbon fuel flow and current fuel flow are measured periodically and the difference is then calculated to determine whether to increase, decrease or not change the ratios of water to fuel and air to fuel. Upon a change from the turning up mode or the turning down mode to the steady state mode, there is a delay for a preset period of time prior to commencement of the predetermined ratio for the steady state mode. The fuel processor contains at least two preferential oxidation reactors, where an approximately equal flow of air is added to each of the preferential oxidation reactors. After the hydrogen fuel passes through the preferential oxidation reactors, the hydrogen fuel contains no more than 50 ppmv carbon monoxide at any time during operation of the preferential oxidation reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The inorganic material is preferably alumina or titanium dioxide.The magnetic material is preferably an iron oxide, especially magnetite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The metal is preferably copper or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The enzyme is preferably a urease. EXAMPLE - A suspension of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (1 g) in aqueous hydrochloric acid (pH 2) was treated with silver nitrate to give a silver ion concentration of 0.12 M. The suspension was stirred for 10 minutes while irradiating it with a UV lamp (80-120 W). The silver-coated particles were centrifuged and washed or dialyzed, The silver coating thickness was about 1 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Maintaining the region of effervescence separated from the precipitate includes maintaining the region of effervescence at a distance of 1 cm above the precipitate. A sodium hydroxide concentration in the aqueous solution is caused to oscillate equal amounts up and down. The step of reacting aluminum with water at a surface of the solution comprises retaining the aluminum on a floating screen. An amount of NaOH is maintained constant in the vessel, and water and aluminum are added in the vessel according to a rate of consumption of the aluminum and the water in reacting. The step of adding water is carried out when a temperature in the aqueous solution has reached a peak or 75 degrees C. The step of reacting the portion of aluminum with the portion of water is carried out at 4-17 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous solution contains 5-10 M NaOH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Either uncoated black silicon is used and the reaction is effected at room temperature, or coated brown silicon is used and the reaction temperature depends on the coating material.The tetraalkyl or tetraacyl silicate produced by reaction with an alcohol or carboxylic acid can be hydrolyzed to produce silica and regenerate the alcohol or carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen is injected into the feed gas mixture. It is also injected between the addition of the hydrocarbon-containing feed gas and the oxygen-containing feed gas. The temperature is 10-100degreesC. The injection flow of the hydrogen is 10-30 seconds. The hydrogen is obtained from the product hydrogen. The feed gas is at a pressure of 1-20 atm and has a standard gas hourly space velocity of 50000-500000/hour. It has a linear velocity of 0.2-2 m/s. The hydrogen is 0.5-4 vol.% of the total flow of the feed gas. The hydrocarbons are partially oxidized by contacting a reduced metal catalyst of a metal at a pressure of 1-10, preferably 1.5-3 bar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceria-coated zirconia monolith support is 5-30 wt.% ceria. Preferred Material: The blank ceramic foam disk is alumina, zirconia and/or cordierite. Preferred Component: The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide produced by the partial oxidation is 2:1 hydrogen to carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Dimension: The reactor which is in the shape of a pipe or tube and has a diameter of 1-100 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aluminum derivative is aluminum hydroxide(s) and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The ratio of grass to sludge is 80:20-20:80 (preferably 60:40-40-60). The grass/sludge mixture is dewatered, so that the moisture content is less than 40 (preferably 20) wt.% before composting. The mixture is treated at 20-70 (preferably 30-50)degreesC following composting. The end product is compressed into briquettes. The sludge is obtained from dredging waterways or from sewage or effluent treatment plants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heat produced during production of powder-form gas-hydrate is removed using cooler provided in the middle of the circuit, while circulating slurry-like gas-hydrate along slurry circuit, and natural gas along gas circuit in the reaction tank (3). MECHANICAL ENGINERRING - Preferred Arrangement: The reaction tank (2) is equipped with slurry circuit containing cooler, and gas circuit containing cooler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: (I) for supplying multiple types of proliferated effective microbes to (II), comprises multiple pairs of (T1) and (T2), where each pair corresponds to one specific microbe and each pair differs in their action, and where the supply rate of the specific microbe to (II) is controlled. The effective microbe has an activity chosen from starch degradation, reduction of sugar content, lipolysis, fatty-acid decomposition, protein degradation, lignin degradation, nitrification, sulfation, and cellulose degradation. The organic waste solution is chosen from domestic waste, human waste, sewage, industrial waste, other wastewaters or waste oil, and their mixtures. (II) eliminates organic waste and deodorizes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The deodorization of malodorous gas involves adhering microbes to the filler layer containing water absorptive polymer fixed to a plastic support which immobilizes the filler material, and biologically deodorizing the malodorous gas by contacting the filler. EXAMPLE - A horizontal bio-deodorizer provided with filler having obtained by adhering water absorptive polymers formed by polymerizing sodium polyacrylate cross-linked material, polyvinyl alcohol gel containing 3% boric acid solution, and sodium polyacrylate at 45 degrees C for 30 minutes, on a fibrous filler material having manufactured using polyester fiber. The filler was arranged on a frame work, continuously sprinkled with water at a velocity of 3 l/m2 and continuously supplied with sludge having malodorous gas containing 5 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 2 ppm of methyl mercaptan and 1 ppm of methyl sulfide at 20-25 degrees C. After one week, 90% of hydrogen sulfide was removed and after 3 weeks, acclimatization of hydrogen sulfide was 99%. The filler enabled effective and slow bio-degradation of methyl sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The evaporation promotion liquid contains 3-9C paraffin hydrocarbon having hydrogen substituted by methyl group, benzene, 6C acetate compound, 6C ether compound, furfural or acetal, preferably 6-8C paraffin hydrocarbon. The nanoparticle is organic dye such as phthalocyanine type pigment and quinacridone type pigment, or polymer such as polydiacetylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticle: The nanoparticle is inorganic oxide such as silica, metal such as gold and silver, or semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is chosen from zeolite having FAU, BEA, LTL, MOR, MTW, GME, OFF, MFI, MEL, FER, TON, MTT and LTA structure. Preferred Metal: The metal amine complex ion is silver, copper, cobalt, nickel and/or zinc amine complex ion, preferably silver amine complex ion and/or copper amine complex ion. Preferred Properties: The area ratio of metal aggregated on zeolite surface is 0.01 or less for a metal load of 1 mass%, preferably 5-30 mass%. The metal has a diameter of 2 nm or more. The content of an alkali metal in the metal ion-exchange zeolite is 2 mass% or less. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method further involves drying and baking at 500degreesC or less. Preferred Catalyst: The partial-oxidation modification catalyst, auto thermal modification catalyst or water vapor modification catalyst is a ruthenium-type or a nickel-type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel is liquefied petroleum gas, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene, light oil, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane and/or butene. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (3.5) was dissolved in 100 ml of water, and 30 mass% aqueous ammonia (5) was added to the obtained solution, and stirred to obtain solution containing silver amine complex ion. 500degreesC baking product (20) of HSZ-930NHA (beta-type zeolite) having aluminum content of 2.5 mass% and sodium content of 0.02 mass%, was supplied to the obtained solution. Ion-exchange treatment of the obtained slurry kept at 50degreesC was performed for 4 hours, and stirred. Solid substance was filtered, water-washed, dried at 120degreesC and baked at 400degreesC or more for 3 hours to obtain silver exchange beta-type zeolite having silver content of 6.4 mass%, sodium content of 0.02 mass% and aluminum content of 2.5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Water is used to produce hydrogen fuel on the spot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The air permeability of the tarpaulin material is specified in ISO 9237 (1995).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tarpaulin material incorporates a micro-porous membrane of oriented PTFE, polyester, PVC, polyvinylidene chloride, polyurethane, and the like. The textile layer of the tarpaulin is of polyester, polyacrylate, polypropylene, polyamide, polyethylene, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The production method further involves isolating hydrogen and carbon monoxide contained in the mixed gas, converting carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and removing carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Unit: The conversion unit is water vapor modification reaction device.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus further has a conversion unit used for converting carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, between collection unit and conversion unit, which is used for converting hydrocarbon into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. EXAMPLE - Biomass raw material (Japanese-cedar wood meal having particle size of 1 mm) was gasified at 1000degreesC, and mixed gas containing hydrogen, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide was obtained. The obtained mixed gas was purified by carrying out bubbling of caustic soda. Hydrocarbon was converted to hydrogen and carbon monoxide using nickel-type catalyst having alumina support at 730degreesC. Finally, the mixed gas contained hydrogen (99%), carbon monoxide (0.1%) and carbon dioxide (0.2%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen storage material consists of magnesium or titanium group storage material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The first stage culture is carried out by optionally stirring at a speed of 50 rpm or less. The natural-rubber processed material is in the shape of fragments.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The natural-rubber decomposition microbe is Nocardia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The activated earth is acid-treated bentonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The pressure during the seed material introduction corresponds to the counter pressure of the substrate which acts on the perforated cover. The perforated cover has a perforated part which is larger than the surface of the feed line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Apparatus: The sediment trap is linked to the rising cylinder. The reactor chamber has a heater and maintains the temperature at 20-40degreesC. The jets discharge a combination of methane and/or part-fermented beet silage drawn from the reactor (1) in a closed circuit at a pressure of 2-7 bar. The jets are arranged in rows on the reactor base, each jet serving a floor area of 3-7 m2. The jets are regulated and drive sediment towards the sediment trap. The incoming mixture contains 20-75 wt.% beet silage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The jets discharge gas and/or substrate at a pressure of 2-7 bar. The sediment trap is a depression within the reactor floor. The incoming unfermented raw material includes 20-75 wt.% beet silage. Fermentation is effected at 20-40degreesC. The reactor has at least two jets which are regulated in accordance with the temperature and pressure in the reactor. The jets are operated at intervals that are varied in accordance with target temperature and pressure thresholds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A dosing pipe (8) and a fuel dosing unit (2) are joined together by an adapter (6) in a hydraulically tight or detachable manner. The adapter has an air feed (9) connecting the adapter with the dosing pipe. The heating element is electrically operated and heated. The heating element is secured using a fixing element (3) made from plastic, immersion resin or ceramic. The dosing unit is a fuel injection valve, preferably a low pressure fuel injection valve operated at pressures of up to 10 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (d), the alcohol is removed by distillation or microfiltration. The alcoholic solution (50 wt./wt.%) of (M1) is formed by dissolving or agitating (M1) in a similar volume of alcohol. Steps (a) and (b) are performed under reflux conditions. The residual acid remaining in the solution resulting from (d) or the alkyl ester resulting from step (e) is neutralized to pH of 6 - 7 by treating the solution or the alkyl ester with a weak base, or by other acid removal processes such as microfiltration or ion-exchange.Preferred Components: The alcohol has a low boiling point, and is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol including n-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol or tert-butyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is a strong inorganic acid selected from sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and/or perchloric acid. The concentrated alkoxide solution comprises 10 wt./wt.% of alkali metal alkoxide (e.g. sodium and/or potassium hydroxide, or sodium or potassium) dissolved in alcohol. EXAMPLE - To a single-phase methanolic solution (1:1 vol./vol.) of grease trap waste (800 ml) in methanol (800 ml), was added concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) (8.5 g), and refluxed for 30 minutes. A solution (10 wt./wt.%) of NaOH in methanol (160 ml) was then added to the stirred refluxing methanolic solution such that the final pH of 12 was obtained. Concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) (21 ml) was then added to the stirred refluxing methanolic solution such that its pH reduces to 2. Excess methanol was removed by distillation. The resulting methyl esters (825 ml) were separated from a semisolid basal residue (64.5 g) by decantation and finally filtered to remove final sediment. The process gave 91% conversion of waste trap grease to methyl esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The air is removed from the process equipment via vacuum prior to the introduction of helium gas. It is replaced with the helium via density exchange. The helium is provided from purification system(s) connected to and integrated with the process equipment. The process produces an atomized metal and contaminated argon gas. Preferred Component: The process equipment includes melt chamber(s) and an atomization tower. It is chemical vapor deposition equipment, cold spray forming equipment, thermal spray equipment, metal casting equipment, ceramic processing equipment, plasma arc equipment, or vacuum equipment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The process gas is argon, nitrogen, and/or endo gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide electrode body is formed from La(1-x)-Ax-CrO3.A = strontium, calcium or magnesium; andx = 0 - 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus : The organic material is combined with the liquid in a mixer tank (18) to form a sludge which is supplied via a feed pipe (26) to a sealable and essentially gastight reactor provided with a stirrer (10), an inlet (4) for the sludge and outlets (6, 8) for the biogas and rotting sludge. Preferred Method: The organic material comprises grain and/or dried grain husks, preferably corn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous alkali solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.Preferred Amount: The concentration of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is 0.1-3 (0.2-1.2) %, by weight. EXAMPLE - Purple shellfish (500 g) and 1 %, by weight sodium hydroxide solution (1 l) were subjected to electrolysis using pair of carbon electrodes under condition of DC9V-5A. After 2 hours the shellfish shell and shellfish solution were separated and weight of shellfish was measured. The shellfish was again immersed in the liquid and dissolution of shellfish meat was evaluated by gravimetric method. The result showed that the dissolution of shellfish meat per 100 g of shellfish by performing electrolysis for 2 hours was 50.3 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The activation microparticle group consists of calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The activation microparticle group consists of a metal powder consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, or its mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The activation microparticle group consists of fine coal powder of the size which is suitable for adsorption of the methane-fermentation microbes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal used for hydrogen generation, is iron, tin, magnesium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, scandium, nickel, copper, rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, or it's oxide or combinations of the above metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The intermediate reservoir has a heat exchanger (28) connected to a unit for burning biogas from the main reservoir. The intermediate reservoir is constant-pressure reservoir and has means for increasing the pressure. The biogas lines have valves by which the intermediate reservoir can be connected to either side of the base plate as required.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reformer has a diameter on the burner side which is larger than the diameter of the burner. The heat exchanger is between the diameter of the reformer and the diameter of the burner. The housing element is formed as a lid of a housing (6) holding the device. The heat exchanger is made from a pipeline (7) which is connected to the housing element. The pipeline partially surrounds the burner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The catalyst is obtained by drying and calcining either:(a) a composition obtained by co-precipitating salts of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cerium (Ce) and optionally also lanthanum (La) with an alkali precipitating agent such as sodium (bi)carbonate;(b) a composition obtained by impregnating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with a solution of salts of Cu, Ce and optionally also La; or(c) a composition obtained by impregnating a carrier such as zirconium dioxide with a solution of salts of Cu, Ce, Mn and optionally La and fixing these onto the carrier optionally using a precipitating agent.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst can contain Ce (5-40, especially 7.5-10, atom %), Cu (5-60, especially 15-30, atom %) and Mn (30-90, especially 55-77, atom %) optionally together with La (as LaO2) at 2-5 atom % and/or alkali(ne earth) or rare earth oxides at 0.2-5 atom %. The Cu may be up 10 atom % replaced by cobalt, iron, nickel and/or zinc and the Ce may be wholly or partly replaced by zirconium or praseodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: (C1) Further comprises alkali metal or alkaline earth metal promoter (preferably lithium).Preferred Components: The surface area of (M1) is 100 m2/g. The weight ratio of silica and alumina is 1:1 - 5:100. The loading of (P1) is 0.5 - 10 wt.% based on the weight of (S1). (P1) Are rhodium particles or platinum-rhodium alloy particles (preferably rhodium particles). (S2) Is monolith, foam, static mixture or heat exchanger unit (preferably ceramic and metallic). The amount of catalyst on the support is 0.03 - 0.3 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - A test catalyst (C1) comprising (wt.%): ceria and zirconia on silica-alumina (30) and rhodium lithium promoter (2) was deposited onto cordierite monoliths with cell density 900 cells/square inch. The monoliths were cored to give catalyzed component (C2). Pre-heated mix of steam was passed over (C2) at a gas hourly space velocity of 75000 per hour. The temperature at the gas outlet was ramped from 700 - 760degreesC during the course of the 6 hour test. Comparative example comprising (wt.%): ceria and zirconia on alumina (30) and rhodium lithium promoter (2) was also tested similarly. The sulfur tolerance test results showed the non-methane hydrocarbon level of less than 50 ppm for the test catalyst and above 300 ppm for the comparative at 700degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The molded gasket and the sealant is made of thermoplastic olefin elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, plastomer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polypropylene, polystyrene, epoxy resins, urethanes, silicones, fluorosilicones or vinyl esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The catalytic reforming is carried out adiabatically and the reformate mixture has a temperature of 650-850 degrees C at the outlet of the first stage of the autothermal reforming step.The reformate mixture has a temperature of 400-650 degrees C at the outlet of the second stage of the autothermal reforming step. The reformate mixture has a residual hydrocarbon content of 0.5-10 vol.% at the outlet of the autothermal reforming step.Catalysts arranged on supports are used in both steps.The catalysts are made from Rh, Pt or Pd fixed on oxidic support materials. The fuel gas is fed directly to the gas purification step after reforming without using a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The liquid effluent comprises at least one fatty acid. The biodegradable solids comprise a material selected from manure, food processing wastes and/or energy crops. The photosynthetic bacteria comprise at least one of an axenic culture and a mixed culture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The projections have an ambient environment of ethyl alcohol, methane or carbon monoxide etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface-active compound is a compound with an -OH functional group, preferably methanol, butanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, or glycerine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The auxiliary fuel includes a compound consisting of metal hydrides, hydrazine, or compounds having a nitrogen-nitrogen single bond, preferably lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, dimethyl amino borohydride, sodium aluminum hydride, diborane, sodium cyano borohydride, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, or sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxo) dihydridaluminate. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, preferably potassium hydroxide.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises 3-12M preferably 6M of potassium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - A fuel cell was constructed in which both anode and cathode had an area of 4 cm, 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) was put in an electrolyte chamber (18) and a mixture of 20 % methanol and 80 % of 3 M KOH solution was put in a fuel chamber (22). The current at 0.5 V was measured and found to be 5 +/- 1 mA for 60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: In (I), the crusher (4) actuated in the windmill part, crushes the introduced plant waste material and supplies to the fermentation machine. (I) has water replenishment unit (6) for replenishes water to the plant waste material in the fermentation machine. The windmill unit has propeller (7) rotated by a natural wind, and the shaft and gearwheel, which transmits the rotational force obtained by the propeller, as driving force. The crusher is equipped with crushing roller (12), which crushes the plant waste material. The fermentation machine is covered with heat insulating material, while the upper surface is open and arranged under the crusher. The fermentation machine is equipped with many fins (18), which stirs the introduced crushed waste material. The water replenishment unit comprises adjustment valve (22), which controls water flow from the tank (20) collected with rain water, so that the rain water supplied through dripping piping (21) may not exceed in amount for fermenting plant waste material. The rainwater is supplied from the tank having collecting surface, where the rainwater is dripped at the plant waste material in the fermentation machine through dripping piping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The wood-type waste material is made into fibrous material by crushing. The specific surface area (area per weight) of the wood-type waste material after crushing is more than 1 m2/g. 50 mass% or more of crushed material of wood-type waste material has fiber diameter of less than 0.05 mmphi. The wood-type waste material is heat processed at 80-200 degrees Centigrade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: In (M1), the combustion apparatus burns the gas produced by methane fermentation. The temperature in the solubilization tank is measured and the temperature of the waste gas from the combustion apparatus is controlled such that the temperature in the solubilization tank is suitable for solubilizing organic substance. In the combustion apparatus, a portion of the waste gas is cooled and set as cooling waste gas. The temperature of the supplied waste gas in the solubilization tank is controlled by mixing the cooling waste gas with the other portion of waste gas, which is not subjected to cooling. In (M1), the potential heat of waste gas from the combustion apparatus is recovered by circulating water in the water-storage tank (19). The circulating load of water is adjusted based on the temperature in the solubilization tank, to control the temperature of waste gas. The oxygen concentration in the waste gas emitted from solubilization tank is measured, and the amount of waste gas from combustion apparatus is controlled to decrease the oxygen concentration. Before introducing the solubilized substance to methane-fermentation tank, the solubilized substance is stored in the storage tank, the waste gas from the solubilization tank is supplied to storage tank and the solubilized substance is stirred.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The physiology characteristic test result of the microorganisms includes biochemical test and fermentation/oxidation test. The test result of the biochemical properties of the microorganism include beta-galactosidase negative, arginine dihydrase negative, lysine decarboxylase negative, ornithine decarboxylase negative, utility of a citric acid positive, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production negative, urease negative, tryptophan deaminase negative, indole production negative, acetoin production negative, gelatinase negative, oxidase negative, NO2 production negative and reduction to nitrogen gas negative. The test result of the fermentation/oxidation properties of the microorganism include glucose positive, D-mannitol positive, inositol negative, D-sorbitol negative, L-rhamnose positive, saccharose negative, D-melibiose positive, D-amygdalin positive, L-arabinose positive, oxidation in oxidation/fermentation culture medium positive and fermentation in oxidation/fermentation culture medium negative. The base sequence of 16SrDNA of the microorganisms, comprises a fully defined sequence of 1494 base pairs as given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The temperatures (T2,T3) of the metal hydride are measured in the supply region and are set to 73 degrees C and 80 degrees C, respectively. The pressure (P2) of the reaction container is set to 0.66 MPa. The allowable lower and upper limits of temperature and pressure are set to T1 and T4, P1 and P3 such that T1 is less than T2, T3 and T4 and P1 is less than P2 and P3. The optimal zone (A0) is set using the pressure and temperature co-ordinates. The pressure in the reaction container is set to P, such that P2 at most P at most P3 and the temperature of the metal hydride is set to T, such that T1 at most T at most T3 in the optimal zone. The temperature T1, T4 are set to 50 degrees C and 110 degrees C, respectively. The pressure P1 and P3 are set to 0.2 MPa and 1 MPa, respectively.Preferred Metal Hydride: The metal hydride is selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydride (MgH2), hydride of sodium and boron (NaBH4), hydride of lithium and boron (LiBH4), hydride of magnesium and boron (Mg(BH4)2, hydride of sodium and aluminum (NaAlH4), hydride of lithium and aluminum (LiAlH4), hydride of magnesium and aluminum (MgAlH4) and hydride of sodium (NaH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: A firing unit (15), a vapor producing boiler (16), a vapor turbine (19) and an electrical generator (20) are used to produce electrical energy from the feed fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: At least one reactor includes a reactor zone.The reactor is constructed from hastelloy C, stainless steel, brass, borosilicate glass, silicate, sodium silicate and/or potassium silicate silica.(b) is a trap, filter and/or cyclone.The filter is selected from cartridge, bag and/or granular bed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feed gases are selected from ammonia, boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, chlorine, deuterium, hydrogen, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and/or sulfur hexafluoride.Preferred Process: At least 1 feed gas is heated to greater than 350 degreesC and is fed into the reactor with at least one inert gas (preferably nitrogen, argon, helium and/or neon) concurrently.Production of chloramine involves: feeding a chlorine containing gas and ammonia to the first and the second feed gas tube respectively; reacting both the gases to form chlorine gas; and flowing the chlorine gas to at least one (b).The chlorine containing gas is fed to the reaction zone at a flow rate 0.001 - 0.1 ft3/minutes.Ammonia is fed to the reaction zone at a flow rate 0.002 - 0.2 ft3/minutes.The process further involves feeding the inert gas at a flow rate 0.1 - 1 ft3/minute to the reaction zone concurrently with the chlorine containing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feed gases are selected from acetylene, butadiene, butane, butene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, cis-2-butene, dimethylamine, dimethyl ether, ethylene, isobutene, isobutylene, methane, ethane, methyl bromide, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, methyl mercaptan, (tri)methylamine, (perfluoro)propane, propylene and/or trans-2-butene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The combustible gasses are scrubbed in at least one scrubber preferably with calcium hydroxide and/or sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The pressure drop in extraction device is higher than in the feed device. The feed device comprises a feed manifold and at least one distributing channel. The extraction device comprises a discharge manifold and at least one collecting channel. The pressure drop is concentrated within the channels. The pressure inside the current collectors/distributors in correspondence of the active area is equivalent to the pressure in the feed device. At least one collecting channel has lower passage section and higher length than at least one distributing channel. An amount of collecting channels is lower than the distributing channel. An elementary cell comprises sealing gaskets having centering holes symmetrical with respect to the vertical axis and asymmetrical with respect to the horizontal axis. At least one collecting channel is made hydrophobic by applying suspensions of fluorinated polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorinated polymer is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoroethylene copolymer or perfluoroalkoxy derivatives. The channels are obtained in the interior of sealing gaskets or in the interior of bipolar plates delimiting the elementary cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The organic waste in the process of treating waste is animal waste. The first inoculum includes one or more of Chromatium, Rhodospirillum, Chlorobium, Chloroflexus and Thiobacillus. The second inoculum includes one or more of Bacillus, Desulfotomaculum, Clostridium, and Deimococcaeceae, preferably including one or more species of Bacillus. The second inoculum also includes a mixture of B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquidifaciens, and B. subtilis. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Lytic enzymes, bacteria and a batch reactor processing system used in the processes are also disclosed.    EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Properties: An upper face of the circumferential wall (11) constituting the intake is formed as a smooth surface, and the outer circumference of the porous film is tightly fastened to the upper face of the circumferential wall. A protective cap is provided over the porous film, with a space being secured to let the external atmosphere flow in over the porous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous film is formed of PTFE resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming catalyst is selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver and combinations. The crystal stabilizer is selected from barium, strontium, lanthanum, praseodymium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and combinations. The support comprises a substrate selected from cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum, ferrous material, glass and combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process further comprises using the synthesis gas as a heat source for the vessel; condensing the drum gas; recovering any uncondensed gas; subjecting the drum gas to a second plasma arc to convert gas to materials comprising molten material, and/or synthesis gas; separating the synthesis gas from the combined gas mixture to produce a second synthesis gas stream; and subjecting the combined gas stream to a second plasma arc where the combined gas stream is converted to materials comprising molten material and/or synthesis gas. The heating is carried out by passing the synthesis gas around the outside of the vessel or by passing the synthesis gas into the vessel where the synthesis gas mixes with the drum gas to form a combined gas mixture. The second synthesis gas stream is produced by, condensing at least a portion of the drum gas from the combined gas mixture. Preferred Function: The synthesis gas is used as the heat source for the vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The reactor is arranged at the upstream side of a combustion gas flow path (14,15). The evaporator (5) is arranged at the downstream side of the combustion gas flow path. The modifier further comprises a combustion catalyst arranged either at vicinity of the combustion gas flow path or at the surface of the evaporator. A predetermined fin is arranged at the surface of the evaporator. A supply unit to feed air for combustion of fuel using a burner (8), is arranged at vicinity of combustion gas flow path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The pitch is mesophase pitch obtained by polymerizing a substance containing condensation polycyclic aromatic compound using hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride as a catalyst. EXAMPLE - alpha, alpha'-azobisisobutyronitrile (0.78 g) was dissolved in styrene (10 g). AR-HP (TM) (naphthalene raw material mesophase pitch) (10 g) having softening point of 290 degrees C was added in the obtained solution, and was swollen. Dispersion and degassing were performed ultrasonically. The mixture was heated at 80degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was polymerized for 4 hours, and vacuum drying was performed after volatilizing residual monomer at 150 C. A carbon material precursor was obtained. The obtained precursor was ground to 90 mum or less, and was insoluble at 300 degrees C in muffle furnace under air circulation. The ground precursor was further heated to 700 degrees C under nitrogen distribution, and maintained for 1 hour. The precursor was carbonized with carbonization yield of 73 %. The precursor was then activated with yield of 56 %, to obtain activated carbon. An electrode was obtained using the activated carbon, and a capacitor was produced. The capacitor had electrostatic capacitance of 8.8 F/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen accepting material contains the compound which chemically bonds with hydrogen.The accepting material and supply composition have pour point of -30 degrees C or less.The compound which chemically bonds with hydrogen is a mixture of compound selected from C11-16 alkyl decalin, C11-16 alkyl tetralin, or C9-13 alkyl cyclohexane, or comprises a mixture of C11-16 alkyl naphthalene, C11-16 alkyl tetralin, or C9-13 alkyl benzene.The hydrogen accepting material has very small amount of sulfur and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The shift catalyst contains zirconium, vanadium or niobium, and at least one of tantalum, cerium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and/or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fibers: The vegetable fiber is obtained from wild grass, rice, wheat, hemp, cotton, vegetables, trees, bamboo, corn, sugarcane, paper, and/or pulp. The animal fiber is obtained from animal hair, feather, cocoon, and/or thread of spider.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is acrylic type resin, polyester group resin, polyethylene group resin, and/or polypropylene resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon-containing material has a hydrogen absorbing power of 5% or more, by mass.Preferred Method: The synthetic-resin type fiber is impregnated with an aqueous solution of water-soluble salt(s) of iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and dried to precipitate the salt at the fiber surface and at the interfiber. The salt is converted into a metal while carbonizing the fiber by further heating the fiber in an anaerobic environment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Container: The container is equipped with a heating-cooling unit for introduction of hydrogen gas, a vent hole for emission, and a temperature control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: (I) enables to degrade carbon containing objects e.g., general waste, industrial waste and biomass resources. (I) further comprises carbonization apparatus that produces carbonization gas and carbide material. The carbonized material and residue produced by the carbonization apparatus, are used effectively as fuel and resources of restoration gasified melting furnace. (I) further comprises steam generator that generates water vapor by utilizing the heat of high temperature gas generated in restoration gasification melting furnace. The heat of water vapor generated by the steam generator is utilized effectively for the carbonization apparatus or biomass-energy apparatus. The energy resources e.g., reducing gas, generated by gasified melting furnace and energy resource generated by oil-formation and biomass-energy apparatus, are utilized effectively by the carbonization apparatus. The biomass-energy apparatus is a methane-fermentation apparatus that generates methane gas. The heat generated by the methane-fermentation apparatus, is utilized to ferment methane. The carbonization apparatus utilizes effectively the high temperature waste gas generated by gasified melting furnace and oil-formation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The lactone-type resin is polycaprolactone.Preferred Amounts: The mixture molded as cylindrical net-like support contains 0-80 weight parts (wt.pts) of polybutylene type resin and 10-50 wt.pts of talc with respect to 100 wt.pts of lactone-type resins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Support: The microbial support further contains denitrifying bacteria as carbon source and has specific gravity of 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The paper diapers are steamed in a sealed pressurized container at 150-250 degreesC at a pressure of 15-25 kg/cm2. The used paper diapers are placed in the container along with sawdust (4). The steamed substance is then fermented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The conversion of methane is carried out at a temperature between 25-90 degrees Centigrade and in the presence of thiosulfate. The sulfur compounds are reduced to sulfide using a sulfate-reducing species. The metals are reduced from a high valence state to a low-valence or zero-valence state.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The methane-oxidizing bacteria comprise thermotoga species. The thermotoga species comprises T. maritima or T. lettingae. The sulfur compounds comprises sulfate and/or sulfite. The anaerobic methane-oxidizing species comprise thermotoga, thermosipho, or fervidobacterium species. The sulfate-reducing species comprise an archaeglobus, desulfotomaculum, desulforomonas, desulfovibrio, or thermodesulfovibrio species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a recycle transfer line in fluid communication with the secondary feed-retentate chamber and adapted to return a recycle stream of gas permeated through the membrane of the secondary gas separation module into the feed mixture. It comprises pressure swing adsorption units connected in parallel fluid communication in a manner adapted to transfer the feed mixture through the bed of at least one active pressure swing adsorption unit and into the feed-retentate chamber of the primary gas separation module, and to simultaneously transfer the permeate gas from the primary gas separation module through the bed of at least one regenerating pressure swing adsorption unit other than the active unit. The adsorbent particles comprise adsorbent materials consisting of activated alumina, silica gel, and/or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen gas generator additionally comprises a valve disposed in the capillary flow channel for controlling the flow of water from the water storage cavity to the fuel storage cavity, where the rate of hydrogen gas generation is controlled; and a pump for pumping water from the water-storage cavity to the fuel-storage cavity.Preferred Components: The micro-disperse particles of sodium borohydride has a metal catalyst incorporated into the particles. The water comprises nanoparticles of a metal catalyst suspended in to the water. The valve comprises a normally-closed MEMS valve activated by an actuator selected from bimetallic or bimorph actuators. The thickness of the substrate is at most 400 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a material selected from monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon or silicon nitride. The substrate comprises silicon. The cover lid comprises a borosilicate glass. The cover lid is anodically bonded to the substrate. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed is a method for generation of hydrogen gas by contacting water with microdisperse particles of sodium borohydride in the presence of catalyst (preferably cobalt or ruthenium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fill vessel is made up from metal and heat resistant, and thermally conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The outer wall is made of a fibrous synthetic material and the inner liner is made of high-density polyethylene plastic.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms are Bacillus licheniformis SIID1777-4b (FERM P-18990), Bacillus SIID1777-2b (FERM P-19049), Bacillus SIID1777-3b (FERM P-19050), Bacillus SIID1777-5b (FERM P-19051) and/or Bacillus SIID1777-6b (FERM P-19052).Preferred Method: The deodorant is sprayed in exhaust gas blower. The deodorant is sprayed during exhaust gas emitted from suction unit of sanitation vehicle. EXAMPLE - 10 g of livestock-feed additives and 100 g of treacle as nutrient of source of carbon and nitrogen were added to 20 l of fresh water which does not contain chlorine, stirred and cultured at 25-55 degreesC to viable count of 1 x 107-1 x 108 CFU/ml in 12-24 hours and the obtained culture solution was diluted to obtain a deodorant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The plant waste material processing agent further contains an aqueous solution containing a nutrient or base material such as sawdust, chaff, buckwheat chaff, maize bran, rice bran, deciduous soil, humus, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, bentonite, zeolite, amber soil, soil, sand, peat, charcoal, activated carbon, coal or coke, blended with dried microbial cells or spores. EXAMPLE - Microbispora sp. (FERM P-19097), Microbispora sp. (FERM P-19098), Microbispora sp. (FERM P-19099), Microtetraspora sp. (FEPM P-19100), Microtetraspora sp. (FEPM P-19101) and Streptomyces sp. (FEPM P-19102) were separately inoculated into culture medium containing (in g) crystalline cellulose (5), ammonium nitrate (1), phosphoric acid dihydrogen sodium (0.5), potassium chloride (1.7), magnesium sulfate (0.05), ferrous sulfate (0.01), calcium carbonate (0.02), yeast extract (0.5), thiamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg), riboflavin (0.5 mg), nicotinic acid (0.5 mg), pyridoxine hydrochloride (0.5 mg), inositol (0.5 mg), calcium pantothenate (0.5 mg), p-aminobenzonic acid (0.5 mg) and biotin (0.25 mg) dissolved in purified water (1 l). The microbes were cultivated under aerobic conditions at 45degreesC. One part of the extract was collected after 7 days and reducing sugar content was determined by phenol sulfuric acid method. The results showed that the microbes had excellent cellulose decomposing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The molded product, which comprises the decomposed product contains a cellulose property fiber assembly. The compact is molded in the growth seedling pot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: Platinum, aluminum and/or palladium are added during formation of precursor solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solid Fuel: The heat of combustion of the solid fuel is measured by using a package containing firing sheet having firing material and the molded product or press-forming product. The solid fuel formed into cube shape, has size of 30-500 mm. The solid fuel has regulated burning time.Preferred Process: (In wt.%) especially polyethylene terephthalate resin waste material (30-60) and polyethylene and/or polypropylene waste material (70-40) are ground simultaneously or separately, and mixed. Especially, polyethylene and/or polypropylene (60-30) and another thermoplastic resin (10-20) are mixed with respect to the polyethylene terephthalate resin (30-60). The binding material and odor component are injected into the pulverized mixture. The mixture is passed into a metallic mold (4) or press-forming machine to form the molded product or press-forming product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of trimethyl pentane in the composition is 40-90 (preferably 60-90) vol.%. The composition comprises (vol.%) alkylate (at most 90), isomerate and/or isopentane (at most 40, preferably less than 20), aromatics (at most 30, preferably at most 25).Preferred Property: The composition has a MON of at least 93 (preferably at least 94). The alkylate has a boiling point of at most 170 degrees C.Preferred Component: The composition further comprises anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers, biofuel and additives to reduce valve seat recession.Preferred Material: The anti-oxidants are hindered phenols. The lubricity improvers are acids, esters and/or amides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The additives to reduce valve seat recession are phosphorus, potassium and/or sodium based valve seat recession additives. EXAMPLE - An aviation gasoline composition was prepared by blending (vol.%) alkylate (24), naphtha (2.4), toluene (8), isopentane (16) and iso-octane (49.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Ingredients: The conventional grass based feed includes lucerne hay.Preferred Method: The pre-treatment step is effected by suspending the grape seed and/or grape husks in a suspension that is inoculated with the bacteria prior to drying. The grape seeds and grape husks have been dried, milled and pelleted to 1 mm in diameter for admixture with the conventional grass based feed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacteria are at least one or a mixture of tannin-hydrolyzing lactic acid bacteria. The bacteria includes Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus caprinus, or Streptococcus gallolyticus. EXAMPLE - Mixed animal feed was prepared comprising 87.5% lucerne hay and 12.5% grape pips and husks that were previously treated with tannin-hydrolyzing bacteria. This feed had a chemical composition comprising 92.1% dry matter, 89.4% organic matter, 10.6% ash, 17.9% crude protein, 43.4% neutral detergent fiber, 34.5% acid detergent fiber, 4.3% CP-ADF, 3.4% ether extract, and 2.4% total condensed tannins. Dohne merino ram lamb was fed with the above mixture. Results showed a dry matter intake of 1916 g/day, water intake of 7.49 l/day, blood urea nitrogen of 7.4 mg/100 ml, total protein of 67.5 mg/100 ml, creatinine of 122.0 mg/100 ml, aspartate aminotransferase of 93.3 units/l, and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of 70.0 units/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The pores are dimensioned to inhibit fuel solution from passing from the fuel holding chamber to the hydrogen chamber. The pores have a cross section as a function of the fuel solution and material forming the divider. The pores may have varying cross section. The pores are dimensioned based upon the equation stating that the break through pressure is equal to twice the product of the interfacial tension between the two phases in the pore and cosine of the contact angle measured from the pore wall to the tangent of the 2 phase interface drawn from the three phase contact point at the pore wall into the pore fluid divided by the pore radius. The pores are oriented parallel to each other. The first exterior surface is hydrophilic. The second surface is hydrophobic. The housing comprises a structure capable of raising the pressure within the fuel holding chamber. The structure capable of raising the pressure comprises a movable wall of the fuel holding chamber used to move inwardly exert a force against the fuel solution within the fuel holding chamber. The movable wall comprises a spring biased plate. The pore has conical cross section. The divider comprises hollow fiber (18) or set(s) of flat plates. The set(s) of flat plates comprise hydrophilic plate, catalyst containing plate with pores containing the catalyst, and hydrophobic sheet held together.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium or zinc. The reducing agent is chemical hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactors: The lining material is of Group VIII metal, preferably iron, nickel or cobalt (or an alloy containing at least 80% of these elements), especially carbon steel. Preferred Process: The gas to be reformed consists of linear, branched or cyclic, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic 1-12C hydrocarbons (optionally substituted, specifically by alcohol, carboxylic acid, ketone, epoxide, ether, peroxide, amino, nitro, cyano, diazo, azide, oxime or halo functions), preferably having a boiling point of less than 200 (especially less than 100)degreesC, especially 1-12C alkanes (or mixtures), natural gas, biogas, methanol or ethanol. The oxidant gas is one or more of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and nitrogen oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The air supply is provided to the manifold with a pump. The pump characteristics are taken into account in varying the air supply to the manifold. The calculation of air supply is based on a system map relating an air supply level to a current mode of operation of the fuel reforming system. The air inlet points comprise at least two air inlets into at least one (preferably 2-6) preferential oxidation apparatuses. At least one of the air inlet points is supplying air to a fuel cell anode. The air supplied to the air inlet point can be shut off by a controller.Preferred Components: The manifold is configured such that a certain percentage of air is sent to a first air inlet in a first stage PrOx reactor, a certain percentage of air is sent to a second air inlet in a second stage PrOx reactor and the remainder of air is sent to an exit of the PrOx reactor or to an anode air bleed. Three fixed size orifices are in the manifold or the fixed dimension flow path. The orifices are sized such that 70% of air flowing out of the manifold goes to the first stage PrOx reactor, 20% goes to the second stage and 10% goes to the PrOx exit or to the anode air bleed. The orifice sizes are 0.035 inch for the first stage reactor, 0.016 inch for the second stage reactor and 0.011 inch for the PrOx exit or the anode air bleed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The spraying device is a pump spraying device or an aerosol spraying device. The aerosol spraying device comprises a gaseous propellant contained within the device. The pressure exerted by the propellant is less than 2000 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sweetening solution further comprises a preservative and/or a buffer. The high intensity sweetener is selected from sucralose, aspartame, neotame, acesulfame, and/or saccharin.The solvent is water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and/or propylene glycol.The propellant is butane, propane, isobutane, nitrous oxide, and/or carbon dioxide.Preferred Composition: The sweetening composition comprises 0.01-30 wt.% high intensity sweetener solution. It may additionally comprise flavor(s) (0.01-10, preferably 0.01-30 wt.% of the high intensity sweetener concentrate).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sweetening composition further comprises an antifoam agent, preferably simethicone, dimethicone and/or polydimethylsiloxane. ADMINISTRATION - The sweetening composition is delivered, optionally in combination with flavors, in the form of a spray or aerosol to foods just prior to their consumption.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The storage liquid is a liquid in which water and alkali metal are mixed with the volume ratio of water not being lower.Preferred Components: The alkali metal is metallic sodium, the storage liquid is petroleum, and the peroxide is hydrogen-peroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A portion of liquid sludge water (105) in the digested sludge is utilized as a diluted water of methane fermentation raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The processing equipment has a pipe from UV radiation device connected to slurry adjustment tank. A portion of sludge water is returned to the slurry adjustment tank. The apparatus has a reflecting plate, which reflects light from ultraviolet ray lamp inside the UV radiation device. The reflecting plate is placed on a transparent sheet(s). The apparatus comprises a transparent cylinder containing several numbers of cylindrical ultraviolet ray lamps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Preferably, the substituent Ln is lanthanum, A is strontium, B is magnesium, and C is cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bed material is a granule, which contains calcium carbonate and/or calcium oxide. The organic-component gasification catalysts are alkalinities, such as potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A crack is self-reproduced by continuing crack and destruction on inner surface of the metal material by volume expansion resulting from the reaction product of the corrosion reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Material: The metal material is aluminum industrial waste, such as waste of industrial aluminum material or aluminum alloy, and cutting waste.Preferred Composition: Water does not contain ionic impurity and organic molecule. Pure water has insulation resistance value of 10 mega ohms or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first power generator is solid oxide fuel cell, and the second power generator is polymer electrolyte or phosphoric acid fuel cell. The fuel cell power generating system further comprises determining element whether the output power of the first power generator increases or decreases. It also includes an element for decreasing an amount of air supplied to the first power generator when the output power of the first power generator increases, or increasing the amount of air when the output power of the first power generator decreases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first and second catalyst portions are provided in a first and a second housing (12), the first housing being upstream of the second housing, the housings connected by a flow path for the passage of gas from the first housing to the second housing. They are provided in a common housing, with the first catalyst being upstream of the second catalyst. Each of the first and second catalyst portions comprises a mixture of a low-lightoff temperature catalyst and a high-lightoff temperature catalyst, the first catalyst portion comprising a higher percentage of low-lightoff temperature catalyst than the second catalyst portion.Preferred Parameter: The difference between the first and second lightoff temperatures is at least50, preferably at least200degreesC.Preferred Method: The method comprises adding steam (22) to the mixture of air and fuel to allow reforming of fuel, over at least the first catalyst portion to produce hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Amount: The sludge mixed fertilizer comprises 40-60 wt.% of sludge, 5-15 wt.% of charcoal and 30-50 wt.% of wood chips. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. The sludge mixed fertilizer containing 40% wood chips, 10% charcoal and 50% sludge, was applied to Brassica campestris. The growth of the plant was evaluated. The result showed that the plant growth was promoted favorably.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Sludge: The sewage sludge contains digester sludge emitted from anaerobic sewage-sludge digester (3).Preferred Method: The sludge is dried, carbonized, crushed and subjected to particle size regulation process. The carbonized material is made to contact with an oxidizing gas at predetermined temperature for predetermined time to obtain porous activated carbon. Sewage-sludge gas is made to contact the obtained porous activated carbon and siloxane compound contained in the sewage gas is removed, to purify the sewage gas
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are useful microorganisms (effective microorganisms).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: 3-5 wt.% of ceramic powder is added to the concrete and baked at 500-1300 degreesC. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is effective or beneficial microorganisms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amount: Microorganisms and/or their extracts are mixed to clay at an amount of 3-10 wt.%. 3-5 wt.% of ceramic powder is added to the above mixture and the mixture is baked at 500-1300 degreesC. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal plate is made from aluminum or aluminum alloys. The corrosion resistant coating is an anodized aluminum coating; or a hard coat anodized aluminum coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The connection port is defined by wall(s). Preferred Method: The corrosion resistant coating is applied to the walls. The corrosion resistant coating is applied to essentially all of the exposed surfaces of the manifold region and the end plate. It is applied by subjecting at least a portion of the manifold region to a process comprising chromic acid anodizing, low voltage chromic anodizing, anodizing in a non-chromic acid electrolyte, sulfuric acid anodizing, or hard coat anodizing (preferably a hard coating anodizing process). The method further comprises subjecting at least a portion of the manifold region to a sealing treatment after the coating of the corrosion resistant coating to seal at least a portion of the pores; and subjecting the manifold region to a mechanical process comprising radiusing to remove sharp edges and/or round corners. The sealing treatment comprises dichromate sealing, potassium dichromate sealing, boiling water sealing, or triethanolamine sealing Preferred Condition: The hard coat anodized aluminum coating has pores and is treated to seal at least a portion of the pores. The hard coat anodized coating has a thickness of 3-130 microns. The conformal coating has a thickness of 0.05-150 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The corrosion resistant coating is a conformal coating comprising a polymer material consisting of silicone resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, or poly para-xylene (preferably poly para-xylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred System: The microorganism is selected from Burkholderia (ATCC No. PTA-4755, 4756) and/or Sphingmonas (ATCC No. PTA-4757). The host plant is selected from alfalfa and wheat. The host plant produces at least one enzyme suitable for oxidatively degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the organic pollutant comprises a PAH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The liquid receptacle is fabricated from a fiberglass material. It is a horizontal rectangular tank having a flat bottom and an upper surface. The liquid receptacle has an intake for receiving air to the aerator, and an outlet for expressing the foliar liquid from the receptacle. The intake is a duct for transporting air from air supply mechanism. The duct has mechanism for communicating with the aerator. The aerator includes a quick-disconnect coupler (130). The air supply mechanism for supplying air is a blower adjacent the exterior of the receptacle. The outlet includes a valve to control the flow of the liquid. The particulate mechanism is a perforated receptacle sized to fit within the liquid receptacle. The perforated receptacle is a basket that is supported adjacent the upper surface of the liquid receptacle. The basket is cylindrical and is fabricated from a plastic material. The aerator includes an air diffuser (160) adjacent the bottom of the liquid receptacle. The diffuser includes a manifold (150) with a selected number of diffuser arms for covering a portion of the bottom surface of the liquid receptacle. The manifold includes a quick-disconnect coupler for connecting with the inlet (110). The apparatus also includes a lid for isolating the receptacle for receiving the liquid from ambient conditions, a base for supporting the liquid receptacle, and drain for expressing excess residue from the liquid receptacle. The drain includes a valve to control the flow of the excess particulate matter. The lid includes flange for receiving the particulate mechanism. The apparatus also includes a cover for isolating the particulate mechanism from ambient temperature, and temperature controller for maintaining the temperature within the liquid receptacle at a selected level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst is further passivated with a gas stream of oxygen and inert gas at below 50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The conductive contact layer is formed through a joining layer on the bipolar plate substrate, or is formed only on a rib face to contact a conductive gas diffusion layer of membrane-electrode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The corrosion-resisting metallic material is titanium or titanium alloys. The conductive contact layer is gold, platinum, ruthenium, or palladium. It is carbon, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium boride, or a composite of at least two of these materials. The joining layer is titanium, nickel, tantalum, niobium, or platinum, and has a thickness of 0.6-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The vehicle further comprises a fuel processor that delivers pure hydrogen to the fuel cell, outlets for delivering heated air derived from the fuel cell to areas alongside the vehicle, heat exchanger mechanism for extracting heat from the heat output of the fuel cell and for entraining the heat in air for delivery to the vehicle, a separator linked to the water outlet of the fuel cell for extracting water from the air-water mixture from the fuel cell, a reformer in the fuel processor, and storage for pure hydrogen mounted on the vehicle and linked to the fuel cell for delivery of pure hydrogen to the fuel cell. The fuel cell is a direct-fuel fuel cell. The vehicle includes a storage system for the direct-fuel mounted on the vehicle or a storage facility for storing liquefied propane aboard the vehicle. The fuel processor includes a hydrogen purifier. The vehicle further comprises a gas accumulation reservoir that receives rejected flammable gases from the hydrogen purifier and rejected hydrogen and other flammable gases from the fuel cell, for use in a burner device for producing heat. The vehicle further comprises a path from the fuel cell to a converter for changing the voltage and/or amperage of electrical power from the fuel cell, and from the converter, a path to power-consuming mechanism within or outside of the vehicle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vehicle further comprises a fuel cell including polymer electrolyte membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The vehicle further comprises a fuel cell including phosphoric acid, alkaline, solid oxides, or molten carbonate fuel cells; or in the absence of a fuel processor, the vehicle comprises pure hydrogen, metal hydrides, or a nanotube storage system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel rods are aluminum.Preferred Compound: The hydroxide solution comprises potassium hydroxide (25 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The temperature of the holding tank hydroxide solution is approximately 180 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrated borate comprises at least 2 molecules of water per molecule of borate.Preferred Process: The generation of hydrogen further includes reacting lithium borohydride with lithium metaborate octahydrate at a temperature of at least 85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The pore spacing is defined by the distance between pore edges, s, and the radius of each pore, r, can be related to the aggregate open area of the plate, f by the equation f=(pir2)/(s2), which is, in turn, related to the concentration in the anode compartment and the current density across the plate, and f is maintained at an amount that a strong drop in fuel concentration occurs across the plate while minimizing the probability of fuel starvation. The component is perforated with pores to allow the fuel to pass through the plate at a given flux that is predetermined in accordance with the relationship of cJcell = (nF)((DC/delta))f.The effective porosity defined by f is achieved by sintering metal particles or by the intrinsic or engineered porosity in a polymeric membrane. The flow of fuel is determined by the hydraulic permeability of the component Kh, which is determined, in turn by the component porosity, and a high concentration C in the anode chamber can be used for current demand Jcell = Kh.P.C, and P is the hydraulic pressure drop across the component. The plate has channels formed on an aspect that is not adjacent to the anode compartment. The channels are parallel tracks formed along one aspect of the plate. Carbon dioxide exhaust vents release carbon dioxide produced in an anodic reaction from the fuel cell.Preferred Property: The constant multiplier, c, is maintained at a value of 1.1-1.5, preferably 1.2. Neat methanol can be used with component thickness of at most1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plate is of a polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The plate is of stainless steel, silicon, carbon or graphite, or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The plate is of treated fiberglass.
ACTIVITY - Endocrine-Gen.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The coagulant is added to membrane transmissive liquid and aggregation separation of calcium ion from the liquid is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A branch of biogas is introduced to a boiler in the middle of the path which carries out a link to the cogeneration system. The generated heat is joined with the heat piping of the cogeneration system. One portion of the heat generated by the cogeneration system is supplied to the bioreactor, and is set as the heat source. The residual heat is supplied to a sludge drying machine (7) installed in the system, and is set as a dry heat source. One portion of the generated electric power is consumed as an electric power load for the system, and surplus electric power is sold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A boiler is arranged at the later flow of the gasholder. The cogeneration system is a gas engine (6) or a micro gas turbine. The sludge drying machine introduces the exhaust heat and carries out drying reduction processing. A power transmission unit (8) is provided for supplying the generated electric power to the electric power load.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metallic salt compound is intercalated by graphite at a ratio such that graphite lamellar compound has 6 mol or more of graphite with respect to 1 mol of metallic salt compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metallic salt compound is copper chloride (CuCl2), iron chloride (FeCl3) and/or aluminum chloride (AlCl3).    EXAMPLE - Strip-shaped high quality graphite sheet of 5x40 mm2 used as host graphite, and anhydrous copper chloride were mixed in a molar ratio of 8:1. The mixture was put in glass ampoule, dried under reduced pressure at 150degreesC for 2 hours, and the ampoule was sealed. The ampoule was heated for 10 days at 500degreesC to obtain graphite lamellar compound. The compound was repeatedly washed with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove unreacted chloride, and dried. The obtained copper chloride-graphite lamellar compound had chemical composition: C15.42CuCl2. Electrochemical property of the electrode material was shown by the electric-current-potential curve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The MFI type zeolite is a proton-type or sodium-type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Outer and Inner Tubes: The inner and outer tubes of the connecting pipe are made of non ferrous metal selected from the group consisting of gold, titanium, aluminum, platinum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate may made of silicon, ceramics or graphite.Fabrication of the basic module may include an electro-erosion step to obtain an anodic dissolution of the substrate between two electrodes in a hydrofluoric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate may be made from polymers (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell is of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type using a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (a) Is 4-155C (preferably 4-50C) linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon and is liquid at room temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (d) Is a block copolymer, and an olefinic resin and/or olefinic copolymer rubber. The block copolymer consists of at least one polymeric block A composed of vinyl aromatic compound, and at least one polymeric block B composed of conjugated diene compound and/or hydrogenated block copolymer obtained by hydrogenating the block copolymer. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (units are not given): PW-90 (RTM; n-paraffinic process oil) (50), IP-solvent 2835 (RTM; synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon) (50), Perhexa 25 B (RTM; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane) (3), NK ester IND (RTM; mixture of 2-methyl-1,8-octanediol dimethacrylate (85%) and 1,9-nonanediol dimethacrylate (15%)) (3), and SEPS (RTM; styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene copolymer) (5) was prepared by blending the ingredients and then autoclaving at 140degreesC. The resultant composition when kept at room temperature became jelly-like which could be handled like a solid; and the extraction residue was found to be 34 wt.% when immersed in acetone, at room temperature for 48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The foam ceramic is coated with a catalytic material, preferably zinc copper oxide and/or copper oxide. The foam ceramic is partially made from silicon carbide and is electrically heated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The combustion speed is acquired the combustion chamber and/or in the foam ceramic by measuring a temperature, especially by measuring infrared light. The amount of recycled combustion gases based on the established combustion speed is regulated in the combustion chamber and/or in the foam ceramic. The feed of fuel gas, residual gas and/or air is regulated depending on the acquired combustion speed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: The concentration of a first measuring value produced from the educt during conversion of the product gas is selected and this concentration is used to determine the theoretical measuring value. The product gas mixture is an internal combustion engine exhaust gas. The educt is hydrogen, methane, ethanol, toluene, gasoline or diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cells: These are Pichia pastoris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Schizosaccharomyces pombe, transformed with plasmids of (3).Isolation: The EPG2 gene was amplified from K. marxianus CECT 1043 by standard PCR, using primers (1) and (2) gaattcatgttattcagcaacaccttattgat (1) tctagattaacagaaggctccgctaccag (2) The amplicon was cloned into pCR (RTM) Blunt-II-TOPO and the recombinant plasmid used to transform Escherichia coli TOPO10, to isolate plasmid pSIVI30. The cloned fragment was sequence (3), containing an open reading frame for a 362 amino acid (aa) protein. This contained 1 more aa than the known EPG1 enzyme and was considered as a new allele, EPG2. The additional aa is Val122 and the two sequences differ at several other positions (sequence identity 94.7%). For expression in yeast, the EPG2 gene was reamplified from pSIVI30, using primers (2) and (5), designed to eliminate the first 25 aa of the enzyme (the signal sequence). The amplicon was cloned into pGAPZalphaA, cut with EcoRI and XbaI, then the recombinant vector cut with AurII for transformation of P. pastoris by electroporation. The most active recombinant strain produced, SIVI33, produced a culture medium with enzymatic activity 8 units/ml. gaattcgacagttgtaccttgagtggga (5). SPECIFIC PLASMIDS - pSIVI30, comprising pCR (RTM) Blunt-II-TOPO and the 1086 bp sequence (3) for the EPG2 gene of K. marxianus; and pSIVI32, comprising pGAPZalphaA and a fragment of (3) that encodes the mature protein.    Pichia pastoris strain X33, CECT 11779.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The pulse discharge can be performed in a raw material gas containing gaseous alcohol to induce the reaction. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. The reaction is performed in the absence of a catalyst. The method is performed by supplying the raw material gas continuously. EXAMPLE - Ethanol and steam are supplied in a 1:1 ratio to produce a mixed gas. This is supplied to a quartz tube heated to 120 degrees C at 30 ml/minute. A voltage of 1.5 kV is supplied to the electrodes on the hydrogen production device and a pulse discharge is produced. Hydrogen is produced and collected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydride comprises sodium borohydride.The borate is sodium borate.Preferred Function: The stabilizing agents are provided to prevent or reduce degradation of the hydride.The wastewater from the fuel cell is passed through a heat exchanger to recover heat for heating the hydride solution.Preferred Component: The chemically active medium is a hydroxide.Preferred Product: The waste product from oxidation of a complex metal hydride is a borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cartridge further comprises electrolyte reservoir for holding an electrolyte. The reactant reservoir is separated from the effluent reservoir by an interposing bladder member.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reactant is a methanol solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second reactant is hydrogen peroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The cartridge is made of rigid plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The aerator includes blades and/or blades combined with a disc. The aeration apparatus also includes diffusers that disperse gas and disposed within the vessel. The diffusers are positioned under the surface aerator or spaced within a circle having a diameter equal to three times the aerator diameter. The aerator apparatus includes a first and second axial flow impellers connected to the drive shaft; a second diffuser that disperses gas disposed within the mixing vessel and draft tube disposed within the vessel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is air, which is dispersed in the form of fine or coarse bubbles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first treatment section comprises distinct particulate layers having:(a) a top surface (24) having a water inlet;(b) a cylindrical sidewall integrally formed and depending with the top surface; and(c) a bottom surface integral with the sidewall and having a recess with holes defining mechanism for providing a long dwell time;(d) a first layer comprising silver impregnated activated carbon (92) (silver carbon);(e) a second layer comprising activated carbon; and(f) a third layer comprising Redox Alloy (96).The second treatment section comprises distinct particulate layers, comprising a fourth layer comprising iodine particles or resin (100), and a fifth layer comprising iodine particles or resin disposed within mechanism for lengthening dwell time. The third treatment section comprises distinct particulate layers, comprising:(a) a sixth layer comprising an anionic resin;(b) a seventh layer comprising silver carbon; and(c) an eighth layer comprising activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ion exchange resin comprises a mixed bed resin of cationic and anionic resins mixed with activated carbon. The ion exchange resin comprises a water softener mixed with activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: At least 0.5 wt.% of propane based on total monomer weight, is used as chain transfer agent in free radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride monomer or vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoro propylene comonomer mixture. At least one fluorinated olefin comonomer is present in the polymerization reaction system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The thermophilic (heat-resistant) bacteria are added to the alkali bark when the moisture of the bark is less than 55 wt.% with respect to the basic weight of bark, in an amount of 102 cells/g or more. The alkali composition is blended to the composted bark after the pH is set to 5.5-7.5 and the carbon/nitrogen ration is 20-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: Water is added to the artificial soil and fermented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wastewater: The high concentration organic wastewater is livestock farming wastewater, colony wastewater, sewage effluent, food processing wastewater, starch wastewater, brewing wastewater and human waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal layer comprises metal such as silicon, titanium, zirconium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The enzyme is generated from Aspergillus oryzae or A.awamori, koji (malt), or black koji (malt). The enzyme is amylase, protease, lipase or cellulase, where the ratio of the different kinds of enzymes is adjusted based on the component of the target decomposition substance. The concentration of the enzyme/1 g of target decomposition substance is as follows: alpha amylase-1000 microg, acidic protease-2000 microg, cellulase-400 microg, lipase-5 microg, where the enzyme concentration can be raised or lowered based on the need. The fermenting microbe can be yeast, acetic acid bacteria, Rhizopus microbe, Bacillus, or a halophile. The methods preferably involve adding 0.0025 weight% or more of yeast with respect to the total volume, at 25-42degreesC, to (a) aqueous acids of organic substance that is obtained by adding Lactobacillus or microbes producing acetic acid or lactic acid, or (b) aqueous acids of organic substance containing carbohydrate; proliferating yeast for 1-4 days to obtain nutrients such as vitamins, nucleic acids, and amino acids, and promoter of fermentation-type decomposition of organic substance in organic waste material and common organic refuse is obtained, which contains microbes generating carbohydrate, organic acid, enzyme, etc., and fermentation is carried out. A vegetative substance or animal-derived substance is added to the fermentation-type decomposition promoting agent produced by above mentioned methods, and a organic substance degradation promoting agent is obtained by continuously or intermittently stirring for 2-24 hours at 20-50degreesC, where the obtained organic substance degradation promoting agent has plant organic substance or animal organic substance degradation activity respectively. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of the aqueous solution is 1-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mulch material of vegetation soil contains 30-70% of livestock excrement composts and 70-30% of soil.Preferred Components: The livestock excrement compost contains sawdust or tree chip. The livestock compost is cattle-feces compost. The cattle-feces compost is litter of dairy cowshed and fermented substance of the excretion containing sawdust and cattle feces urine blends.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The second part (25) comprises a second tubular portion. The first part (20) and the second part comprise first and second tubular portions, respectively. Condensed fluid returns to the first part under gravity. The second part comprises a second tubular portion which slopes upwardly away from the first part to allow flow of condensed fluid back into the first part. A liquid pump returns the condensed fluid to the first part. Fins (22) are provided on the first part and the second part.Preferred Dimensions: Each second tubular portion has a length of 500-5000 cm and a diameter of 4-20 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The vaporizable fluid may be propane, propylene, tetrafluoroethane, R404A (44% CHF2CF3/52% CH3CF3/4% CH2FCF3), R407C (23% CH2F2/25% CHF2CF3/52% CH2FCF3), R417A (44% CHF2CF3/52% CH2FCF3/4% CH(CH3)CH3), or R410A (50% CH2F2/50% CHF2CF3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The vaporizable fluid may be carbon dioxide or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gas channels serve as porous fuel electrode support having a triple film or multiple films, in which an electrolyte is densely coated on or in the upper surface of the flat plate and the entire portions of the bent portion and support or part portion of the single cell. The fuel electrode support and the gas channel are formed in a structure or a lattice structure in a straight line. An electrolyte plate is produced in a structure in which four sides or two sides of corners are bent in the inverted U shape using an assembling powder of 10-100mum.Preferred Property: The cross-section of the bent portions and the straight structure or the lattice structure of the gas channel is formed in a trapezoid shape, such that a rectangular protrusion is formed at an obtuse angle and an acute angle, or may have a structure in which rectangular, polygonal, and/or circular protrusions are combined in a combined structure for operating the gas channels.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytes comprise zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, bismuth oxide, or lanthanum perovskite. They are coated and heat-treated in a support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The unit for relieving pressure is an expansion valve (6). The water feeding unit is connected to a water pipe connection (10) of a house. The water feeding pipe comprises a pump for increasing the water pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution impregnated into the pores of the porous catalyst base material has a solid portion concentration of 10-40%. EXAMPLE - A 40 wt.% zirconium oxynitrate was added to 200 pbw ceriasol, followed by stirring for 10 minutes at room temperature to completely dissolve and prepare a slurry. A 10 pbw aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol having a solid concentration of 15% was added and mixed with 100 pbw slurry to obtain a polyvinyl alcohol-containing slurry. An exhaust gas purification catalyst loaded with platinum and rhodium was obtained. It exhibited lower 50% purification temperature (255degreesC) and shorter 50% purification rate attainment times (16 seconds).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the nutrients for the microbes are added into the treatment tank in addition to the aerobic thermophilic digestion bacteria and the photo-tropic bacteria. After the fermentation treatment, microbe proliferation-inhibiting unit is operated. The slurry type organic wastes are made by adding water into the organic wastes, which have the low water content. The microbe proliferation-inhibiting unit consists of a pH-adjusting agent. The pH of the treated material is adjusted to over 10 or to below 3 by the pH-adjusting agent.Preferred Apparatus: (I) further comprising unit for supplying nutrient for microbe and pH adjusting agent, unit (17) for removing foams formed within the treatment tank and unit for heating the contents of the treatment tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The decrease in the molecular weight of the organic waste is preferably carried out by using subcritical water at 440-553 K under a pressure of 0.8-6.4 MPa. The process is carried out for 1-20 minutes or continuously. The method further contains a step for separating a water phase from the molecular weight-decreased waste, and then subjecting the waste to methane fermentation. The water phase separated from the molecular weight decreased waste contains an organic acid which is acetic acid. The methane fermentation of lower molecular weight organic compounds contained in the water phase is carried out for 5-48 hours. The digestion yield of carbon atoms of the organic waste in the method is 90% or higher. The organic waste is an activated sludge. The method further contains a step for collecting the produced useful substances, which are phosphoric acid, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids and sugar. In the method, a useful substance is selectively produced by controlling either the treating temperature or the treating duration. EXAMPLE - A batch method for producing methane from sludge was carried out using the apparatus shown in the figure. The temperature of the reaction vessel (4) and the reaction duration were controlled by immersing the reaction vessel into a salt bath (heating medium = KNO3 and NaNO2, weight ratio = 1:1) and cooling with cooling water immediately after taking it out from the bath. After subjecting the sludge to reaction with critical water, the reaction product was subjected to soil/liquid phase separation. The water phase was concentrated so as to obtain water containing 25 wt.% of acetic acid, 58 wt.% of lower fatty acids and 17 wt.% of formic acid. This water phase was subjected to methane fermentation with microorganisms so as to obtain a gas containing 52 vol% of methane with an average carbon digestion yield of 91.7 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: In (P1), the partial oxidation stage is a non-catalytic and thermal partial oxidation stage. (P1) is carried out at 1000-1600 degrees C. The carbonaceous feedstock is gasified in the presence of oxygen and steam in a moving bed gasifier. (P1) involves subjecting the upgraded synthesis gas to a water-gas shift reaction stage to form hydrogen enriched gas with high molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; cooling the upgraded hydrogen enriched synthesis gas and producing steam at a pressure of at least 34 bar prior to subjecting the upgraded synthesis gas to the water-gas shift reaction stage. (P1) involves gas heated reforming of steam and methane-containing feedstock. The product stream of the reforming stage is combined with cooled upgraded synthesis gas with supply of energy.In (P2), the conversion stage is Fisher-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis. The converted product includes methane. (P2) further involves separating methane from the product gas; and recycling the methane to partial oxidation stage or to reforming stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The catalytically active environment is provided by a catalytically active surface, preferably a catalyst-doped ceramic or plastic surface, especially a ceramic tile surface containing titanium dioxide. The mixed culture comprises photosynthetic microorganisms, especially prochlorophytes, cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple bacteria, Chloroflexus-like forms, heliobacteria and/or Heliobacillus-like forms, and photogenic bacteria, especially Photobacterium phosphoreum, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, Pseudomonas lucifera and/or Beneckea. The culture solution includes plant extracts, enzymes, trace elements, polysaccharides, alginates and/or other microorganisms. The water is stirred (dis)continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A second suction mixing means is provided for suction of the fuel in air for combustion to obtain an air-fuel mixture.A carbon monoxide reduction means is provided for oxidizing carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas.The system has a heat exchanger which preheats or heats at least 1 of the fuel, the raw material gas and other heating media.At least one heat exchanger is provided in the reformed gas piping downstream of the CO reduction means.When surplus steam is produced, another heating medium can be heated by at least a part of the surplus steam.The heating medium is water in a hot water storage tank where the hot water storage main chamber and auxiliary chamber are connected, and surplus steam is supplied to water in the auxiliary tank.The reform gas is supplied to a fuel cell.The anode exhaust gas of the fuel cell is supplied as a fuel of the combustion part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (a1) is a shampoo base comprising a cleansing surfactant (5 - 40 wt.%). (b1) is n-butane, iso-butane and/or propane.Preferred Composition: (c1) further comprises a pH adjusting agent (preferably citric acid or arginine). The weight ratio of cleansing surfactant to sodium chloride is at least 30:1 (preferably at least 300:1, especially at least 600:1). (a1) has a viscosity of at most 500 mPas at 21 s-1 and 25 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The theromosetting resin is a cured polyamideimide resin. ADMINISTRATION - (c1) is applied topically to the hair.    EXAMPLE - Aluminum container with a cured polyamideimide coating on its inner surface was charged with a shampoo base having a composition (test composition) (comprising (wt.%) aqueous base (containing EMAK 227 HP (TM) (sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)) (10), Lebon 2000HG (TM) (low salt cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB)) (6), JORDAPON CI (TM) (sodium cocoyl isethionate) (2), disodium EDTA (0.1), JAGUAR C-14-S (TM) (quaternized guar) (0.25), MERQUAT 2001 (TM) (cationic polymer) (1), SILICONE CF2216 (TM) (dimethiconol) (1), citric acid (0.07), ethanol (7.5), sodium benzoate (0.3), perfume (0.4), de-ionized water and minors (up to 95)) and propellant (comprising LPG (5)) to obtain packaged composition. The chloride ion concentration was 0.15 wt.% and the pH of the shampoo base was 6. The aluminum container was then sealed and the propellant added (LPG (5 wt.% of the shampoo base and propellant). The storage stability of the test composition was assessed by storing at 50 degrees C for 6 months. The test composition did not showed any pin holes (i.e. leakage of the inner contents of the can) or any blisters (i.e. corrosion on the inner surface of the container).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The diffuser includes a gas/liquid cooling jacket, circulating a cooling gas/liquid to cool the resultant hydrogen-containing gas traveling within the diffuser. The heat source comprises an electric heater(s); and a gas burner(s). The conversion device comprises a filter connected between the diffuser and gas evacuating mechanism, which is a pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing component in the reducing gas comprises at least 1 vol.% of CO and/or H2. The dry, first and second non-oxidizing gases consist of nitrogen, argon, e-sulfured gaseous hydrocarbon, CO2, CO and/or H2. Preferred Composition: The reactant gas of (B) further comprises at least 10% vol.% H2, on a dry basis. The copper-based, WGS catalyst comprises 5-20 wt.% of a copper component, where at least 50 wt.% of the copper component is in the form of a copper oxide, aluminum oxide spinel; and at least 75 wt.% of alumina. The copper-based, WGS catalyst further comprises 0.03-1 wt.% of carbonaceous residue.Preferred Method: The reducing gas of (A) is derived from an upstream reformer reactor operating in catalytic partial oxidation mode. In (A), the WGS catalyst in its oxidized state is heated in the reducing gas at below 300 degrees C to form the reduced WGS catalyst. In (B), the reduced WGS catalyst is contacted with the reactant gas, while maintaining the WGS catalyst temperature at an operating temperature of 180-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-metallic sieve comprises 100 molar % transition metal oxides. It comprises the balance to 100 molar % inorganic oxide or metal salt. It comprises a single metal oxide. The inorganic oxide is a transition metal oxide, lanthanide group metal oxide, an alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide and/or an oxide of a main group element of IIIA-VIIA of the Periodic Table. The metal salt is a transition metal salt, alkali metal salt, and/or alkaline earth metal salt. It can be potassium chloride and/or sodium chloride. The inorganic oxide is an oxide of yttrium, vanadium, iridosmium, rhodium, platinum, palladium, gold, iron, ruthenium, rhenium, copper, cobalt, thallium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, manganese and/or tungsten. The transition metal or lanthanide metal can be titanium (preferably), vanadium, zirconium, niobium (preferably), hafnium, tantalum (preferably), ruthenium, palladium, and/or platinum.Preferred Property: The non-metallic sieve pore size is 10-500 Angstrom . The total available surface area of the non-metallic sieve, when measured by Brunauer Emmett Teller, is 50-1200 M2g-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The odorant treatment portion captures the odorant contained in the mixed gas through adsorption. The odorant treatment portion includes odorant removal portion containing porous adsorbent for adsorbing the odorant contained in the mixed gas and a catalyst for promoting decomposition of the odorant adsorbed in the porous adsorbent, and decomposition support portion decomposing the odorant adsorbed in the porous adsorbent. The adsorbent contains activated carbon, or zeolite. The catalyst contains noble metal catalyst. The decomposition support portion includes oxygen gas supply portion supplying the odorant removal portion with oxygen gas. The odorant treatment portion also includes first flow path switching portion that selectively introduces the mixed and oxygen gases into the odorant removal portion. The odorant removal portion oxidizes and decomposes the adsorbed odorant by using the oxygen gas supplied from the oxygen gas supply portion. The system also comprises control portion, post-decomposition, second flow path switching portion, decomposition support portion, and odorant removal portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell system further comprises a circulation passage (121, 122) which couples a first connecting point of the fuel off gas passage to a second connecting point of the fuel gas passage. An air supply portion is connected to a third connecting point of the fuel off gas. The system further comprises a confluent off gas passage into which the fuel off gas passage and the oxidative off gas passage converge. An internal fuel gas passage is provided through which a mixed gas of the fuel off gas and the oxidative gas flows is formed inside the fuel cell. An oxygen gas supply portion supplies the odorant removal portion with oxygen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The odorant comprises butyric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A portion of the diluted and separated mixture to an anaerobic digester where the portion is converted to a biogas suitable for use as fuel, and a residual sludge for use as compost, soil amendment, and solid fuel. The diluted mixture is separated by density, separating the diluted mixture by size, thickening by squeezing or other processes to reach approximately 50% solids and 50% fluids consistency, and adding the 50% solids and 50% fluids mixture to an anaerobic digester.Preferred Parameter: The diluted mixture is at approximately 130 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxygenate impurity is 1-100, preferably 10 mppm dimethyl ether. Separation provides an oxygenate impurity-depleted stream comprising propylene. The product stream comprises methanol, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide. Preferred Methods: Separating is carried out by fractionating in a distillation column. It is carried out without converting the Cx olefin in the presence of added hydrogen. The product stream is treated prior to conversion. Conversion comprises contacting portion of hydrocarbonaceous stream with catalyst consisting of metal or metal compound. The product stream further comprises by-product consisting of alkyne or alkadiene. The alkyne compound comprises acetylene, methyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene, or dimethyl acetylene. The alkadiene comprises propadiene, 1,2-butadiene, or 1,3-butadiene. Preferred Properties: The boiling point differs by at least10, preferably at least50degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst comprises Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, Group VIIIA, Group IB, Group IIB metals or their metal compounds, preferably silver or its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst further comprises inorganic oxide consisting of silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zirconia, titania, aluminophosphate, or clay, preferably alumina. EXAMPLE - 50 mg of supported silver catalyst were mixed with 1 g of silicon carbide. The mixture was packed into tubular reactor and was heated up. 100 mul pulses of dimethyl ether were introduced into the reactor after the reactor temperature was stabilized. Analysis of the product showed that the conversion of dimethyl ether was at least95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The irradiation of microwave is carried out for 1-60 minutes. The biological treatment is carried out using microorganisms immobilization support. An aggregation discrete processing is carried out by a flocculant, or an electrolysis processing is carried out before irradiating the coating-material wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of external energy varies with respect to the particle diameter of the gas made into occluding material. The bond distance between molecule or atom of aggregate is 0.5-4 nm.Preferred Aggregate: The aggregate is carbon material, such as carbon nanotube or graphite.Preferred Method: The external energy is added by vibration, preferably ultrasonic oscillation. Alternatively, external energy is added by heat or mechanical methods.Preferred Material: The external energy is added to material consisting of Van der Waals molecule, Van der Waals cluster and/or molecular crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The animal matter is one part or all part of body of at least 1 type of animal chosen from fish (crustacean and cartilage are contained), livestock, domestic fowls, and beasts (marine animal is contained). The animal matter, plant dregs, plant oil cakes, brans or amino acid dregs are fermented for 10 days or more. The horticulture culture soil contains actinomycetes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Sheet: The compost promotion sheet comprises a laminate of reinforcement textile having water vapor impermeable property and the non-woven fabric. The compost promotion sheet has water proofness of 700 mmAq or more measured by low-pressure waterproof test method of textiles according to JIS L-1906. The front-side of the non-woven fabric has higher fiber density than that of the backside of the fabric. The surface(s) of the sheet has black or dark color. The compost promotion sheet has light permeability of 10% or less. The non-woven fabric is a melt-blown non-woven fabric having fabric weight of 5-200 g/m2. The non-woven fabric and the reinforcement textile are made of biodegradable polymer fiber. EXAMPLE - Master batch pellets (in mass parts) (10) and polypropylene pellets (190) comprising carbon black (20 mass%) were mixed and melt-spun. The extruded component was refined using hot air at 285degreesC, and refined fiber was collected on conveyor net to form black melt blown non-woven fabric having average fabric weight of 40 g/m2. The fabric was wound, calendared at 138degreesC and passed to rubber roll maintained at 53degreesC. A compost promotion sheet comprising the non-woven fabric having ultrafine fiber with average fiber diameter of 5.2 microm was manufactured. The non-woven fabric had average pore size of 3.4 microm. The non-woven fabric had thickness of 0.131 mm. The non-woven had good strength, elasticity, permeability, water proofness and water vapor permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Storage: A hydrogen source supplied hydrogen to the storage tank. The compound is hydrogen molecule clathrate compound produced by reaction between polymolecule-type compound and hydrogen molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The combustion gas is supplied into the heat exchanger such that the temperature of the gas is set to activity-temperature range of a catalyst filled in the shift-reaction portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The base sequence of the cellulose gene of (I) shows 80% or more homology with a fully defined sequence of 1109 nucleotides as given in specification. Most preferably, (I) is Clostridium sp. JC3 (FERM P-19026) strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 55-75 vol.% of (II), 12-30 vol.% of (I) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The fuel contains less than 5 vol.% cycloparaffins with 5-8 carbon atoms. The lead content is 0.14-0.26 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 50-82 vol.% of (II) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The lead content is no more than 0.28 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: When steam alone is added into the hydrogen-separation region, the steam is introduced by feeding water into the hydrogen-separation region such that it vaporizes into steam. Preferred Component: The membrane reactor also includes water feed pipe for feeding water into the hydrogen-separation region when steam alone is to be introduced into the steam introduction zone, such that, in use, the water vaporizes into steam in the hydrogen-separation region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Active Components: The emulsion also contains cosmetic ingredients, especially a flavone glycoside (in particular alpha-glucosyl rutin), vitamin E (or a derivative), 8-hexadecene-1,16-dicarboxylic acid, alpha- lipoic acid, a deodorant and/or an antiperspirant.Preferred Oil: Oil component (a)(i) is dicaprylyl-carbonate or -ether, 2-ethylhexyl cocoate, myristyl myristate, octyldodecanol, polydecene, squalane, triisostearin, capryl-capric triglyceride, di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate or castor, avocado, macadamia, soya or jojoba oil.Preferred Emulsifiers: The W/O (water-in-oil) emulsifier (c) is PEG-30 dipolyhydroxystearate, decaglyceryl heptaoleate, polyglyceryl-3-diisostearate, PEG-8 distearate, diglycerol dipolyhydroxystearate, glycerol isostearate, sorbitol isostearate, polyglyceryl-3 methylglucosedistearate, an 8-30C fatty alcohol, an oligo- or poly-glycerol ether, a cetyl dimethicone copolyol, an alkyl methicone copolyol, an alkyl dimethicone ethoxy glucoside, a polyethoxylated and/or polypropoxylated W/O emulsifier such as polyethoxylated and optionally hydrogenated castor oil, ethoxylated cholesterol, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol such as steareth-2 or an ethoxylated fatty acid such as PEG- 2 stearate. EXAMPLE - An aerosol composition used at a ratio of 50:50 with a 2.7:1 propane:butane propellant gas comprised by wt. PEG-45/dodecyl glycol copolymer (1.6%), polyglycerol-3 diisostearate (1.6%), cetearyl isononanoate (10%), vitamin E acetate (0.5%), glycerol (4.8%) and perfume/water (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: The system additionally comprises a device (f) for impelling the reaction mixture in a continuous flow from the position of the inlet pipe around the configuration of (a) and back through the recycle section to the position of the inlet pipe; and a device (g) for directing light on the reaction mixture.Preferred Device: (a) Is formed in an elongated maze configuration (preferably looped maze configuration) with a recycle section. (b) Includes at least one static mixer positioned within the chamber of the tank. (b) and (d) include a device for injecting carbon dioxide gas bubbles into the reaction mixture at several locations, therefore agitating the reaction mixture and introducing CO2 gas for dissolution into the reaction mixture and absorption by algae in the reaction mixture. (g) Includes at least one Fresnel lens positioned above the reaction mixture and oriented to direct light onto the surface of the reaction mixture; at least one reflective surface positioned to direct light from the light source to the surface of the reaction mixture. (f) Is a recycle pump operated to cycle the reaction mixture around the circuit configuration multiple times. The rate of introduction of fresh reaction mixture at the inlet pipe is equal to the rate of withdrawal of reaction mixture at the outlet pipe. (e) Is a filtering device.Preferred Components: The source of light is the sun or an artificial lighting device positioned with light directed on the surface of the reaction mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The algae is Chlorella CV, Chlorella CP, Scenedesmus SR, Scenedesmus SE, Oocystis, Chlorococcum and Chlamydomonas. The algae is a wild algae selected from the area that is the source of the contaminated aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is a thin film fuel cell. It comprises a mixed-gas fuel cell. The hydrogen-containing fuel is a chemical hydride. The hydrogen-containing fuel is selected in relation to the fuel cell, so that the water produced by operating the fuel cell reacts with all of the hydrogen-containing fuel, to produce hydrogen gas to sustain operation of the fuel cell without the need of adding externally supplied hydrogen gas.Preferred Method: The water produced by operating the fuel cell is primarily in the form of water vapor, and the hydrogen-containing fuel reacts with the water vapor to produce hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The chemical hydride is from sodium boron hydride, calcium hydride, lithium boron hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.Preferred Component: The hydrogen-containing fuel includes additive(s) to raise and/or reduce the rate of reaction of the hydrogen-containing fuel with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The electrical resistance of the semiconductor gas sensor is related to the concentrations of oxygen and carbon monoxide in the surrounding atmosphere over atmospheric compositions using:RG = A(O2)-1/x + B(O2)-1/x(CO)1/2.RG = observed sensor resistance;(O2) = oxygen concentration;(CO) = carbon monoxide concentration;A, B = constants which depend on the sensor resistance under reference conditions; andx = parameter which depends on the point defect chemistry of the oxide system.The system is mounted on or adjacent to a flue gas outlet to expose the sensor to a gas flue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reducing gas is carbon monoxide or hydrogen. The p-type material comprises a metal oxide or mixed metal oxide. The metal is of the first, second and/or third order transition metal series. The semiconductor material comprises a p-type oxide of the chromium-titanium-oxide (Cr-Ti-O) system, or a p-type Cr-Ti-manganese (Mn)-O system, copper oxide (CuO) with titanium oxide (TiO2) or cobalt oxide (CoO) with TiO2. The combustion emission gas is a flue gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reducing gas can be methane or higher hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel reforming apparatus further comprises a vaporizer for producing a fuel gas. The non-thermal plasma reactor (22) is the converter for converting carbon monoxide present in a reformed fuel gas prior to the conversion of the carbon monoxide free reformed fuel gas. It comprises a microwave-powered non-thermal plasma reactor; a capacitive non-thermal plasma discharge chamber having a flow path for a vapor; an inductive element electrically coupled to the discharge chamber; a power supply (25) for supplying intermittent energizing pulses to the discharge chamber and the inductive element; an inlet conduit for directing the vaporized fuel; a discharge chamber connected to the inlet conduit; an outlet conduit connected to the discharge chamber; and a high voltage modulator or pulser. The discharge chamber is connected to the inlet conduit. The discharge chamber and the inductive element are connected to respond to the energizing pulses by acting as an LC (sic) resonant circuit. When the modulator or pulser is off, no energy can be drawn from the power supply to produce non-thermal plasma discharge. The LC resonant circuit has a resonant frequency with a resonant period. It is energized by the use of a high-voltage pulse having a direct current (DC) voltage of about 15kV. The vaporizer comprises a porous ceramic disk. The non-thermal plasma discharge is produced during one half cycle of the resonant period. A fuel comprising a substance having bonded atoms of hydrogen is reformed to produce the reformed fuel gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substance comprises alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, or ammonia. It preferably comprises methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The results of the treatment are checked by confirming the presence of a film on the surface in contact with the crude oil which provides for the living conditions of the microorganisms and contains the microorganisms, preferably by changing the amount of the tenside or material capable of increasing viscosity, or by varying the reproduction time of microorganisms.Preferred Component: The kit further comprises a surfactant and/or a material for increasing viscosity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganism is a strain of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas genus, or Xanthomonas genus. The strain comprises NCAIM (P) B 1304, NCAIM (P) B 1305, NCAIM (P) B 1306, NCAIM (P) B 1307, NCAIM (P) B 1308, a strain that is genetically modified preferably by the insertion of a DNA fragment with a known sequence as a marker. The suspension of microorganisms contains 1 x 106 - 1 x 1012 CFU/L, preferably 1 x 108 - 1 x 109 CFU/L. the volume of the suspension is 100-1000 L/100 m pipe-length, preferably 500-600 L/100 m pipe length.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fired material is fired body. The nitride oxide contains lithium (1.15 mol% based on di-lithium oxide). The oxidation-resistant metal against mixed fuel is silver. The metal or its oxide (1-50 vol.%) is blended in the anode layer. The anode layer contains samaria-doped ceria, scandia-stabilized zirconia, and/or yttria-stabilized zirconia at at most 50 vol.% as auxiliary component. Preferred Methods: The fired material is obtained by firing nitride oxide; or by adding lithium to nitride oxide, then subjecting to firing treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of Japanese-cedar chip material is set to 5-30 mm. Preferred Process: Refinement carbonization is performed using an earthen pot at 700degreesC or more, and particle size of bamboo charcoal is set 20 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Amount: The biogas desulfurizing apparatus has a digestive fluid spraying pipe (17) for spraying digestive fluid into the upper part of the desulfurizing tower and a biogas diffusion tube (16) for aerating biogas is attached to the lower part of the desulfurizing tower. A gas liquid contacts the digestive fluid and biogas is carried out to a counter tool. The desulfurizing tower is packed with filter medium and the gas liquid is allowed to contact the filter medium surface to remove hydrogen sulfide. The desulfurizing tower is equipped with biogas aeration pipe (11) for aerating biogas in the tower. Liquid level control pumps (23a, 23b, 23c) are also arranged in the desulfurizing tower and the rate of flow of digestive fluid is controlled based on the liquid level. A valve for supplying an alkali is also attached to the desulfurizing tower and a pH meter is provided in the cover for adjusting the pH of alkali to 7-8. The desulfurizing apparatus further comprises another desulfurizing tower (13) filled with desulfurizing agent connected either in front or back of the above-mentioned tower.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The oxidizing substance is water or hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The fuel electrode preferably consists of alloy of platinum, and ruthenium, tin and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel contains gasoline or kerosene, alkane liquid and/or aliphatic liquid. Alkane liquid is manufactured by barrier discharge method from natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas. Aliphatic liquid is manufactured using catalyst from natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas. The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon optionally consists of methyl (CH3) group at both ends. The liquid fuel consisting of hydrogen gas, natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas dissolved in oxygen-containing hydrocarbon liquid which has methyl group at both ends, contains light oil or fuel oil.Preferred Methods: The solution consisting of hydrogen gas, natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas dissolved in the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon liquid, is irradiated with magnetism, and cluster size of the solution is maintained during manufacturing the liquid fuel. The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon liquid is prepared. The liquid is oxidized, and aldehyde is manufactured. The liquid is dehydrated, and ether is manufactured. Aldehyde and ether are dehydrated, and the liquid of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon which has methyl group at both ends is obtained. Hydrogen gas, natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas is dissolved in the liquid at 0degreesC or less under pressure of 0.1-2 MPa to manufacture the liquid fuel consisting of hydrogen gas, natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas dissolved in oxygen-containing hydrocarbon liquid which has methyl group at both ends.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The microparticles of metal catalyst adhering on surface of tourmaline, noble jewelry or Koyo-seki (a kid of feldspar rock), is used as catalyst for dissolving hydrogen gas, natural gas and/or biomass-methane gas in the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon liquid.
EXAMPLE - Autoclaved-lightweight-concrete powder (ALC powder) having particle size of 50 microns-1 mm containing silica (in wt.%) (51), calcium oxide (28.3), alumina (2.76), sulfur trioxide (3.32), ferric oxide (1.79), sodium oxide (0.09) and potassium oxide (0.26) was used as artificial calcium-silicate group powder material. The ALC powder was granulated to a particle size of 3-7 mm using 1 N phosphoric acid aqueous solution. The granulated substance had favorable water absorbing ability (30.7%). The disintegration of the granulated substance was measured by a spring-type hardness meter, and found to be 2 Kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support, which is an inorganic porous support, is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, diatomaceous earth, clay and/or zinc oxide. Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains 5-90 mass% of nickel oxide and 0-85 mass% of copper oxide. The total amount of nickel oxide and copper oxide in the desulfurizing agent, is 60-90 mass%. Preferred Conditions: Desulfurization is performed at 20-100degreesC. Preferred Process: The modification is partial-oxidation modification, auto-thermal modification or steel reforming. The catalyst used in the modification process, is a ruthenium type catalyst or a nickel type catalyst, using manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconia as support. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (in g) (360.1) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (85.2) were dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. C-AP (pseudo-boehmite) (7.2) was added to obtain liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (300) was dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. Further, water glass (93.6) having silicon (29 mass%) was added to obtain liquid (B). The obtained liquids (A and B) were mixed with ion exchange water (60 L), stirred at 90degreesC for 1 hour. The precipitate was washed and filtrated. The filtrate was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours. The dried product was bake processed at 350degreesC for 3 hours. A desulfurizing agent containing copper oxide (16 mass%), nickel oxide (64 mass%) and silicon oxide-aluminum oxide (20 mass%), was obtained. The obtained desulfurizing agent efficiently removes sulfur from hydrocarbon containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In pre-processing method of organic waste, the pH of solution in methane-fermentation tank (4) is set to preset pH value by adding alkaline substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The alkaline substance is sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution or magnesium hydroxide.
EXAMPLE - Organic refuse supplied to organic refuse disposer was sprayed with deodorant containing 1000 ppm of Quillaia saponaria saponin at a rate of 10 ml/day from 161st day to 200th day. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide was sterilized to 0.004 and methyl mercaptan was reduced to 0.002. The results showed that the deodorant effectively reduced offensive odor of malodorous gas in the compost.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Ion: The metal ion is selected from the group consisting of manganese ion, copper ion, zinc ion, silver ion and chromium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The wastewater recycling unit has a vapor processing unit, preferably alkaline scrubber for purifying vapor generated from the evaporator. The wastewater recycling unit is further provided with condensed water processing unit (12) for processing condensed water by activated sludge treatment, methane fermentation processing, ozone treatment, oxidation treatment, photocatalyst processing, adsorption agent processing or coagulation sedimentation processing. The condensed water processing unit is placed between the condenser and recycled wastewater supply unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biomass containing cellulose obtained from farm surpluses, agricultural waste material, coppiced timber or wood building materials is processed in the manufacturing system. The condensed water containing 300000 mg/l or less of soluble solid substance is supplied as recycled water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus has a sound-wave vibration unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The microorganisms (Cladosporium cladosporioides DD618 strain (FERM P-18791)) are fixed on a support having micro-porous polyurethane foam and cultivated in a reaction tank which is supplied with glucose as carbon source and ammonium sulfate and/or ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. The wastewater is supplied to the tank and organic substance in waste drain is decomposed along with decomposition resistance substance containing colorant by microbes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Bioreactor: The ventilation system is a piping system with six valves for controlled suction and blow-down, and the air is regulated by a high-pressure centrifugal fan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred bio-filter: The mixture is compacted to between 1/5 and 1/8 of its initial volume. The mixture comprises coconut fiber, Coco-peat (sic), perlite, microorganisms and calcium carbonate. The top and/or bottom of the briquette is provided with a retaining material, especially a mesh or (non)woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The channel comprises a first input adjacent to the first electrode, and a second input adjacent to the second electrode. The fuel cell comprises a support having a surface with two recessed portions. The fuel cell further comprises a fuel sensor. A spacer forms a partial enclosure around a portion of the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first liquid comprises a fuel comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, or formic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel may comprise ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, or sulfur. The second liquid comprises oxidants comprised of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate salts, manganese oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.Preferred Material: The electrodes comprise platinum, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel includes liquid organic compound(s) having water solubility. It includes methanol, dimethyl ether, or formic acid. The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel supply unit pools concentrated methanol.The air supply unit retrieves a portion of exhaust gas exhausted from the cathodes (9) and mixes the portion with the air.The fuel cell system further comprises an outside air introduction unit, which introduces outside air and mixes the outside air with the exhaust gas from the cathodes prior to exhaustion of the exhaust gas to an outside. It further comprises a mixing buffer tank (19) and an outside air introduction unit, which introduces outside air to an exhaust gas from the mixing buffer tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cell unit includes a fuel electrode supplied with the hydrogen rich gas; air electrode supplied with oxygen to react with hydrogen rich gas and to generate electricity; and polymer film interposed between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The saturated vapor pressure of the fuel at room temperature is higher than atmospheric pressure. Inside of the vaporizer is pressurized to a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure by the saturated vapor pressure acting in the fuel tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel includes a solution of dimethyl ether and water. The fuel tank includes a solution of methanol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Solid Particles: The solid particles is selected from the group consisting of titania, zirconia, alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises 2 or more elements chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. Alternately, the catalyst contains platinum, cerium and vanadium. The catalyst further contains niobium and/or zirconium and aluminum and/or silicon.Preferred Composition: The amount of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum, is 10 mol % or more. Amount of platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium, is 0.01-20 mass%.Preferred Method: Space velocity of the catalyst during shift reaction is 50000 hour-1. The composite containing platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium, and cerium and niobium is dried and bake-processed to obtain the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Dinitro diamine platinum complex salt (with platinum metal content of 8.451 mass %) (in g) (13.15) and cerium zirconium complex oxide (containing cerium and zirconium in molar ratio of 68/32 and having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 70 m2/g) (10) were mixed, dried at 150 degrees C, ground and bake processed at 400 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain catalyst with platinum content of 10 mass %. Specific surface area of the obtained catalyst was 68 m2/g. Carbon monoxide conversion ratio at 300 degrees C and 400 degrees C, of the obtained catalyst was 49.9 % and 60.9 %, respectively. Methane formation rate of the obtained catalyst was found to be 0.28 vol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A hydrogen gas is supplied to the solid oxide group fuel cell.Preferred Fuel Cell: The mixed arrangement of electrode which has electrochemical partial oxidation activity with respect to the hydrocarbon, and the electrode which has electrochemical oxidation activity with respect to hydrogen, is used as fuel side catalyst electrode. Especially, the electrode comprising mixture of microparticle having electrochemical partial oxidation activity with respect to hydrocarbon and the catalyst microparticle material having electrochemical oxidation activity with respect to hydrogen is used as fuel side catalyst electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The C-12 isotope enrichment gas is supplied in the same direction as the supply direction of source gas into the adsorption system, before guiding the isotope selective adsorption agent to low pressure. An inert gas is supplied from the supply direction and reverse direction of source gas into adsorption system and C-12 isotope is removed. About n number of adsorption towers filled with the adsorption agent are arranged parallelly (n is preferably two or more). The adsorption temperature is 650-800degreesC during adsorption. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The isotope selective adsorption agent is pentasil zeolite or mordenite.    EXAMPLE - An isotope selective adsorption agent containing Na-A-type zeolite was used. Calcium exchange was carried out to the zeolite and heat processed at 720degreesC for 2 hours. The adsorption agent was filled in 3 adsorption towers and used for selective adsorption of C-12 isotope from source gas containing C-12 isotope and C-13 isotope. The C-13 isotope was separated and concentrated selectively and efficiently.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coolant: The coolant contains 0.05 wt.% or less of non-condensable gas, or ethane and/or propane. The shell internal pressure at the time of running of compressor is the evaporating pressure or condensing pressure.Preferred Oil: The refrigerating machine oil is selected from naphthene mineral oil, paraffin mineral oil and alkyl benzene type synthetic oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dryer: The dryer contains a desiccant consisting of an A-type synthetic zeolite containing sodium-potassium type alumino silicic acid salt, and has a pore diameter of 3.5 Angstrom or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Liquid: The static preventing liquid comprises extract mixture (11) containing 10% extract of young plants (2) mulberry, bamboo or bamboo grass; 20% of extract of microorganisms infected plant (3) such as sugar cane, papaya, sunflower or stevia; 30% of extract of oil-component decomposed plant (4) such as pine; 10% of extract of sea-weed (5); and 30% of extract of leaf or stalk (6) of herb. The raw materials are minced/grated in mortar or grater and decocted. 10% of the decoction is blended with 87% natural water and 3% natural sweeteners (treacle and sugar) in a polyethylene tank, sealed, set aside for 4-7 days and heated to 25-30degreesC at low temperature, to obtain static prevention liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Enzymes : The enzyme is (i) cellulase, hemicellulase, protease and/or lysozyme, especially a combination of lysozyme and protease, the protease especially being pepsin or pancreatin or (ii) an enzyme from a (genetically-modified) extremophilic (especially halophilic) microorganism. A product of Trichoderma reesii or Trichoderma viride is especially preferred, as is also a combination of cellulase (10-30%), hemicellulase (50-70%) and protease (5-30%).Preferred Process : The treatment is effected anaerobically at pH 6.6-7.5 (especially 6.9-7.2) with the sludge heated to 30-37(35) degrees C and with 200-1200 (especially 400-900) mg enzyme per kg of the dry organic content of the sludge. The sludge is also treated at an acid pH of 4.5-6.8 (especially 5.0-5.8) with a peroxide, the acid pH being obtained by addition of an especially mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid and the peroxide being hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxide disulfate or performic acid at 0.05-1.8 (especially 0.6-0.8) gmol. peroxide per kg dry content of the sludge for 20-120 (especially 30-60) minutes. In particular, the process comprises a first enzyme treatment, followed by lowering of the pH and peroxide treatment. This can be followed by a protease treatment. EXAMPLE - The capillary suction time (CST) of sludge of dry content 34.20 g/l and of pH 7.67 was reduced from 620 seconds to 253 seconds when the pH was reduced with 37% hydrochloric acid 6.0 and the resulting sludge was treated with hydrogen peroxide (1 gmol/kg dry content) at room temperature for 30-60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reductant is hydrogen, hydrocarbon, or methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises introducing hydrogen into the regeneration flow by reforming the methane within the exhaust gas upstream of the lean NOx adsorber. The fuel and reductant are interchangeable. The bypass flow is directed through a second lean NOx adsorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Argon or carbon dioxide is used as inert gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent can be toluene or raw benzol. The ratio of raw substrate to solvent is 1:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The process is performed under pressure of 0.8 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The supplemental electrode is made up of nickel, nickel alloy or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rack is made from high dielectric plastic such as PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The sawdust and chaff are spread and feed additive is added to set as flooring of the pigsty. The feed box and water supply box are installed on the flooring. A drainage pipe is equipped at the lower portion. The mixed feed is maintained at the medium upper layer of the flooring. Drinking water and plant type active catalyst liquid are added to the pigsty. The deodorizing/microbe elimination/dust-proof washing agent, is prayed or dispersed in the pigsty. The humus of the pig excretion with the flooring is collected and used as organic fertilizer. Similarly, the flooring is collected from the cowshed, composed and used humus organic fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant azeotrope refrigerant composition is obtained by adjusting the mix ratio of octa fluoro cyclobutane and butane. The content of butane is 4.5 mass% or 9 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Silicon used to produce hydrogen, is a powder having mean particle diameter of 5-100 mum. EXAMPLE - Silicon (in g) (1) having mean particle diameter of 10 mum, was supplied to a reactor. Subsequently, 30 ml of water was introduced into the reactor, and hydrogen gas was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Water vapor is supplied into the convergence pipe, before impact compression of the active substance in the pipe. The high-pressure gas is supplied into the pipe as the active substance intermittently.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The nitride film comprises nitride of one or more of group 4a metal, group 5a metal, and chromium or aluminum. The rare earth metal is at least one of yttrium, cerium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and ytterbium. The palladium-rare earth metal alloy film further contains silver and/or copper.Preferred Support: The porous support is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrolytic oxidation process is performed by vibrating a diaphragm, which is immersed into the organic wastewater. The content of amino polycarboxylic acid in the organic wastewater is decreased to 1.5 mmol/l or less, and the wastewater is further processed by microorganisms.Preferred Diaphragm: The diaphragm has a number of unit diaphragms. The oscillating frequency of the diaphragm is 10-100 cycle/second.Preferred Acid: The amino polycarboxylic acid is contained as organic amino carboxylic acid chelate of a metal ion.Preferred Conditions: The pH of the organic wastewater is adjusted to 6.5-11, and electrolytic oxidation processing is performed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms decompose a biodegradable compound, which has less biodegradability. The microorganisms are supported by a carrier. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The amino polycarboxylic acid is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, 1,3-propylene diamine tetraacetic acid and/or diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid.    EXAMPLE - Waste liquid containing (in mg/L) chemical oxygen demand (COD) (2000), copper (220), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (880), and having pH of 9.5, was immersed into electrolytic bath containing sulfuric acid (100 ml), diacid-ized lead plate (anode) and stainless steel plate (cathode). An electric current of 650 A was given at a voltage of 5.5 V at 76degreesC, and high-speed electrolytic oxidation process of the waste liquid was performed. The amount of COD and EDTA after 10 hours of electrolytic oxidation process, were 60 mg/L and 0 mg/L, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The photosynthesis microbe in the digestive liquor for processing is 10,000 piece/ml or more. The hydrogen sulfide in biogas is removed by less than 1 ppm.Preferred Components: The raw material of methane fermentation is excreta of an animal. The photosynthesis microbe carries out circulation reuse after desulfurizing processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous stamp ink composition further contains thixotropic thickener, moistening agent and 30 wt.% or less of coloring agent. The substance having thermal expansion property is a microcapsule. The thixotropic thickener contains 5-60 wt.% of polyglycerol mono fatty acid ester or sorbitan mono fatty acid ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Operation: Air is drawn into the first housing from the outside environment, transferred from the first to the second housing, and vented from the second housing. Also air is drawn into the second housing from the outside environment, transferred from the second to the first housing, and vented from the first housing.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell is of type whose waste material includes water vapor and whose feed material includes hydrogen. Movable attachment of the first housing to the second housing is provided by means of a hinge (25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process : Switching between the first and second stages of the operation is effected in pulsating manner. Preferred Fuels : The fuel is methane gas, synthesis gas or a synthesis gas component, or a liquid or pumpable contaminant-containing substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for the supply plate include thermoplastics or thermohardenable plastics filled with electrically conductive particles of graphite, soot or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The vehicle further comprises an ammonia remover comprising a membrane for residual ammonia from the output gas, and a nitrogen remover comprising a membrane for nitrogen. The ultraviolet light source generates electromagnetic radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The vehicle further comprises an ultracapacitor, supercapacitor, hypercapacitor, chemical battery, or flywheel battery as a secondary energy storage system. EXAMPLE - The fuel-cell stack consisted of alkaline fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct ammonia fuel cells, ammonia-air fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, or reversible fuel cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The compressor is a multi-stage compressor having at least first and second stages. The condenser produces water as a condensate and further comprises a semi-permeable membrane through which condensed water is allowed to evaporate into the environment. The membrane is in form of tubing-filled by gravity. The compressor comprises a sealed metal casing with an interior volume connected to the gas supply inlet and to the first stage compressor inlet, the interior volume further comprising the motor contained and connected to drive the compressor, and a supply valve at the gas supply inlet that closes when the valve switches the flow of gas to recirculate through the compressor and opens when compressed gas is passing to the delivery line, where, in accordance with the state of activation of the valve means, gas within the interior volume of the casing may be drawn-in by the first stage compressor from either the gas supply inlet or from the compressor outlet. The system comprises motor control circuitry located within the casing for delivering current to the motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solid Wicking Structure Material : The wicking structure material is selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, modified cellulose, polyacrylonitrile, bundled, matted, needled or woven fibers of cellulose, modified cellulose, polyester, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ingestion Deterrent : The ingestion deterrent is denatonium benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Carriers: The porous carriers are made of compressible polymer foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a reaction vessel, a return mechanism, a reformation reaction bed (42) in the first reaction chamber, and a removal reaction bed (50) in the second reaction chamber. The transport mechanism includes a track, a locomotive device, and a motor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reaction cooperator includes calcium to hold the product from the reformation production.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The volume of fuel includes hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The first reaction chamber is maintained at 625-725degreesC, and the second reaction chamber is maintained at 900-1000degreesC. Both reaction chambers are maintained at the same pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles comprise a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride. The hydrogen storage material further comprises hydrogen. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage material is formed by melting a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride, atomizing and spraying the melted metal, and condensing the sprayed metal to form a nanomaterial containing nanoparticles. Preferred Device: The composition is contained within a cassette or a rail car.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal is lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The cryogenic unit is a multiple pass heat exchanger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The high purity molecular hydrogen stream consists of hydrogen with minor amounts of methane, ethylene, and/or propylene.The flushing agent is methanol, ethanol, allyl alcohol, or 1-propanol.The purge gas is nitrogen, hydrogen, or methane.The solvent is propylene, propane, ethane, or ethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The unit sections operate at varying temperatures, i.e. 80 to -270 degreesF.The flushing agent has a freezing temperature of at least 15 degreesF below the operating temperature of the section.It is introduced into the section at ambient temperature.The flushing agent is a solvent for the nitrogen containing compound, has a freezing temperature below -130 degreesF, is hygroscopic, and has a viscosity such that it will flow through the section at the normal operating temperature of the section.Thawing and removing of the frozen material occurs sequentially and/or concurrently.The purge gas is introduced into the unit at ambient temperature.The solvent is capable of mixing with the flushing agent in any ratio without separation into a solvent phase and a separate flushing agent phase, or has a freezing point below -200 degreesF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The frozen material consists of at least one nitrogen containing compound including ammonia, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, or nitrogen trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The disinfection of diluted water sample is carried out for a time period that is sufficient for degrading the envelope of the virus. In the exposing step, DNA of the virus is damaged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The internal pressure of the container is 10-30 kg/cm2 at 150-250 degreesC and steaming is performed. One part of collected methane gas is used as an energy source for steaming or carbonization processing.Preferred Method: The carbonization of fermented substance is carried out.
EXAMPLE - Activated carbon (in g) (9) of specific surface area 2000 m2/g was dispersed in a solution (100), which dissolved 1 mass% of carboxymethyl cellulose in pure water, to obtain dispersion liquid. The obtained dispersion liquid was coated on a nickel foil in thickness of 100 mum, and heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour. Moisture content was removed, and coated liquid was pressed and bake-processed at 200degreesC for 1 hour. Thin-film-like hydrogen occlusion material of thickness 20 mum was packed to obtain hydrogen storage tank. The packing density of the hydrogen occlusion material was 0.5 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The cooling-heat cycle of water is performed at 0-120degreesC of water, and at a cooling rate of 10degreesC/minute or more. Preferred Process: Oxygen currently dissolved in water, is removed from the pressure container, before forming high temperature pressurization state. EXAMPLE - Water (50 ml) was sealed into a pressure container. Water was heated to 120degreesC, and the internal pressure was adjusted to 1.34 atmospheric pressure, to attain high temperature pressurization state. Cooling-heat cycle of the water was repeated 3 times at low temperature pressure reduction state by reducing the pressure to 0.93 atmospheric pressure, and temperature to 0degreesC. Water was decomposed, and hydrogen was manufactured. The concentration of gas in the pressure container was analyzed by gas chromatography. The gas had 3.7 wt.% of hydrogen, 18.3 wt.% of oxygen and 78 wt.% of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The smoke component is subjected to thermal decomposition process at 80-150degreesC. The condensing plant consists of storage tank (8) and air-cooling tower (7) for the condensed tar. The smoke component is produced from the target material such as wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: 10-25 weight parts of wollastonite are mixed with 100 weight parts of pig-feces urine or human-feces urine. 5-15 weight parts of concentrated sulfuric acid and 15 weight parts or more of droppings of hen are added. Zinc, manganese, molybdenum, magnesium, copper and iron are also added.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The excrements reactor is equipped with screw conveyor (27), and unit for mixing concentrated sulfuric acid, provided at the conveyance base side of screw conveyor. The wollastonite supply apparatus is connected with excrements stirring apparatus. The supply apparatus has dividing supply apparatus for preventing the leakage of odor in excrements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis or gasification is carried out at 300-900 degrees C and placing in contact with the catalytic particles is carried out at a temperature equal to that of the crude gases from pyrolysis or gasification. The catalytic solid particles are oxides or carbonates of alkali or alkaline earth metals, supported metal catalysts containing a Group VIII metal or acid catalysts such as zeolites, aluminates or silicas. The crude gases also contain acid gases which are captured by the catalytic particles or by using an adsorbant mixed with the particles. The catalytic particles are mixed after conversion with the solid residue from the first stage. Water is injected in liquid or gaseous form into the crude gas between the two stages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Product: The lactic acid is L-lactic acid. The product is cholesterol- and lactose-free. The product includes probiotic lactic acid bacteria. The product is made from legumes, especially lupin seeds.Preferred Process: The microorganisms are selected from Lactobacillus perolens, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum. The vegetable protein is in the form of a solution or dispersion with a solids content of 15-20 wt.%. Fermentation is effected in the presence of citric acid (2 g/l) and a buffer. EXAMPLE - Lupin seeds were shucked, flaked, deoiled and debittered. Antinutritive substances such as soluble carbohydrates were separated at the isoelectric point. Protein was extracted at 35-45 degrees C and pH 7-9. Protein was precipitated from the extract at pH 4.5 and the product was heat treated and spray dried. A mixture of the protein isolate (15%), yeast extract (0.5%), mineral salts (0.5%) and citric acid (0.2%) in sterilized water was pasteurized at 72 degrees C for 10 minutes, incubated at 30 degrees C for 24 hours, pasteurized at 82 degrees C for 10 minutes, treated with dextrose monohydrate (2%), inoculated with Lactobacillus perolens (1%), fermented under anaerobic conditions at 27 degrees C for 48 hours, and pasteurized at 72 degrees C for 10 minutes. The product contained 17.5 g/l L-lactic acid and 11.5 ppm diacetyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A first evaporation chamber (14) having a downward flow passage through which the water supplied from above flows downwardly, and a second evaporation chamber (15) provided on an inner side of the first evaporation chamber and having an upward flow passage through which the steam generated by evaporation of the water within the first evaporation chamber flows upwardly, are provided in the tubular space. The evaporator has an intermediate tube disposed between the inner tube and the outer tube. The water absorbing member is formed by performing non-leveling process on the face of the outer tube on the first evaporation chamber side and on the face of the inner tube on the second evaporation chamber side. A spacing between concave and convex portions formed by the non-leveling process is 0.05-1 mm. The non-leveling process is performed by etching, laser, or blasting process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The water absorbing member is made of a porous material, a mesh-shaped material, or a fabric-shaped material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The operating medium (28) is a mixture of water (24), a fuel (20) and air (26). The reformer unit further comprises an operating medium feed unit (22) for introducing the operating medium into a mixing chamber (40) integrated within the reformer component unit. The feed unit has an operating medium nozzle (38) connected on its inlet side to an air feed element (46), a fuel injector (48) and a water injector (50) and on its outlet side to the mixing chamber. An electrically heated auxiliary catalyst (42) connected to the mixing chamber is integrated within the reformer component unit. The vaporizer is part of a catalytic burner-vaporizer component (44) which is integrated within the reformer component unit. The burner is coated with an oxidation catalyst and the vaporizer is partially coated with a reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The device further comprises a heating element embedded in (b) to increase the rate of dissociation using thermal energy, or an ultrasonic transducer acoustically connected to (b) to increase this rate by acoustical energy. Heating comprises combustion or resistive heating. The transducer is made of a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric material. The catalyst is a photocatalyst or thermocatalyst, and comprises a noble metal, transition metal, alloy, titanium dioxide, indium tantalum oxide, nickel, molybdenum, mixture of indium, nickel and tantalum, mixture of titanium dioxide and platinum, or an inorganic oxide semiconductor. The light source generates light in the vacuum ultraviolet region, and comprises a dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp. The porous membrane is circular, cylindrical, comprises a mesh, honeycomb, or is corrugated. The flow-through channel is cylindrical. EXAMPLE - The electromagnetic wave source generated radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 254 nm. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp was used, each including a noble gas such as xenon, krypton or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Denitrifying material may also contain iron oxide (preferably in an amount of 1-20 weight% and having a surface area of at least 0.1 m2/g). Treatment with sulfur oxidizing bacteria is carried out at 1 - 10 degreesC for at least 2 days. EXAMPLE - Water (100 l) containing nitrate nitrogen at 200 mg/L was passed through a denitrifying layer containing Thiobacillus denitrifican (no amount given), sulfur and calcium (40 kg having a particle size of 5-50 mm and in a ratio of 1.2) at 25 degreesC and at a circulating pump speed of 1200 L/hr. After 300 days the nitrate nitrogen concentration was less than 10 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon fuel and iodine are in a ratio of 1:0.001 - 1:2 (preferably 1:0.01 -1:0.25, especially 1:0.05 - 1:0.2) moles/moles.In (P1), the mixture is heated at 60 - 500 (preferably greater than 80 - 100, especially greater than 80) degrees C.The method further involves exposing the mixture to increased pressure, which is greater than 1 (preferably 2) atmosphere and less than 250 atmospheres, and recovering the hydrogen gas.In (S1), the hydrogen gas is generated by first increasing the temperature and then increasing the pressure or vice versa.Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fuel is cycloalkane (e.g. cyclohexane) and/or aryl (e.g. benzene). EXAMPLE - Solid iodine (0.002 mol) and cyclohexane (0.09 mol) was placed into the reaction vessel. The mixture was heated to 80 degrees C, thereby increasing the pressure within the reaction vessel. The temperature was maintained at 80 - 100 degrees C, and the pressure was maintained at 2 - 2.5 atmospheres by periodically venting the gases. The hydrogen produced was collected by opening the valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wicking structure is selected from a group consisting of polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, modified cellulose, poly-acrylonitrile, mixtures of bundled, matted , needled or woven fibers of cellulose, modified cellulose, polyester, polypropylene, poly-acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first portion of alkanes consists of alkanes having at least 2C. The second portion of alkanes consists essentially of methane. The mixture of alkanes is natural gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process further comprises separating the natural gas into a first feed stream (10) comprising the first portion of alkanes and a second feed stream comprising the second portion of alkanes. Converting a first portion of the alkanes directly to carbon filaments comprises passing the first feed stream to a carbon filament reactor (20). Hydrogen is produced from the alkanes in the carbon filament reactor. Converting a first portion of the alkanes directly to carbon filaments comprises contacting the alkanes with a metal catalyst disposed in the carbon filament reactor. Converting a second portion of the alkanes to syngas comprises passing the second feed stream to a syngas production reactor. The process further comprises feeding the syngas to a synthesis reactor to produce hydrocarbon liquids; and recycling light off-gas from the synthesis reactor for processing with the natural gas. The process also comprises processing the hydrocarbon liquids recovered from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor into naphtha, kerosene, diesel, and/or wax. The natural gas is fed to at least one carbon filament reactor maintained at 400-850 degrees C to convert the first portion of alkanes to the carbon filaments while second portion of alkanes remains unconverted, thus filtering the second portion of alkanes from the natural gas. The process also comprises upgrading the alcohols recovered from an alcohol synthesis reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The synthesis reactor is a Fischer-Tropsch reactor; or alcohol synthesis reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises steam purge lines in fluid communication with the two solids transfer lines. The first fluidized bed reactor is a bubbling reactor or entrained flow reactor. The second fluidized bed reactor is a counterflow reactor. A mechanism, e.g. a cyclone or other device for separating solids from fluids, is provided at the outlet of the first fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The array of flow disrupters comprise a second array of flow disrupters.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell consists of solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells. The fluid flow channel comprises oxidant (38) flow channel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of metallic nickel, silver, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, copper-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, nickel-ceria cermets, perovskite doped lanthanum manganate, strontium-doped lanthanum manganate, tin-doped indium oxide, strontium doped PrMnO3, LaFeO3-LaCoO3, ruthenium oxide-yttria-stabilized zirconia, lanthanum cobaltite, zirconium oxide, yttria-stabilized zirconia, doped ceria, cerium oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, and/or perovskite oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers and/or polymer composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The injected water is present at 1-1.5 or 1-1.5 pbw per 1 part of lithium or sodium borohydride particles, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The borohydride particles are hydrolyzed at at least 120 degrees Celsius. The method includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to an unheated by-products storage vessel (50), and conveying hydrogen gas from the by-products storage vessel to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device. It includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to a grinding vessel, and further mixing and grinding the borohydride particles and the solid by-products in the grinding vessel before conveying the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The motive mechanism is a motor attached to the power shaft so as to rotate the power shaft and the associated turbine assemblies at a high revolution per minute (RPM) to deliver high mechanical impact energy to the water molecules within the cavitation chamber to accelerate the breakdown into covalent diatomic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen molecules are separated and the hydrogen molecules are introduced into the hydrogen storage tank where they are stored for use as fuel. Any remaining water molecules are transported through the gas mixture recycling conduit, thus passing through the heat exchanger to cool the mixture prior to reintroduction into the cavitation chamber. The inside of the inner wall is coated with fiber to preclude the passage of the hydrogen outside of the unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the time interval for the supply of the organic refuse is one week. The organic refuse are added at the center of the fermenter so that the primary and secondary fermentation are carried out to obtain a suitable product.Preferred Apparatus: In (I), the connoisseur has holes of suitable size such that the exhausting unit interposes each holes and the fermenter in the upper part of the side wall surface of the frame container and the humidification tank. The connoisseur also has a chimney (63) of suitable height positioned at the center of exhausting unit. (I) has several holes at the upper part of the side wall surface of humidification tank arranged at the downward direction of the fermenter. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The stirring blade cut the cylinder perpendicularly. The upper portion of the fermenter has organic refuse injection lid for passing the organic refuse. The organic refuse elimination apparatus further has an exhaust port, a deodorization device (180) having deodorization device container, a motor positioned at the upper outer side of the container, a perpendicular rotary shaft extending vertically inside the deodorizing device container, a sirocco fan connected with the shaft, a water supplement pipe which supplies water to the bottom portion of the container so that the lower end of sucking portion is under water, a drainage pipe for emitting water accumulated in the bottom portion of the container and a purification air discharge port for emitting the purified air inside the container. The sirocco fan rotates horizontally within the container. The purified air emitted from the purification air discharge port has large amount of anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The stirring control unit stirs organic refuse immediately moved from the drier into the biological treatment tank, using the stirrer. The ventilator ventilates biological treatment tank. The ventilation control unit increases the output after the organic refuse is moved from drier to biological treatment tank. A heater (24) heats biological treatment tank. A ventilation control unit and heating control unit controls ventilation and heating, respectively, by cooperating with movement of organic refuse from the drier to biological treatment tank. Organic refuse is immersed in microbe carrier (22) in the tank and stirred.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fermentation process is an aerobic fermentation. Heat generated by combustion of carbonized gas is used as heat for aerobic fermentation. Portion(s) of carbonized material as water adjustment material produced is added with organic substance, and steam-processed for predetermined time under high temperature and high pressure.Preferred Condition: The container used for steam processing, has internal pressure of 10-30 Kg/cm2 and temperature of 150-250 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: 16SrDNA of (I) has a fully defined sequence of 1344 base pairs as given in the specification. EXAMPLE - GR-004 strain of Gordonia sp. was inoculated into 5 ml of LB culture medium, and performed shaking culture at 30degreesC for 20 hours. One ml of the obtained solution, 100 ml of modified W culture medium (peptone, yeast extract, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate etc.,), and 1 g of scrapped vehicle engine oil (waste oil) were added to the 500 ml flask, and performed shaking culture at 30degreesC for 72 hours. After cultivating, the residual oil was extracted by chloroform methanol extraction method. The decomposition ratio of the waste oil was calculated from the weight of residual oil, by using formula Decomposition-ratio (%)=(1-(sample dry weight/control dry weight))x100. The results showed that the decomposition ratio of Gordonia sp. GR-004 was 52%. Thus the GR-004 strain of Gordonia sp. was capable of degrading waste oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method is performed in culture medium containing microorganisms such as resting microorganisms. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganisms are the strains having mycological characters substantially equivalent to HKT554 strains (FERM P-19012) of Pseudomonas.    EXAMPLE - 0.1 mM of 2-methylthio benzothiazole was added to 500 mg/L of ammonium sulfate and culture medium containing 3 ml of glucose. HKT554 strains (FERM P-19012) of Pseudomonas was inoculated to the above culture medium and cultivated at 30 degrees C for 72 hours. The absorbance of the culture solution was 1.15, measured at 660 nm. The culture solution was centrifuged to remove microbial cells and supernatant liquid. The supernatant liquid was subjected HPLC analysis process to measure the concentration of 2-methylthio benzothiazole. The result confirmed that the 2-methylthio benzothiazole was completely decomposed by Pseudomonas strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The activated-carbon-adsorption agent comprises impregnated carbon added with nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method of processing carbon dioxide further involves supplying hydrocarbon to anode through anode supply line.Carbonate ion undergoes electrochemical reaction with the hydrocarbon, and produces carbon dioxide and water which are ejected out through the anode ejection line.Carbon dioxide ejected from the anode is passed into a subterranean oil layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Hydrocarbon supplied to the anode is methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The contaminant is an incinerated ash, incinerated fly-ash, soil or building. The incinerated ash and/or incinerated fly-ash have high alkalinity pH of 10 or more. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The white-rot fungi is a microorganism belongs to Trametes versicolor (MT 003 strain FERM P-18171).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the cellulose of paper manufacture sludge is hydrolyzed by cellulase or beta-glucosidase. The fermentation process is carried out by culturing Lactobacillus or Rhizopus. The steps of hydrolysis and fermentation are performed simultaneously. The lactic acid is produced by fed-batch fermentation at 42-46 degrees Centigrade and at pH 5-5.5. EXAMPLE - Lactic acid was produced by fermentation using Lactobacillus rhamnosus as follows. The lactic acid was produced using paper sludge, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate. The microorganisms were cultured in the shaking incubator for 20 hours at 42 degrees Centigrade and at 150 rpm. The fermentation process was implemented 5 hours after the completion of hydrolysis of paper sludge. The glucose and lactic acid concentration were measured in the culture and a high yield of lactic acid was found to be obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic insulating material is mica. The adsorption agent of organic gas is a zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic gas processing apparatus, which performs alternately adsorption and decomposition of organic gas, has several gas processing elements arranged in cyclic or parallel, and a pair of desorption chamber interposing the organic gas processing element. The plasma is generated by applying a high voltage to the organic gas processing element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Chemical Agent: The chemical agent is the hydroxyl groups such as phenols, alcohol, polyhydric alcohols and cyclic ester. The compounds are selected from the group consisting of oxy ether, cyclic ether, carbonic acid alkylene and ketones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Support: The support is a center string formed with a wire, which consists of a synthetic resin. The support contains a synthetic resin having a maximum diameter and 5-20 mm of length. The support consists of a biodegradable plastic, which holds anaerobic microorganisms. The support is a non-woven fabric, string, polyhedron or a granule having porous shape. The support is hydrophilized using an oxidizing agent such as ozone gas. The support is a polyhedron in which the metal and/or its alloy are embedded inside to serve as magnetic substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The methane fermentation processing apparatus, has a circulation unit for circulating organic waste, a blower for blowing and stirring the gas generated by the methane fermentation in the organic water and a stirrer for stirring organic waste mechanically with the methane fermentation tank. The apparatus is equipped with a unit for making the support to flow by a magnetic force from the outer side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The methane bacteria are high temperature methane bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Installation: The installation comprises at least one by-product drying unit using an air blast and a gasification unit for producing a fuel from the dried by-products. A by-product granulation unit is located between the drying unit and the gasification unit equipped with a gasifier (5) having a stationary bed with inversed air draft and at atmospheric pressure.The granulation unit comprises a vertical granulation press having a static flat die plate and rotary pressing rollers.The outlet of the gasifier (5) is connected to a cooling unit comprising a tubular heat exchanger with a falling film cooled by a heat carrier fluid. At least one gas-scrubbing column (7, 8) is located after the cooling unit.The gas-scrubbing unit is followed by a filtration unit (9, 10), from where the purified gas is passed to an internal combustion engine (11) connected to an electricity generator and/or to a burner. Units for collecting heat from the cooling unit and/or the engine (11) are provided for heating the air used for supplying the drying unit comprising a dryer (2) in the form of a thick-layer, convective stationary bed.A ventilation unit is provided upstream of the filtration unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The burner is arranged near the water vaporization part. Product gas discharged from the hydrogen generator is mixed with fuel supplied from the fuel supply part and fed into the burner. The combustion catalyst is in contact with the water vaporization part. The combustion gas in the combustion gas flow path has a temperature of 100-200degreesC. A second air supply part for supplying air to the combustion catalyst in the combustion gas flow path is provided between the burner and the combustion catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The combustion catalyst is supported by a carrier formed of a corrugated thin metal plate and/or a flat thin metal plate. It is in the honeycomb form and/or the pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A double extrusion screw which is an intermeshing double extrusion screw, preferably a counter rotating intermeshing double extrusion screw, is provided in the housing. The extrusion screw has a hollow shaft. The extrusion screw has a double blade over at least part of its length. The blade or blades on the hollow shaft are hollow as well. The blade has a variable pitch. The distance between the shaft of the screw and the housing is at least of the same order as the distance between two successive blades, preferably the distance between the shaft and the housing is larger than the distance between two successive blades. The screw has a shaft on which internals such as paddles and/or rods are provided. The housing is double walled. The housing has one or more outlets (5, 7, 8) for the gasses formed and/or one or more outlets for products formed. Preferred Parameter: The housing has a length of 1-25, preferably approximately 12 m. The extrusion screw rotates with a velocity of at most25 rounds per minute, preferably approximately 1 round per minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The housing and/or the extrusion screw have been made from cast iron, preferably nodular cast iron. Preferred Method: The material and the processed products are kneaded during transport. The material and the processed products are heated to a maximum temperature of 300-1000, preferably approximately 600degreesC. The transporting time of the material and the processed products in the housing is 10-60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process : The carbon dioxide fixation is effected using (i) a photosynthesis bacterium, especially a cyanobacterium such as Synechocystis aquatilis or mixture or wild type; (ii) a microalga, especially a Chlorophyceae such as Cyanidium caldarium, Chlamydomonas noctigama, Nostoce, Chlorella kessleri or Chlamydomonas moewusii or mixture or wild type; (iii) a mixture of algae and bacteria; or (iv) microorganisms under the influence of natural and/or artificial light. The operation of the block heating and generating plant involves addition of impure gas containing hydrocarbons (40-95 volume %) and carbon dioxide (2-60 volume %) to the biogas just before the combustion of the latter.Preferred Apparatus : The apparatus includes a block heating and generating plant (7) and also components for the production of biogas, sewer gas or purification plant gas by anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. The initial gas containing hydrocarbons (40-95 volume %) and carbon dioxide (2-60 volume %) can be fed directly through the photobio-reactor (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The process further comprises mixing the residual material produced in the biogas installation with the pyrolysate, and drying the solid as part of the residual material with the waste heat from the reactor and/or power station. The biogenic residual material is agricultural residual material, preferably liquid manure or straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The cathode is made of a ferrous metal, and the anode is of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: The detectors are formed as thermocouple, temperature-sensitive resistor or temperature-sensitive diode. An absorber layer (9) is formed on one of the detectors. The filters are Fabry-Perot filters. The first chip comprises a first substrate (4) and the detectors are thermally decoupled from the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reforming module comprises a device for separating carbon dioxide, a device for absorbing carbon dioxide or sequestering it into a solid, and a device for absorbing carbon dioxide by a carbonation reaction with a metal hydroxide to produce a metal carbonate. A desorption module (21b) is included to allow the release of carbon dioxide. It is thermally integrated with the fuel cell. The reforming module is thermally integrated with the fuel cell. A heat transfer device between the fuel cell and reforming module is provided in the form of a cathode exhaust loop. The fuel cell is a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell, Phosphoric Acid fuel cell or Solid Oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reforming module is adapted to fuel comprising natural gas, methane, methanol, diesel, gasoline, coal, biomass, gases from the gasification of organic matter such as biomass or carbons/hydrocarbons, gases from the biological decomposition of organic matter such as biomass or carbons/hydrocarbons, or gas-hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The porous interfacial layer is gamma-alumina (gamma-Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, tin oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, lanthanum series oxide(s), and/or zeolites. The porous structure has geometry of foam, felt, and/or wad. The catalyst structure is placed in a reaction chamber having walls defining a microchannel through which reactants pass. The walls separate the reaction chamber from cooling chamber(s). The catalyst structure further comprises a buffer layer between the porous structure and the porous interfacial layer. The buffer layer is aluminum oxide (Al2O3), TiO2, SiO2, and/or ZrO2. It includes a sub-layer of titania for adhering the gamma-alumina to the porous structure.Preferred Material: The porous structure is made of a material from metal and/or ceramic. EXAMPLE - Two catalyst materials were used with exactly the same composition but in different physical form. Both catalyst materials had 15 wt.% cobalt 1 wt.% ruthenium/gamma-alumina. One was in powder form tested in a micro fixed-bed reactor according to literature specification for minimizing the heat and mass transfer resistance. The other was a catalyst-impregnated metal foam tested in a single channel-testing unit. Even though both catalysts were tested under the identical conditions, powdered catalyst showed significantly higher conversion (99.6%) and higher selectivity to undesired product methane (36%), apparently due to unmeasured temperature excursions within catalyst bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - (2) Is connected to a channel having a wall at least partly coated with water-gas shift catalyst. (4) Or water-gas shift catalyst is rhodium or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The impurity is hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon gas (14, 33, 43) is natural gas. The fluid stream is sour gas (1) or natural gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Second, third, and fourth stage scrubbers (11, 21, 42) have a treatment area with an inlet for receiving the first stage sequestered sea water from the first stage scrubber. The treatment area of the second stage scrubber has a lesser operating pressure than the first stage scrubber to provide a second stage pressure differential, so that the impurity and any hydrocarbon gas situated in the first stage sequestered sea water, upon entering the treatment area of the second stage scrubber, flashes from the sequestered seawater due to the second stage pressure differential, which hydrocarbon gas and impurity contacts in counter-current fashion sea water flowing through the treatment area of the second stage scrubber to sequestrate the impurity into the sea water, providing second stage sequestered sea water and second stage purified hydrocarbon gas. The second stage purified hydrocarbon gas is compressed via a second stage compressor, producing heated, compressed gas having a pressure about that of the first stage scrubber. The second stage compressor to re-introduce the heated compressed gas into the first stage scrubber for cooling via heat exchange with the sea water. The treatment area of the third stage scrubber has a lesser a lesser operating pressure than the second stage scrubber to provide a three differential pressure. A first control valve (9, 28, 40) is situated between the first and second stage scrubbers. A first energy recovery turbine (29) is formed to extract energy from the control valve and to power a pump for pumping seawater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The container further comprises a cavity along its top wall, and a vent (210) that can be opened to release gases. The oxygen source comprises zinc electrolyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal comprises zinc and/or its alloy. It comprises aluminum, lithium, and/or magnesium. The recombination catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The slurry is preheated before it enters the reactor. The borohydride particles are reacted at at least 120 degrees Celsius. The solid by-products are ground and conveyed to an unheated by-products storage vessel. Hydrogen gas is conveyed from the reactor to the supply storage vessel before conveying the hydrogen to the hydrogen-consuming device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first and second stage catalytic reformers comprise a catalytic partial oxidization section or a catalytic steam reforming section. The second stage catalytic reformer is nested within the first stage catalytic reformer, for establishing heat exchange relationship between them. Endothermal components of the first and second stage catalytic reformers are in heat exchange relation with exothermic components of the second and first stage catalytic reformer, respectively. The autothermal reactor comprises an outer shell having a passage that is in fluid communication with the premix chamber, and in heat exchange communication with other components of the autothermal reactor; and a vaporizer in fluid communication with the premix chamber and heat exchange communication with the reformate stream exiting the second stage catalytic reformer, where heat from the reformate stream enables the vaporizer to vaporize fuel and/or water to be supplied to the premix chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An anaerobic biological filter can be used and a pump is used to add an electron donor, preferably methanol, glucose, starch or acetate, to the recirculated membrane filter retentate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The dew-formation interruption prevention unit having one or two slopes covers a portion of the fermenter. The unit is formed in curve or V shape towards the downward direction of the fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The microorganism completely decomposes the organic substance into steam and gas. Therefore, the wastewater mechanism is not required. The apparatus further comprises a suction apparatus (3) for attracting the gas in the container, and a heater (4) for heating the container. The stirrer is equipped with a rotary shaft and a moving blade, which is supported with a support material (23) around the shaft. The moving blade is in strip shape. The blade is inclined and arranged with respect to the axial and circumferential direction of the shaft. The suction apparatus is equipped with an ozone generator and the component of the processed gas is decomposed. The microbial bed is a porous limestone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are belonging to Providencia, Proteus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas genus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The spraying material contains plant seed.Preferred Process: The moisture content of mixture of crushed plants is controlled and natural, forced or primary fermentation is carried out. Dioxin decomposition microbe is added to the fermented mixture at 5-45 degreesC and pH of 6-9. Subsequently, secondary fermentation of the mixture is carried out after adjusting the temperature to 5-45 degreesC, pH to 6-9 and moisture content to 40-80%, and dioxin decomposition manure is obtained. EXAMPLE - Mixed agglomeration of Bromus japonicus, Equisetum arvense, Erigeron philadelphicus, Tradescantia reflexa, Rumex acetosa, Lapsana apogonoides, Artemisia princeps Vicia angustifolia, Miscanthus sinensis, Eleusine indica, Taraxacum officinale, Poa annua, Brassica campestris, Sagina japonica and Cayratia japonica was carried out and crushed to a particle size of 1 cm. Crushed mowed grass (72 kg) was supplied to composting apparatus containing the mixed agglomerate. The temperature was controlled to 45 degreesC and moisture content was adjusted to 55-70 degreesC, and primary fermentation was performed for 72 hours. The manure obtained after primary fermentation was adjusted to 20-35 degreesC and the pH was set to 7. Culture liquid containing 8 sorts of white-rot fungi such as Trametes versicolor and Hypoxylun deustrum was added to the fermented manure. Secondary fermentation of the manure was carried out after controlling the temperature to 20-35 degreesC, moisture content of 55-70 degreesC and pH to 7-8, to obtain dioxin decomposition manure. The obtained manure (10 kg) was added to a composting apparatus. Subsequently, soil contaminated with octa chloro dibenzo furan was added. The contents in the apparatus were processed at 20 degreesC for 3 weeks. The soil contained 0.8623 TEQ/g of dioxins after processing for 3 weeks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: (II) is stable under aerobic conditions. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen supply component further contains 20-2000 volume portion of decalin, with respect to 100 volume portion of 1-methyl decalin. The hydrogen supply component further more comprises 0.1-100 volume portion of hydrogenated aromatic compound(s), with respect to 100 volume portion of 1-methyl decalin and decalin.Preferred Medium: The hydrogen storage supply medium performs storage and/or supply of hydrogen, using aromatic using hydrogenated storage component containing aromatic compound, and dehydrogenated hydrogen storage component containing hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The hydrogen storage supply medium contains raw material storage unit (2) which stores hydrogen storage component and/or hydrogen supply component, reactor (4) which stores a metal supported catalyst (41) by which hydrogenation of hydrogen storage component and/or dehydrogenation of hydrogen supply component are performed, a heater (43) to heat the metal supported catalyst, raw material supply unit (3) which supplies raw material to reactor, vapor liquid separation unit and reaction material recovering unit.Preferred Composition: The metal supported catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron. The supporting metal of the metal supported catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecule sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina, metallised porous component, honey comb metal and/or reticulate metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: Metal(s) chosen from IB and/or IIB are copper, and silver. Preferred Support: The support contains alumina, zirconia, metal(s) chosen from alkali and alkaline earth metal, and ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The group VIII metal is rhodium or iron. Preferred Support: The support contains alumina, ceria, zirconia and oxide of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal such as barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of palladium and nickel with respect to total amount of catalyst, is 5-90 wt.%, preferably 30-60 wt.%.The mole ratio of palladium and nickel is 20/1-1/50. Preferably, the mole ratio of palladium and nickel is 3/1-1/50 and 20/1-1/20, when carrier is silica and carbon nanofiber, respectively.Preferred Process: The carrier dried in presence of air, is further baked, and reduction process of baked carrier is carried out using reducing gas, when carrier is silica or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fiber: The carbon nanofiber is obtained by decomposing a hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate aqueous solution containing nickel (5 wt.%), was added to Cab-O-Sil(TM) (silica). Then palladium chloride aqueous solution containing 0.91 wt.% of palladium, was added and impregnated. The molar ratio of palladium and nickel was 1/10. The resulting solution was stirred and dried by evaporation. The dried solution was baked at 350 degreesC in presence of air for 10 hours. Then hydrogen gas was supplied and reduction processing was carried out at 300 degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain palladium-nickel/silica catalyst. The obtained catalyst (40 mg) supplied and packed in fixed bed flow through type reactor. Methane was circulated at 530 degreesC, 101 kPa and flow amount of 40 ml/minute. Methane was decomposed, and hydrogen was manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is cobalt, copper or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The solid superstrong-acid support is solid superstrong-acid which supports sulfate radical or tungstic acid compound, on oxide or hydroxide of zirconium. Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide selective-removal process comprises water gas reaction process and carbon monoxide selective-oxidation process. EXAMPLE - 0.1M ammonium metatungstate aqueous solution was added to gamma-alumina having surface area of 165 g/cm. Zirconium hydroxide (in mass%) (15) was precipitated by adding aqueous ammonia to oxy zirconyl chloride. The mixture was then dried at 120 degreesC for 3 hours and bake-processed at 850 degreesC in air for 12 hours, to obtain superstrong-acid support (WOx-ZrO2). A 0.1M cobalt nitrate aqueous solution was added and impregnated on the obtained support as cobalt metal. Hydrogen reduction process is carried out by drying at 100c for 12 hours and then at 700 degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain the catalyst. The catalyst (2.27 g) having particle size distribution of 250-500 mum was packed in a fixed-bed flow through-type reactor. Water vapor modification reaction was performed at 700 degreesC and 750 degreesC, using n-dodecane and steam mixed gas as raw material, to produce hydrogen. The steam/carbon ratio of the raw material was 3. The n-dodecane conversion ratio at both conditions were 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The biodegradable resin molding is obtained by molding polyester-type resin or cellulose resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The biodegradable resin-portion solution enzyme is lipase, esterase and/or cellulase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The oil absorber contains powder of natural cotton, Pecan and/or kenaf. Live oil decomposition microbe are provided to the oil absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous foamed resin board is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The filler is a solid catalyst. The filling tank is a reactor, in which a gas containing ethylene, acetylene and hydrogen is reacted with hydrogen to form ethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The predetermined relationship further comprises comparing the output data with previously calculated fuel consumption determined from the system data using the initial injector command or the injector command. The output data further comprises calculated fuel consumption. The output data is calculated using an injector module for calculating injector module (IM)/combustion module (CM) data and IM/engine cycle module (ECM) data from an estimated initial cylinder pressure and IM system data, where the IM system data is a subset of the system data. It is also calculated using a combustion module for calculating CM/ECM data from an estimated initial intake flow rate, the IM/CM data and CM system data, the CM system data being a subset of the system data. It is also calculated using an engine cycle module for calculating the output data from the CM/ECM data, the IM/ECM data and the ECM system data, the ECM system data being a subset of the system data. Prior to calculating the output data, a small loop between the combustion model and the engine cycle module is used to provide a converged intake flow rate and, a big loop between the injection module, the combustion module and the engine cycle is used to provide a converged cylinder pressure, the converged cylinder pressure used to provide the cylinder pressure value. Preferred Component: The engine further comprises an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system and the system data further comprises an initial effective EGR valve flow area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The engine is fueled by gaseous fuel from natural gas, methane, hydrogen (preferred), ethane, or propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The CO contained in modified gas is reacted with water to obtain hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The contamination source is a lubricant (42) comprising silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The seal-leak detection system comprises a sensor (45a, 45b) positioned downstream of an internal seal of the air moving equipment. The sensor is constructed and arranged to sense contamination by reflection.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell or a solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Borate: The alkali metal borate is a sodium borate of formula: Na2O.xB2O3.yH2O, where x is 1-5 and y is 0-10, and the lower alcohol is straight or branched chain 1-6C alkyl alcohol, preferably straight or branched chain 1-4C alkyl alcohol, most preferably methanol or n-butanol. Preferred Material: The water absorbing material is a molecular sieve of type 3A or 4A or particulate alumina. Preferred Method: The reaction is performed in a continuous manner by passing the carbon dioxide and lower alcohol over a particulate mixture of alkali metal borate and water absorbing material. The trialkyl borate is isolated by distillation. Alternatively, the trialkyl borate is produced from of solution of alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide, by drying the solution to form particulate mixture of alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide and reacting the particulate mixture with carbon dioxide and lower alcohol, in the presence of porous particulate water-absorbing material. The unreacted lower alcohol is recovered and reused in the process. The solution containing alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide is discharged fuel from a hydrogen generator. The trialkyl borate is converted to alkali metal borohydride by reaction with an alkali metal hydride. The alkali metal is sodium. EXAMPLE - A sealed glass reactor was charged with sodium metaborate (in g) (2) and methanol (15). The reactor contained water absorbing material comprising porous alumina (2) having partial size of 3.2 mm. The reactor was filled with carbon dioxide and maintained at 80 degreesC under pressure of 20 psig for 4 hours. The resulting trialkyl borate and residual alcohol were removed by distillation from the reactor. The yield of the trialkyl borate was 43%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The amount of uric acid nitrogen of fresh hen-droppings is maintained substantially in the manure. The hen-droppings are composted at a temperature which exceeds 50 degrees Centigrade, thereby restraining the activity of uricase producing microbe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fermented lingo cellulose material is a bark.Preferred Properties: The adhesive agent has water-resisting property. The loss modulus in the state at which adhesive agent is solidified shows a peak of 0 degrees Centigrade or less. EXAMPLE - Pig feces containing 75% of bark manure chip was fermented with Agrotis palutris microbe, dried, adhesive agent was sprayed such that the adhesive agent forms 6% solid content/chip dry weight. Adhesive agent was uniformly mixed with 2.5 weight parts (wt.pts) of water-soluble polymer having 10 wt.pts of oxazoline group and polycarboxylic resin, and 87.5 wt.pts of styrene butadiene rubber latex. After dispersing manure chip applied with adhesive agent to a uniform thickness of 500x500 mm on a board, mat was formed. The mat was subjected to hot compression between hot plates (with spacer thickness of 5 mm) at 120 degrees Centigrade for 2 minutes. The obtained manure sheet had specific gravity of 0.63 and thickness of 5 mm. The manure sheet had tensile strength of 0.6 kg/cm2, water absorption-swelling thickness of 28% and water absorption of 85%. A test field covered with the manure sheet showed no weed growth. 18 holes of 3 mm diameter were made on the sheet and 3 grains of seeds of Brassica campestris were seeded. The germination rate was 36% and growth number of leaves was 6.2, in 3 weeks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen separation membrane is comprised of alloy such as palladium (Pd), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The soil contaminated by oil components is alternatively purified using soil/soil slurry containing Novosphingobium bacteria. The soil slurry produced by mixing oil-stained soil with seawater, fresh water and/or activated sludge treated water has pH of 6-9 and redox potential of more than +50 mV (silver/silver chloride saturated potassium chloride electrode reference standard). SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Novosphingobium bacteria is N.subarcticum or N.aromaticivorans (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Equal amount of artificial seawater and oil-stained soil containing Novosphingobium subarcticum were mixed to produce soil slurry. The redox potential, pH and temperature of the soil slurry were maintained at +50 mV, 7 and 20degreesC, respectively. Then, the soil slurry was added to soil contaminated with oil component and extracted using GFB filter paper. After 40 days, the residual oil component in the contaminated soil when evaluated was reduced to more than 90%. The result concluded that the bacteria exhibited excellent oil component removing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Contaminated industrial liquid waste or excavated contaminated soil and/or pumped-up contaminated ground water (22) or contaminated stratum, involves enhancing activity of microorganisms in fluid for purifying environmental pollution, increasing contamination-purification function of microorganisms, applying pressure (which looses proliferation function and maintains metabolic activity) is applied, environment is set and injected. Fluid, which has purification function by physical action, chemical reaction and high pressure washing suitable for metabolism is applied to contaminated stratum (1) and propagation of microorganisms is promoted. From injection tip provided at wall surface or bottom portion of pressing-in well, the fluid is injected by pressure, which controls the metabolic activity and proliferation function of microorganisms. The fluid is injected, stratum is washed, contaminant (6) is separated or decomposed and removed by collecting the fluid, which contains a contaminant (which is not decomposed in the stratum) using a collecting well (4). Methane utilizing bacteria (21) is added to fluid and utilized as microorganisms containing fluid. At a pressure of 30-50 MPa, activity of enzyme contained in methane utilizing bacteria and having contaminant decomposing-ability is increased and fluid containing the microorganisms is injected into the contaminated stratum from pressurizing-well (3). The decomposition activity of methane utilizing bacteria is controlled at a maximum value by increasing the parameters such as temperature, pH and/or osmotic pressure of fluid. The contaminated industrial waste or underground water is mixed with solution containing microorganisms. The contamination purification function by microorganisms increases within a reactor, or the pressure of a range, which looses the proliferation function and maintains metabolic activity is applied, environment is set and solution is injected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The amorphous metal film material is an alloy of zirconium, hafnium, nickel or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The basidiomycetes belonging to Agaricus is Agaricus busporus, Armillariella-mellea is Armillariella mollea, Lentinus-lepideus is shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and Pleurotus is Pleurotus salmoneostramineus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred hydride: The hydride is Lithium aluminum hydride, potassium borohydride lithium, hydrogenation aluminum sodium, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation aluminum potassium, potassium borohydride potassium, potassium borohydride magnesium, potassium borohydride calcium, potassium borohydride barium, potassium borohydride strontium, potassium borohydride iron, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, hydrogenation barium, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred transparent material: The transparent material is synthetic resin selected from polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, fluororesin, silicone resin, acetal resin, acrylic resin, melamine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The equipment further has port portion (30, 31, 32) of warm air provided in the treatment tank and stirring shaft of stirrer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The styrene resin foam contains 100-1 wt.% of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon such as propane, n-butane and i-butane and 0-99 wt.% of non-freon type foaming agent such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, water and carbon dioxide. Preferably, the resin foam contains 1-10 weight parts of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon and 0.1-10 weight parts of halogenated pentaerythritol such as dibromo neopentyl glycol and/or tribromo neopentyl alcohol. The resin foam further contains phosphorus containing compound, nitrogen compound and boron containing compound. The air bubble of the foam has 0.25 micro-m or less of diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fully dense magnesium oxide-magnesium aluminum oxide (MgO-MgAl2O4) has a composition (100-A) mol.% Mg to A mol% MgAl2O4. The component comprises boron oxide in the form of boric acid.A = 14-64
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The SOFC comprises a catalyst including iron, the catalyst acting to improve the conversion of chemical energy in the fuel cell into electrical energy. The iron is in a form having a large surface area. Ammonia is supplied to the fuel cell or SOFC from a concentrated aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The iron catalyst is in the form of an iron alloy or a compound including iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The substrate material is formed by an electronically conducting metal oxide, preferably containing ZnO, TiO2, Fe2O3, LiFeO2, Mn2O3 or SnO2, or formed by a water-adsorbing material doped with foreign ions, preferably containing aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium-doped tin oxide or antimony-doped tin oxide. The catalyst is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises at least one additional component (preferably two additional components) is(a) a surfactant either: (i) the ratio of the weight of the surfactant divided by the weight of the substituted salicylanilide compound of formula (I) is greater than or equal to 1 and further provided that the surfactant is 1 wt% or greater of the composition; or (ii) the composition comprises at least 1 wt% of a cationic surfactant, where the ratio of the weight of the surfactant divided by the weight of the compound (I) is greater than or equal to 1; and where 10 wt% aqueous solution of this composition has pH less than or equal to 7;(b) 0.5% - 90% by weight of a solvent the solvent having Hildebrand solubility parameter dg (cal/cm3)1/2 meeting the following criterion: 5 less than dS less than 20, where a 10 wt% aqueous solution of this composition has a pH greater than (pKa - 1) where pKa is the calculated pKa of the O-G phenol of formula (I) or when G is not H, the pKa of the O-G phenol of formula (I) that results from replacing G with H;(c) a perfume having a C log P greater than or equal to 2;(d) 0.001-1.0% by weight of an enzyme (preferably an enzyme proteases, amylases, cellulases, mannanases, xyloglucanases, pectinases, lipases, laccases and/or peroxidases); and(e) its mixtures. Preferred Definitions:    R2 = optionally substituted 1-16C alkyl, 6-16C aryl (preferably 5-11C alkyl or 6-14C aryl);    G = H, a suitable charge balancing counterion (Mn+)1/n or a cleaveable group of Si((O)pR3)3, C(O)q((O)pR3)r;    p, r = 0-1;    q, r = 1;    q = 0;    r = 3; and    R3 = 1-16C alkyl(optionally substituted), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkaryl, aralkyl or aryl.    ACTIVITY - Antibacterial.    No details of test for antibacterial activity are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given in the source material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The treatment of methane-containing natural gas further includes substituting butenes for some of propylene feed in alkylation unit to provide gasoline boiling range fuel product, collecting individual streams of ethylene, propylene, and gasoline boiling range fuel product, collecting at least4 carbon atoms (C) gasoline boiling range product stream having less than 10 ppm sulfur, and blending at least4C gasoline boiling range product stream with a second gasoline boiling range product stream to provide gasoline boiling range product stream having reduced sulfur content. The conversion of methane is carried out using steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, gasification, or combined reforming and autothermal reforming. It is carried using methanol to gasoline, methanol to olefin, or methanol to chemicals with aromatic co-feed. It is carried out in the presence of shape-selective crystalline silicate catalyst from ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, MCM-22 (sic), silicon aluminum phosphate (SAPO)-18, or SAPO-34.Preferred Component: The alkylation unit utilizes propylene feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The mixing rate of liquid fertilizer raw material is adjusted by component adjustment tank (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The excrement disposal tank has a pair of screw conveyors, which transfers the processed culture medium to the rotation center and guides the processed medium to the circulation conveyor. The screw conveyor has screw shaft, which makes the rotation center of the driving shaft. The screw is rotation driven by the engagement with the screw-driving shaft rotatably supported coaxially to the inside of the perpendicular driving shaft. The screw attached to the periphery of the screw shaft is arranged symmetrically at the center of the perpendicular shaft.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, an integrated material is obtained by reacting soil in reduction state, with solution (III) containing AOC compound as only terminal electron acceptor, multiple types of organic acid as electron donor, and bromoethane sulfonic acid. The material is reacted in a system having AOC compound, at 30-50degreesC in anaerobic condition, to decompose AOC compound. Alternately, the soil in reduction state is added to solution (I). The integrated material obtained after heating, is reacted in system having AOC compound, at 30-50degreesC in anaerobic condition, to decompose AOC compound. Preferred Condition: The integrated material (II) is reacted in the system having AOC compound, preferably at 37-42degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high chlorination aromatic organochlorine compound is polychlorobiphenyl or hexachloro benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon containing sulfur is contacted with catalyst (A) and then with catalyst (B). The hydrocarbon containing 0.1 mass ppm or less of sulfur is obtained.Preferred Material: The rare earth element is lanthanum or yttrium. Y-type zeolite has lydian stone ratio of 4-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternatively, the hydrocarbon containing sulfur is contacted with catalysts (A-C) in order. The sulfur concentration of hydrocarbon is less than 0.1 mass ppm.Preferred Compound: The zeolite of catalyst (B) is Y-type zeolite or dealuminated Y-type zeolite. 50 mass% or more of clay compound contains silicon and manganese as main component. The rare earth element of catalyst (A) is lanthanum or yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A separated type is formed and divided into a fuel gas supply side chamber and an oxygen or oxygen-containing gas supply side chamber by the cell. The fuel battery has a chamber in which a cell is arranged so that its cathode layer and anode layer are exposed to a mixed gas comprised of a fuel gas and oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas. It has a container (20) formed with supply and exhaust ports for the gases, and spaces filled with a filler. Gaps in the filler form gaps where ignition is not possible even in the presence of mixed fuel gas within an ignition limit inside the spaces when driving the batter. The anode layer is a porous layer having open porosities of 30-70 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nickel oxide containing lithium in the anode layer is obtained by adding a lithium compound to a nickel oxide and firing the resulting body. The anode layer contains not more than 50 vol.% samarium oxide-doped cerium oxide, scandium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide, or yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide. Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is added at 1-15 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide element is of tungsten oxide (WO3), as a porous powder layer with particles of sub-micron dimensions. The electrodes are of platinum with a gold plating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises hydrophilic screen that covers the inlet. A separator is disposed at the outlet. It comprises a hydrophobic membrane and hydrophilic screen at the outlet. The catalyst comprises a ring of catalytic material disposed within the tubular member. The method further comprises separating hydrogen gas produced in the tubular member from the hydrogen-bearing solution, screening an inlet and an outlet of the tubular member, and cleaning the catalyst by passing hydrogen bubbles produced in the tubular member by the catalyst
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The chemical reaction chamber is rigid and the chemical solution reservoir is flexible and contained within the chemical reaction chamber. A collection shell is disposed about the distributed catalyst bed and in fluid communication with a fuel cell (40). A hydrophobic membrane is disposed between the gas collection shell and the distributed catalyst bed. An electronically operated control valve is disposed between the chemical reaction chamber and the chemical solution reservoir. The valve comprises a controller that monitors a stack voltage of a fuel cell and adjusts frequency, pulse width or aperture size of the control valve in response to changes in the stack voltage. The electronic controller monitors user settings, configuration settings, gas pressure, fuel cell current and/or fuel cell power; and adjusts frequency, pulse width or aperture size of the control valve in response to monitored changes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The valve disposed between the flexible bag and reaction chamber is controlled to meter movement of the fuel solution from the flexible bag through the distributed catalyst bed substantially surrounding the reaction chamber. The method also includes monitoring one or more of a fuel cell stack voltage, user settings, configuration settings, hydrogen gas pressure, fuel cell current and fuel cell power; and controlling the valve according to the monitoring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: An adjusting device is arranged between the waste gas flues by which the waste gas from the heat source is divided onto the waste gas flues. The adjusting device is formed by a flap arranged between the waste gas flues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The distillation in step (B) is carried out at 0.5-5 bar. A portion of the low b. pt. fraction from (B) is recycled to step (A). The recycle ratio of step (B) to step (A) is 0.01-0.5 kg/kg. The low b. pt. fraction from (B) that is recycled to (A) is compressed to the operating pressure of step (A). The low b. pt. fraction from step (B) is at least partially separated in a second separation stage (C) to form a butene-containing and a polar extractant containing fraction with recycle of the extractant containing fraction to step (B). The recycle ratio of step (C) to step (B) is 0.001-0.1 kg/kg. Step (C) is a distillation at 1-5 bar or comprises cooling of the low b. pt. fraction from step (B) to -10 to +55 degreesC. The polar extractant optionally contains 0.1-20 wt.% water, and is preferably dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile, furfural, N-formylmorpholine or dimethylacetamide. EXAMPLE - A mixture of butane and butene (3.00 kg/hour) was mixed with N-methylpyrrolidone and 8 wt.% water and distilled in an extractive distillation column (70 bubble plates) connected to a degassing column (30 bubble plates). The butane product stream was condensed and partially recycled to the extractive distillation column at a recycle ratio of 1 kg/kg. The resulting butane and butene streams were recovered in 90% and 84% purity respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A heat exchanger (5') is arranged in the region of the low temperature shift stage to heat one of the educts. The educt is transported in a transport gas stream between the reformer and the high temperature shift stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The catalyst bed contains baffles in a form of washers and disks, or truncated disks. Preferred Dimension: The ratio of the surface area of the FDC chambers to the surface area of the membrane tubes is 0.1-20, preferably 1-3. The hydrogen-selective and hydrogen-permeable membrane has a ratio of length to diameter of less than 500, preferably less than 250, gaps between the membrane tubes are 0.25-2, preferably 0.5-1 inch, and gap between the membrane (8) and FDC tubes is 0.25-2, preferably 0.5-1 inches. The FDC chamber has an external tubular dimension such that the length to diameter ratio is higher than 4, preferably higher than 10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A sweep gas is used to promote the diffusion of hydrogen through the membrane tube. It comprises steam, CO2, nitrogen and condensable hydrocarbon and the vaporizable hydrocarbon from natural gas, methane, ethyl benzene, methanol, ethane, ethanol, propane, butane, light hydrocarbons having 1-4C, light petroleum fractions including naphtha, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel or gas oil, and/or hydrogen, CO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-selective and hydrogen-permeable membrane is made of a palladium (Pd)-alloy layer supported on a porous metal, particularly a Pd-alloy layer deposited by electroless plating on porous metal with an in-situ oxide protection layer. The porous metal is porous nickel-based alloy, porous Hastelloy, or porous Inconel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The CO2 produced from the steam reforming chamber is 80-99%, preferably 90-95 molar dry basis. Preferred Property: The CO2 produced from the steam reforming chamber is at 0.1-20 MPa, preferably 1-5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: Hydrocarbons of at least 2C contained in the raw material gas are modified to methane in the presence of hydrogen. The fuel electrode is supplied with a hydrogen-containing gas. The raw material gas and the oxygen-containing gas are passed through the catalyst part of the reformer, and the partial oxidation gas containing hydrogen produced by passing raw material gas and oxygen-containing gas through the reformer, is supplied to the fuel electrode as a partial oxidation gas to perform an initial operation, and a fuel gas containing methane is supplied to the fuel electrode to perform a normal operation. The system has a first heat exchanger which heat exchanges a raw material gas and an oxygen-containing gas before passing to a reformer, and a partial oxidation gas exhausted from the reformer. The system has a first combustion means which combusts the raw material gas and the oxygen-containing gas at the initial stage of the reformer and a first combusted gas supply means which heats the reformer. The system has a second combustion means which combusts the raw material gas and oxygen-containing gas before initiation of the electrode reaction, and a second combusted gas supply means which heats the oxygen electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen comprises cathode (5) off-gas from fuel cell. It is feed to the cathode of a fuel cell. The oxygen comprises air. The water is separated off from the off-gas originating from one side of the membrane. The oxygen-containing gas is introduced on the other side of the membrane under elevated pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cathode outlet and inlet of SOFC is connected to the second chamber. The outlet of first chamber is provided with water removal mechanism. The outlet of second chamber is connected to the expander of gas turbine. The gas fed to the second chamber of the membrane is fed through a compressor of turbine. The outlet of turbine is connection the cathode inlet of further SOFC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal ion is iron, aluminum and/or calcium. It is preferably ferric iron and/or ferrous iron. The treating substance is Bauxsol (RTM).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The removal step is preceded by settlement of the precipitated phosphorus-containing compound(s) and any other solids present, until the supernatant water is clear. At least one flocculating agent is added. The pH of the water is adjusted to 6.5-7.5 before adding metal ion(s) to the water. Water is discharged to a freshwater-receiving body. A polyelectrolyte is added to the wastewater. A diatomaceous earth is used as a filter aid. The amount of treating substance is 2-20 (preferably 7) wt.% of the compostable material. The material containing microorganisms and the treating substance are added together in the form of sludge. The amount of the treating substance is 25 wt.% of total solids.Preferred Components: The material containing microorganisms is manure, dredge spoil, rotting garbage, worm casts, leaf mold, humus or active loam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polyelectrolyte is polyacrylamide, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyacrylic acid copolymer, or polyamine. The polyamine is polyvinyl amine, polyethylene amine, polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl piperidine, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or their quaternized derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The exhaust air is cleaned by ionic cleaners (14) and/or singlet oxygen generators (27). The reaction vessel is provided with a perforated floor (20), which has a hole size smaller than the diameter of the spheres and below which is a receiving space (21) for oxidized matter, and that on top of the floor is a scraper (19). The receiving space for oxidized matter has its bottom provided with a gap (24), where the receiving space is in communication with a discharge conveyor (25), and that on top of the bottom is a scraper (22). The bodies or a material, functioning as an oxidizing surface, are separated from unoxidized matter (debris) by a screen (31) prior to returning the bodies to the top end of the reaction vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adjusting the sulfur dioxide (SO2) content in (L1). The SO2 content is adjusted by introducing fresh acid water having an SO2 content of 1200 - 2500 ppm into the corn steeping process and/or adding hydrogen peroxide to (L1). (L1) is incubated at 37 - 45 degreesC for 5 - 60 hours and then dried, and is optionally continuously or intermittently agitated during incubation for 1 - 5 minutes about every hour during incubation. The corn steeping process comprises steeping battery containing at least one steeping tanks. The pre-incubation occurs in a steep tank with fresh corn having an SO2 content of 60 - 100 ppm and at 39 - 42 degreesC. EXAMPLE - One gallon of light steepwater having an initial SO2 content of 170 ppm was incubated in a sealed container at 41 degreesC with short but vigorous mixing after 4 hours and 24 hours of incubation. Initial pH was 3.98, initial dry solids content was 11.2% and initial reducing sugars content was 12.9%. After 4 hours of incubation, SO2 content dropped to 128 ppm, dry solids content remained the same, pH decreased slightly to 3.91, and reducing sugars content decreased to 10.9%. After next 24 hours of incubation, pH dropped to 3.75, SO2 content dropped to 79 ppm, dry solids content slightly decreased to 11% and reducing sugars content dropped to 1.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An adsorption mechanism is provided for adsorbing a medium which exists inside the container and propagates heat. The reformer is manufactured by accommodating the micro reactor in the container under a depressurized atmosphere and a heated atmosphere. A heater is provided for generating heat to heat the micro reactor. The micro reactor comprises a reactor which changes the fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase. It also comprises a reforming reactor which produces hydrogen from the fluid or reforms carbon monoxide in the fluid into carbon dioxide. A temperature measurement mechanism is provided for measuring the temperature of the micro reactor.Preferred Condition: The atmosphere is at 1 Pa or less than 1 Pa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adsorption Mechanism: The adsorption means comprises a polyimide-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The mechanism for providing a fuel/air mixture to the reaction chamber includes a fuel line having first and second ends. The first end is in fluid communication with a fuel source and the second end is in fluid communication with a fuel injector. The mechanism for diverting airflow into the chamber includes an airflow diverter. The reformer further comprises an electrical power source. The plasma arc formed is used to carry out a fuel reforming reaction between air and fuel to form hydrogen-rich gas. The reformer has an exhaust manifold (14) to direct flow of hydrogen-rich gas to an exhaust outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The mixing rate of liquid fertilizer raw material is adjusted by component adjustment tank (2). The liquid fertilizer is contacted with air to supply oxygen for the cultivation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (C1) is propane, n-butane and/or i-butane. The component (C3) is alcohol(s) chosen from methyl alcohol and/or ethyl alcohol, and inorganic type foaming agent(s) chosen from water, carbon dioxide and/or nitrogen. The halogenated flame retardant is hexabromo cyclododecane, tetrabromo cyclooctane and/or tetrabromo bisphenol-A-bis(allyl ether). The halogen containing phosphoric acid ester type flame retardant is tris-(dichloropropyl) phosphate and/or tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate. The styrene resin foam further contains bentonite, porous material (0.2-10) and phosphoric acid ester type compound (0.1-5) with respect to styrene resin (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The styrene resin foam has thermal insulation of 0.028 W/mK or less in terms of heat conductivity. The foam has thermal insulation and flame retardance in accordance with JIS A9511.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aldehyde group containing biodegradable cross-linked polymer material of formula (1) has 50 mole% or less of repeating units of formula (2).R1, R2 = H or methyl group;X = H, alkali metal atom or ammonium group; andY = H or methyl group.The repeating unit is originated in acrolein, crotonaldehyde or methacrolein, preferably acrolein. Alternately, the aldehyde group contains biodegradable cross-linked polymer of formula (3) or (4).R3 = H, methyl or ethyl group.The gelatinization method uses 0.01-13 mass% of composting adjuvant with respect to compost raw material. EXAMPLE - (In g) acrylic acid (11.52), acrolein (2.24) and sodium hydroxide (5.1) were placed into 100 ml flask. 20 mass% of water was added to the flask and the flask was dipped in a 53 degrees C oil bath. 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (1.62) was added to perform polymerization reaction. After 3 hours, the above mixture was purified to obtain aldehyde group containing polymer. The obtained polymer was freeze-dried. Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (50 mg) was dissolved in 40 ml of water as a cross-linking agent and added to the polymer (10). The above mixture was dipped in 70 degrees C oil bath for 2 hours to perform cross-linking reaction. After the reaction completion, the aldehyde group containing cross-linked polymer was freeze-dried. The obtained cross-linked polymer material was found to have 73% biodegradable effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Aluminum Compound: The aluminum compound having a hydroxyl group is a transient alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The screening step further involves agitating the materials while rotary screening to further separate the softer materials from the cohesive material within the screen, as the smaller materials are delivered through the screen. The waste material is further crushed and separated prior to composting. The composted material is screened to remove un-composted waste material.Preferred Condition: The shaft are rotated in one direction, stopped and then rotated in the opposite direction after a predetermined time. The material progresses through the process, while ferrous metal forming part of the waste material is removed using magnets arranged above the material as it is conveyed through the plant. The detection of metal causes stopping of the plant until the metal is removed.Preferred Property: The material for composting has particle size of less than 400 mm.Preferred Device: A metal detector is provided to detect the presence of non-ferrous metals and those ferrous metals not previously removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Sludge treatment is effected in an installation that is physically and biologically independent of the wastewater treatment plants. Removal of phosphorus pollution is effected by precipitation with salts and/or minerals in an installation that is independent of wastewater treatment. The phosphorus contained in the excess sludge is treated separately in concentrated form. The process is carried out in an installation geographically remote from the sludge-generating plants. The process comprises a specific biological treatment of organic matter from the lysis of bacteria, which may be different from the biological treatment resulting in production of the sludge. Preferred Apparatus: The sludge reduction means comprises a thermophilic enzymatic degradation reactor producing organic matter by lysis of bacterial cells, the organic matter providing the source of nutrients for the bacterial in the biological treatment unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The thermophilic enzymatic degradation reactor is supplied continuously with sludge taken directly from the separator-thickener receiving activated sludge from the biological treatment reactor. EXAMPLE - Sludge (6) from a wastewater treatment unit (2) is passed to an activated sludge reactor (8). Sludge from this reactor is passed to a separator-thickener (9). Water from the separator-thickener can be recycled to the wastewater treatment unit. Sludge from the separator-thickener is passed to the thermophilic enzymatic degradation reactor (3). Excess sludge (7) is discharged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The thermophilic enzymatic degradation reactor is supplied continuously with sludge taken directly from the separator-thickener receiving activated sludge from the biological treatment reactor. EXAMPLE - Sludge (6) from a wastewater treatment unit (2) is passed to an activated sludge reactor (8). Sludge from this reactor is passed to a separator-thickener (9). Water from the separator-thickener can be recycled to the wastewater treatment unit. Sludge from the separator-thickener is passed to the thermophilic enzymatic degradation reactor (3). Excess sludge (7) is discharged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The biodegradable polymer obtained is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, poly-hydroxybutyrate, or the copolymer poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/valerate.Preferred Condition: Each cycle is carried out for 2 hours. The feed is effected within the first 10 minutes of each working cycle and the discharge is effected in correspondence with the complete removal of biodegradable COD contained in the feed. The complete removal of COD is identified by measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen in correspondence with the end of the cycle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic load is 20, preferably not less than 50 gCOD/l/d. The feed is 20 gCOD/l/d. EXAMPLE - A feed (20 gCOD/l) contained a synthetic mixture of acetic acid, propionic acid and lactic acid (in relative proportions 40:20:40 in terms of COD). An expected performance of the two-stage process with organic load of 20 g COD/l/d was obtained. The results showed that a copolymer was obtained with productivity of 0.14 g/l/h and at 35% of the total biomass (in terms of COD).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The storage devices comprise purifier for purifying hydrogen gas between the reformer and storage devices. The hydrogen gas stored in the second storage device is pressurized to 10-70 MPa. The unit comprises a hydrogen gas remaining amount detecting device, and a control for feedback controlling the amount of hydrogen gas generated by the reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first storage device stores hydrogen gas by use of hydrogen absorbing alloy, and releases hydrogen gas from hydrogen absorbing alloy by use of waste heat of the reformer or waste heat of the first fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganic composition is effective micro-organisms in combination with a cellulose-decomposing bacteria. The cellulose-decomposing bacteria is Trichoderma sp., Streptomyces sp., Fusarium sp., and/or Clostridium sp..Preferred Condition: The anaerobic decomposition is at 50-80 degrees C for 30-45 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The primary additives are nutrients from sugar, cellulose or vitamins. They are rice bran, oil cake or treacle. The additives are a mixture of rice bran, sawdust and treacle. The secondary additives are nutrients from sugar, lipids or vitamins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The waste water is introduced at 50-110%, preferably 90-100% of the void volume of the bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimensions: The organic matter pieces have no dimension longer than 2 cm.Preferred Properties: The outcome has moisture content of at most 20% (preferably 5-15%) calculated based on the weight of water in the outcome divided by the weight of the outcome including the water.Preferred Process: The pieces are bound together with a biodegradable binder, compostable binder, or carbohydrate binder. The pieces may be closely packed or compacted together.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The biogas inlet pipe comprises one-way valve (212) to control the flow of the biogas. A carbon dioxide removal unit (243) is connected to the pressurization apparatus comprising nebulizer(s) (202) for washing water. One or more driers (301) can be connected to the pressurization apparatus.Pressure tank(s) (401) can be connected to the pressurization apparatus.Preferred Property: The biogas is fed at 1-100 gauge. The washing water is fed at 10-600 gauge.
EXAMPLE - Hydrogenated soybean oil comprising (0.05 wt.%) free fatty acid, natural plant source palmitic acid with an acid value of 203-209, and another hydrogenated soybean oil comprising free fatty acid (0.05 wt.%) were combined to form a formulation. The first (softer) hydrogenated soybean oil was blended with the natural, plant source palmitic acid and the second (harder) hydrogenated soybean oil in a 7:46:44 wt.% ratio. This mixture was mixed with a power agitator at 250 rpm for 3 minutes. The end formulation had a was pour temperature of 165 degrees F and a wax cure temperature of 55 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combustible fuel also includes corn starch as binding agent. It also includes ignition additives.Preferred Material: The maize cob includes corn cob, yellow maize cob, or white maize cob.Preferred Property: The crushed maize cob is compressed to a density of 0.25-1.5 g/cm3. The combustible fuel fully ignites within 7 minutes, and pre-burned in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere to form a charcoal. The maize cob is crushed to a size of 150-microns to 15 mm.Preferred Composition: The residue of combustible fuel produced after combustion is 2 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method also involves heating the combustible mixture to reduce its moisture content. The combustible fuel mixture is compressed at 35000-176000 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vapor purge contains added methane in an amount to avoid explosive mixture formation. EXAMPLE - A propylene oxide vent purge gas passed via line (21) at the rate of 24867.9 lbs/hour and was combined with 2727.3 lbs/hour methane which was introduced via line (22). The combined gas mixture comprised 7.9 wt.% oxygen, 0.3 wt.% hydrogen, 0.1 wt.% argon, 13.4 wt.% propylene, 66.9 wt.% propane, 0.1 wt.% water, 0.4 wt.% propylene oxide, and 10.9 wt.% methane. This gas mixture was cooled to 51degreesF, and at 1400 psi is feed to absorber (25) near the lower end. A liquid recycle propane stream at 110degreesF and 350 psi was fed to the upper end of absorber via line 26 in 6000 lbs/hour and had a composition of 0.8 wt.% propylene, 98 wt.% propane, and 1.7 wt.% propylene oxide. A vapor stream was removed via line (27) at 50degreesF and 400 psi and was used elsewhere as fuel. This vapor stream was removed at the rate of 9778 lbs/hour and comprised 0.7 wt.% hydrogen, 0.2 wt.% argon, 22 wt.% oxygen, 0.8 wt.% propylene, 49 wt.% propane, 0.1 wt.% water, 0.1 wt.% propylene oxide, and 27.3 wt.% methane. A liquid bottoms stream at 130degreesF and 403 psi was removed at the rate of 24818 lbs/hour from the absorber and was passed via line (28) to stripper (29). Separation of propylene and propane took place by distillation in stripper with the overhead stream being removed via line 30 at the rate of 11437 lbs/hour at 114degreesF and 270 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The mixing zone is upstream of the fuel pump. It is in fluid flow between the fuel pump and the hydrogen generation catalyst. Sufficient condensed water is added to the mixing zone so that all of the metal hydride is in dilute solution when contacted with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution of metal hydride solution further comprises an alkaline stabilizing agent to provide a pH of at least 7. The alkaline stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide and the metal hydride is a sodium borohydride. The hydrogen generation catalyst comprises a transition metal consisting of ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, or their borides and/or alloys. The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, and/or ammonium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: In (I), the front stage of unit has hollow fiber membrane equipped with sterilization processing unit having at least one of chlorine, ozone and UV unit. The pore size of the hollow fiber and membrane filter is 1 microm or less. The unit for exfoliation comprises membrane filter. In (I), the process of exfoliation is carried out by unit comprising an antibody having magnetic label present in the membrane filter, which generates antigen antibody reaction. The object microorganisms are exfoliated selectively from the membrane filter using magnetic field. (I) further comprises unit having larger pore size than the object microorganisms, with isolating medium in the front stage of the unit having hollow fiber membrane. The above unit isolates and concentrates the object microorganisms more greatly than the hollow fiber membrane. The step of further isolating and concentrating back washing solution using a membrane filter, is performed by adding a dispersant to the sample water. (I) further comprises unit to isolate object microorganisms present in combination with impurity. (I) is arranged in parallel and a number of systems are installed that operates in a predetermined time difference.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The culture solution is obtained by cultivating microorganisms in a petri dish containing cane sugar (1) and salt (10) dissolved in water and cultivating for 25-30 days. Preferred Amount: 0.3-2% of zeolite containing adsorbed culture solution extract was added with respect to livestock feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The stirring rod and blade are arranged alternately along the inner wall of the drum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Intermediate Coolant: The intermediate coolant is trifluoromethane, ethane, propane or propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The high temperature mixed vapor is introduced to the reactor packed with nickel catalyst.The mixed vapor is a mixture of methanol vapor vaporized by the reaction heat and superheated steam such as exhaust heat (heat generated during methanol vaporization) and waste gas.The reactor is packed with a mixture of catalyst and catalytically active alumina ball to prevent rapid partial raise of gas temperature and thereby preventing rapid methanation.Alternately, the reactor is packed with alternate layers of catalyst layer and layer containing catalytically active alumina ball.The reactor, in which modification and methanation of methanol is performed, is maintained at 300-400 degrees C and 300-600 kPa. Molar ratio of water vapor and carbon is 0.5-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent contains alumina as main component, and is an activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex preferably has a two-dimensional lattice structure of formula (II) as repeating unit.M1, M2 = metal atom;R1-R4 = substituent coordinating to M1, preferably carboxyl group-containing organic substituent coordinating to M1 by carboxyl group, and more preferably chosen from 4-carboxy phenyl, 4-carboxy cyclohexyl, 4-carboxy naphthyl and 4-carboxy decahydronaphthyl;R5-R12 = H, halogen atom, nitro group, sulfonic group or organic substituent, preferably hydrogen atom.When M2 does not exist, a hydrogen atom couples with two opposing nitrogen atoms of porphyrin ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide-containing waste gas is further heated to produce carbon and water by catalytic action.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is solid oxide type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The decomposed liquid of foodstuffs waste material is decomposed by microorganisms such as Thermophilus microorganisms. The agent further contains a sodium compound, a chlorine compound, alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt of aliphatic carboxylic acid. The sodium compound is sodium chloride, sodium formate and/or sodium acetate. The chlorine compound is sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and/or potassium chloride. The alkali metal salt of aliphatic carboxylic acid is sodium formate or sodium acetate. The foodstuffs waste material is cooked residue, food-stuff-industry processed residue, and/or agricultural waste. The agent comprises 10-25 mass% of alkali metal salts or alkaline-earth metal salts of a sodium compound, a chlorine compound, or aliphatic carboxylic acid with respect to the decomposed liquid. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - Thermophilus microorganisms are Thermophilus actinomyces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon composition further contains hexane, methane and heptane. The total amount of propane, isobutane and normal butane in the composition is 50 (preferably 70) vol.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mobile hydrogen production system comprises a hydrogen production unit (2) comprising a membrane reformer (3), a hydrogen compressor (4), a hydrogen tank (5), a boiler (20), a carbon dioxide solvent tank (6), or a material tank (7). It includes an evaporator, desulfurizer, and reformer for decomposing higher hydrocarbon into lower hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low molecular weight hydrocarbon comprises methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Several regulating valves are connected to a regulating unit. The temperature sensor is a thermocouple.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is alumina. It consists of titania, zirconia, and/or silica. The rare earth metal compound is a cerium salt or gadolinium salt. The precious metal is rhodium, or ruthenium. Preferred Method: The dispersion of the precious metal or a mixture of precious metals is achieved by impregnating the impregnated support material with a soluble precious metal compound or with a soluble mixture of precious metal compounds. Preferred Composition: The amount of rare earth metal compound is 0.1-20, preferably 0.5-5 wt.% of the total weight of the catalyst. It is 0.01-10, preferably 0.05-5 wt.% of the total weight of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The support material is in the form suitable for fixed bed reactor applications, such as granules, spheres, extrudates, cylinders, tablets, rings or half-rings. The support is in the form of monoliths or other structured support packings, such as ceramic honeycomb bodies, stacks of juxtaposed metallic plate-type catalysts having the catalytic material coated on the surfaces of the metallic plates, for fixed bed applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The fuel is conveyed by a conveying pump (5) and has a pressure lying just above the injection pressure of the gas injection unit. The sulfur-deficient fuel fraction is vaporized in a heat exchanger (7) fed by waste heat from the gas generating unit (2). The fuel is electrically heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The metabolic degradation is also a hydrolysis process. The metabolic degradation of Ochratoxin A occurs in less than 48 hours. EXAMPLE - Frozen cultures of yeasts that tested positively for Ochratoxin A degradation were plated onto agar plates and kept at 25 degreesC for 48 hours. The yeasts were harvested by adding a needle-eye full of the yeast to inoculum medium (20 ml) in duplicate and put into a flask. Ochratoxin A was added to the flask. The flask was returned to the shaker and samples were obtained at 0. 12. 24, and 48 hours after the addition of Ochratoxin A. The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate (1 ml), centrifuge for 10 minutes and 500 microl of the ethyl acetate layer was dried under nitrogen stream, resuspended in methanol/water and 20 microl injected onto high performance liquid chromatograph. Results showed that the yeasts showed a degradation of Ochratoxin A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gaseous products from the reactor are condensed to produce oil and water which are then separated and the oil polished to remove char fines and any free water. The heating rate in the heating zone is 5-30degreesC/minute. The material is conveyed through the heating and reaction zones by a conveyor having a rotational speed of at least 1 rpm. Less than 5% of the char inventory is passed through the reactor in less than 40 minutes. Dried sludge is fed to, and char removed from the reactor, by a means to ensure no ingress of air into the reactor, or egress of vapors from the reactor. The temperature of the reactor is at least 250 (preferably 400-450)degreesC. The process further comprises drying the material to be converted to less than 5% moisture prior to introduction to the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The conveyor is provided with paddles and rotates such that the paddle tip speed is 2-8 m/minute. The conveyor comprises in part an elongate shaft along at least a portion of the length of which are provided paddles extending radially arranged to engage a bed of the material to be conveyed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method includes adjusting the relative percentages of ethane and carbon dioxide for a given pressure and temperature such that the mixture is near azeotropic, and separating the mixture to form a first product rich in ethane and a second product rich in carbon dioxide. The first and second products are separated by distillation, extraction, absorption, crystallization, decanting, multi-stage extraction, or preferably extractive distillation and/or membrane-based separation. Alkane(s) or its isotropes may be introduced to the mixture prior to separation step. The ethane-rich first product can be recycled. When the cryogenic equipment contains liquefied natural gas (LNG), the method may include removing LNG from the cryogenic equipment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethane-containing stream contains up to 65 mole% carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A and B are atoms selected from Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn.Another aqueous solution whose pH is smaller than the metal hydride aqueous solution is added to the metal hydride aqueous solution.The solutions are mixed continuously in a fixed ratio, and reacted.The metal hydride aqueous solution is pH greater than 7, and the other liquid is pH less than 7.The other liquid is an acid or an aqueous solution of an acid.Specifically, the other solution is an acidic aqueous solution comprising an inorganic acid or organic acid. EXAMPLE - NaBH4 is introduced into an alkali solution in which NaOH is dissolved, to give a weight ratio of NaBH4 (1 weight%), NaOH (1 weight%) and H3O (98 weight%). Hydrochloric acid (0.5 ml) is added dropwise to the NaBH4 aqueous solution (30 ml), and the generated amount of hydrogen is measured against time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Variant: The variant further comprises a deletion at a position corresponding to T445 in CBH I from Hypocrea jecorina. The variant CBH I consists essentially of the mutations selected from: A112E/T226A; S196T/S411F; E295KTS398T; T246CTY371C; V403D/T462I; T411 plus deletion at T445 A68T/G440RTP491L; G22DTS278PTT296P; T246A/R251ATY252A; T380G/Y381D/R394A; Y252Q/D259W/S342Y; S113T/T255P/K286M; P227L/E325K/Q487L; 227T/T484S/F352L; Q17L/E193V/M213I/F352L; S8P/N49S/A68T/S113N; S8P/N49S/A68T/S113N/P227L; T411/A112E/P227L/S278P/T296P; S8P/N49S/A68T/A112E/T226A; S8P/N49S/A68T/A112E/P227L; S8P/T41I/N49S/A68T/A112E/P227L; G22D/N49S/A68T/P227US278P/T296P; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/N103I/S113N/P227L/S278P/T296P; G22D/N49S/A68T/N1031/S113N/P227L/S278P/T296P; G22D/N49S/A68T/N1031/A112E/P227L/S278P/T296P; G22D/N49S/N64D/A68T/N103I/S113N/S278P/T296P; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/N103I/S113N/P227L/D249K/S278P/T296P; S8P/G22D/T41I/N49S/A68T/N103I/S113N/P227L/S278P/T296P/N301R S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/N103I/S113N/P227L/D249K/S278P/T296P/N301R S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S113N/P227L/D249K/S278P/T296P/N301R; S8P/T411/N49S/S57N/A68T/S113N/P227L/D249K/S278P/T296P/N301R; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S113N/P227L/D249K/S278P/N301R; S8P/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/P227L/D249KA/403D/T462I; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/P227L/D249KA/403D/T462I; S8P/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/P227L/D249K/S411F; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/P227L/D249K/S411F; S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/S196T/P227L/D249K/T255P/S278P/T296P/N301R/E325K/S411F; S8P/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/S196T/P227L/D249K/T255P/S278P/T296P/N301R/E325K/V403D/S411F/T462I; or S8P/G22D/T411/N49S/A68T/S92T/S113N/S196T/P227L/D249K/T255P/S278P/T296P/N301R/E325KA/403D/S411F/T462I in CBH I from Hypocrea jecorina.Preferred Detergent: The detergent is a laundry or dish detergent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The control system comprises at least one flow regulator, which is configured to regulate the oxidant flow to the direct and bypass flow channels; a flow controller, which is configured to receive the feedback signal and to actuate the at least one flow regulator; and at least one control sensor, which is configured to supply the feedback signal to the flow controller. The control sensor comprises an invasive temperature sensor, which is in intimate contact with a downstream control point. The assembly further comprises a flow liner disposed within the housing, where bypass flow channel is disposed between the flow liner and the housing and extends along an inner surface of the housing. Preferred Method: The apportionment comprises adjusting the oxidant flow through the direct and bypass flow channels in response to a feedback signal output. The method further comprises recycling a portion of the oxidant flow through the bypass flow channel to the inlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The guard material is copper/zinc oxide, cesium oxides, metal-doped cesium oxides, manganese oxide, magnesium oxide, molybdenum oxide, zirconium oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, and/or zinc/tin oxide with cesium oxide-based support, or preferably zinc oxide, copper oxide on cesium oxide-based support, nickel oxide on cesium oxide-based support, or copper/zinc oxide. The active metal of the shift catalyst comprises a noble metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The FPS includes a desulfurizer and a reformer upstream of the guard bed. The desulfurizer is capable of removing high levels of sulfur from the hydrocarbon feedstock. The reformer is capable of reforming the hydrocarbon feedstock to a reformate comprising a hydrogen-rich fuel stream. The fuel cell power plant includes inlet conduit, outlet conduit, and multi-way valves for in situ regeneration of the guard material and connected to the guard bed. The inlet conduit admits oxygen-containing fluid to the guard bed to oxidize the adsorbed sulfur as sulfur dioxide. The outlet conduit discharges the sulfur dioxide from the guard bed. The shift reactor comprises a high and a low temperature shift reactors, each has active metal shift catalyst. The guard bed is upstream of the high temperature shift reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reducer: The reducer is hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and/or oxygen-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metals are alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst consists of rhodium, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal is any one of iron, indium, tin, magnesium, cerium and its oxide. The first group metal consists of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel and copper. The second group metal consists of rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The foam comprises bubbles of up to 0.25 mm diameter and 0.3-1 mm diameter.The 25 mm diameter bubbles comprise 5-95% of the foam cross-section.The foaming agent comprises 100-1 wt.% of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon and 0-99 wt.% of a second foaming agent.1-10 wt.% of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon foaming agent is contained per 100 pts. wt. foam.0.1-10 wt. pts. of dibromoethyldibromocyclohexanes are contained per 100 pts. wt. of styrene resin foam.The foam further contains halogenated aromatic allylethers as halogenated flame retardant.The resin foam further contains a phosphorus-containing compound, nitrogen-compound and/or boron-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon comprises propane, n-butane and/or iso-butane.The foaming agent can also comprise dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, water and/or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: Each heating block can be heated up separately and/or evenly, or one or more blocks may comprise several blocks over their cross-section which can be heated separately. The foam consists of a ceramic or metallic material, preferably material which is catalytically active or functions as a support for catalytically active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The low-pressure feed gas has a pressure of 300-1000 psig.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The low-pressure feed gas is cooled in side reboilers that are thermally coupled to the demethanizer. The first pressure-reduction device is a hydraulic turbine (104), and the second pressure-reduction device is a Joule-Thompson valve. The reduced liquid portion is fed into the demethanizer. Part of vapor portion is expanded in a turbo-expander and fed into a second separator that produces a liquid that is used as lean demethanizer reflux and a vapor that is fed into the absorber. The first and second coolers and the absorber are installed as an upgrade to an existing plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The air inlets feed into: first air chambers for the start-up mode, which induce recirculation to stabilize thermal partial oxidation within a volume before the autothermal reactor catalyst; second air chamber(s) for the normal operation mode, which add flow within the volume to offset velocity vectors and, eliminate or minimize recirculation; and third air chamber(s) for normal operation mode, which are separate from the first air chambers for start-up mode but use the same volume for vaporization and mixing as used for start-up thermal partial oxidation. The autothermal reformer comprises a valve for distributing the volume of air between the air inlets; a run air inlet (36) in communication with the thermal reforming portion, and including an inlet port in communication with the swirler (30, 38); and a pair of run fuel/steam inlets in communication with the thermal reforming portion, the run fuel/steam inlets each including an annular volume (26, 42) in communication with an annular ring of porous material (28, 44), and each including a swirler radially inward from the porous material. One of the fuel, steam, and/or air inlets is in thermal communication with a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel includes natural gas, coal gas, propane, naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol, or biogas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The energy supply station further comprises a fuel treatment element, vaporizers, evaporators, a mixer, a treatment stage, an inverter, a desulfurization unit, temperature shift reactor, and a hydrogen processor. The vaporizer comprises a steam boiler or a heat recovery steam generator. The treatment stage comprises de-ionizer and vaporizer. The chemical converter comprises reformer and fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A reforming agent is supplied to convert the fuel into hydrogen and carbon monoxide as products. The reforming agent is air, water, and steam. The fuel cell is solid oxide, alkaline, or proton exchange membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio of the co-production of electrical energy to hydrogen energy is 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adsorbent can be adsorbent carbon, silica gel, aluminum, zeolites or zeolite-like materials, and/or preferably activated carbon. The supercritical fluid can be carbon dioxide.Preferred Property: The activated carbon has at least80% micropores and an average particle size of 6-300 mesh or 0.2-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adsorbent can be polyester resins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The supercritical fluid can be n-propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, cyclohexane, ethanol, toluene, acetone, methyl acetate, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and/or carbon tetrachloride. The non-volatile organic compound is alkenes, alkynes, cyclic and multicyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ethers, amides, esters, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and/or preferably squalene, squalane, phytol, or sucrose octa-palmitic acid ester.Preferred Property: The non-volatile compound is capable of blocking pores in the adsorbent having an average size greater than 10 (preferably greater than 20)Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water containing absorbed gas components is then supplied from lower portion of absorption tower to flash unit or stripper (6) whose pressure is maintained lower than the pressure of absorption tower. In the stripper, the absorption water is made to contact with air or pure methane gas, for dissipation removal of solution gas. After dissipation process, the pressure of absorption water is increased and returned to absorption tower from flash unit of stripper.Preferred Structure: The absorption tower and/or stripper are packed to columns provided with filled layer which are partitioned by a gas backflow-prevention board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is silica-alumina in the molar ratio (Si/Al) of 5-7. The carrier contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is kerosene, light oil, liquid petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline and/or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains a noble metal support. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 60 g of chromium acetate in 100 ml of water was impregnated into 60 g of zirconium hydroxide. The slurry was dried to evaporation after 4 hours of stirring and further dried at 150degreesC for 1 hour. The slurry was baked at 600degreesC for 6 hours and chromium-zirconium complex oxide having Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 111 m2/g was obtained. 12 g of the obtained complex oxide was immersed in 10 g of palladium nitrate aqueous solution containing 0.06 g of palladium for 5 hours. The mixture was baked at 550degreesC after evaporation to dryness for 6 hours and catalyst containing chromium-zirconium complex oxide supported on palladium was obtained. The catalyst so obtained was crushed to particle size of 1 mm and filled in a reaction tube. Gas consisting of 1000 ppm of methane, 10% of oxygen, 10% of water vapor and remaining of nitrogen was circulated into the reaction tube. The methane conversion ratio at catalyst layer was measured at 450degreesC and 500degreesC. Catalyst layer temperature was maintained at 500degreesC and variation in methane conversion ratio with time was measured. After 30 hours, temperature was reduced to 450degreesC and methane conversion ratio was measured. 3 ppm of sulfur dioxide was added to the reaction tube. The methane conversion ratio was found to be 54%, 56%, 55%, 57%, 58% and 59% respectively after 1,2,5,10,20 and 30 hours of sulfur dioxide addition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The styrene resin foam contains 100-1 (1-10) wt.% of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon such as propane, n-butane and i-butane and 0-99 wt.% of non-freon type foaming agent such as dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, water and carbon dioxide. The resin foam contains 0.1-10 weight parts of flame retardant. The resin foam contains 1-80 wt.% of halogenated aromatic allyl ether such as tetrabromobisphenol-A diallyl ether. The halogenated aliphatic compound or its derivative is dibromopropane glycol, tribromobenzene alcohol, 2,2-bis(4'-(2,3-dibromopropoxy)-3',5'-dibromophenyl)propane, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) cyanurate and tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate. The resin foam further contains phosphorus containing compound, nitrogen compound and boron containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In (I) the mowed-grass manure mixture may further comprises B. thuringiensis. The capacitance ratio of the mowed grass with respect to the full capacity of the mowed-grass is adjusted so that it is 30 % or more. Steps (a) and (b) are performed in an aerobic fermentation process. The discarded food stuff may be animal or plant residue. The discarded timber is bamboo, wood chips, bark and trees pruning waste. The mowed-grass manure, or an extract obtained by hydration hydrolysis is mixed with soil and/or normal manure and used for weeding. ACTIVITY - Selective herbicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The capillary member includes capillary passages spanning between the first and second flow paths to provide the transfer of water through capillary action from the exhaust stream of the fuel cell to the fuel stream to the anode. The SOFC system further includes a hydrocarbon fuel reformer in fluid communication between the first flow path and fuel flow path. The capillary member is planar or tubular. The capillary member includes a first wetted surface in contact with the first flow path, and a second wetted surface in contact with the second floe path for facilitating evaporation and condensation of water from first and second flow paths. The fuel-reforming portion includes a steam reformer.Preferred Composition: The operation of the SOFC system further includes forming a liquid barrier between the first and second flow paths through providing liquid water in the capillary passages formed in the water-permeable member between the first and second flow paths.Preferred Property: The smallest dimension of the capillary passages is 0.1-5 microns. The capillary passages are configured to retain liquid water when the pressure drop across the passages is at least 5 pound/in2. The pure outlet stream (25, 31) is at least 90 molar% carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substantial portion of the capillary member is an inorganic material selected from stainless steel, nickel alloys, and/or cobalt alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The combustion catalyst is platinum. The reforming catalyst includes a catalyst where platinum having the function of a reforming catalyst and a combustion catalyst is supported on the surface of an alumina support. The external hydrogen supply means is a small hydrogen generator which has a small heater where the reforming catalyst is housed in a container smaller than the tubular reactor and the reforming catalyst is raised to the reforming temperature. An alternative hydrogen generator has a tubular container which houses the reforming catalyst, a heater in the container which houses the combustion catalyst which promotes the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, an external hydrogen supply means for catalytic combustion which supplies hydrogen to the heater, and an external air supply means for supplying air to the heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Systems: (S) Further comprises a bubble separating portion to separate bubbles from the liquid in (E), a surfactant adding portion for adding surfactant to the digested liquid, a chemical agent adding portion to add chloride or hypochlorite to the digested liquid, a polarity control portion for inverting polarities of potentials applied from (P) to the electron pair and a solid matter separating portion formed of a film to separate the solid matter having a particle size /- a prescribed size from the digested liquid before it is introduced into (E). (P) Outputs direct current power (preferably of a constant current or voltage). (P) And (E) are configured integrally. The electrode pair comprises an anode formed of platinum or conductor containing platinum and a cathode formed of a copper-zinc alloy or a conductor containing iron or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is from solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane or solid polymer fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuels, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells. It comprises planar fuel cell or tubular fuel cell. The fluid flow channel(s) comprises oxidant (32) flow channel (28).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The fiber comprises a high temperature resistant material from chromium based ferritic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate, cobalt dichromate, Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, and/or ebrite.Preferred Property: The fiber(s) has a thickness of 5-20% of the width of the fluid flow channel. The fiber has cross-sectional area from square, rectangle, circle, ellipse, or annulus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen feed is prepared by steam reforming, oxidation of methanol, oxidation of methane, oxidation of biomass, coal gasification or gasification of organic wastes, plastics wastes, farm wastes or wood chips. The exposing step is performed at 80-150 degrees C and at a pH of greater than 8. Formate is formed in a water-gas-shift reaction conducted in the presence of a base added in an amount to promote formate formation. The water-gas-shift reaction comprises producing formate from carbon monoxide and water, and decomposing formate in the presence of water to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is a hydroxide, alkoxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium and/or a 1-4C amine. The catalyst is a homogenous transition metal complex comprising e.g. ruthenium, nickel, rhodium, platinum, cobalt, copper, palladium, iridium or iron, coupled to N-donor ligand(s) e.g. 2,2'-dipyridyl, sodium salt of EDTA, ethylenediamine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4'-dipyridyl, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and/or N,N-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine H4. The liquid phase is water, methanol, glyme, polyglycol, 2-10C alcohol and/or 2-10C ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: A portion of the vapor phase overhead is condensed and returned to the distillation column. The temperature profile in the column is being controlled by withdrawing a portion of liquid descending in the column at a selected point as a sidestream, cooling the sidestream, and injecting the cooled sidestream back into the column at or above the selected point. The column is operated such that the concentration of ethylene in the liquid phase in the catalyst bed is less than 2 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst bed contains catalyst consisting of Group VIIIA metal on a support. The catalyst comprises palladium or alumina. It includes additive consisting of gold, silver, or alkali metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyolefin foam is dimensionally stable. The polyolefin foam comprises polyethylene. The stability control agent used in the manufacture of low density polyethylene foam structure is glycerol monostearate, and the nucleating agent is talc.Preferred Property: The polyolefin foam has density of less than 3 lb/foot3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Blowing Agent: The blowing agent blend comprises 10-60 (preferably 15-40 or 25-40) mole% isopentane. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The physical co-blowing agent is ethane, n-propane, n-butane, isobutane, cyclopropane, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrous oxide, dimethyl ether, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, and/or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The methane utilization involves aerobic culturing of methane utilizing microbe in an environment containing 100 ppm or less of methane. EXAMPLE - Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b strain was subjected to shaking culture in 200 ml of culture solution, contained in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Then sealed with silicone rubber stopper, air was passed and subsequently 100 ppm and 10 ppm of methane gas was passed. The strain was cultured at 25degreesC. Optical density (OD600) was measured. Again 100 ppm and 10 ppm of methane was passed and culture was continued. The result showed that bacteria propagated with consumption of methane and the culture solution finally contained no methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: The oxidizing agent is at least one selected from gas, liquid or a solid inorganic compound, and organic peroxy acid which has oxidiziability.Preferred Adsorption Agent: The silica gel, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, clay, diatomaceous earth, activated carbon or insoluble synthetic resin is used for an adsorption treatment as porous inorganic oxide adsorption agent at a temperature of -40 degrees C to 100 degrees C.Preferred Catalyst: A modification catalyst is a partial-oxidization modification catalyst, autothermal modification catalyst, or water vapor modification catalyst, preferably ruthenium type or nickel type catalyst. The carrier component of a modification catalyst contains one or more types chosen from manganese oxide, cerium oxide and a zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for solvent-extraction processing is the mixture of the organic solvent or the organic solvent and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The desulfurizing agent consists of a nickel type desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reformer: The reformer is equipped with a catalyst supported on a carrier having oxygen storage capacity.Preferred Process: Predetermined amount of hydrocarbon group fuel and predetermined amount of oxidizing agent are supplied into the reformer and partial pressure of oxidizing agent is relatively raised. The reactant supply process and partial pressure raising process are alternately performed at predetermined time density ratio. The operating temperature of the reformer is raised to a range at which the precipitated carbon is removable. Partial pressure of the oxidizing agent is relatively raised during removal. The partial pressure is raised by decreasing the supply amount or rate of the hydrocarbon group fuel or by increasing the supply amount or rate of oxidizing agent. Water vapor modification reaction of the water vapor contained in oxidizing agent is performed. The impurity contained in the fuel which carries out poisoning of the catalyst is intermittently removed during the process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel is gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermistor comprises complex oxide of magnesium, cobalt, copper and vanadium.The electrode of the thermistor comprises alloy paste of silver, palladium and platinum.The terminal of the thermistor comprises 29% of nickel, 17% of cobalt-iron alloy or 42% of nickel-iron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pipe is made from polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - (I) is preferably an optionally substituted phenol, anisole, benzoxazole, 2,3-dihydrobenzoxazole, 1,4-benzoxazine or 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazine in which the substituents are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, vinyl or allyl. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2-ethylphenol (5%), methyl acrylate (35%) and ethyl acrylate (60%) was added to natural gas in amounts of 10, 25 or 50 mg/m3. The odor was evaluated by a panel of experts on a scale of 1 (very weak, poorly alerting) to 10 (very strong, highly alerting). The mixture had a rating of 9, compared with 10 for tetrahydrothiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: This comprises methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and either n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate. EXAMPLE - A mixture of methyl acrylate (40%) and ethyl acrylate (60%) was added to natural gas in amounts of 10, 25 or 50 mg/m3. The odor was evaluated by a panel of experts on a scale of 1 (very weak, poorly alerting) to 10 (very strong, highly alerting). The mixture had a rating of 8.5, compared with 10 for tetrahydrothiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: This comprises at least two C1-C4 alkyl (meth)acrylate esters, at least one compound selected from 2-pentyne, 2-hexyne, 2-heptyne, and propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric and n-valeric acid, and an antioxidant selected from butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, hydroquinone monomethyl ether and alpha-tocopherol. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2-pentyne (5%), methyl acrylate (35%) and ethyl acrylate (60%) was added to natural gas in amounts of 10, 25 or 50 mg/m3. The odor was evaluated by a panel of experts on a scale of 1 (very weak, poorly alerting) to 10 (very strong, highly alerting). The mixture had a rating of 8.5, compared with 10 for tetrahydrothiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen compound is preferably a pyrimidine, pyridine, pyrrole, piperidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, hexahydropyrimidine or imidazolidine compound. EXAMPLE - A mixture of pyridine (5%), methyl acrylate (35%) and ethyl acrylate (60%) was added to natural gas in amounts of 10, 25 or 50 mg/m3. The odor was evaluated by a panel of experts on a scale of 1 (very weak, poorly alerting) to 10 (very strong, highly alerting). The mixture had a rating of 9.5, compared with 10 for tetrahydrothiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - Preferred Features: The actuator is a valve or pump for controlling the throughput of a medium through the reactor. The sensor is connected to the control unit via a lock-in amplifier (6, 10) synchronized to the first component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Microorganism is an anaerobic bacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The solid fraction is dried and burnt to obtain a gas. The gas is purified before use, by reducing the hydrogen sulfide content. The reduction of hydrogen sulfide is by 60 - 85% (preferably 85%) using a full digestion cycle. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The container and the agitator rotate with two rotational speeds respectively, where the second rotational speed is larger than the first rotational speed. The second rotational speed is at least two orders of magnitude larger than the first rotational speed. Each of the ribs is radially shaped to form a scoop to circulate the heterogeneous waste material in it. The scoop includes a first segment extending radially from the sidewall and a second segment extending inwardly and angularly from the first segment relative to a radial direction. The container is cylindrical in shape. The agitator is located adjacent to the ribs to successively receive an amount of the circulated waste material and to separate the waste material into the homogeneous waste material. The agitator includes protrusions extending outwardly from the outer peripheral wall. The protrusions have a shark-fin-like shape and are transverse relative to the second axis. The composter further includes feeding mechanism connectable to the first end wall for feeding the waste material into the inner chamber, and collecting mechanism connectable to the second end wall for collecting the processed waste material from the inner chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The storage cell has filters situated between the micro-tubes and the reversible cooler. The heater and coolers are constituted by micro-channels filled with an electrical conducting liquid, preferably an aqueous solution of a salt.Preferred Parameter: The length of the cylinder is 4 times less than the diameter of the cylinder. The cylinder has a length of 0.75-1.5 cm and a diameter of 3-6 cm. The filters have a size of 0.5-5 (preferably 0.5-2) micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The constituting elements are made of metal or metal alloys, preferably aluminum alloys or INOX coated with aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least 80 (preferably 85-90%) of the free volume is filled with at least one light material with high storage capacity, with a high stability and with a good dynamic and/or with at least one metal hydride from (magnesium based) nano composite materials, such as magnesium hydride (MgH2)-Zr47Ni53, MgH2-vanadium-titanium, MgH2-oxide, chromium oxide, and/or metal hydride alloys, where the nano composite is capable to desorb hydrogen at less than 250 degreesC. The hydrogen contains less than 120, preferably 10-20 ppm impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalytic reformer is made of silicon or silicon carbide.Preferred Component: The catalytically coated surface of the reformer includes a catalyst including metal from Group VIII metals of iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalytic reformer is made of aluminum-chrome-iron alloy formed as a wire mesh formed into a roll.Preferred Property: The material of the reformer has a porosity of 20-80, preferably 40-70%, an electrical resistance of 0.001-10 M-ohm-cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises electrocatalytic reformer elements (20), vessel enclosing the elements, first port and first manifold providing communication to annular chamber (14) of the electrocatalytic reformer elements, second port and second manifold providing communication to the interior of the inner pipes (10, 12) of the electrocatalytic reformer elements, chamber around the elements, and third and fourth ports providing an inlet and outlet (18) for anodized exhaust gases around the elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A mixture of water with air or oxygen is supplied. The resistance of the electrocatalytic reformer element is measured and the temperature from the measured resistance is determined. The electric current is adjusted to maintain the reformer element at a desired temperature and adjusting the temperature in dependence upon anticipated changes in demand for converted hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process further comprises a thermally separating step of heating the waste using the indirect heat to separate rarefied gas from the waste after completion of the vacuum releasing step before the carbonizing step. The drying and vacuum releasing steps are performed 70-120degreesC, the thermally separating step is performed at 250-300degreesC, the overheated vapor is at 150-200degreesC, and the carbonizing step is performed at at least 400-700degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The device has an exhaust indication information output part which outputs exhaust indication information for indicating exhaust of stored water to the outside.Based on the accumulation operation time of the apparatus, judgement of whether or not water should be discharged is decided.Based on the accumulation suspension time of the apparatus, judgement of whether or not water should be discharged is decided.The water supply part has a pump for transporting and a filter for purifying water is provided between the tank and the pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The bioreactor further comprises agitator bars supported by and extending from the main shaft. The paddles extend radially outward from the shaft and form a helical spiral pattern on less than the entire length of the shaft.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Some of the fuel produced during the feedstock processing step may be used to provide energy required in the feedstock dewatering step and the feedstock processing step. The feedstock processing is performed under partially pyrolytic conditions with a small amount of or with no oxygen present, or using a heated sand bed where fuel may be produced from the feedstock that contacts the sand. Some of the fuel reacts with the oxygen in the heated environment to combust a small part of the fuel to maintain the operating temperature of the heated sand. The process further comprises processing the char into useful end products.Preferred Components: The fuel produced in the feedstock processing step includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen and bio-oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The organic substance degradation unit includes a carrier arranged to bring into contact with the organic exhaust gas-contacted treating liquid, and where aquatic microbes as the bacteria are supported on the carrier. An adsorption unit including an active carbon (213) is provided. The gas-liquid contact unit and the adsorption unit are connected to each other so that the treating liquid contacted organic exhaust gas is transferred from the gas-liquid contact unit to the adsorption unit to bring the treating liquid-contacted organic exhaust gas into contact with the active carbon to adsorb the harmful substance to the active carbon. The gas-liquid contact unit and the biochemical degradation unit are connected to each other so that the bacteria-contacted treating liquid is transferred from the organic substance degradation unit to the gas-liquid contact unit, and the treating liquid is circulated only in a system for treating an organic exhaust gas including the gas-liquid contact unit and the biochemical degradation unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid-contacted organic exhaust gas is contacted with an active carbon to adsorb the harmful substance to the active carbon. The treating liquid is circulated only in a system for treating an organic exhaust gas comprising the gas-liquid contact process and the biochemical degradation process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The bacteria are aquatic microbes. They are Zoogloea, Bacilus, or Pseudomonas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The odorant is ethylselenol dimethylselenol, methylamine, trimethylamine, an oxygen compound, a nitrogen compound, or a sulfur compound.Preferred Composition: The odorant comprises 0.01-1000 (preferably 0.1-40) ppm of the composition.Preferred Property: The odorant has a minimum olfactory power of 7, a minimum vapor pressure of 0.5 psi, a minimum diffusivity of 0.01147 cm2/s, and a maximum molecular weight of 200 g/mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second metal carbonate is produced in the form of a precipitate.Preferred Method: The process further comprises thermally decomposing the precipitated second metal carbonate, producing a metal oxide; and reacting the metal oxide with water. The second reaction further produces the first metal hydroxide.Preferred Material: The first metal hydroxide is an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. It can be in the form of an aqueous solution. The second metal hydroxide is calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide or barium hydroxide. The metal hydroxide is insoluble or weakly soluble.Preferred Parameter: The solubility product constant (K sp) of the second metal carbonate is less than 10 -6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic substance is a hydrocarbon or oxygenated hydrocarbon, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol or aldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing injection of the water stream to a zero flow over a predetermined time period. It comprises preheating a source of the air stream; pressurizing the source of the air stream; and providing the preheated, pressurized air stream to the primary reactor inlet. It comprises introducing a volumetric flow of the preheated, pressurized air stream to increase the rate of heat generation by the primary reactor; preheating a source of the liquid water stream prior to injecting the liquid water stream into the superheated steam stream; injecting the liquid water stream at a pre-selected spaced location in the first inlet stream, the location spaced from the primary reactor to permit the superheated steam stream to superheat at least a majority of a liquid water in the steam stream mixture prior to the mixture reaching the primary reactor inlet; and preheating a source of the hydrocarbon fuel stream prior to introducing the fuel stream into the inlet of the primary reactor. It comprises adding a volumetric flow of the liquid water over a predetermined time period to increase a steam/carbon ratio.Preferred System: The fuel processor system comprises a vaporizer interconnectably joining the source of water to the superheater, and having a vaporizer inlet in fluid communication with the source of water, a vaporizer outlet in fluid communication with the first inlet, and a source of heat, the vaporizer receiving the source of water and utilizing the source of heat for generating a steam stream, which is introduced into the first inlet; and a second injector in fluid communication with the first inlet and the water source, and coupled to the controller for selectively injecting water into the steam stream, based on an operating state of the primary reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The steam reforming catalyst is rhodium or palladium. The water-gas shift catalyst is the same as the steam reforming catalyst. The steam reforming catalyst is impregnated into a washcoat of zirconia which is applied to a surface of the steam reforming channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - Preferred Method: The target fuel flow and current fuel flow are measured periodically and the difference is calculated to determine whether to increase, decrease or not change the ratios of water to fuel and air to fuel. After the hydrogen fuel passes through the preferential oxidation reactors, the hydrogen fuel contains not more than 50 ppmv carbon monoxide at any time during operation of the preferential oxidation reactors. Upon a change from the turning up mode or the turning down mode to the steady state mode, there is a delay for a preset period prior to commencement of the predetermined ratio for the steady state mode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxygen containing stream comprises air, stream and combination of air and stream. The catalyst comprises nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, magnesia, magnesium aluminate, alumina, silica, zirconia, potassium and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Stream: The fuel steam comprises hydrocarbon fuel, alcohols, and combination hydrocarbon fuel and alcohols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The step of reducing the temperature results into an effluent stream contains particulate matter, which stream is passed to a particulate separation unit a portion of the particulate matter is removed from the effluent stream. A reduced temperature effluent stream is passed to a scrubbing zone, where it is passed countercurrent to an aqueous alkaline solution thus removing a portion of any acid components in the effluent stream. The aqueous alkaline solution exits the scrubbing zone contains toxic pollutants and salts of the acids removed from the reduced temperature effluent stream. The alkaline solution is passed through a sorption zone to remove the pollutants. The incineration zone is operated with a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The incineration zone is operated with air. The collected reactivating agent is recycled. Hydrogen chloride is removed in the first scrubbing zone is present in internal liquid hydrochloric acid recirculating stream and/or in liquid hydrochloric acid purge steam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sorbent material comprises adsorbent such as activated carbon, charcoal, molecular sieves, aluminas, silicas, and both graphitic, or non-graphitic carbon nanostructures. The adsorbent is activated carbon. The reactivating agent is a liquid solvent with respect to the environmentally hazardous components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method involves heat processing, adsorption treatment and/or acid-protease processing of raw material. Alternately, processed liquid of Brassicaceae plant pigment extract is obtained by adsorption treatment, ion exchange treatment, heat processing and membrane separation.Preferred Conditions: Heat processing and adsorption treatment are performed at acidic condition of pH 1-3. EXAMPLE - 10 kg of crushed material of raw rhizome of red Japanese radish (Brassicaceae plant) was immersed in 20 l of acidic water adjusted to pH 2.8 with sulfuric acid, left overnight at room temperature, pigment was extracted, filtered and 25 l of filtrate was collected as red Japanese radish pigment extract. The pigment components were adsorbed to Amberlite (synthetic adsorption resin). Subsequently 5 l of water was added, washed, red Japanese radish pigment was desorbed-eluted from the resin using 5 l of eluting solvent (60 volume% aqueous ethanol solution containing 0.3 wt.% of citric acid). The elute was subjected to ion exchange process, heated at 80degreesC for 4 hours and further subjected to adsorption treatment. The resulting liquid was adjusted to pH 3 using sodium hydroxide. Then, enzyme treatment was performed by adding 0.02 wt.% of acid protease and reacting at 48degreesC for 8 hours, and deodorized red Japanese radish pigment extract was obtained after film processing. 10 volume% of ethanol, 20 volume% of citric acid and 2 volume% of dextrin were blended with the pigment extract, sterilized at 60degreesC for 20 minutes and 420 g of deodorized red Japanese radish pigment formulation was obtained. The obtained formulation was free from unpleasant smell peculiar to Japanese radish pigment extract.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic refuse processing apparatus further has a support shaft (12), rotational driving unit and a joining unit (50). The support shaft has a midair arm (44) and stirring fins (60,62,64). The upper and lower ends of the support shaft are rotatable supported by up-and-down wall of fermenter. The stirring fin sets space to the support shaft, and is fixed along axis line in upper direction from midair arm. The joining unit connects the piping from heating air supply to lower end of midair support shaft accepting the plug mounted on the midair support shaft and rotation of midair support shaft. An internal cavity formed in the midair support shaft and the cavity formed under plug are intervened and ejects from air jet nozzle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: SY microbes are used as rapid high temperature fermentation microbe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Moisture content of human waste solid content is controlled by fermented material of organic refuse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganism culturing method involves maintaining dissolved oxygen concentration of the culture solution to 1 mg/L or more. The specific growth rate of the microbes in the method is more than 2.0 microbes/day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The female-sex-hormone substance is a 17 beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol or ethynyl estradiol. (I) is R.equi such as R.equi A-Y2, R.equi D-Y4 or R.equi E-Y5, R.zopfii such as R.zopfii D-17 (FERM P-18839) and Sphingomonas sp. such as Sphingomonas sp. C-12 (FERM P-18838). EXAMPLE - Microorganisms capable of decomposing female-sex-hormone substance was selected as follows. About 20 ml of activated sludges were added to cultivation apparatus and 60-100 ml of 0.1 mg/l 17 beta-estradiol solution was added through the upper inlet into the cultivation apparatus and oxygen was passed through the lower inlet and was cultured continuously for about 10 weeks. About 56 strains of microorganisms capable of decomposing female-sex-hormone substance were selected from the culture. Primary screening was performed by culturing the 56 strains using 17 beta-estradiol as substrate. About 25 strains with high proliferation rate were selected. Nine strains were selected similarly from the 25 strains by secondary screening. Female-sex-hormone substance such as 17 beta-estradiol was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution and was mixed in MDG culture medium. The medium was taken in a test tube and microorganisms were inoculated and were cultured for 24 hours. The amount of 17 beta-estradiol in the culture supernatant was measured. The results showed that about 80% of 17 beta-estradiol was decomposed by 5 strains, namely Rhodococcus equi A-Y2, R.equi E-Y5, R.equi D-Y4, R.zopfii D-17 and Sphingomonas sp. C-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ammonia removal agent contains pulverized and ground solid containing magnesium phosphate ammonia. A grain shape ammonia removal agent is added to the compost raw material or compost fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Material: The organic waste material is cellulose-containing waste material. Preferred Process: The solubilization of organic waste material is carried out using a cellulose-degradation enzyme and thermophilus-microorganism-generating enzyme. The anaerobic digestion process of solubilized liquid, is souring process and methane-fermentation process. A portion of a solid substance separated by solid-liquid separation process and/or digestive liquor, is returned to solubilizing process of crushed waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The material is thermoplastic. All or portion of the thermoplastic has laser-radiation permeability. Hydrogen gas transmissive suppression film is formed on tank inner surface and/or outer surface. A particle shaped or acicular filler is contained in the plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The tank is sealed while completing the integration in the state in which hydrogen occlusion alloy powder is held. Inside of the tank permeates laser radiation through the region having permeability, and laser welding of the unit for tank is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Inhibitors : The inhibitor against Clostridium activity is nitric acid, nitrous acid or a salt of these, especially sodium-, potassium- or calcium-nitrate or -nitrite, and can contain sorbic acid or alkali(ne earth) sorbates.Preferred Bacteria : The lactic acid-produced bacteria are especially Lactococcus, Lactobacillus or Leuconostoc but can also be Streptococcus, Carnobacterium, Staphylococcus, Aerococcus or Pediococcus.Preferred Composition : The silaging aid contains water and is a mixture of granular or powdered components together with a conventional carrier (e.g. calcium carbonate or bran) and also sugar (or a sugar-containing substance) and/or aids such as formic acid, sulfuric acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, salts of such acids or formaldehyde generators such as hexamethylenetetramine.Preferred Process : The silaging aid is applied during the chopping of the green fodder, with the aid at this point having a dry content below 60 (especially 20-50)%. EXAMPLE - Results are tabulated for the effect of treating Clostridinium spore-contaminated green fodder with mixtures of nitrate and Lactisil (RTM : lactic acid-produced bacteria) at various dry substance contents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum or aluminum alloys. The electrically conductive coating consists of carbon, graphite, titanium nitride, (high-phosphorus) electroless nickel, electroplated nickel, copper, stainless steel, zinc, platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, silver or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The corrosion resistant coating is (hard coat) anodized aluminum coating. The hard coat anodized aluminum coating has pores and is treated to seal at least a portion of the pores. It has a thickness of 3-130 mum. The corrosion resistant coating is a conformal coating. The conformal coating is a polymer material consisting of silicone resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, or poly para-xylene (preferably).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metal plate further comprises a central region adapted to collect and distribute electrons and an electrically conductive coating applied to at least a portion of the central region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The film forming process forms a palladium alloy film by electrolytic plating. A thin film of each element composing the alloy is laminated by plating and the Pd alloy film is formed by heating to cause component diffusion. The conductive substrate is a ferritic stainless steel plate and the metal plate is a ferritic stainless steel plate. The thin film support substrate has columnar projections of diameter 20-500 micron, formation pitch 40-700 micron and height 10-200 micron. The through holes have a pore diameter of 20-200 micron. EXAMPLE - A SUS 430 material of thickness 50 micron is used as a substrate. A photosensitive resist material is coated on both surfaces, and a photomask is applied. The film is exposed via the mask, and developed with Na carbonate solution to give a resist pattern having circular openings on both surfaces. The material is etched at 50 degreesC, an iron chloride concentration of 45 poise and a pressure of 3kg/cm2. After the etching, the resist pattern is removed, to give a conductive substrate having through holes. Copper plating and palladium alloy plating are then performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The desulfurization conditions satisfy Tcpe/T50 = 1.19 x Pcpe0.35 - 1.68 x Pcpe0.24 (II). Desulfurization is achieved without adding hydrogen. The metal desulfurization agent is a desulfurization agent formed by supporting a metal element containing at least nickel on a porous inorganic oxide, especially a nickel-copper desulfurization agent. The liquid hydrocarbon is gasoline, lamp oil distillate or light oil distillate. The reforming treatment is partial oxidation reforming, autothermal reforming or steam reforming. The catalyst for the reforming contains ruthenium or nickel. Reforming catalyst contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide or zirconium oxide. EXAMPLE - Ni sulfate hexahydrate (730.2g) and Cu sulfate pentahydrate (151.3g) are dissolved in deionized water (8l) heated to 80degreesC. Pseudoboehmite (16g) is mixed and the pH is adjusted to 2 by adding 1N H2SO4 (300ml) to give a liquid A. A liquid B is obtained by dissolving Na carbonate (600g) in deionized water heated to 80degreesC, and adding water glass (180.2g). These liquids are mixed and stirred for 1 hour. The precipitated cake is washed and filtered, and dried, then fired at 350degreesC for 3 hours to produce the desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage vessel receives a stream of hydrogen from an outside hydrogen source. The primary loop (open or closed loop) comprises tube(s) in thermal contact with the hydrogen storage alloy.The primary open loop receives a stream of cooling fluid from an outside source.The stream of cooling fluid circulates through the primary loop and removes heat produced by the hydrogen storage alloy upon absorption of hydrogen.The primary closed loop may contain heat-transfer fluid.Heating fluid is circulated throughout the secondary loop.The heat-transfer fluid contained within the primary loop is circulated through the primary loop using a pumping device, e.g. a directionally coupled turbine (7) mechanically coupled to the secondary loop.The directionally coupled turbine circulates heat-transfer fluid through the primary loop using the flow of heating fluid circulating through the secondary loop.The heat-transfer fluid circulating through the primary loop is heated using a heat exchanger (9) and provides heat to the hydrogen storage alloy.The heating fluid circulating through the secondary loop provides heat to the heat-transfer fluid circulating through the primary loop via the heat exchanger after a cold startup.A catalytic combustor thermally connected to the primary loop provides heat to heat-transfer fluid.The catalytic combustor is initially fueled with unabsorbed hydrogen contained within the hydrogen storage vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is butane, isobutane (2-methyl propane), propane, cyclopentane, isopentane (2-methyl butane), neopentane (2,2-dimethyl propane), or pentane. It is butane (preferably), isobutane, or propane.Preferred Composition: The amount of R134a is 30-70%, preferably 40-70%, more preferably 45-65%. The amount of R227ea is 30-65%, preferably 30-55%, more preferably 30-50%. The amount of hydrocarbon is from trace to 10%, preferably 0.05-6%, more preferably 2-5%. The amount of R125 is from trace to 10%, preferably 2-8%, more preferably 3-6%. The total amount of R125 and R227ea is at least 40-45% of the hydrofluorocarbon component.Preferred Properties: The speed of sound through the vapor of the refrigerant is at most138 m/s, preferably 136-125 m/s, at 25degreesC. The refrigerant has a maximum pressure not more than 2 bar, preferably 1.5 bar, greater than that of R12 at 45degreesC. The maximum pressure is not more than 1 bar than the pressure of R12 at 45degreesC. The refrigerant has a mean molecular weight of at least 118. The mean motor weight is not less than 121. EXAMPLE - A refrigerant comprised R134a (50 wt.%), R227ea (45 wt.%), and R600a (5 wt.%). It had a molecular weight of 119, speed of sound of 130.7 m/s at 25degreesC dew point. It exhibited a discharge pressure of 11.59 bar, discharge temperature of 78.5degreesC, (COP) (sic) system of 2.12, and capacity of 177.1 MW/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen generating material is produced by hydrogenating aggregate of magnesium alloy particles comprising magnesium particles and several catalyst metal fine particles. The catalyst metal fine particles are nickel fine particles, nickel alloy fine particles, iron fine particles, iron alloy fine particles, vanadium fine particles, vanadium alloy fine particles, manganese fine particles, manganese alloy fine particles, titanium fine particles, titanium alloy fine particles, copper fine particles, copper alloy fine particles, silver fine particles, silver alloy fine particles, calcium fine particles, calcium alloy fine particles, zinc fine particles, zinc alloy fine particles, zirconium fine particles, zirconium alloy fine particles, aluminum fine particles and/or aluminum alloy fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition comprises (wt.%): first (30-70); second (10-50, preferably 10-40); third (10-50, preferably 10-40); and fourth (5-30, preferably 5-12) constituents. EXAMPLE - The refrigerant composition was prepared from (wt.%): difluoromethane (HFC-32) (30), HFC-143a (40), HFC-152A (10), and HFC-227ea (20). The composition had a coefficient of performance of 5.02, and a volumetric capacity of 3943.9 kJ/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition comprises (wt.%): first (40-70, preferably 40-55); second (10-50, preferably 20-40); third (10-40, preferably 10-20); and fourth (5-30, preferably 5-15, more preferably 5-12) constituents. EXAMPLE - The refrigerant composition was prepared from (wt.%): HFC-32 (40), HFC-143a (40), HFC-227ea (10), and R-600a (10). The composition had a coefficient of performance of 5.04, and a volumetric capacity of 4577.2 kJ/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The mass of natural gas is compressed prior to cooling and subsequent to forming the slurry. Cooling the portion of the mass of natural gas includes flowing the portion through heat exchanger(s). At least another portion of the mass of natural gas is expanded to form a cooling stream. The cooling stream is allowed to flow through the heat exchanger(s) to cool the portion of the mass of natural gas. The remaining portion of liquid natural gas is allowed to flow through screen filter(s). Cooling the mass of natural gas includes using the thickened slush as a refrigerant. The mass of natural gas is drawn from a source of unpurified natural gas. A vapor of the thick slush is formed and discharged back into the source of unpurified natural gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A turbo expander is positioned and configured to receive another portion of the mass of natural gas and produce an expanded cooling stream of natural gas. The turbo expander is mechanically coupled to the compressor to power the compressor. The heat exchanger is positioned to receive the expanded cooling stream for flow in a countercurrent manner with respect to the compressed stream. The heat exchanger includes high efficiency heat exchanger(s). The high efficiency heat exchanger includes aluminum plates or a tube-in-shell heat exchanger including stainless steel coils stacked vertically within a stainless steel tank. A liquid-gas separator is positioned and configured to receive the slurry and separate the slurry from a natural gas vapor prior to the slurry being received by the hydrocyclone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composition also contains at least one hydrolytic enzyme (preferably lipase, amylase or cellulose), a binder / emulsifier (preferably natural rubber), an anti-foaming agent and a biodegradable biocide. Preferably the composition comprises 0.1-10 wt.% Yarrowia lipolytica, 0.1-10 wt.% Bacillus subtilis, 0.1-20 wt.% lipase, 0.1-20 amylase, 0.1-10 cellulase, 0.01-10 wt.% binder / emulsifier, 0.1-20 wt.% nonionic surfactant, 0.1-10 wt.% anti-foaming agent, 0.01-5 wt.% biodegradable biocide and the balance water. The use concentration for the composition is 1:10 to 1:30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The composition contains Yarrowia lipolytica CCY 29 26 31. EXAMPLE - A composition suitable for dilution with tap water in a ratio of 1:24 comprised 0.1 wt.% xanthan gum, 3 wt.% sodium lauryl sulphate, 2 wt.% polypropylene glycol 2000, 0.1 wt.% Bronopol, 0.1 wt.% lemon fragrance, 2 wt.% lipase, 0.5 wt.% amylase, 5 wt.% cellulose, 0.5 wt.% Bacillus subtilis (NCIMB 41118), 0.5 wt.% Yarrowia lipolytica (CCY 29 26 31) and 86.2 wt.% water. Addition of 0.2 l diluted composition to a septic tank resulted in all the solid organic waste being broken down into a substantially odourless liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The bakuhan-health-stone is mixed in compression-sealed state at a ratio of 10% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The droppings of hen is supplied to the fermentation tank, stirred with the help of stirring blade and fermented for 500-1000 hours at 30 rpm to obtain fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria is preferably Rhodopseudomonas A (FERM P-19432) or Rhodopseudomonas B (FERM P-19431). Rhodopseudomonas A has a DNA molecule having a fully defined sequence of 1406 nucleotides. Rhodopseudomonas B has a DNA molecule having a fully defined sequence of 1406 nucleotides. Synechococcus has a fully defined sequence of 1485 nucleotides. All sequences are given in the specification. EXAMPLE - Twenty bacterial colonies were chosen and their activity in decomposing organic substances (e.g., organic phosphorus, organic nitrogen) was determined e.g., biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD). Based on the determination, three kinds of bacteria (A, B, C) were chosen. The bacteria were identified as Rhodopseudomonas A, Rhodopseudomonas B and Synechococcus, all of which were photosynthetic bacteria, based on the morphological and physiological characteristics. The optimum pH of the bacteria was tested as follows. Basal mediums were prepared so that their pH was set in the range of 5.5, 6.0, 7.0, 8.5, and 9.0. The culture mediums were filled in a 10 ml test tube and then the bacteria were inoculated into the culture medium, and cultured under optimum temperature conditions. The growth of the bacteria under different pH conditions was determined. The results showed that the bacteria had an optimum pH of 8.5 (alkali side). Thus the bacteria were tested for their organic waste processing activity at alkaline pH. The bacteria had high efficiency in degrading organic waste at alkaline pH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The greening method involves blending Bacillus subtilis with sterilized compost containing heat-processed and fermented organic substance (bark compost and compost) and/or top soil. The mud-like mixture is granulated by water to obtain greening base. The base containing fertile soil is further blended with corrosion preventing agents, fertilizers, growth stabilizes and/or buffer, to propagate growth of soil microbes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: A culture medium (5) is provided at a portion of floor surface installed with the panel at a specific interval and direct vegetation of moss or sedum is carried out on lava. Vegetation of ivies (4) is performed and the floor surface is crawled on the ivies. The panel is an ALC board. The panel board is mixed with an adhesive agent and compressed with the magnetic tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms holding support comprises porous material obtained from diatomaceous earth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Fungi: The white-rot fungi are Fusarium avenaceum Saccardo 65 strain, Fusarium avenaceum Saccardo PC-65 strain, Peniophora genus 267 strain, Peniophora genus PC-267 strain, microbes belonging to Coriticiaceae, microbes belonging to Peniophora genus, Pycnoporus coccineus or Pleurotus ostreatus belonging to Pleurotaceae.Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of bark compost and wood meal is 5-8:5-2.Preferred Nutrient: The nutrient is rice bran or wheat bran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The deodorizer further contains 1-octene-3-ol, methyl cinnamate, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, octanol and/or cis -2-octenol. EXAMPLE - 0.5 weight parts of matsutake mushroom extract was mixed with 99.5 weight parts of 30% alcohol, to obtain a sweat smell deodorizer. The deodorizer when evaluated effectively removed sweat smell in legs of the user.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The saturated hydrocarbon containing 3-5 carbon atoms is chosen from propane, n-butane and i-butane. The halogenated flame retardant is chosen from hexa bromo cyclo dodecane, tetrabromo cyclooctane and tetrabromobisphenol-A bis(allylether). The halogen-containing phosphoric acid ester type flame retardant is chosen from tris (dichloro propyl) phosphate and tris (tribromo neopentyl) phosphate. The styrene resin foam further contains phosphoric acid ester type compound (in wt.pts) (0.1-5) with respect to styrene resin (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The styrene resin foam has thermal conductivity of 0.034 W/mK or less. The styrene resin foam does not contain freon type foaming agent, and satisfies the conditions: disappearance of flame within three seconds; prevention of glowing and burning after flame disappearance; and conditions of exceeding limit of inflammability indication line, by inflammable measurement specified by flame retardance by JIS A9511.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (I) can be produced by reacting kaolin with sodium borohydride under highly alkaline conditions. EXAMPLE - A mixture of kaolin (1 g), sodium borohydride (2 g) and 16 M sodium hydroxide (10 ml) was heated at 120degreesC in an autoclave under autogenous pressure for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic matter is dried to a dry solids content of at least70 wt.% total solids. The dried and pelletized matter is ground before being mixed with the liquid to form the slurry. The organic material is ground in such a manner that at least80 wt.% of the matter obtains the particle size of 0.5-3 mm. Organic matter of a type other than the first organic matter is also digested in the reactor, by at least10 wt.% total dry solids introduced into the reactor originating from the dried and pelletized organic matter. The liquid with which the organic matter is mixed with pure water. The digested sludge is removed from the reactor. The pelletized organic matter is mixed in a premixing tank (118) with a liquid to form the slurry with the dry solids content of 15-45 wt.%, which is then introduced into the reactor to be digested at a dry solids content of 5-10 wt.% total solids.Preferred Components: The dried and pelletized organic matter is dried green matter, such as dried agricultural products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a mill (114) that is arranged before being introduced into the premixing tank. The mill grinds the dried and pelletized organic matter so that at least80 wt.% organic matter obtains a size of 0.5-3 mm. A supply pipe (122) is arranged for feeding digested sludge from the reactor to the premixing tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Incubators: Flow of fluid in the connection pipes can be regulated with a valve. The connection pipe is particularly made from a soft material. Such connection pipe is especially made with a thermally sealable or fusible material. Volumes of the culture medium container and waste medium container in the main culture container are made variable.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Incubators: The main culture container is linked to a blood sampler, with the connection pipes capable of limiting flow of the fluid between them and a protease sealed in at least the enzyme containers, and which can be sealed with a biological tissue-based filling material and includes 1 or more containers for a growth factor-containing growth-promoting substance sealed inside as well. Volumes of protease and growth factor contained in the main culture container are also varied.Preferred Devices: Such device is installed with valves to control fluid flow, a centrifuge for rotating the culture medium container, and the sealable connection pipes radiating outward from a rotary axle in a recessed part of the main culture container, all specifically placed. EXAMPLE - Cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral blood or umbilical blood was culture with the constructed incubator, with the biological tissue-based filling material being collagen or polylactic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The formulation comprises (in wt.%) propellant (total 3-5) including non-hydrocarbon propellant selected from dimethylether, chlorofluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or compressed air (preferably dimethylether), and hydrocarbon propellant selected from 3-5C hydrocarbon such as propane, n-butane or butane 22; abrasive particles (1-10, preferably 3-7) e.g. silica having particle size of 5-40 microns, preferably less than 10 microns; and water (25-50).The composition further comprises humectant (45-55), suspending agent (0.1-4), surfactant (1-5), xanthan gum and Zeodent 163 (RTM). The abrasive comprises a mixture of hard and less hard abrasive.Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of non-hydrocarbon propellant and liquefied hydrocarbon propellant is 95:5 or 97:3. The ratio of hard and less hard abrasive is 1:1-5. EXAMPLE - 70% sorbitol (in wt.%) (28), glycerin (22), polyethylene glycol 6 (2.5), 30% Empicol 0303 solution (RTM: foaming agent) (5), sodium saccharin (0.3), sodium fluoride (0.306), flavor (1), Zeodent 124 (RTM: hard abrasive) (1.330), Zeodent 623 (RTM: soft abrasive) (3.67), xanthan (0.250), 35% sodium hydroxide solution (0.25), water (up to 100), butane (2) and dimethyl ether (3), were blended uniformly to obtain a dentifrice formulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel electrode is made of amorphous carbon or carbon powder selected from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), Kish graphite, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon nanotube and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An organic sludge is mixed after performing explosive break process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage electrode contains two or more types of materials chosen from hydrogen occlusion alloy, carbon-type material and catalyst. The carbon material is coated with an alloy having palladium, silver, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, copper, nickel and/or cobalt. The metallic coated carbon material is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn and/or fullerene. The electrode (10) has a thermo element.
EXAMPLE - Low boiling point lubricating oil fraction (in weight%) (24) having boiling point of 300degreesC or less, and high boiling point lubricating point fraction (8) having boiling point of 500degreesC or more, were mixed. A refrigerating machine oil composition was obtained. The obtained machine oil composition had 20% distillation temperature of 295degreesC, %Cp value of 50, according to n-d-M ring analysis and nitrogen content of 8 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel is selected from a group consisting of gaseous fuels such as methane, propane and butane, and liquid fuels such as waste oil and petroleum-refining type liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagent: The fluorescent reagent comprises 5-(6-)carboxy fluoresceine diacetate or 5-carboxy fluoresceine diacetate acetoxymethyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermentation condition of organic waste in MFT is controlled by the methane fermentation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin-film heater consists of tungsten alloy. The wiring layer is made of gold, copper or alloy containing gold and copper or alloy containing tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains composite noble metals colloid comprising palladium and platinum supported on a porous oxide support. The noble metals colloid is 2-phase colloid having palladium colloid in the inside and platinum colloid on the surface of at least one portion of the colloid. The molar ratio of palladium and platinum in the composite noble metals colloid is 1/1-15/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The density of the refined treated fibers is 50-120 kg/m3. The refined or treated fiber is graded according to its density. The refined material is in finely divided form, having a length of less than 35, preferably less than 20 mm.Preferred Method: The moisture (in vapor form) removed during the production of the refined fiber is passed through an oxidizing device to remove potential odor pollutants. The grading is carried out using an air current separator. The refined cellulose material is blended with a carbonaceous material to produce a fuel. The blend of carbonaceous material and refined cellulose material is agglomerated using standard agglomeration techniques. The blend is mixed with a binder prior to agglomeration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonaceous material includes coal or coke fines. The binder includes lignin and urea, or molasses and lime.Preferred Condition: The carbonaceous material is present in the blend in an amount of 1-99, preferably 5-95 wt.% of the blend of carbonaceous material and refined cellulose material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dry fibrous material produced by the steam treatment of waste comprises substantially cellulose material derived from mixed vegetable matter. The binder may also include resins, and polymers (such as polyvinyl acetate).Preferred Condition: The moisture content of the fiber is reduced to a moisture content of 4-15 wt.% using a drying apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Function: The drying apparatus is also used to substantially remove debris from the fiber and/or reduce the particle size of the fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The steam partial pressure in the fluidized bed is not less than 3 atm at 600degreesC and is not less than 40 atm at 800degreesC. Preferred Property: The grain size of the mixed implantable powders is 0.005-0.05 mm, and the grain size after the grain growth is 0.05-0.35 mm. Preferred Method: The outer wall of the main reactor is cooled to not more than 600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reformer is connected to a fuel cell arrangement (3), into which a reformer product produced by the reformer is fed. A burner (8) is connected to the fuel cell arrangement. A bypass feeder (5) is arranged parallel to the fuel cell arrangement and has switching valves (4, 6) at its inlet and outlet so that a gas stream flows from the reformer through the fuel cell arrangement or through the bypass feeder. A device for selectively oxidizing the reformer product to remove CO components from the product is arranged in or downstream of the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The control unit is structured so that it sets the additional component in motion for 1-300, especially 2-15 seconds. The control unit stores an error in an error storage unit. The measuring parameter is the number of engine starts of a vehicle engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The O2-removal catalyst is a TiO2 catalyst carrying Cr2O3 or NiO. Preferred Method: In a first step, H2S and CO are reacted to remove O2, and in a second step, COS is converted to H2S.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ordered platinum intermetallic compound is platinum germanium (PtGe); platinum indium (PtIn2, PtIn3, or Pt3In7); platinum tin (PtSn or PtSn2, Pt3Sn, Pt2Sn3, or PtSn4); platinum antimony (PtSb or PtSb2); platinum gallium (PtGa); platinum cadmium (PtCd2); platinum manganese (PtMn); or preferably bismuth platinum (BiPt or Bi2Pt); platinum indium (PtIn); or platinum lead (PtPb). The ordered palladium intermetallic compound is palladium germanium (PdGe), palladium antimony (PdSb), or bismuth palladium (BiPd). The ordered intermetallic compound may comprise first and second elements at stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. It has an inter-atomic nearest neighbor distance of greater than at least3 Angstrom along at least one axis. It oxidizes carbon monoxide. The ordered intermetallic compound may be a ternary compound. The ordered intermetallic compound can be iridium bismuth (IrBi), nickel bismuth (NiBi), or rhodium bismuth (RhBi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite is loaded with scandium, yttrium and/or a lanthanide and optionally other metals after having been loaded with palladium by ion exchange or incipient wetness techniques. The zeolite comprises a zeolite of the class of FAU, MOR, BEA, EMT, CON, BOG or ITQ-7. The zeolite is loaded with 0.02-2 wt.% palladium and 0.01-50 (0.01-20) wt.% scandium, yttrium and/or lanthanide. The zeolite is also loaded with one or more metals from groups IlIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb and/or VIII of the periodic system.The catalyst for the removal of nitrous oxide is an iron-containing zeolite and/or a promoted iron-containing zeolite.Preferred Method: The gas also comprises oxygen and/or water. It may also comprise carbon monoxide. The reaction temperature is 300-600 degrees C. The nitrogen oxides (NOx)/methane ratio is 0.02-2. An additional catalyst is used for the removal of nitrous oxide or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 16C, 16C dialkyl quat and 18C, 18C dialkyl quat are present in a weight ratio of either 1:3 - 3:1, 1:2 - 2:1, 1:3 - 2:1, 1:3 - 1:1, 3:1 - 2:1, 3:1 - 1:1 or 1:5:1. The ratio of the monoalkyl and dialkyl quat is 15:1 - 2:1 (preferably 10:1 - 2:1, especially 4:1 - 2:1). The propellant is 3 - 6% of A50/dimethoxyethane in a ratio of 5:25 - 60:40 (preferably 60:40).Preferred Component: The monoalkyl quat is behentrimonium chloride or cetrimonium chloride (preferably cetrimonium chloride). The dialkyl quat is a mixture of dicetyldimonium chloride and distearyldimonium chloride (preferably distearyldimonium chloride). The propellant is dimethyl ether, propane, n-butane, isobutane, propellant 152A, propellant A50, propellant 17A, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or compressed air. EXAMPLE - A composition was prepared using following compound (wt.%): water (soft) (90.83), cetrimonium chloride (0.72), quaternium 18 (0.29), cetyl/stearyl alcohol (2.88), salt (0.24), disodium EDTA (0.10), preservative (0.14), fragrance (0.58), silicon (DC 1789) (0.23) and propellant A50/dimethoxyethane (60:40 ratio) (4). The composition formed creamy and excellent foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Bacteriocin is deactivated by adding enzyme having bacteriocin deactivating ability, or by heating the rancid state-organic refuse to temperature at which bacteriocin is deactivated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Support Metal : The metal is selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Carrier : The catalyst carrier is selected from zeolite, silica gel and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Carrier : The catalyst carrier is selected from activated carbon and carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the separation-and-recovery of methane involves combining processing of the gas (G) containing methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and recovering of calcium oxide by bake-processing calcium hydroxide powder to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed, with dehydrate of digestive organic waste. The calcium-hydroxide powder comprises moisture content of 0.5-50 mass%. Alternately, the separation-and-recovery method of methane involves contacting gas (G) with powder (P) of mixture of dehydrate of digestive organic waste, and calcium hydroxide, and recovering calcium oxide by bake processing the powder of mixture of digestive organic waste, and calcium hydroxide to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed. The moisture content of the powder (P), is 0.5-50 mass%. Alternately, the separation-and-recovery method involves contacting the gas (G) with a suspension containing calcium-hydroxide powder, and recovering calcium oxide by bake processing the calcium-hydroxide powder to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed, with dehydrate of digestive organic waste. The amount of calcium-hydroxide powder in the suspension, is 0.5-50 mass%. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen-sulfide-containing gas with hydrogen-sulfide concentration of 700 mg/l, was taken in a plastic bag. Slaked lime (1000 g) with moisture content of 10 mass%, was put into the bag, and stirred for 5 minutes. Hydrogen-sulfide gas concentration in the bag was analyzed, and the hydrogen-sulfide gas concentration was undetectable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: Hydrogenation reaction is performed at a temperature of 120-160 degreesC, and under a pressure of 0.1-2 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent comprises cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl naphthalene, methyl decalin, silicone oil, or chemically-modified silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chlorine-containing synthetic resin and waste wood material are inserted into an indirect heat-type rotary kiln in which the synthetic resin is thermally decomposed. The combustible treated substance is ground to obtain a granular material. The thermal decomposition gas generated during decomposition of synthetic resin, is introduced to a combustion furnace, and a combustible gas component is burnt. An absorber is introduced and hydrochloric acid is recovered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The gaseous fuel comprises natural gas, methane, propane, LPG, hydrogen, ethane or mixtures of these, and is preferably a mixture of at least two of methane, propane and hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The EGR concentration is indicated by the oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration in the intake charge, or is commanded, determined from an exhaust gas flow, or from an exhaust valve timing and/or an engine load from a previous engine cycle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The main fuel injection precedes the pilot fuel injection.Preferred Property: The exhaust gas concentration is preferably 30-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The waste heat steam generator operates at 360-450 (preferably 385-400)degreesF. The catalyst bed is maintained at 370-550 (preferably 400-450)degreesF. The gas has hourly space velocity of 500-2000/hour. Preferred Property: An annular space defined by the outer region is 1-2 inches wide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is copper (Cu)/zinc (Zn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pilot heat source initiates a catalytic reaction in only one of the catalytic converters, and a catalytic reaction in the remaining catalytic converters is sequentially initiated by energy from adjacent initiated thermal catalytic converters. The method further involves providing at least one heat exchanger to capture and utilize waste heat from the catalytic converter assembly. The methane stream is passed through a condenser to knock out hydrocarbon liquids. It comes from a hydrocarbon separator, a hydrocarbon storage tank, or from a gas trap positioned in a roof of a building.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: An exhaust stack or process piping serves as the pilot heat source. The heat exchanger includes thermovoltaic cells. A condenser is positioned in the path of the methane stream entering the catalytic converter assembly, by which the methane stream is passed through the condenser to knock out hydrocarbon liquids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The feed point of the C4/C5 fraction lies at the head of the separating column. A mass transfer zone (M) is provided between the feed point of the C4/C5-rich fraction and the feed point of the C2+-rich fraction. Higher hydrocarbons obtained in the separating column are removed in several stages by rectification, in which one stage comprises feeding the hydrocarbons into a depropanizer (T2). The C4/C5-rich fraction fed to the separating column as additional reflux liquid is obtained in a depropanizer side column (T3) to which a C4+-rich fraction is fed from the depropanizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The subcritical fluid is a liquid or a compressed gas. The fluid is selected from carbon dioxide, Freon 22, propane, ethane and/or nitrous oxide. The substance comprises citric acid or magnesium silicate.Preferred Method: The method further comprises, after the removing step, separating the constituent from the subcritical fluid. The separating comprises flowing the fluid containing the constituent into a separator vessel containing a substance capable of separating the constituent from the subcritical fluid. It may comprise flowing the subcritical fluid containing the constituent into a separator vessel, where the subcritical fluid undergoes a change in pressure or temperature and the constituent precipitates. After separating, the subcritical fluid is recirculated to the vessel. During recirculating, flavor or aroma compounds removed in the contacting step are deposited in the tobacco.Preferred Properties: The moisture content of the tobacco is at least 10%. The pH of the tobacco is 4-9. EXAMPLE - A sample of tobacco was placed in vessel and the vessel was sealed. Gaseous subcritical fluid was supplied from the cylinder and admitted to the system. When pressure reached cylinder pressure, compressor pump was energized to liquefy the fluid. Temperature was adjusted and controlled. Flow of subcritical fluid was started. After treatment, the tobacco was analyzed for its constituent content. The tobacco had pH of 8. The ratio of mass of carbon dioxide to mass of tobacco was 50. At 19 degrees C and 1200 psi, the tobacco had moisture content of 58%, secondary alkaloids reduction was 91%, and primary alkaloids reduction was 2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The water, nutrients and starter compost material within the water holding tank are maintained at an optimum brewing temperature to facilitate bacterial breakdown of the starter compost material. Water and nutrients are added to the water holding tank following removal of the predetermined quantity of the liquid compost material from the tank. The water and nutrients are aerated for a second predetermined time period to facilitate bacterial breakdown and to form the liquid compost material or tea. A further predetermined quantity of the liquid compost material is removed when the bacterial breakdown is finished and the liquid compost material is formed. Water is introduced from a first tank. The water in the first tank is heated and aerated to de-chlorinate the water added to first tank. The liquid compost material is removed from the water holding tank to a third holding tank where it is aerated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Nutrients are added to the second tank by a nutrient addition circuit. Water is moved from the first tank to the water holding tan and the liquid compost material is moved from the water holding tank to the third tank by pumps and valves under the control of a microprocessor. The presence of water in the first tank and the presence of liquid in the water holding tank and third tanks are sensed by liquid sensors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: The waste water tank contains dimethylsulfoxide oxidized by externally blown air. The connection pipe between the waste water tank and the aeration tank transports the waste water containing dimethylsulfoxide, at 25-35 tons/hour from the waste water tank to the aeration tank. The aeration tank contains over-aerated waste water containing dimethylsulfoxide.Preferred Parameter: Demanded oxygen is 4-5 ppm in the over-aerated waste water. The aeration tank contains sodium hydroxide (2.4 kg/ton of the waste water in the aeration tank, to maintain the pH in 6.8-7.2. The sludge retention time is 400 days. SPECIFIC MATERIALS - The porous material is zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxygen to carbon molar ratio is maintained at 0.5-2.3, steam to carbon molar ratio within 1.5-3 and pressure within the range of 1.5-3.0 bar-gauge. About 10 wt.% or less preferably 3-5 wt.% of hydrocarbon liquid is oxidized. The temperature range is based on a relationship between vaporizer outlet temperature and reformate hydrogen content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The neat fuel used in direct oxidation fuel cell is 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution also includes 1-3% propellant gas, forming an aerosol solution.The solution comprises 80-90 wt.% propylene glycol, 4-6 wt.% deionized water, 0.5-3 wt.% nonionic surfactant, 0.005-0.1 wt.% sodium benzoate component and 1.1-1.4 wt.% mineral oil component.Preferred Components: The glycol component comprises propylene glycol.The propellant gas is propane, isobutane, butane, difluoroethane, dimethyl ether, nitrous oxide or tetrafluoroethane. It preferably comprises a blend of propane, isobutane, and butane yielding 46 psig of pressure in a container at 70 degreesF.The nonionic surfactant is nonylphenol including 9 moles ethylene oxide.Preferred Ratio: The ratio of gas to concentrate is 20-80, preferably 15-25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The pyrolysis temperature of heating furnace is set to 450-850 degrees Centigrade. The reaction temperature in gas reformer is set to 1000-1200 degrees Centigrade. Preferred Apparatus: A char recovery cyclone which recovers char from the pyrolysis gas, is connected to lower portion of gas reformer. The recovered char is returned to the heating furnace. A temperature-reduction preventing unit is provided in the char recovery cyclone. A pre-heater (4) is provided for heating the air (a) (which is supplied to the circulation type heating furnace for thermal decomposition) at 300-600 degrees Centigrade with the sensible heat of combustion gas. The combustible gas which passed through the pre-heater, is rapidly cooled to 200 degrees Centigrade or less, by a gas cooler (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The amount of heat applied from the outside is 25 Kcal/biomass mole, preferably 30 Kcal/biomass mole, most preferably 39.7 Kcal/biomass mole and the heat applied was adjusted so that soot or tar may not arise after gasification reaction. The reducing environment (oxygen insufficient atmosphere) of a molar ratio are water vapor/biomass and heat-tracing calorie and gasification space was satisfied to the conditions of formula: C1.3H2O0.9+p1H2O leading to q1H2O+q2CO+q3CH4+q4CO2...qn. The furnace-interior gasification temperature is 800-1000 degrees Centigrade gasification atmosphere is reducing atmosphere which does not use a catalyst under a normal temperature. The gasification space which supplies water vapor to the pulverized biomass and produces gasification reaction is interrupted with heat-tracing space through the dividing wall and radiant heat (metal reaction tube) was provided to gasification space through the dividing wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mixture containing chip of excrement of herbivore such as cattle feces, horse dung, sheep feces, sawdust, straw, chaff, bark and/or coppiced timber is utilized as organic carbon source material. The excrement of omnivorous feeder, which contains droppings of hen and pig feces and/or fish-and-shellfish, is utilized as organic nitrogen source material.Preferred Ratio: The volume ratio of organic carbon to nitrogen source is set to 1:1 by adding cattle feces, droppings of hen or pig feces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Organic carbon source and organic nitrogen source are deposited on floor surface of compost depot, anaerobic treatment is initiated and processed for 2-3 weeks, by stirring substance to-be-processed for 3 times or more and mixed state and processing state are averaged. The change in color phase of substance to-be-processed to the soil color is checked as the completion time of anaerobic treatment. Organic carbon and nitrogen sources are supplied to a processing tank, which has elongate space for sequential anaerobic treatment, from one end longitudinally, and anaerobic treatment is initiated. The substance to-be-processed is injected into the processing tank with stirring, and new substance to-be-processed is injected sequentially. The product is moved to the other end, and mixed state and processing state are averaged. The substance to-be-processed, which reached other end of the processing tank is sampled. The methane gas generated in anaerobic treatment is collected on the upper portion of the processing tank. The process is terminated when the product reaches a grade, which does not solidify even if the substance to-be-processed is grasped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The excretion of livestock contains cattle feces, pig feces and droppings of hen. The food waste material contains foodstuffs sludge, oil cake, rice bran, beans lees, chaff, beer lees and saw dust. The auxiliary material contains natural ore, eggshell, shellfish shell and crab shell. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No test details are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The modifying catalyst enables partial-oxidation modification and/or modification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The excrement of an animal is from cattle feces, pig feces and/or droppings of hen. The plant tissue is timber, straw and/or hay.Preferred Amount: The content of plant tissue with respect to excrement of the animal in the composition is 80-90 weight% and 10-20 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The soil microbe is bacteria, filament like fungi or actinomyces. Basidiomycetes are white wood rotting fungi, which is Coriolus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The waste-water produced from anaerobic fermentation of organic waste, is used for purification of biogas. The water is post-processed after discharge, and circulated in the purification method of biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the Mycobacterium cell or F.oxysporum and/or its medium are dried products, and are present in a ventilation unit, where the formaldehyde (gaseous phase) is supplied.Preferred Agent: (II) further comprises F.oxysporum and/or its growth medium. EXAMPLE - The effectiveness of the microbe to decompose formaldehyde was tested as follows. Formaldehyde was added to yeast/peptone/dextrose (YPD) medium in which 5 different types of microbe such as A, B, C, D, and E were present. The ability of the microbes to decompose formaldehyde was determined at various concentrations of formaldehyde (50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm). The formaldehyde test was performed by Wako formaldehyde test. A, B and D showed maximum decomposition activity, and were found to be Mycobacterium sp., Fusarium oxysporum and F.solani. The growth medium that comprised B microbe was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was collected and the microbial cells were allowed to react with formaldehyde (50 ppm) for 44 hours at 35 degrees C. The results showed the decomposing activity of F. oxysporum on formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The residue contains 20-60 weight% of carbon, iron and copper. Metal or other substance with dimension more than the predetermined dimension is removed from the residue. The metal mainly comprises copper, and is classified using wind force or sieve. The path of hole of sieve is 2-4 mm. The solid fuel comprises mixture of residue and carbon containing particles (M4) with carbonaceous content rate higher than the residue.Preferred Method: The carbon containing particles remove carbon contained in the gas obtained by heating the waste material in heating apparatus (3). The particles modify the gas by gas reformer (41). The gas is cooled in a gas cooling method apparatus (42) and filtered in a filter (431), to obtain solid fuel.Preferred Particles: The carbon containing particles have particle size of 1 mm or less, and comprises (in weight%) carbon (80 or more), iron (2 or less) and copper (1 or less).Preferred Fuel: The solid fuel has heat energy release of 3800- 7500 kcal/kg. The fuel comprises granulated powder containing residue in a predetermined size and shape. A binder (M7) is added to the powder containing residue and granulated. The shape of solid fuel is pillar shape, cylinder shape, cone, plate-shape, globular shape or indeterminate form. The solid fuel after granulation comprises iron (10-30) and copper (0.1-3). The fuel is adsorbed to a magnet.Preferred Binder: The binder is water, lime, gum arabic, sodium alginate, glycerol, gelatin, liquid paraffin, surfactant, fine-crystal cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lignin, methyl cellulose, cornstarch, dextrin, starch, lactose, soybean oil, palm oil, treacle, aqueous ammonia, silicic acid ammonium, phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid anhydride, potassium alum and/or bentonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: The modified polysaccharide cross-linked material is obtained from polysaccharide selected from starch, amylose, cellulose, chitin and chitosan. The number average molecular weight of the polysaccharide is 1000-10000000. The modified polysaccharide cross-linked material has a carboxy-alkylated structure of formula (1).n = 1-5;R1 and R2 = hydrogen, 10 or less hydrocarbon; andX = alkali metal or ammonium.The carboxy alkylated material is obtained form starch, amylose, cellulose, chitin, chitosan and monohalogenated carboxylic acid. 1-100 mol% of the hydroxyl group or amino group in the repeating unit of polysaccharide is subjected to carboxy alkylation to obtain modified cross-linked polysaccharide. The modified cross-linked polysaccharide material is of formula (2).R3 = hydrogen or 20 or less hydrocarbon.0.01-30 mass% of the composting adjuvant is added with respect to the compost raw material. EXAMPLE - Carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) (100 g) was dissolved in 10 l of water and the pH was adjusted. Then, ethylene-glycol diglycidyl ether (750 mg) was added as a cross-linking agent. The mixture was stirred at heated at 70 degreesC for 2 hours. The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and cross-linked CMC was obtained (107 g). The cross-linked CMC was ground to a particle size of 500-200 micron. The cross-linked CMC was found to have water absorption of 35.86. Cross-linked CMC (200 mg) and cow dung slurry (5 kg) were mixed. The mixture was heat-insulated and fermented. The mixture was solidified and had favorable air-permeability. The obtained compost was found to have an internal temperature of 60 degreesC and 31 degreesC on 1 and 7 days, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The pressure of natural gas stream is 1-20 bars. The feed stream is heated to 1000-1800 K, and maintained at at least 1000 K for less than 100 milliseconds. The temperature of catalytic reactor is 300-1000 K.Preferred Compounds: The catalyst consists of nickel boride, metallic palladium, bimetallic catalyst or palladium with a group 1b metal. The olefin is ethylene.Preferred Method: Alternately, the natural gas is directly conveyed to the reactor, and then heated using electric power to form hydrogen and reactive products comprising acetylene portion. The natural gas is conveyed to a furnace where the hydrogen is burned and the natural gas is heated to form hydrogen and reactive products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Power Source: The electric power is produced using electrical arc, resistance heating plasma reactor, fuel cell or combined cycle gas turbine drive electrical generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Processes: The liquid and vapor contained in the effluent from a down-flow boiling point reactor are separated. A portion of the separated liquid is recycled to top of the reactor. The amount of liquid which is recycled is maintained such that the catalyst is fully wetted at all positions within the down-flow boiling reactor. The vapor in the effluent is fed to 5C/6C splitter in which 5C and lighter raw material are taken as overheads, and 6C and heavier material are taken as bottoms. A side draw is taken from the 5C/6C splitter, and fed to the top of the down-flow boiling point reactor. The steady state composition of the liquid flowing in the reactor is controlled by selecting the position of the side draw along the height of the 5C/6C splitter. The side draw is taken from the bottom stage of the 5C/6C splitter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is made of nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet, copper-YSZ cermet, nickel ceria, cermet and/or ceramics. The cathode is doped lanthanum manganate (LaMnO3), preferably strontium doped LaMnO3, tin doped indium oxide, perovskite, strontium doped praseodymium manganate (PrMnO3), ruthenium oxide-YSZ and/or lanthanum cobaltite. The interconnect structure comprises thin formed metal, stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, complex oxide of lanthanum and chromium (LaCrO3), complex oxide of cobalt and chromium (CoCr2O4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, and/or HA-230.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sacrificial material comprises salt, soluble material, polyurethane, paraffin or (low density foamed) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The substrate contains stainless steel, aluminum or titanium. The coating comprises noble metal(s) selected from rubidium, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, iridium, platinum and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The gas purification system further comprises a reactor heater, and a combustion catalyst in contact with the interior side of the conduit wall.A gap space of 0.05-1.0 inches exists between the reaction catalyst coating and the membrane.The space comprises a laminar flow disruptor, preferably selected from the group consisting of: packing, particulate, mesh wire, wool, granule, pellet and fluidized catalyst.The gas purification further comprises a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the heat conduit and/or membrane.The heat transfer element is a fin coated with a reaction catalyst.The fin has a gas communication aperture therethrough.The gas purification system further comprises a combustion catalyst on an exterior wall of a feed tube.The gas purification system further comprises a flow disruptor within the reactor selected from a dimple, a protrusion, packing, mesh wire, wool, granulate, pellet catalyst, fluidized catalyst, a baffle and a curved membrane.The heater has a sweep gas flowing through it.The gas purification system further comprises feed liquid compression means to convey the mixed gas flow through the portal into the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The membrane is hydrogen selective and the constituent gas is hydrogen.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst coating comprises a methanol reforming catalyst or an ammonia cracking catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The supply of gas comprises a tube submersed in the cleaning material (13) for injecting natural gas (15) in the cleaning material.The tube comprises apertures (22) spaced apart for dispensing natural gas throughout the cleaning material.The recovery vessel (16) is closed and includes a flue for venting the natural gas from the vessel.The flue includes a flaming device for incinerating the natural gas or a filter for filtering the natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic-refuse is fermented for 2-4 minutes. The microbial bed consists of 100% chaff. The organic-refuse is washed with usual water and/or alkalized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: A solid-liquid separator (10) separates solids from water obtained from the gas-liquid separator. Water is heated to 65-100 degrees centigrade, before being subjected to solid-liquid separation process. Water obtained from the solid-liquid separator is subjected to activated sludge treatment, so as to precipitate sludge contained in water. The precipitated sludge is extracted and returned to the fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: A pair of ventilation fans are provided to supply and exhaust air into the container. A microwave generator (5) irradiates microwaves toward the organic refuse stored in the container. A detector is provided to detect the rotation of the blade. A motor (8) is provided to rotate the container. The drive of container drive motor is stopped, when the blade rotation is detected without rotating the blade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: A processing mode selection switch selects the processing mode based on the output of the moisture content sensor. A microorganism carrier is arranged within the treatment tank, to decompose the organic refuse thrown into the tank. During automatic processing mode selection, operation of a stirrer for stirring organic refuse, a heater and a ventilation unit are controlled such that the moisture content of the treated substance is adjusted to preset value. During strong processing mode and weak processing mode, the stirrer, heater and ventilation unit are controlled such that evaporation capability of the moisture content is increased and decreased, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The moisture content rejection by predrying process and moisture content absorption by water absorption process are 20 weight/weight %.Preferred Process: The waste material is predried and back dried at 90 degrees centigrade or less. An aqueous solution containing microorganisms is added to waste material in water absorption process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are spore-forming bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst which promoter dehydrogenation of decalin mixture is supported by metal such as nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, iron, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The styrene-resin foam contains a halogenated flame retardant.The styrene resin foam contains one or more types of compound chosen from 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon in an amount of 100-1 wt.% as a foaming agent and 0-99 wt.% of another foaming agent, with respect to whole quantity of the foaming agent in an amount of 0-99 wt.%, preferably 1-10 pts. wt. of compound(s) chosen from 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon as foaming agent with respect to 100 pts. wt. of foam.The aromatic sulfonic-acid type-compound is contained in an amount of 0.1-10 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of styrene resin.The styrene resin foam further contains phosphorus-containing compound, nitrogen compound and/or boron-containing compound.The foam contains air bubble of diameter of 0.25 mm or less, and air bubble of diameter of 0.3-1 mm.The occupied-area rate of the air bubble whose diameter is 0.25 mm or less, is 5-95% per foam cross-sectional area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foaming Agent: The another foaming agent of the styrene resin foam, is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methylethyl ether, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, water and/or carbon dioxide.Preferred Compound: The aromatic sulfonic-acid type-compound is sulfanilic acid and/or its derivative(s). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon is propane, n-butane and/or i-butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin Particle : The particle is selected from polyvinyl alcohol resin, acrylonitrile type polymer such as acrylonitrile polymer, acrylonitrile meta-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate copolymer and acrylonitrile meta-acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate trinary copolymer, acrylic-type polymer such as methylmethacrylate resin, methylmethacrylate acrylonitrile copolymer, methylmethacrylate meta-acrylonitrile copolymer and methylmethacrylate acrylonitrile meta-acrylonitrile trinary copolymer, vinylidene-chloride type polymer such as vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile copolymer, vinylidene chloride methylmethacrylate copolymer, vinylidene chloride meta-acrylonitrile copolymer, vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile meta-acrylonitrile copolymer, vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate copolymer, vinylidene chloride meta-acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate copolymer and vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile meta-acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas filled between the particles in the closed cell is selected from group consisting of 2-8C linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon or its fluorinated product, 2-8C cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon or its fluorinated product, or ether compound of formula (I):R1-O-R2 (I)R1 and R2 = 1-5C monovalent hydrocarbon groups in which some hydrogen atoms may be substituted with fluorine atoms.Preferred foaming agent: The foaming agent used for producing resin particles is a pyrolytic foaming agent selected from dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine, azodicarbonamide, para-toluene, sulfonyl hydrazine derivatives and oxybis benzene-sulfonyl hydrazine, or is a 2-8C (cyclo)aliphatic optionally fluorinated hydrocarbon, or ether compound (I)..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The apparatus is further equipped with a return line which returns a portion of supernatant liquid ejected from supernatant liquid processing apparatus into the methane fermentation tank. A portion of supernatant liquid after decomposition of flocculant is returned to methane fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The waste material of coating material composition contains latex and/or starch. The sum total of solid content concentration of latex and starch is more than 0.5 wt.% with respect to the waste material of coating material composition, and is 0.5 wt.% or more with respect to the solid fuel. Combustible waste material generated from paper pulp plant contains bark, decay chip, chip dust, drainage treated sludge from pulp bleaching process and drainage treatment installation of paper manufacturing process, waste plastic ejected from used paper dissolution process and froth flotation type de-inking process, discharge from dust removal process, used-paper, damaged paper, wood chip and/or waste pallet made from board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The recycling line has a valve (6) with a flow position on one side from the gas generating system to the fuel cell (3) and on the other side from the gas generating system to the gas burner. The valve is arranged between the reformer and the catalyst stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Ambient air or pure oxygen or ambient air enriched with oxygen is used as the oxidant. Waste heat is used to pre-heat the oxidant and/or the hydrocarbon fuel. The step of reacting the fuel with the oxidant is carried out at a pressure of 0.3-20 bar. The fuel is a hydrocarbon or alcohol. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced when the fuel is reacted with the oxidant is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a further step using a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst further comprises lanthanide element such as samarium or ytterbium preferably ytterbium in an amount of 2 weight% (wt.%) based on total metal content of supported catalyst. The catalyst further includes 3.3 wt.% or less, preferably 1 wt.% or less of gold or silver as Ni-Au or Ni-Ag alloy having melting temperature of above 2000 degrees C. The nickel, gold or silver are in their reduced metal states. Preferably, nickel is in the form of Ni-MgO solid solution.Preferred Support: The support has a structure chosen from monoliths, granules, beads, pills, pellets, cylinders, trilobes, extrudates and spheres and comprises material chosen from zirconia, alumina, cordierite, mullite, magnesia, titania, silica, beryllium oxide, thorium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or calcium oxide. The refractory support comprises partially stabilized zirconia which is magnesium oxide stabilized zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The mixing unit has one or more openings for mixing the fuel. The mixing unit has a fuel injection valve for dosing fuel. The valve is a low pressure fuel injection valve operating at pressures of 20-150 bar. The tempered material stream flows through the receiving unit. The mixing unit is thermally insulated using an insulating body (6). The receiving unit consists of a housing (4), through which the material stream flows, and a housing upper part (5). The housing upper part is insulated from the housing by a gap (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the water vapor in the gaseous feed is greater than 50 vol.% based on the total volume of the gaseous feed. The concentration of the oxidizable component is less than the minimum concentration necessary to render the gaseous feed potentially explosive at the effective temperature. It is also less than the lower flammability limit of the oxidizable component. It is also effective to mitigate or prevent deteriorative oxidation of the anode. Preferred Component: The anode comprises nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizable component can be hydrogen, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, organic acids, ammonia, hydrazine or hydrocarbons. It can also be methanol. The concentration of methanol in the aqueous solution is less than 2.4 wt.% based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: An aqueous mixture of water and/or oxidizable component is evaporated to produce the gaseous feed. The effective temperature is 400degreesC. A second gaseous stream is flown through the second passage. It includes oxygen, while contemporaneously flowing the first gaseous stream through the first passage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate. The polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, hexanediol, or polyethylene glycol. The reaction mixture comprises ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol.Preferred Method: The liquefying step comprises incubating the reaction mixture at 150-180degreesC to produce the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-woody crop residues are rice straw, oat straw, corn stover, wheat straw, pineapple pulp, sunflower hulls, beet pulp, oat hulls, or soybean hulls. The diisocyanate is diphenylmethane diisocyanate. EXAMPLE - Crop residues were combined with ethylene carbonate and ethylene glycol, and liquefied with continuous stirring under atmospheric pressure. The liquefied mixture (polyols) was collected. A polyurethane foam was prepared from the bio-polyols. The bio-polyols, catalyst, surfactant, blowing agent, and other additives were premixed in a paper cup, and diisocyanate was added and mixed for 20 seconds. The foam was allowed to cure at room temperature for 2 days before analysis was conducted. The result showed good sheet and flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The anaerobic reactor is an Anaerobic Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor (ABSBR) or an Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR). The filtration device includes sand filter, microfilter, belt filter, pressure filter, vacuum filter, activated charcoal filter, or biomass filter. The desalinization device includes reverse osmosis membrane separation units, ultrafiltration units, activated carbon filters, or ion exchange resins.Preferred Component: The first aerobic reactor comprises an aeration device. The second conduit comprises a second aerobic reactor; and a valve to direct flow of liquid from the first aerobic reactor to the filtration device, or to direct flow of liquid from the first aerobic reactor to the second aerobic reactor and to the filtration device. It further includes a sludge holding member comprising sludge settling tank or sludge dewatering device. The sludge dewatering device includes filter press, screw press, or belt press. The second aerobic reactor comprises an aeration device. The wastewater treatment system also includes a second liquid conduit that connects the sludge holding member and the first liquid conduit; a second sludge conduit that connects the second aerobic reactor and the sludge holding member. The anaerobic reactor includes an anaerobic reactor gas outlet from which methane gas is captured. The reverse osmosis membrane separation unit comprises a reverse osmosis membrane separation unit permeate outlet, and reverse osmosis membrane separation unit concentrate outlet.Preferred Method: The method also involves removing sludge by collecting sludge in a sludge holding tank using a sludge dewatering device. It also involves adding flocculent chemicals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Packing Material: The packing material is chosen from magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina, zirconia and their mixtures.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chosen from noble metal components, group VIII and metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Surface Layer Material: The surface layer material is silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, silicon nitride, silicon carbide or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactant Gas: The reactant gas is selected from tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetramethyl silicate and chlorosilanes including chloro, dichloro and trichloromethyl silanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Base Layer Material: The base layer material is selected from porous alumina, porous modified alumina, porous titania and porous stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A heat exchange zone (7, 8) is located next to the reaction chamber. The periodic interruption is controlled by a flow controller comprising a measuring mechanism and an oxygen flow control mechanism to the reaction chamber in response to a signal received from the measuring mechanism. The measuring mechanism includes carbon monoxide level sensing element (9) and a temperature sensing element. The temperature sensing element signals the oxygen flow control mechanism and stops the flow of oxygen upon sensing a reduction in temperature below a predetermined level, or upon sensing an increase in carbon monoxide concentration above a predetermined level. The flow controller comprises a valve.The apparatus further includes a second reaction chamber containing a catalyst for promoting oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The outlet from the primary reaction chamber connects to a line that connects to an inlet of the second reaction chamber. The second reaction chamber also includes an inlet for an oxygen-rich stream to pass into the second reaction chamber, and an oxygen interrupting mechanism.Preferred Condition: The periodic interruption of the flow of the oxygen-containing stream is at preset intervals of time for desired periods of time, or for a sufficient period to result in reduced levels of carbon monoxide flowing out of the chamber and reduced levels of buildup of CO within the chamber. The fuel stream and the oxygen-rich stream are supplied to the reaction chamber through a single or separate supply line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises ruthenium metal dispersed on an alumina carrier. It has a bulk density of 0.2-0.4 g/cc, and a portion of the alumina carrier has an average pore size of 800-1500 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The chaff is ground by machine and exposed with rain water. The ground chaff is pretreated with ammonium sulfate, magnesia lime and superphosphate of lime. The culture medium has pH of 6.0-7.0 for vegetable seedling and 5.5-7.0 for flower bed seedling. The culture medium further contains slow-release fertilizer and/or coated fertilizer to supplement the wash-away of fertilizer during seedling raising period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Oxygen concentration in the waste gas is maintained in the range of 11-15 %. The waste gas emitted from the combustion engine is passed through a catalyst to reduce nitrogen oxide and oxidize ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ester: The fatty acid ester is a saturated fatty acid ester, preferably a fatty acid triglyceride. The foaming agent is 3-6C hydrocarbon compound.Preferred Composition: The content of aromatic hydrocarbons selected from styrene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, propyl benzene and/or phthalic esters is 0.2 wt.% or less.Preferred Property: The dissipation speed of aromatic hydrocarbons in the molded product obtained by molding of foamable polystyrene-type resin particle, is 100 micro gram/m2.hour which is measured by ADPAC method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fixture is made of a wear resistant and low friction resin such as Duracon resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Component: The charcoal is bamboo charcoal. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is OY 1-2 strain of Bacillus sp. (FERMP No.13118).    EXAMPLE - The foaming agent and crosslinking agent were added to 80 weight parts of low-density polyethylene resins and 20 weight parts of 30 microm containing 40% masterbatches of bamboo-charcoal powder (20) to obtain bamboo-charcoal containing low density polyethylene foam. The obtained foam was cut and microorganisms immobilized carrier for fluid beds having open cell was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition : Comprises by wt. (A) dimethyldiallylammonium chloride/acrylamide (0.1-5%); (B) ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer (0.1-5%); (C) a base, especially an aminoalkyl alcohol (sufficient to give 50-100% neutralization of copolymer (B)); and (D) a 3 or 4C hydrocarbon propellant (especially propane, or iso- or n-butane) or dimethyl ether (1-20%), the wt. ratio (B) : (A) being 1-10 : 1. Also present is a surfactant (especially nonionic or quaternary ammonium cationic) and/or a nonionic film-forming polymer (especially polyvinyl pyrrolidone or a vinyl pyrrolidone/nonionic monomer copolymer) and/or a hair-treating agent. Preferred Copolymers : (A) has a cationic charge density (as mol. wt. per cationic charge) of 200-250 and the ratio of the number of negative charges in (B) to the number of positive charges in (A) is 1-10 : 1. EXAMPLE - A hair-treating composition forming a compact, string-form foam comprised Merquat 550 (RTM : 8% aqueous dimethyldiallylammonium chloride/acrylamide copolymer) (6.9g) (A), Luviflex Soft (RTM : 30% aqueous ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer) (5.6g) (B), 95% aminomethylpropanol (0.l9g), Laureth-4 (0.2g), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride( 0.15g), ethanol (10g) and water (balance), the solids ratio (A) : (A) being 1 : 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The partial gas stream free from carbon dioxide leaving the methanizing stage is fed back to the carbon dioxide adsorption unit and mixed with the carbon dioxide removed. The carbon dioxide adsorption unit is connected to the fuel cell on the anode inlet side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic yard waste used includes tree branches, leaves, grass clippings collected in large plastic bags for disposal. The plastic bags are non-biodegradable, and need to be separated from the organic waste. EXAMPLE - After exiting the discharge, fine compost and plastic was deposited onto a downwardly inclined 0.125 inch vibrating screen, where most of the plastic was in a loose fluffy state and on top of the fine compost. The fine compost was sifted through the perforations of the screen onto a conveyor below it, This was then carried away where it could be collected in a pile or appropriate container. The fine compost was close to 100% free of plastic material, which then continued downwardly along the inclined screen aided by the vibration where it was ultimately deposited in a collection box to be disposed of.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The fuel cells are maintained at 600-1000 degrees C. The carbonaceous compounds are restrained within the vessel preceding gasification. The vessel is maintained at 600-1000 degrees C by heat generated by electricity derived from fuel cells or heat generated by combustion of the carbonaceous compounds. The fuel cells generate direct current, which is converted to alternating current in electrical phase within a power grid. The fuel cells exothermic heat forms the steam. The steam is superheated steam. The whole method is operated at 1-10 atm, and attains operating temperature from carbonaceous compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Compounds: The carbonaceous compounds are coal, coke, bituminous coal and/or peat. They are derived from tar sands.Preferred Components: The vessel contains a catalyst, and is a fluidized bed or a fixed bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The first hydrogen separator is connected to the secondary reactor for receiving the second reformate stream. The second reformate stream is introduced into the first reformate stream via a compressor (112) or an injector.The fuel processing system includes a second hydrogen separator located downstream of the secondary reactor and connected to receive the second reformate stream. The second separator has a second membrane for separating the second reformate stream into a second hydrogen-rich stream and a second retentate stream.The primary and secondary reactors are steam reformers, partial oxidation reformers, plasma reformers or shift reactors. The secondary reactor can be catalytic partial oxidation reformers, or autothermal reformers. The separators are plate-and-frame, spiral wound or hollow fiber modules.The fuel processing system includes a fuel supply for supplying the feed stream to the primary reformer, a water supply for supplying water vapor to the reactor(s), a heating device for heating the second reformate stream to a temperature and located upstream of the secondary hydrogen separator, and an oxidant supply for supplying oxidant to the reactor(s).Preferred Material: The two membranes can be palladium (alloy), platinum (alloy), titanium alloy, zeolite molecular sieve, ceramic, carbon molecular sieve, inorganic poly-acid or composite membranes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The feed stream comprises synthesis gas or a reformate stream from a high-temperature reformer. It may comprise a fuel of gasoline, diesel, natural gas, ethane, butane, light distillates, dimethyl ether, ethanol, propane, naphtha, kerosene and/or preferably methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The livestock excrement is the dried dropping of hen. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is a closed process and does not discharge organic substance having molecular weight of 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises stirring unit, which is the rotary axis (23,25a) installed at the center section of the drum and the stirring blade of one or several sheets is attached to the rotary axis, rotational-drive unit to rotationally drive the rotary axis, and by rotating the stirring blade horizontally in the microbial bed with the rotary axis by the rotational-drive unit. The apparatus further comprises heating unit (41) which heats the microbial bed and obtains temperature of microbial bed suitable for activity of the microorganisms, hydration unit (51) which adds water to the microbial bed and obtains water content ratio of the microbial bed suitable for activity of the microorganisms and drum rotation unit to make perpendicular axial rotation rotate the drum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the organic fertilizer liquid was supplied to the culture medium on account of back to front supply of inorganic fertilizer liquid.Preferred Device: In (I), the inorganic fertilizer liquid is supplied through the fertilizer liquid charging line by which the organic fertilizer liquid was supplied from the organic fertilizer liquid tank. EXAMPLE - None given.
EXAMPLE - The novel yeast Pichia farinosa RB-6L strain (FERM P-18799) as the following mycological characteristics: The yeast is ellipse-shaped, is propagated by cutting, ferments glucose, does not utilize nitric acid, and produces wrinkle-like colonies on solid medium, has heat resistance and alkali resistance. 3 kg of rice bran raw material was sprayed with microbial suspension containing Pichia farinosa RB-6L strain (5x10 to the power of 5 cells/g of rice). The rice was heaped in the shape of mountain in a wooden box, and 70% ethyl alcohol was sprayed with vaporizer. The surface of the box was covered with the bleached cotton cloth and primary fermentation was carried out at 25degreesC. This process was followed by a turning over process in which fermentation was carried out at 40degreesC, and a secondary fermentation process. The fermented product was obtained after completing fermentation. The fermentation process results showed that addition of novel yeast shortened the fermentation period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The amount of hydrocarbon in fuel oil is measured corresponding to JIS K2536. The sulfur content of the fuel is measured corresponding to ASTM D4045-96 and JIS K2541 specifications. The density of the fuel is measured corresponding to JIS K2249 specifications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of an aromatic portion and an olefin in the fuel are 40 vol.% or less and 30 vol.% or less, respectively. The content of paraffin in a saturated portion is 60 vol.% or more. The content of a branched paraffin in the paraffin is 30 vol.% or more.Preferred Property: The diene value of fuel is 2 or less. The temperatures during 50 vol.% distillation and 90 vol.% distillation are 120degreesC or less and 180degreesC or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator has a separation unit (15) to separate hydrogen and the by-product gas produced in the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nanohorn having structural defect is produced by bake-processing carbon nanohorn in an oxidizing atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon is carried out at 550-1200degreesC. Carbon generated during the thermal decomposition is allowed to precipitate on the surface of carbon nanohorn, and hydrogen is produced continuously. EXAMPLE - A carbon material was irradiated with a laser, and a carbon nanohorn without any structural defect (1) was produced. The carbon nanohorn was formed into a aggregate, and diameter of each carbon nanohorn was 1.5-3 nm. The aggregate was bake-processed at 400-600degreesC for 10-60 minutes in an oxidizing atmosphere, and carbon nanohorn having a structural defect was obtained. Carbon nanohorn (20 mg) and quartz sand (1 g) having particle size of 0.3-0.5 mum were mixed, and packed to a reaction tube. A catalyst layer was formed, and a silica wool was packed at both ends of catalyst layer. The reaction tube was loaded into an electrical furnace, and the catalyst was kept from moving during reaction. A mixed gas of methane and nitrogen was thermally decomposed at 900degreesC, and the pressure was 0.1 MPa. The volume ratio of methane and nitrogen was 4:96. The gas produced from the reaction tube was analyzed, and the gas was found to contain methane, nitrogen and hydrogen. Hydrogen was produced, and the conversion ratio was improved due to the increase in number of unpaired electron (109) of carbon nanohorn by bake-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen occlusion material is magnesium group alloy, titanium, titanium group alloy, zirconium or zirconium group alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cooling agent is liquid mixture of methanol and water or liquid mixture of methane gas and water vapor. Preferred Process: The chemical reaction carried out during occlusion of hydrogen to HSM, is phase transition reaction which forms hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Alternatively, the hydrogen storage material contains hydrogen occlusion alloy powder and a hydride or magnesium powder, mutually joined in the mixed state. The hydrogen occlusion alloy is chosen from(1) rare earth-containing hydrogen occlusion alloy having hexagonal crystals containing rare earth elements, and nickel or cobalt in the atomic ratio of 1:5;(2) Laves-phase containing hydrogen occlusion alloy having Laves-phase containing transition metal, and titanium and/or zirconium in the atomic ratio of 1.5-2:1;(3) vanadium-containing hydrogen occlusion alloy comprising bcc phase as main phase;(4) titanium-iron phase;(5) titanium-cobalt phase; and(6) calcium-nickel (CaNi5) phase.The hydride is a compound having formula, AxByHz, where A is alkali or alkaline earth metal, B is boron or aluminum, H is hydrogen, x is 0-10, y is 0-20 and z is 1-30, provided that x and y are not simultaneously zero.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The shift reaction of the high temperature transformation process is carried out using catalyst containing sulfur. The catalyst contains iron, chromium and/or copper. After the desulfurization process, low temperature transformation process is carried out by performing shift reaction of carbon monoxide of the gas, at 160-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Component (II) contains 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane and/or 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane. Component (V) preferably contains krypton. Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition (in mass%) contains component (I) (5-40), component (II) (5-35), component (III) (10-40), component (IV) (10-40) and component (V) (10-40), component (VI) (10 or less) consisting of argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is further blended with at least one type of oxide chosen from silica, alumina and zeolite to one or both of the nickel-magnesium type. The catalyst comprises 1-90 wt.% of the oxide chosen from silica, alumina and zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition catalyst used for carbonyl sulfide comprises alumina, activated carbon, silica, titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The desulfurization adsorption agent comprises zeolite type absorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Dimensions: The film-like waste plastic has length of 15 mm or less.Preferred Composition: The addition amount of waste plastic in the activated carbon, is set to 6 mass% or less. The amount of waste plastic in the molded activated carbon is preferably adjusted to 2 mass% or less of total amount of insertion coal (fine coal powder and other coal mixed with activated carbon), and inserted into a coke oven, to form high quality coke. EXAMPLE - Raw coal for coke was cut out from a blending bin and ground. The ground coal was then classified into fine coal powder and rough-grain charcoal. The fine coal powder was dried and supplied to a mixer along with general waste plastic and tar binder. The obtained mixture was then press-molded in a common roll globular form machine. Thus, the molded activated carbon was obtained. The obtained activated carbon was then mixed with rough-grain charcoal, to form coal charge. The coal charge was inserted to a coke oven maintained at 1150 degrees C, and dry-distilled, to form high quality coke having strength (DI) of 83%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gelatinizing material is polymeric monomer, pre polymer or oligomer having joining group(s), such as acrylate group and methacrylate group in terminal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The baking process is performed at 250-400 degrees C. Polystyrene resin is vaporized during baking process. The extract from vaporization process of polystyrene resin is burned as supplementary fuel, and the generated heat energy is used as heat source of carbonization process. The carbonization process is performed at 500-1200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Properties: The moisture content of the paper manufacture dreg is 40-60% and the particle size for one side of the solid fuel is 8-50 mm of diameter.Preferred Composition: The solid fuel is obtained blending 40-60 wt.% of paper manufactured dregs, 30-50 wt.% of waste plastic and 5-15 wt.% of used paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Fourth sensors are provided to detect the carbon dioxide present in the air aspirated downstream of the stratified waste in each sector, and are connected to the computerized control unit. Fifth sensors are provided to detect the oxygen present in the air aspirated downstream of the waste stratified in each sector, and are connected to the computerized control unit. The computerized control unit comprises process calculator(s) designed to operate according to a pre-determined algorithm and connected to implementation and controller associated with the crusher, the handling mechanisms and the fans. The support surface comprises modular elements which contain the openings and rest on fixed supports (17) which are installed at a pre-determined height above ground. The support surface demarcates suction cells (18), associated with the fans, at the top. The fixed supports comprise walls or equivalent structures which extend parallel to one another and demarcate the suction cells. The aspiration mechanisms include variable-speed fan(s), associated with speed regulator, for each suction cell. A manifold (14) is provided for mixing the air conveyed by the fans.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is zirconia, titania, alumina or silica. The rare earth compound is a cerium-salt or gadolinium-salt. The precious metal is rhodium or ruthenium. The steam to carbon ratio is 1-10, preferably 2-5. The ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon in the feed and the oxygen required by stoichiometry is 0.5-1. The ratio of steam to hydrocarbon in the feed and the steam required by stoichiometry is 1-10, preferably 2-5.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.1-30, preferably 0.5-15 wt.% precious metal. The oxygen containing gas is air or enriched air such that the oxygen is 20-80 vol.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The support material is in the form of monoliths or other structure support packing, e.g. ceramic honeycomb bodies stacks of juxtaposed metallic plate-type catalysts having the catalytic material coated on the surfaces of the metallic plates for fixed bed applications.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon containing 1-10C atoms is derived from the classification paraffin, olefins, napthenes and aromatics or their isomers. It can be methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane or their isomers, natural gas, naphthas, liquefied petroleum gas, isomerates, platformates or other blending components of the gasoline pool giving research octane number of 85-100.Preferred Process: The temperature is 200-700, preferably 450-600degreesC and the pressure is 1-20, preferably 1.5-8 bar. The gas hourly space velocity is 20000-200000/hour. The catalytic generation of hydrogen takes place at lower than 700degreesC after vaporizing a gasoline followed by a preferential oxidating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The unit for post treating the raffinate gas is a catalytic burner. A unit (24) for selectively connecting the compressed air source to the burner is also provided. The unit for selectively connecting the inlets of the membrane modules on the reformate side with a reformate gas source and/or compressed air source is formed by a three-way valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The mixing unit is a fuel injection valve, preferably a low pressure fuel injection valve operating with fuel pressures of up to 10 bar. The insulating body is made from a ceramic material and consists of several parts. The element containing the tempered material stream is a tubular transport line (10). The insulating body is held by an annular clamp (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The hydrocarbon chains of the emulsion are cracked into shorter chains in an electrochemical stage (16) and a thermo-catalytic process stage (3). Sulfur and/or hydrogen sulfide are removed from the emulsion in a catalytic stage (2). The emulsion starting products (8, 9) fuel and water (dirty water) are directly fed in front of an ultrasound oscillator (5). The emulsion process is continuously carried out. The reaction vessel (1) is light-permeable on at least two opposite-lying sides so that the emulsion process can be monitored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Extrudate: Is of maize, rye, wheat, triticale or barley and is obtained by foam extrusion. The hydrophobicizer is present at 1-30 (especially 15) wt.% and is especially a biodegradable polymer.Preferred Process : The water to be treated is led over a cascade, especially by gravity, e.g. in a carwash or domestic or communal set-up. The extrudate is colonized by self- infection or targeted infection, the extrudate acting as growth stimulator giving a high population density. EXAMPLE - Waste water was treated with a cereal extrudate as the immobilization matrix for biodegrading microorganisms (no details given) to give the following changes in properties, the values in parenthesis being for the treated sample : color dark gray (light gray); haze after filtration 399 (23.2) TE/F; pH 6.72 (7.65); electrical conductivity 606 (607) microS/cm; oxygen content 0.8 (7.2) mg/l; oxygen saturation 8 (70)%; filterables 97.2 (23.8) mg/l; COD (1558 (121) mg/l; BOD 421 (45) mg/l; and mineral oil hydrocarbons 6.3 (0.17) mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: When the loosen material is squeezed, it is in a state with moisture content being not less than 6%, particularly 20- 50%. The material is fed from the wider end of the wedge-shaped chamber for processing before entering into the molding die. The gap between the pressing head and squeezing surface of the molding die is not more than 3 mm, especially without a gap, with their relative movement in the form of sliding, e.g. achievable by vertically-axially rotating the pressing head but with the molding die motionless, or by parallel movement or other variations including at certain angles. The molding caving can be at a recessed part of the squeezing surface. Pressing head of such apparatus is particularly constructed from a roller, with the wedge-shaped chamber formed between the rolling surface of the pressing head and squeezing surface of the molding die. On the other hand, such pressing head can be in the form of a column or taper. Movement of these components is in a relative manner, e.g. linearly, simultaneously, one-sided, or to a different direction at a differential speed under control, or by rotation of the pressing head with control. A guide is also provided to direct movement of the fed material toward the molding cavity, particularly through the use of gravity. After molding, the product is allowed to dry naturally or through a baking treatment. Preferred Apparatus: The guiding segment in the wedge-shaped chamber has a height of not more than 10 mm. EXAMPLE - A required apparatus was constructed as specified for molding e.g. cut farm waste like straw into shaped articles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pellet further contains salt-containing neutralizing agent, treacle and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cellulose derivative is preferably polyquaternium-4 or polyquaternium-10. The composition preferably contains a surfactant e.g. an ethoxylated glyceride, fatty alcohol, fatty amine, fatty acid alkanolamide, fatty acid ester, fatty acid sugar ester or sorbitan fatty acid ester or an alkyl polyglycoside. The composition preferably contains a nonionic film-forming polymer, especially a vinylpyrrolidone (co)polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Preferred acids include formic, tartaric, malic, lactic, citric and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acids. The composition preferably contains a surfactant e.g. a fatty acid sugar ester or a quaternary ammonium salt. The propellant is preferably propane, isobutane, n-butane and/or dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Preferred acids include hydrochloric acid. EXAMPLE - An aerosol foam comprises (wt.%): chitosan (1), polyquaternium-4 (1), 85% formic acid (0.3), laureth-4 (0.2), perfume (0.2), cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (0.15), ethanol (10 g) and water (to 100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The starter burner is a pore burner. The starting materials are selected from water, an oxygen-containing medium and a hydrocarbon-containing compound. The fuel used in the starter burner is the same hydrocarbon-containing compound. At least a part of the starting material water is vaporized in the conditioning devices and a part of the oxygen-containing medium is heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery further contains a third water repellent layer containing fluoro resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: In the case of isotopically separating 28-Si from 29-Si and 30-Si, the gaseous hydrogen compound is silane. The gaseous hydrogen compound is diborane, ammonia, methane, water, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, Ga2H6, digermane, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen antimonide, or hydrogen telluride for obtaining isotopically pure fraction of boron, carbon, sulfur, chlorine, gallium, germanium, selenium, bromine, antimony, and tellurium, respectively. The carrier gas is argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gaseous hydrides are separated through mass diffusion through a membrane, through ultracentrifuging in a gas cyclone, or through mass diffusion through a chromatographic column. The argon gas has a pressure of 0.5 bar in the chromatographic column and the temperature is 50degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The chromatographic column is packed with monodisperse polystyrene particles made of a mixture comprising divinylbenzene and polyacrylate.Preferred Properties: The monodisperse polystyrene particles have a particle size of 20 microns, porosity of 70%, and surface area of 148 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure material is selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure is made of material selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, nonwoven felts of polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile. The polyurethane foam is felted, reticulated polyurethane foam. The polyamide is nylon and the polyester is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Antiperspirant: The low combustion further contains antiperspirant active from aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum dichlorohydrate, aluminum sesquichlorohydrate, aluminum chlorohydrex propylene glycol complex, aluminum dichlorohydrex propylene glycol complex, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex propylene glycol complex, aluminum chlorohydrex polyethylene glycol complex, aluminum dichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol complex, aluminum sesquichlorohydrex polyethylene glycol complex, aluminum sulfate buffered, aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium trichlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex glycine, aluminum zirconium pentachlorohydrex glycine, or aluminum zirconium octachlorohydrex glycine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low combustion product contains propellant from dimethylether, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, butane, isobutane, propane, isopentane, pentane, nitrous oxide, and/or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The package is made of polyester, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyoxymethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, and/or fluoropolymers. The package is clear and is made of nylon.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Dry soil (1 g) was obtained by air-drying the soil and was suspended in sterilized water (20 ml). The suspension was diluted and cultured in agar flat-plate culture medium containing potato decoction powders (in g) (4.0), glucose (20.0) and streptomycin (50 mg), agar (15.0) and water at 25 degrees Centigrade for seven days. The colony forming units were cultivated in agar slope culture medium. Microbial cells of Fusarium equiseti were obtained. The microbial cells were preserved at 7 degrees Centigrade. A portion of the microbial cells was cultivated for one week at 230C after inoculation to agar flat-plate culture medium. V8 juice (5 ml), calcium carbonate (0.1), and distilled water (45 ml) were added to bran (50 g) in the beaker, and sterilized with autoclave after mixing. The obtained culture was inoculated to the sterilized material after cooling. The mixture was cultivated for two weeks at 250C. The mixture was air-dried at room temperature to obtain culture. The culture obtained was mixed with the soil and filled in plastic cup. The cup was irrigated and five grains of spinach seeds were seeded. The seeds were grown in the greenhouse at 18-240C. After ten days, spinach wilting pathogenic microbe (Fusarium oxysporum Schl. of Spinaciae) was added to the seedlings and cultivation was continued. After 20 days, the pathogenic microbes near the ground part were died. The morbidity rate of the pathogenic microbes was measured and was found to be 12.0%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The microbes along with microbial nutrient are supplied to the treatment tank containing slurry-like waste material having low-moisture content. After fermentation processing microbial growth inhibitor (pH adjustment material for adjusting pH to more than 10 or below 3) is supplied to the fermented substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The waste material processing apparatus further has an injecting unit for supplying microbial nutrient and/or pH adjustment material, a defoaming machine (15) to remove bubbles formed in treatment tank and a heater for heating the contents in the treatment tank to predetermined temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Culture Medium: In sludge, the sum total content of clay and silt classified according to a pipette method is 90 weight% or more as sludge, and dredging soil is 30 weight% or more. 0.1-5 weight% of a dehydration support agent is added per dry weight of dredging soil. A physical unit filters the dredging soil which added the dehydration support agent, with a flocculant, moisture content is decreased, and the dehydration cake is obtained, which is deposited and stored. The obtained dehydration cake is sieved by using vibrating-screen machine, where the size of one side of the open-hole part a sieve mesh is 4-16 mm. The wooden-type compost is bark compost. The pH reducing agents such as sulfuric acid or nitro humin is added with peat-moss. Phosphatic fertilizer with 1000-4500 mg of phosphorus component is added with respect to 1 liter of culture medium. EXAMPLE - The plant-cultivation culture medium was produced and its activity in plant was analyzed as follows. A dehydration cake was obtained by adding lime and a polymer flocculant to the dredging soil obtained from a sludge deposited on the dam bottom of a lake. Subsequently, the dehydration cake which carried out deposition storage was leveled to about height 3m. The deposited cake was sieved using vibrating-screen machine. The bark compost was mixed with respect to dehydration cake, and deposited for three weeks. The peat-moss, 70 g/l of nitro humic acid, 200 mg/l nitrogenous-fertilizer, 2500 mg/l phosphatic fertilizer and 100 mg/l potassium fertilizer were added. The test potting soil was obtained and tested with cultivation of a viola, Chrysanthemum, a cucumber and a tomato. On analysis, the growth of viola, cucumber, Chrysanthemum and tomato were found to be effective when the obtained plant-cultivation culture medium was added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal complex has a mutual penetrating type integrated structure. The metal complex is obtained by reacting terephthalic acid and metallic salt of copper, rhodium, chromium, molybdenum, palladium, zinc or tungsten dissolved in organic solvent, reacting obtained reaction product with 4,4'-bipyridyl used as organic ligand and precipitating dicarboxylic acid metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The liquid flammable and organic non-metals are mixed and liquefied at 500 degrees C or less. The environmental disruption substance and inorganic non-metals, such as liquefied substances and coolant freon, are processed using the high temperature furnaces. Preferably, the vehicle components containing tires, metals and non-metals, housing containing urethane and glass are crushed separately. Waste materials of refrigerator are recycled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A solution of the sodium borohydride and water (16) is encapsulated and supported on a flexible substrate (10). It is encapsulated in rupturing-type microspheres. The substrate includes the catalyst and rupturing structure (22, 18, 20) to rupture the microspheres to allow the solution to contact the catalyst. The solution is encapsulated in penetrative compartment(s). A catalyst-containing structure is used for penetrating the compartment to allow the catalyst to contact the solution. The sodium borohydride in solid form is supported on a flexible substrate for contact with catalyst-coated element(s). A structure is used for supplying water to contact the sodium borohydride and catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Heat treatment is carried out using vapor in the press, preferably during mixing of the biomass with starch, or using vapor, hot air or a mixture of these. During compressing, the biomass is heated and then cooled. Heating and cooling is carried out in a continuous press. Biological additives are added to the starch to shorten the reaction time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell Design: The waste is introduced into a bipolar biofuel cell in which two or more pairs of electrodes are present. Each pair of electrodes are interconnected by electronically conductive and non-ionic-conductive wall. The partition wall is of compartmented design such that at least two types of channels are formed, with the open space of type (I) of channel in electrically conductive contact with cathode, and open space of type (II) of channel in electrically conductive contact with anode. The partitions are placed transverse to the electrodes. The non-ion-selective partition wall comprises non-woven plastic fibers or glass fibers.Preferred Electrode: The electrode(s) are three-dimensional electrodes, comprising carbon, preferably graphite and active carbon. The electrodes are provided with a catalyst, preferably a precious metal catalyst. The electrodes are also provided with humic acid and/or anthraquinone disulfonic acid.Preferred Method: The oxidizer, preferably oxygen is introduced in the form of air and/or dissolved in water. No separators are used for creating anaerobic zone (3) and aerobic zones (4). The conversion is carried out at 30-100 degreesC, preferably 40-60 degreesC. Iron (Fe) ions are introduced in the space around the cathode. The waste is supplied in the space around cathode where it is partially decomposed under anaerobic conditions to form an effluent comprising organic decomposition products. The effluent is then led to space around cathode where the effluent is decomposed under aerobic conditions. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxidizer is oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The lagoon includes a blower installed between the first zone and the second zone for blowing gas from the first and fourth zones to the second zone for performing the sequence batch reaction onto the supernatant from the first zone; and covers installed over the first zone and over the fourth zone for odor control.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method includes installing packs of zeolite ceramic balls into the second zone for performing sequence batch reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The system includes a vessel disposed around the membrane electrode assembly, and a compartmentalized storage tank (42) having a first fluid storage section and a second fluid storage section separated by a movable divider (48). The compartmentalized storage tank is connected with the cell. The vessel has portion(s) of the hydrogen storage connected with the hydrogen electrode and portion(s) of oxygen storage area connected with the oxygen electrode. The hydrogen storage has a tank disposed connected with the vessel and the hydrogen electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transition metal oxide material is tungsten oxide, tin oxide, vanadium oxide, titanium oxide and/or molybdenum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon-containing coating comprises at least 90 wt.% carbon. It is preferably amorphous carbon. The carbon-containing coating is formed by chemical vapor deposition at 650-850 degrees C comprising introducing a carbon-containing material into a chemical vapor deposition reactor. The carbon-containing material is propane, toluene, methanol, acetone, hexane, benzene, xylene and/or methylnaphthalene. The carbon-containing coating may be formed by physical vapor deposition or evaporation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrochemical cell comprises several anodes and cathodes. A separator (110) is interposed between the anode and cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition comprises (in wt.%) HFC 32 (23), HFC 125 (25), HFC 134a (51.3) and lower alkyl alcohol (0.7). Preferred Components: The lower alkyl alcohol is anhydrous methanol or ethanol. The refrigerant composition further contains lower alkyl hydrocarbon (4). The lower alkyl is 1-6C alkyl alcohol, preferably propane. The hydrocarbon-based refrigerant is isobutane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The controller supplies the engine with 1OO% reformate fueling during cold-start, idle, and low engine load operating conditions and also supplies the engine with a combination of the liquid fuel and the reformate as needed to meet engine requirements during vehicle road-load conditions. The system further comprises a small supply of reformate configured to supply the engine, and/or the exhaust catalyst with reformate during periods when the on-board reformer is not operational. The system further comprises an ignition source disposed between the engine exhaust outlet and the exhaust catalyst for igniting the engine exhaust and reformate to enable the engine exhaust and reformate to heat the exhaust catalyst. Preferred Method: The method further comprises supplying the engine and/or the exhaust catalyst, with reformate from a small on-board supply of reformate until the on-board fuel reformer is operational. The exhaust catalyst is subjected to accelerated heating with the mixture, during cold-igniting the engine exhaust and heating the exhaust catalyst with the ignited exhaust. The accelerated heating comprises mixing reformate with the engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant comprises R14 and/or R50; one refrigerant from R134a, R152a, R290; one refrigerant from R227ea, R236fa, RC318, R600, R600a; and one refrigerant from R23, R116, R170, R508a, R508b, R1150.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Reactant: The fats-and-oils or its material are waste fats-and-oils or material containing waste fats-and-oils ejected from food works, hotels, and restaurants.Preferred Medium: The culture medium for live microbes contains organic refuse, livestock dung, sludge, chaff, bean-paste byproduct, bark and/or paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbe is Aspergillus or Penicillium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the primary fermentation process, the material to be fermented is composted in the form which used foodstuffs and timber waste. The fermentation microorganism is Bacillus subtilis and optionally Bacillus thuringiensis. The fermentation microorganism is derived from activated sludge. The microorganism concentration in the mowed grass manure decoction is adjusted to be at least 1000/ml. The volume ratio of the mowed grass with respect to the full volume of the material to be fermented is adjusted to be at least 30 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The ration Rw is preferably 0.5-2.0, especially 0.67-1.5. The adjusting step is made by reducing the Wobbe index of the first fuel or increasing the Wobbe index of the second. The adjusting step is preferably performed by blending LPG with the second fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The droppings are freed from foreign materials such as straw. The droppings are treated to destroy the spherical structure and coarsely broken up, preferably by mechanical treatment (specifically after spreading) using a suction nozzle having a chopping function or using animals (preferably domestic fowls, especially introduced into a closed, aerated with the droppings on the floor). The droppings are then dried, preferably by air drying (specifically on a flat surface under a roof or on an air-permeable grating) or by sun-drying, especially by pre-drying to a moisture loss of ca. 50% followed by final drying to give a chopped product with moisture content ca. 5%. The product is granulated (specifically in an extruder), preferably followed by drying to moisture content ca. 5%. In a variant the dropping are extrusion-granulated without being broken up. The droppings are collected within a week of excretion and processed in the absence of weathering influences (e.g. temperature, moisture and sunlight) within 6 months. Microorganisms (e.g. lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes or true molds) are optionally added. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Sludge from different sources is fed to the same tank. It is treated by sedimentation or electroflotation to remove heavy metals and a phosphate precipitating agent is added before it is fed to the tank.Preferred Apparatus: Several feed lines are used in the same tank. A biofilter (13) is fitted on the tank vent pipe. The tank is buried. A filter is fitted on the drain for residual water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture of refrigerants that is a substitute for chlorodifluoromethane, comprises pentafluoroethane (in wt.%) (50, preferably 54), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (40, preferably 42), propylene (6, preferably 2), dimethyl ether (4, preferably 2) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (preferably, 5). The mixture of refrigerants that is a substitute for R-502 (48.8 wt.% of chlorodifluoromethane and 51.2 wt.% of chloropentafluoroethane) and R-404A (44 wt.% of pentafluoroethane, 52 wt.% of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane and 4 wt.% of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) refrigerants, comprises pentafluoroethane (in wt.%) (55-93, preferably 75), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (5-25, preferably 16), propane (0.5-7, preferably 3), dimethyl ether (0.5-7, preferably 2) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (0-12, preferably 4). The mixture of refrigerants that is a substitute for dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and R-500 (73.8 wt.% of dichlorodifluoromethane and 26.2 wt.% of 1,1-difluoroethane) refrigerants, comprises pentafluoroethane (in wt.%) (3-20, preferably 8), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (55-96, preferably 82), propane (0.5-4, preferably 1), dimethyl ether (0.5-7, preferably 4) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (0-12, preferably 5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method : In the method, the iron or the iron oxide also contains and at least one metal selected from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium and copper. The iron or the iron oxide containing these metals is produced by a coprecipitation method. A H2-generating apparatus comprises a transportable cassette, which is capable of containing a H2-generating medium inside and is furnished with two means for jointing/fixing pipes, where the H2-generating medium is the iron or the iron oxide containing the above-mentioned metals and H2O or steam is supplied thought one jointing means and the H2 produced by decomposition of H2O is supplied to a H2-consumption system through the other jointing means. EXAMPLE - (NO3)3.9H2O (0.194 mol), RhCl3.3H2O (0.006 mol) and urea (10 mol) were dissolved in degassed water (5 liter), and the solution was heated at 90 degreesC while stirring for 3 hours and then subjected to coprecipitation for 16 hours. The precipitated solid was separated by succession-filtering, and dried at 80 degreesC for 24 hours, and baked at 100 degreesC for 5 hours, at 300 degreesC for 5 hours and at 500 degreesC for 10 hours so as to obtain an iron compound containing 30 mol% of Rh. The Fe- compound was purged with Ar and reduced with H2 at 550 degreesC. H2O was decomposed by bringing steam into contact with the Fe compound at 550 degreesC. Decomposition of H2O occurred at a temperature as low as 220 - 400 degreesC using a H2-generating medium of Fe-compound containing elements of the Pt group, in comparison with which H2O decomposition occurred at a temperature of 310 - 590 degreesC using a H2-generating medium of an Fe-compound containing no elements of the Pt group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst contains copper oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide and calcium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The raw vegetable composition absorbs more than 0.003 g water/minute/g of the raw vegetable composition. The raw vegetable composition is a green coffee bean, a cacao bean, a guarana, and/or a cola nut.Preferred Method: The enzyme composition is deactivated by freezing, drying, freeze-drying, canning, frying, hydrating, boiling, extruding, steaming, blanching, blending, cooking, baking, roasting, fermenting, peeling, pasteurizing, extracting, grilling, milling, puffing, micro-waving, enzymatic degradation, grinding, grating, pulverizing, or steam-pressure cooking the bean.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The second aqueous enzyme composition comprises alpha-galactosidase, mannanase, beta-gluconase, beta-gluconase, arabinase, xylanase, beta-galactosidase, invertase, beta-fructofuranosidase, alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, pectinase, pectin depolymerase, pectin methyl esterase, pectin lyase, glucoamylase, oligo-1,6 glucosidase, lactase, and/or beta-d-glucosidase. The protease degrades a hydrophobic amino acid containing protein, and/or a hydrophobic amino acid-containing peptide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic is selected from group consisting of semicrystalline polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-11, polyamide-12 such as nylon-12, semi-aromatic amides, syndiodactic polystyrene/polyamide blends, polyacetal, polytetrafluoroethylene and amorphous polyethersulfones, polyetherimides and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The waste gas stream comprises hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen.The oxygen-containing gas stream is oxygen, air, or oxygen-enriched air.The monolith catalyst is refractory ceramic material impregnated with noble metal.Preferred Methods: The reaction occurs in the monolith catalyst reactor.The method also comprises adding hydrocarbon fuel to the monolith catalyst reactor, compressing the reacted product gas stream, quenching the reacted product gas stream, recovering carbon dioxide from the waste gas stream, recovering the carbon monoxide, and recovering the hydrogen.The reaction is the partial oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide.The reaction occurs at 0.2-3 bar and 700 degreesC.The carbon monoxide is recovered by amine wash, dryer, cold box, membrane process, or carbon monoxide selective absorption solvent system.The method also comprises recycling hydrogen and carbon monoxide to the pressure swing adsorption process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The composting apparatus also includes an insulation encompassing the central cavity. The temperature is consistent throughout all points within the cavity. Pathogenic destruction may be reliably performed through the cavity without regard to specific location. In a first configuration of the damper, the gaseous material is transported into the first gas-permeable port and out of the second gas-permeable port. In a second configuration of the damper, the gaseous material is transported into the second gas-permeable port and out of the first gas-permeable port. The gaseous material is transported in opposite directions dependent on first or second configuration of the damper. The base has a planar region and a gravity well for collecting leachate at a lower level than the planar region. A lid is provided opposite the base. When the lid is on top of the apparatus, the source material may be loaded from above the apparatus after opening the lid and may be unloaded through the lid by inverting the apparatus. A first engagement device is provided to engage a fork-truck fork from a first axis and limit relative motion between the fork and apparatus perpendicular to the first axis. A second engagement device is provided to engage a roll-off truck such that the apparatus may be loaded, transported, and dumped from the roll-off truck. The air sensor is a differential air-pressure sensor (48).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The temperature in fermentation treatment tank is detected. When the temperature in fermentation treatment tank becomes predetermined threshold value of T1 or more, circulation of recirculating air is stopped. When the temperature in fermentation treatment tank becomes predetermined threshold value of T2 or less, circulation of recirculating air is started. The recirculating air is circulated by sucking recirculating air to upper part of organic waste with air blower (9) having ejection opening connected to deodorizing chamber. The recirculating air is dehumidified.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Soil is processed with soil disinfectant, heat processed and inoculated with filament-like fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the filamentous microorganism is chosen from Type021N, Thiothrix, Type0041, Type0961, Sphaerotilus natans, Microthrix parvicella, Haliscomenobacter hydrossis, Type0092, Nocardia, Type1851, Type1701, Type0675, Type0914, Nostocoida limicola and Beggiatoa. The bacteriophage is added to the activated sludge in an amount of 10 to the power of 2-10 to the power of 8 pfu/ml. EXAMPLE - Filamentous microorganism Type021N were inoculated to culture medium containing glucose, sodium acetate, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferric chloride hexahydrates and biotin. A shaking culture was performed at 30degreesC and the culture solution was centrifuged to isolate filamentous microorganism Type021N microbial cells. The microbial cells were suspended in 50 mM Tris HCl buffer and were homogenized. Bacteriophage to Type021N were added to the suspension at a concentration of 2x10 to the power of 4 pfu/ml and the absorbance was measured at 660 nm. The bacteriolysis state of filamentous microorganism Type021N was observed. A significant reduction in microbe persistence was observed in the test sample compared to the control which was not inoculated with the bacteriophage. The results confirmed the bacteriolytic activity of the bacteriophage to filamentous microorganism Type021N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The microbes belonging to Providencia and/or Proteus genus is SIID1508-3b strain (FERM P-18865) and/or SIID1508-4b strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred system: In (I), the exhaust port is also attached to the lid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The membrane contains palladium, vanadium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, platinum, ruthenium, niobium, tantalum, magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The removal of carbon dioxide is controlled efficiently by controlling the degree of vacuum during pressure reduction. The internal liquid was made into a thin film having a thickness of 5 mm under reduced pressure. The apparatus is made to collide with a wall surface at a velocity of 7 m/second or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: After converting the sulfur content to sulfur oxides, the sulfur content is fixed as an insoluble compound by processing using lime water.The active coke is heated to 300- 500 degrees C. The process is carried out using a parallel arrangement of two or more fixed beds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The auger conveyor comprises a shaft having a helical flighting. The discharge spray nozzles are mounted on the shaft. The apparatus further includes a control valve in a sixth conduit. A float assembly is provided in the separator tank for controlling the flow of water to the water pump. The apparatus further includes a first screw conveyor rotatably mounted in the compost hopper for conveying compost material towards the lower end of the compost hopper. It also includes an anti-bridging second screw conveyor rotatably mounted in the compost hopper above the first screw conveyor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: An enzymatic solution is added during one of the steps to facilitate degradation of the solid waste. Nitrogen is added to assist in sterilizing the solid waste.Preferred Methods: The method comprising providing a stream of solid waste for treatment; grinding the solid waste into particles; transferring the ground solid waste into a drum; adding manure and/or sludge to the drum; sealing the drum; rotating the drum to mix the ground solid waste, manure and/or sludge; sterilizing the contents of the drum by adding steam; permitting the drum to cool; depressurizing the drum by venting the remaining steam; and removing the contents of the drum. The scanning of solid waste with Geiger counter and removal of valuable materials from solid waste are carried out prior to grinding the solid waste prior to grinding. Steam is added during sterilization to heat the drum to 120degrees for 37 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The step of maintaining the stream of water as two phase stream, comprises the step of controlling the flow rate of the water stream. The pressure of the stream of water is controlled by creating pressures in the range of 1-10 atm. The step of flowing the stream of water further comprises flowing the stream through a heat exchanger wash coated in catalyst. Preferred Components: The preferential oxidation catalyst is in the form of monolith, foam, pellets, powder or wash coat. Preferred Parameters: The temperature profile is 75-300 (preferably 100-250)degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger is helical tube having contiguous fins or plates and frame type heat exchanger. It comprises cooling jacket located near the exterior wall of the reactor. The portion of the reformate flow path that is in heat exchange with liquid water or two-phase water is equal to the portion of the reformate flow path that contains catalyst. The reactor further comprises a core that is hollow, and a unit for processing hydrocarbon fuel located within the core. The unit comprises a low temperature shift unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Adsorption Body: The adsorbed substance is a gas at normal temperature under super critical conditions. The adsorbed substance is methane gas, which is adsorbed in a quasi-liq. state inside the carbon nanohorns. The body has at least 150 V/Vs adsorbing ability at 303 K and 3.5 MPa (V = vol. of gas being adsorbed; Vs = adsorption body vol.). EXAMPLE - Dahlia type carbon nanohorns were subjected to oxidation heat treatment, to give open pore carbon hanohorns, heated at 423 K and 1 mPa to desorb gases and water, and methane adsorption tests carried out at 303 K. The nanohorns gave 190 V'/Vap storage at 8 MPa compared to 20 V/Vap (V' = porous body vol.; Vap = body vol.-total pore vol.) for untreated Dahlia type nanohorns, and 380 g/l average adsorbed density at 8 MPa compared to 190 g/l for activated carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The reactive species are electrons, ions, and/or free radicals. The two electrodes are rotating electrode and stationary electrode, respectively. The hollow second electrode has conduit(s) for passage of the dense fluid medium. The first electrode comprises pin(s) (23) made of first conducting material. The pins project from a planar surface of the first electrode towards a planar surface of the second electrode. The pins are arrayed in a spiral pattern.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method includes passing a gas through the discharge zone. The method includes mixing a colloidal suspension of antimicrobial nanoparticles with the dense fluid medium.Preferred Parameter: The first and second electrodes (10, 19) rotate at a speed of up to 5000 and at least 1000 RPM, respectively. The planar parallel surfaces of the electrodes are separated by 1 mm gap.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The electric potential is 100-800 (preferably 200) V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The microorganism is a spore bacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first or second conductive material comprises an electrical conductor of metals and/or carbon, preferably aluminum, antimony, bismuth, copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, tin, tungsten, zinc, stainless steel, and/or rare earths. The conductive material is silver having antimicrobial properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The carbon monoxide removal system further comprises a carbon monoxide sensor that detects the carbon monoxide concentration of the reformate gas flowing into the first preferential reactor. The controller further functions, when the temperature of the first preferential oxidation reactor is lower than the first predetermined temperature, to calculate a target supply flow rate to the first preferential oxidation reactor from the carbon monoxide concentration of the reformate gas and a pretest target carbon monoxide conversion rate of the first preferential oxidation reactor, and to control the air supply mechanism so that the target air supply flow rate to the first preferential oxidation reactor is realized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The foil is coated with a coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating is a conductive polymer, or a thermoplastic polymer. It comprises polysulfone, polypropylene, polyethylene, or Teflon (RTM; polytetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier includes (wt.%) propellant in (1-25), antioxidant in (0.001-5), and foam stabilizer (0.05-1).Preferred Component: The carrier is fluorocarbons. It comprises member(s) from water, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, glycol esters, or paraffin oil. The propellant comprises a member(s) from carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, propane, butane, isobutane, trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoromethane, monobromonochlorodifluoromethane, monobrotrichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorotrifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane, octafluorocyclobutane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2,-trifluoroethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, or dimethyl ether. The antioxidant is butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, beta-carotene, ubiquinone, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, superoxide dismutase, polyphenols, or ascorbic acid. The carrier includes an ingredient for improving skin protection, appearance, moisture, or texture from retinol, tocopherol, hyaluronic acid, glycoaminoglycans, polyphenols, allium compounds, essential lipids, butylene glycol, propylene glycol, aloe, glycerin, glycerin esters, polyethylene glycol ethers, octyl palmitate, polysorbates, polyquaterniums, jojoba, calendula, extract, chamomile extract, grape extract, horsetail extract, garlic extract, licorice extract, rosemary extract, thiamin, azelaic acid, lactic acid, caprylic acid, caproic acid, capric acid, linoleic acid, xanthum, kinetin, shea butter, wheat proteins, soy proteins, oat proteins, phospholipids, liposomes, beta carotene, dimethicones, fennel oil, essential oils, essential fatty acids, sun screen, lecithin, or cetyl esters. The carrier further includes oxygen carrier from shark liver oil, olive oil, or squalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Condition: The water stream has a pressure of approximately 9,000 to approximately 15,000 psi combined with a diameter of the water stream of less than approximately 5 ml directed at the carcass until the carcass becomes a solid-liquid mixture. The bacteria is introduced at a ratio of approximately one quarter to approximately 1 part of the bacteria to approximately 10000 parts waste stream.Preferred Method: The carcass is comminuted with a combination of a high pressure and pinpoint water stream directed at the carcass. The aerobic digestion of an animal carcass occurs over a period of approximately 2 to approximately 7 days. The process further comprises generating an aerobic digestion in the process outdoors during an outside temperature range of approximately 15-26 degrees C. The components are mixed to produce a frothy mixture head of 10.25 cm to approximately 15.4 cm to indicate an active group of the bacteria culture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The clarifying tank employs polymeric material consisting of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) to cause particles to clump together enhancing formation of the sludge. EXAMPLE - Ground pork (5 lbs) was added to tap water (50 gallons) in a small open basin. Type-P bacteria (500 ml) was added to the mix. The wastewater was mixed in an open top plastic reservoir (80 gallon). Wastewater was taken from the bottom of the reservoir, pumped through the venturi to provide enough aeration, and returned to the reservoir at an angle for better mixing and circular motion. A chemical oxygen demand was determined and indicated an 80% reduction of the initial chemical oxygen demand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon Constituents: The hydrocarbon constituents comprises heavy oils having boiling point more than 175 degrees C, light oils and non-condensing hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon gases comprises hydrogen (in %) (14.6), carbon dioxide (7.84), ethylene (8.07), methane (31.17), carbon monoxide (3.59) and molecules (27.11) containing 3C or more. The light oil contains n-pentene (1.75), n-hexane (3.25), n-heptane (7.25), benzene (9.5), toluene (9.5), ethyl benzene (7.5), xylene (8), styrene (10.5), nonane (2) and decane (2.75). The heavy oils comprises limonene (13.3), undecane (4), naphthalene (1), methylnaphthyl (3), dodecane (3), tridecane (4), anthracene (2.7) and waxes (7).Preferred Method: The method further involves providing a cyclone separator which is fluidly coupled to the condenser such that liquids in the non-condensing hydrocarbon gases are released. The blower is fluidly coupled to the cyclone separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid medium for cultivating antagonistic microbes is mixed with organic plant residue (80-85% moisture content) containing wheat bran, rice bran, bean curd lees and/or adzuki bean dregs, and surplus sludge (specific gravity of 0.3-1.0) obtain from food industries or sewage disposal plants, in a ratio of 1:1-100:1-50, to obtain the raw material blend. The raw material blend was dried at 40 degreesC or less in a drier maintained at humidity of 50% or less, to obtain a product having moisture content of 20% or less. The dried blend is pelletized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: A shut-off valve is interposed in the air-supply pipe. The valve exhibits a closed configuration during solenoid energization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Support: (I) is washed by water, carbonate ion or carbon dioxide. The surface of (I) is treated with phosphoric acid or an acidic phosphate. Preferably, the surface is treated with calcium phosphate. (I) has a fine pores. EXAMPLE - Microorganisms support of dimension 10x20x50 mm was made. Light water wash processing was performed to the prepared microorganism support. The prepared support was made to contact with a culture solution containing methane microbes. The microbes adhered to porous surface of the support. The substance to be treated in the fermentation tank was subjected to solubilized alkali processing conditions. The microorganism support adhered with the methane microbe was put into the tank. The tank was maintained at 55degreesC and fermentation was performed. The amount of methane gas and other gases produced during fermentation was determined. The amount of methane produced was measured by gas chromatography. The results confirmed that the microorganism support increased the efficiency of methane-fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Organism: Variovorax sp. has a special feature FERM P-18539 identified by an independent administrative agency industrial technical research institute patent organism accession center. EXAMPLE - Variovorax sp. CY-4 strain was inoculated into a culture medium comprising 1 g/l of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l of ammonium nitrate, 0.25 g/l of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, iron chloride (III) 0.01 g/l, 0.1 g/l of calcium chloride dihydrates, t-butyl alcohol (TBA) 0.1 g/l and 1.5 g/l of agar at pH 7.0 and cultivated for five days at 30degreesC. A liquid medium was prepared based on the composition of above mentioned solid culture medium. A loop full of the microbe grown in the solid culture medium was inoculated to 10 ml of the prepared liquid medium at pH 7.0, and was subjected to shake flak culture for 3 days at 30degreesC. The obtained culture solution was inoculated in Sakaguchi flask containing 100 ml of the liquid medium, and subjected to shake flask culture. The propagation grade of the microbial strain in the culture medium was measured using spectrophotometer at 660 nm. TBA was filtered through a membrane filter of 0.45 microm of pore size from the sample liquid. The concentration of TBA was measured. A blank having TBA without inoculation of microorganism was taken as control. The concentration of TBA in the sample inoculated with a microorganism was found to decrease from 800 ppm to less than 100 ppm. The control sample did not show any decrease in TBA concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The distillers' grain is subjected to chemical and/or mechanical treatment prior to treatment with hemicellulase and/or cellulase. Chemical treatment utilizes mild acid. Mechanical treatment is performed under high temperature and high pressure. The starch is treated with starch or raw starch degrading enzyme (e.g. alpha-amylase or CGTase, and/or glucoamylase), and fed into liquefaction, saccharification, or fermentation process. The protein is treated with protease, and fed into liquefaction, saccharification, or fermentation process.Preferred Components: The distillers' grain is distillers' wet grain or dried grain with solubles. EXAMPLE - Dried distillers' grain (DDG, 62.4 g dry weight), sulfuric acid (7.5 g), and water (562 g) were heated to 150 degrees C for 10 minutes. The resulting slurry was washed until the solution in the vacuum flask reached pH of 4.5. A solution of pre-treated DDG (PDDG) was treated with FPU CELLUCLAST (RTM) (1.5 L/mg PDDG) and FPU CELLUCLAST (RTM) (1.5 L/mg PDDG) + NOVOZYM 188 (RTM) (0.064 CBU/mg PDDG) at pH of 5 and 32-50 degrees C for up to 72 hours. A cellulase PDDG slurry was introduced into a shake flask equipped with water trap. The pH of PDDG slurry was adjusted to 5 with phosphoric acid. Ethanol red yeast was propagated at 32 degrees C for 8 hours with 0.02% DS NOVOZYM 50006 (RTM). SP 288 (RTM) (0.8 AFAU/g DS), SPIRIZYME (RTM) fuel (2 AGU/g DS), and yeast propagate were introduced into the slurry immediately before filling the flask. Fermentation was carried out at 32 degrees C for 64 hours to produce ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A bio-culture contact tank (20), a controlled heating element, and a recirculation tank are coupled to the bio-reactor tank. A mixing valve is coupled to the bio-culture contact tank, bioreactor tank, and recirculation pump (60). An in-line biological filter (53) is coupled to the aeration pump. A biological substrate (98) is situated within the bioreactor tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The main biofilter chamber is fluidly connected to a disinfectant unit or to a mechanism for measuring a nitrogen content, phosphate content, organic carbon content and/or a pH level of a biofilter content contained in the chamber. The disinfectant unit comprises an ozonizer, and UV light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The bacteria are carried by a solid support in the main biofilter chamber and they are capable of growth in aminobenzene, phenol, monoethylene and/or diisopropylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The media particles are made of ceramic spheres.Preferred Dimension: The diameter of the ceramic spheres is less than 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The high-oxygen conditions are provided in alternate periods, where each period lasts for 1-12, preferably 3-9 hours. The carbonaceous and/or nitrogeneous matter is reduced by not less than 80, preferably not less than 90 % from an original amount of carbonaceous matter, and nitrogeneous matter in the aqueous waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fuel composition includes additional compound(s). The auxiliary fuel includes hydride, formate, thiosulfate, sulfite, phosphate or hypophosphite. The auxiliary fuel may include lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), sodium cyano borohydride (NaCNBH3), calcium hydride (CaH2), lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), sodium hydrogen phosphite (Na2HPO3), sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), potassium thiosulfate (K2S2O3), potassium sulfite (K2SO3), potassium hydrogen phosphite (K2HPO3) or potassium hypophosphite (K2HPO2).Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel composition further includes an electrolyte (16). It has a pH above 7 (preferably above 8). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of 3-12 M alkali metal hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: At least one of the surface active compounds is a compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. The primary fuel includes methanol (CH4O), ethanol (C2H6O), propanol (C3H8O), butanol (C4H10O), pentanol (C5H12O), hexanol (C6H14O), ethylene glycol or glycerine. The auxiliary fuel may include trimethylamino borohydride ((CH3)3NHBH3), sodium formate (NaCOOH) or potassium formate (KCOOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Layers: The high-density layer has a first air permeability of greater than 0 to 0.5 Darcy (0.494x10(-12) m2). The low density adsorbent has a second air permeability of at least 15 Darcy (14805x10(-12) m2). The air permeabilities are measured at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The high- and low-density adsorbent have high- and low-density layers having an average first density of at least 0.4 g/cc and an average second density of less than 0.4 g/cc, respectively. The high- and low-density layers are in a ratio of 0.25-4. The high- and low-density layer have respective first and second mass transfer coefficient, both are at least 0.5 sec-1. The composite has a mass transfer coefficient of at least 0.5 sec-1. The low-density layer is 0.2-2 times thicker than the high-density layer. The high- and the low-density adsorbent are alternating layers forming a spirally wound structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high- and/or low-density layer may comprise zeolites, silica gel, alumina and/or activated carbon. It is impregnated with metal salts and/or modified by oxidation, reduction, and/or ion exchange. The feed gas comprises a mixture of hydrogen and air, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxygen, argon and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The feed period is up to 40 (preferably up to 3) seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The integrated liquid/gas separator comprises a porous wall of the chemical reactor with a hydrophobic membrane comprising Goretex (RTM) or Celgard (RTM) permeable to gas. It further comprises a hydrophilic membrane impermeable to hydrogen gas covering an outlet and an inlet to the chemical reactor. The integrated liquid/gas separator comprises a hydrophobic gas-permeable membrane (116) wrapped around a catalyst (104). The catalyst is contained in a distribution structure for maintaining a high surface area of the catalyst. The temperature in the chemical reactor does not exceed 90 degrees C. The electrolyte comprises a proton exchange membrane (PEM).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The continuous stream of aqueous solution comprises a metal hydride, preferably sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal species comprises iron or copper. The oxygen-containing oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ozone, singlet oxygen or permanganate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The redox cycling chelator is isolated from a fungus that is a member of a group comprising white rot fungus and brown rot fungus, preferably Gloeophyllum trabeum. The organic waste compound is derived from a plant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The redox cycling chelator comprises hydroquinone, benzoquinone, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, catechol, quinoline, benzoic acid or their substituted derivatives. The organic waste compound may also be a lignocellulosic material or a dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The lignocellulosic material composite article comprises particle board, fiberboard, oriented strand board, laminated wood products or plywood; and non-lignocellulosic material(s) comprising fiber-reinforced polymers, plastics, metals, glass, organic waste products, inorganic waste products, ceramics, cement, stone products, carbon, aramids and Kevlar (RTM: polyamide/aramid fiber). EXAMPLE - Softwood fiber (500 g) was blended with acetate-buffered water and iron species, followed by 2,3-dihydroxy-benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide when necessary. The chemicals and fiber were blended for 1 minute after each chemical addition. Three fiberboard repetitions were produced for each reaction time. The pH of the pulp was maintained at 4.5 by measuring spot samples. After each reaction time, a 2-liter aliquot of the total 8 liter suspension with approximately 125 g of oven dry wood weight was removed from the blender. Each aliquot was added to distilled water (5 L) and mixed thoroughly while screening through the forming box to remove most of the water from the mat. The mat was pressed to produce S2S board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sugars are glucose and/or pentose sugars. The sugars are subjected to fermentation to produce ethanol. The hydrolysate withdrawn from HV is subjected to 0degreesC. The hydrolysate is subjected to cooling to produce a phase of sugars and a phase of aqueous acidic solution. The residue containing lignins is filtered to produce filtered residue and a filtrate (28) for recycle to HV. The filtered residue is subjected to extraction by water to produce water extracted residue and aqueous extractate. The sugars are dissolved by an aqueous solution which is supplied from a fermentation broth, and the aqueous solution containing an acid is neutralized by a base or calcium carbonate, or by ammonium. The residue is subjected to extraction with water to form extracted residue and an extractate. The extractate containing an acid is neutralized by a base. (I) contains sugars and 70% sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The second gasket is adapted to seal off an air manifold passageway and a hydrogen manifold passageway or to seal off flow channels (120, 122, 138) communicating a reactant with the reactant manifold passageway. One of the adjacent plates comprises a cooler plate and the other plate comprises a bipolar plate. The seal comprises a bonding agent permanently securing the plates together. The plates include a recessed surface for receiving the bonding agent. The fuel cell plate comprises tubes that form the internal passageways.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first gasket comprises Viton, fluorocarbon, or fluorosilicone material. The second material comprises a material from a nitrile, buna-n, or silicone. The bonding agent comprises a brazing compound or an epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline substance is sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, dolomite or natural soda.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The heat exchanger is a heat exchanger tube with a fluid bed. The thermal decomposition furnace is a fluidized bed-type thermal decomposition furnace (B) of partial combustion process-type. The bed material is iron ore and/or limestone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The industrial/general waste material is waste material comprising paper, timber or foodstuffs, such as tickets, paper sleeves, used chopsticks, mail, books, newspapers, magazines, furniture, telephone directory or container/packing materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The slurry-like organic compound is mixed with biodegradable organic compound under pressurized conditions until the temperature of the organic compound mixture becomes 50degreesC or more. Then, an aqueous solution enriched with oxygen is mixed/dispersed with the deposited organic compound mixture. Finally, zeolite having positive ion convertibility and palm-husk fiber are coated on the organic mixture and fermented under aerobic conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The apparatus further has fermentation temperature control unit/temperature detector (6) for controlling temperature of aqueous solution, mixing control unit (10) for controlling pressurized mixing process, fertilizer component adding unit and dissolved-oxygen enrichment unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The ammonia removal agent comprises phosphates of zeolite or magnesium and/or magnesium phosphate ammonium, preferably magnesium phosphate or magnesium phosphate ammonium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal hydroxides are sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbe utilized for decomposition of polyphenol is Penicillium geastrivorus (NM10b strain). The denitrification tank and nitrification tank comprises carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The product gases pass through a heat exchanger (3) after the autothermal reforming stage to heat, vaporize and super-heat a part of the educt, water. The temperature of the product gases leaving the heat exchanger are regulated by adding water to the heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The transport medium is a part of the products from the hydrogen generating units.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkane is butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In other embodiment, the method includes:(i) passing a controlled mixture of light hydrocarbon gases (preferably methane) and oxygen through a bed irradiated with microwaves and comprising oxidation catalyst energized by carbonaceous material; or(ii) passing light alcohols through a bed irradiated with microwaves.The bed is further exposed to water vapor in an amount required for steam reforming reaction with the light hydrocarbon. The water vapor enters the bed in the form of liquid water.Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is activated carbon, char, soot, pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, activated charcoal or metal carbide. The oxidation catalyst comprises a fine mixture of metal carbide and catalyst material, or a conventional substrate impregnated with metal carbide. The metal carbide is silicon carbide. The bed is fluidized, fixed, semi-fluidized, suspended or moving bed.Preferred Parameters: The temperature of gases exiting the bed does not exceed 400 degreesF. The microwaves have radio frequency energy of 500-5000 MHz. The molar ratio of oxygen to carbon from light hydrocarbon gases does not exceed unity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light hydrocarbon comprises not more than 6C per molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas stream comprises gas generated as a result of miscible flood enhanced oil recovery. The gas stream is compressed to a pressure of 500-1500 psia.The CO2 partial pressure is at least 50, preferably at least 150 psia.The 3C hydrocarbons combined partial pressure is at least 50, preferably at least 75 psia.The first residue stream has a first residue hydrocarbon dew point stream (117) and the gas stream has a feed hydrocarbon dew point and the first residue hydrocarbon dew point is at least 5, preferably 10 degreesC lower than the feed hydrocarbon dew point.The first residue stream is padded to the second membrane at not more than 60, preferably not more than 40 degreesC.The first membrane is operated at first and second pressure ratio of 3-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas stream contains at least 8, preferably at least 50 CO2.The gas stream further comprises water and hydrogen sulfide.The second residue stream contains not more than 10, preferably at least 2% carbon dioxide.The third permeate stream contains at least 75, preferably at least 90% carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first membrane is a silicone rubber membrane.The second membrane comprises a polymer having a repeat unit comprising a fluorinated cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner and outer pipes are connected at the bottom portion of the reforming pipe. The ratio of cross-sectional area of catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to that of the outer pipe, is 1:9-8:2. The ratio of length of the catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer of inner pipe, is set to 0.5-50 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): N-acetyl lactosaminyl-cello-oligosaccharide derivative is obtained by making chitinase act on cello-oligosaccharide used as a saccharide receptor or a cello-oligosaccharide derivative, and the oxazoline derivative of N-acetyl lactosamine used as a saccharide donator on alkaline conditions.Preferred Conditions: Chitinase is made to act on the saccharide receptor and the saccharide donator at a pH of 8-10. The chitinase is derived from Bacillus genus. EXAMPLE - 2-methyl-(4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-gluco pyrano)(2,1-d)-2-oxazoline (36.5 mg), cellobiose (103 mg) and tris buffer (1 ml) in which chitinase was dissolved, were reacted at 40 degrees C. The reaction was tracked by HPLC. After the peak of oxazoline derivative disappeared completely, thermal inactivation was carried out at 90 degrees C for 20 minutes. The fraction of N-acetyl lactosaminyl-cello-oligosaccharide derivative of formula (IV) (9.9 mg) was recovered. The recovered fraction was concentrated by evaporation, and freeze-dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Valves (9,12) are provided for adjusting amount of surplus sludge introduced into the ozone tank and methane fermentation processed. The compost produced by the ozone reaction tank is then passed to compost process (16), which is provided with a dehydrator (15). A control apparatus (19) controls the opening and closing the valves which receives volume of inventories compost in product warehouse (18).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The protein extraction involves partial decomposition process and an alkali extraction process. After performing protein extraction, removal of ammonia is carried out by ammonia stripping process. Alternatively, ammonia removal is carried out after methane fermentation. The digested sludge after fermentation is solid-liquid separated. The solid separated is dehydrated and dried, and the supernatant liquid is purified by biological denitrification process. Phosphorus is recovered from the supernatant liquid by crystallization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coagulant is an organic type polymer flocculent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The hydrogen fermented residue remaining after generating biogas is subjected to methane fermentation in a fermentation tank (7), to obtain gas containing methane and carbon dioxide (8). EXAMPLE - A suspension of hydrogen producing bacteria Clostoridium acetobutylicum IAM19012 was added to PYG culture medium and shaking culture was performed for 18 hours at 35 degrees Centigrade, to generate hydrogen. The culture solution was further mixed with PYG medium and shaking culture was similarly performed. Hydrogen production in first and second processes was found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electron Donor: The electron donor is aliphatic polyester such as polylactic acid or polyglycolic acid in sheet, powder or pellet form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbe immobilized on the polymeric gel is an ammonia oxidizing microbe and/or a denitrifying bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The height of protrusion is 0.05-2 mm and the shape of protrusion is plate-shaped. The protrusion is provided at the periphery of tubular shaped body. The microorganism support consists of a foam. The interval of adjacent protrusions is made double from 0.5 with respect to the height of protrusions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The deviation is preferably less than 10%. The mixing and pyrolysis occur in two separate chambers (2, 3). The combustible product is cooled and separated into a liquidized oil component. The gaseous component may be combusted and used for drying the pyrolyzable mass. The carrier particles are heated by passing an oxygen-comprising gas through the pyrolyzable mass-depleted mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pyrolyzable mass comprising a carbohydrate is biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Foam Layer: The foam layer is a reticulated polyurethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass is hog fuel, contaminant is salt and solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: Pseudomonas species is Pseudomonas putida. Pseudomonas fluorescens is provided with Pseudomonas fluorescens NRRL-B-21658.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alkali Metal: The alkali metal is sodium.Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of alkali metal nitrate to monoammonium phosphate is 1:1-125:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Surfactant: The ethoxylate nonionic surfactant is linear alcohol ethoxylate, 9-11C alkyl alcohol ethoxylate (with CAS number of 68439-46-3).Preferred Concentration: The concentration of ethoxylate is 0.1-1%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Pseudomonas putida is Pseudomonas putida NRRL-B-18118 and/or Pseudomonas putida NRRL-B-15078.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The 4 constituents of the composition are 20-70, 10-50, 10-50, and 5-40 wt.%, respectively. The fourth constituent is preferably 10-40, more preferably 1-30, and most preferably 5-13 wt.%. The first constituent is preferably 30-70, and more preferably 40-70 wt.%. The second and third constituents are preferably, each, 10-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, chitin and chitosan.The polysaccharide has molecular weight of 10000-50000000.The cross-linked material of polysaccharide has cross-linked structure of formula (I) or (II).R1 = hydrogen, methyl group or ethyl group. EXAMPLE - Potato starch (in g) (20) and 200 mL of water were added to 2 L flask. 1 N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to maintain a pH of 9. 400 mL of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution was added at room temperature, stirred and reaction was continued for 24 hours. 1300 mL of methanol was added to separate a reaction material, filtered and dried to obtain oxidized starches (18.5). The obtained oxidized starches (10) and 50 mg of ethylene glycol diglycidyl-ether were dissolved in 40 mL of water and placed in oil bath at 70 degrees C for 2 hours to perform cross-linking reaction. The obtained cross-linked material was freeze-dried to obtain composting adjuvant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Metals: The catalyst metals are selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrogen Storage Element: The aromatic compounds are selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, phenanthrene. Preferred Hydrogen Supply Element: The hydrogenative derivative of the hydrogen supply element is selected from the group consists of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton dissociative group is chosen from -OH, -OSO3H, -COOH, -SO3H, -OPO(OH)2 and -C6H4-SO3H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The absorbed solution is heated to 70degreesC or more, and magnesium bicarbonate is decomposed to magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The precipitated MgCO3 is separated by filtration and recycled back for absorption. CO2 is collected and reused. The residual filtrate after removing MgCO3, is reacted with ammonium carbonate and a portion of acidic gas is precipitated, filtered and collected as ammonium salt. The refining process uses acidic gas as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen dioxide. The rough hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas, coal or heavy oil are refined. The natural gas has methane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal used in the oxidation catalyst is scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn). The oxide metal is made of zeolite. The transformation catalyst is made of the metal oxide of Al, Fe, Zr or cerium (Ce) or of noble metal with Pt or Pd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound is a hydrophobic organic compound having melting point of 100degreesC or less. The hydrophobic compound is chosen from oil, paraffin and/or higher alcohol.Preferred Process: The gelatinization is physical gelatinization by freeze-thawing method or chemical gelatinization by adding a gelatinizer. EXAMPLE - PVA-HC (RTM) (in weight parts) (10) was dissolved in water (100) to form a PVA aqueous solution. To the PVA aqueous solution (100), oleic acid (25) was dispersed and gelatinized by repeated freezing-thawing method thrice at -30degreesC. The product was cut into 4 mm2, and stirred in warm water of 50degreesC. The oleic acid was removed, and a carrier was manufactured. The specific gravity of the carrier was 1.025.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Support: The microbial support comprises far-infrared radiating material, porous natural rock and/or porous carbide material or foam material mixed with porous resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 1-10 wt%, preferably 5 wt.% of naturally occurring microorganisms; and detergent. The composition further comprises preservative, alkali metal halide, surfactant(s) and/or dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Property: The microorganism is capable of degrading oil, fat and/or organic material. EXAMPLE - Water (in weight/weight%) (72.983), Bioban CS 1246 (RTM) (preservative containing oxazolidine (1-aza-3,7-dioxa-5-ethylbicyclo (3.3.0) octane)) (0.500), Biosoft SDBS 60 (RTM) (aqueous sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate solution) (7.800), Empicol ESC3/G2 (RTM) (aqueous sodium lauryl ethoxy (3EO) sulfate) (10.000), Drimarene Brill Green 3-XG (RTM) (reactive nickel phthalocyanine dyestuff) (0.017), Synperonic A11 (RTM) (polyoxyethylene-(II)-synthetic primary 13-15C alcohol (2.000), Bichem GC 700L NS (10X NF) (RTM) (liquid preparation containing more than 99% of Bacillus microbe in an aqueous base) (5.000) and sodium chloride (1.700), were mixed uniformly to obtain a detergent composition. The composition was used in an automatically operated car wash. After 8 weeks, the reduction in growth rate of waste was 75% and the foul odor in the wash water was eliminated completely.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is an aluminum spinel, preferably of formula (II), and contains 0-5 wt.% free oxides in crystalline form: MxAl2O4 (II)M = copper (Cu), optionally mixed with zinc (Zn) or magnesium (Mg);x = 0.8-1.5    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbons: Preferred hydrocarbons are aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures, e.g. petrol or diesel oil, especially gaseous methane or natural gas. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of rhodium as sub-group VIII element is specifically claimed.    EXAMPLE - The catalysts used were (A) a copper spinel honeycomb impregnated with 2 wt.% rhodium before calcination (2 hours at 900degreesC) and, as control, (B) a catalyst of 5 wt.% rhodium and 95 wt.% alumina (Al2O3). 510 l methane and 1210 l air, each heated to 500degreesC, were passed over 28 ml catalyst to preheat it to the partial oxidation operating temperature (gas outlet temperature 670-710degreesC). Then, in stationary operation, the reactor was charged with 510 l/hour methane, 1210 l/hour air and 1020 l/hour steam. The dry reformate contained (A) 47, (B) 39 vol.% hydrogen, (A) 5, (B) 14 vol.% carbon monoxide, (A) 13, (B) 7 vol.% carbon dioxide, (A) 35, (B) 37 vol.% nitrogen and (A) 0, (B) 3 vol.% methane. The methane conversion (%)/hydrogen productivity (Nm2/catalystasteriskhour) was (A) 100/48, (B) 93/36 after 250 hours, (A) 99/47, (B) 88/32 after 1000 hours and (A) 98/47, (B) 81/25 after 1500 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The gas mixture is natural gas, and the non-hydrocarbon component is water vapor.Preferred Property: The wavelength range of at most1 nanometer (nm) in width centered approximately on the absorption line at 1370.96 nm for water vapor at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure is chosen as the measuring range. The distributed feedback diode laser or external cavity diode laser tunable in wavelength of 1365-1375 nm is used as the light source.Preferred Process: The transformation of the photoacoustic spectrum recorded for the gas mixture is achieved by defining the ratio Xc/Xm, multiplying the spectrum by the ratio, and equalizing Yc and Ym of the spectrum obtained using multiplication via a shift by the value of (Yc-Ym). The photoacoustic detection is carried out using computer program run by a personal computer (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The density is 7-24 lbs/ft3, preferably 9-20 lbs/ft3.Preferred Component: The foam product further comprises a flame retardant and/or smoke suppressant additive, comprising organic or inorganic additives. The blowing agent comprises 45-65 wt.% polyol-based component, and 25-75 wt.% isocyanate-based component. The isocyanate-based component comprises methyl-di-isocyanates, di-isocyanates, di-isocyanurates, polymethyl-di-isocyanates, poly-di-isocyanurates, or isocyanates. The polyol-based component comprises polyesters, polyethers, or polyols.Preferred Dimension: The product comprises a thickness of 0.1-6 inches (preferably 0.1-3 inches), width of 0.1-96 inches (preferably 0.1-48 inches), and a length of 0.1-288 inches (preferably 0.1-192 inches). The product comprises a cell size of 0.001-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additives include aluminum trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, talc, antimony trioxide, quartz silica, molybdenum oxalate, tin oxide, zinc stannate, or any other materials that prohibits the generation of flame spread or smoke density, and act as flame retardants, smoke suppressants, receive synergists, and/or catalysts. The foam product further comprises a blowing agent comprising water, carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The foam product further comprises a blowing agent comprising pentane, isopentane, butane, isobutene, hexane, heptane, hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 141b, HCFC 134a, HCFC, or HCFH 245fa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion-conducting Material: The ion-conducting material is selected from the group consisting of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide, doped cerium oxide and doped lanthanum gallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation: The microorganism was acquired by sampling and screening soil from Okinawa Prefecture Ishigaki Island. Samples were cultured in different culture media having olive oil, lard, salad oil, or suet. The amount of decomposition in lipase activity and drainage, which included oil and fat was measured and a sample illustrating the best result was selected. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is Burkholderia cepacia AIK bacterial strain (FERM-BP-7308).    EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (g) potassium hydrogenphosphate (0.2), dipotassium hydrogenphosphate (1.6), ammonium sulfate (1), ammonium sulfate 7 hydrate (0.01), calcium chloride 2 hydrate (0.02), sodium manganate (IV) (0.5 mg), manganese sulfate (0.5 mg), and sodium chloride (0.1), was dissolved in aqua purificata (1000 ml), and adjusted by culture media to which lard (500 ppm) and detergent (10 ppm) were added. The mixture simulated a synthetic drainage. Preparations of 20 ml (including dry weight of 0.06 g of body cells) that were pre-cultured in LB culture media were washed with the adjusted synthetic drain, and added to synthetic drain (200 ml), and were shake cultured at 30 degrees C and 150 rpm. The concentrations of solid oil and fat at 0 hour, 4 hours, 24 hours were 500 ppm, 126 ppm, and 3 ppm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Each of the first and second gas passages includes at least one convoluted element (47) for supporting the respective catalysts. The convoluted element is foam, fins or corrugated sheet. The control mechanism comprises two coolant passages respectively associated with the two reactor sections and in respective heat transfer relationship with the two gas passages. Respective densities of the first, second, and third catalysts decrease in a flow path direction of the gas stream. The preferential oxidation reactor comprises a single reactor chamber having the two reactor sections.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The first catalyst has a composition different from the second. The reactor further comprises a third reactor section having a third gas passage through which gas stream flows, and having a surface supporting a third catalyst having a different composition from at least one of the first and second catalysts. The first catalyst is ruthenium, gold or their mixtures. The second catalyst is iridium, platinum and/or palladium. The third catalyst is ruthenium and/or gold. At least one of the catalysts further comprises a promoter to promote the oxidation of the CO at a temperature different from that at which oxidation would occur without the promoter. The promoter is tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of sizing a first CO reduction reactor comprises sizing the first CO reduction reactor to reduce CO to 0.5-1 mol%, or estimating a CO output concentration for the primary reactor operated at the most-used power range. The step of maximizing water availability comprises computing a sensitivity factor as a function of a steam quantity and steam input locations within the fuel processor, and adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations based on the sensitivity factor. Adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations comprises maintaining a water-neutral condition in the fuel processor. The fuel cell system provides power to a motor vehicle, and the most-used power range is not greater than one-half the desired maximum power.Preferred Components: The fuel processor comprises a ratio of first CO reduction reactor volume to total fuel processor volume of 35-55%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second reformation region extends within the first reformation region. It is contained within the hydrogen-selective membrane. The two reformation regions are physically separated by the membrane region and connected to one other by conduit(s). The conduits are extended through a divider plate, which separates the membrane region from the reformation regions. The reformation and the membrane regions are housed within annular shells. The second reformation region includes a polishing catalyst.The annular hydrogen-selective membrane forms a hydrogen-selective membrane tube (52, 54). The reformation regions receive the reformate feedstock simultaneously. They receive a first stream comprising a carbon-containing fuel and steam, and a second stream comprising hydrogen produced in the first reformation region, respectively. The first stream flows in a countercurrent direction with the second stream.Approximately 50-1300 (preferably 80-200) cm2 of hydrogen-selective membrane is exposed to the reformate stream. The reformer includes a combustion region adapted to combust a portion of the byproduct stream. It may be combined with a fuel cell (16) stack in which the reformer provides pure hydrogen stream to the fuel cell stack.The fuel cell stack has fuel cells that receive the pure hydrogen stream and produce an electric current.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: A column temperature and/or one or two controlled pneumatic parameters in the original method or in the translated method (or in both) can be maintained at a constant level during the GC analysis. A program is expressed as a collection of points where each point is a pair of time and parameter and where a predetermined algorithm is provided for the interpolation between the neighboring points. The time transformation steps include transformation of actual time of an original analysis into dimensionless time by means of a time transformation formula. A time transformation table is constructed for the original method. The table comprises points. Each point is a pair of actual time and dimensionless time, that is sufficient for reconstruction of a precise value of actual time corresponding to an arbitrary dimensionless time or for reconstruction of a precise value of dimensionless time corresponding to an arbitrary actual time. Dimensionless time is transformed into actual time in a translated analysis by means of a time reconstruction formula. A time transformation table is constructed for translated method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The fermentation microorganism is Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus thuringiensis which is derived from activated sludge. The microorganism concentration in manure decoction is adjusted, so that the concentration become 104 cells/ml or more. The timber consists of bamboo, bamboo grass, wood chips, bark and tress pruning waste. The capacitance ratio of timber with respect to the full capacity of material to be fermented is adjusted, so that the capacitance becomes 30-80%. The foodstuff residue is animal and plant residue. The primary and secondary fermentation is performed by aerobic fermentation. The primary fermentation is conducted for one or more days. ACTIVITY - Plant growth Stimulator.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diiron-trioxide salt is tinctured with magnetism and neutralized. The magnetic iron ore is dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The neutralized solution is concentrated and crystallized. The crystal is added to solution containing magnetic iron ore dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The fertilizer further contains zeolite as main component. The brine juice is obtained from sea water or ocean deep water. The fertilizer is formed in the shape of a pellet. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reaction unit uses a catalyst consisting of copper as the main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Layer: The catalyst filled in the front stage catalyst layer is an oxidation catalyst. The front stage catalyst layer has higher heat accumulation property than the honeycomb type catalyst layer. The volume ratio of the front stage catalyst layer and the honeycomb type catalyst layer is 0.1:9.9-3:7. The reformation raw material is kerosene. Preferred Component: A burner, preferably a surface burner which is ignited at least during starting, is provided at the upstream side of the front stage catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The original gas is methane-containing gas which is produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic waste.Preferred Property: The ratio of liquid hourly space velocity to gas hourly space velocity, during absorption, is 1/300-1/50, when absorbing oil has dynamic viscosity of more than 3x10-6 m2/second at 25degreesC.Preferred Process: The water content is removed from the absorbing oil after absorbing dimethyl siloxane. The absorbing oil is subsequently passed through activated carbon filled layer for specified duration for absorbing dimethyl siloxane, and for regenerating the absorbing oil. The regenerated absorbing oil is recycled for purifying the gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Coke oven generation gas is used as gas containing methane. The gas containing methane is blown into tuyere after adding water vapor to the gas and heating in a thermal storage-type heat exchange device (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of non-halogen group foaming agent is 0-60 wt.%, 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon is 95-10 wt.% and ether is 5-90 wt.%. 2.5 wt.pts of bromine group flame retardant, and 0.1-10 wt.pts or less of phosphoric acid ester compound are added with respect to 100 wt.pts of styrene resin to obtain styrene resin foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-halogen group foaming agent is water. The styrene resin foam further comprises a smectite which is bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The styrene resin foam has thermal insulation of 0.028 W/mk or less. The styrene resin foam has flame retardance, measured according to JIS A9511.Preferred Process: When phosphoric acid ester type compound is added a styrene resin master pellet having 5-20 wt.% of phosphoric acid ester type compound is obtained in the manufacture of styrene resin foam. The phosphoric acid ester type compound is liquidized by heating. EXAMPLE - TPP (RTM; triphenyl phosphate) (in wt.pts) (0.5), barium stearate (0.25), talc (0.1), AEROSIL (RTM; anhydrous silica) (0.1), nucleating agent with respect to S thylene G-17 (RTM; polystyrene resin) (100), hexabromo cyclo dodecane (3) and bentonite (phosphoric ester type compound) (1) were blended, and a resin mixture was obtained. The obtained resin mixture was extruded at 200degreesC, and melt kneaded. The resin mixture was cooled to 120degreesC. Extruded foam was obtained. Further, dimethyl ether (3), i-butane (3) and water (1) with respect to polystyrene resin (100) were extruded, and added to the extruded foam. Polystyrene resin foam was obtained. The obtained foam had foam density of 32 kg/m3, and heat conductivity of 0.02-8 W/mk, measured according to JIS A9511.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The recirculation passage is provided with a tank storing the heat transmitting medium. The vapor supply mechanism has a function of supplying heat transmitting medium in a liquid state to the heat exchange portion to absorb a heat of the catalyst in the heat exchange portion. It includes a pre-heater (10) that preheats water. The warm-up device comprises a radiator that radiates heat from the heat transmitting medium. It includes sensors (13, 16) detecting a power generation load on the stack, a temperature of the catalyst, and an oxygen concentration of the atmosphere; and a controller to calculate a heat amount for generating steam, calculate a reaction heat amount, and control the pre-heater. The catalytic reactor comprises a carbon monoxide removal device used in a fuel cell power plant for producing a hydrogen-rich gas by removing carbon monoxide from a reformate gas. The fuel cell power plant comprises a fuel cell stack that generates electric power using hydrogen-rich gas, and a reformer producing the reformate gas by reforming a hydrocarbon fuel. A pump (9) supplies the heat transmitting medium to a heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat transmitting medium comprises an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The cylinder has a third slide valve-regulated (34) overflow pipe (31) to a second gas-tight vessel (36). In operation the heavier fermenting semi-fluid contents (2) within the first reactor are raised by the helical drive and released at a higher level. In reverse operating mode with a full reactor, lighter components near the top are drawn in to the cylinder and released near the base. As the first reactor generates gas and displaces fluid, pressure is relieved by the escape of excess fluid to the second vessel (36). The motor (8) is a hydraulic or pneumatic motor receiving power through pressure hoses from an external supply. The helical mixer unit is adjustable for height and azimuth. The bottom aperture has a flow-guide flap (18). The assembly also has an associated regulation and control unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel: The defoamer is at least one substance selected from fatty acid defoamers, fatty acid ester defoamers, alcohol defoamers, ether defoamers, phosphate ester defoamers, amine defoamers, amide defoamers, metallic soap defoamers, sulfate ester defoamers, silicone defoamers, mineral oil defoamers, polypropylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol olefinic esters, nonylphenol ethylene oxide low molar addition compounds and bulonic ethylene oxide low molar addition compounds. The amount of the defoamer contained in the liquid fuel is 0.00001 w/w% - 2 w/w%. The liquid fuel contains one kind of defoamer or a number of different kinds of defoamers. The liquid fuel further contains a mixing-accelerator and/or a stabilizer.Preferred Method: A method for utilizing the fuel cell comprises supplying the liquid fuel to a fuel cell which comprises a solid electrolyte membrane, a fuel electrode adjacent to one surface of the solid electrolyte membrane and an oxidizing agent electrode adjacent to a second surface of the solid electrolyte membrane. EXAMPLE - A liquid fuel was prepared by mixing 30 v/v% methanol (99.9 w/w%) with stearic acid (0.1 w/w%). A catalyst electrode was prepared by coating a paste (2 mg/cm2) comprising a 5 % naphion solution (3 ml) and kechen black carrying Ru-Pt (1:1)(100 mg) on carbon paper TGP-H-120 and drying at 120 degrees Celsius. A fuel cell was prepared by heat fixing the catalyst electrodes on both sides of a membrane Naphion 117 at 120 degrees Celsius. The above liquid fuel was supplied to the fuel cell so as to obtain a maximum output of 52 mV/cm2 when the liquid fuel flowed at 100 ml/min.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The absorber further receives a liquid portion of the natural gas feed and a second vapor portion of the natural gas feed where the second portion is reduced in pressure via a turbo expander.It produces a bottom product that cools the first and/or second reflux streams.The device other than the turbo expander comprises a Joule-Thomson valve.The distillation column comprises a demethanizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The first lean reflux stream is fed into the absorber as a vapor/liquid or liquid feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Sulfur and chlorine are removed from the liquid before volatilizing it. The scrubbed gas is divided into 2 portions and one portion reacted to produce the combined volatized gas stream and the other portion is reacted to produce the enhanced gas stream. Vapor from organic material is divided into at least 2 vapor streams, 1 of which is used in the reacting step to produce volatized gas stream and the second is used to produce the combined volatized gas stream. A third vapor stream is reacted to produce volatized vapor stream that is reacted with the enhanced volatized gas stream.Methanol is produced from biomass processed by gasifying the biomass in presence of steam and in absence of oxygen to produce biomass gas stream; removing carbon particles from the gas stream top produce cleaned biomass gas stream and water; processing carbon particles via water/gas shift to produce syngas; and combining cleaned biomass gas stream and syngas with the enhanced volatized gas stream. Hydrogen is combusted to provide heat. Nitrogen dioxide is removed by spraying the volatized gas stream with sodium hydroxide to form sodium nitrite.The gas from partially oxidizing natural gas is divided into 2 gas streams, 1 is being added to a fifth vessel and the other is being added to the reacting step to produce the enhanced volatized gas stream. The fifth vessel is heated to 225-300 degrees C at 7400-7600 kPa. A fifth catalyst of iron and cobalt is introduced into the fifth vessel. Volatilization in the first vessel; the combining of the scrubbed volatized gas stream in a second vessel; and volatizing of vapor in a fourth vessel are at 225-300 degrees C and 7400-7600 kPa. The combining of the subtracted volatized gas stream in a third vessel is at 35-38 degrees C at 19443-21490 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The tubular membrane bodies define a length, and the interspace element extends over the length. The interspace element has the shape of a contour of the adjacent membrane bodies. The outside of the interspace element includes a structure to induce turbulence in the fluid. The interspace element is a tubular hollow body having supplemental membrane body for second component, inlet openings, and catalytically active component. It feeds a second fluid into the tubular jacket through the interspace element. The tubular jacket includes a geometry compatible with the outside contour of the bundle and to induce turbulence in the fluid. The gas generating system includes a system to generate a hydrogen-containing gas. The tubular membrane module forms a part of a gas generating system for fuel cell systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The odorous medium comprises a liquid, water, wastewater, a solid material, slurry, sludge, a gas, fish waste, or algae or algal material. It is provided from source(s), e.g. solid waste, landfills, wastewater, septic systems, sanitary sewer systems, water-distribution systems, poultry processing, fish processing, fish waste, meat processing, slaughterhouses, farms, or food processing.Preferred Method: The alkane substrate stimulates the growth of alkane-utilizing bacteria. The method further comprises introducing oxygen-containing gas to the odorous medium; and introducing a petroleum hydrocarbon substrate to the odorous medium. The oxygen-containing gas is introduced in the form of air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkane substrate comprises butane as the most prevalent compound on a weight percentage basis, or propane. It contains at least 10 wt.% butane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The alkane-utilizing bacteria comprise aerobic bacteria or anaerobic bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Parameter: The consortium comprises 40-70% Pseudomonas and Hypomicrobium bacterium, and 20-40% Alcaligenes bacterium. The concentration of the microbial consortium in contact with the contaminated environment is greater than 106, preferably 107 cells/g of contaminated soil, or 106, preferably 107 cells/ml of contaminated water.Preferred Component: The microbial consortium comprises Thiobacillus bacteria.Preferred Method: The microbial consortium is produced by culturing a naturally-occurring population of microorganisms in a medium comprising dithiocarbamates. The contaminated environment is added with nutritional source of nitrogen or phosphorus, and water. It is sequestered in a vessel.Preferred Condition: The contaminated environment is maintained at a pH within 5.0-8.5, at 5-42 degreesC. EXAMPLE - A 1000 ml bioreactor containing the synthetic medium was inoculated with consortium density of approximately 1.1 x 107 ml. The initial pH value was 7.2, and the temperature varied between 20-27 degreesC. After 312 hours, the test result showed less than 20 mg/L sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate (SDM), compared to the control without the consortium of 794 mg/L SDM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide (CO) conversion of the catalyst according to a water gas shift reaction is at least 60% measured at a reaction temperature of 250 degrees C, with respect to a mixture gas obtained by mixing a hydrogen-rich gas containing 12% CO with water, such that the mole ratio of water/CO is 4.3, in the case that an amount of the hydrogen-rich gas treated/unit weight of supported platinum is 5000-5500 (cm3/(minute(g)(platinum))). Amounts of supported platinum and supported rhenium are 0.05-3 and 0.01-10%, respectively, with respect to catalyst weight. The weight ratio of supported platinum to supported rhenium is 3:1-1:1. EXAMPLE - Using a calcining furnace, rutile titania was subjected to a calcining treatment where it was heated to 500 degrees C in 1 hour in an air flow of 60 ml/minute, and kept at that temperature for 1 hour to prepare a rutile titania support. Supported platinum was 1 wt.% with respect to catalyst weight. The amount of supported rhenium was changed in 3:1-1:3 weight ratio of the amount of supported platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The molecular sieving agent is crystalline aluminosilicates, crystalline aluminum-magnesium silicates, crystalline aluminophosphates, activated charcoals, or charcoals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The filter further comprises a sensor in communication with the liquid propane gas at the outlet for indicating flow rate. The inner assembly includes a cylinder at the boundary between the first and second filtration zones.Preferred Materials: The enclosure is made from paper, cardboard, fabric, plastic, or metallic mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additional porous layer is made of metal oxides selected from a group alumina, titania, zirconia and silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The third and second permeate streams are recirculated. The gas stream is compressed. The first pressure is 500-1500 psia. The fourth pressure is 500-1500 psia. The second pressure, third pressure and fifth pressure are at least 100 psia. The gas stream is cooled by heat exchange against the first and/or second permeate streams. The gas stream is cooled to 25 degrees C. At least a portion of the second residue stream is reinjected into a formation from which the gas stream is extracted. A portion of the second residue stream is used as fuel for a gas engine used to drive a compressor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas stream comprises natural gas. It also contains at least 10 % nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The second residue stream contains at least 50 % nitrogen. The third residue stream contains not more than 6, preferably not more than 4 % nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first and second membranes comprise silicone rubber. The third membrane comprises a polymer having a repeat unit comprising a fluorinated cyclic structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The third residue stream contains at least 70 % of the methane content of the gas stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigeration composition comprises 2-15, preferably 9-13 wt.% pentafluoroethane (R125) and 85-98, preferably 87-91 wt.% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a). It also comprises 2-4 wt.% hydrocarbon additive. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon additive can be 2-methylpropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, n-butane, n-pentane (preferably), 2-methylbutane, cyclopentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane and/or methylcyclopentane. The ratio of pentane:butane is 1:3-1:8, preferably 1:5. EXAMPLE - A refrigerant composition containing (wt.%) R125 (9.5), R134a (88.5) and pentane (2) was prepared. The resulting composition suppressed inflammability of the refrigerant mixture and reduced the solubility properties of the mixture with conventional lubricants, e.g. mineral or alkyl benzene oils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The bacteria is Citrobacter amalonaticus MH-1 (FERM P-18145) strain, Morganella morganii MH-2 (FERM P-18146) strain and/or Enterococcus casseliflavus MH-3 (FERM P-18147) strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nozzle of the burner used for burning the generated hydrogen, is made of metal catalyst containing palladium. The burner is connected to the hydrogen generation unit, by back-fire prevention unit. The storage battery is charged by the electric power obtained from a wind mill or a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The preparation of fish dreg fermented product involves pulverizing the fish dregs before the heating step. The fish dreg fermented product is heated at 100-160 degrees C. The fermentation step is performed at 20-50 degrees C with stirring. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganisms are Yarrowia lipolytica IFO 0717 strain and Metschnikowia pulcherrima IFO 0863 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst carrier is made of metal chosen from nickel, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, chromium, cobalt, tungsten, vanadium or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier base is chosen from activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen containing raw material is an aromatic compound is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, anthrocene phenyl, phenanthrene or its alkyl derivatives. The alkyl derivative is a compound chosen from cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, 1-2, methyl cyclohexane 1,3 dimethyl cyclohexane decahydro naphthalene (decalin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: Ruthenium is used as group 6-9 element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred conditions: The processed raw material containing organic substance and water is heated and solubilized at 200-500degreesC under 1.5-50 MPa.Preferred Method: The gasified product is cooled, and subjected to vapor-liquid separation process to separate vapor and liquid, after reducing pressure. Subsequently, at least the gas obtained at the vapor-liquid separation process is separated to hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, by gas separation process. The liquid obtained at the vapor-liquid separation process is subjected to solid-liquid separation process to separate solid and liquid.Preferred Composition: The supercritical water contains alkali catalyst. The organic substance is a plastic, foodstuffs waste material or livestock excrements. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene (in g) (0.05) and nickel-type catalyst (0.01), were packed in a decomposition-gasification reactor. Polyethylene was decomposed and gasified by 650degreesC and 30 MPa supercritical water. The reaction time was maintained for 10 minutes or 30 minutes. Consequently, 100% of polyethylene was decomposed. Gasification of polyethylene was performed completely within short period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus comprises manifolds hydraulic protective mechanism for conveying the drained water, air delivery pipes, exhausted air inlet fan at an upstream portion, scrubbing or powder removing device (6) at the upstream of the fan, valve, spraying device, and moistening device. The manifolds are at the end portions of the draining (10', 10'') and central channels. The air delivery pipes are engaged in the two draining channels. The delivery pipes extend from the two exhausted air inlet manifolds. The valves controls air and water flows through the system. The valve is at an inlet region of the manifolds. The draining channels are parallel to one another and house the pipes through the interposition of the draining course material. The spraying device sprays water on the filtering material. The moistening device is arranged on the exhausted air inlet line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode separator further comprises fuel outlet(s) and fuel distribution mechanism to distribute fuel to the fuel outlet. The cathode separator further comprises oxidant outlet(s) and oxidant distribution mechanism(s) to distribute oxidant to the outlet. The fuel cell assembly also includes a heat transfer separator interposed between the anode and cathode separators comprising heat transfer fluid inlet and outlet, and heat transfer fluid distribution mechanisms. The heat transfer separator comprises a specific series of electrically conductive compression gaskets possessing inter-related fluid distribution channel and manifold (8, 11) features that compose the fluid manifolding and distribution mechanism. The fuel assembly comprises a chemically benign structural frame (68) comprising ester and polyester resins, a chemically benign sealant that is a water-based polymer emulsion, and a Load-Activated Polymer Sealant comprising a thermoplastic component enabling a thermal cycle facilitating repeated sealing of the assembly components. The conductive compression gasket comprises electrically conductive elastomers, electrically conductive elastomer media, electrically conductive compressive thermoplastic media, graphite, expanded graphite, exfoliate graphite, and flexible graphite
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first non-electrolytic layer comprises non-electrolytic polymer, and electrically conductive particulate material. The particulate material is unsupported on another material. The first catalyst layer is a cathode (52) or anode (54). The electrolyte comprises proton exchange membrane. A second non-electrolytic layer is provided between the second catalyst layer and the second gas diffusion layer. The fuel cell further comprises a first flow plate, and a second flow plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-electrolytic polymer comprises PTFE or copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The first electrolytic polymer and the first non-electrolytic polymer form a mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particulate material comprises platinum. The first gas comprises a cathode gas or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode further comprises a first catalyst capable of interacting with oxygen and protons to form water, and a second catalyst capable of interacting with peroxide to form water and oxygen. The electrolytic material and the non-electrolytic material form a homogeneous mixture. The non-electrolytic polymer is present in the cathode at a higher concentration at a first cathode surface adjacent to the first flow plate than at a second cathode surface adjacent to the first flow plate than at a second cathode surface opposite the first cathode surface. The fuel cell further comprises an anode (54) between the second flow plate and the electrolyte layer, a first gas diffusion layer, and a second diffusion layer. The first gas diffusion layer is between the cathode and the first flow plate. The second gas diffusion layer is between the anode and the second flow plate.Preferred Compositions: The cathode comprises 30-70 wt.% first catalyst, 5-30 wt.% second catalyst, 10-40 wt.% electrolytic polymer, and less than 30 wt.% non-electrolytic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first catalyst comprises carbon-supported platinum. The second catalyst comprises platinum black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrolytic polymer comprises sulfonate fluorocarbon polymer. It is sulfonated fluorocarbon polymer. The non-electrolytic polymer comprises fluorine-containing polymer, e.g. PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first surface is an interior surface and the second surface is an exterior surface. The second surface is exposed to the fuel cell's external environment. The barrier has a geometry comprising sphere, spheroid, ovoid, toroid, cylinder, cone, conic section, regular solid, irregular solid, polyhedron, polyhedroid, or corrugate surface. The contact between the solution and the first surface comprises laminar flow field, linear flow field, non-linear flow field, curvilinear flow field, or convoluted flow field. The barrier is self-gasketing. It is disposed on a gasket, clamp, press-fit clip, heat-melted seal, vacuum seal, magnetic seal, screw, bolt, nut, rivet, pin, adhesive, solder, aligning element, peripheral skirt, mesh, or screen cap.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The gaseous compound comprises carbon dioxide, methanol, CHOOH, H2CO, hydrogen gas, oxygen gas, water, or hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer membrane comprises Teflon, Zitex A, or Zitex G.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The first conveying mechanism is pipelines, valves and/or pumps (20, 32, 34, 54). The second and third conveying mechanisms each comprise a pump. The second removing mechanism comprises a valve (58) and a pump. The computer operates to control each pump of the second and third conveying mechanism, and operates to control the valve and the pump of the second removing mechanism. It comprises a proportional, integral and differential programmable controller; and a linear pressure transducer. The concentrator and pressure swing components are included in a single tank. They comprise a separate tank. Each tank comprises a baffle assembly disposed in an upper portion of the tank. The tank comprising the pressure swing component is provided with a blowdown valve for relieving gas pressure. The blowdown valve is disposed at a bottom portion of the tank. The pressure swing pump comprises a vacuum pump provided with a drive motor. The pressure swing component varies between 0.5-1.5 atmosphere. The first and second time durations are each 1-4 hours. The controlled temperature is 35 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas comprises methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia and/or hydrogen sulfide. The gaseous organic fuel comprises methane. The biomass source comprises cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A low level float switch (37) is provided to send an alarm signal when the reservoir needs to be refilled. Two reservoir are provided, one for stocking the microorganisms and the other for stocking the nutrients. The water supply unit includes an activated carbon filter and/or a UV sterilizer filter unit; a pressure regulator; a drip emitter and/or flow control valve; a water pump controlled by the timer to pump requested water from a well or separate water reservoir and supply it to the first sub-compartment; and a mechanical mix valve connected to cold water source and warm water source to combine cold and warm water, and supply water at a constant desired temperature. The bioreactor system is provided with an immersion heater operatively connected to the electrical control device to maintain an optimal temperature for the microorganism growth. The electrical control device is incorporated into a modular box positioned to allow easy access and increased safety. The reservoir, bioreactor system, metering pump, timer and electrical control device are incorporated in a cabinet (23) provided with a fully openable front door, a door latching/locking system, and a drain assembly. An additional pump (51) is provided to add small amounts of changing influent water into the bioreactor system to allow the microorganisms to develop internal enzymes to break down pollutants contained within the changing influent water. An additional reservoir is provided for stocking water to be supplied to the bioreactor system. The outfall mechanism is connected to another additional reservoir in which the culture containing the grown microorganism may be stored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The tanning leather waste is subjected to solubilization process as pretreatment of methane fermentation process. Solubilization of the tanning leather waste is performed by heating at 70degreesC or more in an alkaline solution having pH of 10-14. Methane fermentation of the tanning leather waste is performed in a neutral or fine alkaline solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The tuff such as natural zeolite adsorbed with meal waste oil is extended to matting (5) such as newspaper. Rice bran and water mixed in the ratio of 1:2.4 is added, after stirring. The meal waste oil is allowed to stand for a predetermined period and fermented. Alternately, water, rice bran, meat dish or oil dish are added, stirred, allowed to stand for a predetermined period and fermented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dry material is wooden material and the raw material is organic refuse, foodstuffs sludge or livestock farming waste material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Adjuvant: The fermentation adjuvant is filamentous fungi, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, yeast, fungus, sake alcohol, bean paste, soy sauce, koji fungi, filamentous fungi, blue mold, alcohol fermenting microbe, Actinomyces fiber decomposing microbe, Bacillus natto, photosynthetic microbe, and/or nitric bacteria genus containing amylase, protease, lipase, cellulase, invertase, saccharase, maltase or urease as effective enzyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion water contains nitrate radical, nitrous acid root, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, lead, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, vanadium and/or titanium. The precursor contains humic acid, fulvic acid, bioactive substance, growth promoting substance and antibiotics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: Alternatively fertilizer is manufactured by mixing with total of 2-30 parts in soluble concentration liquid conversion of 45-55% of soluble non-volatile matters and boiled surplus thing which are generated in processed fish-guts bone and 70-95 parts of composts of the plant type which contains droppings of hen. Microorganisms in compost mask the smell of fish. Fertilizer is also manufactured by mixing with 90-100 parts of tofu-less dry fertilizers having 7-10% of moisture contents with total of 10-30 parts in soluble concentration liquid conversion of 45-55% of non-volatile matters and boiled surplus thing which are generated in fish-guts bone, forming pellets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fertilizer preparation involves performing methane fermentation process of organic waste, burning the generated methane, collecting the generated carbon dioxide and methane fermentation liquid and subjecting the methane fermentation liquid to absorb carbon dioxide.Preferred Component: The liquid organic waste is methane fermentation liquid. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Silage: In (I), the high filamentous fungi of lactic acid producing ability are Rhizopus oryzae. The auxiliary material of a mixture is one or more among the silage prepared by the raw material in mixed feed or a mixed feed raw material, a brewing residue, a tea extraction residue, straw, dry grass or one or more among rolling maize, a defatted soybean, soybean protein, potato gluten, bean curd lees, a beer less, a barley-tea lees, a straw, Sudan grass, a potato starch extraction residue, a green tea extraction residue, and a beet pulp. Koji was prepared by the raw material in a rice, a wheat bran, bean curd lees, and a potato starch extraction residue. EXAMPLE - Spores generated high filamentous-fungi Rhizopus oryzae IFO-4707 strain of lactic acid production ability was cultured in potato dextrose agar for 27 degrees centigrade for three days. The koji with which the surface was covered by mycelium which fully grew up was prepared. 6.0 g of the koji was mixed with 300 g of potato pulp and sterilized at 105 degrees centigrade for 15 minutes. Then, it was put into high pouch bag of the polyethylene bag of thickness 0.03 mm, and the product made from a gas barrier after that, and stored for 3 days at 25 degree centigrade. As a control the sterilization pulp which does not mix koji as comparison object was packed in the same polyethylene bag and the pouch bag, and was stored similarly. On analysis, pH of a potato pulp was reduced clearly and suppressed harmful microbes, such as butyric acid bacteria and a coliform group. Therefore, under anaerobic conditions by using as the koji prepared with lactic acid production filamentous fungi produced favorable silage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel contains methanol, methanol aqueous solution, chemical halide, gasoline, cyclohexanone, sodium borohydride or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous baked object contains tourmaline, zeolite and/or ramp stones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The carbonized material is in powder or granular form. The organic waste generated in foodstuffs manufactured product is beer lees, whiskey lees, wheat sprout, malting lees, sake lees, soy sauce lees, bean curd lees, bran, used coffee powder, used tea leaves, apple lees, hop lees, yeast, leavings of meal and/or plum seed residue. The culture medium further comprises accessory constituent such as rock wool, sand, soil, ceramic ball, coconut waste, bark, peat-moss, sphagnum, pearlite, vermiculite, inorganic fertilizer and/or organic fertilizer. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The raw material gas contains methane, ethane, propane, butane, natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether and at least one gas selected from partial reformed gas. The oxidation gas is selected from oxygen. oxygen-enriched air and/or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The platinum compound is dinitro diamine platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal film is made of copper, ductile aluminum or ductile nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Ratio: The ratio of gas to liquid is 500-100:1.Preferred Process: The drainage treatment system contains suspended microorganism phase. The mixed solution is recovered by an aerator for activated sludge treatment. The mixed solution is recycled after gas-liquid contact. The gas-liquid contact is performed by spraying water droplet from upper direction to the malodorous gas rising from downward direction. The mixed solution is developed as liquid film. A gas liquid contact tower is prepared by contacting liquid film of mixed solution on the surface of filter (16) loaded inside the tower.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are selected from Bacillus, Psuedomonas, Zooglea, Nocardia, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and/or Tiobacillus. The mixed solution does not contain nutrients or minerals, required for microorganisms growth and reproduction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The cucurbit derivative is dried at 80-120 degrees C, and the gas molecule is released at 80-220 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Ammonium chloride (in g) (12) was heat-dissolved in water (30 ml). Dimethyl glycoluril (50) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (300 ml) were added and dissolved. Further, 37 wt.% of formalin (75 ml) was added, and the mixture was heat-stirred at 80 degrees C for 6 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and heated under reduced pressure to remove hydrochloric acid and water. Small amount of water was added and filtered to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was washed with water and dried to obtain a crystalline ammonium chloride powder (24.54). The obtained adduct (10) was dissolved in warm water (900 ml), and converted into hydroxide using an ion exchange resin. The gas in the mixture was distilled to obtain a colorless crystal. The obtained crystal was recrystallized from water, dried at 80 degrees C to remove water and decamethyl cucurbit (5) uril (8.76) was obtained as white powder. The decamethyl cucurbit (5) uril had excellent gas removing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material is fermented bark, which is fermented with droppings of hen or cattle feces or ground material from mesocarp of coconut palm. The neutralizing agent is phosphoric acid buffer or ferrous sulfate. The composition further comprises improving agent, which is carbonized material soluble in phosphate and waste pulp containing high molecular compound of area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon of the mixed gas is methane.The mixed gas is a sewage gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Decomposition of polycyclic aromatic compound involves using the bacteria belonging to Alcaligenes having the ability to grow in a medium containing pyrene as carbon source and energy as parameter. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria is Alcaligenes piechudii WU-JH2000 (FERM P-18352) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - BS culture medium was prepared by mixing (in grams) pyrene (0.5), dipotassium phosphate (1), mono-potassium phosphate (1), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.5), salt (5), ammonium chloride (1), calcium chloride dihydrate (0.1), trace amount metal solution (1 ml), vitamin mixture (1 ml) and deionized water (up to 1000 ml) was added to a flask. The vitamin mixture contains ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (1.5), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (0.19), magnesium chloride tetrahydrate (0.1), zinc chloride (0.07), boronic acid (0.062), molybdic acid dihydrate (0.036), nickel chloride hexahydrate (0.024), copper chloride dihydrate (0.017), hydrate aluminum sulfate (0.01) and deionized water (up to 1000 ml). The trace amount metal solution contains (in mg) biotin (2), folic acid (2), thiamin (5), riboflavin (5), pyridoxine (10), cyanobalamin (50), niacin (5), calcium pantothenate (5), p-aminobenzoate (5), thiocytolic acid (5) and deionized water (up to 1000 ml). 200 ml of the BS medium was mixed with dimethylformamide solution to adjust the final concentration of pyrene 500 mg/l. Alcaligenes piechudii WU-JH2000 (FERM P-18352) strain was added to the flask and a shaking culture was performed at 30 degrees C and 120 rpm. The pyrene decomposition ratio in the culture using BS culture medium was 81.2% and 88.7%, on the 5th and 10th day respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel is liquid. The pre-mixer is operative to achieve diffusion combustion between the fuel and air for warming up the porous medium and to interrupt the diffusion combustion. The pre-mixer includes a first igniter source that allows diffusion combustion between the fuel and air. The mixer includes a second igniter source that allows combustion between the fuel and heating gas. The heating gas is a gas resulting from combustion of the fuel. The combustor further includes a reformer downstream of the first combustor for generating hydrogen-rich gas, a water supply unit supplying water to the porous medium, a fuel cell downstream of the reformer, and a second combustor downstream of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (a) also contains at least one from oxides of magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, zirconium and cerium. The catalyst (b) also contains at least one from oxides of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, zirconium and cerium. The catalyst is supported on a carrier (especially. at least one from alumina, silica, alumina-silica, cordierite, zirconia, cerium oxide, zeolite and titanium oxide metal oxide-based carriers and stainless steel, iron, copper and aluminum metal-based carriers).The content of gold is 0.05-30 (especially. 0.1-10; more especially. 0.1-3) wt.% (based on total catalyst). The content of palladium is 0.1-30 (especially. 0.1-10; more especially. 0.1-3) wt.% (based on total catalyst). EXAMPLE - 0.250 g HAuCl4.4H2O, 4.83 g Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and 16.2 g Fe(NO3)3.9H2O were dissolved in 600 ml distilled water, added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 9.47 g Na2CO3 in 400 ml water, the obtained precipitate washed with water, dried, and baked in air at 400degreesC for 5 h, to give an ultrafine powder of Au solidified Cu-Fe oxide catalyst (Au/CuFe2O4; Au:Cu:Fe atomic ratio = 1:33:66; particle dia. = 2-3 nm. The catalyst gave 4.2% and 58.2% hydrogen production yield after 3 hours at 50 degrees C and 150 degrees C, respectively, compared to 0% and 18.1%, respectively, for a comparative example using a commercial Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst (Cu = 38 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The heating mechanism comprises electrical resistive heating or a fluid heating medium. The second channels comprise an oxidation catalyst and the heating medium comprises oxidation products. The heating mechanism comprises a hot flowing fluid. The reactor is a reformer and the reaction product comprises hydrogen. The system comprises pressure controller to maintain the upstream heat exchange section at a higher pressure than the downstream heat exchange sections. The heating medium has a flow path to and through the third heat exchange section and through the second heat exchange section. The system further comprises a source of pressurized gas and mixing mechanism upstream of the inlet for combining the pressurized gas with the fluid stream entering the vaporizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The heating medium comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the catalyst is selective for oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen, and the oxidation products comprise carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reformer further comprises first metering device through which the first oxidant flow travels before entering the first stage; and a second metering device through which the second oxidant flow travels before entering the second stage. The first metering device controls a flow rate of the first oxidant flow received by the first stage. The second metering device controls a flow rate of the second oxidant flow received by the second stage. The reformer further comprises a distribution rack extending across a portion of a cross section of the second portion of the catalyst bed. It also comprises a temperature-measuring device located within each of the first and second stages to measure its temperature. The distribution rack receives the second oxidant flow and distributing the second oxidant flow across an upstream face of the second catalytic element.An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a method of starting-up an autothermal reformer comprising forming a first stage flow having a fuel flow and a first oxidant flow; passing the first stage flow through a first stage of a catalyst bed and catalytically reacting the first stage flow within the first stage to form a first stage effluent; forming a second stage flow having the first stage effluent and a second oxidant flow; passing the second stage flow through a second stage of the catalyst bed and catalytically reacting the second stage flow within the second stage to form a reformate flow which is exhausted from the second stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cells are molten carbonate fuel cells and/or solid oxide fuel cells. They are stacked in layers enclosed by metal layers. They are devoid of platinum catalyst. The biomass is wood, paper and/or lignocellulose material. The biomass has a size of 0.25 inch.Preferred Method: The fuel cells are set and operated at 600-1,000 degreesC. The fuel cells generate direct current which can be converted to alternating current. They generate electricity which is often stored within a storage battery. The fuel cells generate exothermic heat, transport heat by thermal conduction to the biomass within a vessel containing catalyst. The vessel is set at 600-1,000 degreesC and maintained at this temperature by exothermic heat generated from the fuel cells or by heat generated by electricity. The waste heat forms steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen-containing compound is an organic compound from hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers and esters, or an inorganic compound from water, hydrogen sulfide and hydrides. It is preferably a hydrocarbon, an alcohol and/or water.The decomposition reaction is carried out in an atmosphere of an inert gas and is carried out continuously. It takes place at room temperature to 200 degreesC and in an electron temperature range of 30,000-40,000 degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen-containing compound is an organic compound from hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers and esters. EXAMPLE - Decomposition of water, methane or methanol were carried out using a packed-bed type non-thermal plasma reactor filled with pellets of a ferroelectric substance (distance between electrodes = 1.54 cm), which was barium titanate (BaTiO3) having a particle diameter of 1 mm and a dielectric constant at room temperature of 5,000. A 50 Hz alternate current voltage was applied between electrodes and consumed electric power at the primary side was measured by a digital power meter. SED was then calculated as a ratio of the consumed electric power to the flow velocity of a gas. Dry nitrogen gas was used as a background gas. In the reaction with water or methanol, a reaction gas was prepared by azeotropic evaporation of distilled water or methanol placed in a small washing bottle. The concentration of water was adjusted by using a dew point hygrometer. A reaction gas having 1% concentration of water, methane or methanol was used. The flow velocity of gas was varied from 0.05 liter/min (a gas residence time = 89 seconds) to 1.0 liter/min (4.4 seconds). In the decompositions of water, methane and methanol, the yield of hydrogen was increased as the value of SED was increased. The maximum yield for the decomposition of water, methane and methanol were 29%, 48% and 88%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fluid treated in an ultraviolet light apparatus (6) is treated in the biological treatment tank and in a solid-liquid separator. The water phase components from a solid-liquid separator are evaporated. The evaporated gas is treated in the biological treatment apparatus and the liquid substances are supplied upstream to the ultraviolet light apparatus. The high halogenated organic substance contains polychlorinated biphenyl. The organism utilized for treating the irradiated fluid is Comamonas testoteroni TK102.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-gaseous odorous substance is ditertiary butyl disulfide or dimethyl sulfide.The membrane for dissociating hydrogen contains palladium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The compound is supported by platinum group element such as platinum and rubidium, and rare earth elements such as yttrium, lanthanum or cerium elements (M1 and M2) are nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus further has controlling valve (10) for controlling the supply amount of ozone-containing gas based on the value measured by dissolved ozone densitometer.
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is Alteromonas macleodii SW-22 strain (FERM BP-7749) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - In a 200 ml beaker, 20 grams of field soil and 20 ml of distilled water were mixed. An organomercurous compound such as methylmercury was added. Next day, 7.5 x 10 to the power of 9 cells/ml of Alteromonas macleodii SW-22 strain was added. The amount of mercury and the number of residual microorganisms in the soil were measured on zero, first and third days. Removal of the methylmercury from the soil by bacteria was detected. Methylmercury in the soil was efficiently transformed into mercury vapor by bacteria and was removed. Sixty-one % of mercury was removed in three days and the added microorganisms were also found to be extinct.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Medium: The medium comprises porous soil devoid of gravel, having particle sizes of 0.3-7 mm and apparent specific gravity of 0.7-1.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The clay mineral is montmorillonite, halloysite, attapulgite, sepiolite and/or allophane.Preferred Property: The inorganic compound coated to the particulate material neutralizes calcium sulfate and acid which generates or precipitates internally.Preferred Support: The cellulose support is a particulate material comprising molded cellulose particle or cellulose fiber.Preferred Method: Manufacture of cellulose support involves mixing viscose and calcium carbonate followed by solidification and regeneration with sulfuric acid. Calcium sulfate supported in the support is washed with saturated calcium sulfate solution. EXAMPLE - NS2500 (RTM; calcium-carbonate) (in g) (95) and montmorillonite (9) were mixed and granulated to viscose to manufacture cellophane (1000) which was then dropped into 1N sulfuric acid and granulated, solidified and regenerated. Washing was then performed in 0.3 weight%. calcium sulfate aqueous solution followed by drying. Montmorillonite-calcium sulfate supporting cellulose particulate material was obtained. Bulk specific gravity of the particulate material was 0.30 and under-water stirring intensity was 75%. Montmorillonites (33 weight%) and 33% of calcium sulfate were supported on the particulate material. The particulate material favorably absorbed ammonia and had favorable organic refuse processability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The heat exchanger is near the discharge opening for the combustion unit. The operating substance and the heating fluid is metered into through at least one metering element. The operating substance includes at least some of the hydrocarbon feed mixture, air and water. A catalytically active exhaust gas treatment device is downstream of the heat exchanger, relative to the exhaust gas flow direction. The hydrogen-enriched production fluid is stored in at least one storage device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The suspension and unwanted materials in the sample are screened before introducing the sample to the microbial fuel cell. Preferred Components: A solenoid valve (5) changes the flow of the sample when sensing the entry of the toxic material. A sample-gathering vessel (4) intakes and stores the sample when the entry of toxic materials are sensed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The membrane thickness is selected to provide back-diffusion of reaction product water from the cathode, to support the reaction of methanol at the anode. Preferred Component: The methanol vapor fuel supply comprises a super-absorbent polymer material in proximity to the anode gas diffusion backing, to hold liquid methanol or liquid methanol solution without wetting the anode gas diffusion backing, so that methanol vapor from the liquid methanol or liquid methanol-water solution is supplied to the membrane. The super-absorbent polymer material is a super-absorbent polymer powder placed, within a bag that is permeable to the liquid methanol or liquid methanol-water solution. Preferred Material: The super-absorbent is a cross-linked polyelectrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell includes a cathode inlet that limits access of oxidant for the cathode, to optimize a balance between the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode and drying of the membrane. The fuel cell system includes a wick connecting the fuel reservoir to each anode plenum through the feed line, to provide liquid fuel to the super-absorbent material; and an expandable separator in the fuel reservoir separating the liquid fuel from a headspace volume, and a pressure equalization line (72) connecting the anode plenum to the headspace, for directing carbon dioxide reaction product from the anode to the headspace side, to balance pressure between the anode plenum and the fuel reservoir.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel gas comprises natural gas. The clay mineral is unpretreated sepiolite and used at 0.25-3 g/m3 gas. The clay mineral and/or the second adsorbent are provided with a metal salt or metal oxide. The metal is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, or copper. The metal salt is iron (II) or (III) salt, preferably iron (III) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The gaseous organo-sulfur compound is mercaptan, cyclic sulphide, or preferably tetrahydrothiophene.Preferred Process: The method involves subsequently converting the fuel gas to synthesis gas. The metal salt is applied to the clay mineral via impregnation. The organo-sulfur compounds are removed at -40-100degreesC. The adsorbents combination are mixed or arranged in series.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The second adsorbent is natural occurring or synthetic clay mineral or zeolite; active charcoal, alumina, or silica; molecular sieve; silica gel; diatomaceous earth; or pumice.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: An ignition unit (7) acting in the volume of the container is also included and has an ignition path arranged within the container. The device also comprises a unit (8), preferably HF-charged electrodes, for electrically charging a plasma produced during the oxidation process. H2, CO or CH4 is added to the oxygen contained in the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The redox mediator species are reduced to lower order valency under anaerobic conditions. The redox mediator species are oxidized to higher order valency by microorganisms and facilitates the formation of insoluble particles.Preferred Components: The insoluble particles comprise particular chemical species. The chemical species comprise (in)organic molecules, e.g. proteins, fatty acids, lipids, ammonium, organic acids, phenolic compounds, aromatic poly cyclic oxygenated compounds, nucleic acids, sulfates, phosphates, radionuclides, and/or cyanides. The sample is liquid, semi-liquid, solid, particulate, or gaseous environment or its portion. The sample is an environmental, industrial, or domestic sample. The sample is wastewater, water, solid waste, or pollutes soil. The redox mediator species are zero valence metal pieces, metallic ions, metal-containing oxides, hydroxides, chelates, non-biodegradable, and/or insoluble inorganic constituents with variable oxidation-reduction states. The cationic metal is provided as metal salts or metal slurry. The iron-reducing microorganisms are Acido bacterium Aerobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Deferribacter, Desulfuromonas, Desulfuromusa, Escherichia, Ferri bacterium, Ferrimonas, Geobacter, Geo vibrio, Geothrix, Pseudomonas, Sulfurospirillum, Shewanella, Thermoterrabacterium, Thermo toga, Thermus, mixed cultures of the above microorganisms and/or enrichment cultures of the microorganisms capable to reduce iron (III). The iron-oxidizing microorganisms are genera Acid anus, Achidithiobacillus, Ferroglobus, Ferromicrobium, Gallionella, Hyphomicrobium, Leptothrix, Naumanniella, Ochrobium, Leptospirillum, Pedomicrobium, Rhodovulum, Rhodocyclus, Siderococcus, Sphaerotilus, Siderocapsa, Sulfolobus, Stenotrophomonas, Thiobacillus, mixed cultures of above microorganisms, and/or enrichment cultures of the microorganisms capable to reduce iron (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Aerobic bacteria are added in forming the slurry. The proppant is inoculated with aerobic bacteria prior to the mixing. Additional oxygen and/or solid oxygen source is injected into the subsurface soil with an interval of at least one month between injections. The interval between injections is at least two months.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The proppant is a porous ceramic granular material obtained by kiln firing diatomaceous earth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The body comprises a silicon (Si) substrate (10). The temperature adjusting layer comprises a heating resistor, which is thin film layer of a compound containing tantalum, Si, oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). The apparatus further comprises a power supply unit which supplies electric power to the heating resistor, and a measuring unit which measures an electrical resistance of the resistor by measuring at least one of an electrical current flowing through the heating resistor and a voltage applied to the heating resistor by the electric power supplied from the power supply unit to the resistor. A temperature detector is provided for detecting a temperature of the resistor on the basis to the electrical resistance of the resistor measured by the measuring unit. The apparatus has a vaporizer that vaporizes the fluid material in the reaction flow path by heating an interior of the reaction flow path. A catalyst layer having a selective oxidation catalyst is provided in at least a portion of the reaction flow path. The chemical reaction apparatus also includes a converting unit which converts carbon monoxide in the fluid material supplied to the reaction flow path into carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the reaction flow path, by heating an interior of the flow path. Preferred Composition: A total content of O and N in the compound is set at not more than 56% (preferably 35-56%). Preferred Parameter: A sheet resistance of the thin film is set at 10-100 OMEGA/square. The density of the compound is set at not less than 7x10power22/cm3. The temperature of the resistor rises by 100 degreesC. A change in the electrical resistance of the resistor is -2 - -7 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrical power generation system is an oxygen/hydrogen fuel cell which also provides space heating. The tank contains liquid hydrogen delivered to the fuel cell via tubes. The tank may be contained for safety reasons inside a second enclosure containing liquid nitrogen. The tank contains liquid natural gas delivered to the fuel cell via tubes and a reformer. The motors use coils and windings made by high temperature superconducting materials. The motors are cryo-cooled via cold pipes connected to the cryo-tanks. The motor drive circuitry is housed in a hermetically sealed container immersed for cryo-cooling inside the cryo-cooled environment of a liquid natural gas tank. High temperature superconductor cables are used for power transmission as well as for supply of cooling fluid such as liquid nitrogen making use of the load shedding property of the liquid nitrogen. Cryo-fuels are also used to cool a cryo-light system based on high efficiency cryo-light emitting gallium arsenide-based diodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The static mixer is provided where fuel is mixed with superheated steam from a WGS boiler tube, and air and water are supplied to the AHR via a fuel inlet tube. The fuel processor comprises a middle cylinder provided with a layer of insulation such as Zircar outside the vessel. An annulus is provided between inner and middle cylinders embedded with helical coil for providing an evaporator/preheater. The fuel processor comprises an air preheater coil and WGS boiler coil with compact finned/bellowed helical coils for temperature control.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Three part sulfur tolerant AHR catalysts allow low temperature operations in the AHR at 600-800C for higher energy efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solution of alcohol (preferably methanol) and water is mixed in a volumetric ratio of approximately 2 parts alcohol to 1 part water. A pump (13) provides the solution of alcohol and water at 150-200 psi. The solution is heated to 270-300 degrees C before providing the solution to the reformer coil. A supplemental heater or burner (96) is provided to impart heat energy to the solution until reaching an operating temperature. At least a portion of the other constituents is supplied from the purifier assembly to the burner as a fuel for combustion to produce a heated flue gas. The solution is heated by providing an evaporator coil coupled in upstream fluid flowing relation relative to the reformer coil, and directing the heated flue gas to flow past the evaporator coil. The heated flue gas imparts heat energy to the solution by the evaporator coil. A cooling coil facilitates dissipation of heat energy from the hydrogen gas as it flows through the cooling coil (62).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The feeding of hydrocarbon stream to the steam reformer includes a first reaction step includes formation of carbon monoxide and second reaction step that includes shift reaction to convert the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.A portion of the waste gas steam is used as fuel to provide heat.A natural gas is added to the hydrocarbon stream prior to feeding the hydrocarbon stream to the steam reformer.The gas stream is compressed prior to passing the gas stream across the feed side.The gas stream is compressed and cooled to condense the liquid 5-8C hydrocarbon fraction, which is removed from the gas stream prior to passing the gas stream across the feed side.Preferred Compositions: The residue stream contains at least 70 vol.% hydrogen.Preferred Parameters: The gas stream has a hydrocarbon dew point of at least 10 degreesC at 200 psia.The hydrocarbon dew point of the residue stream is at least 10 degreesC lower at 200 psia than that of the gas stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-4C hydrocarbon is methane.The gas stream comprises off-gas from refinery operation or hydrotreater or hydrocracker.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane comprises rubber polymer, silicone rubber, or superglass polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: RDF which is fine and which lost the shape are removed while storing the fuel in humidity-controlled environment having relative humidity of 90% or less, preferably 80% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Properties: The fertilizer liquid containing culture medium easily absorbs moisture content of 150 L/m3 or more and 70 L/m3 or more, and has positive ion exchange capacity of 30-100 me/100 g.Preferred Components: The culture medium of liquid fertilizer further comprises a mixture of non-organic substance and organic substance of 30-60 vol.%, and antagonistic microorganisms having competition property with respect to plant pathogens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: Alkaline chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide or acidic chemicals, are used in the inactivation process. The meat, bone meal or meat processing waste are heated at 130 degrees C or more for 1 hour. The intermediate substance is dried under reduced pressure to obtain a solid substance as a fuel. The solid substance produces combustible gas such as methane by fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The capacitance ratio of anaerobic tank and aerobic tank is 1:2-4. The anaerobic tank has a stirrer. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the tank liquid is controlled by an aeration apparatus and control apparatus to 3 mg/l. The pH of the tank liquid in the aerobic tank is adjusted to 7-8 by a pH controller (8). The inflow DMF concentration of wastewater into the anaerobic tank is adjusted to 15000 mg/l or less. The activated sludge concentration of the anaerobic tank liquid is controlled to 3000 mg/l or more. The DMF-MLSS load the anaerobic tank and aerobic tank is controlled to 0.1-1.0 kg DMF/kg MLSS/day and 0.05-0.5 kg DMF/kg MLSS/day, respectively. The surplus activated sludge from the separator is returned to the bioreaction tank after solubilization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fermentation treated substance containing thermophilic bacteria and droppings of hen are mixed at a ratio of 5:1-1.5:1 weight ratio. The mixture is heated by heating the fermenter and passing hot air into the fermenter. The droppings of hen are pretreated by adjusting the pH to acidic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The plant piece is cleaned by alkaline electrolysed water and then with acidic electrolysed water. The washed plant piece is neutralized and immersed in alkaline electrolysed water. Then, the plant piece is ground and fermented by adding saccharides for several weeks in atmosphere. Two or more types of plant are mixed to form plant piece.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Water is supplied to the plant waste material during pulverization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The thermophilic-bacteria plexus is aerobically cultivated at a temperature greater than the proliferation temperature of organic substance decomposing microbes along with rice bran (cultivation promoting material) and foodstuffs waste material such as bean curd lees, wheat bran, rice bran, animal organic refuse and/or plant organic refuse, at 50-85degreesC, to decompose the waste material. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The thermophilic-bacteria plexus is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 148 (FERM P-18349) or 2414 (FERM P-18347), B.licheniformis 136 (FERM P-18346) or 2530 (FERM P-18348), or B.subtilis 237 (FERM P-18350) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lactic acid bacteria-containing materials such as yogurt and nitrogen nutriment such as urea are added to decomposition tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen containing material further contains a viscous material and a surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: A molding, which consists of poly lactic acid is adhered with the oxygen containing material and poly lactic acid is decomposed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The volume of pores of activated carbon having diameter of 1 nm or less, is 0.2 ml/g or less.Preferred Process: The raw material gas is gas containing methane generated from an anaerobic fermentation of organic waste.The humidity of raw material gas is reduced before passing through activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sulfur dioxide for processing is obtained by processing highly concentrated odor (102) in a plant, especially by combustion odor treatment or ozone odor treatment.A portion of the hydrogen sulfide in biogas is converted to sulfur, using a Claus catalyst.The reaction between hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide is performed by heating a reactive gas obtained from sulfur collection equipment (106).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A fermentation tank is provided, into which the sludge which has been solubilized in the solubilizing device is introduced and subjected to a fermentation treatment, and the sludge which has been subjected to the fermentation treatment in the fermentation tank is returned to the anaerobic tank. A mechanism for supplying some of the sludge which has been subjected to the fermentation treatment in the fermentation tank to the phosphorus-releasing tank, is provided. A mechanism for supplying at least some of the sludge separated in the solid/liquid separating device directly to the anaerobic tank is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The bio-gas is combusted to produce energy and dry milling the grain fed to the fermenting for producing ethanol utilizing the energy produced by the combustion. The digesting is either plug flow or mechanical continuous flow digestion. The wet grain residue from the ethanol production is fed to the livestock without drying. The fermenting process produces the wet grain residue of 25-80% of a total feed requirement of the feedlot. The carbon dioxide is used in a meat packing plant located adjacent to the process. The anaerobic digestion system is used to treat paunch manure and other waste from the packing plant.