TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The device further comprises an interfacial layer disposed between (M1) and (M2), and an intermediate layer disposed between porous template and (M1).Preferred Component: The materials are organic materials that can absorb light in the bulk of the organic material. (P1) Are 2 - 500 (preferably 40 - 100, particularly 10 - 30) nm in diameter and spaced apart by an average distance of 10 - 500 (preferably 30 - 50) nm center to center. An average wall thickness between neighboring (P1) is less than 5 - 40 (preferably 20) nm. (P1) Are present with a pore density between 1012 - 3 x 1015 pores/square meter. The tubule pores has an average wall thickness of 0.5 - 20 nm. The porous template is made from (M2) through anodizing a layer of metal, where (P1) stop short of penetrating through the template. The interfacing layer includes at least one material selected from fullerene, doped fullerene, functionalized fullerene, doped functionalized fullerene, azafullerene, polymerizedfullerene (doped or undoped), functionalized polymerized fullerene (doped or undoped), carbon nanotube, dye, ruthenium dye, pigment, organic monomer, oligomer, polymer, tetrahydrothiophene precursor polymer or their derivatives, poly(phenylenevinylene) or their derivatives or conjugated polymer.The interfacial layer includes at least one chemicals that can covalently attach to the (M1) and change a surface energy and/or bonding trap-states and/or attach to dangling bonds at an exposed surface of (M1) and/or introduce a dipole layer that may increase the efficiency for charge extraction and/or reduce detrimental charge recombination. The surface of (M1) is functionalized with at least one silylating agent. (P1) Has cylindrical or cone-like shape. The porous template is 50 nm - 1 micron (preferably 100 - 200, especially 200 - 600) nm thick. The interfacial layer includes at least one conductive layer, metal layer, nickel or their oxide and gold. (M1) is in the form of at least one tubule disposed in (P1), each tubule having a tubule pore. (M2) Fills the tubule pores. The tubule pores has an average diameter between 1 - 200, 1 - 100, 10 - 50, 2 -40 or 30 nm.Preferred Process: The anodizing step involves placing an aluminum, aluminum-coated, titanium or titanium-coated substrate in an electrolyte, applying an anodizing voltage to the substrate to form an alumina or titania film.The method additionally involves incrementally stepping down the anodizing voltage; substantially removing a barrier between (P1) and the underlying layer; widening (P1); and disposing an intermediate layer between the layer of metal and an underlying substrate. The intermediate layer is configured to act as an anodization-stop layer and/or an etch-stop layer. The filling of (P1) with (M1) step involves partly filling at least one (P1) with (M1) to form at least one tubule in which the additional space is a tubule pore in each tubule. The tubule are formed by depositing a sol-gel into (P1) followed by air drying then heating and adjusting a deposition temperature of the sol-gel and a chemical or physical property of (P1) such that the tubules form. Filling additional space not occupied by (M1) involves filling the tubule pore of the tubules with (M1); removing the porous templates leaving behind structure made of (M1) and (M2) with spaces between the structures; and anodizing the metal layer to form the porous template.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is aluminum or titanium. The porous template is made of titania (TiO2), silica (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, strontium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide and/or calcium/titanium oxide. (M1) Includes a metal, transparent conductive oxide e.g. indium oxide, fluorinated tin oxide (F:SnOx), a conductive oxide such as TiO2, an organic material e.g. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or a doped fullerene e.g. doped C60.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: (M1) And (M2) is selected from poly(phenylene) and poly(phenylene vinylene) or their derivatives (e.g. poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), poly(para-pheneylene vinylene), (PPV)), PPV copolymers, poly(thiophene) or their derivatives (e.g. poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom, poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-hexylthiophene- 2,5 -diyl), regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom), poly(thienylenevinylene) or their derivatives, and poly(isothianaphthene), tetra-hydro-thiophene precursors and poly-phenylene-vinylene or their derivatives, organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, poly(squaraines) or their derivatives, discotic liquid crystals polyfluorenes, polyfluorene copolymers, polyfluorene-based copolymers and blends e.g. co-polymerized and/or blended with charge transporting (e.g. tri-phenyl-amines and derivatives) and/or light absorbing compounds (e.g. fused thiophene rings and derivatives, generally optionally substituted hetero-atom ring compounds).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: (M1) And (M2) is a pigment or dye selected from organic pigments or dyes, azo-dyes having azo chromophores (-N=N-) linking aromatic groups, phthalocyanines including metal-free phthalocyanine (HPc), perylenes, naphthalocyanines, squaraines, merocyanines or their derivatives, poly(silanes), poly(germinates), 2,9-di(pent-3-yl)anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone and 2,9-bis(1-hexylhept-1-yl)anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone.