TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The device further comprises an electrically conducting substrate in electrical contact with the porous film; a charge-transport film (204) between the substrate and the porous film; a transparent electrode in electrical contact with the pore-filling material; a hole-accepting material between the charge-transport film and the transparent electrode; and encapsulant layer(s). Preferred Method: The surfactant-templation technique comprises disposing a sol on a substrate, comprising alkoxide(s), surfactant(s), condensation inhibitor(s), water, and ethanol; and evaporating the ethanol from the sol to form the surfactant-templated porous film. The sol is disposed on the substrate by web coating, dip coating, spin coating or spray coating. The method of making an optoelectronic device further comprises heating the surfactant templated porous film to a temperature enough to decompose the surfactant molecules while remaining within the thermal stability range of the substrate; annealing the surfactant-templated porous film after heating the surfactant templated porous film to a temperature enough to decompose the surfactant molecules; after infiltrating the pores with the solution, incubating the surfactant-templated porous film at an infiltration temperature of about 200 degrees C for 30 minutes; covering the porous film with a layer of charge-transport contacts the material, where the layer of charge-transport material contacts the pore-filling material that substantially fills the pores in the porous film; and electrically contacting the charge-transport material with an electrode. The initial sol is prepared by refluxing the titanium tetra-isopropoxide, ethanol, water and hydrochloric acid, at approximately 60 degrees C. The pores are substantially filled by, infiltrating the pores with a solution containing a polymer and an organic solvent. The surfactant temptation technique includes evaporation-induced self-assembly. The porous-nano-architected film is produced using techniques comprising intercalation and/or grafting of organic or polymeric molecules within a mineral lamellar network; synthesis by electro crystallization of hybrid molecular assemblies; impregnation of preformed inorganic gels; synthesis from heterofunctional metallic alkoxides or silsesquioxanes; synthesis of hybrid through the connection of well defined functional nano building blocks; and templated growth of inorganic or hybrid networks using organic molecules and macromolecules including surfactants, amines, alkyl ammonium ions, amphiphilic molecules, as structure directing agents.Preferred Component: The porous film is an electron-acceptor and the pore-filling material is a hole-acceptor.Preferred Material: The pore-filling material may include a combination of compounds. The charge-transport film comprises the same material as the porous film.Preferred Condition: Surfactant/alkoxide has a molar ratio of 1x10-7 to 1. Ethanol/alkoxide has a molar ratio of 3-20. Condensation inhibitor/alkoxide has a molar ratio of 1.5x10-5 to 5.0. Water/alkoxide has a molar ratio of 1-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous film comprises titania (TiO2), zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide, sodium titanate and potassium niobate. The condensation inhibitor(s) include hydrochloric acid.Preferred Material: The pore-filling material comprises an inorganic material, comprising copper oxide or another metal oxide. Preferred Compound: The alkoxide(s) include titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, or titanium tetra-isopropoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pore-filling material is a polymer comprising poly(phenylene) and their derivatives; poly(phenylene vinylene) and their derivatives (e.g., poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), and poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV)); poly(thiophene) and their derivatives (e.g., poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom); poly(thienylenevinylene) and their derivatives; poly(isothianaphthene) and their derivatives; organometallic polymers; polymers containing perylene units; or poly(squaraines) and their derivatives (preferably buckminsterfullerene (C60) and a polythiophene derivative). Preferred Polymer: The polythiophene is poly 3-hexylthiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pore-filling material may also comprise organic pigments or dyes, azo-dyes having azo chromophores (-N=N-) linking aromatic groups, phthalocyanines including metal-free phthalocyanine (HPc), perylenes, naphthalocyanines, squaraines, merocyanines and their respective derivatives, poly(silanes), poly(germinates), 2,9-di(pent-3-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-1, 3,8,10-tetrone, and 2,9-bis-(1-hexyl-hept-1-yl)-anthra(2,1, 9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone.Preferred Component: The surfactant(s) include HO(CH2CH2O)n(CH2CHCH3Om(CH2CH2O)nH (p123), hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide, or F127 (preferably Pluronic p123).