TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive fillers are chosen from graphite, carbon black, and metal powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive fillers are chosen from graphite, carbon black, and metal powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), or poly(vinylidene fluoride). Preferably, the polymer contains polyvinylidene fluoride and electroconductive fillers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electrolyte polymer is a dry resin of ion exchange capacity 0.5-2 meq/g which is subjected to perfluorination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The biodegradable aliphatic polyester is polylactic acid-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The unsaturated resin (A) has number average molecular weight of 900-5000, total hydroxyl value and ester value of 120-320, and hydroxyl value of 20-130. The unsaturated resin has an aromatic ring type structural unit and/or 20-80 mass% of aliphatic alicyclic structural unit. The epoxy resin is a novolak type epoxy resin which has a biphenyl structure. EXAMPLE - To a 1 liter flask, Epiclon 1055 (bisphenol A epoxy resin of epoxy equivalent 470) (in g) (470), methacrylic acid anhydride (154) and t-butyl hydroquinone (0.2), were added. Temperature was raised to 90degreesC and mixed gas of nitrogen and air, was introduced. Tris-dimethyl amino phenol (1.2) was added, temperature was raised to 110degreesC and reaction was carried out for 8 hours. The product was cooled to 80degreesC. An unsaturated resin of hydroxyl value 82, ester value 178, double bond equivalent 312 and number average molecular weight 2100, was obtained. The resin had 51% of aromatic ring type structural unit and had resin viscosity of 11000 mPa.s. A curable resin composition was prepared by mixing the unsaturated resin (in mass parts) (70), styrene (30) and benzoyl peroxide (0.33). The hydroxyl value of resin liquid was 57. A molding material was prepared by mixing the obtained resin mixture with a filler. The molding material was molded and the obtained product had bending strength of 120 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 6600, and heat deflection temperature of more than 300degreesC. The product was tested for water absorptivity and heat resistance, which were found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The tube is compressed against the tank wall and the compression is maintained by the layer(s) of material. The tube is of circular cross-section and during compression against the tank wall is deformed into a D-shape in cross-section or into a bi-lobular profile. The layer(s) of material includes layer(s) of stretch wrap film and layer(s) of heat reflective material. The heater/cooler further comprises layer of stretch wrap film is applied over the at least one layer of heat reflective material. The layer(s) of stretch wrap film surrounds the heat conductive material in an airtight manner. The tube extends over at least 85% of the length of the tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The stretch wrap film is polythene based. The heat conductive material is a non-setting heat conductive paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating comprises alkaline and alkaline earth aluminum silicates (e.g. zeolites). The silicates are of formulae: X12((AlO2)12(SiO2)12).zH2O, X12(Al12Si12O24).zH2O, X43(Al43Si83O24).zH2O, X28(Al28Si68O96).zH2O or Y6((AlO2)12(SiO2)12).zH2O.X=Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs;Y=Be, Mg, Ca or Sr;z=integer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating comprises alkaline and alkaline earth aluminum silicates (e.g. zeolites). The silicates are of formulae: X12((AlO2)12(SiO2)12).zH2O, X12(Al12Si12O24).zH2O, X43(Al43Si83O24).zH2O, X28(Al28Si68O96).zH2O or Y6((AlO2)12(SiO2)12).zH2O.X=Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs;Y=Be, Mg, Ca or Sr;z=integer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating comprises polysiloxane or polymer with acid or alkaline radicals, which have chemical affinity for water (preferably modified polyethylene glycol).ELECTRICAL, POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred system: In the fuel system having a hydrogen circuit, the coating is located at the inner side of the tubes and the passages are present at the anode or cathode side of the fuel cells. The quantity of the coating is selected so that the relative humidity (approximately 50%) of the gases over the temperature range of the system remains at least substantially constant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is activated carbon, alumina, silica gel, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide, or is a mixture of metal oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is polyacrylate-group copolymer or polymethacrylate-group copolymer having isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer compound is polyether sulfone-type polymer compound, polyether ether ketone-type polymer compound, polyphenylene ether-type polymer compound, macromolecular polysulfone compound or polyether ketone-type polymer compound. EXAMPLE - Sulfopropylated polyether sulfone was dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide-cyclohexanone-methyl ethyl ketone mixed solvent. The solution was spin-coated on glass and air-dried to form electrolyte film with thickness of 42 mum and ion electric conductivity of 5 S/cm. Film/electrode joint was formed by applying a paste (P) on both sides of sulfopropylated polyether sulfone electrolyte film. Paste (P) contained N,N'-dimethyl formamide-cyclohexanone-methyl ethyl ketone mixed solution of sulfopropylated polyether sulfone and carbon supporting platinum. A fuel cell was formed using film/electrode joint. The fuel cell had excellent durability and cycle property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-bridge polymer is terminal blocked-type modified polysiloxane, such as terminal blocked-type polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or random or blocked-copolymer of polyethylene/polypropylene glycol. The crosslinked-polymer matrix comprises crosslinkable monomer having vinyl, epoxy, amine, amide, imide, hydroxyl, methylol, carboxyl, and/or isocyanate group.Preferred Solution: The non-aqueous solution is at least 1 type of aprotic solvent chosen from carbonate ester, lactone, sulfolane, N-methyl pyrrolidone and trimethyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Methane is decomposed to produce hydrogen in a modification process. The hydrogen produced modification and decomposition processes, is utilized as fuel in electric power generation process. An alkali is added to the fermented liquor produced in fermentation process, to remove ammonia in ammonia collection process. Ammonia obtained is processed in decomposition process to produce hydrogen. The thermal decomposition gas produced when thermally decomposing organic waste is collected in a thermal decomposition apparatus (11).Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is phosphate or solid polymer film-type fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    R = alkylene, xylylene or bivalent group (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte Film: The solid polymer electrolyte film contains a copolymer obtained by reacting acetylene and its derivate(s), and acetylene derivative having ion dissociation group. EXAMPLE - Orthomethyl phenyl acetylene (in g) (11.61), molybdenum pentachloride (0.55), butylated tin (nBu4Sn) (0.002 mol) and toluene (100 ml) were taken in a flask. The reaction solution was heated at 30 degrees C in argon atmosphere. The polymerization was advanced and the polymerization was completed within 6 hours. The viscous polymer solution was taken out from the flask and poured into methanol. The polymer was reprecipitated. The obtained content was filtered and methanol was removed. The polymer was vacuum dried at 80 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain polyacetylene (10.5) with yield of 90%. The polymer had polystyrene conversion weight average molecular weight of 1 million. The polyacetylene (1) was immersed in mixed solution of chlorosulfonic acid (10) and dichloromethane (100) at room temperature for 1 hour. The polymer was washed with methanol, and unreacted component was removed. The obtained sample was immersed in 1 mol/l potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (50 ml). The chlorosulfonic acid group was hydrolyzed, by heating the content for 1 hour. 1 mol/l of hydrochloric acid (50 ml) was added. The proton exchange of the sulfonic acid group was performed, by heating the content for 1 hour. The obtained sample was washed with pure water, and dried at 80 degrees C under reduced pressure to obtain acidic polyacetylene having sulfonic acid group. The acidic polyacetylene had ion exchange capacity of 1.12 meq/g. The polyacetylene was formed into a film having thickness of 160 microns. The polyacetylene film had proton conductivity of 0.073 S/cm and methanol permeability of 1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Polymer (A) is sulfonated polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rigid multivalent aromatic ring is a paraphenylene group having phenoxy benzoyl group. The flexible multivalent aromatic ring is metaphenylene group or orthophenylene group. The anionic group is sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group and/or phosphonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The acidic group of polymer is sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group or phosphoric acid group. The basic group of polymer is nitrogen-containing group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is non-fluorine-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is graphite material which is an expanded graphite. The battery further has an intrinsic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminate of intermediate layer and the surface and reverse side layers is a drawn or undrawn film laminated with metallic foil (3) on the surface. The intermediate layer is drawn or undrawn film of polyvinyl alcohol having saponification degree of 65% or more. The acid modified polyolefin type resin has crystal melting peak temperature at 130degreesC or more. The surface and reverse side layers contains amide group lubricating agent (0.05-3 wt.%) EXAMPLE - Melting co-extrusion of Modic P513 V (maleic acid modified poly(propylene-ethylene) copolymer resin having crystal melting peak temperature at 138degreesC for surface and reverse side layers and nova tick PP EG7F poly(propylene-ethylene copolymer resin) having crystal melting peak temperature at 146degreesC was carried out to form the laminated film. The surface and reverse side layers had thickness of 8 mum and intermediate layer had thickness of 24 mum. An aluminum foil of thickness 20 mum was laminated to the primed surface of the laminate at 180degreesC, and the adhesive polyolefin type resin film was produced. The laminate had favorable in-mold moldability, adhesion with mold material and oxygen permeability of 5-10 cm3/m2.24 hours.atm measured according to ISO14663-2:1999.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The air flow control structure between the outer and sunlight absorber layers consists of a transparent material containing cellulose acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The anode plate is made from metallic lithium or lithium alloy. The cathode plate is made from lithium transition metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode plate is made from carbon or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The separator is a porous film selected from polyethylene oxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or hexafluoropropylene films. The electrolyte is a gel or solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Radical: The acidic radical is sulfonic group.Preferred Preparation: The aromatic polyether group ion conductive ultra high polymer is obtained by introducing acidic radical to aromatic polyether group ultra-high polymer. EXAMPLE - Polyether sulfone copolymer (in g) (5) was dissolved in dimethylacetate (200 ml) in the presence of argon gas. The temperature of the solution was increased to 80 degrees C, and nickel complex compound (Ni(COD)2) (0.206) was added, reacted for 8 hours and cooled. The reaction mixture was poured into 4 N hydrochloric acid (500 ml), and white precipitate was formed. The precipitate was filtered to obtain aromatic polyether group ultra-high polymer having number average molecular weight of 3.02x10 to the power of 5 and weight average molecular weight of 9.91x10 to the power of 6. The obtained polymer (5) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (40) at room temperature for 48 hours. The mixture was purified to obtain an aromatic polyether group ion conductive ultra-high polymer having ion exchange capacity of 1.18 meq/g and fracture strength of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic material comprises lead-containing dielectric or non-lead-containing dielectric. The lead-containing dielectric is lead lanthanum zirconate titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead magnesium niobate, lead titanate (PbTiO3), PbTiO3-La(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 or PbTiO3-Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3. The non-lead-containing dielectric is barium titanate (BaTiO3), lithium niobium oxide (LiNbO3), potassium niobium oxide (KNbO3), tantalum niobium oxide (TaNbO3), zinc oxide, antimony sulfur iodide (SbSI), triglycine sulfate, polyvinylidene fluoride, RbZnBr4, gallium phosphide (GaP), lanthanum sulfide (La2S3), Gd2S3, D2S3, CuPs5Br, Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20, Bi12TiO20, tellurium, silica, HgS or (Ba, Ca) TiO3. Tungsten, tantalum, niobium, iron, copper, magnesium, bismuth, yttrium molybdenum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, silicon, tin, selenium, neodymium, erbium, thulium, hafnium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and/or ytterbium is used as additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conductive polymer is polythiophene, and the pigment is merocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hardener: The hardener of epoxy resin is polyamine and/or acid anhydride. Preferred Ionic Liquid: The hydrophobic ionic liquid consists of organic cation selected from group of formula (3) and counter cation selected from AlCl4-, PF6-, BF4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N-, (CH2)N- and (CF3SO2)3C-. EXAMPLE - Epoxy oligomer was prepared by polymerizing epichlorohydrin (1-chloro-2,3-epoxy propane) and bisphenol A with sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. A solid electrolyte was formed using the obtained epoxy oligomer, phthalic anhydride as hardener, ethyl methyl imidazolium trifluoro sulfonimide (EMITFSI) as ionic liquid and lithium chloride in a weight ratio of 1:0.2:1:0.04. The obtained solid electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 4.34 log(approximatelys/S cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred binder The binder employed is a styrene/butadiene copolymer or a styrene/acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The organic acid salt solution includes at least one metal element consist of aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) or antimony (Sb) (preferably Co, Ni or Mn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic acid solution is mixed solution of Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O or Co(NO3)2.6H2O. The chelating agent is selected from tartaric acid, citric acid, formic acid, glycolic acid, polyacrylic acid, adipic acid, amino acids or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: Polymer (A) is a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene. Polymer (B) is polyphenylene oxide, preferably sulfonated polyphenylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyetherether ketone, polyether ketone, polysulfone, polybenzimidazole, polyphenylene, polyphenylene oxide and/or polyphenylene thiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The cation is imidazolium, pyridinium, quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium.Preferred Anion: The anion of salt is tetrafluoroboride (BF4-), hexafluorophosphide (PF6-), bis trifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitride ((CF3SO2)2N-) and/or tetrafluorosulfur iodide (TFSI-).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acid dianhydride is a dianhydride of formula (1).X = divalent organic group, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, ketone group, sulfone group or direct coupling;andm and n = 1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The proton-conductive providing agent is tungstophosphoric acid, tungstosilicic acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphoric acid and/or phosphonic acid. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-dimethyl-4-,4'-diamino biphenyl-6,6'-disulfonic acid (in g) (1), sodium hydroxide (0.108) and deionized water (4.4) were mixed for 1 hour and dried to obtain sodium 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino biphenyl-6,6'-disulfonate. The obtained sodium 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino biphenyl-6,6'-disulfonate (0.416), 2,2-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxyl phenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoro propanoic acid dianhydride (0.736), and dimethyl acetamide (8.43) were mixed at room temperature in presence of nitrogen. The obtained solution was mixed with 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (0.2), and 2,2-bis(4-(3,4-dicarboxyl phenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoro propanoic acid dianhydride (0.736) at room temperature for 2 hours, and concentrated to obtain polyamic acid solution of 30% of non-volatile components. The obtained polyamic acid solution was cast at 100degreesC, and heated at 140degreesC for 1 hour, and at 260degreesC for 2 hours to obtain a film. The film was immersed in 3% hydrochloric aqueous solution for 24 hours to obtain film of sulfonic-acid group-containing fluorinated polyimide. The heat resistant, and electric conductivity of the obtained film was 316degreesC, and 0.006 S/cm, respectively. The radical character-proof property of the obtained film was found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical connecting unit is integrated in the module frame. Electrical connecting lines (8) are integrated between the solar cell unit and the connecting unit and between the connecting unit and the coupling unit in the frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective layer is made from PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crosslinkable polymer is preferably a hydrogenated nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene/vinyl acetate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, fluorosilicone rubber or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ionic group is chosen from sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group, sulfuric acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxylic acid group, preferably sulfonic acid group or sulfonimide group. Preferred Property: The ionic group concentration ratio of surface and inside of microparticles is 3:1 or more.Preferred Component: The fuel cell is direct type fuel cell which uses 1-3C alcohol, dimethyl ether and/or water as fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particle: The microparticles contain organic polymer as main component, and primary particles having number average particle size of 1 micron or less. EXAMPLE - Styrene (in g) (4.5) and divinyl benzene (0.5), were mixed in nitrogen atmosphere, and aqueous solution of nonion HS-210 (93.5) and potassium persulfate aqueous solution (2) were added. Reaction was performed and styrene divinyl benzene microparticles were obtained. The microparticles were stirred in solution of chlorosulfonic acid, and washed to obtain sulfonated-styrene divinyl benzene having number average particle size of 500 nm. The concentration ratio of sulfonic acid group on the surface and inside of the microparticle was 1:1. Polyphenylene oxide (100) was dissolved in chloroform (1000) at room temperature and chlorosulfonic acid (34 ml) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and obtained polymer was filtered. Sulfonated polyphenylene oxide having ion exchange equivalent of 3 meq was obtained.    The sulfonated styrene divinyl benzene microparticles (0.2) and sulfonated polyphenylene oxide (4.5) dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide were mixed,and cast on glass plate. The plate was heated for 3 hours at 100 degrees C, and solid electrolyte film was produced at film thickness of 100 microns. The film had ionic conductivity of 8 S/cm2 and methanol permeation amount of 7 micromol/cm2.minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the proton conduction microparticles are obtained by dissolving tantalum pentachloride in alcohol, adding water to the resulting solution, separating obtained gel from solvent, and heating resulting solution. EXAMPLE - Tantalum pentachloride was slowly added to nitrogen gas, and dissolved in ethanol (350 g). The obtained solution was maintained at 70 degrees C, and solvent was evaporated. The obtained mixture was heated at 600 degrees C to obtain white crystalline tantalum pentaoxide powder. A coating liquid was prepared using tantalum pentaoxide powder, ethanol, silane coupling agent and ultraviolet-ray cured resin. The coating liquid was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film, dried at 70 degrees C for 1 minute, and exposed to ultraviolet radiation, to obtain cured film. The film had haze value of 1.2 %, favorable adhesion and exterior without cracks. A transparent proton conduction resin was obtained using the coating liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The package body is formed by laminating polypropylene, aluminum, nylon in order from inside, and polypropylene sides are opposed and united to each other by heat-sealing. The second package body is made of a harder material than that of the first package body. Preferred Material: The second package body is a laminate film formed by laminating a resin layer and a metal layer and the Vickers hardness of the metal layer is 50-100 Hv.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A space formed by the housing recessed part of the first area and the second area in the second step and in which the battery element is housed is under a pressure reduced state, the first area is united to the second area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron-transfer promoter is a polymeric compound having oxygen or nitrogen as an atom with an unpaired electron, or an alkylene oxide moiety in a repeating unit. It is preferably polyethylene glycol, polyglycerol or polyethyleneimine. Preferred Property: The polymeric compound has an average molecular weight of 200-20000. Preferred Composition: A content of the polymeric compound is 0.01-30 wt.% to the electrolytic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: Layer (3) is polypropylene-resin layer. Layer (2) contains organic-type particles having average particle diameter of 0.5-10 mum.Preferred Process: A polypropylene layer (1) containing 0.1-5 wt.% of ethylene copolymer, is further formed on layer (2).Preferred Components: Ethylene acrylate copolymer is ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer and/or ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer. Ethylene acrylate copolymer contains 10-30 wt.% of acrylate, and has melt flow rate of 10-80 g/10 minutes. The organic-type particle is silicone particle, cross-linked polystyrene particle and/or cross-linked acryl particle.Preferred Properties: Layer (1) has thickness of 0.5-3 mum. Layer (2) has melting point of 120-150degreesC. The polypropylene film has thermal contraction rate of 0% or less at 120degreesC along lamination direction and direction along right angle with respect to lamination direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foil: The metallic foil is aluminum foil with a thickness of 5-100 mum. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer having melting point of 84degreesC, melt flow rate of 45 g/10 minutes and ethylene acrylate content of 20 wt.%, was melt-extruded in the form of sheet, and cold-rolled with respect to biaxially oriented polypropylene film, to form heat bondable resin layer with a thickness of 15 mum. The heat bondable resin layer had wetting tensile strength of 40 mN/m and thermal contraction rate of 2% along width direction. A polypropylene film having polypropylene layer, biaxially oriented polypropylene film, binding layer and heat bondable layer, was formed. The obtained polypropylene had favorable adhesivity, durability, chemical stability, corrosion resistance and workability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealing joint is made from a thermoplastic or from the polybutylene family of materials. The module may also incorporate a substance absorbent to infrared and ultraviolet radiation and emitting a radiation in the visible spectral band corresponding to the maximum absorption band of the photovoltaic cells, chosen from polymethylmethacrylate, metallic salts, composites containing mainly mixed oxides of rare earth elements, metal alkalines or metal alkaline earth materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The leading plate is of glass and the rear plate may also be of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear plate may be of surface treated metal. The module may also incorporate a substance absorbent to infrared and ultraviolet radiation and emitting a radiation in the visible spectral band corresponding to the maximum absorption band of the photovoltaic cells, chosen from polymethylmethacrylate, metallic salts, composites containing mainly mixed oxides of rare earth elements, metal alkalines or metal alkaline earth materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a wavelength conversion element. Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer is amorphous silicon. The electrode layer is phosphorus or boron-doped amorphous silicon. The first and second protective layers are silicon nitride. The first protective layer is silicon nitride. Preferred Parameters: The electrode layer has a film thickness of 15-30 nm. The wavelength conversion element converts light into one which has a peak wavelength of approximately 550 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second protective layer is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The conductor traces and feedthrough traces are made of copper.Preferred Components: The thin film battery comprises anode collector, anode, electrolyte, cathode, and cathode collector. It further comprises thin film battery cells. A first of the feedthrough traces is a positive terminal of the battery, and a second of these traces is a negative terminal of the battery. The module further comprises a second circuit layer comprising second insulating polymer layers; and second electronic device on the second circuit layer. The first electronic device is a power regulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thin-film layer is a thin-film solar cell, and the electrical contact is a silver current collect bus of the thin-film solar cell. The electrical contact is reflective. The spreader is made of copper and is sized to the electrical contact. The spreader is a power bus bar for conveying power from the solar cell to the electronic device. The cover layer comprises a cover glass layer, and an adhesive layer bonding the cover glass layer to the thin-film layer. The cover layer may comprise a polyimide layer. The circuit layer comprises polyimide layers, and conductor traces and feedthrough traces for interconnecting the electronic device to the electrical contact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous membrane is formed by creating a mold master by micromachining or photopatterning an epoxy, pouring PDMS liquid precursor to cure, and removing the PDMS porous membrane from the mold master. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous membrane is formed by extruding a sheet of PDMS with a thickness of 25-100 microns. A metal layer is formed on the PDMS sheet by photolithography. Holes are patterned in the metal layer. Attaching the PDMS to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) further comprises performing a surface preparation on a surface of the microfluidic molded structure prior to binding the porous membrane to the structure. Surface preparation comprises cleaning with a solvent (ethanol) and irradiating with oxygen plasma. Preferably the organic material is heated to 120 degreesC for 10 minutes in a boat then submerged in a surface binding agent. Removing the cured material from the mold master is by submerging the mold and the attached PDMS in an acetone bath to remove photoresist comprising the mold master. Patterning of the metal layer uses shadow mask. A capillary tubing is embedded in the porous membrane by boring holes in the membrane.Preferred Materials: The liquid precursors are consisting of those used with product SYLGARD 184 or SYGARD 186. The mold master comprises silicon or a photoresist. The microfluidic molded structure comprises silicon, PDMS, ceramic or plastic, more preferably it is an organic material that is an acrylic. The boat is made of plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer is consisting of gold, nickel, copper, titanium, aluminum, or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring comprises imidazole ring, pyridine ring, or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: Polymer has structural unit of formula (I) or (II), and further has unit of formula (III).R1 = bivalent group;R2 of formula (I) = alkyl group;R2 of formula (II) = hydrogen atom or univalent group;R2 of formula (III) = univalent group;R3-R6 = hydrogen atom or univalent group; andX = halogen atom. EXAMPLE - 1,7-octadiene (in g) (0.11) and monobromo borane dimethyl sulfide (0.154) were added to dichloromethane (2 ml) at 0 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere, and the obtained reaction solution was stirred for 4 hours. Subsequently, 1-methyl imidazole (0.041) and methanol (0.016) were added to the stirred reaction solution at 0 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere, and the contents were further stirred for 2 hours. The reaction solution was subsequently purified using n-hexane to obtain polymer (B) (0.188) having structural unit of formula (V) and structural unit of formula (VIII) with yield of 86%. Polymer (B) (0.109) and lithium compound of formula: LiN(CF3SO2)2 (0.0635) were added to tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) (solvent), and the contents were stirred for 1 hour. Subsequently, the solvent was removed, and the contents were vacuum-dried for 24 hours to obtain an electrolyte. The electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 2.59 x 10 to the power of -5 S/cm at 50 degrees C, and excellent lithium ion transporting ability. The electrolyte was used for electrochemical devices. The electrochemical device had improved electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: Cover layer (25) is a plastics film. The edge border (37) of metallized layer (31) along the sealing strip (41) is spaced from the outer edge (35) of both film layers (23, 25) and between these layers there is a bonding layer (33), especially an adhesive layer which projects beyond the edge border (37) of metallization layer (31) and forms the sealing layer (41). Layer (27) serves as an adhesive layer for application of the label. Other embodiments are described.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The fluorocarbon resin (0.0005-0.005g/cm2 of negative electrode) has particle diameter of less than 2 microns. Preferred Methods: Mixing is carried out using high-speed mixer or using ultrasonic homogenizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second catalyst layer comprises a second electrolytic polymer and a second non-electrolytic polymer. The fuel cell may comprise an electrolyte; a gas diffusion layer; non-electrolytic layers between the electrolyte and the gas diffusion layer, where at least two of the non-electrolytic layers have different concentrations of a non-electrolytic material; and an electrode layer between the electrolyte and the layers. The non-electrolytic layer (42) includes a layer adjacent to the gas diffusion layer having the highest concentration of non-electrolytic material relative to other layers of the layers. It comprises a concentration gradient of the non-electrolytic material between the electrolyte and the gas diffusion layer. The concentration gradient is linear, and decreases from the gas diffusion layer to the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first electrolytic polymer comprises an ionomer, or a sulfonated fluorocarbon polymer. The first non-electrolytic polymer comprises a fluorine-containing resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, or a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The second catalyst layer comprises a second electrolytic polymer and a second non-electrolytic polymer. The first electrolytic polymer and the first non-electrolytic polymer form a mixture. The non-electrolytic material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The separator has a porous film containing polyethylene and/or polypropylene. Preferred Layer: The gel polymer present in the synthetic resin layer is one-dimensional linear polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide and/or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The polymer electrolyte contains acryl methacryl resin and/or polyaryl resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic composition contains nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring type cation or alkyl quaternary ammonium cation, and organic acid anion or inorganic anion. The ionic composition is recovered, separated and recycled. EXAMPLE - Styrene (in wt.pts) (5), methylene bis acrylamide (5) and lithium hexafluoro phosphate (10) were blended with methyl methacrylate (90) and azo type radical initiator (0.5 wt.%). The mixture was heat-processed at 80 degrees C for 45 minutes to obtain acrylate group gel-form solid polymer electrolyte. Butyl methyl imidazolium-bis(trifluoro methane sulfone)imide (in g) (60), sodium hydroxide (10), polymer electrolyte (10) and water (20) were charged in a flask and sealed. The contents were stirred at room temperature for 24 hours and heated to 80degreesC in an oil bath. The recovered liquid after decomposition was filtered. The filtrate was dissolved in ethanol and filtered. 50 wt.% of the solid polymer electrolyte was found to be decomposed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon-oxygen three-dimensional crosslinked matrix (1,2) is formed by sol-gel reaction using organosilicon compound of formulae (3) or (4) as precursor. The proton conduction film is formed by using sulfonic-acid sol obtained by oxidizing a solution containing organosilicon compound of formulae (5) and/or (6).R1, R2, L1, L2, m1, m2, n1, n2, A, p = same as defined above;M = polymerizable group which forms carbon-carbon bond or carbon-oxygen bond by polymerization;R3,R4 = hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or silyl;L3 = connecting group of valence (n2+q);L4 = connecting group of valence (n2+1);r = 2-5; andq = 1-3. EXAMPLE - Organosilicon compound of formula (5-2) (in g) (1.61) was dissolved in methanol (4.8). Then, 30 % hydrogen peroxide solution (2.6) was added, and mixed at room temperature for 24 hours, to obtain a colorless and transparent sol. The loss of -SH group of organosilicon compound and generation of -SO3H group was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The obtained sol was stable for 10 days at 5 degrees C. Precursor of formula (3-1) (0.2), 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol solution (0.6 ml) and xylene (0.2 ml) were added to the prepared sol (1.5), and stirred at 50 degrees C for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was applied on a polyimide film UPILEX-75S (TM), and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the solidified film (proton conduction film) was peeled from the polyimide film. The proton conduction film had thickness of 120 micrometer, and ionic conductivity of 0.22 x 10 to the power -3 S/cm. The proton conduction film had favorable flexibility, and resistance with respect to aqueous methanol solution. A fuel cell was produced using the obtained proton conduction film. The output of the produced fuel cell was found to be improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid polymer electrolyte further contains a reinforcing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle includes additional non-conducting layer(s) in an alternating sequence with the conducting shell layer, and a conducting layer between two non-conducting layers. The non-conducting inner layer comprises a dielectric material, a semi-conducting material, an organic molecule or an organic super-molecular structure, a mixture of non-conducting materials, an optically absorbing material, and a fluorescent material.Preferred Property: The dielectric property of the shell layer is less than that of the inner layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The shell comprises a metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conducting shell layer comprises an organic conducting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dielectric material is silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, PMMA, polystyrene, and/or dendrimers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The weatherable film is polyvinylidene fluoride, pigmented ionomers, aliphatic urethanes, weatherable grade polyesters, or preferably polyvinyl fluoride (PVF).Preferred Composition: The second outer layer has white opacifying pigment (5-12 wt.%). The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer comprises vinyl acetate (2-33,preferably 2-8 wt.%).Preferred Component: The layers are adhesively bonded. The outer layer(s) is adhesively bonded to the middle layer(s). The middle layer comprises a polyester film coated on one or both surfaces with polyvinylidene chloride. The second outer surface of the laminate is bonded to the solar panel.Preferred Dimension: The first outer layer has a thickness of 15-50 microns. The mid-layer(s) has a thickness of 10-50, preferably 24 microns. The second outer layer has a thickness of 50-200 microns.Preferred Property: The second outer layer has an optical density of greater than or equal to 1.0. It is greater than or equal to 99% opaque to UV light. EXAMPLE - A laminate was prepared having a first outer layer of PVF having a thickness of 22.5 microns. An adhesive was applied to the first outer layer. The adhesive was controlled to 9 grains/m2 dry. The coated first outer layer was dried to remove the solvent. A layer of polyethylene terephthalate having a thickness of 2 mils was laminated to the PVF. The resulting intermediate laminate was reprocessed, and laminated to a second outer layer of EVA having vinyl acetate content of thickness of 4 mils. The EVA layer contained titanium dioxide pigment (5.5 wt.%), and was opaque to UV light. A photovoltaic cells using the resulting laminate as backing, exhibited 1-1.5% higher power generation than the control laminate having a second outer layer containing no pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The monomer electrolyte contains a salt monomer formed from an amine compound and an acid component both having polymerizable functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin is an adhesive resin having thermoplasticity. The adhesive resin is chosen from olefin, acrylic, epoxy, urethane and/or silicon group resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Terminals: Anode and/or cathode terminals are insulated by the adhesive resin through the upper cover and bottom container through, and attached to the hole.Preferred Hole: The hole is provided at two places of the bottom container side portion, and is formed by deep drawing. The hole has a burr length of 1 mm or more from the outer portion of bottom container.Preferred Process: The circumference of upper cover and bottom container are sealed by welding. Anode and cathode terminals are connected or welded to a collector. The anode and cathode contains a substance which (de)dopes lithium.Preferred Battery: The front and back surfaces of battery are rectangle shaped. The battery container has board thickness of 0.2-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The upper cover and bottom container contains (aluminum)alloy as main component.Preferred Material: The anode electrode contains an active material of lithium composite manganese oxide and/or lithium nickel complex oxide of formula: LiaNibMncMdO2, where M is cobalt, aluminum and/or iron, a is 1-1.1, b,c are 0.3-0.5, d is 0.4-0.5, bat leastc and b+c+d is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic mono vinyl monomer is styrene sulfonic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid and/or methallyl sulfonic acid or their alkali metal salts and ammonium salt. The aromatic polyvinyl monomer is divinyl benzene and/or divinyl toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The charge storage electrode has a conductive polymer such as polypyrrole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Alternatively, the charge storage electrode uses silver iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The substituent of formula (2 or 3) is introduced to aromatic hydrocarbon type compound having molecular weight of 100-1000, and the hydrocarbon type compound is polymerized to obtain solid polymer electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=aromatic compound selected from o-, m- or p-phenylene, or a group of formula (4)    EXAMPLE - Dry polyphenylene sulfide (in g) (10.8), dry chloroform (100 ml) and 1,3-propane sultone (3.6), were added to a 500 ml four neck round bottom flask. Anhydrous aluminum chloride (4) was added for 30 minutes at 60 degrees C and stirred. Reflux stirring was performed at 60 degrees C for 5 hours. The produced deposit was washed with deionized water, collected by suction filtration and the operation was repeated until the filtrate was neutral. The obtained produced was dried at 120 degrees C overnight under reduced pressure and propyl sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide was obtained. The sulfide compound was added to oxidation liquid consisting of Oxon (160), water (500) and acetic acid (37) and stirred at 80 degrees C for 8 hours. The produced deposit was washed with deionized water, collected by suction filtration and the operation was repeated until the filtrate was neutral. The product was dried at 120 degrees C overnight under reduced pressure and propyl sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide with ion exchange group equivalent weight of 590 g/mol and oxidation degree (x) of sulfur atom of 1.9 was obtained. The product was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone so that the concentration was 10 wt.%. The solution was developed on a glass, dried and an electrolyte film with thickness of 40 microns was obtained. The film/electrolyte laminate produced using the electrolyte film had output of 40 mW when fuel cell performance was evaluated. The solid polymer electrolyte film had favorable oxidation resistance, moist- and heat-resistance and ion conductometry property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode backing is made of at least one sheet of carbon paper or carbon cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The anode catalyst is made of optionally supported alloy of platinum or ruthenium and the cathode catalyst is made of optionally supported alloy of platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode backing is made of at least one sheet of carbon paper or carbon cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The membrane electrolyte is made of polyperfluorosulfonic acid or NAFION (RTM; polyfluorinated membrane) of less than 0.007 inches thickness, preferably 0.002-0.007 inches. The fuel permeable, gas impermeable material is a polymer, preferably at least partially comprised of silicone or at least partially comprised of NAFION. The hydrophobic microporous layer is substantially comprised of high surface area carbon particles intermixed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The microporous layer includes micropores of a diameter of 1.0-0.1 microns. The micropores of the cathode backing layer are selected to achieve a permeability of water driven across the protonically conductive membrane by hydrostatic pressure of about 5 micrograms/(s cm2 atm). An additional layer of PTFE is applied to the aspect of the cathode backing layer opposite the microporous layer. The microporous layer is comprised of at least 50 (60)% PTFE by weight. The membrane electrode has an enhanced PTFE percentage of 50-60% in the cathode microporous layer to achieve improved water repelling characteristics. The microporous layer is laminated onto said cathode catalyst by lamination techniques such as steam pressing techniques.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic microporous layer is made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. It is robust bonded to the cathode by hot pressing (compression across the cell thickness by over 50 psi) under controlled humidity conditions. The layer also includes embedded carbon microparticles. The membrane electrolyte is made of NAFION 112 (RTM; polyfluorinated membrane) and is composed of thin composite membranes less than or equal to25 microns thick. The intrinsic proton conducting membrane is made of polyperfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Surface: The surface layer of the collector plate comprises flow field channels and lands defined by the channels. Preferred Process: The thickness of the collector plate is reduced to less than or equal to 5 microns, preferably 2-4 microns. The average thickness and through-plane resistivity of the collector plate formed by molding method is measured and portion of surface layer is removed, repeated until the collector plate of desired plate thickness is obtained. The current collector plate is alternately obtained by molding resin/conductive filler composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The mesh electrode is a cathode (120) or an anode (160). The mesh comprises an electrically conductive material. The wires comprise a coating including an electrically conductive material. The photovoltaic cell further comprises a hole blocking layer (150) between the active layer (140) and the first electrode. It further comprises a hole carrier layer (130) between the active layer and the mesh electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole-blocking layer is made from lithium fluoride and/or metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole-blocking layer is made from lithium fluoride and/or metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrically conductive material is metals, alloys and/or polymers. The electron acceptor material comprises a material from fullerenes, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazoles, discotic liquid crystals, carbon nanorods, inorganic nanorods, polymers containing cyanide groups and/or polymers containing CF3 (sic) groups. The electron acceptor material comprises a substituted fullerene. The electron donor material comprises a material from discotic liquid crystals, polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylvinylenes or polyisothianaphthalenes. The electron donor material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene). The hole carrier layer is made from polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, and/or polyisothianaphthanenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat resistive material is an aromatic polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The water-repellent property film contains fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Thin Metal Oxide Film: The metal oxide film consists of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium-oxide, tin oxide or strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The container has an opening-and-closing material (6) covering the aperture (5), and porous material (9) arranged covering the aperture (7).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous materials (8, 9) contain fluororesin porous materials (8a, 9a) and air permeable support materials (8b, 9b) laminated on fluororesin porous materials (8a, 9a). The fluororesin porous material is a polytetrafluoroethylene porous material. One surface of the porous materials (8, 9) is polytetrafluoroethylene porous material.Preferred Properties: The porous material (8) has water vapor permeability of 100-10000 g/m2/day. The porous material (9) has permeability of 1-100 cm3/cm2.second, when measured based on JIS L 1096.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hydride is powder-form having average particle diameter of 0.05-3 mm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydride is sodium hydride, potassium hydride or calcium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: This may also include a POS (B) that contains motifs similar to (I) but containing, per molecule, at least two motifs containing Epx and optionally also an Eth. Typical Epx include epoxycyclohexylmethyl or epoxynorbornylmethyl, or they also include Eth, e.g. 2-(epoxymethoxy)-ethyl or -propyl. Poa is particularly a polyoxyethylene and/or polyoxypropylene group. The composition may also included a photosensitizer (E).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: This contains inorganic or organic salts (D) and the anode is specifically of lithium, or its alloys, or inorganic materials/carbonates that include lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cation of (D) is amidinium or guanidinium, and the anion is styrenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, octylsulfonate, dodecylbenzenesufonate or anions of formula (II), (III) or (IV). Typical (E), 16 specified, are 4,4'-dimethoxybenzoin; 2-ethylanthraquinone and 2-isopropylthioxanthone. (C) is particularly (a) a boron onium salt or (b) compound containing borate anion. Typical of many specified compounds are (phenyl)2I+ tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate and (phenyl)3S+ tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate.R4SO3- (II)(R4SO2)2N- (III)(R4SO2)3C- (IV)each R4 = an electron-attracting group, preferably perfluoroaryl or 1-6C perfluoroalkyl    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cation of (D) is a metal or ammonium ion and the anion is chloride, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, thiocyanate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoro-phosphate or -arsenate. The cation is especially lithium or a transition metal, e.g. iron, manganese or copper, and the most preferred (D) are lithium perchlorate; tetrafluoroborate; hexafluoro-phosphate or -arsenate; trifluoromethylsulfonate; LiN(CF3SO2)2 or Li(C2F5SO2)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Elements: Multi-layer tubes, feeder tanks, connectors, adapters, filters, pump components and valve components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polyesters: Polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate, polypropylene 2,6-naphthalate, polybutylene 2,6-naphtalate, poly-(1,4-dimethylene-cyclohexane) terephthalate and poly-(1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane) 2,6-naphthalate. The polyester moulding material is preferably antistatically-treated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The intermediate film is composed of polyethylene dioxythiophene of formula (III), and (II). The intermediate film formed by using an aqueous solution containing (III), polystyrenesulfonic acid ion of formula (IV) and (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide film is made of at least one metal oxide selected from In-Sn oxide, SnO2, TiO2 or ZnO; and at least on metal selected from platinum, gold, aluminum, copper, silver or titanium. Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode is composed of semiconductor fine particles. The photoelectric conversion device is a wet type solar cell. Preferred Method: The metal oxide film is formed on a transparent plastic substrate. The semiconductor electrode is formed by using a strongly acidic semiconductor fine particle dispersion; and at a temperature not less than 100degreesC and not more than 140degreesC. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon black has dibutyl phthalate adsorption amount of not less than 50 ml/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon black is present in 20-140 pbw based on 100 pbw of ethylene-propylene copolymer. EXAMPLE - A hose material comprising (pbw) ethylene propylene diene monomer (100), SRF carbon black (100) with toluene discoloration of 40%, process oil (50), peroxide vulcanizing agent (5), co-crosslinking agent (3) and anti-aging agent (0.5) was prepared and evaluated. The results showed tensile strength of 12.1 MPa, elongation of 250%, volume resistivity of 1x106 OMEGA.cm, electrical conductivity of extracted solution of 2.8 micro A/cm and low extraction indicated by electrical conductivity of less than 3 micro S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cross-linking agent comprises an organometallic molecule. The crosslinking agent and the semiconductor particles each comprise an identical chemical element or bond. The chemical bond is a metal to non-metal bond, or metal-oxygen bond. The crosslinking agent consists of metal alkoxides, metal acetates, or metal halides. It comprises a gel precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The chemical element is a metal consisting of titanium, zirconium, or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises applying a dye on the semiconductor particles. The semiconductor particles are disposed on a first substrate.The method further comprises electrically connecting a second substrate to the first substrate. It further comprises heating the first substrate to less than 400degreesC. It further comprises incorporating a polymeric electrolyte into the photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrates are flexible and comprise a polymeric material. The polymeric material is polyethyleneterephthalate or polyethylenenaphthalate. The second substrate comprises polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is polyhydric alcohol, polyalkylene glycol more than dimer and/or aprotic solvent. The ionic substance contains sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and/or perchloric acid, and basic compound or salt generated from base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The borosilicate content of the composite material is preferably 50 wt.% or less. The thickness of the electrolyte membrane is preferably 10-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is preferably a polyimide or polysulfone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The borophosphosilicate is preferably of formula (I): SiO2-xB2O3-yP2O5 (I)x, y = positive numbers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The light metal and/or anode materials are capable of inserting and extracting a light metal is used as an anode active material. A moisture content in the electrolyte is at most100 ppm at a mass ratio in relation to the electrolyte. The anode comprises an anode current collector and an anode active material layer formed on the anode current collector by gas phase method, liquid phase method or sinter method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode contains carbon material; simple substance, alloys, compounds of silicon and/or compounds of tin. The electrolyte contains phosphorus hexafluoride ions, boron fluoride ions, chlorate ions, arsenic hexafluoride ions, anions of structure (N(Ci F2i+1SO2)(CjF2j+1SO2))- or anions of structure (C(CpF2p+1SO2)(CaF2q+1SO2)(CrF2r+1SO2))- as the other anions.I, j = at least1;p, q, r = at least.The electrolyte contains a high molecular weight compound and anions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular weight compound contains a polymer of vinylidene fluoride. It has a structure where a polymer compound having an acrylate group or a methacrylate group and no ether group is polymerized, or a structure where polymers compound having a group with ether bond and a polymerization group is polymerized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The metal coating is 1000-250000 Angstrom thick. Preferred Method: The thin metal coating is applied by physical vapor deposition coating. An additional metal coating is applied on the physical vapor deposition application by electroplating. After applying the coating to the composite rim, flywheel rotor is installed in the enclosure and air is evacuated in the enclosure to create a low-pressure atmosphere. A smooth epoxy layer is applied to the rim and cleaned or maintained in preparation for the applying of the metal coating. A protective coating is applied over the thin metal coating to protect the metal coating against mechanical damage during handling.
Preferred Definitions:    Y = CH2;    X = OH;and    k = 1.    EXAMPLE - A polyelectrolyte (SPR32,33,34) comprising sodium-phenol sulfonate salt and co-condensed phenol, was prepared. A polycarbonate hydrophilic porous film was immersed in methanol solution of the polyelectrolyte, at 110 degrees C for 30 minutes. The film was dried for 5 hours on Teflon (TM) sheet. Aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was impregnated in the film, to obtain a polymeric electrolyte film. The film had hydrogen-ion electric conductivity of 5.24 S/cm2, MCO suppression percentage of 47 % and methanol permeability of 1.42 x 10-5 mol/min/cm2.
EXAMPLE - A substrate (F-1) was immersed into 0.1 mM chlorine (CH2Cl2) solution of porphyrin compound (C-3) and a self-assembled molecular film (F-2) was obtained. Zinc was introduced to the porphyrin portion, and a substrate (F-3) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fa). The obtained substrate (F-3) was immersed into 0.1 mM CH2Cl2 solution of fullerene substituted imidazolyl porphyrin (D-3) for 2 hours, dried and immersed in CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-4) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fb). The substrate (F-3) was immersed into CH2Cl2 solution of meso-meso connection bis porphyrin (E-6), dried and immersed in CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-5) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fc). The obtained substrate (F-5) was immersed into 0.1 mM CH2Cl2 solution of fullerene substituted imidazolyl porphyrin (D-3), dried and dipped into CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-6) of light functional molecular device was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fd). The obtained molecular device had favorable efficiency with few energy losses, when measured using a apparatus equipped with optoelectric chemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte further comprises a chain carbonate, preferably fluorinated cyclic carbonate. Preferred Material: The negative electrode comprises a thin layer comprising polyacrylate compounds, aziridine compounds, or fluorinated carbonates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyether-modified silicone oil has a viscosity of less than 10 cSt at 25degreesC and a flash point of greater than or equal to120degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The first and second plates of glass are of different types or a single type from sheet glass, white glass (low-iron glass), figured glass, tempered glass, heat-strengthened glass, or wired glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first plate member of resin is a film containing fluororesin as a source material, stack of a film containing fluororesin as a source material, or film containing polyethylene terephthalate as a source material. The second plate member of resin is translucent. The first or second plate member of resin is colored and transparent. It contains an ultraviolet absorber. The filler layer contains as a source material a resin from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) resin, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resin, or silicon resin. The subassembly is arranged to cooperate with first or second plates of glass to form an air layer (14) between the subassembly and first or second plate of glass. The spacer member has butyl rubber. It is fitted between the first and second plates of glass at their respective ends to pose the butyl rubber between the spacer member and first and second plates of glass and silicon resin applied and allowed to set outer than the spacer member between the first and second plates' respective ends to allow the space to be watertight. The subassembly is detachably attached to a frame (10) formed of the first and second plates of glass and spacer member.ELECTRICAL POWERAND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cells are sealed in the filler layer as the cells undergo a lamination process employing a pouching lamination apparatus. The photovoltaic cells have a light-receiving surface unbonded to the filler layer. The conductive wire electrically connecting the photovoltaic cells and allowing an external and electrical output is provided with an output terminal electrically connected to the conductive wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of electrolyte salt in the electrolyte is 0.36-1.52 mol/kg with respect to the solvent. The solution which forms electrolyte contains 0.1-3.5 mol/kg of electrolyte salt with respect to low-viscosity solvent. The concentration of electrolyte salt is more in low viscosity solvent than in high viscosity solvent of application layer.The solution which forms electrolyte contains ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate as low-viscosity solvent, and lithium compound of formula: LiPF6, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiN(SO2C2F5)2 or LiBF4 as electrolyte salt.Preferred Components: The cathode consists of cathode collector (22A), and cathode-mix layer (22B) provided at cathode collector.Preferred Arrangement: The anode, cathode and electrolyte are accommodated inside film-form exterior component. Anode and cathode are opposingly arranged through the electrolyte.Preferred Properties: The cathode-mix layer has volume density of 1-2.2 g/cm3. The hole of cathode mix layer has average diameter of 0.2-5 mum. The concentration of low-viscosity solvent in the electrolyte is changing in the opposing direction of anode and cathode. The direction between anode and cathode is high, when compared with anode side and cathode side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The stable radical compound of positive electrode is selected from nitroxyl radical compound, oxy radical compound and nitrogen radical compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The positive electrodes contains polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polyhexafluoroprophylene and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The protective layer is a weather-resistant film. The protective layer is produced on the thin layer solar cell by polymerizing out corresponding plastic precursor components. The adsorber layer is made from CuInSe2, Cu(In, Ga)Se2, Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 or CuGaSe2. The transparent conductive oxide is made from ITO, ZnO, Zn(Mg)O, Inx(OH, S)y, Zn(Sex, Oy) or conducting polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The precursor component is made from polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The precursor components are compounds of silanes, (meth)acrylates and maleic acid derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrocarbon radical is derived from dodecane. Preferred Definitions:Z=F or H;a=0 or 1;b=1;c=0 or 1;andX=F.It is provided that when Z is hydrogen, a is 0. The liquid is consisting of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, or ethylene carbonate, preferably ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate; or monoesters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl formate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, gamma-butyrolactone, and/or dimethyl succinate. The liquid is more preferably a mixture of cyclic and acyclic carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate and the acyclic carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, diethylcarbonate, and/or ethyl-methyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The hydrocarbon radical is a radical having 6-30C optionally substituted by ether oxygen, or is a radical from poly(ethylene oxide) having molecular weight of 100-2000 daltons. The electrolyte composition further comprises a polymer consisting of polyether, polyetheracrylate, polyethermethacrylate, comb-shaped polyethers, polyvinyl ether, and/or poly(bis(methoxyethoxyethoxide)phosphazene), preferably polyethylene oxide or poly(polyethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (A) has functional group chosen from sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group, sulfuric acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxylic acid group, preferably sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group and sulfuric acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The layer (A) contains cross-linked polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer (B) is a cross-linked polymer. The anionic group of polymer (A) is sulfonic acid group, sulfonimide group and/or sulfuric acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The microparticle is compound which has inorganic oxide as main component or organic polymer microparticles as main component. The microparticle has hydrophilic group on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grease composition contains 0.5-3 mass% of magnesium compound and 0.05-1 mass% of vapor phase corrosion inhibitor with respect to total amount to grease. EXAMPLE - Perfluoro alkyl ether having dynamic viscosity of 270 mm2/second at 40degreesC, polytetrafluoroethylene, and magnesium oxide or benzotriazole as vapor phase corrosion inhibitor were mixed to obtain a grease composition. The obtained composition was sealed to a rolling bearing. The rolling bearing had favorable rust proof, heat resistance, durability and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer (A) is cross-linked polyacrylate. The polymer (B) is chain-shaped polyacrylic acid or its salt.Preferred Composition: The alkaline cell further contains anode active material which is nickel hydroxide-type compound particle. The nickel hydroxide-type compound particle is covered with oxyhydroxylated cobalt, trioxylated cobalt, cobalt monoxide, cobalt hydroxide, nickel metal and/or cobalt metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is a membrane for isolating the fuel and a fuel solvent. The membrane is only permeable to the fuel. It is a single-layered cross-linked membrane allowing the fuel to permeate in one direction. It further comprises a second cross-linked membrane formed on an outer layer of the single-layered cross-linked membrane to permeate only to the fuel under certain circumstances to form a multi-layered complex membrane. A porous substrate is provided between the single-layered cross-linked and the second cross-linked membrane. Preferred Process: The polymer is mixed with the fuel to form a gel-like structure. The second cross-linked membrane is moistened to permeate to the methanol. Preferred Material: The polymer is polyamide, cross-linked polyvinyl acetate, or preferably copolyamide. The cross-linked membrane is polyvinyl acetate, oligomers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The second cross-linked membrane is made of polyvinyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - Methanol (80 g) was mixed with nylon CM80000 (RTM: polyamide resin) (20 g) in a flask at 50degreesC. After the polyamide resin was fully dissolved, the resulting solution was maintained until it solidified. A colloidal fuel supplying apparatus was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Organic-type polymer is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyamide, aramid, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyether imide, polyamidoimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyether ether ketone, polymethyl pentene, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyallylate, polyacetal and polyphenylene ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separation layer between the carrier element and the dye solar cell consists of polyimide or silicone which reticulates at room temperatures. The layer between the transparent cover layer and the solar cell consists of Tefzel (RTM: ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer having repeating unit of formula (1) is the anode active material. Preferably, the polymer or compound generating the polymer is used as reaction material during formation of the anode. The polymer is a polymer of formula (2).R1-R4 = same as defined above. EXAMPLE - Poly(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl ethylene nitroxyl) (with weight average molecular weight of 8900 and dispersion degree of 1.82) of formula (A) (in mg) (300), graphite powder (600) and polytetrafluoro ethylene resin (100) were dry-mixed. The mixture was made into a thin film, dried and punched into coin-shaped anode. The obtained anode was dipped in ethylene carbonate-diethyl carbonate solution (electrolyte liquid) containing lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). The anode impregnated with the electrolyte liquid was put in anode collector and a polypropylene porous film separator was laminated on the collector to form anode. A lithium-copper laminate was used as cathode. The anode and cathode were installed in frame-like insulation packing to form a coin-type battery. The charging-discharging cycle stability of the formed coin-type battery was found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbonylation catalyst is lithium salt or quaternary ammonium salt containing halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin (A) is polyglycidyl acrylate, polyglycidyl methacrylate or polyglycidyl vinyl ether, and has number average molecular weight of 2000-200000. EXAMPLE - Polyglycidyl vinyl ether (in g) having number average molecular weight of 3000, was taken in a distilling column. Tetrahydrofuran (30) was dissolved at 40degreesC. Trioctyl methyl-ammonium chloride (0.2) was added to the obtained solution and stirred at 30degreesC, and column was pressure-reduced. Tetrahydrofuran was removed and resulting mixture was dried at 40degreesC and 7 torr for 5 hours. Carbon dioxide absorber was obtained. The carbon dioxide gas absorber easily absorbed carbon dioxide gas, and prevented reduction of electrolyte concentration. The absorber was economically produced with high yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The microreactor includes a finely divided catalyst loaded in the channels. The micromachined path has a width or depth of 10-2000 mum. The capillary tube is treated with sodium/naphthalene complex solution at 55 degreesC, rinsed with methanol, rinsed in glacial acetic acid at 70 degreesC then rinsed in water and dried. A reinforcing sleeve is bound to the capillary tube with epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulator is of polyethylene terephthalate or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An active material paste is printed on a support comprising a resin sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The polyimide containing siloxane structure has a divalent organic group having structure of formula (1), and a divalent organic group having structure of formula (2).n(in formula (1)) = 10-500;R1 = tetravalent aromatic group or tetravalent organic group with which multiple aromatic groups are coupled by a single bond, -O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -C(=O)-O-O;R2 = divalent aromatic group or divalent organic group with which multiple aromatic groups are coupled by a single bond, -O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -C(=O)-O- ;andn(in formula (2)) = 1-10.
EXAMPLE - A semiconductor electrode which supported poly(3-octyl thiophene) of number average molecular weight 46700, was obtained. Using the obtained semiconductor electrode, a photoelectrode was produced. On the other hand, a counter electrode having same size as that of photoelectrode was obtained. The counter electrode was obtained by dripping an isopropanol solution of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate on fluorine dope tin-oxide transparent electrically conductive glass, followed by drying and heat-processing for 10 minutes at 400degreesC. The counter electrode had a hole of diameter 1 mm for pouring a gel electrolyte comprising electrolyte liquid and 0.1 g of natural higher fatty acid as gelatinizer. The photoelectrode and counter electrode were pressed against each other by heat welding, through a spacer comprising ethylene-methacrylic acid random copolymer ionomer film of thickness 50 mum. The heat-dissolved gel electrolyte was injected into the space of photoelectrode and counter electrode from the hole of counter electrode. The hole of counter electrode was packed by a sensor and an allotropy material, by thermofusion, to obtain a pigment sensitization type solar cell. The gel electrolyte was liquid in the heating state and it gelatinized inside the battery by cooling at room temperature after pouring into the case of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An intermediate synthetic plastic layer is applied to the base layer before deposition of the carrier layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carrier layer is a metal powder including ferritic steel or a chromium-based alloy. An extra component for the formation of a second layer of completely stabilized zirconium oxide and nickel or nickel oxide, and also third, fourth, and fifth layers can be introduced, where the fifth layer comprises perovskite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The metal powder can contain an organic component, e.g. a polyester or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Fluid flow channels are patterned in the first section. A fluid distribution header is patterned in the second section. The first and second sections are joined by application of heat. They are cast by molding or extrusion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive material comprises conductive filler material consisting of expanded graphite, gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, niobium, titanium, chromium, rare earth metals, graphite, carbon, and/or their compounds and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymeric material consists of epoxy vinyl ester, vinyl ester, epoxy, polyamides, polyimides, polyamide-imides, and/or polypropylene. The non-conductive, non-metallic filler material consists of polyester, polypropylene, acrylics, quartz, glass, and/or cotton flock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The average particle size is 20-40 mum for graphite of large particle size and 5-16 mum for graphite of small particle size.Preferred Components: The battery further comprises an outer package body for accommodating the cathode, anode, and non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte is a gel including an organic polymer obtained by copolymerizing hexafluoropropylene with polyvinylidene fluoride and a non-aqueous solvent. The outer package body is made of a composite film obtained by bonding a metal foil to a polyolefin film by laminating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is phenol type synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of monomer containing 2-methacrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid or its salt is 30 mass% or more.Preferred Polymer: The crosslinking electrolyte polymer is filled in the pores of a porous base material.Preferred Process: The monomer solution or its dispersion liquid which forms the cross-linking electrolyte polymer, is filled in the pores of porous base material and polymerized to obtain electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - A cross-linked polyethylene film (porous base material) having thickness of 16 microns and porosity of 37% was immersed in a monomer solution consisting of 2-methacrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (in mass parts) (25), N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (5), Ftergent 251 (non-ionic surfactant) (0.01), Darocure 1173 (photoinitiator) (0.005) and water (50). The aqueous solution was filled in the pores of the porous base material, removed from the solution and irradiated with ultraviolet radiation using high pressure mercury lamp for 2 minutes and the monomer in the pores was polymerized to obtain electrolyte film. The electrolyte film had proton conductivity of 67 mS/cm, methanol permeability of 9.9 (micro m.kg)/(square m.hour) and high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery can and one metal plate are made of iron, stainless steel, nickel, copper or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The internal circumference edge of the contact surface of the metal plates, is covered with fluororesin or polyethylene-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials : The alkanesulfonic acid is methanesulfonic acid and the polymer is a polyetheretherketone (PEEK).Preferred Process : The reaction is at 15-90degreesC, especially for 2-20 hours and the subsequent reaction to give a sulfonated polyaryletherketone (II) is especially conducted using oleum or highly concentrated (98%) sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent. Crosslinking is effected by reacting the polymer with a crosslinking agent. EXAMPLE - A polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with a sulfonation degree of 51.4% (S content 5%) giving a membrane with good current density-voltage performance was obtained by    (1) introducing oleum (832 g) into a solution of 1.2% sulfur-containing Victrex PEEK 450P (RTM) (300 g) dissolved in methanesulfonic acid (5700 g) and reacting for 4 hours 15 minutes at 45degreesC;    (2) precipitating sulfonated PEEK by addition of ice-water; and    (3) washing with deionized water and drying at 50degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant is boron, phosphorus or arsenic. The solution contains sodium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The pellets are subjected to continued movement in the mixture as it is being heated. The solution has a pH of 8-9. Preferred Property: The pellets have an average diameter of 0.5-0.6 mm. The intrinsic silicon pellets have an average diameter of 2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dopant is boron, phosphorus or arsenic. The solution contains sodium hydroxide. Preferred Method: The pellets are subjected to continued movement in the mixture as it is being heated. The solution has a pH of 8-9. Preferred Property: The pellets have an average diameter of 0.5-0.6 mm. The intrinsic silicon pellets have an average diameter of 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is polymer gel electrolyte containing halogeno phenyl magnesium (C6H5MgX, where X is chlorine or bromine) and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Relation: The ion-exchange capacities (A and B) of the proton conductive polymer film satisfy a relation given by: 0.3 x A less than B less than 0.7 x A.Preferred Properties: The proton conductive polymer film has methanol permeability coefficient of 2000 micromol/(cm x day), with respect to 64 weight % methanol aqueous solution at room temperature. The dimensional change rate of the proton conductive polymer film along surface direction is 20 % or less when it is immersed in 64 weight % methanol aqueous solution at room temperature. The proton conductive film has thickness of 20-150 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive polymer film consists of a sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide of formula (1):n = 1-4 EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide film having thickness of 50 microns was immersed in mixed solution of fuming sulfuric acid solution having 60 weight % of sulfur trioxide content and 1-chlorobutane, at room temperature for 4 hours. The polyphenylene sulfide film was dried at 23 degrees C and 98 % relative humidity (RH), 80 % RH, 60 % RH and 50 % RH, after performing washing-hydrolysis process by ion-exchange water. A proton conductive polymer film having sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide was obtained. The obtained proton conductive polymer film had ion-exchange capacity (A) of 0.5 meq/g. The ion-exchange capacity (B) of inner side of the film was 0.15 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid has quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt and/or tertiary sulfonium salt as cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The selective layer consists of a film containing zinc oxide. The transparent electrode consists of a film having a compound selected from a group containing indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, ITO/zinc oxide laminated film, ITO/tin oxide laminated film.The etching liquid is selected from a group containing acetic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The monomer packed into the porous base material, contains 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid as a component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The base film is fluorine-resin film, cyclic polyolefin-type resin film, polycarbonate-type resin film, poly(meth)acrylic-type resin film, polystyrene-type resin film, polyamide-type resin film or polyester-type resin film. The polyolefin-type resin film is polyethylene-type resin film containing high-density polyethylene, polyethylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, cyclic polyolefin, or homopolymer or copolymer of propylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The additive is blackening agent containing black pigment, whitening agent containing white colored pigment or blue-ized agent containing blue pigment. UV absorber consists of benzophenone-group, benzotriazole-group, salicylate-group, acrylonitrile-group, metallic-complex, ultrafine titanium oxide or ultrafine zinc oxide. The light stabilizer does not have hindered amine-type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Negative Electrode: The negative electrode is produced by applying low crystalline carbon to one portion or whole surface of the graphite core material. The carbon material used for coating has high crystallinity than that of the graphite core material. The carbon material has average particle diameter of 1-30 microns. EXAMPLE - Low crystalline carbon having average particle diameter of 11 microns was obtained by gaseous phase method. The low crystalline carbon was coated on surface of natural graphite core. The polyimide compound (A) of formula (III) and polyimide compound (B) of formula (IV) were dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The obtained polyimide solution was mixed with the low crystalline carbon coated graphite such that obtained slurry of cathode mix comprised low crystalline carbon coated graphite, polyimide compounds (A,B) in a weight ratio of 99:0.5:0.5. The slurry was applied on both surfaces of the copper foil as collector with thickness of 10 microns. The coating was vacuum dried at 250degreesC for 2 hours. The coating was vacuum dried again at 350degreesC for 2 hours. The coating was compressed using reduction roll until the thickness of the whole cathode mix was set to 38 microns. A negative electrode was obtained. The cathode mix was firmly adhered on the collector. There was no peeling of the cathode mix from the collector. There was no adherence of the cathode mix on reduction roll.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Polyarylene group copolymer alternately has repeating unit of formula (4), (5) or (6).A,B,Z,R1-R7,m and l = same as above-defined;m',m = 0 or 1;C = phenylene group having sulfonic acid group; andD = aryl group having sulfonic acid group.The polyarylene group copolymer further comprises 0.5-3 meq/g of sulfonic acid group and 5 wt.% or more of fluorine atoms. EXAMPLE - 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) -1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (in g) (6.72), condensate (13.7) of 2,5-dichloro-4'-(4-phenoxy phenoxy) benzophenone and 4-chloro-4'-fluorobenzophenone, potassium carbonate (7.19), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (100 ml) and toluene (100 ml) were mixed. The reaction solution was heat-stirred and refluxed for 2 hours. Water and toluene were removed from the reaction solution. Subsequently, the reaction solution was cooled to 50degreesC. Perfluorobiphenyl (6.53) was added and polymerized. N,N-dimethyl acetamide (30 ml) was added and the reaction solution was filtered. The filtrate was poured into methanol, and a polymer of formula (13) was filtered. The polymer had number average molecular weight of 51000 and weight average molecular weight of 194000.    The obtained polymer (20) was mixed with concentration sulfuric acid (200 ml) and stirred at 70degreesC for 5 hours. Sulfonated polymer (23) of formula (14) was obtained.    A film was formed using the obtained copolymer. The film had tensile strength 76 MPa, elasticity of 50%, proton conductivity of 0.32 S/cm and excellent hot-water resistance and bending-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon is an organic binding material with a decomposition temperature of 300-550degreesC or a non-ionic water-soluble cellulose ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power generator further comprises an external electrode provided for external connection. The second flow path plate has reinforce member to hold a sectional shape of each flow path formed in the plate. The flow path plate has a penetrating portion formed in a tunnel shape between portions being into contact with the anode electrode or the cathode electrode of the flow path, and an outlet or an inlet of the penetrating portion that is disposed at 0.5-1 mm in the inward direction of the anode electrode or cathode electrode from an end of the anode electrode or the cathode electrode. It is formed by pasting insulating resin members with each another.The direct type liquid fuel cell power generator meets the following condition according to equations (1)-(3):Y at mostY0x2 (1);Y = 1.04x10-4xnI/CMeOH (2)1.0at mostCMeOH at most5.0 (3)where n = number of electromotive portion units which the electromotive portion unit group has; I = current outputted by each electromotive portion unit; CMeOH = concentration of a methanol aqueous solution fuel to be supplied; Y = total amount (1/min) of the methanol aqueous solution fuel supplied to the electromotive portion unit group; and a temperature of the each electromotive portion unit that is 40-70degreesC.Preferred Property: The reinforce member has a sectional area which is at most50% of a sectional area of the flow path and a thickness of at least0.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating member is made of polyether imide resin, polyimide resin, polyamide imide resin, polysulfone resin, polyether sulfone resin, melamine phenol resin, silicon resin, polycarbonate resin, heat resistance vinyl ester resin, bis-phenol F-type epoxy resin, phenol novolak type epoxy resin, phenol resin, diaryl phthalate resin, polyamide resin and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The lever arm further comprises an elongated slot extending a projected distance along the first end, the first end terminating in an inwardly directed tab extending through a further aperture defined in the abutting projection portion such that, upon actuation of the lever arm, the tab releases from the further aperture and the arm is rearwardly displaced to reseat the tab against the projecting portion in the engaged position. The fastener further comprises a threaded bolt, wave washer supported on the threaded bolt and between the projecting portions, and nut engaging over a threaded projecting end of the bolt. The terminal clamping mechanism further comprises an electrically insulated cover engageable over the battery terminal in an engaged position. The annular shaped terminal portion further comprises a three-dimensional and conical shape corresponding to that of the battery post.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulated cover has a specified shape and size and is constructed from hard plastic, polypropylene, rubber, or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the current collectors is a bipolar plate confronting the anode of one the cells and the cathode of the next adjacent cell. The film comprises a vapor-deposited conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The filler comprises particles having graphite. The current collector comprises a metal substrate having a coating of the composite. The particles are fibrillose and oriented in the general direction that the electrical current flows through the composite. The filler comprises continuous fibers that extend through the thickness of the composite. The substrate comprises a first acid-soluble metal underlying a second acid-insoluble, oxidizable metal layer engaging the composite.Preferred Material: The filler is gold, platinum, graphite, conductive carbon, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, or rare earth metals. The metal is titanium, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer matrix is epoxies, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Volume: The filler insert comprises less than 67 (preferably less than 33) vol.% of the volume of the cartridge.Preferred Component: The fuel cartridge comprises a connecting column (16), greater than or equal to2 disks (14), and an outlet port (24).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The absorbent material is made from polyester, polyethylene, polyolefin, polyacetal, polypropylene fibers, hemp, cotton, or cellulose acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte Liquid: The electrolyte liquid contains a cyclic carbonate.The physical gel electrolyte contains fine pores.The gel electrolyte contains copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and vinylidene fluoride and/or hexafluoropropylene on one side. EXAMPLE - A positive electrode was produced using lithium cobaltate as positive electrode active material, graphite as conductive support agent, ketchen black, and fluororesin as binder. A negative electrode was produced using natural graphite as negative electrode active material and fluororesin as binder. A separator was produced by impregnating polyolefin type fine porous film with polyvinylidene fluoride dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone mixed in volume ratio of 1:1, and electrolyte liquid was prepared. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery was produced using the positive and negative electrode plates, separator and electrolyte liquid. Physical gel electrolyte was formed by absorbing the electrolyte liquid to polyvinylidene fluoride supporting separator. The battery had capacitance of 600 mAh. The battery was charged constantly with constant voltage of 4.2V and constant current of 1.0C. After 15 minutes, the battery was discharged to 3.0V and left for 1 hour. The cell voltage was measured. The battery was left for 20 days in 60 degreesC thermostat and cell voltage was measured. The voltage variation of battery before and after preservation was very small, showing that the battery had favorable storage characteristics and leaking resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyoxyalkylene glycol is polyoxyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The transesterification catalyst is a tetra-isopropyl titanate. The purity of mono and di(meth)acrylic acid ester is 98 % or more. The mono and di(meth)acrylic acid ester contains methoxy polyethylene glycol monomethacrylic ester (A) and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene glycol dimethacrylate (B) of structure EO/PO/EO. The ethylene oxide (EO) average addition number-of-moles of ester (A) is 9. The dimethacrylate (B) has average molecular weight of 3000 and has ethylene oxide and propylene oxide weight ratio of 60/40. Preferred Definitions:    R3 = methyl or ethyl group, preferably methyl group.    EXAMPLE - Methyl methacrylate (in g) (2287) containing methoxy polyethylene glycol (2429) of EO average addition number-of-moles 9 and hydroquinone monomethyl ether (50 ppm), diethyl hydroxylamine (1.214) and hydroquinone monomethyl ether (0.76) were reacted. The moisture content of the reaction mixture was removed. Tetra-isopropyl titanate (18.21) was added. Methyl methacrylate (190) containing hydroquinone monomethyl ether (50 ppm) was added. Methanol was distilled, and the reaction was performed for 6 hours and 30 minutes. After reaction completion, cooling was performed at 60-70 degrees C. Cerite and carbon black were added. Sodium phosphate (140) was added for 30 minutes. A methoxy polyethylene glycol monomethacrylic acid (2562.6) was obtained at a yield of 19.9 %. Filtration was performed at 45-70 degrees C, to obtain polyethylene glycol monomethacrylic ester of purity 98.6 % and Hazen color number 20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has formulae (5-7).R1-R3,X,Y,Z = same as defined above; andn = more than 1.Preferred Material: The active material is anode active material. The anode and cathode active materials have reaction material or product of polymer of formula (1 or 5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The secondary battery is lithium secondary battery. EXAMPLE - Poly (3,5-di-(N-t-butyl nitroxyl styrene)) of formula (A) (300 mg), graphite powder (600), and polytetra fluoroethylene resin (100 mg) were kneaded for 10 minutes. The kneaded mixture contained poly (3,5-di-(N-t-butyl nitroxyl styrene)) having dispersion degree of 1.12 and weight average molecular weight of 820. The kneaded mixture was drawn into film, dried at 80degreesC over night in vacuum to obtain anode containing poly (3,5-di-(N-t-butyl nitroxyl styrene)) as active material. The cathode had lithium metal as active material. Anode and cathode were used in batteries having high capacitance and charging and discharging cycle.    n = more than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The metal sheets are joined using an adhesive, which is heat-resistant and impermeable for the vapor of the heat carrier. The adhesive is a silicone, epoxy or phenol resin.
EXAMPLE - An ethylene acid copolymer ionomer/polyamide blend was cast extruded at a melt temperature of approximately 255degreesC with the addition of 4 wt.% white color concentrate (TiO2) in a thick sheet for use as a backing in solar cell modules. The backing was laminated to the exposed ionomer encapsulating layer of a solar module having the components, in order from the top (glass/ionomer/silicon voltage generating layer/ionomer). Adhesion of the backing to the ionomer was improved by corona treatment. The solar cell met the end use requirement standards, with acceptable performance in accelerated weathering tests.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent hardly soluble in water is optionally branched alcohol, ester, ketone or ether. The solvent easily soluble in water is ethylene oxide addition surfactant of alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The plastic film support is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material is tin oxide, indium oxide or indium-tin oxide. The carbon thin film contains graphite, acetylene black, carbon nano tube and/or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The onset temperature is at least 75degreesC.Preferred Component: The indicia are printed on an upper surface of the film and covered by a transparent second film adhered to the indicia by a second layer of pressure sensitive adhesive. The pressure sensitive adhesive is applied to a lower surface of the film. The second film is thermally shrinkable at temperatures above the onset temperature. The label includes an opacifying layer adhered to the upper surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive using a transparent second pressure sensitive adhesive layer with the indicia interposed between the opaque layer and the film. The indicia are printed on a top surface of the opaque layer or on a bottom surface of the film. The film comprises the top layer of the label. The indicia are covered by a transparent protective coating comprising the top layer of the label.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The film is polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, or polyester. The two films are made of the same polymeric material.Preferred Property: The film has thickness of 0.01-0.05 (preferably 0.03) mm, stiffness in one of the directions as measured in accordance with TAPPI Paper Standard T498 as modified by FLEXcon test method 203 Test F17 of 1-20 (2-10) g. The thickness of the first film is greater than the thickness of the second film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The outer film (62) and/or the carrier film (64) is made of PVC, polypropylene, or polyester. The indicia layer includes a non-metallic pigment that produces the effect of a metallized label. The outer film and the carrier film include a coextruded film composite comprising two distinct film layers. The label includes a thermochromic layer, a conductive layer in thermal contact with the thermochromic layer, and a release liner confronting the second adhesive layer.Preferred Properties: The outer film has balanced oriented shrinkage properties. The carrier film has mono-axially oriented shrinkage properties. The outer film has a thickness of 10-25 microns. The carrier film has a thickness of 25-50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The mold is a silicon substrate (10) fabricated to define the sub-set of intersecting facets. The sub-set of intersecting facets includes planar facets or non-planar facets. The backing layer (18) is electrically conducting or non-conducting.Preferred Method: The mold is removed by chemical etching. The exposed surface of the mold is pretreated to enhance the growth of the diamond layer (14). Carbon atoms (16) are deposited on the exposed surface (12) to enhance the growth of the diamond layer by exposing the surface (20) to a carbon containing plasma. The plasma is formed by energizing a mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. The diamond is grown by chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is polyalkylene-glycol type resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The stabilizer of the resin is a compound having an amino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The baked silver electrode is obtained by baking the paste consisting of silver powder, metal halide, glass powder, organic binder and organic solvent, and further phosphorus oxide.Preferred Compound: The metal halide is iridium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Phenol compound is at least 1 type chosen from p-cresol, 2,6-xylenol, 2,4-xylenol, 2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol catechol, resorcinol, homocatechol, pyrogallol and phloroglucinol, and is preferably p-cresol.Lignophenol derivative has ortho-position joint 1,1-bis (aryl) propane unit in which carbon atom which is ortho-position with respect to phenolic hydroxyl group of phenol compound couples with carbon of C1-position of aryl propane unit, and/or para-position joint 1,1-bis (aryl) propane unit in which carbon atom of para-position couples.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor film contains at least one type of cellulosic material containing organic material and/or inorganic material, ceramic-type material, metal-type material and glass-type material with lignin derivative, and preferably contains organic material or its derivative(s) chosen from lignocellulose-type material which contains a cellulosic material, a lignin-type material, and a polyphenol-type material with the lignin derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The resin composition comprises curing agent, plasticizer, initiator and filler. The filler is selected from silicon dioxide (preferred), aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate and/or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The resin composition comprises curing agent, plasticizer, initiator and filler. The filler is selected from silicon dioxide (preferred), aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate and/or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The fiber fabric is selected from glass fiber fabric (preferred), carbon fiber fabric, Kevlar (RTM: poly p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber fabric and/or polypropylene fiber fabric. The resin is a thermal setting rein. The resin composition comprises epoxy resin (preferred), polyurethane, unsaturated polyester resin and/or interpenetrating polymer network.Preferred Method: The first heating process is performed at room temperature to 140 degreesC (80-140 degreesC), for 1-180 minutes (1-10 minutes). Encapsulation further comprises a step of performing a thermalrolling process. The adhesive sheet has a thickness of 60-200 microns (80-14 microns). The second heating process is performed in a mold at room temperature to 140 degreesC (80-120 degreesC), for 30 minutes to 24 hours (30 minutes to 3 hours).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The two rupture zones are spaced apart on the boundary surface. The first rupture zone ruptures, when gas pressure in the vessel rises to 252-800, preferably 400-800 psig. The second rupture zone ruptures, when the gas pressure in the vessel reaches 800-2500 psig. The second rupture zone comprises laser weld in a portion of the boundary surface. The laser weld is made between the housing and metal cover (230) fitted in the open end of the housing to close the open end. The laser weld is made of neodymium:YAG laser. The laser weld ruptures, when gas pressure in the cell rises to neodymium psig. The vessel is cuboid shape. The metal cover is rectangular metal plate with aperture. The insulating material comprises plastic material. The metal cover comprises paper material. The cell is balanced so that the cathode is in excess such that the ratio of theoretical capacity of manganese dioxide based on theoretical specific value of mAmp-hr/gram manganese dioxide divided by the mAmp-hr capacity of zinc based on the theoretical specific value of mAmp-hr/gram zinc is 1.4-1.8. The cell has overall thickness of 5-10 mm. The metal has wall thickness of 0.30-0.5, preferably 0.3-0.4 mm. The housing is steel. Preferred Methods: The groove is made by stamping the boundary surface. The metal is cooled at ambient room temperature so that the metal cover does not reach greater than 100degreesC during welding. The metal cover is cooled by applying deionized water, aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol, and potassium hydroxide, or aqueous solution containing gelling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The viscosity and flash point of polyether-modified silicone oil are less than 10 cSt at 25 degrees C, and 120 degrees C or more, respectively. The non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises linear carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The lithium secondary battery comprises positive electrode and negative electrode. The negative electrode comprises a film formed from polyacrylate compound, aziridine compound and/or fluorinated cyclic carbonate. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphide (1 mol/l) was added to mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and polyether-modified silicone oil of formula (12) in a volume ratio of 8/2.    The obtained non-aqueous electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 6.8 mS/cm at 20 degrees C and 3.7 mS/cm at 0 degrees C, and viscosity of 9 cSt. A coin-shaped lithium secondary battery comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte was formed. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (A) having anionic group, is the polymer having -SO3H or -SO3X (where, X is alkali metal). The polymer (B) having -CONH- group in the principal chain, is the polymer chosen from group of formula (1), and/or their copolymers. Preferably, the polymer (B) having -CONR- group (where, R is alkoxy) or -CONH- group in the principal chain, is a mixture of alkoxy polyamide and polyamide. The polymer (B) is a layered silicate-polymer composite, which contains polymer (B) in interlayer.n = degree of polymerization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel cell uses aqueous solution of methanol as fuel. EXAMPLE - 20.5 wt.% solution of Nafion was mixed with ethanol solution of copolymer of nylon 6/nylon 66, in weight ratio of 10/1. The obtained mixture was coated on a polyester film, and subsequently dried at 100degreesC for 20 minutes. Then, the polyester film was peeled, to obtain solid polymer electrolyte film of 150 mum thickness. The output and ionic conductivity of the obtained solid polymer electrolyte film was measured in MCO, and found to be 1.4 mumol/cm2/minute and 4.9 S/cm2, respectively. The output of the solid polymer electrolyte film in film-electrode composite (MEA), was measured after 1 day, 3 days, 10 days and 30 days, and found to be 6.8 mW/cm2, 7.7 mW/cm2, 8.3 mW/cm2 and 8.2 mW/cm2, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supercritical or subcritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer (3') contains 0.01-30 mass% of solvent-soluble fluorine containing polymer.Preferred Polymer: The solvent-soluble fluorine-containing polymer is a perfluoro carbon polymer having aliphatic ring in the principal chain. The fluorine-containing polymer comprises at least one polymer unit of formula (1-4), and at least one polymeric unit of formula (5-13), preferably polymeric unit of formula (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polyol is preserved in the airtight container in humidity of 80% or less.Preferred Polymer: The polyether polymer contains oxirane monomeric unit, which has a cross-linkable group. EXAMPLE - Ethylene/propylene oxide/aryl glycidyl ether (in molar ratio of 90/7/3) trinary-copolymer having weight average molecular weight of 300000, was obtained by slurry polymerization of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and aryl glycidyl ether with ring-opening polymerization catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere. The amount of toluene insoluble in the polymer was 0.5%. The polymer was packed in a stainless steel airtight container substituted with nitrogen. Oxygen (0.4 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of polymer) was poured in the container and the container was sealed. The humidity in the container was maintained to 50%. One portion of the polymer was collected after one month, then sealed and preserved for five months. The amount of toluene insoluble collected after one month preservation and after 6 months preservation, each was 0.5%. The solid electrolyte film molded using the polyether polymer, had favorable moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Side face (4) comprises an adhesive, a heat conductive paste or a film, preferably of Al2O3, Al nitride (AlN), boron nitride (BN), Si carbide (SiC) or diamond filled polymer. The bipolar plates consist of graphite or carbon filled conductive polymers, or of Ti coated with Al or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet comprises a polyethylene resin with a density of 0.94-0.97 g/cm3.Preferred Fibre: The inorganic fiber is glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contains acrylic resin, silicon resin, polyimide resin, fluororesin, epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, polyolefin resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethane, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber and/or silicone rubber. The particles further contain ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ceramic: The ceramic is boron nitride, silicon nitride, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel is town gas, liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas.Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound in the hydrocarbon group fuel is sulfide, thiophene and/or mercaptan compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The battery has positive electrode made of lithium-manganese complex oxide and negative electrode made of crystalline carbon material or amorphous carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator support contains material chosen from a group consisting of polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer is a gel electrolyte layer containing a gelatinizer, mineral salt of iodide and viscosity lowering agent containing iodide of heterocyclic nitrogen compound and/or aliphatic compound.Preferred Compound: The carboxylic acid compound is an acetic acid. The gelatinizer contains polyvinyl pyridine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The fused mineral salt is 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains 5-85 weight% of electroconductive providing agent. When the electrode contains 50 weight% or less of nitroxyl compound, the amount of electroconductive providing agent is 10-70 weight%.Preferred System: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell is direct methanol system solid polymeric fuel cell. The fuel cell is connected to several cells in electrical series and is set as main power supply. The electrical storage device is connected electrically in parallel with respect to main power supply. EXAMPLE - 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine methacrylate monomer (20 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (80 ml). Azobisisobutyronitrile (0.29 g) was added in the mixture and stirred at 75-80 degrees C in argon atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room temperature after 6 hours reaction. A polymer was precipitated, separated and dried, to obtain poly (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine methacrylate). The obtained polymer (10 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ml). Dichloromethane solution (100 ml) of m-chloro perbenzoic acid was added in the solution and stirred for 6 hours. m-chloro benzoic acid was precipitated and separated from the mixture. Dichloromethane was distilled from the filtrate after washing with sodium carbonate aqueous solution and water. The obtained powder was washed and dried, to obtain poly (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl methacrylate). The obtained poly methacrylate (1000 mg), carbon black powder (800 mg) and polytetrafluoroethylene resin binder (200 mg) were mixed for 10 minutes. A thin electrode plate with thickness of 600 mum was obtained by the mixture. The obtained plate was used as positive electrode for electrical storage device. The electrode had 50 weight% of nitroxyl compound and 40 weight% of electroconductive providing agent. The device had energy density of 27 Wh/kg and power density of 210 W/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film comprises benzotriazole group and/or triazine group ultraviolet absorber and indole group and/or azomethine group specific wavelength absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The flow amount of modification water and hydrocarbon-type fuel are increased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel and maximum generated energy in fuel cell are decreased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The outlet temperature of modifier is maintained constant, by controlling the flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel to the heating portion of modifier. The outlet temperature of the modifier is controlled to predetermined temperature, which is calculated from driving information of amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel for accumulation modification and/or start-stop frequency. The feed rate of air to carbon monoxide removal device is decreased, and concentration of carbon monoxide is reduced in the reformed gas passing through carbon monoxide transformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor fine particles contains material selected from the group containing titanium oxide, zinc oxide or strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer compound in the paste for forming semiconductor layer contains polyethyleneglycol or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric alcohol is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol or ethylene glycol ester. The water-soluble resin is poly(ethylene oxide) resin or polyethylene glycol. The drying moderator is glycerol, vegetable oil or polyethylene glycol. The anti-foaming agent is polyethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-polymeric alcohol is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, propyl alcohol or butanol. The anti-foaming agent is non-silicone anti-foaming agent or vegetable oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode comprises an insulating member (104) and a conductive foil body. The insulating member comprises an acrylic adhesive layer. A part of the insulating member located at a position higher than the average thickness of the coating film has a low wettability to the coating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Material: The coating film comprises a thermosetting coating material.Preferred Property: The thermosetting coating material before curing has a viscosity of 1-50 mPa-s. The average thickness of the coating film is less than or equal to0.5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating film comprises a coating material containing an acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic substrate comprises any one of metals such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, zinc and zinc alloy. The reclamation metal material is selected from the group of nickel, chromium, silver, gold, copper and alloy containing one or more of these metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst substance is platinum, ruthenium, silicon, carbon, aluminum, magnesium, cobalt, iron, nickel or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion exchange group is sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group, linear sulfone group and/or perfluoro carbon linear sulfone group.Preferred Membrane: The ion exchange membrane is formed using ion exchange-property material chosen from perfluoro sulfonic acid, non-fluorocarbon sulfonic acid, partially fluorinated carbon sulfonic acid, perfluoro carboxylic acid, non-fluorocarbon carboxylic acid, partially fluorinated carbon carboxylic acid, perfluoro phosphoric acid, non-fluorocarbon phosphoric acid and/or partially fluorinated carbon phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The mean particle diameter of the powder contained in the liquid-absorbable composition, is 0.1-150 mum. The weight average molecular weight of the VEMA copolymer is 50000-1200000. The number of moles of polyfunctional isocyanate compound in the composition, with respect to 100 moles of structural monomer units of VEMA copolymer, is 0.1-2 mol.Preferred Compound: The polyfunctional isocyanate compound is a trifunctional isocyanate compound.Preferred Layer: An adhesive layer (3) is formed at the other side of the support base material. The liquid absorbable crosslinking resin layer contains adhesive. EXAMPLE - VEMA A106H5 (methyl vinyl ether maleic acid anhydride (VEMA) copolymer having weight average molecular weight of 90000) was dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone. Coronate HL (trifunctional isocyanate compound) was added to the obtained solution, as a cross-linking agent. The obtained mixture was gelatinized by carrying out cross-linking reaction at 25degreesC for 24 hours, and a liquid-absorbable cross-linking resin was obtained. The number of moles of trifunctional isocyanate compound was 1 mol with respect to 100 mol of structural monomer units of VEMA. The VEMA solid content in the obtained resin was 10 weight%. The obtained resin was dried, ground and mixed with a binder solution, to obtain a liquid absorbable composition. The obtained composition had excellent liquid absorbability, and was used for forming a liquid-absorbable sheet used in non-aqueous electrolyte battery pack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cylinder comprises a valve at the bottom end to control the flow of the water. The container is made of mild steel or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal of the metal hydride is sodium, boron, lithium, potassium or magnesium with aluminum, or any metal hydride capable of releasing hydrogen. The aluminum that is used in powder form is 5-50% to increase the density of the metal hydride and to produce more hydrogen per unit volume by reacting with an alkali, preferably sodium. The byproducts comprise sodium hydroxide and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The encapsulation of metal hydrides is done using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with less plasticizer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), brittle polyolefins or (preferably) polystyrene or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be carbon, graphite, or metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise metallic screens or foams.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be carbon, graphite, or metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be non-perfluorinated polymers comprising polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). The porous matrix may comprise foam. It further comprises a fluoropolymer and a hydrophobic material (25). The hydrophobic material may comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), perfluoro-alkoxy compound, polyphenylene, and/or polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). Preferred Property: The alternating density regions have a periodicity of less than 1 cm. The high particle density regions are hydrophilic to define an advancing contact angle of 135-180 (preferably 160-168)degrees and a receding angle of 95-135 (preferably 95-105)degrees along major surfaces of the media. The porous matrix defines a thickness of 20-1000 (preferably 200) microns, and a permeometer number of 50 ft3/minute/ft2 or a Gurley permeometer number of 20-100 ft3/minute/ft2 at 0.5 inches of water. The hydrophobic layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 125 microns. The major faces have a loading less than or equal to 5 mg/cm2 of diffusion media surface area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, carbon, or graphite wovens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid hydrogen-containing powder-form ceramic is solidified, and preserved as metallic hydrogen with a high melting point.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The liquid hydrogen solution is preserved in a vacuum container made from styrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: Polyimide has thickness of 1-250 mum.Preferred Composition: Polyimide contains inorganic filler, alkoxysilane, its hydrolysis substance or condensation polymer. Content of alkoxysilane, its hydrolysate, or condensation polymer is 1-50 wt.% with respect to polyimide solid content in silica (SiO2) conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Inorganic filler consists of glass having silica, or silica as main constituent. Content of the inorganic filler is 1-50 wt.% with respect to polyimide solid content. The surface of inorganic filler is modified with silicon compound having alkyl group.Preferred Compound: Alkoxysilane is a single compound of formula (I) or mixture of compounds having organic functional group.R1-R3 = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C6H5, CH3O, C2H5O or C3H7OR4 = CH3, C2H5 or C3H7Preferred Properties: The inorganic filler has average primary particle diameter of 0.01-1 mum. The shape of the inorganic filler is a globular form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is provided between light guide plate and reverse side material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The adhesive agent is selected from the group containing silane-coupling type primer, urethane type primer, deformation-silicone type primer and polysulfide type primer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic material is polyethylene terephthalate or polyolefin, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene or polymethyl pentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The photoactive layer may be formed by mixing the electron donating material and the fullerene derivative with a liquid and then drying to form the photo-active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron donating material is conjugated polymers, conjugated oligomers, conjugated molecules that are free of repeating units, or quantum dots and well. The conjugated oligomer or polymer is oligomers respectively polymers of thiophenes, phenylenes, fluorenes, polyacetylenes, isothionaphtenes, benzthiaziazoles, and/or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon cluster is formed of 70-960 (preferably 76-240) atoms. The electron donating material can be inorganic semi-conductive nano-particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The degree of derivatization of the fullerene derivative is 1-3 fullerene-addend bonds per fullerene. Part of the addend is an aliphatic hydrocarbon with 1-12C. The addend comprises an aryl-(carboxylic acid alkyl)ester group.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of fullerene/electron donating material in the photo-active layer is 10:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The layer next to the graphite contains iron (II,III)-oxide. (Fe3O4 = FeO.Fe2O3). It is the Fe (II) oxide which forms the salt-like halogenoid. A variant contains three layers, including metallic iron, which is electrically-connected.Preferred Electrolyte: A copper or copper complex halogenide is used, e.g. ammonium copper (II)-bromide. Halogen bromide is evolved and/or hydrogen iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: A PTFE net separator is included between the cathode and anode graphite layers. This also encloses the electrolytes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: A silicon carbide panel is included.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The proton-donating substance is proton acid, salt of proton acid and basic compound and/or conductive polymer composition doped by proton acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The manganese concentration in the aluminum-manganese alloy is 0.1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether is diethylene glycol dialkyl ether. The solute is lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(C2F5SO2)2), or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3).Preferred Composition: The cyclic carbonate in the mixed solvent is present at 0.1-20 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The joining component is non-woven fabric type component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The masking tape is made of polyimide and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foil: The shading foil is polyethylene terephthalate film or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sheet is made of resins such as white polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), synthetic paper, aluminum vapor deposition PET material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The cross-linked structure is of formula (2).R = same as defined above.Preferred Compound: The aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer compound has an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom in the principal chain. The polymer compound is polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene ether, polysulfone or polyphenylene fiber. EXAMPLE - Polyether sulfone (in g) (11.6) was dissolved with dichloromethane (100 ml). Chlorosulfuric acid (5.8) was added drop-wise for about 30 minutes to the obtained mixture. The container was kept at 0degreesC, and the mixture was stirred. The temperature was raised to normal temperature slowly after addition completion of chlorosulfuric acid. The obtained mixture was expanded on a glass plate by a doctor knife, the solvent was distilled and a film was formed at 50degreesC. The obtained film was immersed in 1,3-propane diamine solution (3.7) diluted by 10 ml of water, for 1 hour. A precipitate of sulfonamide propane cross-linking type polyether sulfone, was collected. The sulfone chloride group which was not used by the cross-linking reaction was hydrolyzed and converted into sulfonic acid group. The ion exchange group equivalent weight of the obtained sulfonamide propane cross-linking type polyether sulfone was 620 g/mol. The polyether sulfone had an ionic conductivity of 1x10-2 S/cm, and a methanol solubility of 0.1 g or less at 25degreesC with respect to 100 g of methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is at least one fluorine resin. The fluorine resin is polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene-fluoride propylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PETFE), low melting point PETFE, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinyl fluoride. Preferred Properties: The synthetic resin has cross-linked structure and oil repellency. The layer(s) of synthetic resin has film thickness of 3 mum or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The solid structure is generated as several layers. The layer is laid down by ejecting, at least one selected ink towards the medium surface. The contiguous feature of the solid structure is generated by selectively ejecting an ink towards the medium surface so as to form a set of at least partially superimposed portions of the layers.Preferred Method: (M1) involves filling a reservoir with a fugitive material and ejecting the fugitive material from a print head connected to the reservoir towards the medium surface; selecting the solid material loadings to form a structure having an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. The structure is separated from the medium surface. For the solid oxide fuel cell, the fabrication method (M2) involves: filling each of several reservoirs with a selected ink corresponding to an anode, electrolyte and cathode material. The solid oxide fuel cell is generated as several layers. Each layer is laid down by ejecting at least one selected ink towards a medium surface such that an electrolyte layer separates a cathode and anode layer to form a cell. In (M2) and the apparatus, the layer and structure is removable from the medium surface. In (M2), at least one reservoir is filled with a fugitive material and selectively ejected towards the medium surface. In (M2), a post-deposition sintering operation is carried out; at least one reservoir is filled with a selected ink corresponding to an interconnect material. The stack of solid oxide fuel cells are formed by depositing several sets of anode and cathode layers each separated by an electrolyte layer such that the cells are interconnected by respective interconnect features.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The partially hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxysilane is chelated with beta-diketone, beta-keto acid ester, bivalent alcohol and/or ethanolamine. EXAMPLE - Aluminum-zinc alloy plated steel plate was subjected to chromate treatment and applied with epoxy primer coating material. A primer coating film having dry film thickness of 5 mum was formed after baking the applied film at 200degreesC. 5 weight parts of methyl silicate 51 was blended with 100 wt.pts of polyvinylidene fluoride group fluorine plastic paint, and coating material was prepared. The coating material was applied on the primer coating film and baked at 250degreesC for 60 seconds to form a coating film having dry film thickness of 22 mum. The surface of the coating film was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the ratio of silicon, fluorine, carbon atoms was 21.87%, 21.06% and 6.76% respectively. The obtained test material was subjected to accelerated weathering test in a sunshine weather meter test device whose black panel temperature was set to 80degreesC. The color tone change (DELTAE) and glossiness retention (GR%) were found to be 0.61 and 87% respectively. The coating film had partial hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxy silane on the surface. A solar cell panel was produced using the test material as base material. The initial stage adhesive power of the adhesive agent in the panel measured based on JIS K 6854 was found to be favorable (5.1 kg/inch). Weather resistance of the panel based on JIS B 7753 was found to be good, and exfoliation and whitening of the panel were not observed. Heat cycle test of the panel was performed for 200 cycles based on JIS C 8917, and exterior change of the coating film was not observed. Temperature/humidity cycle test and damp-proof test were performed according to JIS C 8917, and exfoliation, whitening or swelling of the EVA/coating film surface was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A glass fiber non-woven fabric (103) is embedded in one portion of the incombustible sealing agent. The total thickness of the incombustible sealing agent is 0.6-2 mm. Alkylated silicone compound is alkylated alkoxy silane compound of formula (1).R = 1-2C alkyl;R2,R3 = 3-8C alkyl group or alkyl group modified by vinyl, ether, ketone or carboxyl group;X = alkyl or alkoxy group; andm, n, p = 1-100.The protection component in the reverse side of the solar cell module is steel sheet, and the protection component in the surface side is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The main component of adhesive resin sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or grafted polyethylene. The substrate of solar cell is polyimide, crystalline aromatic polyamide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The starting material of the ion conductor further contains alkali metal salt of formula (4): M2X, alkoxide of formula (5): M3(OR7)n, and organic compound (B) of formula (6): R8-(CHR10CHR11O)n-R9.M2 = alkali metal, preferably lithium;X = counter anion;M3 = aluminum, boron, phosphorus, silicon, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, indium, zinc or tin;R7 = alkyl group;R8 and R9 = organic functional group containing reactive functional group(s);R10 and R11 = H or methyl group;n in formula (5) = oxidation number of M3; andn in formula (6) = 5-45.Preferred Ratio: The molar ratio of the organic compound (A) and organic compound (B) is 0-5. Preferred Definitions:    M1 = lithium    when R1 is isocyanate group, amino group or epoxy group, R3 is hydroxyl, epoxy, or amino group, respectively.    EXAMPLE - 3-isocyanate propyl trimethoxy silane, polyethylene glycol methylether (with molecular weight of 350), and lithium methoxide were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1:1, for 2 hours. The obtained sol solution was coated on a glass substrate, dried and heat processed to obtain a colorless, transparent and homogeneous gel thin film. Conductivity of 300 K, and pencil hardness of the obtained film was 1x10 power -5 S/cm, and H, respectively. Flexibility of the obtained film was found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The adapter arranged on the tube is compatible with the coupling piece on the battery. A pressure reducer (5) is arranged between the tube and the adapter to reduce the pressure to 0.25 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: the first layer is an overall size of unit composed of an ultraviolet-treated transparent materials, i.e. TPO, low density polyethylene, or PVC, either smooth finish or embossed with magnifying concentric ring pattern of thickness 0.010 inch (+/- 005 inch), where the overall dimensional area will only be limited to manufacturing technique and machine limitations. The first and second layers are welded to a flexible ultraviolet-treated polyolefin tube with an internal port opening of 0.125-0.25 inches and wall thickness 0.062 inch (+/- 0.030 inches) and total length of 10 inches (+/- 2 inches). The second, third and fourth layers have identical dimensions and composition that is 0.025 inches thick (+/- 0.005 inches) made from dark to black-colored ultraviolet-treated polyolefin and same over size as the first layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium ion secondary battery further includes a laminate film case as a casing for the secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode protecting component is from sultones of formula (1), or vinylene carbonates of formula (2). The non-graphitizable carbon is carbon obtained from charcoal, sugar, cellulose, bakelite, glassy carbon, polyvinylidene chloride, pitch derived from petroleum or coal, or coke. The anode comprises a coating film from anode protecting component.R1-R6 = H, alkyl having 1-12C, cycloalkyl having 3-6C, or aryl;andn = 0-2.Preferred Composition: The content of the anode-protecting component to the non-aqueous solvent is 0.1-4 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The vinyl ether is divinyl ether (preferred), divinyl ether, or tetravinyl ether. The epoxide is di epoxide (preferred), triepoxide, or tetraepoxide. The nonaqueous solvent is 1-10C alkyl cyclic carbonates, 1-10C carbonates, 1-10C alkyl cyclic esters, 1-10C alkyl esters, and/or glymes. The electrolyte salt is lithium salt, i.e. lithium hexa fluoro phosphate, lithium hexa fluoro arsenate, lithium hexa fluoro boride, lithium chlorate, lithium nitro-di-(trifluoromethyl sulfoxide), or lithium perfluoro-sulfonates. The vinyl ether or epoxide is present at 1-10%. The polymerizable electrolyte has viscosity of less than or equal to 10 centipoise. The vinyl ether or epoxide has molecular weight of less than or equal to 1000, preferably less than or equal to 300. The divinyl ether has formula (I). The di epoxide has formulae (II)-(III).R=1-10 alkyl with ester, ketone, carbonate; or 1-10 alkyl with ethylene oxide group in main or side chain;R1-R6=H, (fluorinated) 1-10C alkyl, ethylene oxide of formula -(CH2CH2O)n-;n=1-10;andR1', R2'=2-6C (fluorinated) alkyl groupsPreferred Methods: The gel polymer electrolyte is prepared by thermal cationic polymerization of polymerizable electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises at least one support partially comprising an electrically conductive material and electrically connectable to at least one module in order to act as a conductor. The support comprises at least two aluminum bars (3, 4) which are electrically insulated from each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - At least one electrical contact point for each module is formed by a flexible electrically conductive material, preferably in the form of a strip, and most preferably by a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The supports comprise parallel aluminum or steel bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second electrical contact points are formed by a strip of flexible electrically conductive material preferably comprising a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The charging method uses a lead storage battery containing 0.001-0.01% of polyvinyl alcohol in the electrolytic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polybutadiene contains 30% or more of cis 1,4-polybutadiene. The polyolefin resin is polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of stabilizer with respect to the mass of the polyolefin fine porous film is 1-1000 ppm. EXAMPLE - Dry blend of thermoplastic resin composition (in mass parts) (30) having melting point of 135degreesC, crystal dispersion temperature of 90degreesC and weight average molecular weight (Mw)/number average molecular weight of 16, consisting of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (70) having Mw of 2x10 power 6 and high density polyethylene (30) having Mw of 3.5x10 power 5, was supplied to twin-screw extruder and liquid paraffin (70) (35 cSt/40degreesC) containing dibutyl hydroxy toluene (0.5 mass%) and tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) methane (0.5 mass%) was supplied. The mixture was melt-kneaded at 200degreesC, extruded and cooled at velocity of 50degreesC/minute to 0degreesC. The gel-form sheet was obtained. The sheet was biaxial stretched along machine and vertical directions, and drawn for 5 times. The film was fixed to a frame made of aluminum, immersed into washing tank containing methylene chloride (having surface tension of 27.3 mN/m and boiling point of 40degreesC), thermally regulated at 25degreesC and washed. The obtained film was air dried at room temperature, heat-set at 125degreesC for 10 minutes and fine porous film of thickness 20 micrometers was obtained. 2,2-methylene bis (4,6-di-t-butyl phenyl) octyl phosphite ADEKA STAB HP-10 (RTM) as stabilizer, was dissolved in methylene chloride so that the concentration was 0.001 mass%. The resulting stabilizer liquid was applied to the surface of the film and polyolefin fine porous film containing 100 ppm of the stabilizer was obtained. The battery separator was formed using the obtained film, and the coin-shaped lithium secondary battery was formed using the battery separator. The battery had high excellent storage stability at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of stabilizer with respect to the mass of the polyolefin fine porous film is 1-1000 ppm. EXAMPLE - Dry blend of thermoplastic resin composition (in mass parts) (30) having melting point of 135degreesC, crystal dispersion temperature of 90degreesC and weight average molecular weight (Mw)/number average molecular weight of 16, consisting of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (70) having Mw of 2x10 power 6 and high density polyethylene (30) having Mw of 3.5x10 power 5, was supplied to twin-screw extruder and liquid paraffin (70) (35 cSt/40degreesC) containing dibutyl hydroxy toluene (0.5 mass%) and tetrakis(methylene-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) methane (0.5 mass%) was supplied. The mixture was melt-kneaded at 200degreesC, extruded and cooled at velocity of 50degreesC/minute to 0degreesC. The gel-form sheet was obtained. The sheet was biaxial stretched along machine and vertical directions, and drawn for 5 times. The film was fixed to a frame made of aluminum, immersed into washing tank containing methylene chloride (having surface tension of 27.3 mN/m and boiling point of 40degreesC), thermally regulated at 25degreesC and washed. The obtained film was air dried at room temperature, heat-set at 125degreesC for 10 minutes and fine porous film of thickness 20 micrometers was obtained. Decamethylene dicarboxylic acid di-salicyloyl hydrazide ADEKA STAB CDA-6 (RTM) as stabilizer, was dissolved in methylene chloride so that the concentration was 0.001 mass%. The resulting stabilizer liquid was applied to the surface of the film and polyolefin fine porous film containing 100 ppm of the stabilizer was obtained. The battery separator was formed using the obtained film, and the coin-shaped lithium secondary battery was formed using the battery separator. The battery had high excellent storage stability at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material contains aluminum, copper, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, silver, gold, platinum, palladium, magnesium and/or sodium, carbonaceous material or conductive polymer. The porous base material has a laminate of cloth or non-woven fabric, and contains an organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The stacked cell battery has an anode active material layer containing complex oxide of lithium and transition metal and a cathode active material layer containing complex oxide of carbon or lithium and transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealing material is silicone, epoxy, urethane, polybutadiene, polypropylene, polyethylene or resin chosen from paraffin wax group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shaft of the solenoid valve for fuel cells is surface treated with a fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive agent provided on the metal cover is made of thermosetting resin selected from the group of epoxy resin, polyamide resin and phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material of the adhesion layer is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, and resin selected from group of polyamide synthetic fiber. The adhesive is made of synthetic rubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, synthetic resin and solvent selected from acryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The positive-electrode-active-material layer comprises complex oxide of lithium and a transition metal. The negative electrode material layer comprises complex oxide of carbon or lithium and a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support layer has a layer made from a self-adhering adhesive (6) formed on the rear side facing away from the solar cell layer. The solar cell layer is covered with a light-permeable protective layer (8). The protective layer is a clear lacquer layer or a plastic film. The solar cell layer is sprayed onto the support layer using a PVD process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support layer is a polyvinylbutyral film having a layer thickness of maximum 1.0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is an alkali fuel containing metal hydrides, such as sodium borohydride dissolved in an alkali electrolyte liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent sheet consists of thermoplastic resin sheet such as olefin-type resin, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer that are modified by ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound. The protective layer is ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The fire protection unit is made from a oleophobic and hydrophobic material, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene, or a sintered body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The water retaining material has shape of fiber-cloth. The fiber cloth or non-woven fabric contains fiber having average diameter of 0.10-100 micronsm, fabric weight of 1-300 g/m2 and thickness of 20-100 micronsm.Preferred Film: The water retaining material is united and integrated mutually at the external edge portion of the solid polymer electrolyte film of the electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film material has mixed slurries of inorganic oxides/oxide precursors with an organic polymer/small oligomer and a dispersing agent. The substrate is a transparent, structural performance polymeric material or glass.
EXAMPLE - 1,4-Bis(10(5',5'-bis(allyloxycarbonylethyl)-20'-(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)porphyrinyl))ethan-1,3-diyne (64 mg) was added with zinc acetate in saturated zinc acetate solution in methanol (1 ml). The organic layer was dried and evaporated to give zinc porphyrin. Zinc porphyrin (70 mg) in trichloromethane (CHCl3) (2 ml) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. Ruthenium carbene complex (1 mg) was added to the solution, and stirred for 3 hours. The obtained crude product was eluted with CHCl3/methanol, to yield a polymer which exhibits the distribution maximum of the molecular weight of 20000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Absorber: The absorber is zeolite, silica gel or activated alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Grease: The grease other than fluorine group grease is metal-complex soap group grease and/or urea-group grease.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Thickener: The cellulosic thickener is methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxy-propyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The oxide is titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The ionic conductive substance is an inorganic solid acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: : The polyethylene film is orientation polyethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The vinylidene fluoride resin mixture contains the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride ethylene, ethylene, hexafluoropropylene or tetrafluoroethylene. The cation exchange resin is perfluoro carbon group ion exchange resin which has sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Polyanion polymer has -COOR group (where R is H or alkyl group), and -SO3H group, and polycation polymer has -NHR group (where R is H or alkyl group). Polycation and polyanion are laminated alternately in the anode active material, or polycation and polyanion are formed as film on the anode active material. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate and manganese dioxide were mixed and baked at 800degreesC for 24 hours and slowly cooled to form Li1.08Mn1.92O4 as anode active material. Anode active material (30 wt.pts) was dispersed in acetone solution (70 wt.pts) containing polybutyl acrylate. The obtained dispersion liquid was left for 6 hours. The anode active material precipitated within the dispersion liquid. Supernatant liquid (40 wt.pts) was removed. The sediment was removed and dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours. The obtained anode active material was coated with polyaniline. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Anode active material (60 wt.pts) was mixed with the above solution (40 wt.pts). Further, NMP was added and mixed to form slurry. The slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried to form an anode. PVDF was dissolved in NMP. Amorphous carbon and carbon material were mixed with the above solution to form slurry. The slurry was coated on copper foil and dried to form a cathode. The lithium secondary battery having anode, cathode and mixed solvent of dimethyl carbamate, methyl ethyl carbamate and diethyl carbamate as electrolyte was formed. The battery was charged and discharged. The capacity retention of the battery after 1 month was 90%. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is selected from polyacetal, polymethyl pentene, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide and liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive comprises any one of alumina, zirconia and silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive comprises any one of polysiloxane and polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The transparent resin layer which is positioned directly under the dry film, is a thermosetting property hard coat resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A light-diffusing component is contained in at least one portion of transparent resin layer. The light-diffusing component is formed by inorganic particle which is capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation. The inorganic particle is a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in wt.pts) (356), tetra ethoxysilane (208), water (126) and 0.01N hydrochloric acid (18) were mixed, and a liquid mixture was prepared. The liquid mixture was stirred in 25degreesC thermostat for 2 hours, and a silicone resin with weight average molecular weight of 4000 was obtained. OSCAL1432 dispersion of colloidal silica in isopropyl alcohol which had solid content of 30% was mixed with the silicone resin in weight ratio of 40:60, and a coating-material composition was prepared by diluting isopropyl alcohol such that the total solid content was 1%. The coating material composition was applied on surface of acryl resin film of a composite film consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride resin film and acryl resin film, and a dry coated film with thickness of 100 nm was formed. The dry film was heated at 80degreesC in oxygen atmosphere for 10 minutes, and a fluorine-type composite resin film was obtained. The polyvinylidene fluoride resin film had thickness of 4 mum and refractive index of 1.42. The acryl resin film had thickness of 46 mum and refractive index of 1.47. The fluorine-type composite resin film had total light transmittance of 93%, haze value of 0.4% and excellent stain resistance in outdoor for longer duration. The dry film had refractive index of 1.43 and the surface of dry film had water droplet contact angle of 15 degree.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Olefin: The alpha-olefin is ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and/or 1-decene. Preferred Thermostabilizer: The thermostabilizer is phosphorus-type thermostabilizer, phenol-type thermostabilizer or lactone-type thermostabilizer. Preferred Ultraviolet Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, triazole group ultraviolet absorber, salicylic acid derivative ultraviolet absorber or acrylonitrile derivative ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylenically unsaturated silane compound is vinyl trimethoxy silane, vinyl triethoxy silane, vinyl tripropoxy silane, vinyl triisopropoxy silane, vinyl tributoxy silane, vinyl tripentyloxy silane, vinyl triphenoxy silane, vinyl tribenzyloxy silane, vinyl trimethylene dioxy silane, vinyl triethylene dioxy silane, vinyl propionyloxy silane, vinyl triacetoxy silane, and vinyl tricarboxy silane. Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer of alpha-olefin and ethylenically unsaturated silane compound further contains vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and/or vinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises removing the protective layer by the raising of the temperature; and exposing the catalyst directly to the chemical solution by the removing of the protective layer. The method further comprises generating hydrogen gas from the aqueous sodium borohydride exposed to the catalyst. Each compartment of the chemical solution opens at an initiation point comprising a hydrophobic membrane. Each fuel pellet is independently operable by selectively activating the heating elements. Preferred Material: The chemical solution is an amino borane or metal borohydride (preferably aqueous sodium borohydride). The metal borohydride comprises a gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The protective layer comprises wax, polymers, or copolymers of olefins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen fuel source is separated into individual cells, each individual cell comprising a catalyst insulated from the hydrogen fuel source by a protective coating, and each of the individual cells comprising a heating element. Each of the individual cells comprises a cover layer with an initiator predisposed to open at above-ambient temperatures or pressures to release hydrogen gas produced in the individual cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sealing agent comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The cross-linkable polymer contains fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte layer contains hydrolyzed substance of organosilicon compound having ionic conductivity. The organosilicon compound has formula RnSiX4-n, where R is 1-10C optionally substituted hydrocarbon, preferably ring opening property functional group containing oxygen, X is 1-4C alkoxy, silanol, halogen or hydrogen, and n is 0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The alkali metal salt is lithium salt such as lithium (bis-trifluoro methane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiSO3CF3) or lithium perchlorate (LiClO4). The liquid epoxidized natural rubber contains 0.1 wt% or less of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made of material selected from polyethylenenapthalate (PEN), polyether sulfone (PES), polyimide, polyamide or polyimido amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluororesin coated on the negative electrode is selected from the group containing polytetraethylene and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene hexa fluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas diffusion electrode element of the negative electrode contains material selected from the group containing platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh) and nickel (Ni). The liquid fuel contains sodium borohydride (NaBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), potassium hydride (KH) and/or sodium hydride (NaH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen occlusion alloy material is hydrogen occlusion alloy or carbon nanotube. The aqueous solution which dissolves potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide is used as electrolyte layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalyst metal is platinum, iridium, gold, silver and/or palladium.Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst contains metal carbides.Preferred Carbides: The metal carbide (4) is carbonized material of silicon, zirconium, cerium, titanium and/or tantalum, and metal carbide (2) is carbonized material of calcium, tungsten and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for dissolving fluorine-containing polymer is methanol or mixed solvent of methanol and water.Preferred Salt: The salt used for recovering fluorine-containing polymer is lithium salt or sodium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The active hydrogen-containing compound is glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is lithium alkoxide or lithium hydroxide.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is lithium salt. The starting material further contains alkoxide of formula, M(OR11)n and organic silicon alkoxide of formula, (R12O)3Si-R13(CHR14CHR15O)nR16.M = aluminum, boron, phosphorus, silicon, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, indium, zinc and/or tin;R11 = H or alkyl group;R12 and R13 = alkyl group;R14 and R15 = H or methyl group;R16 = alkyl group, cycloalkyl group or phenyl group; andn = 1-15. Preferred Definitions:    R2-R4 = functional group of formula (4);    R9 and R10 = H or methyl group; and    n = 0 or 1-5.    EXAMPLE - Monomer (A1) of formula (11), monomer (B1) of formula (21), (3-glycidoxy propyl) trimethoxysilane (C1), glycerol and lithium bis trifluoro sulfoimide (D1) were mixed at room temperature for 2 hours. The composition ratio of monomer (A1), monomer (B1), compound (C1) and glycerol was 1:1:0.3:0.01. The molar ratio of component (D1) with respect to ethylene oxide unit of monomer (A1) and epoxy group monomer (B1) was 20:1. The methanol solution of lithium methoxide was added as catalyst in the obtained mixture. The mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was polymerized and molded, to obtain an organic and inorganic hybrid-type ion conductor pellet. The pellet had conductivity of 1 x 10 to the power -3 Scm-1 at 400 degrees Kelvin. The pellet formed a thin film without the reduction of conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous sheet used in the liquid fuel impregnation, contains materials selected from the group containing hard vinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, methyl pentene, ethylene vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, styrene acrylate, ethylene terephthalate, methyl cellulose glass fiber and absorbent cotton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gelatinizer: The gelatinizer is an ethylene oxide unit-content polymer, poly(meth)acrylic acid group polymer, sodium polyacrylate group polymer or N-vinyl acetamide unit content polymer obtained from cross-linked material of N-vinyl acetamide polymer and N-vinyl acetamide-sodium acrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorptive polymer contains poly N-vinyl acetamide, cross-linking type acryl copolymer or sodium polyacrylate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The inner bipolar plate region contains metallic sheets having the structures for gas distribution and cooling. The inner bipolar plate region contains an electrically conducting polymer. The membrane-electrode unit is connected to the frame by laser welding.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrically non-conducting material is made from a polymer selected from PPS, LCP, POM, PAEK, PA, PBT, PPO, PP or PES.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first electrical connection element comprises a tab extending beyond an edge of the first and/or second carbon foam structure. The tab is electrically coupled with both foam structures. The intermediate bonding structure comprises an insulating material. The current collector has a second electrical connection element disposed between the intermediate bonding structure and the second carbon foam structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The intermediate bonding structure comprises a polymer (preferably polypropylene). The first or second carbon foam structure is graphite foam. Preferred Property: The first and/or second carbon foam structure has a total porosity value of at least60% and an open porosity value of at least90%. Preferred Parameter: The intermediate bonding structure permeates the pores of the foam structures by a depth equal to or greater than an average pore size of the foam structures. Each carbon foam structure has an average pore size of 0.25-2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The intermediate bonding structure comprises a metal or an electrically conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thickener is selected from the group consisting of salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, carboxymethycellulose and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode comprises a planar portion parallel to the first electrode, where the metal foil portion of the second electrode comprises nanowires coupled to the planar portion and extending from it. The metal foil portion of the second electrode comprises a conductive sheet having a thickness of approximately 1-50 mum, and comprising cavities formed through it, where the dye sensitized semiconductor material is formed in each of the cavities. The solar cell comprises an electrolyte solution disposed in each cavities.Preferred Dimension: Each of the nanowires comprises a width of approximately 10-50 nm and a length of approximately 1-50 mum, and is spaced in approximately 10-800, preferably approximately 10-400 nm, from the closest adjacent one of the nanowires. Each of the cavities comprises a diameter of approximately 10-400 nm. The thickness of the walls of each of the cavities is approximately 2-40 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The first electrode comprises titanium. The semiconductor layer comprises titanium dioxide (12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Formation of nanowires comprises disposing a sheet of poly carbonate polymer on the conductive layer; forming holes through the sheet of poly carbonate polymer; disposing a metal into the holes; and dissolving the sheet of poly carbonate polymer. Formation of holes through the sheet of poly carbonate polymer comprises exposing the sheet of poly carbonate polymer to neutrons. Formation of semiconductive layer comprises oxidizing each of the nanowires and conductive layer. It comprises forming nanocrystals, where the thickness of the semiconductive layer is less than or equal to twice the width of the nanocrystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The catalytic component is introduced into the PEM at 5x10-6 - 0.05 mmole/cm2. The electrochemical deposition of the ions of catalytic component is carried out under fuel cell conditions or under electrolytic conditions by application of constant or time-variant direct current or alternating current voltage. A variation of operating conditions is effected during the deposition under fuel cell conditions. At least one element from the 3rd to 14th group of the periodic table is deposited as the catalytic component on the cathode-side or anode-side electron conductor. An ion conductor, together with the electron conductor, is applied to at least one side of the PEM.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The element or catalytic component is platinum, cobalt, iron, chromium, manganese, copper, vanadium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, molybdenum, tin, zinc, gold, silver, rhodium, iridium, or tungsten. The electron conductor comprises carbon in the form of bonded fiber web, fibers, or powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metallic sheet has a major surface area larger than a surface area of the opposite surfaces of the solar cell, and includes opposite end portions which extend from respective opposite ends of the solar cell in respective opposite directions in which the second lead electrode extends. The electrically conductive members in the form of metallic foils extend outwardly from a periphery of the solar cell in a plane parallel to the light-receiving surface. The solar cell assemblies further include a sealing layer which is formed of a transparent resin and which covers the light-receiving surface. The sealing layer has a light-receiving surface, and each solar cell assembly further includes transparent glass plate, which covers the light-receiving surface of the sealing layer. The electrodes are formed on the light-receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat dissipating layer is formed of a material thermoplastic material; or non-thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is platinum or its alloy, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, nickel, molybdenum, iridium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water soluble polymers comprise contains polyoxyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, methyl cellulose and starch, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl carboxylic acid, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl imino bis (methylene phosphonic acid), polyvinyl carboxylic acid and polyvinyl imino bis (methylene carboxylic acid), methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl alcohol-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic acid methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroethyl-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl alcohol-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer and vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent fluorine resin is a fluorine resin chosen from tetrafluoro-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene-resin, chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The odorant material and the hydrogen storage material are randomly mixed in the interior volume of the container. The odorant material is in a first layer and the hydrogen storage material is in a second layer adjacent to the first layer. The portion of the odorant material released is a predetermined quantity, which is detectable by a sense of smell of a living being. The conduit transmits the hydrogen gas from the container to a storage vessel or an end user.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The odorant material is derivatives of acrylic acid, alkyl esters of 4-7C, and/or carboxylic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The odorant material is encapsulated by a polymer of rubbery polymer, and/or a glassy polymer. The rubbery polymer is polydimethyl siloxanes, and/or polyphasphazenes. The glassy polymer is polyimides, polysulfones, polyamides, polyarylates, polyolefins, polyetherketones, and/or polycarbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable compound contains compound of formula (1), compound of formula (2) and compound of formula (3), in the molar ratio of 1:1:1.X1-X3 = H or methyl; andR2,R3 = 6C or less alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The polyelectrolyte is polymerized in the packing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises polyether polymer particles along with antioxidant, and stabilizer, and 50 wt.% or more of the total quantity of the antioxidant is adhered to the surface of polyether polymer particles. The gel fraction of the polyether polymer is 5 wt.% or less, and 50 wt.% or more of stabilizer is contained in the polymer particles. Preferred Method: The antioxidant is dispersed by mixing the slurry with solution of antioxidant, which dissolves in slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The stabilizer is salt of cyclic amidine, hindered phenol-type compound, phosphoric acid ester-type compound, or compound chosen from group of 5C or more fatty acid. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is linear saturated hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Ethylene oxide (90 mol%) and propylene oxide (10 mol%) were subjected to slurry polymerization in n-hexane. The slurry of polyether polymer having weight average molecular weight of 350000 and molecular weight distribution of 10.2 was obtained. Toluene solution of 4,4'-thiobis (3-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol) (0.05 g/ml) which was antioxidant was added to the slurry such that the amount of the antioxidant was 0.5% with respect to polymer. The slurry was stirred for 30 minutes at 30degreesC, and antioxidant was precipitated. Subsequently, the slurry was filtered and particle of polyether polymer which was obtained was vacuum dried at 35degreesC for 4 hours, and polyether polymer composition was produced. The amount of antioxidant adhered to the surface of polymer particle was 90% or more, and the composition had gel fraction of 2%, and favorable storage stability and processing stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The annular layer of the thermoplastic is placed between the fluid transport layer and polymer electrolyte membrane. The fluid transport layer is not in contact with the polymer electrolyte membrane. The thermoplastic is thermoplastic with melting point or glass transition temperature at most70degreesC greater than the heat distortion temperature of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The thermoplastic is terpolymers of tetra fluoroethylene, hexa fluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride; copolymers of hexa fluoro propylene and vinylidene fluoride; or polyvinylidene fluoride. The outer perimeters of the cathode-side fluid transport layer beyond the outer perimeter of the polymer electrolyte membrane at two diametrically opposite locations designate North and South. The assembly lay-up also comprises annular scrim layer.Preferred Methods: The positioning step includes positioning annular layer of thermoplastic adjacent to or between the anode- and cathode-side fluid transport layers. The method also comprises placing annular shim on fluid transport layer adjacent to the annular layer of thermoplastic prior to the applying of pressure and heat. The applying of heat and pressure is repeated twice.Preferred Parameters: The pressure and heat is at least1 MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute. The first application of pressure and heat is carried out at 0.4-1MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute. The second application of pressure and heat is at least1 MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A1) Is cyclic polybutylene terephthalate or cyclic polyethylene terephthalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductivity additive is metal nitrides (e.g. boron nitride and aluminum nitride, nanotubes of carbon and boron nitride), titanium diboride, cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), iridium (Ir), silicon (Si), rhodium (Rh), magnesium (Mg), tungsten (W), berylium (Be), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), copper (Cu) and/or silver (Ag). The electrical conductivity additive is Ag, Cu, stainless steel powder or fibers, Zn, Al, Manganese (Mn), bismuth, samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), Co, Mo, W, Ir, indium (In), Rh, Mg, Be, Au, magnetite, bronze and/or brass. The sound dampening additive is W, barium sulfate, zirconium sulfate, calcium sulfate, Pb, W, Au, Pt, Ir, Osmium, rhenium, tantalum, hafnium, Pd, Rh, borite, magnetite, hematite, zirconia, ceramic beads and/or chromite. The ionizing-radiation- opacity additive and the atomic particle-moderating additive is W, Pb, Zr, Si, In, Al, Ir, boron, cadmium, europium and/or Sm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal conductivity additive is pitch carbon, graphite and/or diamond. The electrical conductivity additive is carbon black and/or carbon nanotubes. The radiation-opacity additive and the atomic particle moderating additive is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyamidoimide resin is preferably copolymerized with butadiene type-rubber(s) having carboxyl group, hydroxyl group or amino group at one terminal, polyalkylene ether and polyester. The diamine component of the polyamidoimide resin has o-toluidine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin layer of coiled structure contains cellulose, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, vinyl, acrylic resin or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Precursor: The precursor is a compound of formula (2).R1, X, R2 and n = same as defined above;L1 = bivalent connection group; andR3 = optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Proton Source: The proton source is at least one type of compound selected from phosphoric acid (H3PO4), phosphorus acid (H3PO3), phosphoric acid ester, phosphorus acid ester, tungstophosphoric acid and tungsten peroxo complex. EXAMPLE - A precursor of formula (1-1) (in g) (4) and a compound of formula (X-21) (0.8) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml). 0.9 ml of 0.6% aqueous hydrochloric acid was added at 25degreesC. Stirring was performed for 20 minutes at 25degreesC. Phosphoric acid-ethanol solution was added, to obtain a reaction solution. The obtained reaction solution was applied on a Teflon sheet and maintained at room temperature for 2 hours. Heating was performed at 50degreesC for 24 hours, and then at 120degreesC or more for 2 hours. The layer formed on the sheet was peeled from the Teflon sheet, to obtain a colorless and transparent sheet of thickness 220 microns. The obtained sheet had ionic conductivity of 0.55x10-3 S/cm and had excellent flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Film: (I) is molded by heat pressing method. The film is drawn in the fixed direction such that it orients the double-helix chain of the DNA, and the conduction network of carbon nanotube is formed. The carbon nanotube is a monolayer carbon nanotube. The cationic lipid is alkyl type cationic lipid, dialkyl type cationic lipid or aromatic ring containing cationic lipid. The DNA is chosen from natural DNA, synthetic DNA, natural RNA, synthetic RNA, DNA/RNA hybrid and the anionic polymer other than DNA and RNA. The content of carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite in the matrix composite is 0.5-10.0 wt.% with respect to the carbon nanotube added into cationic lipid aqueous solution.Preferred Method: (M1) is performed after swelling the matrix composite film. EXAMPLE - Matrix composite film containing carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite was prepared as follows. Forty ml of 9.1 mg/ml hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous solution was added to 10 mg monolayer carbon nanotube. The ultrasonic wave was applied for 10 minutes, and the powder of carbon nanotube was made. After several hours of stirring, irradiation was supplied for 3 minutes using ultrasonic wave. The obtained dispersion lipid was centrifuged and supernatant liquid was collected. Several ml of water was added to the precipitate, centrifuged and the supernatant liquid was collected. Then, the obtained supernatant was set as carbon nanotube lipid dispersion liquid. DNA (30000 base pairs) derived from Salmon milt was dissolved in water and DNA aqueous solution was obtained. The obtained DNA aqueous solution was dropped to the carbon nanotube lipid dispersion liquid, stirred for 1 hour and subjected for centrifugation. The precipitate was collected and decantation of the supernatant liquid was carried out. After freeze-drying, a black powder of matrix composite containing carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The layer of stable foam is applied to the surface portion of the substrate at 0.5-25 g ionomer/m2 by blade coating, die coating, comma bar coating, screen printing or dip coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The surface portion is one major planar surface of a sheet of porous, electrically conductive material comprising a catalyst layer. The ionomer-containing fluid further comprises a catalyst powder. The gas is chemically inert, preferably nitrogen, oxygen or air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The sheet of porous, electrically conductive material is a sheet of woven or non-woven carbon fiber paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionomer of the ionomer-containing fluid is sulfonated perfluorocarbon ionomer. The ionomer-containing fluid further comprises water and an alcohol, preferably isopropyl alcohol.Preferred Composition: The concentration of isopropyl alcohol is 0-30 (preferably 7-10) wt.% of the ionomer-containing fluid. The ratio of air to ionomer-containing fluid is 2:1-20:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composites: Composites (III) containing at least 0.1 (preferably at least 5) wt% (I), preferably with the addition of an antioxidant other than (I), the total amount of all antioxidants in (III) being 0.005-50 (preferably 0.01-10) wt%. EXAMPLE - Phosphonated poly-(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene (P-PPBP) was obtained by bromination of the base polymer, replacement of the bromine by phosphate ester groups (EP-PPBP) and de-esterification of EP-PPBP. The product was characterised by ICP, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis, which showed rates of conversion of 100%, 64% and 50% in the three stages, with phosphonic acid groups in the para position on the benzene rings at the ends of the PPBP side chains. The product showed a decomposition temperature of 350degreesC and a proton conductivity of 10-4 S/cm at 80degreesC and 90% RH. A fuel cell electrode was made by mixing 3.3 ml electrolyte solution (commercial solution containing 5% Nafion (RTM)) with 160 mg P-PPBP, water and 1100 mg 60% platinum on carbon, coating the resulting dispersion onto a fluorocarbon resin substrate and drying for 8 hours at 80degreesC under reduced pressure. TG-MS analysis showed that the thermal stability of the Nafion (RTM) was markedly increased by the addition of P-PPBP; the only gases evolved at 150degreesC were acetic acid (from the electrolyte solution) and carbon monoxide and dioxide (from the carbon); no gas was produced from the P-PPBP at this temperature. Long-term stability tests in a fuel cell at 80degreesC showed that the addition of P-PPBP had essentially no effect on membrane/electrode contact resistance, limiting current values or drain properties; accelerated strength tests under open-circuit conditions at 80degreesC with moist hydrogen and moist air in the cell showed that gas leakage increased from the start in the absence of P-PPBP but remained at a low level even after 250 hours when P-PPBP was added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support and the coating layer do not contain carbon fiber and metal material.Preferred Properties: The thickness of the gaseous diffusion layer and the porous support is 10-500 micrometers and 2-100 micrometers, respectively. The density of the coating layer is 0.1-0.8 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Acetylene black (in weight parts) (100), N10XX (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene powder) (15) were distributed in a dispersion medium containing ethanol (200) and water (300) to form a coating material. A polytetrafluoroethylene sheet was taken as support with thickness of 40 micrometers. Circular holes having diameter of 1 cm were formed on the support in 7 rows and 7 columns by punching method so that 49 holes were formed. The difference between the thickest and thinnest portions of the punched sheet was 5 micrometers. The coating material was applied on the punched sheet and dried at 40degreesC for 30 minutes. A gaseous diffusion layer having thickness of 100 micrometers and coating weight of 4.5 mg/cm2 was obtained. The density of the coating layer was 0.45 g/cm3. Membrane electrode composite produced using above gaseous diffusion layer was found to have low short circuit current of 0.23 mA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The organic polymer layer has impedance that can be selectively programmed to at least2 states. It is 0.001-5 mum thick and formed via chemical vapor deposition, gas phase reaction, or spin coating.Preferred Compounds: The organic polymer layer is consisting of polyacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polydiphenylacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophene, polyporphyrins, polymetallocenes, polyferocenes, polyphthalocyanines, polyvinylenes, polypyrroles, polydiphenylacetylene, or polystiroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic memory device has a conductivity facilitating layer (112) over the first conductive layer and below the organic polymer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The conductivity facilitating layer comprises copper sulfide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, silver sulfide, silver-copper-sulfide complex, gold sulfide, cerium sulfate, ammonium persulfate, iron oxide, lithium complexes, or palladium hydride. The electrode layer comprises amorphous carbon, tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, or titanium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The housing comprises a C-shaped connector (35a-305c) having an opening to receive a bar inserted transversely into the opening when the cover is at the release angle with respect to the housing. It may comprise a cavity (330) to receive a chargeable cell and to conform to the shape of the chargeable cell. The cavity receives a repeater. The unit also includes a mount having a back and supports to engage the housing and extend perpendicularly from the back. The further has braces extending from one support to the other support. The housing comprises a mounting protrusion to pivotally engage the supports of the mount. The mounting protrusion and supports of the mount comprise friction points to prevent pivotal movement between the mount and mounting protrusion (320). A locking mechanism (350a-350d) secures the cover to the housing. The cover comprises a bar extending from one side of the cover and parallel to the one side of the cover. The bar engages an opening in a C-shaped recess. It has a cross-section defined by a circular outer circumference having two opposing flattened portions separated by a distance approximately equal to the opening on the C-shaped recess (310a-310c). The cover comprises a concavity to receive a solar panel, a groove to receive a gasket to provide a seal between the cover to the housing when the cover and housing are securely engaged. A circuit board receives electricity from the solar panel and is located internal to the solar panel unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: At least one of the cover and housing is made from a polyvinyl-chloride material from Lexan 503R (RTM) or Lexan 143 (RTM).
Preferred Definitions:    L1 = atom group containing mesogen, or group containing 3C or more alkylene group or arylene group.    EXAMPLE - Methyl phosphoro dichloride (in g) (7.6) and pyridine (25 ml), were mixed to obtain white crystal precipitate. 1,6-hexanediol (6) was added to the reaction solution, to obtain a transparent gel-form solution. Hydrochloric acid and water (100 ml), were added to the reaction solution, to adjust pH to 1. Supernatant liquid of the precipitate was decanted. The residue was added to methanol, water, and the precipitate, to obtain another precipitate. The obtained precipitate was filtered, water-washed and dried. Toluene (100 ml) was added to the obtained product, dehydrated and refluxed. After evaporation of water, toluene was distilled under reduced pressure, to obtain colorless glass-like polymer of formula (A-4) (4.8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Alkoxy sulfonated aromatic polyimide has structural unit of formula (3).Ar3 = same as Ar1;Ar4 = bivalent group having aromatic ring(s) and does not have sulfo group as substituent.The amount of structural unit of formula (1) is 1-100 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrolyte film is not fractured when bent to 120degrees even after immersing electrolyte film of thickness 25 micronsm in warm water of 80degreesC. The proton conductivity of electrolyte film at 80degreesC and 100% relative humidity, is 0.1 S/cm or more. The methanol permeability of the electrolyte film when immersed in a methanol aqueous solution at 30degreesC, is less than 0.8x10-6 cm2/second. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = tetravalent group of formula (4);    Ar2 = bivalent group of formula (5); and    n = 3 or 4.    EXAMPLE - 3-(2',4'-diaminophenoxy) propane sulfonic acid monohydrochloride (0.43 g), m-cresol (3.5 ml) and triethyl amine (0.46 ml) were mixed under nitrogen stream. Benzoic acid (0.26), 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (0.4 g) were mixed. Catalyst was added and the reaction mixture was heated. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature by adding m-cresol (5 ml). Acetone was added to the liquid and filament was deposited. The filament was separated, washed and vacuum-dried to form polyimide. The obtained polyimide was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The obtained solution was applied on a glass panel and dried at 80degreesC for 10 hours to form a flexible polymer film. The film was immersed in methanol at 60degreesC for 1 hour. Subsequently, the film was immersed in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution for 10 hours. The obtained film had water absorption property of 63% and proton conductivity of 0.2 S/cm at 50degreesC and 100% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Proton Source: The proton source is selected from phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid ester, tungstophosphoric acid and/or tungsten peroxo complex. EXAMPLE - Isocyanic acid-3-(triethoxy silylpropyl) (in g) (24.7) was dissolved in acetonitrile under nitrogen stream. 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl) tetramethyl disiloxane (12.4) was dropped at room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and compound (I-1) (36) having siloxane linkage of formula (10) was prepared. The obtained compound (I-1) used as precursor (1) and tetraethoxysilane (1) were dissolved in ethanol. Hydrochloric acid solution was added at 25degreesC and stirred for 20 minutes. Ethanol solution of phosphoric acid was dropped and the reaction solution was obtained. The reaction solution was applied on a Teflon sheet and heated at 50degreesC for 2 hours after allowing to stand for 2 hours. The sheet was heated at 120degreesC or more for 3 hours and Teflon sheet was peeled and a colorless and transparent sheet of thickness 230 microns was obtained. The proton conduction film so obtained was bonded on both surfaces with catalyst film and hot pressed at 120degreesC under a pressure of 50 kg/cm2, and composite material of catalyst electrode and film was obtained. The composite material was set in a fuel cell and 50 mass% methanol aqueous solution was poured into cathode side opening and anode side opening was contacted with air. A constant current of 5 mA/cm2 was applied between the electrodes and cell voltage was measured. The cell voltage was found to the constant without much variation. Time dependent voltage reduction and methanol crossover phenomenon were not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fluorocarbon type electrolyte polymer contains an ion exchange group and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride, trifluoro ethylene chloride, vinyl fluoride, perfluoro propyl vinyl ether, perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether or 2-bromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl trifluoro vinyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The solid polymer electrolyte film (200) contains non-fluorine polymer preferably sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide. Solid polymer electrolyte films (202,204) contain solid polymer electrolyte material of fluoro polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid catalyst is a highly dispersed platinum catalyst. Preferred Composition: The catalyst ink comprises 50-80% water. The solid catalyst is present in 10-20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The polar aprotic organic solvent has a standard boiling point of at least 80degreesC. The catalyst ink has a viscosity at 1/sec of at most10 or at most1 Pa-sec. It does not ignite spontaneously when dried to completion in air at least80degreesC or at least140degreesC. Preferred Component: The polar aprotic organic solvent is dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethyacetamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (preferably), dimethylimidazolidinone, acetonitrile, butyrolactone, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, isobutyl methyl ketone, or sulfolane. Preferred Composition: The polar aprotic organic solvent is present at 5-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte is highly fluorinated and contains no arylene units in the polymer backbone. Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte in acid (H+) form is present in 1-10%. EXAMPLE - Anode ink was made by weighing 30 g catalyst powder into a glass jar. Then, 112.2 g Nafion solution was added to the catalyst powder remained in the mixture. The jar was placed in ice bath and deagglomerated for 1 minute at 16000 rpm. Then 20.4 g additional water was added and mixed for 10 minutes. A rubber spatula was used to scrape the catalyst dispersion off the jar and the jar was tightly sealed to prevent solvent loss from the catalyst dispersion. The ink was examined and showed strong flocculation, a viscosity of 14.5 Pa.sec at 1/sec, a power law index of 0.3956, and no incineration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The yarn is twisted after being stretched and spun. It is held with a serving yarn after being stretch broken and spun. It is woven into a fabric. It is stitch bonded into a multiaxial fabric. It is in layers, and mechanically secured together by needle punching into a felt. The fabric is subject to heat to convert the yarn of pitch precursor material into graphitic yarn. It is coated with a carbonaceous mixture. It is incorporated in a composite comprising a thermoplastic or thermoset resin.Preferred Parameter: The ratio of the first filament count to the second filament count is between 5-20.Preferred Component: The hybrid yarn comprises pitch precursor fibers and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred materials: The metal phosphoric acid compound in anode and cathode is zirconia. The anode and cathode catalyst supports noble metals such as platinum or platinum alloy containing ruthenium to the carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode and cathode catalyst layer has fluoroalkyl ether side chain containing sulphonic acid group and fluoroalkyl sulphonic chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid trapping powder is coated with resin film having a gas permeability coefficient of nitrogen or oxygen of more than 1000 ml/m2.d.MPa, and the solid trapping powder comprises a solid acid. The solid acid comprises a cation exchange resin. The solid trapping powder has physical-adsorption ability, and fine powder comprises resin having a gas permeability coefficient of nitrogen or oxygen of more than 1000 ml/m2.d.MPa.Preferred Components: The resin film and fine powder comprise polyolefin type resin comprising polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.Preferred Method: The solid trapping powder is coated with resin film derived from low melting point resin powder by applying compressive force, shearing force and heat with respect to resin powder having a melting point lower than the decomposition temperature or melting point of the solid trapping powder. EXAMPLE - Highly acidic cation exchange resin powder (solid trapping powder) (1000 g) having a primary average particle diameter of upto 75 micro-m, density of 1.2 g/cm3 and decomposition temperature of 180degreesC was blended with polyethylene powder (fine powder) (250 g) having a primary average particle diameter of 10 micro-m, gas permeability coefficient of 77420 ml/m2.d.MPa and density of 0.918 g/cm3. The obtained mixture was coupled chemically at 40degreesC by applying compressive force and shearing force for 50 minutes at a rotation speed of 1500 rpm, and ammonia trapping composite powder was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion exchange group is sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group or amino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polystyrene is obtained by polymerizing or co-polymerizing 1 or more type of styrene-type monomer of formula (I).R1 = H, halogen, carbon, oxygen and/or silicon atom; andm = 1-5.Preferred Monomer: The styrene-type monomer is styrene, (1-20C) alkyl styrene, halogenated styrene, vinyl biphenyls, vinyl phenyl naphthalenes, vinyl phenyl anthracenes, vinyl phenyl phenanthrenes, vinyl phenyl pyrenes, vinyl terphenyls, vinyl phenyl terphenyls, vinyl (1-20C) alkyl biphenyls, halogenated vinyl biphenyls, tri (1-20C) alkyl silyl vinyl biphenyls, halogenated (1-20C) alkyl styrene, (1-20C) alkyl silyl styrene, phenyl-group containing silyl styrene, halogen containing silyl styrene and/or silyl group containing silyl styrene.Preferred Properties: The syndiotacticity, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance method (13C-NMR method), of the polystyrene is 75% or more, preferably 85% or more at recemic dyad and 30% or more, preferably 50% or more in recemic pentad. Weight average molecular weight of the polystyrene is 5000-4500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: A photoresist film is provided at the surface of a metal thin plate, and a photoresist or a plastic film, corrosion resistance metal, plastic film, etc. are attached to the reverse side. A two-dimensional image is printed for an image on a photoresist layer by the ink jet printer, an electrostatic photographic method, etc. It is exposed by applying a photo mask, or the two-dimensional image transferred with a computer controlled light-beam scanner, is used. Lamination integration of the two-dimensional structure board obtained by irradiating two-dimensional image light at the semi-solid board obtained by mixing solid powder and the photoresist, is carried out. The two-dimensional structure board which carried out the penetration removal of them partially by the laser pulse or the water jet is formed at a hard-material thin plate, and lamination integration, is carried out. Various solid particles, pigment, DNA, protein, other reagents etc. are added to the substance solidified by the photoresist, temperature change, chemical reaction, enzyme reaction, etc. From a different nozzle, these are extruded on a belt conveyor in parallel in a line shape, and lamination integration of the integration board obtained by generating a solidification reaction is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The non-passivated regions define lands (64), and the passivated regions define grooves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The coating comprises a first polymer composition on the lands, and a second polymer composition on the grooves. The first polymer composition comprises corrosion resistant filter particles. The polymer consists of epoxies, silicones, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The contact element comprises aluminum. The filter particles are gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, niobium, titanium, chromium, rare earth metals, graphite, carbon, their compounds, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The niobic acid compound is Nb2O5. The cathode active material contains silicon oxide (SiO), tungsten dioxide (WO2) and/or tungsten trioxide (WO3). The supporting electrolyte contains fluorine. The supporting electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and/or lithium borofluoride (LiBF4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate and/or (gamma)-butyrolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The separator is a glass fiber. The separator and the gasket contain a resin chosen from polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyether nitrile resin, polyamidoimide resin and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is dispersed in non-aqueous solvent which is a mixed solvent of aprotic solvent with a dielectric constant of 20 or more and an aprotic solvent with a dielectric constant of 10 or less. Preferred Definitions:    M = aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony; and    Aa+ = lithium ion or quaternary alkyl ammonium ion, preferably lithium ion.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 specific metal complex compounds e.g. lithium borate complexes of formula (3), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is mixed solution containing glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is thermoplastic such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, ionomer, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer and/or ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The water repellent layer is a layer which consists of an organic compound which is a silicone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is a fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin for Muffler Shells: The muffler shells are made of polymeric resin selected from fluororesin and high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode is a bipolar electrode comprising positive electrode active material layer containing complex oxide of lithium and transition metal, and negative electrode active material layer comprising complex oxide of carbon or lithium and transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin material is selected from a group including tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkoxy ethylene copolymer, and ethylene tetra fluoroethylene copolymer and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The jar further has layer containing thermoplastic resin, which is a polyolefin type resin. The liquid crystalline polymer contains liquid crystal polyester as continuous phase, and copolymer having functional group reacting with liquid crystal polyester as dispersed phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Material (Ia) also contains a monomer of formula R7R8Si(CH=CH2)2 (III) in whichR7, R8 = as for R1-R3. The preferred monomer with a vinyl group is styrene and the strongly-acid group (preferably a functional sulfonic acid group) is introduced in a phenyl residue derived from styrene. Monomers (IIa) comprise vinyltriethylsilane, vinyl-tris-(trimethylsiloxy)-silane and/or vinyl-tert.-butyl-dimethyl-silane. Preferred Method: M2 also involves introducing a monomer of formula (III). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R8 = methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert.-butyl, phenyl, trimethylsiloxy, trifluoromethyl or pentafluoro-phenyl    .    EXAMPLE - A solution of vinyltriethylsilane, styrene and diallyl-methyl-phenyl-silane (mol ratio 11:2:0.3) in dichloromethane was treated with 0.01 mol azobis-isobutyronitrile and heated on a glass plate for 12 hours at 70degreesC to form a thin film. The styrene residues were then sulfonated by treatment for 4 hours with fuming sulfuric acid (60%), after which the film was washed with water and ethanol and then dried. Film samples were kept for 2 hours in atmospheres of different relative humidity and then tested at 80degreesC at the same RH value; samples tested at 30, 60 and 90% RH showed proton conductivity values of 0.005, 0.019 and 0.055 (0.018, 0.035, 0.087) S/cm respectively. This film also showed oxygen permeability coefficients of 7.3 x 10-7 (8.4 x 10-10) cm3/Cm/S/cmHg in the dry state (0% RH) and 2.5 x 10-7 (4.9 x 10-7) cm3/cm/S/cmHg when wet (90% RH). Values in brackets are for thin film made from Nafion 117 (RTM: sulfonated perfluorocarbon polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The moisture transport system comprises an ion generating system and an ion moving system. The ion generating system comprises a fuel line configured to supply the fuel to the second electrode. The ion moving system comprises an oxidizer line and an external circuit for interconnecting the first and second electrodes. The moisture transport system further comprises an ion activating system having a voltage detector (27) and a controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The basic material is monohydric secondary or tertiary alcohol(s) selected from 2-propanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 3-methyl-2-propanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 2-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol and 4-octanol. The basic material is a polyhydric alcohol of a secondary or tertiary alcohol selected from 1,2-propandiol, glycerine, 1,2-butandiol, 1,3-butandiol, 2,3-butandiol, 1,2,3-butantriol, 1,2,4-butantriol, 2-methyl-1,2-propandiol, 2-methyl-1,2,3-propantriol, 1,2-pentandiol, 1,3-pentandiol, 1,4-pentandiol, 2,3-pentandiol, 2,4-pentandiol, 2-methyl-1,2-butandiol, 3-methyl-1,2-butandiol, 2-methyl-2,3-butandiol, polyisopropylene glycol, polyisobutylene glycol, poly-1-methyl-1,3-propandiol, and their methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl ethers or esters. The composition also contains a corrosion preventing additive. EXAMPLE - Examples of the composition comprise:    (i) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water and 50 wt.% 2-propanol,    (ii) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water and 50 wt.% 1,3-butandiol,    (iii) 49.9 wt.% ion exchanged water, 50 wt.% 1,3-butandiol and 0.1 wt.% alkyl-glucoside, and    (iv) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water, 35 wt.% 2-propanol, 7.5 wt.% 1,3-butandiol and 3-pentanol.    The conductivities are all 0.2 microS/cm. The conductivities after endurance testing are respectively (i) 2 microS/cm, (ii) 26 microS/cm, (iii) 27 microS/cm and (iv) 12 microS/cm. The freezing temperatures are all at most -20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell includes a mechanism for creating pressure differential between the reactant gas streams and a coolant stream (26) so that the pressure of the reactant gas stream is greater than the pressure of the coolant stream.Preferred Parameter: The diffusion layer is more than 5 but less than 25 micrometers thick. The pressure differential is more than 0.2 but less than 1.7 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The fluoro polymer of the diffusion layer is polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polytetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoromethyl vinylether, copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, or amorphous fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains a polymer obtained by polymerizing the boron-containing compound (I). The ion conductive material comprises a polymerizable composition containing a boron-containing compound of formulae (II) and (III).Z4, Z5, Z6 = organic group having an acryloyl group or methacryloyl group, or 1-10C hydrocarbon;R1-R3 = 1-10C hydrocarbon;p, q, r, d, e, f = average degree of polymerization of oxyalkylene group, more than 0 but less than 4.Each of the sum p+q+r and the sum of d+e+f is 1 or more.Preferred Concentration: The molar ratio of compound (II) and compound (III) is 0.1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt comprises LiPF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiI, LiBr, LiSCN, Li2B10Cl10 or LiCF3CO2. EXAMPLE - Trimethyl borate (207.6 g) was added to 230 g dibutylene glycol monomethacrylate and 496 g tributylene glycol monomethyl ether, kept at 60degreesC for 1 hour with stirring in a dry air atmosphere, and heated to 75degreesC. After the temperature reached 75degreesC, the pressure in the system was gradually reduced. The system was kept at at most 2.67 kPa for 6 hours, and filtered to obtain 720 g polymerizable boron-containing compound. Then, 7.34 g of the polymerizable boron-containing compound, 7.34 mg 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile and LiBF4 as an electrolytic salt were mixed. This solution was poured into a polytetrafluoroethylene die and kept at 80 degrees C for 6 hours to obtain a polymer electrolyte. The obtained film was cut to a disc of 1 cm in diameter and placed between a pair of stainless steel electrodes. The ionic conductivity obtained was 1.1 mS/cm. The solution was cast on the positive electrode and negative electrode, and kept at 80 degrees C for 6 hours to produce polymer electrolytes on the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains a polymer obtained by polymerizing the boron-containing compound (I).The ion conductive material comprises a polymerizable composition containing a boron-containing compound of formulae (II) and (III).Z4, Z5, Z6 = organic group having an acryloyl group or methacryloyl group, or 1-10C hydrocarbon;R1-R3 = 1-10C hydrocarbon;p, q, r, alpha, b, gamma = average degree of polymerization of oxyalkylene group, more than 0 but less than 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt comprises LiPF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiI, LiBr, LiSCN, Li2B10Cl10, or LiCF3CO2. EXAMPLE - Trimethyl borate (207.6 g) was added to 230 g dibutylene glycol monomethacrylate and 496 g tributylene glycol monomethyl ether, kept at 60 degrees C for 1 hour with stirring in a dry air atmosphere, and heated to 75 degrees C. After the temperature reached 75 degrees C the pressure in the system was gradually reduced. The system was kept at at most 2.67 kPa for 6 hours, filtrated to obtain 720 g polymerizable boron-containing compound. Then, 7.34 g of the polymerizable boron containing compound, 7.34 mg 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile and LiBF4 as an electrolytic salt were mixed. This solution was poured into a polytetrafluoroethylene die and kept at 80 degrees C for 6 hours to obtain a polymer electrolyte. The obtained film was cut to a disc of 1 cm in diameter, and placed between a pair of stainless steel electrodes. The ionic conductivity obtained was 1.1 mS/cm. The solution was cast on the positive electrode and negative electrode, and kept at 80 degrees C for 6 hours to produce polymer electrolytes on the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hard stop defines a unitary hard stop structure. The thermoplastic material extends from the FTLs to the hard stop arrangement. An adhesive is provided between the hard stop arrangement and the flow field plates respectively. A sealing arrangement is provided between the flow field plates and peripheral to the MEA. The sealing arrangement comprises an elastomeric gasket. The hard stop arrangement comprises a protruding surface of a peripheral edge of the flow field plates; a recessed surface of the peripheral edge; and an electrically insulating material provided between the respective protruding and recessed surfaces. The hard stop arrangement comprises a channel between the flow field plates, an annular hard stop core and a curved recessed surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic material comprises thermoplastic films. The hard stop arrangement comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, fiberglass, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, Delrin, Mylar, Kapton, Lexan or Teflon. The thermoplastic material comprises polyethylene or fluoroplastic material.Preferred Property: The thermoplastic material has a melting temperature of 50-180 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The yarn further comprises elastomeric fibers containing Spandex (RTM). The collapsible container comprises one or more panels of Mylar (RTM) film and an aluminum coating on the panels. The hydrogen storage medium comprises one or more filaments comprising a hydrogen absorbing material embedded in a hydrogen permeable polymeric matrix. The yarn comprises an organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage device further comprises a heater thermally coupled to the storage medium; an electrical coupling coupled to the yarn; and a fabric that includes the yarn. The hydrogen storage device comprises a vessel; and a roll of fabric disposed within the vessel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The heater includes one or more metal traces on interior surfaces of one or more of the panels of Mylar film. The hydrogen absorbing material includes metal forming metal hydrides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen absorbing material includes carbon nanofibers and/or carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte (A) contains non-aqueous solvent, electrolyte salt, maleimide derivative of formula (2) or (3), and compound containing acryloyl group and/or methacryloyl group.R1-R3 = same as defined above.Preferred Composition: The content of maleimide derivative is 0.3-6 volume parts, with respect to 100 volume parts of electrolyte (A) containing electrolyte salt and non-aqueous solvent. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate was dissolved in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in the volume ratio of 3:7, and an electrolyte liquid was obtained. Methyl maleimide of formula (7) (1 volume parts) was mixed with the obtained electrolyte liquid (100 volume parts). The obtained mixture (12 mass parts) was added to polypropylene glycol diacrylate (1 mass parts). Tertiary butyl peroxy pivalate (5000 ppm) was further added, and a prepolymer electrolyte was obtained. The obtained electrolyte was polymerized, and a gel-form polymer electrolyte was obtained. A gel-form polymer electrolyte battery was obtained using anode, cathode and the obtained electrolyte. The battery had nominal capacitance of 600 mPh, and favorable charging and discharging cycle property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The acidic group-containing monomer is sulfonic acid group-containing vinyl compound or phosphoric acid group-containing vinyl compound, preferably 2-methylpropane-2-acrylamide sulfonic acid or 2-methyl propane-2-methallyl amide sulfonic acid. The crosslinking agent is compound having 2 or more vinyl group per molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous base material is crosslinked polyolefin or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The sheet material is carbon cloth, carbon nonwoven fabric and/or carbon paper. The porous material is mold of amorphous carbon and graphite, or amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The water repellent layer comprises fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The ion insulation layer contains substance selected from isobutylene-isoprene rubber or styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine resin, diene type polymer, olefin-type polymer, styrene type polymer, acrylate type polymer, polyamic-acid type polymer, polyimide-acid type polymer, polyimide type polymer, ester condensed-system polymer and cellulosic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ion insulation layer contains substance selected from silane coupling agent, titanate type coupling agent and aluminum type coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The heat-resistant resin film is a thermoplastic resin film which is a liquid crystal polymer film of low anisotropy or isotropy. The polymer contained in liquid crystal polymer film is a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer consisting of aromatic polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reaction product is obtained by reacting 0.6-1.5 mol of organic polymer with respect to 1 mol of metallic compound of formula (I).MXn1(OH)n2R1n3(OR2)n4 (I)M = metal atom chosen from silicon, titanium, boron and aluminum;X = halogen or isocyanate group;R1 = (un)substituted 1-5C alkyl;R2 = 2-11C acyl optionally having 1-5C alkyl as substituent;n1-n4 = 0 or integer of 1-m, and n1+n2+n3+n4 = m; andm = valence of M.Preferred Method: The reaction product is heat processed in non-aqueous solvent, and condensate of reactive group of metallic compound and portion of organic polymer is obtained. The product is further subjected to hydrolysis.referred Compounds: The organic polymer has repeating unit of formula (II).R3, R4 = H or (un)substituted 1-8C hydrocarbon; andn = 2-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide sol is chosen from silica sol, titania sol and alumina sol, and is contained in an amount of 5-30 wt.% by solid content weight ratio. EXAMPLE - Tetramethoxysilane (in g) (1.52) and polyethylene glycol (2) were mixed at room temperature, and stirred at 80 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere for 25 hours. Distilled water (0.36) was added to reaction solution at room temperature, and stirring was performed at 80 degrees C for 6 hours. Hydrolysis condensation was performed. A composite was obtained, and solution of lithium perchlorate (0.24) dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (1 ml) was added to the composite reaction solution. Subsequently, an isopropanol solution of silica sol (0.5) was added to the reaction solution at room temperature, and the obtained solution was cast on aluminum substrate of 3 mm thickness. The solvent was removed by heating under reduced pressure, and a transparent thin film was obtained. The obtained thin film had favorable exterior, hardness, transparency, dynamic viscoelasticity of 1.8x10-4 S/cm at 30 degrees C and strength of 4 MPa at 30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solid electrolyte is formed into a film by a metallic compound containing at least titanium compound and silicon compound.The titanium compound having 3 or more reactive groups, or metallic compound with 3 or more reactive groups, is a metallic compound of formula (I):MXn1(OH)n2R1n3(OR2)n4 (I)M = titanium atom, silicon atom or other metal atom;X = halogen atom or isocyanate group;R1 = 1-5C alkyl group having optional substituent;R2 = 2-11C acyl group or 1-5C alkyl group having optional substituent;n1-n4 = 0 or integer in one of 1-m;n1+n2+n3+n4 = m; andm = valence of M.The titanium compound or silicon compound having 3 or more reactive groups, is a compound of formula (II): M1X1n11(OH)n21R11n31(OR21)n41 (II)M1 = titanium atom or silicon atom;X1 = halogen atom or isocyanate group;R11 = as defined for R1;R21 = as defined for R2; andn11-n41 = as defined for n1-n4.Preferred Method: The solid electrolyte is obtained by heat processing reaction product of organic polymer and titanium compound, and performing hydrolysis reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Repeating Unit: The organic polymer has repeating unit of formula (2).R3 and R4 = 1-8C hydrocarbon group optionally having H or substituent; andn = 2-6.When n is 2 or more, R3 and R4 may be same or different.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material in protection resin layer is selected from a group consisting of low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, low density polypropylene, high density polypropylene and modified polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The aqueous liquid is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is natural graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The binder of cathode is cellulose ether compound and butadiene copolymerized rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic element is selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene rubber, fluororesin, silicone rubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound having polymerizability after dissociation, is a vinyl ether derivative. The polymerizable compound precursor is a hemiacetal ester derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polymeric electrolyte film is a composite film of poly electrolyte and a support material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer battery comprises at least one electrode made of an electrically conductive polymer selected from poly(3(2-fluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3-fluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(2,4-fluorophenyl)-thiophene), poly(3(3,4-fluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3,5- difluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(3(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)thiophene), lithium alloy/polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, poly(para-phenylene sulfide), poly(para-phenylene vinylene) or poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer battery comprises at least one electrode made of an electrically conductive polymer selected from tetramethyl/ethyl/propyl/butylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate, tetraalkyl ammonium salts or alcoholic hydroxy group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The light source comprises a light-emitting diode (LED).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-occluding component consists of composite of nano-class diamond and binder. Preferred Binder: The hydrogen occlusion component contains 0-90% of binder. The binder contains organic compound, resin and/or metal material. The binder is a powder consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, lanthanum nitride, cast iron, silver, polyimide, epoxy resin and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - A cluster diamond was stored in a gas bottle filled with vacuum. Drying was carried out at 120degreesC for 3 hours. Hydrogen was introduced into the container. The specific surface area of the clustered diamond was 302 mm2/g. The weight change of the cluster diamond was observed. The cluster diamond had high hydrogen storage capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fibers: The vegetable fiber is obtained from wild grass, rice, wheat, hemp, cotton, vegetables, trees, bamboo, corn, sugarcane, paper, and/or pulp. The animal fiber is obtained from animal hair, feather, cocoon, and/or thread of spider.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is acrylic type resin, polyester group resin, polyethylene group resin, and/or polypropylene resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon-containing material has a hydrogen absorbing power of 5% or more, by mass.Preferred Method: The synthetic-resin type fiber is impregnated with an aqueous solution of water-soluble salt(s) of iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and dried to precipitate the salt at the fiber surface and at the interfiber. The salt is converted into a metal while carbonizing the fiber by further heating the fiber in an anaerobic environment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Container: The container is equipped with a heating-cooling unit for introduction of hydrogen gas, a vent hole for emission, and a temperature control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Photoresist: The alkali soluble photoresist contains 0.1-5 meq/g of (meth)acryloyl group, and has mass mean molecular weight of 5000-30000.Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition further contains a coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The sulfonic acid and fluoro olefin are reacted at 30-200 degrees C and at a pressure of 0.01-3 MPa. Preferred Definitions:    Rf = -CR1R2CHR3R4.    EXAMPLE - Achromatic liquid (17.7 g) was obtained by adding concentrated sulfuric acid (30 ml) to obtained sulfonate salt (18) (26.5 g) and performing vacuum distillation (b.pt. 125-130 degrees C/0.13 kPa) after dissolution. This liquid was confirmed to the sulfonic acid by 1H NMR. Sulfonic acid (14.4 g) was placed in a pressure container with vinylidene fluoride and stirred at 25 degrees C. The additional pressing-in of the vinylidene fluoride was suitable carried out so that an internal pressure of 0.4 MPa was maintained.    The pressure was further maintained at 0.4 MPa for a further 30 minutes. Achromatic liquid was obtained by releasing pressure.    Ester of formula (2) (11.3 g), zinc powder (2.2 g) and acetonitrile (40 ml) was mixed under N2 stream. The reaction mixture was filtered after stirring for 5 minutes at 50 degrees C. Achromatic liquid (5.3 g) was obtained after depressurizingly concentrating a filtrate (b.pt. 66 - 67.5 degrees C/0.8 kPa). the liquid was confirmed to be a sulfonate monomer by 1H NMR..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The non-foamed resin contains polyolefin type resin, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and/or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The gas permeability coefficient of nitrogen or oxygen of non-foamed resin is more than 1000 ml/m2.d.MPa. The solid trapping material contains solid acid containing cation exchange resin.Preferred Material: The ammonia gas dissolved in alkali solution is trapped by ammonia gas trapping composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of (II) and (III) is 0.1-4. The ion-conductive polyelectrolyte also comprises electrolytic salt(s). The electrolytic salt(s) is lithium hexafluoro-phosphide, lithium nitro-fluoro-methyl sulfoxide, lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoro boride, lithium hexafluoro-astatine, lithium iodide, lithium bromide, lithium thio-cyanide, dilithium decachloro-decaboride, or lithium trifluoro-methyl carboxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The distance-defining component comprises a resin material. The resin material is a porous sheet which is obtained by processing a resin fabric or a metallic wire. The electrolyte of polymer electrolyte layer contains a solid polymer electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The layer (3) comprises composite oxide of lithium and transition metal. The layer (2) comprises carbon or composite oxide of lithium and transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Microparticle: The fluororesin microparticle is chosen from tetrafluoro ethylene perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer microparticles, tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene copolymer microparticles, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene copolymer microparticles and ethylene-tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer microparticles.Preferred Polymer: The fluorinated carbon type ion exchange property polymer is perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid polymer.
Preferred Definitions:    X = -O-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -OphO-.    EXAMPLE - 3,3',4,4'-tetra amino diphenyl sulfone (in g) (1.5), 2,5-dicarboxy benzenesulfonic acid mono sodium (1.445) phosphorus pentaoxide (20.48) having phosphorus pentaoxide (75 wt.%) and phosphorus pentaoxide (16.41) were mixed. Nitrogen was poured into the solution, and the temperature was raised to 100degreesC. Further, the temperature was increased, polymerized, cooled, and the polymer was removed. The obtained polymer was dried under reduced pressure at 80degreesC and applied on a hot glass panel, to form a film having excellent temperature resistance, heat resistance and solvent resistance and mechanical characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrical insulator is chosen from polyester resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin, vinyl resin, urethane resin, epoxy resins, acrylic resin and/or chlorinated rubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from carbon steel, alloyed steel, cemented carbide alloy, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, titanium alloy, and/or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The aromatic ring structure serves as a radical anion or carbanion, and complex with an alkali metal is formed. The aromatic ring structure is a condensed ring structure (a) having two or more aromatic rings, polyphenylene structure (b) having two or more aromatic rings, structure (c) having two or more aromatic rings bonded at least by methylene group, or structure (d) having two or more aromatic rings bonded at least by carbonyl group. The structure (a) is condensed ring system having naphthalene structure, anthracene structure, pyrene structure, phenanthrene structure or phenazine structure. The structure (b) is shown by formula (1).n = 0-4.The structure (c) is shown by formulae (2), (3) or (4).The structure (d) is shown by formulae (5), (6) or (7).The structure (a) is shown by formula (8), (9), (10), (11) or (12).R1,R2 = oxygen, carbonyl group or 20C or less alkyl chain; andA1-A9 = H, fluorine, 5C or less alkyl, 5C or less alkoxy or 5C or less alkyl group in which fluorine is substituted.The structure (b) is shown by formula (13) or (14).R1,R2 = as mentioned above;A1-A13 = A1 of formula (8); andn = 0-4.The structure (c) is shown by formula (15), (16), (17), (18), (19) or (20).R1-R3 = R1 of formula (8); and
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated donor block has a higher highest occupied molecular orbital and a higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital than the conjugated acceptor block. The non-conjugated bridge has a highest occupied molecular orbital which is lower than the highest occupied molecular orbital of the conjugated donor block and the conjugated acceptor block and the non-conjugated bridge has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital which is higher than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the conjugated donor block and the conjugated acceptor block. The non-conjugated bridge is formed such that it is able to bend 180degrees. The device further comprises conjugated donor blocks and conjugated acceptor blocks which are alternately joined by non-conjugated bridges and formed into columns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a positive electrode placed at one end of the columns, and a negative electrode placed at the end of the columns opposite to the positive electrode. It further comprises a thin donor layer between the positive electrode and the columns, and a thin acceptor layer between the negative electrode and the columns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is formed of resins like polypropylene ethylene propylene diene monomer (PP-EPDM) resin or polystyrene-isoprene copolymer.
EXAMPLE - 3,3',4,4'-tetraamino diphenyl sulfone (in g) (1.8), 1,2,4,5-tetra amino benzene-4-hydrochloride (1.225), 3,5-dicarboxy phenyl phosphonic acid (2.653), polyphosphoric acid (24.98) and phosphorus pentaoxide (20.02) were stirred at 110degreesC. The temperature of the mixture was maintained at 110degreesC for 6 hours. Then, the temperature of the mixture was raised to 150degreesC and then to 200degreesC. The mixture was polymerized for 6 hours and cooled. Water was added to the polymerized mixture, and a polymer was removed. The obtained polymer had logarithmic viscosity of 1.04. The obtained polymer (1), benzyl alcohol (8 ml) and 25% methanol aqueous solution of hydroxylated tetramethyl ammonium (2 ml), were stirred. The obtained solution was flow-spread on a glass plate, with the thickness of 200 micrometers. A film was formed on the glass plate. The film had ionic conductivity of 0.010 S/cm, at 80degreesC and 95% of relative humidity.
EXAMPLE - To 4-phenyl phenol (in g) (50) dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (100 ml), sodium hydroxide (12.37) dissolved in water (15 ml) was added. Benzene (40 ml) was added and water was removed after 7 hours. Bromobenzene (60) and cuprous chloride (1) were added and stirred at 145degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 20 hours. The precipitate formed was filtered, diluted with benzene and washed several times with water. The benzene layer obtained was dried with sodium sulfate and then concentrated. Crude product produced was treated with activated carbon to obtain 4-phenoxy biphenyl. 4-phenoxy biphenyl (2.18), diphenyl ether (1.51) and isophthalic-acid chloride (3.6) were dissolved in dichloro ethane (200 ml). Aluminum chloride (6.15) was added after cooling above mixture in an ice bath. The mixture was then stirred for 1 hour and polymerization was continued at room temperature for 17 hours. The reaction material was poured into methanol and polymer was removed. The polymer obtained was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and hot water and dried to obtain aromatic polyether ketone compound. The obtained ketone compound was dissolved concentrated sulfuric acid (20 ml), heated at 65degreesC and stirred for 9 hours. The polymer solution was poured into water and polymer was recovered. The recovered polymer was dried, after water wash to obtain sulfonic acid group-containing aromatic polyether ketone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polymeric electrolyte film is a sulfone carbonized hydrogen-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The water-soluble anhydrous mineral salt or its hydrate is water-soluble inorganic nitrate or its hydrate, water-soluble inorganic halide or its hydrate, water-soluble inorganic phosphate or its hydrate, monohydrogen phosphate hydrate, and/or dihydrogen phosphate hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The base material polymer is a polymer having the structural unit containing fluorine and sulfonic acid group, preferably, perfluoro sulfonic acid type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin films are selected from ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy-resin layer further contains a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The heat resistant resin layer is formed from resin such as 4-methyl-1-pentene resin, cross-linked polyolefin resin, annular polyolefin resin, and polyethylenenaphthalate resin, with film such as biaxial-extension polypropylene film, biaxial-extension polyester film and biaxial-extension polyamide film. The metal bonding resin layer comprises resin selected from a group of alpha olefin polymer, alpha olefin copolymer, ethylene, acrylic acid or copolymer with acrylic-acid derivative, methacrylic acid or copolymer with methacrylic acid derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine resin is vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-propylene, fluororubber, or tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro vinyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A wall defining the light path has a dark color. The element holder includes a sidewall (9) defining the light path and having an opening from the base wall to the intermediate light-blocking wall to expose a corresponding part of the light path externally through the opening. The aperture in the base wall increases in diameter toward the optical element. The intermediate light-blocking wall includes a through hole (8) that increases in diameter toward the lens. The transmission-type photoelectric sensor is a multi-beam photoelectric sensor having several optical axes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Manufacturing the plastic element holder includes providing the first die with a first projection on one surface to make the through hole in the intermediate light-blocking wall; simultaneously setting a third die in position with the first and second dies to make an element-receiving portion for holding the optical element; and then performing the step of injecting a material into a mold to form the lens-side half of the light path, the intermediate light-blocking wall, the element-side half of the light path and the element-receiving portion simultaneously. Preferred Component: The third die is provided with a second projection on one surface to make the aperture in the base wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plate has ribbed structure and holes (14) having a diameter of 0.020-0.100 inch.Preferred Properties: The plate has an overall active area of 5 cm2 and a recessed active area of 5 cm2. The recessed active area had a depth to a surface of the plate of 0.020-0.080 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (a) And (b) are present in an amount of (0.1 - 5) wt.% and (4 - 10) wt.%, respectively, based on the total weight of the composition. (C1) Further comprises an epoxy-containing compound (0.02 - 1.5) wt.%.Preferred Components: (a) Is tertiary amine (preferably aromatic or non-aromatic tertiary amine containing at least one N and at least5C), aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound (preferably 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic compound or 5-membered fused aromatic heterocyclic compound; especially pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, triazole, thiazole or thiadiazole) or polymeric form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (d) Is LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3 or LiSbF6. The concentration of (d) in (c) is 0.5 - 2 M. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (wt.%): poly(vinylpyridine-co-styrene) (2), 1,4-dibutanediol diglycidylether (0.5) and cyclohexyl benzene (5) were dissolved into LiPF6 (1M) in a 1:1:1 weight mixture of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate to form electrolyte solution (100 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The mechanical linkage comprises latch and adjustable attachment such as offset cam mechanism. The latch is attached by the offset cam mechanism to the compression plates. The mechanical linkages are electrically non-conductive. The compression plates comprise cooling channels for transport of fluid coolant. Each fuel cell module comprises two distribution plates (40). The compression plates comprise reactant/product pathways for transport of fluids to and/or from the distribution plates. The reactant product pathways comprise pathway insert pieces comprising material other than the material of the compression plates. The pathway insert pieces comprise a material inert to reactants and products. The fuel cell module comprises membrane electrode assemblies stacked alternately with three distribution plates. The fuel cell stack comprises fuel cell modules, compression plates, and mechanical linkages connecting the compression plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The mechanical linkages and pathway insert pieces comprise polyetheretherketone polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The acid solution used for etching process is selected from hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The alkali solution comprises caustic soda and caustic potash. The coating agent consists of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkali solution comprises ethylenediamine and hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinyl compound, which has aromatic group in side chain, is benzyl (meth)acrylate and/or styrene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The alkali metal salt is lithium per chlorate (LiCIO4), lithium tetrafluoro borate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) and/or bis (trifluoro methyl sulfonyl) lithium nitride (LiN(CF3SO2)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The solution used for forming oxide semiconductor layer, further contains a monomer having ultraviolet curing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Units: The mesityl borane derivative structural unit has formulae (II-IV).M2+ = alkali metal ion; andm = 3-50. EXAMPLE - Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (in g) (0.510) and mesityl borane (0.318) were stirred in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (2 ml) under argon at 20 degreesC for 6 hours. Tert-butyl phenol (0.45) was then added. The obtained solution was refined by reprecipitation in n-hexane to obtain polymer having structural unit of formula (II). The obtained polymer had molecular weight of 2900. The polymer (0.19) and 1N-phenyl lithium/cyclohexane solutions (0.1) were stirred in 0 degreesC-THF for 12 hours. The obtained solution was then washed with diethyl ether to form ionic polymer having structural unit of formulae (I and II).    M1+ = alkali metal ion; and    n = 3-9.    The obtained ionic polymer had lithium ion transport number of 0.78.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The cation unit contains a heterocyclic structure or aliphatic structure, preferably 4,4'-bipyridinium unit or dimethyl ammonium unit. The ionene is a compound of formula (1) or (2).m = 0 or more, preferably 6-410, more preferably 13-200;n = 0 or more, preferably 2-1600, more preferably 10-1600; andX- = counter anion. EXAMPLE - Cationic polymerization of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid anhydride (2.2 ml) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) was carried out at 0 degrees C for 10 minutes, in a reactor. 4,4'-bipyridine of equimolar amount was added into the reactor. Viologen type poly(tetramethylene oxide) ionene was synthesized. The molecular weight between ion points of the ionene was 7200. The ionene and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide or lithium perchlorate or lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate were dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran so that the ratio of Li/-O- became 0.05. The mixture was filled in a glove box filled with dry argon and cast at room temperature to form a film. The film was interposed between stainless steel electrodes, and loaded in a cell made from Teflon(TM). The electric conductivity of the formed electrolyte was measured and shown in the figure. The ionene formed was found to have favorable moldability and adhesion property with respect to an electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive carbon layer contains binder made of material selected from methylcellulose, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, and methyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gas permeable layer is hydrophobic layer of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: Energy of insertion for intercalating the magnesium ion(s) into the rutile structure is 1.81 eV, and a voltage of the electrochemical call is 0.9 V. Preferred Component: The electrochemical cell comprises an electrolyte (4). Preferred Method: The forming step comprises positioning the rutile powder in a zirconia pot, and milling the powder into nanoparticles. Forming may comprise sealing the rutile powder in a quartz tube with an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.01 bar of oxygen, to generate a reducing pressure; annealing the sealed rutile powder at less than 400degreesC (preferably 300-400 degreesC) for at least6 hours (preferably 12 hours); and quenching the annealed rutile powder at 0-30 degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rutile structure comprises a crystalline structure that includes a compound of formula MxO2, or titanium oxide. The rutile structure comprises a nanoparticle and carbon as a mixture. The anode comprises carbon nanotube, graphite structure, titanium disulfide, magnesium-zinc, or magnesium-copper.M = metal atom.Preferred Property: The nanoparticle is round and has a diameter of 100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte includes Mg(ClO4) in propylene carbonate solvent, and an acetonitrile solvent; and Mg((CF3SO2)2N)2 in tetrohydrofuran solvent of formula (CH2CH2CH2CH2O), a dimethyl formamide solvent of formula (CH3)NCHO, a butyrolactone solvent of formula (OC(O)CH2CH2CH2, and the propylene carbonate solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mask consists of titanium oxide, silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive substance is titanium, stainless steel and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group is chosen from phenol lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group, carboxylic acid lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group, and sulfonic acid lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyfunctional component contains 3,3'-diamino benzidine, 1,2,3-benzene triamine, 1,2,4-benzene triamine, and/or 1,3,5-benzene triamine. Preferred Anhydride: Tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride is 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The base material of fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluororopane copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer and/or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene group copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic high molecular compound (A) is polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole, poly benzimidazole, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polyaryl ether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone, polyparaphenylene, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone and/or polyimide. The proton conductive substituent is sulfonic acid. Preferred Method: Alternately, high polymer film containing compound (A) and fluorine inducing agent are contacted, and proton conductive substituent is introduced. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) film was immersed in mixed solution of 1-chloro butane and chlorosulfonic acid at room temperature for 2 hours. The additional amount of chlorosulfonic acid was set such that the quantity of acid was 8 equivalent with respect to the aromatic unit of the film. The chlorosulfonic acid concentration in the mixed solution was 2 weight%. The PPS film was washed, hydrolyzed and dried at 23degreesC. A proton conductivity property polymer film was obtained. The film was subjected to fluorinated processing by introducing fluorine gas as fluorine inducing agent in a reaction tank at room temperature for 0.5 hours. A fluorinated proton conductive polymer film was obtained. The obtained film had ion exchange capacity of 0.97 milliequiv/g, proton conductivity of 1.3x10-2 S/cm and excellent oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The high molecular compound of binder (A) and/or (B) is fluorine-containing high molecular compound such as polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyfluorotrifluoro ethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro polypropylene copolymer or polyvinyl fluoride. The modified substance is ethylene, styrene, butadiene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, methacrylic acid, methyl-methacrylate or isoprene.
EXAMPLE - A solution comprising imidazole (in g) (13.6) dissolved in water (50 ml), was dropped into a solution containing p-styrene sulfonic acid (36.8) dissolved in water (50 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. Water was completely removed from the mixture at 50 degrees C and 1 mmHg. An imidazolium styrene sulfonate (ISS) was recovered for 2 hours. N215SL nitrile butadiene rubber (10), ISS (20) and benzoyl peroxide (1), were dissolved in dimethyl acetamide (100 ml). The formed solution was cast on a glass plate of 3 mm thickness. The plate was heated to 100 degrees C for 5 minutes and then 130 degrees C for 30 minutes. A rubbery, self-supporting film having thickness of 25 microns, was peeled from the glass plate. The formed film was insoluble in dimethyl acetamide, and found to have ionic conductivity of 1.3x10 power -4 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium-manganese oxide used in the positive electrode has the general formula Li1+zMn2O4 where 0 at most at most 0.2 and the lithium-transition metal oxide has the general formula LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 where 0.5 is less than x+y is less than 1.0 and 0.1 is less than y is less than 0.6 (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive electrode may also include a linking agent formed on an electrode current collector and is of polyvinyldene fluoride (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte composition further includes another co-solvent comprising propylene carbonate (PC), ethylenecarbonate (EC), gammabutyrolactone (GBL), dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), diethoxyethane, dimethoxyethane, 1,3 dioxolane, or tetrahydrofurane. It further has a plasticizer comprising tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (tetraglyme) or N-methyl-pyrrolidone.Preferred Property: The ratio between the nitrile-based solvent and the other co-solvent is 99.9/0.1-0.1/99.9, preferably 90/10-10/90.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte composition further includes a gel-forming polymer comprising polyvinylidenfluoride, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, polyacetonitrile, polymethylacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyvinylacetate, polyvinypyrrolidone, polytetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The beads exhibit a greater creep resistance than the electrolyte membrane. They are granular and have a diameter not greater than the thickness of the electrolyte membrane. The diameter of the beads is not less than 5 microns on average.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The beads can constitute titanium, metal oxide, metal nitride or inorganic glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The beads can constitute fluororesin. They are composed of polymer-compound whose structure of the main chain moiety is the same as that of the material constituting the electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrode material is from a polymer, ceramic, metal or metallic material, preferably a metal oxide or conductive polymer. The electrolyte is a gel electrolyte, a polymer electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte. The capacitor contains a separator made of paper, polymer membrane or glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Ar2 is of formulae (3)-(5) and Ar1 or Ar3 are of formula (6) or (7). The composition contains a cross linked ion exchange resin obtained by cross linking ion exchange resin containing ionic groups and optical cross linking and/or heat linking groups. The optical cross linking group is benzophenone or of formula (9) and the heat cross linking group is of formulae (10)-(15).R1-R9=H, 1-10C alkyl, phenyl, 6-20C aromatic group, or halogen;A = linking site with another unit;P=H, 1-10C hydrocarbon, halogen, nitro, SO3;R = 1-10C hydrocarbyl;T=H or monovalent metal ion, ando=1-4.The support film is a polybenzasole type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - (A) is selected from 7 specific compounds including e.g. M1-M-M2 (1) and M3-M-M4 (2).M = -D-(A-D)n6-A=1-50C divalent organic group,n6=0-20,M1-M4=1-50C hydrocarbon containing ether bonds, or containing fluoroalkyl groups.M3 and M4 are selected from 21 specific compounds including e.g. OH, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid imide, and carbonate. (C) is a non-protonic solvent selected from 10 specific compounds including e.g. propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Particles of the layered clay mineral powder have an acid site of a surface. The layered clay mineral powder in the proton conductive membrane has been applied by a modifying agent which contains sulfuric acid and metal sulfates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insert comprises a polymeric material, or thermoplastic material comprising glass fiber reinforced polymeric material. The manifold and the hollow conduits comprise a polymeric material such as thermoplastic. The manifolds comprise glass fiber reinforced polymeric material. The hollow conduits comprise a propylene copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The side walls and the end walls each have a terminal segment (90) located opposite to where the side walls and the end walls join to the first surface. The terminal segment is capable of being raised to a higher temperature upon being contacted with molten polymer than a remainder of the insert. The hollow projection has a step having a greater perimeter than an outside perimeter of the hollow projection. The step has the same shape as the hollow projection. The overmolding insert is at least partially embedded within the manifold wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Support: The polymer electrolyte support contains an inorganic fiber. The inorganic substance or inorganic fiber contains oxide, sulfide, nitride or iodide of lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, barium, boron, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, indium, tin, antimony and/or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Nylon: The aliphatic nylon is nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, nylon 11, nylon 12 and/or nylon 612. Preferred Elastomer: The polyamide block of polyamide group thermoplastic elastomer, consists of aliphatic nylon chosen from nylon 6, nylon 11 and nylon 12. The polyether block of the polyamide group thermoplastic elastomer, is polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene and/or polyoxybutylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal catalyst is made of material selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and alloy of iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, iridium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The side chain further has molecular structure (II) of formula (2). The weight ratio of side chain with respect to principal chain in the solid polymer-electrolyte film, is more than 0.5. The molar ratio of molecular structure (I) with respect to sum total of molecular structure (I) and molecular structure (II), is more than 0.2. The copolymer of fluorocarbon-type vinyl monomer and hydrocarbon-type vinyl monomer, is a compound of formula (3):R1 = fluorine or 1-3C fluoroalkyl groupR2 = hydrogen or 1-3C alkyl groupm and n = integer EXAMPLE - A film of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer was prepared, washed and irradiated. The irradiated film and vinyl acetate monomer were reacted at 70 degrees C for 8 hours. The film obtained after reaction was washed with methanol and dried. The dried film was immersed in the solution containing 2 weight parts of sodium hydroxide and 98 weight parts of methanol for 3 hours. The film was further washed with ion exchange water, dried at 100 degrees C for 3 hours, and acetyl group was substituted by hydroxyl group. The substituted film and dimethyl sulfoxide were added into a reactor. Sodium hydride (0.5 g) heated at 60 degrees C and melted in dimethyl sulfoxide which distilled propane sulfone (2 g) to the reaction solution was further added into a reactor and the contents were reacted for 7 hours, and sulfonic acid group was introduced into the film. The film after reaction was immersed in 1N hydrochloric acid at 50 degrees C for 8 hours. The film was subsequently washed with ion exchange water, and solid polymer-electrolyte film was obtained. The solid polymer-electrolyte film was inexpensive, and had improved strength and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The ultrafiltration involves adding water into processing liquid and then acid to reduce the pH below 3. The polymer dispersion manufacture further involves performing alkali treatment using an alkali.Preferred Compounds: The alkali is a compound having M3 or NR9R10R11R12, preferably M3(OH)L or NR9R10R11R12(OH), and changes the -SO3H and -COOH groups into -SO3X2 and -COOZ2 groups, respectively.M3 = same as M1;R9-R12 = same as R1; andZ2 and X2 = M31/L or NR9R10R11R12.The polymer precursor is obtained by polymerizing a fluorovinyl ether derivative of formula CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFY1-O)n1-(CFY2)n2-A.Y1 = halogen or perfluoro alkyl group, preferably trifluoro methyl group;n1 = 0-3, preferably 0 or 1;Y2 = halogen, preferably fluorine atom;n2 = 1-5, preferably 2;A = -SO3M11/L, -SO3NR1R2R3R4, -COOM21/L or -COONR5R6R7R8; andM1, M2, and R1-R8 = as defined above.The polymer precursor is obtained by polymerizing fluorovinyl ether derivative and a fluorine-containing ethylenic monomer which is preferably perhaloethylenic monomer of formula, CF2=CF-Rf1.Rf1 = fluorine, chlorine, Rf2 or ORf2; andRf2 = 1-9C linear or branched perfluoro alkyl group having ether oxygen.The perhaloethylenic monomer is tetrafluoro ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The seal is formed into the plates by injection molding. The plates are connected to one another via the seal by frictional connection or in a form-locking manner. A gap formed between the plates is sealed. Slot-type openings are formed in the plates. The seal extends in at least one tunnel-like cavity between the plates. The cavity has aperture(s). The seal has a cross-sectional profile having a flat surface and a surface which tapers to a point. Each flat surface is separated from the tapered surface by a recess relative to the flat surface. Shafts (1) are sealed in a gas-tight manner extend through the stack perpendicularly to the individual plates or layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Blocks: The blocks are formed from polymers selected from terphenylene-vinylene, polyaniline, polythiopene, poly(2-vinyl-pyridine), poly(N-vinylcarbazole), poly-acetylene, poly(para-phenylenevinylene), poly-meta-phenylene, poly-para-phenylene, poly-2,6-pyridine and polypyrrole monomer. The polymers are substituted by electron withdrawing substituents in the case of (b1) and with electron donating substituents in the case of (b2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye moiety is phenanthroimidazole, trioxatriangulene, azadioxatriangulene, diazaoxatriangulene, triazatriangulene, perylene, porphyrin or phthalocyanine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The cell is a photovoltaic cell. The dye moiety is linked to one or both the blocks by covalent bonding or by ionic interaction. The cathode and the anode are covalently bonded to (b1) or (b2) respectively. The blocks are self assembled into mono-layers separated by the dye-moiety. The molecules of (p1) comprise multiple units of (b1)-dye moiety-(b2) joined head to tail and extending between the electrodes. The work function of each electrode is matched to that of the polymer in contact with that electrode so that carrier transfer between each polymer and its respective electrode is obtained with substantially no barrier energy. The first electrode has a relatively low work (2.5-3.8 eV) function compared to the second electrode (4-5.7 eV).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The first electrode is of calcium, aluminum, scandium, neodymium, yttrium, samarium, europium, magnesium or magnesium-indium. The second electrode is of gold, silver, nickel, platinum, tungsten, chromium or indium-tin-oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The membrane has a thickness of 10-25 microns, where the thickness is a shortest distance between the opposed catalytic surfaces of the membrane. It provides a bubble pressure of 35 kPa or greater.Preferred Components: The hydrated nanoporous ionomer phase includes open pores having a diameter of 0.004 micron defined within the ionomer and a hydrated porosity of 40%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The structural insulating phase further comprises silicon carbide, alumina, titania, zirconia, silica, and/or glass.Preferably, the structural insulating phase comprises whiskers of silicon carbide having diameter about 1 microns, and lengths of about 10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrated nanoporous ionomer phase comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The entire non aqueous electrolyte is the solid electrolyte. Alternatively, the non aqueous electrolyte partially comprises the solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is a gel polymer electrolyte comprising a polymer and an electrolyte containing a lithium salt. A surface roughness (Ra) of a surface of the current collector is at least 0.2 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The current collector is a copper foil, a copper alloy foil or a metal foil having a copper layer or a copper alloy layer on a surface. The copper may be electrolytic copper. The active material is silicon, tin, germanium, aluminum, or an alloy. The mean diameter of the active material particles is at most 10 mum. Preferred Method: The active material is formed by sintering, under a non-oxidizing atmosphere, a slurry comprising particles of the active material and a binder (2b) applied on the surface of the current collector. The binder remains after sintering. An electrically conductive powder is mixed in the slurry and included in the active material layer. The active material layer may be formed by coating the slurry on the current collector, drying the slurry, rolling the dried slurry and then sintering. The active material layer is deposited on the current collector as a thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer is a polyether solid polymer, polycarbonate solid polymer, polyacrylonitrile solid polymer, copolymers of at least two of these polymers, or crosslinked polymers. The binder is a polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon is at least one type of halogenated toluene selected from ortho chlorinated toluene, para chlorinated toluene and ortho fluorinated toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The peeling strength of the bulged portion of the joining layer, is 3 kgf/cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer (I) contains polyvinylidene fluoride as binder, and layer (II) contains soft property binder which is polymer of rubber-type binder or mixture of rubber-type binder and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The preferred material for damping material is selected from the group of rubber, elastomers. The thin battery has synthetic resin layer whose material is selected from the group consisting of ionomer, polypropylene, modified polypropylene, polyethylene, modification polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The preferred material of positive electrode terminal containing lithium-manganese type complex oxide as active substance, is selected from the group of aluminum, iron and nickel. The preferred material of negative electrode terminal containing amorphous carbon material as active substance, is selected from the group of iron, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Repeating Unit: The crosslinkable polyether ketone contains 10-100 mol% of repeating structural units of general formula (1) and 0-90 mol% of repeating structural units of general formula (2).Ar1 = group containing aromatic ring which has 1-20C alkyl group, preferably group of formula (3) or (5), and hydrogen of aromatic ring is optionally substituted with alkyl, halogenated hydrocarbon or halogen;X,Y = proton acid group chosen from sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group and sulfonimide group or their metallic salts, preferably sulfonic acid group;x,y = 0 or more; andx+y = 1 or more.R1-R12, = hydrogen or 1-20C alkyl, at least one of R1-R12 is 1-20C alkyl; andA = single bond, -CH2-, -CH(CH3)-, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, -S-, -SO2- or group of formula (4).Preferred Binder: A super strong acid group-containing fluorine-type polymer is added to ionic conductive binder. The superstrong acid group-containing fluorine-type polymer has general formula (6).x,y = 1-2000;m = 0-6; andn = 1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode Material: The electrode material is carbon black, activated carbon, graphite, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, chromium, gallium, vanadium, tungsten, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, methanol, propanol, tetrahydrofuran and/or dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The flow path comprises a tubular column. The solid-state material comprises a gas adsorbing layer coated on the tubular column, or a porous matrix. It is coated on a porous substrate disposed on the fuel flow path. It may be disposed in a gas or gas-solid chromatography column.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid-state material comprises a carbowax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid also comprises (organic) freezing point depressant. The polymeric ion suppressant comprises polymer with acid group and polymer with basic/alkaline group. The polymer with acid group absorbs cations. The polymer with basic/alkaline group absorbs anions. The polymeric ion suppressant is solid material with size of 0.1-100mum. The heat transfer fluid comprises (vol.%) deionized water (10-90), organic freezing point degreasant (90-10), polymeric ion suppressant (0.01-2), and organic corrosion inhibitor (0.01-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The binder is contacted with the fleece in the form of a powder and/or in the form of fibers. Conducting colloidal particles, preferably inorganic conducting colloidal particles, are dispersed in the binder. The colloidal particles are selected from carbon black, highly conducting carbon black, graphite, metal particles and/or precious metal particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Two or more gas diffusion electrodes are combined to form a multiple layer gas diffusion electrode, in which the layers are the same or different. The gas diffusion electrode is coated with a catalytic material (6). The ratio of carbon fibers, soot and polytetrafluoroethylene is (1-10): (1-10): 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The diadochite further contains water to have the formula Fe2(PO4)(SO4)(OH).6H2O. The cathode active material for a lithium secondary cell containing diadochite has the formula LiaFebMc(PO4)x(SO4)y(OH)z.M = Mg, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, or Si;a = at least 0;b = 1-2;c = at most 0.5;x = at least 0.5;y, z = at most 1.5.Preferred Method: The heating is performed at 300-600 degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solution is distilled water, methanol, ethanol, or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: the mixture is mixed with a chelating agent, preferably a polymer having a hydroxyl (-OH), oxygen (-O-) or carboxyl (-COOH) radical capable of coordinating a metal ion. The chelating agent may be polyethylene glycol (PEG).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline earth compound comprises a magnesium compound. The magnesium compound comprises magnesium oxide. The nickel compound comprises a nickel carbonate, a nickel hydroxy carbonate, or a nickel oxide. Preferred Composition: The nickel or nickel compound comprises 30-90 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The silica carrier comprises 5-25 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alumina promoter comprises 1-10 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alkaline earth compound promoter comprises 0.01-15 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The nickel dispersion is 8-16%. A pore volume is 1-2.2 cc/g. Preferred Dimension: A nickel surface area of the catalyst adsorbent is 40-60 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluororesin is chosen from tetrafluoro ethylene group polymer, tetrafluoro ethylene-perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) group copolymer and tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene group copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode catalyst further consists of electroconductive powder which supported an inorganic redox catalyst. The transition metal of inorganic redox catalyst is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and/or their oxides. The oxidizing agent is oxygen and the reducer is hydrogen. Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder is a type of carbon material chosen from carbon black, activated carbon, graphite, carbon nano tube or fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electroconductive organic polymer is polyaniline, polyalkyl aniline, poly pyridine, polyindole, polyphenyl quinoxaline, poly-1,5-diamino anthraquinone or polyamino diphenyl, and contains dopant such as polymer sulfonate. The polymer sulfonate is polyvinyl sulfonate or phenyl sulfonate novolak resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The proton conductive resin is a sulfonated polyarylene.Preferred Property: The nitrogen compound is compatible with the proton conductive resin. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The nitrogen compound is N-methyl pyrrolidone, tetramethylurea or dimethyl imidazolidinone.    EXAMPLE - A cast film having thickness of 50 microns was obtained from 15 wt.% solution of sulfonated polyarylene, using mixed solvent of methanol and N-methyl pyrrolidone. The obtained dried film had 10 weight parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone. A sample was cut from dry film, and dried at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes. The film had 6.7 parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone. The obtained proton conduction film had favorable heat resistance and proton conductivity of 0.21 seconds/cm. The primary dispersion temperature of tan(delta) of dynamic viscoelasticity was 180 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Formaldehyde condensate with bisphenol and sulfite and/or bisphenol and amino acid, and carbon or graphite are added to water containing barium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The internal filling resin is selected from epoxy resin, urethane-type resin, nylon-type resin and olefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: At least one of A and B has a polymer structure of molecular weight 500-100000. A part or all of the polymer structure is at least 1 selected from polyether, polyester, polycaprolactone, polysiloxane, polyolefin, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polycarbonate and polyphosphazene. Compound B may be replaced with compound C having at least 1 carboxyl group and/or hydroxyl group. The molten salt is a salt having a melting point lower than room temperature and/or a salt having a liquid state at room temperature. The molten salt participates in the production of an oxidation-reduction pair, and has a cationic structure including a quaternary nitrogen and/or tertiary sulfonium. The molten salt has at least 1 of ammonium, sulfonium, heterocyclic compound and their derivatives as a cation. The heterocyclic compound is pyridinium, imidazolium, piperidinium, or pyrazolium. The molten salt contains an iodine compound ion as an anion. EXAMPLE - On a glass substrate, a tin oxide transparent conductive film is formed, and a titanium oxide film is formed on this film. A ruthenium dye solution is formed on and this solution and the transparent substrate having the titanium oxide film and the transparent conductive film, are introduced into a container so the dye is absorbed into the titanium oxide film. A monomer solution is obtained by dissolving the compound (13.2g) obtained by reacting 18 weight parts toluene-di-isocyanate and 0.05 weight parts dibutyl tin dilaurate catalyst with 100 weight parts polytetramethylene glycol, as compound A, and 1g diethyl-toluene-diamine as a compound B to 128g of a solution obtained mixing 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide and acetonitrile/propylene carbonate (2/8) in a 9:1 weight ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The separator includes a cup-shaped member formed from a starched paper. Preferred Thickness: The conductive and non-porous layer is 0.1-0.3 mm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The layer comprises a porous polymer sheet made of a thermoplastic rubber dispersed with conductive particles. The receptacle is made of polyvinyl chloride. Preferred Property: The conductive and non-porous polymer sheet has a resistivity of less than 0.25 Ohm/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first electrode is a tablet containing a manganese dioxide composition, and the second electrode includes a zinc plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The elastomer is a cross-linked rubber particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The semiconductor heat exchange element comprises thin polytetrafluoroethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer is alternatively obtained by predetermined addition reaction of hydrogen alkyl polysiloxane with compound (A), and subsequent addition reaction of resulting compound with compound (B). A compound (C) of formula: (CH2=CR1-R2-)nZ3 other than compounds (A and B), is further reacted with hydrogen alkyl polysiloxane to obtain the gel-form composition.R1 and R2 = same as defined above;n = 3 or more; andZ3 = n valent group derived from polyoxyalkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The photosynthesis microbe in the digestive liquor for processing is 10,000 piece/ml or more. The hydrogen sulfide in biogas is removed by less than 1 ppm.Preferred Components: The raw material of methane fermentation is excreta of an animal. The photosynthesis microbe carries out circulation reuse after desulfurizing processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The polymeric porous substance is a porous engineering plastics. The polymeric porous substance contains a solid polymer electrolyte packed to the cavity.Preferred Electrolyte: The solid polymer electrolyte is a sulfo alkylated aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer electrolyte.Preferred Properties: The solid polymer electrolyte composite film has ionic conductivity of 0.15-0.7 S/cm, dimensional change rate of flat surface direction, of 1.1-2% when immersing the film maintained at 25 degrees C and 50% relative humidity conditions for 24 hours, in 80 degree C ion exchange water for 24 hours. The composite film has tensile strength of 3.5-5.2 kg/square mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film or electrode contact piece contains an electrode catalyst coating solution, which is a perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Solid electrolyte is solidified after mixing, and the non-aqueous electrolyte liquid and polymer are obtained by impregnating a non-aqueous electrolyte liquid to a polymer. The polymer electrolyte which does not use a non-aqueous electrolyte liquid is used for lithium ionic conductive polymer. The electrolyte liquid and polymer for forming a polymer electrolyte are mixed and applied to the active-material application layer by vacuum under reduced pressure. A gel-form polymer electrolyte is filled/packed in the porosity of the active-material application layer.Preferred Component: The lithium ionic conductive polymer is a polymer which contains an electrolyte liquid into a hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for the supply plate include thermoplastics or thermohardenable plastics filled with electrically conductive particles of graphite, soot or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separation film is arranged so that it coats the oxidizing agent electrode. The separation film is a polysiloxane polymer film or polyimide polymer film. The separation film contains a material whose oxygen/nitrogen separation factor is at least 2. The water vapor permeability of the material composing the separation film is 0.8 x 10 Power (-6) cm3(STP)cm/cm2. The liquid fuel supplied to the fuel electrode is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The composition also contains a compound having a reactive double bond. The composition also contains an ionically conductive salt. The composition also contains a linear or branched polymer compound.Preferred Materials: (B) is a quaternary ammonium salt of formula (2). (A) and/or (B) or (A') have a partial structure shown by (3).R5-R8 = 1-5C alkyl or alkoxyalkyl shown by R'-O-(CH2)n-, two from R5-R8 may form a ring; at least one from R5-R8 = alkoxyalkyl;R' = methyl or ethyl;n = 1-4; Preferred Definitions:    X = at least one from BF4-, PF6-, (CF3SO2)2N-, CF3SO3-and CF3CO2-.    EXAMPLE - 11.7 g diethylaminoethyl methacrylate were dissolved in 250 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF), stirred under ice, 4.71 ml methyliodide added slowly, removed from the ice bath after 30 min, stirred overnight at room temperature, the solvent vacuum-evaporated, and recrystallized from ethanol-THF, to give 18.17 g diethylmethylaminoethyl methacrylate iodine salt. A solution of this in 50 ml chloroform was added slowly to a solution of 10.80 g Ag tetrafluoroborate (dissolved under ice) in 300 ml chloroform, stirred 30 min, and the solvent vacuum-evaporated, to give 13.01 g methacrylic acid diethylmethylaminoethyl tetrafluoroborate. 30 pts.wt. this were mixed with 70 pts.wt. ionic fluid (prepared by mixing 15.0 g 2-methoxyethyl diethylmethylammonium iodine salt and 10.7 g Ag tetrafluoroborate), then 1 pt.wt. of a monomer mixture (100 pts.wt. polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (oxyethylene units = 9), 70.15 pts.wt. methoxypolyethyleneglycol monomethacrylate (oxyethylene units = 2) and 8.41 pts.wt. trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) added, stirred, and 0.5 pt.wt. 2,2'-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile added, to give a composition for a polyelectrolyte. This was heated 4 hours at 55 degrees C, to give a polyelectrolyte with 7.724 x 10-3 S/cm ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Configuration: The segmented fuel cell anodes are not more than 15 mm in length, and have an arch shape. The fuel path header is tapered from one end to another.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass, metal, ceramic, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises photo-resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material used for anode and cathode electrode of cell is carbon or lithium transistor metal. The electrolyte is gel electrolyte or intrinsic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cathode is a carbon group cathode. The positive electrode active material is a composite of inorganic active material, preferably vanadium pentoxide, and conductive polymer active material which is polyaniline. The positive electrode collector layer is an etched aluminum.Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte salt of electrolytic layer is sulfonate chosen from lithium bis trifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitride (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and lithium tris trifluoromethyl sulfonyl carbide (LiC(CF3SO2)3), preferably lithium bistrifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitride (LiN(CF3SO2)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent of electrolytic layer contains cyclic carbonate, preferably propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate, and linear carbonate, preferably dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The platinum alloy is platinum-ruthenium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Silicon wafer of high purity is obtained by immersing the recovered or regenerated substance in mixed solution of phosphoric acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid, or mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and sulfuric acid. The recovered tempered glass is regenerated by washing with an alkali solution. The recovered silicon wafer is regenerated by washing with an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: In (I), the polyamide is chosen from polyamide 6, polyamide 6,6, polyamide 6,10, polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6,12, polyamide 6,36, polyamide copolymer, aliphatic polyamide, polyamides that are formed from terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid, aromatic polyamides and their combinations. (I) further comprises 1-30 parts per hundred of resin (phr) of polyolefin or polyphenylene sulfide, and 1-10 weight% of a polyolefin modified by maleic anhydride. The reinforcing agent is chosen from glass fiber, an inorganic filler and its combination. EXAMPLE - Compounds such as crystalline polyamide 6,6 (in wt.%) (64), maleic anhydride-modified polyolefin (3), sodium alumina silicate (3) and glass fiber (30) were melted and homogeneously mixed in a cylinder of the extruded to form a lace. The formed lace was cooled in a water bath, and was then formed into pellets of a certain size with a pelletizer. The prepared pellets were dried in a oven under nitrogen atmosphere for 12 hours at 85-90degreesC to remove the moisture contained in the pellets. The pellets having a moisture content of not more than 10% were processed under formation condition, such as molding temperature of 290 or 280degreesC, mold temperature of 80degreesC, injection pressure of 50-80, injection speed of 40-60 mm/sec, injection time of 3 seconds and cooling time of 15 seconds in a extruder, to obtain ASTM samples. The obtained ASTM samples were tested for properties such as tensile strength, thermal deformation, shrinkage and resistance to calcium chloride. The properties of a prepared resin was compared with the polyamide resin composition which contained crystalline polyamide 6,6 and glass fiber. The results showed that the prepared polyamide resin exhibited excellent tensile strength of 1803 kgf/cm2, low deformation and shrinkage, and high resistance to calcium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The base material polymer is copolymer of polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide-propylene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The complex oxide is barium titanate (BaTiO3), alpha-lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) and/or gamma-LiAlO2.Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is Li(CF3SO2)2N or Li(C2F5SO2)2N.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The connecting molecule is dioxy benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conjugated polymer is a polythiophene type polymer and/or a polyphenylene vinylene type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The hard coat layer consists of urethane group resin. The base material layer consists of an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polysilane is poly (methylphenyl silane), poly (ethylphenyl silane), poly (n-propylphenyl silane), poly (methylphenyl silane-co-dimethylsilane) and/or poly (methylphenyl silane-co-di-n-hexyl silane), preferably poly (methylphenyl silane). The vinyl-type monomer is hydrolysable silane functional group containing vinyl-type monomer and/or hydrogen bond property functional group containing vinyl-type monomer. The hydrolysable silane functional group containing vinyl-type monomer is the alkoxysilane group containing alkyl ester of (meth)acrylic acid. The block copolymer of polysilane and vinyl-type monomer is block copolymer of poly (methylphenyl silane) and 3-(meth)acryloxy propyl alkoxysilane. The sol-gel reactive metallic compound is compounds of titanium, zirconium, zinc, tin, germanium and yttrium. The compounds of titanium, zirconium, zinc, tin, germanium and yttrium are their alkoxide and/or chelate complex. The silicon-type resin composition further contains (beta)-diketones as reaction regulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The mono vinyl compound is an unsaturated carboxylic acid-type compound and/or styrene type compound. The aromatic divinyl compound is divinyl benzene and/or divinyl toluene. The composition further contains a radical polymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains 0.5-9 wt.%, preferably 0.5-3 wt.%, of hardenable polymer. The resin composition further comprises a photoinitiator, and a thermal-polymerization initiator.Preferred Properties: The maximum molar extinction coefficient of the photoinitiator is 50 or more, at a wavelength of 350-450 nm. The 10-hour half-life temperature of the thermal-polymerization initiator is 10degreesC or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is alkali metal salt, quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt, and/or transition-metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery device is packaged in an evacuated state. It is hermetically sealed so that, in cross-section, the second surface of the battery device is a short side and the first surface is a long side. The frame is mounted on a peripheral rim of the second surface. The packaging unit is made up of a polypropylene layer, an aluminum layer and a nylon layer, laminated sequentially from the inner side. It is bonded to itself by thermal fusion with a polypropylene side in a facing relationship. The frame includes an opening (41) for causing the terminal unit to be exposed to outside. The connection substrate is held by a retention section of the frame as the terminal unit is exposed to outside through the opening. The packaging unit includes a connecting piece around the housing recess.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In (I), X= H or F, m= 0-3, n= 0-3 and the amount of ether is 1-80, preferably 40-60 wt.% on the total volume of the electrolyte system, in a solvent mixture. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte was prepared from:dimethyl carbonate (30 ml), ethylene carbonate (10 g) and 60 ml of a mixture (II) formed of HF2COCF2CF2OCF2H, HF2COCF2OCF2CF2OCF2H and HF2CO(CF2CF2O)2CF2H in which solvent mixture Li hexafluorophosphate (7.6 g) was completely dissolved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wicking structure is selected from a group consisting of polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, modified cellulose, poly-acrylonitrile, mixtures of bundled, matted , needled or woven fibers of cellulose, modified cellulose, polyester, polypropylene, poly-acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process : The spinning solution comprises 12 - 35 wt% of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide), 4 - 10 wt% of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 4 - 10 wt% of an inorganic salt, and a non-protonic polar solvent (the rest). The polyvinylpyrrolidone has an average molecular weight of 20,000 - 100,000. The inorganic salt can be CaCl2 or a mixture of CaCl2 and LiCl. In the process, before treatment with the humectant, the dry-wet spun fibers are heat-treated in water at 80 degreesC or higher (preferably 80 - 121 degreesC).Preferred Membrane : The poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) porous hollow fiber membrane, after treatment at 100 degreesC and at a humidity of 80 % or higher for 1000 hours, has a breaking strength of 10 MPa or higher and a breaking extension of 80 % or longer and retains 80 % of the breaking extension it had before treatment. WIDER DISCLOSURE - A poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) porous hollow fiber membrane is produced by the invented process.    EXAMPLE - A spinning solution comprising Nomex (RTM; poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide)) (16.39 wt%), polyvinylpyrrolidone (3.64 wt%), CaCl2 (9.06 wt%) and dimethylacetoamide (70.91 wt%) was dry-set spun at 100 degreesC through a double annular nozzle. The obtained membrane was subjected to heat- humidifying treatment by maintaining it at 100 degreesC and at a humidity of 80 % for 1000 hours. The membrane had a breaking strength of 10.8 MPa and a breaking extension of 88 % which was 89 % of the breaking extension before heat-humidifying treatment. The membrane had excellent humidifying membrane properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The layer comprises a porous electronically conducting material that does not react with a carbonaceous fuel mixture. It comprises a porous composite material, a treated carbon paper, and/or treated carbon cloth. The perforations are narrow capillaries. At least a portion of the perforations is filled with recast Nafion solution comprising Nafion and ion-exchange polymers and forming a solid recast Nafion polymer electrolyte material that resists gas transport through the diffusion layer and allows a carbonaceous, aqueous fuel mixture to diffuse to the membrane. The layer also includes channel(s) disposed on an outer aspect of the layer adjacent the anode face (9) of the membrane. The channel provides a preferential flow path for carbon dioxide generated in an anodic reaction away from the membrane and away from an anode chamber containing the carbonaceous fuel supply in the fuel cell. The diffusion layer is a multi-layer component comprising a first portion disposed adjacent the anode face of the catalyzed membrane, and a second portion aft of the conduits and comprising a gas impermeable liquid permeable material where fuel diffuses from the anode chamber to the catalyzed membrane and carbon dioxide is encouraged to flow into the conduits and away from the catalyzed membrane and prevented from flowing back toward the anode fuel chamber (18, 19). The first portion includes conduits bored in a geometric plane parallel to a plane of the anode face of the catalyzed membrane. It is a gas permeable material that allows carbon dioxide to travel back from the catalyzed membrane into the conduits. Preferred Property: The perforations are pores having a diameter of 0.01-100 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The array of flow disrupters comprise a second array of flow disrupters.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell consists of solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells. The fluid flow channel comprises oxidant (38) flow channel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of metallic nickel, silver, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, copper-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, nickel-ceria cermets, perovskite doped lanthanum manganate, strontium-doped lanthanum manganate, tin-doped indium oxide, strontium doped PrMnO3, LaFeO3-LaCoO3, ruthenium oxide-yttria-stabilized zirconia, lanthanum cobaltite, zirconium oxide, yttria-stabilized zirconia, doped ceria, cerium oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, and/or perovskite oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers and/or polymer composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The latching mechanism comprises a mating feet (105) consisting mating pins; and a snap. The adapter comprises a latch recess (106) for receiving a battery latch; retaining components (107); and electronic components. The aperture comprises mating coping (108).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adapter is made from a material consisting of plastic, metal, wood, epoxy, resin, acrylic, polycarbonate, or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A nonionic surfactant is used during the etching process. The nonionic surfactant is chosen from polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether or polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer matrix consists of cross-linked polymer formed from alkylene glycol-di(meth)acrylate of formula (III).R1 = 2-12C alkyleneR2 = H or methylThe polymer matrix consists of cross-linked polymer formed from monofunctional property monomer chosen from (meth)acrylic acid ester, (meth)acrylamide and polyfunctional (meth)acrylate.Preferred Property: The gel electrolyte has a porous base material and has complex modulus of 2-100 KPa at 25 degrees C and 10 Hz frequency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The heat fusion property film is a polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The styrene type monomer is trifluoro styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The heat-radiating material contains alumina, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride and/or titanium carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin composition contains polyvinylidene fluoride resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode is selected from a group consisting of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). The anode is selected form a group consisting of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The alkylene sulfonic acid group is methylene or propylene sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The sulfo alkylene ether group is sulfo butylene ether group or sulfo propylene ether group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The island portion has core sheath structure, in which core portion is a polymer which has decomposition loss upon heating, and sheath portion is carbon-precursor polymer. The diameter of both island portion and core portion is 30-300 mum.Preferred Polymer: The carbon-precursor polymer is acrylonitrile type polymer which copolymerizes with monomer containing carboxylic acid, or acrylamide. The acrylonitrile type polymer has 90 mass% or more of acrylonitrile unit. The polymer which has decomposition loss, is methacrylate type polymer.Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber precursor fiber contains 1 mass% or more of graft copolymers and/or block polymers containing acrylonitrile type polymer and pyrolysis property polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The carboxylic acid is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or itaconic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The proton acid group-containing heat cross-linking resin is sulfonated polyether ketone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polyamide, sulfonated polyamidoimide, sulfonated poly benzo azole or sulfonated aromatic resin.
EXAMPLE - Pulverized sodium hydroxide (in g) (2.9) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (50 ml). 3,6,9-trioxadecanol (6) was dissolved and added to dimethyl sulfoxide (15 ml) and stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. On the other hand, 4-ethenyl benzyl chloride (6.1) was dissolved and added to dimethyl sulfoxide (15 ml), and stirred for 10 hours at room temperature. The reaction solution was added to water (500 ml) and extracted by chloroform (150 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted, and the chloroform-extraction liquid was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate after washing with water. The chloroform was distilled and a crude product was obtained as an oily substance. The substance was processed by silica gel column chromatography, to obtain 1-(4-ethenyl phenyl)-2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecane at a yield of 64%. A liquid mixture was obtained by mixing the obtained compound (9), diethyl carbonate (90), divinyl benzene (1) and azobisisobutyronitrile (0.01). The liquid mixture was heated at 80degreesC for 8 hours, to obtain a crosslinked polymer. Using the obtained crosslinked polymer, a non-aqueous ionic conductive gel composition was obtained. The ionic conductivity of the gel composition was evaluated at room temperature and found to be 5.5x10 power -3 S/cm. Using the gel composition, a lithium secondary battery was obtained whose capacitance was found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic high molecular compound is polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polyaryl ether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone, polypara phenylene, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone and/or polyether ketone ketone. EXAMPLE - Polyether sulfone having phenolic hydroxyl group (in grams) (20) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (20) were mixed to obtain uniform solution. 1, 4-butane sulfone (14) was added and stirred for 5 hours. The reaction solution was dropped into methanol solution and added with hydrochloric acid (20) after cooling the solution to room temperature. The deposit was washed until it become neutral and dried at 80 degrees C to obtain polyether sulfone having proton conductive substituent of formula (21). 20 weight% of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyether sulfone, was applied on a glass and dried at 150 degrees C for 15 hours to obtain a proton conductive polymer film having a thickness of 50 mum, high proton conductivity and oxidation resistance.    n = 1-4.
EXAMPLE - Piperazine (in g) (258.4) and sodiumhydrogencarbonate (672) were dissolved in 3 l of acetonitrile. 1,2-dichloroethane (197.9) dissolved in acetonitrile (100) was dropped into the above solution over 1 hr at 80degreesC. The mixture was stirred for further 12 hours and temperature was lowered to 50degreesC. Allyl chloride (230) dissolved in acetonitrile (100 ml) was dropped into the reaction solution over 2 hours. A reaction product was obtained by stirring at 50degreesC for 2 hours. The mineral salt was separated by filtration, acetonitrile was distilled and toluene was added to the residue and heated with stirring for 1 hour. 3 l of pure water was added to the insoluble content and filtered using diatomaceous earth. Solvent was distilled from toluene layer. The residue was attached to fractional distillation column and compounds (1,2) were obtained as transparent liquid. The product extracted from aqueous layer was stripped of the solvent and residue was dissolved in 2-propanol. Solid products (3,4) were separated by column chromatography. The product (3) was identified to be compound (A-3) with melting point of 105.6-106.6degreesC.    Toluene (30) was added to platinum divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane complex (10) and platinum catalyst was prepared. Compound (A-3) (39), compound (B-1) (43.8) and toluene (200) were taken in a separable flask and stirred at 90degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere. The produced platinum catalyst was added so that the amount of platinum atom in the solution was 50 ppm. The solution was reacted for 6 hours, heated at 130degreesC, toluene was distilled under reduced pressure and linear copolymer having hydrosilyl groups at both the terminals was produced (compound C-3) (58.0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components:the carbon/filler is selected from:conductive carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes. The polymer blend consists of 25-95 wt.% blend polymer and 75 wt.% carbon/filler. The carbon/filler contains (wt.%):conductive carbon black (1-30), carbon fibers (5-60), carbon nanotubes (0-25), where the total amount of carbon filler is 6-70 wt.% on the total weight of polymer blend. The blend polymer has different polarities and the carbon/filler is enriched in the polar blend polymer. The polymer blend contains at least one polyamide and at lest one polyetherketone/polethersulfone, in 1:8 to 8:1 weight ratio. EXAMPLE - a filled polymer blend containing (wt.%.):PA66(RTM)(polyamide 66)(22.5), polyethersulfone (30), Printex L(RTM)(conductive carbon)(7.5), Fortafil(RTM)(carbon fibers)(40) had a specific conductivity of 22 S/cm, and a co-continuous structure as indicated by Laser Scan Microscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for the rear plate of the proposed solar collector includes transparent polycarbonates resistant to UV radiation, while Styropor is used as a thermal insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (A) is an isobutylene polymer of formula (I):(CH2=CH-CH2-(C(CH3)2CH2)p-C(CH3)2)q-Ph (I)p = 10-3000;q = 2-8.(B) is a compound of formula (II) containing at least 2 hydrosilyl groups.CH3(Si(CH3)2O)m-(Si(CH3)(R1))n-Si(CH3)2R2 (II)m = 2-30;n = 0-30;R1, R2 = 1-20C alkyl. EXAMPLE - A sealant composition is produced by mixing 50 weight parts isoprene polymer, 50 weight parts isobornyl acrylate as diluent monomer, 1 weight parts MARK AO-50 as oxidation inhibitor, 30 weight parts white carbon, 5 weight parts 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone as photoinitiator, and 1 weight parts glass beads as gap agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-zinc metal is present in 50-10000 ppm. The fuel cell fuel comprises 30-50 wt.% potassium hydroxide. The sodium silicate is present in 1-5 wt.%.Preferred Components: The non-zinc metal is bismuth, indium, tin, lead, thallium, mercury, magnesium, manganese, aluminum, or their combinations. The fuel cell fuel further comprises a stabilizer including a silicate salt, lithium hydroxide, sorbitol, sodium metaborate, or their combinations.Preferred Properties: The particles have an average diameter of 0.3-0.7 mm, and have a size distribution in which at least 95% of the particles have a diameter greater than 40% of the average diameter and less than 160% of the average diameter. The particles have a particle density of at least 5 g/cm3. At least 95% of the particles have lengths along the three principle axes of the particles that are within a factor of three of the average particles diameter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The regeneration solution further comprises 500-1000 ppm poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The regeneration unit further comprises a pump (110) for circulating a regeneration solution through the regeneration unit, and a storage container for storing a portion of the regenerated collection of metal particles.Preferred Method: The regeneration solution is generated in a metal/air fuel cell by oxidation of a collection of particles comprising zinc and at least one non-zinc metal. The generated zinc particles are consumed in a metal/air fuel cell to form a consumed zinc solution. Voltage can be applied to the consumed zinc solution to generate a collection of zinc particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first electrically conductive structure comprises a protuberance (152) that passes through the polymer layer and that comprises a rod having an elongated major axis relative to a minor axis. The rod further comprises a head portion located on at least one end of the rod. The electrochemical cell further comprises a current collector (164, 170) held against at least one surface of the polymer layer by the head portion, and sealing elements that seal the protuberance to the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer layer further comprises an air plenum on one side of the polymer layer for supplying air to the cathode. The conductive sheet is sealed to the polymer layer by a thermoplastic polymeric material to prevent fluid flow through the polymer layer. The polymer layer comprises polyethylene, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylchloride), polyurethane, or their blends and copolymers. The conductive structure comprises a metal, a metal alloy, a conductive polymer, or their combinations. The bipolar plate comprises a second electrically conductive structure passing through the polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The support layer comprises a polymeric material. The first and second electrodes include a binder comprising a polymeric material that is the same as that of the support layer. The polymeric material is a homopolymer and/or a copolymer. The polymeric material comprises a polymer including vinylidene fluoride, vinylidene chloride fluoride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, fluoroethylene, fluoropropylene, chlorofluoroethylene, chlorofluoropropylene, chloroethylene, chlorofluoroethylene, chlorofluoropropylene, chloroethylene, chloropropylene, ethylene, propylene, vinyl alcohol, glycol, acetate, ester, acrylate, carbonate, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrylic acid modified olefin, maleic acid modified olefin, cellulose, nylon, urethane, terephthalate, and/or styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrophobic portion of block copolymer is a polymer of vinylic monomer having perfluoroalkyl group in a side chain.Preferred Method: The block copolymer is copolymerized using a ruthenium complex as a polymerization catalyst and/or a polymerization initiator.Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of block copolymer is 5000-1 million. The ratio of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight is 1.8 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon group base material is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation polymerizable initiator is an iodonium salt. The electrolyte pair contains a halogen compound and a halogen molecule comprising halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine compound and the halogen molecule is iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polytetrafluoroethylene film base material which has cross-linked structure is polyetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer optionally having a cross-linked structure, polyetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film base material. Preferred Monomer: The grafting comonomer is hydrocarbon type monomer which has polymerizable double bond, acrylic type monomer such as CH2=CR1(COOR2) or CF2=CF(COOR2), where R1 is -H, -CH3, or -F, R2 is -H, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7, or -C4H9, or fluorocarbon type monomer which has copolymerizable double bond. The fluorinated butadiene is C4F6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyamide resin is N-alkoxy alkylated polyamide, preferably N-methoxy methylated nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The shock absorbing material may include a silicone or an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The aromatic high molecular compound is polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polyarylene ether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone, polyparaphenylene, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, polyimide, polyetherimide, polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, or cyanic acid ester resin. The aromatic high molecular compound is preferably crystalline polymer compound of polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polar portion which can solvate the polar substance or ion species contains oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Layer: The gaseous-diffusion layer is carbon paper, carbon-fiber cloth or a carbon non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The formation of porous film includes forming porous film on semiconductor substrate to cover a surface at a ratio of 40-99%, screen-printing the paste on the semiconductor substrate, and burning or heat hardening the paste. Preferred Component: The paste contains particles having alkali resistance and acid resistance. It comprises a mixture of glass particles and organic binder. The semiconductor substrate comprises monocrystalline substrate, polycrystalline substrate, or glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic binder comprises ethyl cellulose or terpineol. The paste comprises a mixture of low-density polyethylene particles and organic binder. Preferred Property: The glass particles have a particle diameter of at most 10 microns. The low-density polyethylene particles have a particle diameter of 4-10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte forming composition further comprises 95 pbw ethylenically unsaturated monomers with respect to 100 pbw multifunctional isocyanurate monomer.The polymerization initiator in the polymer electrolyte forming composition is 0.001-10 pbw with respect to 100 pbw monomer(s).The polymer electrolyte forming composition further comprises a polymerization initiator.The polymerization initiator can be diacyl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, peroxy esters, tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides, peroxy ketals, peroxy carbonates, peroxy dicarbonates and/or azo compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroborate, lithium triflate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiC4F9SO3 and/or LiN(SO2C2F5)2.Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the lithium salt in the polymer electrolyte forming composition is 0.5-3.0 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, ethylpropyl carbonate, methylbutyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, diethoxyethane, methylformate, ethylformate, triglyme, tetraglyme, fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene and/or gamma-butyrolactone.Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is 10-5000 pbw with respect to 100 pbw monomer(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium battery further comprises a porous film between the cathode and the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber sheet has porosity of 70-90 volume% and thickness of 0.05-0.6 mm. The electric specific resistance value of carbon fiber sheet is 12.5 OMEGA.cm or less along its thickness direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The article comprises 0.5-40 (preferably 5-20) wt.% liquid crystal polymer, 0.5-40 (preferably 5-20) wt.% poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), and 20-99 (preferably 70-90) wt.% conductive filler. The liquid crystal polymer is liquid crystalline polyester. The poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) contains 1-75 (preferably 1-32)% maleic anhydride moieties.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive filler is graphite filler or carbon nanotubes. The graphite filler consists of graphite fiber filler and/or graphite powder filler. EXAMPLE - A formulation comprising (wt.%): graphite fiber (20), Thermocarb (55), and Dylark 232 (25), was melt blended at 230degreesC and 40 rpm, cooled and molded into plate. Results showed a higher reduction in sensitivity of the poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) containing plate at various temperatures and at 500 psi sample pressure in comparison to liquid crystal polymer plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The third glass tube has only one bottom end with its open end directed towards the inner tube bottom end. The solar collector is designed for natural (thermosyphon) fluid circulation with vacuum-collector tubes inherently placed inclined. It further includes elements and/or provisions to enable installation in any direction coupled with forced coolant circulation to eliminate restriction, and tiny hard plastic tube deformed to an oval shape and inserted into inner glass tube. The inserted tube has a diameter that only a narrow cylindrical space (8) of 4 mm remains between inner and inserted tube. The small tube is double-sided leak-tight connected with tube through adhesive or sealant, preferably fast curing ultraviolet (UV) silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The tube when in use is part of forced flow circulation made of durable low-friction fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each half-cell nanoporous material is composed of single wall carbon nanotubes or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on nanoparticles of platinum (105) or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on platinum ruthenium nanoparticles or other metal or non-metal particles. The electrodic thin film (103) material is platinum metal, platinum ruthenium metal, or other metallic material. The carbon nanotubes are synthesized by laser, anti-reflection coating, or chemical vapor deposition. The fuel cell includes any carbon nanotubes materials with post synthesis incorporation of catalyst materials by various chemical and mechanical processes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The application integrated specific circuit mechanism for controlling the cell is to control voltage and/or current and or reliability of the cell. The mechanism for delivering fuel and oxygen to the two half-cells are formed through photolithography in thick photoresist type materials or alternately the pattern is formed in the photoresist type materials and the pattern is wet or dry etched into the substrate. It is sealed to the substrate material through hot isostatic pressing or through hot isostatic pressing with a thin film of rubber based photoresist disposed onto the channel plate to form a hermetic seal. The electrodes and cell design are constructed on the substrate using lithographic, microwriting, or other microprocessing technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive Material : The adhesive material is selected from acrylic type and epoxy type materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material is lithium cobalt complex oxide, lithium manganese complex oxide or a metallic compound except manganese compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The base material layer contains an epoxy resin, and the hard-coat layer contains a urethane-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The baffle is made of resin that is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy alkane, perfluoroethylene-propene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinlidenefluoride and polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin. The gasket is made of resin that is selected from ethylene polypropylene rubber, polyurethane rubber, poly isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber and chloroprene acrylic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The electrode process of positive electrode and negative electrode makes radical compound as reaction material or a product. The positive electrode contains the active material. The electrode process takes place in positive electrode. The electrode processes are discharge reaction which couples radical compound and electrolyte cation, and charging reaction which is a reverse reaction of discharge reaction. The electrolyte cation is lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The particle content is 1-10 pbw relative to 100 pbw of the aluminum (Al) powder. The paste comprises 60-80 wt% Al powder and 1-5 wt.% glass frit, and 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle. Preferred Parameter: The mean particle size of the particle is 0.5-10 mum. The Al has a particle size of 1-10 mum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic compound is polyolefin resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, acrylic resin or terephthalic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The rear electrode contains pores with a mean diameter of 1-8 mum, occupying 3-15% of the volume of the rear electrode. The rear electrode has a thickness of 20-100 mum. EXAMPLE - An Al power with a mean particle size of 3 mum, a silicon dioxide-lead oxide-boron oxide glass frit with a mean particle size of 1 mum, and an organic vehicle were prepared. The organic vehicle contained ethyl cellulose resin and an alkyd resin that were dissolved in alpha-terpineol. The organic compounds or carbon particles were prepared as the particles insoluble or slightly soluble in the organic vehicle. The mean particle sizes of these particles were measured with a laser diffraction-scattering size distribution measuring system, using a mixed solvent of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol as dispersion medium. The Al powder, the glass frit and the organic vehicle were weight to be 70 wt.% Al powder, 3 wt.% glass frit and 27 wt.% organic vehicle. The mixture was kneaded with a mill and thus conductive paste was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonamide compound of formula CF2=CFO(CF2)nSO2NR1-CR2=NR3 is preferably expressed by formula (3).X1 = CR4 or N;X2 = CR5 or N; andR4, R5 = H or (un)substituted hydrocarbon.R4 and R5 are optionally coupled together and a ring is formed. EXAMPLE - Sulfonamide (5 g) compound of formula (14) and 47 wt.% hydrofluoric acid (5 g) were prepared and heated at 100 degrees C under normal pressure for 1 hour in a distillation apparatus. The distillate obtained was water washed and 1.3 g of colorless liquid were obtained. The colorless liquid was confirmed to be fluorinated monomer of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF2SO2F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An adsorption mechanism is provided for adsorbing a medium which exists inside the container and propagates heat. The reformer is manufactured by accommodating the micro reactor in the container under a depressurized atmosphere and a heated atmosphere. A heater is provided for generating heat to heat the micro reactor. The micro reactor comprises a reactor which changes the fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase. It also comprises a reforming reactor which produces hydrogen from the fluid or reforms carbon monoxide in the fluid into carbon dioxide. A temperature measurement mechanism is provided for measuring the temperature of the micro reactor.Preferred Condition: The atmosphere is at 1 Pa or less than 1 Pa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adsorption Mechanism: The adsorption means comprises a polyimide-based material.
EXAMPLE - Allyl bromide (in g) (24.2) dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloro ethane (100 ml) and 1-ethyl imidazole (19.2) dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloro ethane were stirred vigorously for 1 hour and reacted. Liquid separation of the reaction solution was carried out and 1-ethyl-3-allyl imidazolium bromide (EAlmBr) was obtained. EAlmBr (21.7) dissolved in water (50 ml) was added to potassium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (KTFSI) (31.8) dissolved in water (100 ml), and stirred at 50degreesC. Double decomposition reaction of the solution was performed for 2 hours at 50degreesC and the aqueous layer was removed. 1-ethyl-3-allyl imidazolium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (EAlmTFSI) was obtained. EAlmTFSI (30), diallyl phthalate (0.98), vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoro propylene copolymer (10) and benzoyl peroxide (1.5) were dissolved in dimethyl aceto amide (100 ml). Subsequently, lithium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (4.6) was added. The obtained solution was cast on a glass plate and heated at 100degreesC for 5 minutes and at 130degreesC for 30 minutes. The film was hardened and a self-supportive tough film with thickness of 28 mum was obtained. The obtained film had ionic conductivity of 3.9x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The gel electrolyte secondary battery contains a non-aqueous solvent comprising ethylene carbonate and (gamma)-butyrolactone, and a solvent of diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and/or vinyl carbonate.Preferred Material: The active material of the cathode is graphite particles having surfaces adhered with amorphous carbon.
EXAMPLE - Acid fluoride (in g) (3.46) of formula: FOCCF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F, sodium sulfide (2.25) and tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) were reacted at room temperature for 1 hour to produce sodium sulfide acid fluoride (I) (4.1) of formula: NaSCOCF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2SNa. The obtained compound (I) (3.9) and diglyme (50 ml) were reacted at 90-95degreesC for 5 hours to obtain sodium sulfide vinyl ether (II) of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF2SO2SNa. Compound (II) (2.8) and water were charged in a flask. Chlorine gas was supplied to the flask and the compound was chlorinated. The obtained chlorinated product was fluorinated to obtain fluorine-containing fluoro sulfonyl alkyl vinyl ether of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF2SO2F. The fluorinated product was obtained with yield of 85.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Aluminum Compound: The aluminum compound having a hydroxyl group is a transient alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ions: The metal ion in the polymer is Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+, B3+, Sc3+, Ga4+, Si4+, Ti4+ or P3+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the ionic monomer units is 6-16 mol%.Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt or hydroxide is an alkali metal carbonate, which is lithium carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    M+ = + or Li+;    Rf=CF3;    n=1.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of ICF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F (213 g), and (D)-limonene (0.5 g) was added to a 1-L autoclave and pressurized with ethylene (30 g). The autoclave was heated to 210 degrees C for 8 hours, cooled, and the product was removed. The product was distilled to give ICH2CH2CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F (187.3 g). A stirred solution of the product (136 g) in CH3CN (200 ml) was heated to 75-80 degrees C and held at that temperature for 6 hours during which (C3H5)3N (38 g) was added. The mixture was neutralized with conc. sulfuric acid and poured into distilled water, and extracted with diethyl ether. The ether layers were washed with distilled water, and dried over magnesium sulfate. After removal of the ether, a residue was distilled to give CH2=CHCF2CF2OCF2CF2SO2F (65.3 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The micro-grids are formed by depositing layer(s) conducting nanowires at perpendicular to each other on the surface of the film using vacuum deposition techniques. The micro-grids are made by forming conducting nanosheets with openings on the properly prepared or sensitized surface of the film or absorber. The micro-grids are made by forming conducting nanowalls by microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. A film with micro-grids is created by embossing conducting materials on the substrate that has predetermined optical characteristics with a molded roller, the roller being made with metal shims from micro-grid molds. Preferred Parameters: The size of the micro-grid is about 1-2.5 mum on a side and a width of the line about 0.24-0.6 mum and the parallel set of lines forming the micro-grid are at an angle to each other. The heat mirror has micro-grids made with a measured thickness of approximately 0.35 mum of conducting material on a film having predetermined optical qualities.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The transparent surface is made of plastic film or transparent substrates such as glass or plastic, and the micro-grid is made of high conductivity material that is highly transparent to solar and other electromagnetic radiation thus high transmission of the radiation is achieved and the reradiated infrared from the collection area is reflected back to the collection area by the micro-grid for maximum collection temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The indicator comprises a fluorescent pH indicator and a UV lamp aligned to illuminate the fluorescent pH indicator. The assembly comprises a catalyst. The apparatus further comprises a fluid permeable element in communication with the catalyst and comprising at least one of a gas diffusion layer, a gas diffusion substrate, or their combinations. The assembly further comprises a flow field plate, a gas diffusion layer, and/or a gas diffusion substrate. The indicator comprises a colorimetric dye, potentiometric dye, or a fluorescent pH indicator. The apparatus further comprises an electrical current measuring assembly comprising a pair of electrodes disposed in the indicator and a quantifying element connected to the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of flexible graphite, carbon fiber paper, cotton fiber, glass fiber, asbestos, inorganic fiber, cardboard, aluminum oxide membrane, zeolite substrate, polymer material, a composite of flexible graphite and a polymer, a composite of carbon and a polymer, a composite of carbon, flexible graphite, and/or a polymer. The component comprises a viscosity enhancer comprising glycerin, gel, oil, methyl cellulose, hydrous magnesium clay, guar gum, or their combinations. The host comprises organic solvent for the component, water, catalyst, and a perfluorinated sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonated agent is concentrated sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, and/or fuming sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler is glass flakes, mica, scale-like talc, scale-like silica, scale-like graphite and/or hexagonal-crystal boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The conjugated-diene compound is butadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conductive Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polyaniline or polypyrrole. The conductive polymer has a group and/or anion (containing an atom having electronegativity which is higher than the carbon atom) in the nitrogen atom, aromatic ring and/or heteroaromatic ring of conductive polymer. The group on the nitrogen atom is chosen from fluoride ion (F-), chloride ion (Cl-), bromide ion (Br-), sulfate ion (SO42-), nitrate ion (NO3-), tetrafluoro borate ion (BF4-), perchlorate ion (ClO4-), hexafluoro phosphate ion (PF6-), hexafluoro arsenate ion (AsF6-), trifluoro methyl sulfonate ion (CF3(SO3)-) and bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonate) diamine anion ((CF3SO2)2N-). The aromatic ring and/or heteroaromatic ring of the conductive polymer has substituents chosen from sulfonic acid group, halogen group and sulfonic-acid alkali metal salt. The conductive polymer is a polymer obtained by electrolytic polymerization in presence of electrolyte(s), and/or a polymer which is obtained by chemically modifying the polymer obtained by electrolytic polymerization. One portion or entire portion of the molecule (which remains in the conductive polymer) originating in the electrolyte after electrolytic polymerization, is substituted by another molecule whose average radius is smaller than the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomers: The fluorine-containing polymer is a copolymer obtained by polymerizing perfluoro vinyl ether derivative with an ethylenic monomer chosen from perfluoro ethylene, CF2=CFCF3, CF2=CF-OCF3, CF2=CF-OCF2CF3 and/or CF2=CF-OCF2CF2CF3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fluorine-containing polymer has melt viscosity of 10000 Pa.second or more, preferably 30000 Pa.second or more. Preferred Definitions:    Y1 = trifluoro methyl group;    X1, Y2 = fluorine atom;    n = 0 or 1; and    m = 2.
EXAMPLE - A 1M tetrahydrofuran solution of lithium hexamethyl disilazide was cooled to 0degreesC under nitrogen and 28 g of a cyclic perfluorosulfone of formula (1a) were added dropwise.    The solution was kept at 0degreesC for 1 hour then stirred at room temperature for a further hour. A small amount of water was added and the solvent distilled off. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to acidify the residual reaction mixture which was then extracted using HFC43-10 mee. After drying, the solvent was distilled off and vacuum distillation of the organic phase was carried out to yield 23.95 g of a colorless liquid that was confirmed to be CF2=CFOCF2CF2SO2NH2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluorine resin sheet comprises tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, hexafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoro ethylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The extraction electrode consists of alloys of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), tin (Sn) and bismuth (Bi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: An intermediate adhesion resin layer (2) of thickness 10-80 microns is provided between the polypropylene layer and metal-bonding resin layer. An adhesion-promoter layer is formed at the surface of polypropylene layer. The polypropylene layer is a homo-type polypropylene or a copolymer of propylene and ethylene. 1 wt.% or more of a copolymer of ethylene and alpha-olefin or a copolymer of propylene and alpha-olefin, is added to the polypropylene layer.The polypropylene layer has a blend resin layer of polyethylene and polypropylene, on at least one surface. Polypropylene layer is a drawing polypropylene layer.The metal-bonding resin layer is an ethylene-(meth)acrylic-acid copolymer, or polyethylene or polypropylene graft polymerized with unsaturated carboxylic acid. The intermediate adhesion resin layer comprises linear low-density polyethylene having a density of 0.87-0.93 and an ethylene-(alpha) olefin copolymer having a melting point of 90-125degreesC.The intermediate adhesion resin layer is a blend resin layer of polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Precursor: The Proton acid group-containing polyimide precursor varnish contains polyimide precursor of sulfonic acid group-containing polyamic acid having repeating structural unit of formula (1), and molecular chain terminal of formula (2).Ar1 = formula called (I);A = -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, -SO2-, -C(CF3)2- or -CO-;a,a' = 0-2;a+a' = 1 or more;M = hydrogen, lithium, sodium or potassium;R1 = H, 1-7C alkyl or aromatic group; andn = 0-2.The polyimide precursor has 20-99 mol% of repeating structural unit of formula (1) with respect to all repeating units, and 1-18 mol% of repeating structural units of formula (3).Ar = same as Ar1; andAr2 = formula called (II).B,B',B'' = -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, -SO2-, -C(CF3)2- or -CO-.Preferred Compound: The compound having 3-4 amino groups is a branched polyvalent amine compound of formula (4) or linear polyvalent amine compound of formula (5).h = 3 or 4;R2 = trivalent and/or tetravalent group of formula called (III); andE = -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -CO-.G,G',G = -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -CO-; andi,j,k = 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The structural component of compound (B) has formulae (2) and (3) in the molar ratio of n:m, or formulae (4) and (5) in the molar ratio p:q.m1 = 1-4;m = 1-n;q = 1-p;Ar = bivalent aromatic joint unit;X1 = group chosen from -O-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -OPhO-;Ph = bivalent aromatic joint unit;n and p = 0.2-1; andX2 = group chosen from -O-, -SO2-, -S-, -CH2- or -OPhO-.The acidic group in the polymer (A) is sulfonic acid and/or phosphonic acid. The weight of acidic radical in the polymer (A) is 0.5-4 equivalents/kg. The weight ratio of compound (B) and polymer (A) is 5:95-30:70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The copolymerization monomer has 1 or 2 polymerizable functional group per copolymerization monomer molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen permeating thin film has composition of following formula: LaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO or LaxSr1-xGayFe1-yO, where x = 0-1 and y = 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polymer is heat processed in inert gas atmosphere in the absence of catalyst, at reduced pressure of 10-5 Pa to 105 Pa, preferably 10-2 Pa to 105 Pa and at a temperature of 100-300degreesC. The inert gas atmosphere comprises helium gas, argon gas and/or nitrogen gas. The method utilizes an electric furnace or infra red rays for low temperature heating. Preferred Definitions:    R = aromatic hydrocarbon group, unsaturated hydrocarbon group and/or heterocyclic group.    EXAMPLE - 55% divinyl benzene mixture (in g) (190) was dissolved in chloroform (300 ml) and bromine was added at room temperature. The precipitated solid in the reaction solution was filtered to obtain 1,4-bis(1,2-dibromo ethyl) benzene, which was refluxed under a mixed solution (A) for 1 hour. The mixed solution (A) comprised t-butoxy potassium (13) in t-butanol (250 ml). 750 ml of distilled water was added to the reaction solution and the crystal was filtered to obtain 1,4-diethynyl benzene monomer. The monomer (1.2) was added to a solution which dissolved cuprous chloride (0.3) in N,N,N',N'-tetramethylene diamine (60 ml). Methanol (100 ml) and hydrochloric acid were added and the precipitate was filtered to obtain 1,4-diethynyl benzene polymer having a structure given in figure (1), where n is 2-10000. The polymer was heated at 200degreesC and 10-2 Pa to 10-3 Pa for 10 minutes to obtain a carbon material in the form of powder with a yield of 50 wt.%. The carbon material had hydrogen occlusion ability of 1 wt.% at 25degreesC according to JIS-H7201.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The solvent comprises an aprotic liquid (ether, ester, nitrile, nitro compound, amide, sulfone, sulfolane, sulfamide or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon) and/or a polar polymer, especially an alkylene oxide, allyl glycidyl ether, acrylonitrile, vinylidene fluoride, N-vinylpyrrolidone or methyl methacrylate polymer or a polyphosphazene or isocyanate-crosslinked polyethylene glycol. The salt is a lithium salt. The negative electrode comprises lithium or its alloys, optionally dispersed in lithium oxide, or a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal, or a lithium titanate or carbon. The positive electrode is a vanadium oxide, lithium vanadate, lithium nickelate and/or cobaltate, lithium manganese spinel, organic polydisulfide, iron sulfide, ferric sulfate or lithium iron phosphate or phosphosilicate. The cathode collector is of aluminum. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Salts of type (I) are disclosed per se, as is their use as ionically and electronically conductive materials, dyes and catalysts.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of lithium salts of 4,5-bistrifluoromethyl-1,2,3-triazole, 4-trifluoromethyl-5-cyano-1H-1,2,3-triazole, 2-cyano-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-triazole, 2-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-triazole, 2-dimethylaminosulfonyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole, 1-fluoro-2,5-bistrifluoromethyl-3,4-dicyanocyclopentadiene and poly(2-(3,4-epoxy-1,1-difluorobutane)-5-cyano-1,3,4-triazole is specifically disclosed.    EXAMPLE - The electrolyte for a lithium battery comprised the lithium salt of 4,5-bistrifluoromethyl-1,2,3-triazole in polyethylene oxide in an amount such that the oxygen/lithium ratio was 15/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plating layer contains Cu, Ag, Ni or Al. The conductive treated layer is coated with a conductive coating having Cu, Ag or Ni, or conductive carbon incorporated in a resin..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves providing and combining di(methylsilyl)Y1, di(methylsilyl)Y2 and alkoxy orthoborate salt, under conditions at which electrolytic salt is formed.The alkoxy orthoborate salt is lithium tetramethanolatoborate.Preferred Salt: The electrolytic salt is in a non-aqueous solvent selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone (DMS), ethylmethylsulfone (EMS) and/or gamma-butyrolactone. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The electrolytic salt is lithium bis(malonato)borate, lithium bis(succinato)borate, lithium (malonato oxalato borate), bis(methylenedisulfonato)borate or tetra((trifluoromethyl)ethylenedialato(2-)O,O') borate.    EXAMPLE - Oxalic acid (in moles) (0.2) and chloro trimethyl silane (0.46) were reacted in anhydrous 1,2-dichloro ethane at 70 degrees C. The low boiling point solvent was evaporated and the unreacted residual chloro trimethyl silane was distilled, to obtain colorless di(trimethyl silyl) oxalate (DTMSO). Lithium tetramethanolato borate (0.025) and DTMSO (0.05) were stirred in large amount of anhydrous acetonitrile in an oil bath at 45-50 degrees C overnight, to obtain lithium bis(oxalato borate). The crude product was dried, recrystallized, cooled, filtered and dried. The yield of lithium bis(oxalato borate) was about 92% and its structure was confirmed by NMR spectrum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A resin having a larger heat capacity per unit weight than that of the positive tab and the negative tab is provided on the portion of the positive tab, into which the positive leads are joined, and the portion of the negative tab, into which the negative leads are joined.Preferred Material: The resin contains at least polyolefin. It is also formed of a composite material made by mixing metal particles or ceramic particles into polyolefin. It is also formed of a composite material made by mixing a phase change material, which absorbs heat by a phase change, into polyolefin, the phase change material being mixed in a state of at least microparticles or microcapsules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The conductive powder has an average particle size of 10-100 mum. The carbon fibers have a length of 0.1-20 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The heating and drying of the web is performed using a continuous dryer. EXAMPLE - Expanded graphite (70 wt.%), carbon fibers (10 wt.%), aramid fibers (10 wt.%), and polyester resin (10 wt.%) were added to aqueous solution (1 wt.%) of polyethylene oxide and stirred to form a slurry in uniformly dispersed state. The slurry was formed into a web on an inclined short wire former and subsequently heated and dried at 150degreesC for 2 minutes in a dryer to obtain gas diffusion electrodes. The gas diffusion electrodes had 69.5 mum thickness, 0.104 OMEGA.cm resistivity, 2.6 s gas permeability, 1.21 W/m.K thermal conductivity, and excellent roll winding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The light-reflecting coating comprises a metal film including aluminum or silver. The coating may be a dielectric mirror coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The light-reflecting coating comprises layers of inorganic films arranged to provide a mirror function. The back cover has parallel V-shaped grooves in one surface with the facets constituting the sides of the grooves. The front cover is a flat sheet. Each facet extends at 25-35degrees relative to the plane of the front cover. The grooves have a depth of 0.004 inch. The back cover has a thickness of 0.010 inch. Some of the grooves extend in a first direction. The other grooves extend in a second direction. The grooves form a herringbone pattern. The grooves have an enclosed angle of 110-130degrees. The back cover is opaque. Each of the front and rear covers has a front surface and a rear surface with the rear surfaces facing in the same direction. A frame surrounds the module. It has first portions extending over and bonded to the front surface of the front cover and second portions extending below and bonded to the rear surface of the back cover.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ionomer/nylon alloy has a tensile strength of 7720 psi; a tensile modulus (Young's) of 78800 psi; a Vicat value of 190degreesC; a specific gravity of 1.043; a mold shrinkage of 1.0%; a melt temperature of 235-250degreesC; a mold temperature of 40-80degreesC; and a dielectric strength of 1918 V/mil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin of the chip-type thermistor is selected from epoxy, phenol, polyimide and one or more resins selected from polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The optoelectric transducer further has a semiconductor microparticle layer (5), and a metal-microparticle layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: At least one layer of deposition film contains metal or metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorbing polymer material is a carboxyl-methyl-cellulose group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hole current collection electrode contains a pi-conjugated polymer. The pi conjugated polymer is poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Battery: In (I), an organic macromolecule is chosen from polyvinylidene-fluoride type-polymer, polyacrylonitrile type-polymer, polyethylene-oxide type-polymer, and polymethylmethacrylate type-polymer, preferably polyvinylidene-fluoride copolymer which contains 85 weight-units or more of vinylidene fluorides. The electrolyte is chosen from LiBF4, imide lithium salt, and methide lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: pi-conjugated polymer is poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is an alkali metal salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternary phosphonium salt and/or a transition metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conductive adhesive comprises conductive particles and a polymer resin; or a coupling agent, conductive particles and a polymer resin. The conductive adhesive constituting at least an outermost coating layer comprises a thermosetting polymer resin not hardened. The polymer resin is urethane, phenoxy, epoxy, butyral, phenol, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamideimide. Preferred Properties: The conductive adhesive constituting an inner coating layer other than an outermost coating layer comprises a polymer resin having a number average molecular weight of 500-50000 and having a gel fraction of 20-100%. Preferred Method: A temperature of the heating applied to the coated wire is not lower than the dissociation temperature of block isocyanate contained in the conductive adhesive. The coated wire is bonded at a softening temperature of at least the outermost coating layer among coating layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coupling agent is silane derivative coupling agent, titanate derivative coupling agents and/or aluminum derivative coupling agents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The collector electrode is provided on a transparent electrode provided at a light incident side of the semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: An adhesive layer (16) is applied to the base body, solar cells (30) are inserted into the adhesive layer, a further adhesive layer is applied to the solar cell layer (28), a covering layer is applied to the adhesive layers, and the adhesive layers are hardened.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive layer is made from a weather-resistant double adhesive material, a two component silicone adhesive or acrylic resin adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hardener is isocyanate compound having 2 or more isocyanate groups in the molecule, or modified isocyanate compound whose isocyanate group is masked by phenol, or an epoxy compound having 2 or more epoxy groups in the molecule.Preferred Group: The group-containing active hydrogen atom at the molecular chain terminal of the polymer consists of alcoholic hydroxyl group and has general formula (3).B, m = same as above;R = 2-4C alkyl; andk = 1-9.The group containing active-hydrogen in the molecular-chain terminal of polymer, is expressed by formula (4).Ar = group chosen from group of formula (A).G and G' = single bond, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-, -SO2- or -CO-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is a linear macromolecule. Portion(s) of the terminal of the side chain has dialkyl siloxane group of formula (II).R3,R4 = 1-4C alkyl groupm = 0 or more Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2 = methyl group
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte film consists of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Oxide electrocrystallization equipment has a tension detection roller (2005) to keep the tension of a long substrate constant, and the stopper (2007, 2058) which dashes against a tension detection roller through the substrate. The stopper is covered by Teflon (RTM; polytetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is poly(oxyalkylene)glycol or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: 2,5-dichloro isopropyl benzoate (in g) (1.81), 2,2'-bipyridyl (2.85), tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) and nickel bis (cyclooctadiene) (5.02) are stirred for 3 hours. A polymer precipitated by pouring the reaction solution into excess methanol after cooling. The precipitate is filtered off, and a rough polymer is obtained. The obtained polymer is dissolved in chloroform, and the insoluble content is removed by filtration. The chloroform layer is separated and concentrated. Methanol reprecipitation is performed. The resulting solution is filtered and dried under reduced pressure, and ultra-high molecular polyisopropyl benzoate (1.09) is obtained.Preferred Polymer: The ultra-high molecular polybenzoate (II) is hydrolyzed to make (I). (II) was polymerized from the dihalobenzoate (III) using a zero valent transition metal complex, preferably a nickel (nickel (0) bis(cyclooctadiene)) or palladium complex.X = chlorine, bromine or iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The metal complex has 2,2'-bipyridyl as a ligand.
Preferred Definitions:    R = methyl;    X = methyl or methoxy;    m = 1; and    n and p = 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polysulfone: The cross-linkable polysulfone has 20-99 mol% of a repeating structural unit of formula (1) and 1-80 mol% of repeating structural unit of formula (2), with respect to all repeating structural unit of the polymer.A = single bond, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, or -CO-;m = 0 or 2 or less;R and R' = 1-10C alkyl groups;s and s' = 0 or 4 or less;X and Y = proton acid group chosen from sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group or their metallic salts, preferably sulfonic acid; andx and y = 0-2 and x+y is one or more.When A is -CO-, s+s' is one or more.A, m, R, R' and s' = same as defined in formula (1);B = A;n = m;R'' and R''' = R and R'; ands'' and s''' = s and s'.When A and/or B in formulae (1) and (2) is -CO-, s+s'+s''+s''' = 1 ore more. The cross-linkable polysulfone has a terminal group of formula: -O-Ra-G-Rb.Ra = 1-15C saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group, sulfonyl group, imide group or carbonyl group;G = vinylene group or ethynylene group; andRb = hydrogen or a phenyl group.The cross-linkable polysulfone contains 1-50 mol% of at least one type chosen from 0-79 mol% repeating structural unit of formula (2), and repeating structural units of formulae (3 and 4).B, n, R'', R'''' and s'', s''' = same as defined in formula (2);R1 trivalent 1-12C saturated hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or saturated hydrocarbon group and aromatic hydrocarbon group; D = G; R2 = Rb; h, i = 0 or 1; and h+i = 1.A, m, R, R', s and s' = same as defined in formula (1);R4 = R1;E = G;R5 = Rb;R6 = 1-6C alkylene group or a phenylene group;j, k = 0 or 1; andj+k = 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The amine processing is performed by contacting ammonia and alkylamines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The cell is a CIS (copper (Cu)-indium (In) diselenide)-, CIGS (Cu-In-gallium (Ga) selenide)-, CIGSS (Cu-In-Ga sulfide-selenide)-, CdTe (cadmium telluride)- or silicon (Si)-based thin film solar cell. The support preferably has a curved surface. Between the clear coat and thin film solar cell, the part may have an intermediate layer, especially of CdS or ZnSe, and/or a color coat, formed e.g. by the clear coat. The top electrode of the cell consists of indium-tin oxide (ITO) and the bottom electrode of copper, aluminum, Kovar (RTM), molybdenum or the support of metal, especially steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The part may have a coat or color coat of Tefzel (RTM; ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) between the clear coat and thin film solar cell; and/or a separating layer, especially of polyimide or room temperature-vulcanizing silicone, between the metal (especially steel) support and thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The catalyst disk is made from powders of 0.5-10% palladium and/or platinum load on activated carbon or alumina. It may be made from powders of transition metal oxides including a highly active copper oxide/manganese oxide (CuO/MnO2) mixture known as moleculite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The low impedance fuel has combined internal and external impedance lower than 100 ohms. The protection membrane (11) in front of the working electrode (12) has a thickness of 5-50 mum. The protection membrane in front of the counter electrode has a thickness of 20-100 mum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The protection membrane in front of the working electrode is made of dense polymer membrane of PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polypropylene (PP). The protection membrane in front of the counter electrode is made of dense polymer membrane of PTFE, polyethylene (PE) or PP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Parting of the coating and melting of the first base material disrupts electrical continuity of the coating. Scoring is performed using a heated stylus, using a soldering iron tip, or performed mechanically. A photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material and a charge carrier material is applied to the coating of the first base material. A catalytic media layer is applied to the coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises titanium oxides, zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, terbium oxides, tantalum oxides, and/or tin oxides. The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises a photosensitizing agent comprising ruthenium transition metal complex, osmium transition metal complex, or iron transition metal complex. The coating comprises indium tin oxide. The catalytic media comprises platinum.Preferred Property: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises particles with an average size of 5-80 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by polymeric linking agent. It comprises a photosensitizing agent comprising xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first base material comprises polyethylene terephthalate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: At least one selected from ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and their salts, is used directly as a fuel. At least one selected from sulfurous acid, thiosulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid, phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid and/or their salts is used directly as a fuel. A metal is used as the anode electrode. Specific fuel cell uses ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, sulfurous acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid and/or their salts as a fuel and carbon material, e.g. carbon black, as the anode catalyst. Another fuel cell uses ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, sulfurous acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid and/or their salts as a fuel and a collector comprising carbon paper or carbon cloth, contacts with a solid polymer film and is directly used in the absence of an electrode catalyst. EXAMPLE - Platinum-ruthenium black is used in the anode catalyst and platinum black made water repellent with polytetrafluoroethylene is used in the cathode catalyst. The catalysts are mixed with a polymeric electrolyte to form catalyst inks. After forming thin film electrode sheets, polymer electrolyte films (Nafion-117) are hot pressed to both surfaces to form a film-electrode assembly. Both surfaces of the assembly are sandwiched by carbon cloth to form a fuel cell. An aqueous solution of the fuel is supplied to the anode. Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 1.0M gives a voltage of 0.586V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanoparticles are silicon nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The material is a PEDOT (poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), such as PEDOT-PSS (where PSS is polystyrene sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains additional additive from silicone compounds, indium, tin, lead sulfate, and/or barium sulfate. It further includes antimony as impurity.Preferred Property: The ultra fine lignin has a particle size between 0.1-0.6 micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer is from polyacrylic acid or its copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, or ethylene glycol.Preferred Composition: The polymer is present in aqueous solution at 0.1-13% in water. The additional additive is present between 0.01-0.1%/12-volt 50-ampere battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises the device having a second surface and second laminate layer. It further comprises a contact (1300) attached to the device, a via (1400) through the substrate (100) on the device, and a conductor electrically bonded to the contact on the device. It further comprises an outer encapsulant affixed to the first surface. The first laminate layer comprises a metal layer. The device comprises less than 50, preferably less than 1% encapsulated gas/volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from plastic. A cooper-coated polyimide element is tack-bonded to the contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from metal. The metal layer is made from aluminum, copper, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, chromium, silver, gold, barrier layer material, indium, magnesium or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Condition: The yarn is twisted or held with a serving yarn after being stretch broken and spun. The ratio of the first filament count to the second filament count is 5-20. The yarn is woven into a fabric or stitch bonded into a multiaxial fabric. It is in layers and mechanically secured together by needle punching into a felt. The fabric is subjected to heat to convert the yarn of pitch precursor material into graphitic yarn or graphitic fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fabric is coated with a carbonaceous mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fabric or felt is incorporated in a composite comprising a thermoplastic or thermoset resin. The yarn is spun from polyacrylonitrile fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic compound is poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyethylene oxide, polyurethanes or polyamides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal ion is a lithium ion. The gelling compound is a lithium salt comprising iodide, bromide, chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate or hexafluorophosphate Preferred Component: The electrolyte further comprises iodine at a concentration of at least0.05 M. It includes a compound of formula Mi-Xj.i, j = at least1;X = chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or hexafluorophosphate;M = LI, Cu, Ba, Zn, Ni, lanthanides, Co, Ca, Al or Mg.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition comprises (wt.%) imidazolium iodide (at least90), water (0-10), iodine, methyl-benzimidazole, and lithium chloride or lithium iodide (1-6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fluid-containing panel comprises a hydraulic circuit (13b) for conveying the liquid along the entire surface that lies opposite the surface of the photovoltaic cell. The hydraulic circuit includes a mouth for the inflow and outflow of fluid. The hydraulic circuit is connected to fluid flow regulator having a recirculation pump. The solar panel further comprises an accumulation tank connected to the fluid-containing panel, and an adhesive (23) for fixing an upper photosensitive surface and lower surface to transparent protective layer (21) and heat exchanger. The photovoltaic panel comprises a photovoltaic cell (22). The heat exchanger comprises a heat-conducting plate (24).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluid comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adhesive comprises ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The transparent protective layer comprises a flat glass plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen feed is prepared by steam reforming, oxidation of methanol, oxidation of methane, oxidation of biomass, coal gasification or gasification of organic wastes, plastics wastes, farm wastes or wood chips. The exposing step is performed at 80-150 degrees C and at a pH of greater than 8. Formate is formed in a water-gas-shift reaction conducted in the presence of a base added in an amount to promote formate formation. The water-gas-shift reaction comprises producing formate from carbon monoxide and water, and decomposing formate in the presence of water to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is a hydroxide, alkoxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium and/or a 1-4C amine. The catalyst is a homogenous transition metal complex comprising e.g. ruthenium, nickel, rhodium, platinum, cobalt, copper, palladium, iridium or iron, coupled to N-donor ligand(s) e.g. 2,2'-dipyridyl, sodium salt of EDTA, ethylenediamine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4'-dipyridyl, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and/or N,N-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine H4. The liquid phase is water, methanol, glyme, polyglycol, 2-10C alcohol and/or 2-10C ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thin polycarbonate sheet is 0.01-0.03 or greater than 0.03 inches thick, and transparent, clear and scratch-resistant, and possesses a velvet-like texture surface. The plastic substrate is 0.05-0.2 inches thick. Preferred Material: The plastic substrate is polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl acetate, or polyethylene terephthalate glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing ion exchange resin consists of a copolymer which has a polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene and polymer unit based on perfluoro vinyl ether having sulfonic acid group. The perfluoro vinyl ether having sulfonic acid group, is expressed by CF2=CF(OCF2CFX)mOp(CF2)nSO3H, where X is fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group, m is 0-3, n is 1-12 and p is 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further comprises 1-50 weight parts of hydrogenated block copolymers of polymer block (A) containing vinyl aromatic compound as a main component and block (B) containing conjugated diene compound and/or its block copolymer. The composition further comprises 1-200 weight parts of inorganic fillers with respect to total weight part of composition. The inorganic filler is selected from mineral salt, glass fiber, glass filament, chopped-stranded glass fiber, glass flakes, glass bead, carbon fiber, whisker, kaolin, mica, talc, carbon black, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, potassium titanate, wollastonite, thermally conductive substance such as graphite, aluminum nitrate, boron nitride, alumina, beryllium oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum nitride, barium sulfide, electroconductive metal fiber, electroconductive metal plates, electroconductive carbon black and carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The cationic organic substance is quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt and/or tertiary sulfonium salt. A high molecular compound containing film is provided an surface of negative electrode. The high molecular compound is polymer of styrene or copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene.Preferred Functional Groups: A cationic functional group such as trimethyl ammonium group, dimethylethyl ammonium group, methyl diethyl ammonium group, triethyl ammonium group, trimethyl phosphonium group, dimethylethyl phosphonium group, methyl- diethyl phosphonium group, triethyl phosphonium group, dimethylsulfonium group, methyl-ethyl sulfonium group and/or diethyl sulfonium group is introduced into cationic organic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nickel-hydroxide compound is coated with oxy cobalt hydroxide, trioxide 2 cobalt, cobalt monoxide, cobalt hydroxide, nickel metal and/or cobalt metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Elastomer: The elastomer is a styrene group elastomer, preferably a hydrogenated styrene-butadiene group copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The release-property film consists of a fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pipe is made from polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The vulcanized rubber is produced using sulfur and/or an organic sulfur compound as a vulcanizing agent. The vulcanized rubber has an aromatic ring, e.g. benzene and/or pyridine ring, in the side chain. The redox material is supported by impregnating a solution of the redox material into the vulcanized rubber and drying. The supported amount of redox material is 5-50 weight% based on vulcanized rubber. The redox material can be supported on a porous material composed by a polymeric material a three-dimensional continuous network structure. The polymeric material is an ethylene-propylene copolymer with an ethylene content of at least60 weight%. The redox material can be supported on a linear phosphazene polymer of formula (R1)3P=N-X where R1 = monovalent organic group or halogen atom; X = an organic groups containing at least1 of C, Si, Ge, Sn, N, P, O or S. The electrolyte may comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin film on which a redox material l is supported. EXAMPLE - The rubber composition comprises 100 weight parts vinyl pyridine rubber of 20 weight% styrene, 20 weight% vinyl pyridine and 60 weight% butadiene, 2 weight parts sulfur, 5 weight parts oil, 2 weight parts vulcanization accelerator, 3 weight parts zinc oxide and 20 weight parts carbon black. The redox material solution comprises 1L acetonitrile as solvent and 0.2 mol lithium iodide, 0.2 mol 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl-imidazolium iodide, 0.1 mol iodine and 0.4 mol t-butyl-pyridine. This solution is impregnated into the vulcanized rubber to give the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The oxidative decomposition potential of the wettability improving agent is smaller than that of the non aqueous solvent. The wettability improving agent has a reductive decomposition potential of not more than 0 V, a mass ratio to the non aqueous solvent of not more than 3 mass %, and an oxidative decomposition potential of 4.8-5.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator comprises polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises a mixture of ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone. The wettability improving agent comprises 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, methyl formate, or dimethyl sulfoxide. EXAMPLE - Positive and negative electrodes with leads and separator made of polyethylene was rolled and placed in an outer battery can made of an aluminum laminate. After the pressure in the outer battery can was reduced to 1/3 of normal pressure, electrolyte of was poured into the can. The electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 1.5 mol/l lithium tetrafluoroboride in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone at a ratio of 3:7, and 3 mass % 1,2-dimethoxyethane was added to the solvent. The can was then sealed to obtain a thin battery having a theoretical capacity of 700 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode mix contains beta-type nickel oxy hydroxide or manganese dioxide. The cathode mix contains zinc as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The leak prevention material is a plastic film chosen from nylon, polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin Board: The transparent resin board surface is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) or acrylic resin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The titanium oxide aqueous solution contains an amorphous type titanium peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is Li(CF3SO2)2 or Li(C2F6SO2)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Base Polymer: The base polymer is polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide and/or ethylene oxide-propylene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The connecting molecule is dioxy benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silsesquioxane has mixed structure of ladder type structure and cage type structure. A portion of the silicon of the silsesquioxane is substituted with transition metal element. The silsesquioxane comprises unit of formula (II).RO = alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The texture layer further comprises particles containing oxides of elements chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and silicon.Preferred Structure: The roughness of the texture layer has recess and convex portion, which are arranged regularly. The cross section of the texture cross section shows the depth of the recess (DD) of 0.05-5 microns, and ratio (WP/DD) of width of the convex portion (WP) and depth of recess (DD) of 0.5-6, and the ratio (WD/DD) of width of recess (WD) and depth of recess (DD) of 0.5-10. The diffuse reflection factor of the texture formation surface of the substrate is 60% or less at wavelength of 400 nm, and 75% or more at wavelength of 600 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimido amide, polyallylate, glass or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A phosphoric acid compound is contained in the solid electrolyte. The compounding quantity of the phosphoric acid compound is less than 3 moles which is greater than the equivalent mole with respect to the silane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The repeating unit of the polymer preferably has formula (2) or (2').Z = SO2 and/or CO;x+y = 10-100000, and x is 0-100 times of y; andA, R, B, M, n and m = as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The composite adhesive layer is made of epoxy resin adhesive agent, silicon-type resin adhesive agent, acrylic-type resin adhesive agent, polyimide-type resin adhesive agent, polyamidoimide-type resin adhesive agent and phenol-resin type adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Elastomer: The elastomer blended in the electroconductive sheet is selected from ethylene-(alpha) olefin copolymer or ethylene-(alpha) olefin-diene copolymer mixed with maleic acid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A mixture of 9,9-bis (4-aminophenyl)-9H-fluorene, a diamine compound of formula H2N-Ar3-NH2, a tertiary amine, and m- cresol is melted and heat-dissolved. A carboxylic dianhydride compound of formula (4) is added to the mixture. The obtained mixture is heated to 130 degrees C or more in the presence of an organic acid, and polymerization is carried out to obtain a polyimide resin. The mixture is heated to 150 degrees C or more for improving the physical characteristics of the resin.Ar1, Ar3 = as mentioned above.Preferred Structure: The polyimide resin has a basic structure of formula (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The diamine compound is 4,4'-diamino-biphenyl disulfonic acid. The carboxylic dianhydride compound is naphthalene-1,8:4,5-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. Preferred Definitions:    n/m = 50/50-95/5.    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-diamino-biphenyl-2,2'-disulfonic acid (in g) (0.654), 4,4'-(9-fluorenylidene) dianiline (0.035), triethylamine (0.55 mL), and m-cresol (9 mL) were heated to 140 degrees C under nitrogen stream for 10 minutes. The mixture was stirred vigorously, to obtain a transparent homogeneous solution. Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (0.536), benzoic acid (1), and m-cresol (15 mL) were added to the liquid mixture. The reaction solution became red. The solution was heated for 15 hours at 175 degrees C under nitrogen stream. The reaction solution became viscous. The solution was heated to 195 degrees C under nitrogen stream for 3 hours. The heating was stopped, and the solution was cooled to 60 degrees C. A solution of red, yellow viscous copolymer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar panel comprises a laminate panel with no frame and pads (26, 30) of rubber, especially ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber, are positioned between the plates and the panel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The X and R groups have a degree of substitution of 0.3-2.5 (preferably 0.3-1 or 2-2.5). The fuel cell has a current density of 1-2 Angstrom /cm2 at 0.5 V and a minimum catalyst loading equivalent of 0.1-0.2 mg/cm2 of platinum on a platinum/carbon polytetrafluoroethylene electrode at 5-70 psig reactant gases. The membrane has an ion exchange capacity of 0.5-9.5 meq H+/g. The dry blend membrane has a thickness of 1-250 mum. Preferred Solvent: The modified PBI is soluble in N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, , trifluoroacetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. Preferred Material: The polysulfonic acid is sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide), polyether sulfone, or hexafluoro-bisphenol A polysulfone. Preferred Composition: The blend membrane comprises polymers (1-23 wt.%). Preferred Process: The blend membrane is heat-treated at 150degreesC at 60 psig. EXAMPLE - PBI (0.13 g) was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide (7 ml). Diethyl phosphite (0.8 ml) and benzoyl peroxide (1 g) were added directly to the solution of PBI. The solution was heated to 130degreesC and maintained for 1 hour. The modified PBI was isolated. The resulting modified PBI (0.18 g) was a light orange material and demonstrated good solubility in N,N-dimethyl acetamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. It had a degree of substitution and a charge density of 0.67 and 1.8 meq H+/g, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The interactive battery comprises a barrier layer; a solar cell layer operatively connected to the battery layer; an electronic device layer comprising an output device; and a conductive layer(s) disposed adjacent to the device layer. Windows between non-adjacent layers are provided, and the non-adjacent layers are electrically connected through the windows. Two non-adjacent layers are electrically connected through a removed portion of any interposing layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The battery layer comprises a polymer battery layer. It comprises a primary and secondary battery layers. It comprises a lithium-ion battery layer or a nickel cadmium battery layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The output device comprises a display device comprising an active display device. The active display device is an electrophoretic display device, and a twisting ball display device. It comprises an electrocapillary display device, a liquid crystal display device, light emitting diode display device, or a gyricon display device. The output device comprises an emitter, which is configured to emit radiation comprising radio frequency or infrared radiation, or configured to emit audio signals. The electronic device comprises an input device comprising a receiver, which is configured to receive radiation. The input device comprises a sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organosilicon compound is represented by formula (1).A1 = ion conductive organic group of formula (2);R1,R2 = 1-6C alkyl or phenyl, preferably methyl;n = 2-30; anda = 0 or 1.R3 = 1-6C linear alkyl, preferably methyl;R4 = 3-10C linear alkylene, preferably trimethylene; andm = 1-20, preferably 3-10. EXAMPLE - Toluene (15 ml), triethylene glycol allyl methyl ether (4.6 g) and pentacyclo(9.5.1.13,9.15,15.17,13) octa siloxane (1 g) were mixed in a flask and heat-stirred at 80 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. Subsequently, platinum divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane (1000 ppm) was supplied. The low boiling component was removed at 400 Pa under reduced pressure. A brown transparent liquid was obtained. Nuclear magnetic resonance of the liquid conformed the formation of octakis(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxypropyl) octasilsesquioxane which had cage-like structure. The obtained organosilicon compound (1 g) and lithium perchlorate (6.2x10 to the power -2 g) were mixed in tetrahydrofuran. The liquid mixture was heated under reduced pressure at 100 degrees C for 3 hours and solvent was removed to form electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 3x10 to the power -5 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible organic substrate comprises polyethylenenaphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide or polyallylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate containing texture layer made of resin, is selected from polyethylenenaphthalate, polyether, sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide, polyallylate, glass and metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The high molecular compound is poly tetra fluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene-fluoride hexafluoro propylene copolymer or polyvinyl fluoride. The modifying substance is ethylene, styrene, butadiene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, meth-acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate or isoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The particles have an average particle size of 0.2-1 mm. The insulator has a transmittance of 70% or more for light at 400-800 nm wavelength. It has a thickness of not less than 3-not more than 250 mum and a pencil hardness of not less thanHB-not more than 3H, preferably not less thanHB-not more than 4H. The inorganic filler has an average particle size of not less than 0.1-not more than 10 mum, and an optical index of refraction of not less than 1.4-not more than 1.7.Preferred Components: The substrate comprises aluminum or a combined material having an aluminum surface. An inorganic filler is added to the mixture or reaction product of polysiloxane and polycarbosilane. The inorganic filler comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2) or a glass containing SiO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the polycarbosilane to the polysiloxane in the insulator is not less than 0.1-not more than 1, preferably not less than 0.1-not more than 2. The weight ratio of the inorganic filler to the total solid content of the polysiloxane and polycarbosilane is not more than 0.25. Preferably the insulator comprises a mixture of an organic-inorganic composite containing Si and a hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane, where the hydrolyzate of alkoxysilane constituting the insulator is a hydrolyzate of a single compound or a mixture of alkoxysilanes containing an organic functional group represented by the chemical formula (C)R1-Si(R2)(R3)-OR4 (C)R1-R3 = CH3, C2H3, C2H5, C3H7, C6H5, CH3O, C2H5O and C3H7O; and,R4 = CH3, C2H5, C3H7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat absorbing material comprises paraffin, polypropylene, polyethylene, silicon dioxide (SiO2), and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred System: The primary and secondary reflectors are concave and convex, respectively. The optical axis of the concentrated beam intersects the pivoting axis of the planar reflector. The primary reflector has a focal point offset from a central prime focus, first optical axis by a predetermined number of degrees. The secondary reflector has a focal point offset from the first axis by the number of degrees, the focal points disposed along a second optical axis. The assembly and planar reflector pivot about a common axis. The concentrated beam redirected by the secondary reflector is collimated. The system includes a distribution system having a lateral reflector, which reflects the beam reflected from the planar reflector. The lateral reflector is concave and collimates the beam. The distribution system further comprises reflectors, each reflecting downwardly a portion of the beam reflected from the lateral reflector. The system includes reflecting surface having multi-layer polymeric and planar reflector, polyurethane clear coating on the reflecting surface, and infrared-absorbing substrates underlying dielectric material. The distribution system includes sky window(s) having layer of anti-reflection coated glass, and a plastic film layer suspended under each sky window and encloses an air spaced below the coated glass layer. The film layer is disposed within a removable frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first infrared-absorbing substrate is black anodized aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The second infrared-absorbing substrate is black-painted tempered float glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Configuration: The receipt case of an air cell has a microporous thin film of water repellent polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin which covers the vent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The epoxy resin contains 3-60 wt.% of bisphenol S-type structure. The epoxy resin layer alternately contains cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. A hard coat layer or a gas barrier layer is laminated on the resin sheet. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature and light transmittance of the resin sheet are 170degreesC or more and 88% or more, respectively. The breakage strength of resin sheet is more than 60 N and is determined by pinching the resin sheet having a damage of depth of about 1 mum in its reverse side, between flat plate (4) having hole and flat plate (5), fixing four corners of flat plate (4) having hole of diameter 20mm and applying a load to central portion of hole of plate (4) using a stainless steel ball (1) of 10 mm diameter. The resin sheet is damaged by rubbing its reverse side with 2000 paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: Alternately, the secondary battery has a film material with a film-like substance which discharges the reaction inhibitor.Preferred Properties: The micro-powder is dispersed in the active material layer. The film-like substance is a film of two sheets pinched to support the reaction inhibitor. The specified temperature is 80-150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The film-like substance consists of an olefin-type resin, preferably polyethylene or polypropylene. The micro powder comprises reaction inhibitor coated with the olefin-type resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agents: The radical trapping agent is phenol group antioxidant, hindered amine group optical stabilizer, and/or sulfur group antioxidant. The oxidation-reduction agent is pi-electron group organic compound, preferably coumarin or biphenyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The radical trapping agent is 4,4'-butylidene bis-(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyarylene ether has ion exchange capacity of 0.1-2.5 by sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The resin polymer is polystyrene resin or halogenated polystyrene resin, preferably bromo polystyrene resin. Aryl bis(perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl) methane is bound to organic polymeric resin by the reaction of anion of an electrophilic substituent in the aryl group of methane compound, and organic polymeric resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Aryl bis(perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl) methane is selected from phenyl bis(trifuryl) methane, 2-naphthyl bis(trifuryl) methane, 1-naphthyl bis(trifuryl) methane, 2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl bis(trifuryl) methane, 4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl bis(trifuryl) methane, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl bis(trifuryl) methane, or pentafluoro phenyl bis(trifuryl) methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal element of metallic salt of aryl bis(perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl) methane used for manufacture of polymeric electrolyte film, is alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, boron, silicon, aluminum, tin, zinc or bismuth, preferably scandium, yttrium, lanthanoid, copper, silver, titanium, zirconium or hafnium. The basic reaction agent used in the manufacture of electrolyte film is butyl lithium, and the solvent is mixture of benzene and tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = aryl group substituted by electrophilic group, preferably phenyl, naphthyl, 2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or pentafluorophenyl; and    Rf1 and Rf2 = trifluoromethyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ionic Liquid: The ionic liquid is imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt and/or pyrazolium salt. The ionic liquid comprises a compound of formula (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Material: The carbon material is a porous-carbon which is an activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive Sheet: The adhesive sheet is obtained by performing laminate attachment of the akoxysilane coating, and the resin layer which contains ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer having shear modulus of 3x105 Pa at 80degreesC as main component. Preferred Resin: The modified ethylene group resin is polyethylene, ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, their mixture of 2 or more components, or their mixture and ethylene resin other than the modified ethylene group resin. EXAMPLE - (In mass parts) Hindered amine group optical stabilizer (0.5) and maleic anhydride (0.5 mass%) was added to unsaturated carboxylic acid modified low density grafted polyethylene (100) (having melting point of 104degreesC) and phenol group anti-oxidant (0.1). The contents were mixed and extruded into a sheet of thickness 300 mum at 160degreesC. The extruded sheet had shear modulus of 3x106 Pa at 80degreesC. The sheet was coated with ethanol solution of (gamma)-glycidoxy propylmethyl dimethoxysilane, and dried at 80degreesC for 20 seconds. Ethanol was volatilized and a coating film having thickness of 0.01 mum was formed on the surface of the sheet. An adhesive sheet was obtained. The adhesive sheet was laminated with aluminum foil in the order of polyvinylfluoride-aluminum foil laminating film/adhesive sheet/aluminum plate/adhesive sheet and heated in vacuum for 20 minutes at 130degreesC in a heat resistance rubber bag. The resulting laminate was used for solar cell module. The arrangement was left for 2000 hours at 85degreesC and 85% relative humidity, and at 23degreesC in 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. There were no exfoliation and yellowing or cracking of the sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Polymer-(a) is prepared from the boroxine ring compound and a polyalkylene oxide derivative or a poly(meth)acrylic acid derivative. The polymer electrolyte is a solid gel polymer electrolyte which contains a non-aqueous solvent which dissolves the electrolyte salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One layer of the lid comprises an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene sheet and a second layer consisting of a cellulose acetate honeycomb. The trough is made up of two layers with thermal insulation between them. The inner and/or outer troughs are made from deep-drawn plastic, e.g. polyethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The matrix can be incorporated in a thin fabric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The membrane/protein composite composes a device, which has the function of the incorporated membrane proteins. The protein functions include valves, channels, sensors, detectors, pumps, and energy transducers. The membrane proteins may transport only water molecules so that the biomimetic membrane is a water filter. The matrix is impermeable to water so that the membrane proteins are selected to permit passage of water molecules under pressure. The matrix is supported in a water purification device to separate the device into first and second chambers, the membrane proteins permitting only water to flow between the chambers. The two different membrane proteins are incorporated into the matrix. The membrane further includes first and second electrodes on opposite surfaces of the fabric, for receiving the electrical energy.Preferred Method: The method includes orienting the membrane proteins in the matrix, selecting the proteins to produce corresponding membrane functionality, inserting in the matrix two different membrane proteins, and exposing the matrix to light to produce electrical energy across the matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The membrane proteins are aquaporin family of proteins, or natural biological proteins. They are energy converting proteins. They include bacteriorodopsin and cytochrome oxidase embedded in the matrix for converting optical energy to electrical energy or to produce a biosolar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix is made of tri-block copolymers. It is a biocompatible polymer of poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (acrylamide) and sol-gels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The amphiphilic telechelic incorporating POSS is prepared by reacting polyethylene glycol homopolymer and POSS macromer (19-70 wt.%), where the mono isocyanate groups of two of the POSS macromers are directly linked between the diol end groups of the polyethylene glycol homopolymer. The reaction is carried out in the presence of dibutyl tin di laurate as catalyst.Preferred Composition: The amphiphilic telechelic has a POSS content of 19-70 wt.%. The ratio of polyethylene glycol to POSS macromer used in the reaction is 1:1.8-2.2.Preferred Property: The amphiphilic telechelic has a molecular weight of 3300-13000 g/mol. The polyethylene glycol has a molecular weight of 62-1000000, preferably 100-10000 g/mol.Preferred Component: The POSS macromer is of formula (II). It can be isocyanato dimethylsilyl cyclohexyl-POSS.R = unreactive aliphatic group. Preferred Definitions:    R = cyclohexyl.    EXAMPLE - Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was purified by twice repeating precipitation into n-hexane from chloroform solutions, followed by drying overnight. Solutions of PEG homopolymer and POSS macromer were prepared separately in dried toluene. The PEG solution was charged in a flask. A mixture of PEG and toluene was predried and the concentration was controlled to approximately 10 w/v%. It was cooled to 90 degreesC and POSS macromer (0.69 g) solution containing 1 wt.% dibutyl tin di laurate was added within 20 minutes in a flask containing the PEG (3 g). The reaction mixture was micro filtered, precipitated in an excess amount of n-hexane, washed with fresh n-hexane and then the precipitated telechelic was separated. The isolated product was washed with deionized water. The resulting product was dried for at least 2 days. A white powder product with a yield of more than 90% was obtained. The amphiphilic telechelic had a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 1.02.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The fluorocopolymer is at least 30 g/l with respect to the polymerization solution volume.Preferred Materials: (C) has at most 20 carbons, has a cyclic or linear structure, and preferably has a branched structure. It is a perfluorohexane or perfluorocyclobutane.Ethylenic fluoromonomer (A) is CF2=CF2. Preferred Definitions:    A = -SO2F;    n = 0;    m = 2.    EXAMPLE - Perfluorocyclobutane (227.5 g) and perfluoro(ethylvinylether)sulfonic acid fluoride (PFSF) (168.2 g) were degassed, 0.33 MPa tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) added at 30 degrees C and 800 rpm stirring, 8 wt.% di(omega-hydroperfluorohexanoyl)peroxide (3.56 g) added, polymerized, further PFSF added to give a total of 7.0 g, reacted 2 hours, unreacted TFE removed, chloroform added (250 ml), stirred 30 min, solid centrifugally separated, 250 ml chloroform added, stirred 30 min, repeated 3 times, and the polymer dried under vacuum at 120 degrees C, to give copolymer (21.8 g) (content of fluorovinylether derivative C = 16.2 molar%; melt flow rate = 6 g/10 min; differential scanning calorimetry fusion peak area in the vicinity of 320 degrees C = 0.0 J/g). A comparative example prepared using a mixture of CF3CClFCClFCF3 and CClF2CClFCF2CF3 instead of perfluorocyclobutane gave values of 14.6 molar%, 0.95 g/10 min and 0.30 J/g, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The grid coat further comprises isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The grid coat contains (in wt.%) polyacrylic acid (50-70) and lead dioxide particles (30-50). Alternately, the grid coat comprises polymer chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide and polystyrene sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic grid is metal alloy, preferably lead-calcium-tin alloy. The lead dioxide particle is alpha-lead dioxide having diameter of 1 mum or less. Preferred Property: The grid coat has thickness of 0.1-500 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent comprises cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl naphthalene, methyl decalin, silicone oil, or chemically-modified silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The clay mineral is layered clay mineral (14). Alternately, the composite polyelectrolyte comprises plate-shaped powder containing inorganic insulating material dispersed in solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxygen-containing polar group is ether, ester and/or hydroxyl group. The polar polymer is alkylene-oxide polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The barrier layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic hole transportation material is triphenyl diamine, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, phthalocyanine compounds or its derivatives. The organic hole transportation material is monomer, oligomer, prepolymer or polymer. The oligomer is preferably dimer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The film thickness of lower and upper insulation films, are 1-40 mum respectively and the total film thickness is 20 mum or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The elemental metal consists of aluminum, magnesium, or lithium. The elemental metal at its 6 coordination has an ion radius of 0.060-0.120 nm. The structural unit of the amorphous branched polyether consists of a polyphyletic copolymer containing ethylene oxide and glycidyl ether having an oxyethylene bond at its side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The porous semiconductor layer is a double layer of crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material including silicon germanium, III-V materials e.g. gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide and semiconducting polymers. The foreign substrate is a low cost substrate. The transfer and fabrication steps are performed twice, first on one side of the thin film and then on the other side. Fabrication of the device comprises depositing an active semiconductor layer on the thin film. Deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed by epitaxial chemical vapor deposition. The transferred device is a non-finished product that is further finished after attachment to the foreign substrate. The lift-off is achieved by immersing the substrate in a hydrofluoric acid solution in concentration 12-355 and using a current density of 50-250 mA per cm2 without changing any other parameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The porous semiconductor layer is a double layer of crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material including silicon germanium, III-V materials e.g. gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide and semiconducting polymers. The foreign substrate is a low cost substrate. Fabrication comprises transferring the thin film to a dummy support where the deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed, optionally followed by fabrication of a contacted device on the active layer obtained. The lift-off is achieved by immersing the substrate in a hydrofluoric acid solution at a concentration 12-355 and using a current density of 50-250 mA/cm2 without changing any other parameter. Deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed by epitaxial chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The joint is made of Teflon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The metallic disc is coupled with the probe plug by screws or rivets or by overprinting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte membrane is a sulfonated derivative of a polymer such as polysulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaphenylene, polyphenyl quinoxaline, polyaryl ketone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone-ketone, polyether ether ketone-ketone (PEEKK), polyether ketone ether ketone-ketone (PEKEKK), polybenzazole (PBZ), polybenzimidazole (PBI) or polyaramid polymer. PEM is a blended polymer or a composite membrane, which is Nafion coated with sulfonated PEEK, and a PBI membrane coated with sulfonated PEEK.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Film: The metal film comprises a metal or an alloy selected from palladium, platinum, niobium, vanadium, iron, tantalum, and their alloys, preferably palladium, niobium, vanadium, iron, tantalum, and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The crystal size coarsening inhibitory substance is thiocyanic acid ion, the binder is cyanation material and the solvent is acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is chosen from platinum group, gold group and/or carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer consist of binding-material selected from a group consisting of epoxy-resin adhesive agent, silicone-type resin adhesive agent, acrylic-type resin adhesive agent, polyimide type-resin adhesive agent, polyamidoimide type-resin adhesive agent or phenol-resin type-adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte liquid is cyclic carbonate, non-cyclic carbonate, glymes, lactone, sulfur compound and/or nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic oxide particle is surface reformed silica, alumina, and/or titania. The surface reformed silica, alumina or titania is obtained by reacting silica, alumina or titania particle with alcohol, metal alkoxide, chloro silane, silazane or alkoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic molecule is cyclodextrin. The linear macromolecule is polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact sections fixed to the contact electrodes are covers by a paste (25), preferably an adhesive. The electrical conductor is made from copper, tin, zinc or nickel and is preferably plated with a precious metal. The solar cells are covered on one side by a plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The casing is made from a bendable plastic, preferably polyester. The plate is made from a plastic, preferably polymethylmethacrylate. A filler, preferably made from a resin, is arranged between the plate and the solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The cross-linked structure has repeating unit of formula (I).R1 and R2 = substituent chosen from alkyl and aralkyl;R3 and R4 = substituent chosen from alkyl and H; andn = natural number.Preferred Compound: The alicyclic structure of epoxy compound has a backbone skeletal structure containing 3-10C bonded to each other to form a ring. The epoxy compound is a cyclohexane ring structure, and has structural formula (2).R5 and R6 = R3; andR7 = substituent chosen from carbon, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin has a structural formula including a cyclohexane oxide structure. The alicyclic epoxy resin has a functional group of formula (3).Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous solvent, and lithium salt dissolved in the solvent. The lithium salt contains LiBF4 and/or LiPF6. The non-aqueous solvent has gamma-butyrolactone content of 50-95 volume%. The gel electrolyte is present in portion(s) of interface between positive electrode and separator, and portion(s) of the interface between negative electrode and separator. The gel electrolyte precursor has catalyst containing one or more kinds of sulfonium compound chosen from triphenyl sulfonium and triphenyl sulfonium salt. The gel electrolyte comprises polymer of an onium salt formed by the reaction between a halogen-containing compound and a compound having nitrogen, phosphorus and/or sulfur, and an electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is made of nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet, copper-YSZ cermet, nickel ceria, cermet and/or ceramics. The cathode is doped lanthanum manganate (LaMnO3), preferably strontium doped LaMnO3, tin doped indium oxide, perovskite, strontium doped praseodymium manganate (PrMnO3), ruthenium oxide-YSZ and/or lanthanum cobaltite. The interconnect structure comprises thin formed metal, stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, complex oxide of lanthanum and chromium (LaCrO3), complex oxide of cobalt and chromium (CoCr2O4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, and/or HA-230.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sacrificial material comprises salt, soluble material, polyurethane, paraffin or (low density foamed) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The substrate contains stainless steel, aluminum or titanium. The coating comprises noble metal(s) selected from rubidium, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, iridium, platinum and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Character Board: In (I), the transparent plastic board is polycarbonate board or acryl board. The light transmittance of (I) is 50% or less and more greater than 0%, preferably larger than 0% and it is 30% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Films: In (I), the metal films are to layer films of chromium (Cr) film (19) and gold film (21) or gold alloy film, or aluminum (Al) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The ionic conduction substance is sulfonated polyether ketone resin, sulfonated polyether sulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide resin, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polyamide resin, sulfonated epoxy resin and sulfonated polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The phosphorus-containing layer is a chemical-treated film layer containing phosphoric acid metallic salt.Preferred Component: The collector is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The phosphorus-containing layer further contains a water-soluble synthetic resin chosen from acrylic-type resin, phenol-type resin and/or urethane-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflecting plate is made of chrome, black chrome, copper, stainless steel and iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The transparent support sheet is a lucite sheet containing polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyurethane or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wire: The lead wire contains carbon material and/or metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component used as crosslinking point is silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum, boron and/or phosphorus. Preferred Group: The anionic group of polymer is sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxylic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer which has an anionic group is polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfone, polyphosphazene, polybenzimidazole and/or polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains polyphenylene sulfide sulfone of formula (4), polyphenylene sulfide of formula (5), polyphosphazene of formula (6), polyimide of formula (7), polybenzimidazole and/or polysulfone.Z = organic group which contains an aromatic ring;n = number of repeating units; andR1,R2 = organic group. Preferred Definitions:    X = sulfonyl group, oxy group, thio group, carbonyl group, ester group, amide group, imide group, group of formula (2) or group of formula (3); and    I1,I2 = sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxyl group.    R = organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A zero valent transition metal complex is zero valent nickel complex and/or zero valent palladium complex.Preferred Method: The manufacturing method of polyphenylene sulfonic acid further uses 2-2'-bipyridyl as a ligand. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The zero valent nickel complex is nickel(O) bis (cyclo octadiene).    EXAMPLE - Dimethyl formamide (120 ml), 2,5-dichloro benzene sulfonic acid (1.33 g), 2,2'-bipyridyl (1.84 g) were added and stirred in argon atmosphere. Nickel(O)bis(cyclo octadiene (3.2 g) was added and stirred at 60 degreesC for 3 hours to obtain a reaction solution. The obtained reaction solution was cooled and poured into methanol, to precipitate a crude polymer. The crude polymer was dissolved in water and the insoluble content was separated by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and re-precipitated using methanol. The filtrate was dried under reduced pressure to obtain a polyphenylene sulfonic acid (0.56 g). The polyphenylene sulfonic acid had weight average molecular weight of 2700 and molecular distribution of 2300.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The film consists of iron, copper, titanium, manganese, zinc or magnesium. The electrolyte consists of aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide.Preferred Material: The hydrogen occlusion material consists of carbon material(s) such as hydrogen occlusion alloy or nanotube.Preferred Substrate: The electroconductive substrate of cathode is plated with iron free of hydrogen generating catalyst function, copper, titanium, manganese, zinc or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film consists of conductive polymer such as polyaniline. The coated quantity of polyaniline on the film is 3-60 mg with respect to 1 g of hydrogen occlusion material. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium hydride and/or sodium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The sulfonic acid type resin preferably contains groups of the following formulae:R = H or (up to 5) phenyl or 1-6C alkyl groups. EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate (6.6 g), p-phenol acid sodium salt (11.8 g), dimethylsulfoxide (150 ml) and toluene (60 ml) were mixed and heated at 165 degreesC for two hours to form AB2 type monomer. The obtained monomer (0.5 g) and PPMA (5 ml) were made to react at 120 degreesC for 45 hours and an anisole (0.5 ml) was added to the reaction solution and reacted at 120 degreesC for 3 hours to obtain a multi-branch sulfonic acid type resin. The yield of the resin was 49%. The resin had a weight average molecular weight of 1900, a molecular weight dispersion of 1.23, an intrinsic viscosity of 0.12 and a polymerization degree of 3.7.
EXAMPLE - Porous high molecular electrolyte is a high molecular porous material and by holding organic electrolyte in a hole, a high lithium ion diffusion factor is obtained and a high molecular part other than a hole is electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The panel also includes a reflective material fixed to the backing material, a laminate of reflective material, a core, and a veneer of protective material. It comprises a composite of 2-4 sub-panels (2, 3). It has an aperture or fitting at the apex for mounting to a solar dish frame. The core is an insulating material. Preferred Material: The backing material is a composite material consisting of fiberglass, plastic material, wood, metal, or aluminum. The reflective material is a veneer of sheet metal, or veneer of plastics or acrylic material. The veneer of sheet metal is polished aluminum or stainless steel. Preferred Property: The concavity of the panel is the complement of the surface of a sphere having a radius the same as the focal length at the axis of the paraboloid comprising the solar dish. It concavity is +/-2% of the radius. The equilateral triangle has sides of 1.2-2.2 m. Preferred Method: The method involves forming a backing having a surface with desired degree of concavity, and fixing a reflective material to the backing. The backing is formed by molding or machining.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte may comprise potassium hydroxide (0-2 moles/mole monomer unit of PVBTMAOH). The anode comprises particulate zinc (3-3.5 g/cm3 total anode volume) dispersed within an aqueous gel of crosslinked PVBTMAOH. The cathode comprises a mixture of manganese dioxide (60-86 wt.%), graphite (4-10 wt.%), and aqueous linear PVBTMAOH mixture (1-10 wt.%). Each of the anode and cathode is in the form of a slab comprising a pair of opposing flat parallel faces defining two opposing ends. The slab has a continuous circumferential surface between the opposing ends defining the slab peripheral edge and thickness. One end of the anode has zinc particles dispersed within crosslinked PVBTMAOH, and the opposing end is clear comprising crosslinked PVBTMAOH devoid of zinc. The anode may comprise a sheet (20a) of zinc having a thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm. The alkaline cell also includes a separator comprising crosslinked PVBTMAOH. The cell is assembled with the clear end of the anode positioned against an end of the cathode and the clear end of the anode serving as an electrolyte-permeable separator. Preferred Dimensions: The clear end of the anode has a thickness of 0.1-3 mm. The anode end comprising zinc particles has a thickness of 2-5 mm. The cell has a shape of a rectangular parallelepiped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluoro resin fibres are selected from ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether) copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer and polyvinylfluoride copolymer.The ion exchange is perfluorocarbon polymer containing sulfonic acid groups of formula CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-OP-(CF2)N-SO3.X = F or trifluoromethyl group;m = 0-3;n = 0-12;p = 0 or 1 whenn = 0 andp = 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises 1-10 mol.% pendant groups (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further includes cooling and removing the product, and simultaneous passage of diene and F-olefin through a heated tube. The liquid is an aprotic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, and/or gamma-butyrolactone, optionally with dimethylcarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is metallocene catalyst, Ziegler-Natta catalyst or alpha-diimine transition metal complex. Preferred Definitions:    R = ethenyl or butenyl;    Rf = radical of formula FSO2-CF2CF2-O-((CFRf)x-O)y or M+SO    -CF2CF2-O-((CFRf)x-O)y;Rf = perfluoroalkyl, F, or trifluoromethyl;x = 0-4;y = 0-3;M+ = univalent metal cation, preferably Li+;Z = alkali metal.    Provided that when x is 0, then y is 0.    EXAMPLE - 3.2 mg Catalyst rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium (IV) dichloride, and 50 g cycloadduct of CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO2F/1,7-octadiene were mixed with 35 ml toluene. This was placed under 1 atm of ethylene and was purged with ethylene for 15 min at 0 degrees C. Polymethylalumoxane was added to the mixture. Upon stirring under 1 atm of ethylene at 0 degrees C for 60 min, 5 ml methanol was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The mixture was poured into 150 ml methanol, and added with 4 ml concentrated hydrogen chloride. After 20 minutes of stirring, the white solid polymer was filtered, washed with methanol and dried. The formed copolymer exhibited melting point of 106 degrees C, average molecular weight of 58100 and number average molecular weight of 6150.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lubricant is a functionalized wax, fatty ester, silicone compound, or fatty acid compound. It may be a partially or fully fluorinated functionalized compound. The reactive lubricant has a lower melting point than the curing temperature of the resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The resin is cured in the impregnated graphite material. The compressing step is performed by molding the impregnated graphite material to form a graphite article; die-pressing the impregnated graphite material to form a graphite article; or embossing the impregnated graphite material to form a graphite article. The compression temperature is increased from ambient temperature to below the curing temperature of the resin.Preferred Component: The compressed mass of graphite particles is in the form of a flexible graphite sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin is an epoxy resin.Preferred Process: The resin is reacted with the lubricant. Before the reaction step, triphenylphosphine is introduced to catalyze a reaction of the resin with the lubricant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cathode enzyme comprises four copper ions per functional unit. It also comprises a laccase, ascorbate oxidase, a ceruloplasmin, or a bilirubin oxidase. The anode enzyme comprises an oxidase or a dehydrogenase of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. An additional enzyme is provided for breaking down a carbohydrate into a sugar, an alcohol, or a carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode is sufficient for electro-reduction of oxygen. The anode is sufficient for electro-oxidation of a sugar, an alcohol, or a carboxylic acid in a biological system. It is also sufficient for electro-oxidation of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate.Preferred Property: The fuel cell operates at greater than or equal to 0.52 V, and produces 0.1-10 mA/cm 2. It has a footprint of less than or equal to 3 mm 2, and volume of less than or equal to 1 mm 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An anode redox polymer is disposed on the anode. A cathode redox polymer is disposed on the cathode. The cathode or anode enzyme is immobilized via a redox polymer comprising an osmium-complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrochemical cell comprises a urethane spring disposed adjacent to the flow field support, to urge the flow field support against the membrane electrode assembly to maintain the flow field support and the membrane electrode assembly, in a compressive relationship; tabs (126) disposed at peripheral edges of the membrane electrode assembly and the flow field support, the tabs being engageable with holes (128) disposed in a side plate (122) to maintain the membrane electrode assembly and the flow field support in alignment; and a heater disposed at the flow field support adjacent to the membrane electrode assembly. The heater is an electrically resistive component. The membrane electrode assembly comprises a proton exchange membrane; a first electrode disposed at a first active area of the proton exchange membrane; and a second electrode disposed at a second active area of the proton exchange membrane. Preferred Parameter: Each of the temperature differentials is effected by the length to width ratio of the active areas being at least4-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The neutralization agent or ion exchange media is disposed within the flow channels of the bipolar plate or within the anode and cathode diffusion layers. The neutralization agent or ion exchange media is disposed in combination with the anode catalyst layer on one side of the electrolyte membrane and in combination with the cathode catalyst layer on an opposite side of the electrolyte membrane. The neutralization agent or ion exchange media effects absorption of ionic species in the fuel cell effluent. The neutralization agent or ion exchange media is molecular sieves, microporous zeolites, activated carbon, or clays; or cationic exchange media, anionic exchange media, or mixed-bed media. The neutralization agent or ion exchange media effect deionization of ionic species in the fuel cell effluent. The individual fuel cells are proton exchange membrane fuel cells; or phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, or aluminum-air reserve cells. The cationic exchange media is natural zeolites, synthetic zeolites, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or styrenic (sulfonic acid). The anionic exchange media is tert. styrenic, quaternary ammonium base styrenic, tertiary acrylic, quaternary ammonium base acrylic, aliphatic epoxy or phenol-formaldehyde epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The porous conductive sheet material is paper or cloth made from woven or non-woven carbon fiber. A microporous layer coating of carbon particles and a hydrophobic binder are included. The binder is unhydrolyzed perfluoro ionomer resin or polyvinylidene difluoride. The partially fluorinated polymer comprises fluorinated alkyl side chains with a length of 4-20C. It comprises at least60% of a fluorinated acrylate, methacrylate or urethane monomer. It is applied by dipping, spraying or padding. The fluorinated alkyl side chains are of structure CF3-(CF2)n-X-. A fluorinated solid polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer(s) in ionic conductive contact with the membrane are included. The fluorinated solid polymer electrolyte membrane is a per fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer membrane. It is also a reinforced per fluorinated ion exchange membrane from expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene with an ion exchange polymer. The ion exchange polymer is a per fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer. The two catalyst layers comprise a noble metal catalyst and an ionomeric resin binder.n = 3-17;X = bridging group, preferably -(CH2)p-, or -SO2-NR-;p = 1-6;R = CH3-, or CH3-CH2. EXAMPLE - Carbon cloth, Zoltek, was treated with a fluorinated polymeric surface treating agent in a pad-bath applicator, which passes the fabric through an aqueous bath, and through squeeze rolls to give uniform treatment. Isopropanol (10 wt.%) was used to improve wetting. 77% Wet pick-up was obtained. Thus, with 3.3 wt.% of a bath of Zonyl 7040, 2000 ppm fluorine on the fabric was obtained. After treatment, the fabrics were dried (and cured) for 2 minutes at 300degreesF in a forced air oven for forming a GDB (13). The GDB repelled water and isopropanol. The conductivity was measured to be 71.9+/-2.3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The support member comprises a housing. The link includes multiple holes (34) for receiving pins (28) of the vanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: the link comprises a synthetic elastomer, neoprene, silicone, polybutadiene, thermoplastic urethane, or thermoplastic olefin. Preferred Property: The link has a Shore A hardness of 42-72 (preferably 50-55) and elastic memory so that the link squeezes each pin to provide a frictional engagement between the link and the vanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The catalyst slurry is (partially) cured before applying ionomer solution. Each decal is polymeric film. The decal into which the catalyst slurry is applied comprises polytetrafluoroethylene film. The decal onto which the ionomer solution is applied comprises polyester film. A diffusion medium layer is placed on the outside surface of each catalyst layer.Preferred Methods: The method also comprises repeating the steps to prepare a second membrane electrode assembly component, joining the two components together with ionomer layers in contact with each other and removing the decals to form membrane electrode assembly. The method also comprises placing a perimeter sealing material (13) partly between two ionomer layers, applying diffusion medium layer to the outside surface of each catalyst layer and partially infusing the diffusion medium with perimeter sealing material. The two components are hot pressed together.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Groups: The anionic group is sulfonic acid group. The cationic group contains nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a conductive resin, especially cyanoethyl compound such as cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl sucrose and cyanoethyl pullulan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Acceptor: The proton acceptor of formulae (IIa-IIc) is used while manufacturing the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The metallic salt is an alkali metal salt. The hollow portion is a columnar structure. EXAMPLE - 1,3,5-tris(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-yl) benzene (in g) (0.0423), ethanol (15 ml) and chloroform (3 ml) were heat-stirred and dissolved. 3,4,5-tris(11'-acryloyloxy undecyl oxy) benzoic acid (0.379) was added and maintained for 24 hours. A liquid-crystal substance was filtered. 1-hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl-ketone (4 mg) was added and chloroform was dissolved as a photoinitiator. The composition obtained was cast on a glass substrate, dried and polymerized by irradiating an ultraviolet light. 1,3,5-tris(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-2-yl) benzene was removed by cleaning and a high polymer film was produced. The polymer had a glass transition temperature of 160 degrees C. The porous polymer film was impregnated into lithium tetrafluoroborate solution containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone and tetrahydrofuran mixed solvent, at 60 degrees C for 24 hours. A slid-electrolyte film was produced. The film was inserted in a platinum electrode and an electric current was applied. The electrolyte film had favorable ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acryl polymer which forms 1-5 wt.% w.r.t the total weight of the polymer and alkali metal salt, comprises 0.1-54 wt.% of (meth)acrylonitrile of formula (3).R = H or methyl. EXAMPLE - A polyelectrolyte comprising acryl polymer (A) (weight parts) (100), benzoyl peroxide photoinitiator (0.1) and dimethyl carbonate (2000), dissolved in 1 mole/L of lithium borofluoride-ethylene carbonate, was prepared. Polymer (A) was obtained by mixing blend products (I), (II), (III) and (IV). Blend (I) comprised n-butyl acrylate (50), methyl acrylate (40), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (10) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)(100). Blend (II) comprised azobisisobutyronitrile (2) and MEK (50). Blend (III) comprised t-butyl peroxy benzoate (1) and MEK (20). Blend (IV) comprised 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (12) and MEK (30). The weight average molecular weight of the polymer was 20 x 103. The obtained polyelectrolyte had an ionic conductivity of 2.8 x 10-3 S/cm at 25 degrees C and an interfacial resistance of 85 OMEGA/cm at 25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent panel can be made from polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The material is a compound having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound group, amino group, or imino group or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound.The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound group is imidazole, pyrazole or pyridine.The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound is imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, diazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, or purine.Preferred Property: The mole number of the material per gram of the base material is less than 0.0006 mole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The acidic inorganic liquid is phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The solid polymer as the base material is a polymer having a structural unit of secondary amine monomer.It is of formula (I)-(IV).The polymer may be polybenzimidazole.The compound having the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound group is polyvinylimidazole, polyvinylpyrazole or polyvinylpyridine.The compound having the imino group is polyethyleneimine. EXAMPLE - Powder of polybenzimidazole (PBI) was dissolved in an amount of 10 wt.% in dimethylacetamide at 25 degrees C. Imidazole (0.00012 mole/g PBI) was added to the solution. Subsequently, a glass plate on which the solution had been cast was placed on a hot plate to obtain a 50 microns thick membrane.    A test piece was cut from the membrane and immersed in 85% phosphoric acid (200 ml). The mole number of phosphoric acid per repeating unit of PBI was 12.7. Proton conductivity of the membrane was 0.127 S/cm. A membrane of PBI impregnated with phosphoric acid and no imidazole had proton conductivity of 0.100. Ratio of improvement in proton conductivity of membrane including imidazole was 27%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components:the amidinium group is an optionally substituted 5,6, or 7-ring compound or a combination of these. The units are selected from:optionally substituted imidazolinium, tetrahydropyrimidium, and tetrahydro-1,3-diazepinium groups and their combinations, are located in the polymer main chain and are linked to it via C- and N- atoms of the units (sic). The cationic polymer has a structural unit of formula (I) where:n = 2, 3, or 4,R2 = (CH2)m, CH=CH-CH2-, -CH=CH-CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CH=CH-, or one or more alkyl or divalent polyethers of formula -(CH2)k-(O-(CH2)k)p-m = greater than 0 and less than 22,k = greater than 0 and less than 22,p = greater than 0 and less than 100The cyclic non-aromatic units are located in the polymer side chains, which have the structures (II): to (VI):u = 2, 3, or 4,R4 = (CH2)r,r = greater than 0 and less than 22,s = greater than 0 and less than 22,t = greater than 0 and less than 100, and CO-Y-(CH2)u,Y = O, NH,u = greater than 1 and less than 23,R5 = H, VIb: and can be the same or different inside a unit,R6 = optionally branched 1-18C alkyl and can be the same or different inside a unit,R7 = H or R6.The polymer contains a counter ion selected from: halide, phosphate, halophosphates, alkyl phosphates, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, alkyl and aryl sulfates, sulfonate, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, perfluorinated alkyl and aryl sulfonates, perchlorate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoro borate, alkyl borates, tosylate, saccharinate, alkyl carboxylates, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide anions and mixtures of these. The counter ion is iodide. The polymer contains counter ions suitable for production of liquid crystal states. EXAMPLE - No specific examples given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The butadiene-based copolymer is an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, or a modified styrene-butadiene copolymer. It is acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, or a modified styrene-butadiene rubber. It is of formula (1). The butadiene-based copolymer is a non-aqueous material. The binder further comprises a fluorine-based polymer of formula (2). The fluorine-based polymer is a homopolymer prepared from monomers including C2F3C1, C2H3F, or CH3(CF3C2H4)SiO; or a copolymer including first and second monomers. The first monomer is C2F4, C2F3C1, CH2CF2, C2H3F, or CH3(CF3C2H4)SiO. The second monomer is C2H4, C3H6, CH2=CHOR, C3F6, or CF2=CHORf. The agent for controlling viscosity is a cellulose-based polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyethyleneoxide, or polyethyleneimine. The cellulose-based polymer is methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl-cellulose, or carboxymethyl cellulose.x = 0;y = 5-40;z = 60-95;a = 0.5-1;b = 0-0.5;R = 1-20C alkyl;Rf = 1-20C with at least one fluorine atom. EXAMPLE - 84 wt.% elemental sulfur, 12 wt.% ketjen black, 2 wt.% acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer binder, and 2 wt.% carboxymethyl cellulose as an agent for controlling viscosity were uniformly mixed in a water solvent to prepare a slurry. The slurry was coated on a carbon-coated aluminum current collector, and the coated current collected was dried to produce a positive electrode. Using the positive electrode, a lithium foil negative electrode, a polypropylene separator, and an electrolyte, a lithium-sulfur cell was fabricated in a dry room. The electrolyte was 1 M LiSO3CF3 in a mixed solvent of 1,3-dioxolane/diglyme/sulforane/dimethoxy ethane (5:2:1:2 volume ratio).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-included polymer is of formula (1). It is a homopolymer including C2F3Cl, C2H3F, or CH3(CF3C2H4)SiO; or a copolymer including a first monomer and a second monomer. The first monomer is C2F4, C2F3Cl, CH2CF2, C2H3F, or CH3(CF3C2H4)SiO. The second monomer is C2H4, C3H6, CH2=CHOR, C3F6, r CF2=CFORf. The binder comprises a butadiene-included copolymer including acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, or a modified styrene-butadiene rubber. The butadiene-included copolymer is of formula (2). It is non-aqueous.x = 0.5-1;y = greater than 0 and less than 0.5;R = 1-20C alkyl;Rf = 1-20C alkyl with at least one fluorine atom;a = 0;b = greater than 5 and less than 40;c = greater than 60 and less than 95. Preferred Definitions:    y = greater than 0 and less than 0.2    EXAMPLE - 84 wt.% elemental sulfur, 12 wt.% ketjen black, 2 wt.% fluorine-included binder of formula (1), and 2 wt.% carboxymethyl cellulose as an agent for controlling viscosity were uniformly mixed in a water solvent to prepare a slurry. The slurry was coated on a carbon-coated aluminum current collector, and the coated current collected was dried to produce a positive electrode. Using the positive electrode, a lithium foil negative electrode, a polypropylene separator, and an electrolyte, a lithium-sulfur cell was fabricated in a dry room. The electrolyte was 1 M LiSO3CF3 in a mixed solvent of 1,3-dioxolane/diglyme/sulforane/dimethoxy ethane (5:2:1:2 volume ratio).    x = 0.85;    y = 0.15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer comprises material consisting of electrically insulating polyimide, Upilex polyphenylene benzo bis oxazole, polyether ketone, or metallic foils coated with these polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive layer comprises material consisting of molybdenum, transparent conductive oxide, brass, titanium, nickel, or nickel-vanadium. The p-type absorber layer comprises a first material consisting of copper, copper-silver, or silver; second material consisting of indium, indium-gallium, indium-aluminum, or aluminum; and a third material consisting of selenide, selenide-sulfur, or sulfur. The n-type window layer comprises material consisting of cadmium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc-sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc-indium selenide, or indium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: The first, second, and third removing steps comprise chemical etching, laser etching, mechanical etching, or electronic etching. Applying the electrical insulator comprises inkjet deposition, bubble jet deposition, or screen printing. Applying the opaque layer comprises physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, evaporation, or chemical bath deposition.Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator comprises material consisting of resistive ink, dielectric, pottant, or encapsulant. The translucent conductor layer comprises metallic grid, conductive oxide, preferably indium tin oxide.Preferred Components: The mechanism for generating current comprises one-way path for the current in reverse bias to the direction when the apparatus is not generating electric current. It further comprises a flexible thin-film device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte is stretched at 45-55 degrees C. The method includes forming the polymer-ceramic electrolyte into a film by melt-casting prior to stretching. The film is stretched for 5-15% in length. The method includes annealing the film.Preferred Composition: The polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte comprises 30-70 wt.% poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), 10-20 wt.% lithium compound and 0.1-40 (preferably 20) wt.% ceramic material.Preferred Parameter: The polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte has a room temperature conductivity of 10-6 to 10-4 second/cm-. The film is 1-100 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Parameter: The ceramic material has an average particle size of 5-100 nm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The lithium compound is lithium tetrafluoroborate or lithium fluorosulfonate. The ceramic material is barium titanate, titanium(IV) oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, or boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Absorber: The absorber comprises a matrix of glass or steel wool fibers being 3-4 m long and 25-50 microns in diameter, and not containing chaff or dust diameter. The fibers are bonded with melamine-formaldehyde having black dye. The black dye is carbon black or optionally a material giving selective absorbing nature to the coating on each fiber, thereby allowing short wave solar radiation to be absorbed by the absorber but being a poor emitter of heat thereby reducing thermal losses from the absorber to the outside air. The density of the absorber is 3-4 kg/m3 and is generally uniform. The black dye can be selected from iron oxide or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solar Panel: The low emittance glass (50) may constitute part of a triple glazed collector: a layer of Teflon placed over the absorber layer, a layer of Tedlar placed over the Teflon layer, and the low emittance glass placed over the Tedlar layer, the layers being separated by an air space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery further contains a third water repellent layer containing fluoro resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The upper of the transparent layer is a fluoroacrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resistive material layer is selected from a group of polyaryletheretherketone, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene-copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy-copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cathode capillarity material and anode capillarity material are selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, non-woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure material is selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure is made of material selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, nonwoven felts of polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile. The polyurethane foam is felted, reticulated polyurethane foam. The polyamide is nylon and the polyester is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The current collector is copper foil, copper alloy foil, metal foil having layer of copper or copper alloy on the surface of the foil, electrolytic copper foil, electrolytic copper alloy foil or metal foil having a layer of electrolytic copper or electrolytic copper alloy on the surface of the foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The device comprises electrical contacts mounted on the support and electrically insulated from each other. The electrical contact comprises greater than 3 alternating electrically conductive elastomer layers and electrically non-conductive elastomer layers. It is unitary with the support, has a square contacting face, and comprises pads. The electrical contacts and the support form a comb. The device also includes a circuit board comprising metallic contacts engaging with the electrical contacts in the support.Preferred Properties: The resistance of the electrical contacting device is 500-1500 ohms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The elastomer composition comprises elastomer (preferably silicone) and non-metallic electrical conductor (preferably carbon or conductive polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thermal battery includes thin film heating elements in place of a pyrotechnic device to heat the battery. The components of the battery are structured to render the battery flexible. The cathode includes 50-85% CFx, 5-15% conductive carbon, and 5-15% electrolyte. The electrolyte is an organoborate lithium salt. The solid electrolyte is an ionically conductive polymer electrolyte. The anode is a lithium alloy, lithium-silicon alloy, graphitic, or lithium ion intercalating carbon electrode. The anode can be lithium ion intercalating carbon electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organoborate lithium salt comprises lithium bis(oxalato)borate (C4O8BLi) (or LiBOB) salt. It may comprise an aromatic bis(bidentate) borate or non-aromatic bis(chelato)borate. It may comprise mono (bidentate) borate, a tridentate borate, or a tetradentate borate, or chelated borate anion of tetrahedron structure, with no acidic hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte is polyethylene oxide (PEO) based.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The divalent organic group is an alkylene group; a divalent group of formula R3-N(R2)-R4-; a xylylene group; or a divalent group of formula -H2C-cyclohexane-CH2-.R2 = alkyl;R3, R4 = alkylene. EXAMPLE - A solution including an electrolytic solution (97.0 g) comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate as electrolyte salt dissolved in ethylene carbonate/ethylmethyl carbonate and bifunctional methacrylate (3.0 g) and benzoyl peroxide (0.06 g) were placed in a thermostatic chamber at 80degreesC for 1 hour to polymerize the bifunctional methacrylate and obtain a self-supporting gel electrolyte. No separation of any liquid material was observed after the gel electrolyte was allowed to stand in a sealed state within the chamber at 80degreesC for 5 days. The resulting electrolyte maintained the gel state. A battery comprising the gel electrolyte was charged at 0.2 CmA and then discharged at 2.0 CmA. The charge load characteristic of the electrolyte was evaluated in a discharge capacity ratio of 2.0 CmA/0.2 CmA and found to be 91%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical insulation is arranged on at least one part of the inner surface of the cell which is provided for heat transfer. The insulation is provided on the whole inner surfaces of the cell which are in contact with the cooling medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrical insulation is made from a polymer coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The columnar structure is made of organic polymer material comprising polyaromatic compound in columnar liquid crystalline phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sheet consists of paper or plastic sheets. The plastic sheets consist of polyester, polyolefins, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfide, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or cellulose and its derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The printing consists of screen printing, pad printing, stenciling, offset printing or jet printing. Each of the conductive layer and electrode layer are printed with an ink having a base consisting of acrylics, alkyds, alginates, latex, polyurethane, linseed oil or hydrocarbon emulsions. One of the electrodes is an anode and the other is a cathode, the anode having an active material consisting of zinc, magnesium, cadmium, or lithium, and the cathode consisting of manganese dioxide, mercury oxide, silver oxide or other electro-active oxides. The battery further comprises an electrolyte layer consisting of a binder and an electrolyte interposed between the two electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The barrier comprises a proton-conductive polymeric membrane (2). It comprises a polypeptide integrated into a synthetic biocompatible membrane. The biocompatible membrane comprises a membrane-like barrier formed of triblock copolymer that comprises cross-linked polymer formed across an aperture with beveled edges.Preferred Material: The proton transporting polypeptide is complex 1. The synthetic biocompatible membrane is cross-linked.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The 1C compound is methanol or its oxidative product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode electrode conveys the electrons to oxygen or to a solid oxidant, in the cathode compartment. Preferred Method: Solution conditions are provided in the anode compartment to reduce or eliminate NADH (sic) dehydrogenase activity in complex I. EXAMPLE - A fuel cell was formed using a disk formed of Teflon polymer electroplated on both sides with gold. A bio-membrane was formed across the apertures with a phospholipid composition dissolved in solvent (45% methanol, 45% chloroform, and 10% decane). The organic lipid solution was deposited onto the self-assembled thiol monolayer on an electrode assembly immersed in electrolyte (25 mM tris-hydrochloric acid pH 7.0 with 100 mM sodium chloride), and a layer of the mixture was drawn across the aperture and allowed to thin. Incorporation of the polypeptide was accomplished by fusion with the bio-membrane, in a solution containing 10 mM calcium chloride, of vesicles that contained the polypeptide. Complex I obtained from over-expressing Escherichia coli was applied, into a stable membrane formed across a perforation in a Teflon barrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic salt has formula (I).Ar = aromatic;M = Li, K or Na;CxHy = alkyl, preferably 1-9C.The amides are benzene sulfonyl amide and/or para-toluene sulfonyl amide. The aprotic solvent comprises acrylonitrile, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane, diglyme, dimethoxy ethane and/or sulfolane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metals are lithium, potassium or sodium. The inorganic salt can be LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3 or LiN(CF3SO2)2. The metal oxide is a lithium-transition metal oxide. The anode comprises a lithium alloy. The lithium alloy is lithium-aluminum, lithium-aluminum-silicon, lithium-aluminum-cadmium, lithium-aluminum-bismuth and/or lithium-aluminum-tin. The anode comprises lithium ions and includes graphite. The cathode comprises a metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The electrolyte comprises at most 20 wt.% organic salt, at most 10 wt.% inorganic salt, 10-85 wt.% polymeric material and 10-82 wt.% aprotic solvent. The electrolyte further comprises polymer material to form gel or plasticized polymer electrolyte.Preferred Components: The polymer material can be polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, a halogen-containing polymer or their copolymers. The halogen-containing polymer is polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A polymer acting as a self-sealing agent fills the space between the two skins. Optionally the fuel cell has 2 thermoplastic laminated skins, or one such skin and a skin of a different material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The etchant paste is a caustic etching paste, preferably basic or alkaline, or natural or synthetic etching paste. The etchant paste comprises a solvent, and a caustic etching agent and further comprises a thickener.Preferred Components: The solvent is water, and the caustic etching agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide.Preferred Method: The etchant paste is applied by selective deposition method preferably screen printing, to form pattern of the applied paste. The process further involves doping portion of substrate before applying the paste, and forming metal contacts on base region and emitter region of the substrate. The thermal processing provides an insulating region between the emitter region and the base region to isolate metal contact from the emitter region.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is portion of solar cell and the doped region is the emitter region of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickener of the etchant paste is metal carboxy alkyl cellulose salt, hydro-colloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives, or physically or chemically modified hydro-colloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives, or a strongly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The etchant paste which is a caustic etching paste, comprises a solvent, a caustic etching agent and a thickener.Preferred Components: The solvent is water, the caustic etching agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide, and the thickener is metal carboxy alkyl cellulose salt, hydrocolloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives or physically or chemically modified hydrocolloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives and a strongly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide gel.Preferred Method: The substrate, which is a portion of a solar cell, is subjected to metal contacts. The major surface of the substrate i.e. edges are doped. The doped region, which is the emitter region of solar cell, is selectively coated by screen printing using etchant paste to form a pattern of applied paste. The obtained pattern is then subjected to thermal process to provide an insulating region between emitter region and metal contact. The insulating region isolates metal contact and emitter region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The support substrate has an open porosity of at least 70%,a bending strength of at least 39 MPa and an elastic modulus of at least 9800 MPa. The support substrate is made from electronically conducting material, preferably graphite paper, or from electronically non-conducting materials, preferably ceramics, membranes, filters, felt, fabric or fleece. A porous anode layer (2) and a porous cathode layer (4) are arranged on the support substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The organic polymers are polyacrylic acid or its copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol and/or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The heat shrinkage rate in the width direction of the separator when heated to 130 degrees C is at most 40%. The weight percentage of the polymer in relation to the total weight is at least 10%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer is formed by polymerizing a compound from (meth)acryloyl. The separator is made of olefin resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode comprises graphite as an active material. EXAMPLE - A film-like casing, a sheet of aluminum laminated film was prepared. This film includes a metal layer comprising aluminum and a resin layer formed on both surfaces of the metal layer with an adhesive layer disposed in between near edge portions of the resin layer of the film were put together and then these portions were welded to form a sealing part (4c). The electrode assembly was enclosed in an enclosure space of this film. The electrode assembly was arranged so that both leads (7, 8) projected from one of the openings of the film. The resin layer on the inner side of the film at the opening, was welded and sealed to form a sealing part (4a). The pregel solution was poured in the casing through the opening of the film on the opposite side from the sealing part, the opening was then liquid tightly sealed to form a sealing part (4b). The aluminum-laminated casing was heated to gelatinize the pregel inside the casing to prepare a cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The sub-micron pinnacles have average nearest-neighbor spacing of 1.5-10 times the average pinnacle diameter, average aspect ratio of 5-20, and average diameter of 50-500 nm. The stratum of sub-micron pinnacles comprises an upper stratum of sub-micron pinnacles, the pinnacles having an average height of 100-1000 nm. EXAMPLE - A clean copper (or copper coated) body and a nickel anode were placed into a deposition bath containing an electrodeposition solution prepared by adding ammonium hydrogen difluoride (NH4HF2) (25 g/L) to a solution of water, nickel chloride (NiCl2, 100 g/L), and tin chloride (SnCl2, 5 g/L), and adjusting solution pH to 6-8 by slowly adding ammonium hydroxide and water (if needed). The positive terminal of a direct current power supply was connected to the nickel anode and the negative terminal to the substrate. Bath temperature was adjusted to 15-35degreesC. The power supply was adjusted to provide 28.8 amperes/ft2 deposition area, and energized for 5-20 seconds to achieve desired optical properties. The substrate was immersed in a coating bath, withdrawn at 8 inches/minute, and air dried. The produced solar selective coating exhibited a solar absorptivity A of 0.96, and thermal emissivity E at 100degreesC of 0.15. It was highly resistant to mechanical, chemical, or thermal degradation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The label base material is composed of polyester-type resin film, and the thermosensitive adhesive layer is composed of ethylene-based polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The bonding strength of the label satisfies Japanese industrial standards JIS Z0237, and the leakage index on the surface of the adhesive layer satisfies JIS K6768.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The (semi-)conducting polymer material includes poly(phenylene) and derivatives of poly(phenylene vinylene) and derivatives of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEHPPV), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), (PPV), poly(thiophene) and derivatives e.g. poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl), regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom, poly(thienylenevinylene) and derivatives of poly(isothianaphthene) and derivatives of organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, poly(squaraines) and their derivatives or P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coloring Material: The pigment or dye is selected from organic pigments or dyes having azo chromophores (-N=N-) linking aromatic groups, phthalocyanines including metal-free phthalocyanine, perylenes, naphthalocyanines, squaraines, merocyanines and their respective derivatives, poly(silanes), poly(germinates), 2,9-di(pent-3-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-def) diisoquinonline-1,3,8,10-tetrone and 2,9-bis-(1-hexyl-hept-1-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-def) diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound is an organic acid, preferably selected from methane sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid. The battery further comprises a zinc brightener which is an aromatic monocarboxylic acid or aldehyde or a polyhydric alcohol having ethoxylated or propoxylated hydroxyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separator is a porous film of polyethylene, polypropylene, or a composite of polyethylene and polypropylene. The organic electrolyte liquid contains ethylene carbonate and the volume ratio of gamma-butyrolactone:ethylene carbonate is 60:40-80:20. The polymer contained in the polymer solid electrolyte layer is a random copolymer or block copolymer including ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units in the molecule to which a precursor comprising a polyfunctional compound having unsaturated bonds of acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups at the terminal is polymerized. The microporous film is a film having 102-1012/cm pores of 0.01-10 microns. The separator has a thickness of 5-30 microns. EXAMPLE - An anode was obtained by mixing 100 weight parts LiCoO2 of average particle diameter 7 microns, 5 weight parts acetylene black and 5 weight parts PVDF binder, kneading with NMP as solvent, coating on Al foil, drying and pressing to give an anode sheet. A cathode was obtained by mixing 100 weight parts carbon powder and PVDF binder in a weight ratio of 100:9, kneading with NMP solvent, coating on copper foil, drying and pressing to give a cathode sheet. The polymer solid electrolyte film was obtained by forming an organic electrolyte liquid by dissolving LiBF4 in a mixed solvent of gamma-butyrolactone and ethylene carbonate in a volume ratio of 80:20, mixing 3.5 weight% trifunctional polyetherpolyol acrylate of molecular weight 7500-9000 and 1.5 weight% monofunctional polyether polyol acrylate of molecular weight 280-3000 to 95 weight% organic solvent and adding 2000 ppm 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzoylphenyl phosphine oxide as photopolymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base is made of vulcanized elastomers, ethylene propylene diene monomer, neoprene, CSPE, CPE, or thermoplastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flame retardant composition further comprises material which forms polymer solid, electrolyte liquid solvent and lithium electrolyte salt. The electrolyte liquid solvent contains 5-100 vol.% of fluorine-containing phosphoric acid ester. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) is used as a lithium electrolyte salt for flame retardant composition which is not using the cationic initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The crosslinkable material comprises epoxy group and/or oxetane ring-containing polymer and a cationic initiator. The epoxy group is an alicyclic epoxy group. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3 = -CF3, -CH2CF3, -CF2CF3, -CH2CF2CF3, -CH3, -C2H5, -C3H7 or -C4H9, preferably -CH2CF3.    EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was dissolved in mixed solvent comprising ethylene carbonate (in vol.%) (40), gamma-butyrolactone (40) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ester of phosphoric acid (20). A flame retardant electrolyte liquid was obtained. Methyl methacrylate (in g) (60), CYCLOMER A200 (RTM: 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl acrylate) (20) and dimethyl 2,2'-azobis were mixed, and charged to a flask. The mixture was heated at 70degreesC for 7 hours, and radical polymerized. A transparent, half-fluid, high viscosity liquid was obtained. Diethyl carbonate (226.6) was added. The mixture was stir-diluted. 2-methyl propionate of dimethyl 2,2'-azobis (0.38) was added. The mixture was polymerized at 70degreesC for 5 hours. A polymerization solution having alicyclic epoxy group was obtained. The solution (A) was added to the flame retardant electrolyte liquid (8.67). A flame retardant composition for polymer solid electrolytes was obtained. The composition was gelatinized at 70degreesC, for 3 hours. The ionic conductivity of the composition was 6.11 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material powder and PTFE are present in the active material layer in the mass ratio of 100:X, where X is 1-10. The paste is prepared at a temperature of 10-20degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: In (1), X is preferably F or OM1, in which M1 = Li, Na or K. In (1), k is preferably 2.Preferred Polymer: The fluorinated copolymer comprises 0.1 - 50 mole% of the fluorinated monomer having a sulfonate functional group, and 50 - 99.9 mole% of the copolymerizable ethylenic unsaturated monomer. The copolymerizable ethylenic unsaturated monomer contains tetrafluoroethylene. A typical fluorinated copolymer comprises 3 - 40 mole% of the fluorinated monomer having a sulfonate functional group and 60 - 97 mole% of ethylenic unsaturated monomers containing tetrafluoroethylene. WIDER DISCLOSURE - An ion-exchange membrane (5 - 500 mum thick) comprises the invented fluorinated copolymer. A fuel cell contains an electrolyte membrane comprising the invented ion-exchange membrane.    EXAMPLE - A cyclic salton was obtained by the following reactions. The obtained cyclic sultone and then hexafluoropropyleneoxide (170 g) were added dropwise to a reaction vessel containing KF (2.9 g) and di-glime (200 g) at 0 degreesC while stirring and flowing N2. The mixture was reacted, and then reaction solution was subjected to rectification so as to obtain CF3CF(COF)-O-CF2CF(SO2F)2. A 10 wt% NaOH solution (600 g) was dropwise added to this compound (205 g) and then the mixture was reacted so as to obtain CF3CF(COONa)-O- CF2CF(SO2F)2. Diglime (200 g) and this compound (235 g) were reacted at 150 degreesC for 30 minutes. The reaction products were separated by centrifuging, and the supernatant liquid was subjected to recrystallization so as to obtain CF3=CF-O- CF2CF(SO2F)2. Tetrafluoroethylene and a mixture of CF3=CF-O- CF2CF(SO2F)2 dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid, Peroil NPP, and hexafluoropropene, were subjected to polymerization at 60 degreesC while stirring so as to obtain a copolymer having a number-average molecular weight of 120,000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Thermoplastic of tacking material selected from a group consisting of polyolefins, polyacrylic acid modified polyolefins, polyacrylic acid esters, polyacetates, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, nylons, poly carbonates, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyfluorochloroethylenes, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride acetate and combinations of them.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Adhesive of tacking material is selected from a group consisting of rubber, silicone, cyanoacrylic acid ester, an epoxy and combinations. The rubber is selected from a group consisting of gums, latex, styrene-butadiene, acrylonitrile-butadiene, ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM), silicones and combinations. The polymer softening agent is selected from a group consisting of propylene carbonate, phthalic acid di-esters, adipic acid di-esters, acetic acid esters, organic phosphates and trimellitic acid tri-esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Property: The conductive carbonaceous fiber woven fabric has metric count of 16-60, gas diffusivity of 50-130 cm3/cm2.s as an air permeability determined in accordance with general spun yarn test method (JIS-L-1096), and yarn input for each warps and wefts of 30-70/inch. The carbonaceous fibers are monofilaments having a diameter of 6-50 microns.Preferred Component: The yarn is a spun yarn. The conductive carbonaceous fiber woven fabric comprises warps and wefts that are two-folded yarns. The yarn is from two-folded yarns having a metric count of 2/32-2/120 Nm or single yarns having metric count of 1/16-1/60 Nm. The carbonaceous fiber yarns are carbonized products of acrylic fibers obtained through spinning a polymer having monomer units derived from acrylonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell further includes solid polymer electrolyte membrane, catalyst layer and current collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrical connection layers are free of cut-outs. The first electrical connection layer comprises an anode of one of the photovoltaic cells, and a cathode of another photovoltaic cell. The electrical connection layer(s) comprises conductive region(s) (152) and insulating region(s) (180). The conductive region comprises light transmitting material or adhesive material. The insulating region comprises non-light transmitting material or catalytic media layer (170). The catalytic media layer comprises platinum. It further comprises titanium. The charge carrier media comprises an electrolyte redox system, or a polymeric electrolyte. The first and second electrical connection layers may be disposed between two flexible light-transmitting substrates (100, 102).Preferred Parameters: At least one of the light transmitting electrical connection layers and the charge carrier media transmit at least 60% of incident visible light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized nanomatrix layer comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles; particles of materials consisting of zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, sulfides, selenides, and/or tellurides; photosensitizing agent; or heterojunction composite material. The photosensitized nanomatrix layer comprises particles with an average size of 5-300, preferably 10-40 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitizing agent comprises xanthenes, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles, or a ruthenium, osmium, or iron complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrates comprise polyethylene terephthalate. The first and second substrates have a glass transition temperature of less than 300, preferably 40-150 degreesC. The charge carrier media comprises a polymeric electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic group can be carboxylic or sulfuric group. The gelable group is a cyano group or a methoxycarbonyl group. The cross-linking agent includes a compound containing an aziridine ring. The basic cross-linking agent can be compounds of formulae (I), (II), (IV) and (V).R2 = H or CH3;Z1 = H, CH3 or OH;n3, n4 = 0-10.The gelable fiber is of formula (III).two R1 = H or CH3;X1 = COOCH3 or CN and is a gelable functional group;Y1 = COOH or SO3H which is acidic;n1, n2 = polymerization degree of 100-10000;n2 = 10-10000.The cross-linking agent is a compound of formulae HOOC-Cm2H2m2-COOH, HOOC-(CH2O)m3-COOH, HOOC-(C2H4O)m3-COOH, HO3S-Cm4H2m4-SO3H, HO3S-(CH2O)m5-SO3H and/or HO3S-(C2H4O)m5-SO3H.M2 = 0-50;m3 = 1-50;M4 = 0-50;m5 = 1-50.The cross-linking agent can be trimethylolpropane-tris(2-methyl-(1-aziridine propionate) or N,N-hexane methylene-1,6-bis(1-aziridinecarboxyamide).Preferred Composition: The basic cross-linking agent and the organic electrolyte solution is 0.5-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The un gelable fiber can be polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene nylon and/or cellulose. A knit, woven, or non-woven sheet of the un gelable fiber is twisted with the gelable fiber.Preferred Composition: The un gelable fiber 10-99, preferably 1-99 wt.% based on the total weight of gelable fiber and the un gelable fiber. A ratio of the gelable fiber to the organic electrolyte solution is 1:99-30:70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The battery case is heated to 40-85 degreesC for 10-600 minutes after inserting positive and negative electrodes into the battery case. Preferred Definitions:    n2 = 10-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The borate is of formula (1).Na2O.xB2O3.yH2O (1).x = 1-5; andy = 0-10.The reaction is carried out in a suspension in a nonaqueous aprotic solvent or a nonaqueous polar solvent. The non-aqueous solvent is a glyme.Preferred Process: The Y-containing base of formula Y2O (or Y2CO3) and boron-containing compound of formula BX3 are obtained by reacting a borate of formula YBO2 with CO2 and an alcohol to obtain YHCO3 and BX3, and converting the YHCO3 to Y2O (or Y2CO3) at 50-120 degrees C (or 400-1000 degrees C in the case for Y2CO3). BX3 is reacted with hydrogen. The reaction is carried out in an aqueous solution of the base at -5 to 20 degrees C. The base and diborane are reacted at -5 to 100 degrees C (preferably -30 to 80 degrees C) and 14-200 psi for 30 seconds to 100 hours, preferably 30 second to 70 hours.Preferred Composition: The solution contains 0.1-10 molar equivalents of the base for every molar equivalent of diborane present. Preferred Definitions:    Y = Na+, Li+, K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+; and    X = halide or -OR'.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The second gasket is adapted to seal off an air manifold passageway and a hydrogen manifold passageway or to seal off flow channels (120, 122, 138) communicating a reactant with the reactant manifold passageway. One of the adjacent plates comprises a cooler plate and the other plate comprises a bipolar plate. The seal comprises a bonding agent permanently securing the plates together. The plates include a recessed surface for receiving the bonding agent. The fuel cell plate comprises tubes that form the internal passageways.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first gasket comprises Viton, fluorocarbon, or fluorosilicone material. The second material comprises a material from a nitrile, buna-n, or silicone. The bonding agent comprises a brazing compound or an epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The thin profile battery comprises a terminal housing member (12, 14) comprising an outer nickel clad stainless steel surface over which the curable adhesive composition is received. The substrate comprises conductive printed thick film ink over which the curable adhesive composition is received. The thin profile battery has the metal surface and is a button type battery having a terminal housing member comprising nickel clad stainless steel over which the curable adhesive composition is received.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The epoxy terminated silane comprises a glycidoxy methoxy silane, preferably a glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The curable adhesive composition comprises (wt.%) epoxy terminated silane (at most2, preferably at most1).Preferred Property: The epoxy has an effective metal surface wetting concentration of silane to form a cured electrical interconnection having a resistance through the metal surface of at most0.16 ohm-cm2, preferably at most0.032 ohm-cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Co-solute: The co-solute contains an organic solvent, a halide, a monomer, a polymer of monomer, or a surface-active agent. The organic solvent is alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, higher alcohol, or hexanol. The organic solvent is used at a concentration of 10% or less, as volume ratio to the electrolytic solvent.Preferred Agent: The surface-active agent is a cationic surface-active agent, preferably a quaternary ammonium salt of formula (A).N+(R1)(R3)3 X- (A)R1 = long-chain alkyl having 13 or less carbon atoms;R2 = methyl or ethyl; andX- = anion.The surface-active agent is added in an amount of 1 mmol/L-0.1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halide: The halide is a salt of halide of formula KX or NaX.X = chlorine, bromine or iodine.The halide is used at a concentration of 0.001-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer is a water-soluble polymer, preferably polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol. The monomer or polymer has a vinyl group, and is used at a concentration of 0.01-100 g/L.
EXAMPLE - Trioxy ethylene-substituted ferulic acid (in mg) (400.5), 4-hydroxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl (343.9), and N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (24.1), were dissolved in dry dichloromethane (11 ml). The resultant solution was stirred and cooled with ice, and solution of dichloro hexyl carbodiimide (360.4) dissolved in dichloro methane (5 ml) was slowly added to the stirred solution for 5 minutes.    The resultant reaction mixture was stirred at 0 degrees C for 5 minutes, and spontaneous temperature elevation was performed, and the reaction mixture was left overnight at 40 degrees C. The reaction was completed, and obtained reaction mixture was filtered to remove the precipitate, and the filtrate was washed with 1N-hydrochloric acid (50 ml x 3), and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (50 ml x 3). The resultant solution was extracted with dichloromethane (50 ml x 3), and the extract was dried over magnesium sulfate and distilled under vacuum.    Light yellow solid of ferulic acid derivative was obtained which was refined by silica gel column chromatography, to obtain white crystal of the ferulic acid derivative of formula (I) (0.59 g).    R = trioxyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before extrusion, the raw material is dried at 100-230 degrees C without reducing the pressure.Preferred Compound: The raw material optionally comprises a plasticizer such as phosphoric acid ester group compound. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = bivalent aromatic unit of formulae (2-4); and    X = 0.    EXAMPLE - DIC PPS FZ-2200-A5 (RTM; polyphenylene sulfide as high molecular component) (in wt.pts) (100) was mixed with tricresyl phosphate (plasticizer) (2) and melt kneaded at 280 degrees C to obtain a raw material pellet with a melt viscosity of 6.1x10 to the power 3 poise. The pellet was dried at 120 degrees C for 2 hours and extruded to obtain a film with average thickness of 50 micrometers. The film comprised 0.01% of volatile material. The film was immersed in methylene chloride solution of chlorosulfonic acid at room temperature for 20 hours and washed. The temperature of the film was controlled and the film was dried to obtain sulfonated polymer film. The sulfonated film comprised 0.001% of volatile material, and had proton conductivity of 77 mS/cm and no gas defects.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polyamine compound is paraphenylene diamine, metaphenylene diamine, benzene diamine, orthophenylene diamine, xylylene diamine, bisamino methyl cyclohexane, triamino diphenyl ether, diamino diphenyl ether, diamino diphenyl methane, diamino diphenyl sulfone, diamino dibenzyl, diallyl melamine, melamine, triaminopyrimidine, triamterene, tetra amino biphenyl and tetra amino pyrimidine.Preferred Composition: The polyamine compound is mixed with phosphoric acid compound. The amount of phosphoric acid mixed is less than an equivalent with respect to the amine of polyamine compound. The fuel cell is operated at 200 degrees C to below room temperature. EXAMPLE - Paraphenylene diamine (in g) (2) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (198). The obtained solution was cooled to 0 degrees C, and gradually added with ammonium persulfate (8.4) under stirring. The stirring was continued for 12 hours after termination of heat generation, and the solution was added with distilled water. The solution was filtered and the polymer (P1) obtained was washed and dried. The yield of polymer (P1) obtained was 1.7 g. Polymer (P1) (0.5) was mixed with 85% aqueous orthophosphoric acid solution (1.1) to obtain a viscous paste. The paste was applied on a glass plate and dried at 100 degrees C for 12 hours. A film having ionic conductivity of 2 x 10-3 S/cm at 80 degrees C and 4% relative humidity was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The porosity volume (V1 ml) of the electrode containing the polymer electrolyte and volume (V2 ml) of the polymer contained in the electrode satisfy the relation given by:V2/V1 at most 0.08.
EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Dihydroxy benzidine (1.86 g), monosodium 3,5-dicarboxy benzene sulfonic acid (1.522 g), terephthalic acid (0.486 g), polyphosphoric acid (24.98 g) and phosphorus pentoxide (20.02 g) were taken in a polymerization container, temperature was raised to 100 degreesC, the contents were slowly stirred and maintained for 1 hour. Temperature was raised to 150 degreesC, maintained for 1 hour and then to 200 degreesC, and polymerized for 4 hours. The obtained polymer was cooled, water was added and the polymer was removed. The polymer had a logarithmic viscosity of 0.82. Methane sulfonic acid (1.8 g) was added to the polymer (0.12 g), stirred and the polymer was dissolved. 1 weight% methane sulfonic acid dope of poly((benzo(1,2-d:5,4-d')bis oxazole-2,6-diyl)-1,4-phenylene) (3 g) was further added and a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solution was spread on a glass plate, left for 1 hour at room temperature and soaked in water. Water immersion was performed for several days and a film was removed. The obtained film had an ionic conductivity of 0.048 S/cm, at 80 degreesC and 95% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film-form substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate or a synthetic paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fabric Layer: The fabric layer contains a binder comprising polyvinyl alcohol or polyolefin type resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor in the semiconductor thin film layer is titania (TiO2), doped titania (TixOy), or compounds of titania such as strontium titanate (SrTiO3). The substrate is polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon-containing material is made of carbon fibers. The surface of the carbon fibers is coated with a hydrophilic material which is constructed of metal oxide.Preferred Method: The coating of the hydrophilic material on the surface of the carbon fibers is removed from a contact portion between the coating portion and a material that constitutes the catalyst layer and/or a material that constitutes the gas flow channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasketed fuel cell membrane electrode assembly additionally comprises a rigid, non-elastomeric anode-side shim having an outer perimeter. The anode-side shim is positioned between at least a portion of the anode-side gasket and the anode face of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The anode-side shim has a thickness which is less than 90% of that of the anode-side fluid transport layer. A rigid, non-elastomeric cathode-side shim is provided and has an outer perimeter. This shim is positioned between at least a portion of the cathode-side gasket and the cathode face of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The cathode-side shim has a thickness which is less than 90% of that of the cathode-side fluid transport layer. The microstructured contact pattern comprises ridges having a width of not more than 300 microns and a depth of not more than 100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The elastomeric gasket material is ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber), butyl rubber, or silicone. The fluid transport layer comprises a carbon fiber construction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cell circuits comprise plastic sheets and silicon cells.Preferred Material: A laminating capsule comprises a plastic sheet. A transparent cover may comprise a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The power module comprises a glass front plate and an aluminum frame (9). Preferred Material: A transparent cover may comprise a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The base comprises a back panel (preferably a metal plate).Preferred Material: The metal back plate is alloy 42 comprising iron (58%) and nickel (42%), or a carbon steel back plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic species comprises lithium, hydrogen and/or ammonium ion. The ligand is silica, silane, siloxane, metal oxide, metal alkoxide or cyan moiety. Preferred Method: The method involves forming an evaporating solution which comprises the combination of the composition with a solvent, and introducing the solution onto the substrate by spray coating, spinning or dip coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Network: The polyoxometalate network comprises a bridge ligand (130) containing diimido moieties, or silane or metal alkoxide moieties, or polyurethane or polystyrene moieties. The polyoxometalate network comprises an anionic species of a keggin-type polyoxometalate or of a polyoxomolybdate. The ligand is coupled to a lacunary polyoxometalate. The composition and the apparatus comprises polyoxometalate anionic species coupled through bridge ligands. EXAMPLE - A lithium polyoxometalate salt (POM) (Li3(PW12O40)) clusters were dissolved in a solvent comprising water, ethanol (EtOH) and/or isopropanol (IPA). The lithium polyoxometalate solution was filtered and the ratio of water:EtOH:IPA in the final solution of lithium polyoxometalate (in wt.%) was 1:4:4. Subsequently, a gas flow was controlled such that the gas did not blow or dissolve the solution coating, and the solution was spray coated on a heated substrate at a controlled rate by controlling the distance between the substrate and spray gun. The temperature of the substrate was adjusted to 250degreesC, preferably 180-200degreesC, to obtain a coating film having a thickness of up to 30 mum. The ion conductivity of the POM was calculated and found to be 7.9x10-9 S/cm at room temperature. The mixed solvent showed better film formability. Alcohol evaporated easily as less water was used and the cluster was less soluble in alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon fiber of the sheet includes polyacrylonitrile-type, phenol-type, pitch-type or rayon-type carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Collectors: The collectors and the gasket comprise a material having gas permeability coefficient of at least 4x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa). The material of the collectors and the gasket is an electrically conductive styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene co-polymer including dispersion of carbon. At least a portion of the collectors and/or gasket has a gas permeability coefficient of 9x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa).Preferred Gasket: The gasket comprises a triple layered structure containing side layers (14a,14c) and a center layer (14b) interposed between the side layers and surrounding a periphery of the separator. Each of side layers surrounds a periphery of the polarization electrode or respective peripheries of polarization electrode and collector. The package film comprises an electrically insulative thermoplastic resin film. The capacitor further comprises an outer case which contains the cell structures and having an outer surface coated with an electrically insulative resin film and inner surface coated with electrically insulated thermoplastic resin film. EXAMPLE - Several stacked cell structures were produced using collectors comprising a carbon-blended styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer having gas permeability coefficient of 4x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa). A voltage of 0.9 V/cell was applied for 1 hour at 60degreesC. Electrical double layer capacitors were obtained with 100% yield. The capacitors were non-defective and had no equivalent series resistance and leakage. The capacitors had reduced variation in electrostatic capacitance and hence had improved long-term reliability compared with conventional capacitors. The cell structure contained a triple layered gasket which prevented defective rate of the capacitors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat resistant plastic is selected from polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxide microparticle is chosen from titania, zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), indium-tin oxide (ITO), zirconia (ZrO2), silicon oxide (SiOx), magnesium oxide (MgO), alumina (Al2O3), cerium oxide (CeO2), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), manganese oxide (Mn3O4), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), tungsten oxide (WO3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and lanthanum oxide (La2)3). The pigment sensitizer is ruthenium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: A conductive component is included which penetrates the solid electrolyte film and at least 2 cells are connected in series via the conductive component. The battery has a seal material between the conductive component and the solid electrolyte film. The surface of the conductive component is coated with an insulating material. A low ion conductive region is provided at a region between the unit cells of the solid electrolyte film. The low ion conductive region is a region where a groove or a recess is formed in the solid electrolyte film. An insulating resin is filled in this groove or recess. A fuel flow path which covers the fuel electrode is provided.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulating resin is a fluorine resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin and epoxy resin. EXAMPLE - An electrode was produced using platinum-ruthenium catalyst-supported carbon fine powder. Through holes were provided in a Nafion solid polymer electrolyte film and 4 of these electrodes were placed in the film to give fuel electrodes and oxidizing agent electrodes to produce unit cells. Stainless steel collectors were arranged on the electrodes and connected to combine unit cells. Connecting electrode coated with PTFE resin were inserted in through-holes in the solid polymer electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The low ion conductive region is a region where a groove or a recess is formed in the solid electrolyte film. An insulating resin is filled in this groove or recess. A fuel flow path which covers the fuel electrode is provided and a part of the wall of this fuel flow path is a solid electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulating resin is a fluorine resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin and epoxy resin. EXAMPLE - An electrode was produced using platinum-ruthenium catalyst-supported carbon fine powder. Through holes were provided in a Nafion solid polymer electrolyte film and 4 of these electrodes were placed in the film to give fuel electrodes and oxidizing agent electrodes to produce unit cells. Stainless steel collectors were arranged on the electrodes and connected to combine unit cells. Connecting electrode coated with PTFE resin were inserted in through-holes in the solid polymer electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Separator: The separator contains particles of an electrically insulating material and a binder. The particles are alpha-alumina particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers - The number-average molecular weight of the polyester is 400 - 1,000,000. In the polyester, the distance between fluorine residue groups is 4 - 20 Angstrom. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester is 30 - 300 degreesC. A composition comprises this polyester and an electron accepting compound or an electron-donating compound. In the composition, an electron- transporting complex is formed. EXAMPLE - A 1.6 M n-Butyl-Li hexane solution (41.0 ml) was added to a mixture of 9- fluorene carboxylic acid (4.98 g) and THF anhydride (300 ml) at -78 degreesC. After the mixture was stirred at -78 degreesC for 30 minutes, paraformaldehyde (2.30 g) was added at - 78 degreesC. The mixture was reacted at RT while stirring for 13 hours so as to obtain 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid monomer. The obtained 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid monomer (50.4 mg) and (CF3SO3)2Sn (0.90 mg) were mixed and heated at 180 degreesC for 3 hours while blowing N2 so as to obtain a 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid polymer. The obtained 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid polymer (2.98 mg) and m- dinitrobenzene (1.80 mg) were dissolved in THF of a UV absorption spectrum-use grade so as to form a D-A complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: In the anode compartment, dehydrogenase enzymes are provided effective to transfer electrons from C1 compound to an electron carrier. The barrier comprises proton pumping polypeptide which can be a redox enzyme. The cathode electrode is effective to convey the electrons to hydrogen peroxide in the cathode compartment. The barrier incorporates a proton transporting moiety for transporting protons from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment. The tethered biocompatible membranes are across perforations in a substrate forming a part of the barrier. The biocompatible member across the perforations comprises proton pumping polypeptide which can be the redox enzyme.Preferred Parameters: The perforations have a width of 10-1000 (preferably 60-140) micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The single cell is an alkaline storage battery. It is used to compose a group-battery. The outer paper package is formed by covering the single cell in a paper sheet including the water repellent layer.The outer paper package further includes a water absorbing layer located beside the single cell. The single cell and the outer paper package are stuck together by a solventless adhesive. The water repellent layer is formed by impregnating a paper sheet with a silicone water-repellent agent. The outer paper package includes parts which lie one over another. The group-battery is for use in a large-current power source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimensions: The flow path has a given width, and the first transitions each have a radius of rounding of one-tenth to half of the given width. Each of the second transitions has a radius of rounding of 0.1-0.5 mm.Preferred Components: The contact plate further comprises another media distribution structure. The electrodes are anode and cathode. The media distribution structure on one of the plate surfaces serves for distribution of a medium reacting at the anode, and the media distribution structure on the other of the plate surfaces serves for distribution of a medium reacting at the cathode. The plate is a bipolar plate in a stack of electrochemical cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic is polypropylene.Preferred Composition: The mass% of graphite is at least 86%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The charge carrier material and the photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material are disposed between two flexible light-transmitting substrates which are disposed between the two rigid light-transmitting substrates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises particles with an average size of 5-80 nm. It comprises titanium oxides, zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tin oxides, tantalum oxides, terbium oxides, or their combination. It also comprises a photosensitizing agent that comprises a metal ion including divalent or trivalent metals, or that comprises a ruthenium transition metal complex, an osmium metal complex, or an iron transition metal complex. The photovoltaic cell further comprises a catalytic media layer between the rigid substrates. The catalytic media layer comprises platinum. The cell further comprises an electrical conductor material comprising indium tin oxide applied to at least one of the rigid substrates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material also comprises a photosensitizing agent that comprises a molecule including xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles. The charge carrier material comprises a redox electrolyte system or a polymeric electrolyte. At least one of the flexible substrates comprises a polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: At least one of the rigid substrates comprises tempered glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sensitizing dye comprises cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II). The o-sensitizer comprises an aromatic amine, carbazole, diphenylaminobenzoic acid, 2,6bis(4-benzoicacid)-4-(4-N,N-diphenylamino)phenylpyridine carboxylic acid, N',N-diphenylaminophenylpropionic acid. The coordinating group comprises a carboxy derivative, phosphate group, or chelating group. The chelating group comprises oxime, or alpha-ketoenolate. Preferred Concentration: The co-sensitizer is present at below 50 mol %, preferably 1-5 mol % of the sensitizing dye concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The electrochemical device comprises a secondary battery.Preferred Component: The electrolyte is non-volatile. The secondary battery further comprises a lithium metal oxide or lithium metal phosphate positive electrode, porous separator(s) and lithium-carbon, lithium alloy and/or lithium negative electrode.Preferred Condition: The electrolyte is chemically stable over 4.5V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous alkali metal salt is a lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dissolved alkali metal salt comprises quaternary ammonium salt(s) having an anion comprising ClO4-., BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)3C-, N(SO2C2F5)3-, PF3(CF3)3- and/or B(C2O4)2; lithium salt(s); and electrolyte salt(s). The lithium salt comprises LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3SO2)3C, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiPF3(C2F5)3, LiPF3(CF3)3 and/or LiB(C2O4). The lithium salt may also comprise lithium bis(chelato)borates having 5-7 rings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The poly(siloxane-g-ethylene oxide) has an average molecular weight of at most 20,000 g/mol; and a dynamic viscosity of at most 10,000, preferably at most 200 cPs. The non-aqueous liquid type polymeric electrolyte has an oxygen to lithium ratio, of 5:1 to 50:1; an ionic conductivity of at least 6x10-4 S/cm at room temperature and at least 8.4x10-4 S/cm at 37 degrees C; and a viscosity of at most 1,000 cPs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is an inorganic ion salt of formula: LiN(CnF2n+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2), where n,m = 1-8. Preferred Definitions:    n13(n11+n12) = 15-60;    n23(n21+n22) = 4-10;    n33(n31+n32) = 4-10; and    R2,R3 = (meth)acryloyl group.    EXAMPLE - A solid polymer electrolyte precursor was produced by mixing the compound of formula (1) and LiN(SO2CF3)2 (electrolyte salt) in dry atmosphere at 30degreesC or less, and stirring for 1 whole day and night. The precursor was applied to a thickness of 100 micronsm on a stainless steel metallic foil and polymerized by electron beam irradiation. The solid polymer electrolyte film of thickness 95 micronsm was produced. A solid polymer electrolyte lithium secondary battery was assembled using the electrolyte, positive and negative electrodes. The electrolyte had improved ionic conductivity and lithium ion transport number (0.15), when pinched between blocking and non-blocking electrodes at 60degreesC. The limiting current density was found to be 0.90 mA/cm2. The battery had high capacitance and excellent rate property.    R1 = methyl;    R2,R3 = CH2=CH-CO-;    R1a,R1b,R2a,R2b,R3a,R3b = hydrogen;    n12,n22,n32 = 0;    n11xn13 = 23;    n21xn23 = 5; and    n31xn33 = 5
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulation structure is polyamide, polyurethane or polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous matrix is e.g. of Teflon (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide. The anode active material can be metallic lithium, lithium alloy, carbon or graphite.Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution contains a lithium salt.POLYMER - Preferred Material: The ion-conductive polymer material is polypropylene oxide, polyurethane, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, polycyanoacrylate, polyethylene acrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexapropylene fluoride and/or polyethylene oxide. The separator is polyethylene film, polypropylene film, polyvinylidene fluoride film, hexapropylene fluoride film and/or polyethylene oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is carbon black, graphite, nanocarbons, fullerenes, fullerenic material and/or finely divided carbon. The sulfonated carbonaceous material comprises sulfonate substituents of formula -SO3M surface-bonded.M = hydrogen or a cationic species of sodium, potassium, lithium or ammonium.The device is made from metal, preferably platinum. Preferred Component: The hetero atoms are nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The anhydride is acetic anhydride. Preferred Composition: The surface atomic concentration of sulfur within the surface bonded SOM moieties, measured by XPS (sic) is at least0.25, preferably 0.35-5% relative to the total surface atomic. The composition comprises less than 98, preferably 50-80% carbonaceous material. It comprises 0.2-15% hetero atoms. The sulfuric acid is at least95% concentrated sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Device: The device further comprises conducting polymer containing hetero atoms. The conducting polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyfuran, polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene-oxide), poly(p-phenylene-sulfide)and/or substituted conducting polymers. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0-100, preferably 20-50% conducting polymer. Preferred Component: The polymer is grafted to the particulate sulfonated carbonaceous material. The polymer coats the sulfonated carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion-conducting Material: The ion-conducting material is selected from the group consisting of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide, doped cerium oxide and doped lanthanum gallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Matrix: The polymer matrix is at least one selected from:(i) polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfone, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, cellulose, nylon, copolymer of their monomers and their blends;(ii) copolymer of vinylidenefluoride and hexafluoropropylene;(iii) a copolymer of vinylidenefluoride and trifluoroethylene;(iv) copolymer of vinylidenefluoride and tetrafluoroethylene; and(v) acrylate-based polymer, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, copolymers of their monomers and their blend.Preferred Ionomer: The fluorinated ionomer is perfluorinated or partially fluorinated ionomer. The fluorinated ionomer is in a solution state, a powder state or a film state when blended with the polymer matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: An inorganic material is further added to the blended polymer solution in an amount of 50 wt.% or less based on the weight of the polymer. The inorganic material is at least one selected from aluminum oxide, lithium aluminum oxide, silica, zeolite, talc, titanium oxide, tungsten phosphoric acid hydrate, and molybdenum phosphoric acid hydrate.The production method further involves lamination step of the composite membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution phase has size of less than 20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polyisocyanate is an aliphatic polyisocyanate and/or an alicyclic polyisocyanate. The monomer (d) having ethylenically unsaturated bond is (meth)acrylic acid ester of formula (II): (CH2=C(R2)COO(R3O)y-)zR4 (II)R2 = hydrogen and/or methyl group;R3 = -(CH2)2-, -CH(CH3)CH2- or -CH2CH(CH3)- group;R4 = residue except z valent monool or polyol, having molecular weight of 90-500 with respect to all the hydroxyl groups;y = 0 or 1-40; andz = 1-8.Preferred Method: The electrolyte is formed by polymerizing the matrix polymer in the presence or absence of the non-aqueous electrolyte and impregnating the non-aqueous into the matrix polymer. Preferred Definitions:    X = (meth)acryloyl group.    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte liquid was prepared by dissolving lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) (1 mol/L) in a non-aqueous solvent which mixed ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate by the volume ratio 5:5. Sorbitol diacrylate (in wt.pts) (2.45), ethylene oxide/propylene oxide addition product of glycerol (175.67), hexamethylene diisocyanate (21.28) and dibutyl-tin laurate (0.2) were added to the electrolyte liquid (800), and uniform dissolution was carried out to obtain the composition for gel-form polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte composition was put in between the glass plates of two sheets which pinched the rubber sheet made from silicone as a spacer, and heated at 80 degreesC for one hour. The polyelectrolyte was irradiated with light for 30 minutes and photopolymerized. The ionic conductivity of the gel-form polyelectrolyte was 4.1x10power-3 S/cm and the compression breakage intensity was 2.8x10power7 dyne/cm2. The polyelectrolyte had favorable solid strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halogen Atom: The halogen atom is a fluorine atom. EXAMPLE - Fluorinated carboxymethylcellulose was obtained by performing fluorinated processing of carboxymethylcellulose by mixed gas containing fluorine and nitrogen in a ratio of 1:1 at 120degreesC for 5 hours. Anode was formed by applying paste of acetylene black mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride at a weight ratio of 91:4:5 with respect to lithium cobalt complex oxide as active material and N-methyl pyrrolidone as solvent on both surfaces of collector consisting of an aluminum foil with thickness of 20 microns, drying and pressing the collector. A cathode was obtained by applying paste of fluorinated carboxymethylcellulose with respect to graphite and styrene butadiene rubber mixed at a ratio of 95:2:3 and water as solvent on both surfaces of collector consisting of a copper with thickness of 15 microns, drying and pressing the collector. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (1.2 mol/l) was added to non aqueous solvent containing an ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate mixed at a volume ratio of 3:7, and an electrolyte liquid was prepared. A square shaped rechargeable lithium ion battery was formed by laminating the anode sheet, polyethylene separator, cathode sheet and polyethylene separator, accommodating the laminate in a battery can of square shape made from aluminum and packing the electrolyte liquid in the battery. The battery had width of 30 mm, length of 48, thickness of 5 mm, initial stage discharge capacitance of 602 mAh, thickness after initial stage discharge of 5.1 mm and thickness after 40 hours at 80degreesC of 5.2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The plasticizer is phosphoric acid ester type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Proton conductivity substituent is sulfonic acid group. The high molecular compound having aromatic ring is polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin and acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The temperature sensitive material of thickness 3-25 micrometers consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer or hexafluoropropylene of 15-30 weight% of hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene-fluoride co- polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The core of coil electrode comprises a pipe whose internal diameter is 1 mm or more and the thickness of the pipe material is 0.2 mm or more. The pipe consists of fluororesin, a silicone resin or an epoxy resin which are insoluble in alkali, and have softening temperature of 250degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel: The defoamer is at least one substance selected from fatty acid defoamers, fatty acid ester defoamers, alcohol defoamers, ether defoamers, phosphate ester defoamers, amine defoamers, amide defoamers, metallic soap defoamers, sulfate ester defoamers, silicone defoamers, mineral oil defoamers, polypropylene glycol, low molecular weight polyethylene glycol olefinic esters, nonylphenol ethylene oxide low molar addition compounds and bulonic ethylene oxide low molar addition compounds. The amount of the defoamer contained in the liquid fuel is 0.00001 w/w% - 2 w/w%. The liquid fuel contains one kind of defoamer or a number of different kinds of defoamers. The liquid fuel further contains a mixing-accelerator and/or a stabilizer.Preferred Method: A method for utilizing the fuel cell comprises supplying the liquid fuel to a fuel cell which comprises a solid electrolyte membrane, a fuel electrode adjacent to one surface of the solid electrolyte membrane and an oxidizing agent electrode adjacent to a second surface of the solid electrolyte membrane. EXAMPLE - A liquid fuel was prepared by mixing 30 v/v% methanol (99.9 w/w%) with stearic acid (0.1 w/w%). A catalyst electrode was prepared by coating a paste (2 mg/cm2) comprising a 5 % naphion solution (3 ml) and kechen black carrying Ru-Pt (1:1)(100 mg) on carbon paper TGP-H-120 and drying at 120 degrees Celsius. A fuel cell was prepared by heat fixing the catalyst electrodes on both sides of a membrane Naphion 117 at 120 degrees Celsius. The above liquid fuel was supplied to the fuel cell so as to obtain a maximum output of 52 mV/cm2 when the liquid fuel flowed at 100 ml/min.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The pressure sensitive adhesive comprises styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer. The discrete regions form a regular array.Preferred Material: The adhesive is a hot melt adhesive.Preferred Parameter: The adhesive occupies at most 5% of the total area of the separator. The discrete regions are not larger than 2.0 mm2. They are dots not larger than 1.0 mm2. The discrete regions are spaced apart by at least 5 mm, but by not more than 100 mm. The closest spacing of the discrete regions is 10 mm.Preferred Property: The brookfield viscosity of the adhesive is at most 1.2 Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive and negative electrode tabs are composed of material selected from group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). The polymer layer is composed of material selected from group consisting of polypropyrene, modified polypropyrene, polyethylene, modified polyethylene and ionomer. Positive electrode material of positive electrode current collector is composed of lithium manganese series composite oxide. Negative electrode material of negative electrode current collector is composed of crystalline carbon material, non-crystalline carbon material or combination of both.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is chosen from an organic polymer, a thermoplastic polymer, a duroplastic polymer and a conductive filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The manifold body comprises a single plate. At least one of the cathode inlet port and the anode inlet port has a water separation chamber formed within the manifold body so that water in at least one of the reactant streams of the fuel cell is collected in the water separation chamber. The manifold body further comprises a water drain passage formed within the body to provide communication between the water separation chamber and the exterior of the body for directing water collected in the water separation chamber out of the manifold body. The manifold further comprises a coolant passage formed within the body and in communication with the coolant outlet port for directing coolant out of the body. It further comprises mounting holes for mounting the fuel cell and fuel cell peripherals. Sealing mechanisms are provided around the ports. The manifold is formed by molding or casting. Fluid passages are formed by melting, etching or milling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The manifold is formed of polymers or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The rib has a longitudinal axis that is perpendicular to a primary surface of the base. A compressible and flexible spacer sheet is provided between the base and the battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective housing is made from a material including nylon or glass-filled nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode is made of tin, lead, aluminum, indium, silicon, zinc, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, magnesium, boron, gallium, germanium, arsenic, silver, zirconium, yttrium, hafnium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The battery includes supporter containing copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar group includes acid- anhydride group, urethane group, amino group, epoxy group or halogen group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The layer of polymeric material further comprises OPA (sic), PETP (sic), and/or polyethylene (PE). It is also a laminate including two or more layers, the layers including layer(s) of OPA, PETP, and/or PE, including PE/PETP-PVDC/PE, PE/PVDC/PE, PETP-EVOH/PE, OPA/PA-EVOH-PA/PE or OPA-PVDC/PE. The film includes a layer of PE on side(s) for adhering the film to the insulating material and/or to the jacket pipe. The medium conveying pipe is made from polypropylene (PP), polybutylene (PB), cross-linked PP or PE (PEX) or PE, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The jacket pipe is made from PE or co-polymerizates of ethylene and butyl acrylate (EBA) or any other polymeric material being permeable to water or water vapor. The insulating material comprises a foamed polymeric material, such as polyurethane (PUR) or any PUR composition. Preferred Property: The layer of polymeric material has a resistance against diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide being better than 5 times and preferably 10 times the same resistance for a layer of PE, the resistance being measured according to any accepted test methods such as ASTM F-1249-90: 38degreesC, 90% relative humidity (RH), ASTM D-3985-81, 23degreesC, 0%RH and DIN 53380 part 1 1982, 23degreesC, 0%RH. The layer of polymeric material is in the form of a film having a thickness below 1, preferably 0.1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The concentration in the electrolyte layer of N-methyl-benzimidazole is 0.0005-2 mol/dm3. The room temperature soluble salt is 1-methyl-3-propyl-imidazolium iodide. The nitrile solvent is 3-methoxy-propionitrile. Alternative electrolyte layer includes a polymer compound as a matrix and N-methyl-benzimidazole. The polymer compound is vinylidene fluoride polymer. The electrolyte layer includes an iodine concentration of 0.06-6 mol/dm3. EXAMPLE - A first paste for screen printing was obtained by dispersing high purity titanium oxide powder of average primary particle diameter 20 nm in ethyl-cellulose. A second paste for screen printing was obtained by dispersing high purity titanium oxide powder of average primary particle diameter 20 nm and average primary particle diameter 400 nm, in ethyl-cellulose. The first paste was coated on a conductive glass substrate to form a porous titanium oxide film of thickness 10 microns. The second paste was coated on this film to give a titanium oxide film of thickness 4 microns. This was then immersed in a sensitizing dye solution of Ru(4,4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine)2-(NCS)2 in acetonitrile and t-butanol. The counter electrode was platinum. The electrolyte liquid was obtained by dissolving N-methyl-benzimidazole and iodine in a mixed solvent of 1-methyl-propyl-imidazolium iodide and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen and oxygen electrode frames have a tongue and groove configuration. The flow distributing structures have a polygonal or circular cross section. The electrolyte chamber provides mechanical support within the fuel cell and provides an uninterrupted pathway for the electrolyte solution to contact the electrolyte interface of the hydrogen electrode and the electrolyte interface of the oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode comprises a cathode active material. It comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene layer, and at least one current collector grid. The electrolyte solution comprises a potassium hydroxide solution. The oxygen stream comprises air, and the hydrogen stream comprises gaseous hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anode active material comprises a mixture of 35 wt.% Misch metal nickel alloy, 46 wt.% Raney nickel, 4 wt.% graphite, and 15 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene powder. The gas diffusion layer comprises 40 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene, and 60 wt.% carbon black. The catalyst layer comprises 50 wt.% mixture of 40% polytetrafluoroethylene and 60% carbon black, 15 wt.% carbon black, 15 wt.% graphite, and 20 wt.% silver oxide including a lithium aluminum alloy or gallium.Preferred Materials: The porous support structure comprises an expanded polymer sheet preferably a polyolefin. The compression plate is composed of rubber. The hydrogen electrode comprises an anode active material layer, a porous polytetrafluoroethylene layer, and at least one current collector grid. The current collector grid comprises mesh, grid, matte, expanded metal, foil, foam, or plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen and oxygen electrode assemblies are adhered together using a vibrational welding process or ultrasonic welding process. They have a tongue and groove configuration. The flow distributing structures have a polygonal or circular cross section. The electrolyte chamber provides mechanical support within the fuel cell and provides an uninterrupted pathway for the electrolyte solution to contact the electrolyte interface of the hydrogen electrode and the electrolyte interface of the oxygen electrode. A compression plate adapted to distribute a hydrogen stream across the hydrogen interface is disposed within the outer side of the hydrogen electrode assembly. The oxygen electrode comprises a cathode active material. It comprises a gas diffusion layer, a catalyst layer, a polytetrafluoroethylene layer, and at least one current collector grid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Each of the hydrogen and oxygen electrode frames comprise 60-100 wt.% alloy of 35-75 wt.% polyphenylene ether and 25-65 wt.% high impact polystyrene, and 0-40 wt.% glass fiber. The anode active material comprises a mixture of 35 wt.% Misch metal nickel alloy, 46 wt.% Raney nickel, 4 wt.% graphite, and 15 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene powder. The gas diffusion layer comprises 40 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene, and 60 wt.% carbon black. The catalyst layer comprises 70-80 wt.% mixture of 20% polytetrafluoroethylene and 80% carbon black, and 20-30 wt.% silver oxide including a lithium aluminum alloy or gallium.Preferred Materials: The porous support structure comprises an expanded polymer sheet preferably a polyolefin. The compression plate (70) is composed of rubber. The hydrogen electrode comprises an anode active material layer, a porous polytetrafluoroethylene layer, and at least one current collector grid. The current collector grid comprises mesh, grid, matte, expanded metal, foil, foam, or plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide is activated alumina and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrophilic resin is a hydrophilic epoxy resin, preferably polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether having an epoxy equivalent weight of at least 300. EXAMPLE - A fuel cell separator composition comprised 80 pbw carbon, 10 pbw resin, and 10 pbw activated alumina. The separator composition was blended to form a compound. The conductive powder used was a synthetic graphite powder having an average particle size of 60 am (sic), and the binder was a phenolic resin. The compound was charged into a separator-forming old and molded under heat (160 degrees C and pressure (19.6 MPa) for 5 minutes to produce a molded body (1') which was 100 mm long, 100 mm wide, and 2 mm thick, and which had ribs (1a) on both the left and right sides. The molded body was subjected to hydrophilizing treatment which involved coating and impregnating the molded body under reduced pressure of -0.07 Pa with an aqueous solution of the water-soluble epoxy compound Denacol EX861 to form a hydrophilic substance layer on the surface of the molded body, and heating to 170 degrees C to cure the hydrophilic resin to obtain the fuel cell separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Each of the first and second patterned catalyst layer segments have a perimeter which is shape other than a four-sided parallelogram.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first non-electrolytic layer comprises non-electrolytic polymer, and electrically conductive particulate material. The particulate material is unsupported on another material. The first catalyst layer is a cathode (52) or anode (54). The electrolyte comprises proton exchange membrane. A second non-electrolytic layer is provided between the second catalyst layer and the second gas diffusion layer. The fuel cell further comprises a first flow plate, and a second flow plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-electrolytic polymer comprises PTFE or copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The first electrolytic polymer and the first non-electrolytic polymer form a mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particulate material comprises platinum. The first gas comprises a cathode gas or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is lithium salt. The lithium salt comprises lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoroboride, lithium hexafluorophosphide, lithium trifluorocarbon sulfite and/or lithium alkyl fluorophosphates.Preferred Ratio: The molar ratio of lithium salt relative to the total molar concentration of oxygen in all organic compounds is 0.01-0.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly(alkylene oxide) side chain of siloxane polymer is represented by formula (I-a) or (I-b) as a metal ion conducting phase. The crosslinking agent is represented by the formula (II), and monomeric unit for controlling crosslinking density is represented by the formula (III). The radical reaction initiator(s) is a thermal initiator from azo compounds, peroxide compounds, and/or bismaleimide. The electrolyte is incorporated into porous medium from polyolefin separator, polyolefin nonwoven type separator, or polycarbonate microporous membrane. The substrate is porous medium or surface of electrode.R, R1, R2 = O or alkylene oxide having 1-6C;R', R'', R3, R4 = H, alkyl having 1-12C, and/or alkenyl having 2-8C;X = H or methyl;andm, n = 1-12.Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrolyte contains (wt.%) branched siloxane polymer (10-80), crosslinking agent (5-60), and monomeric compound (10-50) based on the total weight of organic compounds in the solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aromatic polymer is represented by the formula -(A-Z)m-(A'-Z')n-. The divalent aromatic group is from formula (3a)-(3c), and divalent aromatic group having super strong acid as substituent is from formula (3d)-3g). The super strong acid group is represented by the formula -G-SO3-W+, -G-SO2N-W+SO2-E, -G-P(O)(O-W+)2, or -G-P(O)-W+-E. The cation is hydrogen ion. FORMULAE (3a)-(3g), PAGE 18A = divalent aromatic group;A' = divalent aromatic group having super strong acid group as substituent;D = super strong acid;E = alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl;G = alkylene group where part or all of H are substituted with F, aralkylene, or arylene;R = hydroxyl, alkyl having 1-6C, alkoxy having 1-6C, aralkyl having 7-12C, aryl, or halogen atoms;W = cation;Y, Z, Z', Z = direct bond or divalent group;h, h, h''' = 1-4;h' = 1-6;(p' + h), (r' + h), (s + h) = 1-4;j = 0-1;m = 0-100000;n = 10-100000;p, r, s, t = 0-4;s', t', r, t = 0-4;q = 0-6;and(q' + h') = 1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second protective layer comprises weatherproof sheets sandwiching a metal foil. The resin sheet is a single material from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, fiber reinforced plastic and polycarbonate, or composite sheet of materials. The solar cell module further includes metal frame body having aperture portion where first protective layer, second protective layer, solar cells, and resin sheet are present. The second protective layer has an area larger than area where solar cells are present, and smaller than aperture area of frame body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: 200-10000 mass parts of liquid fluoro oligoether is contained with respect to 100 mass parts of perfluoro copolymer. The copolymer is dispersed in the oligoether. The average particle diameter of the copolymer is 100 mum or less. Preferred Definitions:    -(Rf-O)- = -(CF(CF3)-CF2-O)-, -(CF2CF2CF2-O) or -(CF2-O), -(CF2-CFY-O)-; and    Y = F or CF3.    EXAMPLE - CF2Cl-CFCl2 (in g) (580), monomer (280) of formula (18), monomer (2) of formula (19), and methanol (0.02) were taken in an autoclave and purged with nitrogen and then with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). The temperature was maintained at 25degreesC, and the pressure at 0.165 MPa-G. The monomer mixture was polymerized by adding CF2Cl-CFCl2 solution (7) containing (n-C3F7COO-)2 (5 mass%). TFE was fed intermittently to the autoclave, and polymerization was carried out for 6 hours. After purging TFE with nitrogen, a polymerization liquid composition was obtained. An oligomer (400) of hexafluoro propene oxide having -(CF(CF3)-CF2-O)- repeating unit was added and stirred at room temperature. The polymerization degree composition became cloudy. N-hexane was added to the dispersion liquid and stirred at room temperature. The colorless and transparent upper layer and cloudy lower layer were separated. The lower layer was washed with n-hexane and dried at 90degreesC for 60 hours. Composition (460) of paste-form was obtained. After allowing the composition to stand for 1 week, the upper layer was removed. The paste-form composition with concentrated perfluoro copolymer, was removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solidification agent contains Vaseline (RTM), paraffin or stearic acid. The emulsifier is nonionic surfactant such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid anhydride is contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte before polymerization of the monomer. The amount of acid anhydride is 0.01-5 wt.% with respect to total amount of non-aqueous electrolyte and acid anhydride. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = alkyl group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The lithium salt contains lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) and/or lithium borofluoride (LiBF4).    EXAMPLE - Acetic anhydride (in wt.pts) (1) was mixed with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (9) to produce a solution (A). Ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was mixed in volume ratio of 30:70 to produce a mixed solvent. To the solvent, lithium hexafluoro phosphate was added to produce non-aqueous electrolyte. Acetic anhydride (1) was mixed with the non-aqueous electrolyte (99) to produce a solution (B). Solutions (A,B) were mixed in 1:5 ratio, to form a liquid mixture containing polyethylene glycol diacrylate, non-aqueous-electrolyte and acetic anhydride in a weight ratio of 16.5:82.5:1. 0.5 wt.% of benzoyl peroxide was added to the liquid mixture as polymerization initiator. The obtained solution was poured into packing material containing a lamination material. The solution was heated at 60degreesC for 24 hours to polymerize the monomer. A non-aqueous polymer electrolyte having amount of fluorine (F-) ions (measured by ion chromatography) 122 ppm was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic polymers is a mixture of liquid fluorine, silicon resin, acrylic type resin. The adhesive resin sealing agent is made up of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) co- polymer resin. The surface protection layer comprises acrylic resin and polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pollution protection layer consists of perfluoro polyether group containing silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The positive and negative electrode plates are formed of lead-based materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cap material comprises reactive acrylics, jointing compounds, or preferably an epoxy resin having a viscosity of 19 poises at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cells are molten carbonate fuel cells and/or solid oxide fuel cells. They are stacked in layers enclosed by metal layers. They are devoid of platinum catalyst. The biomass is wood, paper and/or lignocellulose material. The biomass has a size of 0.25 inch.Preferred Method: The fuel cells are set and operated at 600-1,000 degreesC. The fuel cells generate direct current which can be converted to alternating current. They generate electricity which is often stored within a storage battery. The fuel cells generate exothermic heat, transport heat by thermal conduction to the biomass within a vessel containing catalyst. The vessel is set at 600-1,000 degreesC and maintained at this temperature by exothermic heat generated from the fuel cells or by heat generated by electricity. The waste heat forms steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Surfactant: The surfactant contains non aqueous solvent and solute or is a monomer having an unsaturated double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin component of the conductive layer is chosen from polyamide type resin, polyester type resin, polyimide type resin, phenol resin, silicone type resin, epoxy resin and acrylic type resin. The resin component contains polymeric adhesive(s) belonging to synthetic rubber of styrene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for the insulating layer include expanded polystyrene, a foam, in particular, polyurethane foam, and a thermoplastic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polyether polymer contains 70-99 mol% of an ethylene oxide monomer unit (A), and has a weight average molecular weight of 100000-1500000. The polyether polymer contains 70-99 weight% of units (A) and 1-30 weight% of units (B) of another oxirane monomer (b) which is copolymerizable with ethylene oxide (a). The oxirane monomer (b) is a 3-20C alkylene oxide, 1-10C glycidyl ether and/or vinyl compound oxide. The monomer (b) contains 0.1-5 mol% of a diepoxy compound monomer based on the total of (a) and (b). The oxirane monomer (b) contains at most 15 mol% of an oxirane monomer (c) having crosslinkable groups based on the total of oxirane monomers. An alcohol is used as the polymerization stopping agent. EXAMPLE - Tri-isobutyl aluminum (65.1 parts), toluene (217.9 parts) and diethyl ether (121.6 parts) are filed in an autoclave filled with nitrogen, and phosphoric acid (11.26 parts) is added while stirring at 30degreesC. Next, triethylamine (4.97 parts) is added and reacted for 2 hours at 60degreesC to give the catalyst. Next, n-hexane (1514 parts) and the catalyst (63.3 parts) are added to an autoclave filled with nitrogen, and ethylene oxide (7.4 parts) is added and reacted while stirring at 30degreesC. A monomer mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is then added in an amount of (14.7 parts) and reacted to form a seed. To the polymerization reaction solution in which the seed is formed, ethylene oxide (439.6 parts), propylene oxide (50.4 parts), and n-hexane (427.4 parts) are added and reacted until the polymerization reaction degree is 98%. To the obtained slurry, 4,4'-thio-bis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol) toluene solution (42.4 parts) is added. After filtration, a polymer is obtained of ethylene oxide content 91.5 mol%, propylene oxide content 8.5 mol%, weight average molecular weight 350000, molecular weight distribution 10.2 and water content 650ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The amount of the carbon black is 18-29 wt.%. The reinforcing filler also contains at most22 wt.% white filler. The white filler is a combination of a surface-treated clay and a surface-treated calcium carbonate. The rubber composition is free from zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The coolant is an ethylene glycol-containing aqueous liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The catalyst layer-forming composition is prepared by mixing metal catalyst with pure water, and mixing polymer ionomer and polar organic solvent. The coating step is carried out by spray coating using a nozzle under a stream of inert gas at 0.5-3 atm. Drying is carried out at 80-120 degreesC.Preferred Dimension: The catalyst layer has a thickness of 5-25 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Pure water is present at 100-200 (preferably 140-160) pbw/100 pbw metal catalyst. The perfluorinated polymer ionomer is present at 10-15 pbw/100 pbw metal catalyst. The organic polar solvent is present at 500-2500 pbw based on total weight of catalyst.Preferred Components: The inert gas is nitrogen, helium, neon and/or argon. The metal catalyst is at least 2 binary, ternary or quaternary metal catalyst comprising platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, nickel, osmium, manganese, titanium, zirconium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, iridium or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic polar solvent is isopropyl alcohol, ethanol and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluorinated polymer ionomer is Nafion ionomer.
EXAMPLE - Aluminum (1 kg) was poured in crucible and heated. The furnace material consisting of calcium oxide (CaO) and purified by silicon oxide (SiO2) inorganic acid at a ratio of 1:1 at 4.5 kg was mixed with SiO2 x CaF2 in 2:1 ratio. The received mixture was poured on molten aluminum. Reducing agent's reaction was exothermic and followed by temperature rise up to 2000degreesC. On the completion of reducing reaction, the mixture was cooled. The obtained silicon was pounded, and the powder might be used for receiving silane gas. The gas itself was a product to get the silicon of electronic quality. The last step was processing with the water solution of inorganic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The substrate is the anode diffusion layer of a fuel cell.(I) is added in an amount of 0.6-1.5 wt.%.(I) is a 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridine or pyrrole (co)polymer.(I) is added in the form of a solution. The mixture is homogenized by shaking. The paste has a viscosity above 200 mPas. The paste is applied to the substrate by doctor application or screen printing. The resulting catalyst layer is treated in a dilute acid at up to 90degreesC. EXAMPLE - A solution of polyvinylpyridine (210 mg) in isopropanol (2 ml) was added to a catalyst paste comprising 3 g platinum/ruthenium on carbon (40% metal), 6 ml water, 6 ml isopropanol and 8.55 g of a 15% Nafion (RTM; perfluorinated sulphonic acid salt ion exhancge resin) solution. The mixture was shaken for 1 minute and sonicated for 10 minutes. This produced a significant viscosity increase (no data given).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal is a transition metal, preferably titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, and/or hafnium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The walls of the pores comprise continuous, opposing silicate layers, spaced from each other to define a channel contained within the walls. The channel contains a solution comprising surfactant(s).Preferred Method: The mesoporous material is subsequently cured and formed into a desired shape, followed by removal of all of the volatile content from the material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The surfactant is cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The solvent is alcohol, preferably 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-hexanol, and/or 2-methyl-1-pentanol. The resin precursor is an alkoxysilane, preferably methyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilylmethyl)benzene (BSEB), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and/or tetramethoxysilane (TMOS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: About 0.1-2 moles of transition metal cations are present per mole of silicate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material further contains an oxide of cerium, zirconium and/or aluminum. The carbon type material is mono-layered or multi-layered carbon nano tube, or fullerene. The carbon type material contains metal or an alloy (0.12-30 wt.%). The average particle diameter of metal or alloy is 1-100 nm and that of oxide is 1-500 nm. Preferred Property: The temperature range of absorption and discharge of hydrogen at pressure of 0.1-50 MPa, is 25-500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen purification apparatus has water gas (gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide) shift portion containing a platinum catalyst in the upstream of the oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is polyacrylate-group copolymer or polymethacrylate-group copolymer having isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The negative electrode contains simple substance and compound of silicon or tin. The positive electrode contains lithium containing transition metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate contains rare earth elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent electroconductive oxide film contains tin oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and/or indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The amount of alcohol which can be transformed to aldehyde in the oxidation reaction pre-reaction liquid and/or oxidation reaction system, is 80 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of porphyrinogen derivative.Preferred Compound: The porphyrinogen derivative of formula (I) is obtained by acid treating 2-hydroxymethyl pyrrole derivative. EXAMPLE - Lithium aluminum hydride (in g) (1.43) suspended in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was cooled to 0degreesC. 4,7-Dihydro-4,7-ethano-2H-isoindole-1-methyl carboxylate (1.9681 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (60 ml) was added to the cooled solution and the temperature was raised to 10degreesC. The contents were stirred for 3 hours and the reaction solution was added to saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution. The reaction solution was extracted with chloroform and concentrated. Chloroform solution of p-toluene sulfonic acid (260 mg) was added to the concentrated solution and stirred. The production of porphyrinogen compound was confirmed. The reaction solution contained 13.3 times mol amount of methanol. Chloranil (613.7 mg) was added to the reaction solution. Subsequently, chloranil (294.4 mg) was again added to the reaction solution and left overnight to complete the oxidation reaction. The reaction solution was poured into water. The organic layer was separated, washed, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain porphyrin derivative (445.8 mg) with yield of 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Zirconium hydroxide is aged at 50 degrees C or more for 2-48 hours. The monoclinic crystal of zirconium oxide has a specific surface area of 3-150 m2/g and is obtained in a yield of 95% or more. The molding product comprises 50 wt.% or more of zirconium hydroxide or zirconium oxide. EXAMPLE - Aqueous zirconium oxy chloride (1 l) was neutralized with ammonia till pH was 8, to produce zirconium hydroxide. The precipitate of zirconium hydroxide was filtered and washed with pure water, to form a zirconium hydroxide cake which was aged at 90 degrees C for 8 hours. Aged zirconium hydroxide was dried at 120 degrees C to form zirconium hydroxide (99.9 wt.%) of high purity and specific surface area of 380 m2/g. The amount of chlorine in the product was 20 ppm and that of sulfate was less than 0.5 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Methane is decomposed to produce hydrogen in a modification process. The hydrogen produced modification and decomposition processes, is utilized as fuel in electric power generation process. An alkali is added to the fermented liquor produced in fermentation process, to remove ammonia in ammonia collection process. Ammonia obtained is processed in decomposition process to produce hydrogen. The thermal decomposition gas produced when thermally decomposing organic waste is collected in a thermal decomposition apparatus (11).Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is phosphate or solid polymer film-type fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The volume ratio of invar to copper is in range of 1:0.25 - 1:5, and weight ratio of invar to copper is in range of 1:0.2 - 1:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second catalyst body is disposed in parallel with the first catalyst body in the flow of the mixture gas. The first catalyst body is formed in a shape of column to extend along the flow of the mixture gas. The fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell power generation portion (8) configured to generate an electric power using oxidization gas including oxygen and the reformed gas supplied from the hydrogen generator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The second catalyst body is made of a carrier containing cerium, iron, and/or platinum.Preferred Composition: The second catalyst has platinum in a weight ratio of 100:0.1-100:5.Preferred Component: A ratio between a cross-sectional area of the first catalyst body and a cross-sectional area of the second catalyst body is 20:1-5:1. The purifier is provided with a catalyst body containing ruthenium, rhodium, or nickel as an active component on a downstream side of the second catalyst body in the flow of the mixture gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred additives The additives used to bind the fluorine, are especially Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO; CaCO3, MgCO3; CaHCO3; Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)3 or related compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The redox electrolyte is an aqueous vanadium/hydrochloric acid/zinc solution and is rinsed with nitrogen. The surface of the sulfide-containing chalcopyrite semiconductor is irradiated with light during application of the potential profile to excite the photoeffect and the adjusted photostream is measured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A part of the residual gas is returned directly before the unit for selective removing hydrogen or is returned through the feedback into the region of the process materials entering the reformer. The reformer (3) is a steam reformer or an autothermal reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second insert is positioned so that a radial passage (15) for fluid flow is formed between the first and second inserts. The sum of the areas of the openings in the third insert is 15-115% (45-85%) of the area of the central opening. Preferred Property: The area of the central opening is in 50-150% (80-120%) of the effective area of the excentric passage. The effective area of the radial passage measured along the periphery of the central opening within the second insert is in 50-150% (80-120%) of the area of the excentric passage. At least two of the openings in the third inset are provided with deflectors (18) having the same outlines as the openings in the third insert and extending radially from the third insert. The fourth insert comprises at least two radially extending second deflectors (22) that are steeper than the first deflectors. At least two deflectors are in register with the openings in the third insert. A perforated plate (25) is positioned in the hollow element downstream the third insert. The fourth insert is formed out of one piece and the first and second deflectors are staggered and adjacent to each other and kept in position with respect to each other by plug-and-socket connections (24) along the adjacent edges of the deflectors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier has an evaporation portion (31) for vaporizing original fuel to original fuel gas, a modification portion (32) for modifying original fuel gas to hydrogen-rich fuel gas, and carbon monoxide decreasing portion (33) for decreasing the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in fuel gas. The pressurized air from air-conditioner presser is supplied to modification portion and/or carbon monoxide decreasing portion, as oxidized air. The fuel reforming system further has a thermal-type flow meter (17) for measuring the amount of air flowing through airflow path provided between vapor-liquid separation unit and modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The electroconductive metal powder is nickel, platinum and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The electrode layer (13) contains molybdenum. The oxide layer contains chrome oxide. The insulating layer contains silica and/or alumina. Ib group element is copper, IIIb group element is indium and/or gallium, and VIb group element is selenium and/or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor layer contains a metal chalcogenide compound chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Oxygen or air of high pressure is introduced in the device (3), and preliminary modification is performed. The fuel is made to contain an oxygen-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The manufacturing apparatus has heat exchangers between devices (3,6), and between the device (6) and combustor (7). A combustion catalyst is provided in the combustor (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The heat obtained by burning one portion of recovered methane gas is utilized as heat source of warm water and methane gas. The electric power required for each unit of base is supplied from ground or marine, or from fuel cell, which uses hydrogen gas supplied from base. The supply unit supplies warm water to methane hydrate using a pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Indicator: The indicator is bromthymol blue, phenol red, neutral red, red cabbage liquid, or mixed indicator of methyl orange, metacresol purple, bromophenol blue and bromocresol green, bromocresol purple, phenolphthalein and metacresol purple, and/or thymol blue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The linear fluoropolyether compound is of formula (I).CH2=CH-(X)p-C(CF3)F-(O-CF2-C(CF3)F-)m-O-(CF2)r-O-(-C(CF3)F-CF2-O-)n-C(CF3)F-(X')p-CH=CH2 (I).X = -CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2- or -Y-NR-CO-;Y = -CH2- or a group of formula (II);R = H, Me, Ph or allyl;X' = -CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR'-Y'-;Y' = -CH2- or a group of formula (III);R' = H, Me, Ph or allyl;p = 0 or 1;r = 2-6; andm, n = 0-200.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organosilicon compound contains at least one monovalent perfluoroalkyl, monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl, divalent perfluoroalkylene or divalent perfluorooxyalkylene group. EXAMPLE - Fumed silica treated with dimethylsiloxy groups and having a specific surface area of 200 m2/g (15 parts) and Admafine SO-25R (RTM; spherical silica, 40 parts) were added to polymer of formula (6) (100 parts), mixed, heat-treated, and dispersed on a three-roll mill. Fluorinated organosilicon compound of formula (7) (2.4 parts), toluene solution of catalyst (0.2 parts, in the form of chloroplatinic acid modified with CH2=CHSiMe2OSiMe2CH=CH2) and toluene solution of ethynylcyclohexanol (50%, 0.4 parts) were added and mixed to form a rubber composition. The composition was deaerated in vacuum, cast into a rectangular frame, deaerated again, and press cured at 100 kg/cm2 and 150degreesC for 10 minutes. A test specimen was cut from the cured sample and evaluated. The specimen had Durometer A hardness of 55, elongation of 200%, tensile strength of 7 MPa, thermal conductivity of 0.56x10-3 cal/cm-s, moisture permeability of 4 g/m2-24 hours, and good chemical resistance and low-temperature property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The molybdenum oxide has band gap of 3.45-3.85 eV.Preferred Components: The light emitting or light absorbing region comprises part(s) of photoconductive device, photodiode, phototransistor, light emitting diode, semiconductor laser, solar cell or compact disc. The molybdenum oxide is high purity molybdenum oxide. The substrate is made of molybdenum. The two cladding layers are made of chromium molybdenum oxide.Preferred Methods: The molybdenum oxide is made by vapor phase deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Multiple electrodes (37) may be arranged in the fuel gas conduit and/or the oxidizing gas conduit. They are covered with an insulator layer. A voltage application module applies voltage to the electrodes to make apparent positive-negative variation in voltage toward outlet or inlet of gas conduit(s). The fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly that includes the anode and the cathode arranged across the electrolyte membrane, and a pair of electrically conductive separators (40) that are placed across the membrane electrode assembly. The oxidizing gas conduit is defined by the cathode and a groove (36b) formed in one of the pair of electrically conductive separators. The fuel gas conduit is defined by the anode and a groove formed in the other of the pair of the pair of electrically conductive separators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Container: The container has a double structure having an internal container arranged in an exterior container (100). Any one of the natural hydrogen generating compound (600) and the substance which promotes hydrogen generation (400) is contained in the exterior container, and the other is contained in the internal container. The exterior container has a gas-liquid separation filter (200) having Gurley value of 2000-30000.Preferred Material: The container and the dividing wall comprise a material having fracture elongation of 5% or less. The exterior container and the internal container comprise a material having fracture elongation of 5% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The natural of hydrogen generating compound is boron compound. The substance which promotes hydrogen generation is a metal chosen from groups (IA, 2A and 3B) of periodic table, preferably metal chloride of group (VIIIA) of periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The zinc aluminum complex oxide is of formula ZnAlnOx, where n is 0.5-4 and x is 1.5n+1, and has spinel crystal structure. The zinc aluminum complex oxide is preferably ZnAl2O4.Preferred Co-catalyst: The co-catalyst element is potassium, sodium, calcium and/or magnesium.Preferred Properties: The contents of copper and co-catalyst element with respect to 100 wt.% of catalyst are 2-20 wt.% and 0.4-4 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (in g) (149) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (375) were dissolved in ion exchange water (1 l). The solution was mixed with two equivalents of 28% ammonia aqueous solution and precipitated. The co-precipitate was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 400 degrees C for 5 hours. The baked product was ground to obtain powder-form zinc aluminum complex oxide having secondary particle diameter of 0.15 mm or less and average crystalline diameter of 7 nm.    The zinc aluminum complex oxide was dispersed in a mixed aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium nitrate (0.778) and copper nitrate trihydrate (5.7) in ion exchange water (1 l), and stirred. The mixture was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 300 degrees C for 3 hours. The baked product was ground and cut to pellet form, to obtain a catalyst (K-Cu/ZnAl2O4). The catalyst had large specific surface area and improved catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic material comprises lead-containing dielectric or non-lead-containing dielectric. The lead-containing dielectric is lead lanthanum zirconate titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead magnesium niobate, lead titanate (PbTiO3), PbTiO3-La(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 or PbTiO3-Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3. The non-lead-containing dielectric is barium titanate (BaTiO3), lithium niobium oxide (LiNbO3), potassium niobium oxide (KNbO3), tantalum niobium oxide (TaNbO3), zinc oxide, antimony sulfur iodide (SbSI), triglycine sulfate, polyvinylidene fluoride, RbZnBr4, gallium phosphide (GaP), lanthanum sulfide (La2S3), Gd2S3, D2S3, CuPs5Br, Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20, Bi12TiO20, tellurium, silica, HgS or (Ba, Ca) TiO3. Tungsten, tantalum, niobium, iron, copper, magnesium, bismuth, yttrium molybdenum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, silicon, tin, selenium, neodymium, erbium, thulium, hafnium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and/or ytterbium is used as additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metallic layer of counter electrode contains silver, nickel, copper, gold or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conductive polymer is polythiophene, and the pigment is merocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The dispersion liquid is applied on electroconductive surface of substrate, and semiconductor electrode is subjected to microwave irradiation or electron beam irradiation, heated, press-processed, heated with press-processing, press-processed with microwave irradiation or press-processed with electron beam irradiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor contains a metal chalcogenide compound chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel. The metal chalcogenide is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is of formula (1).R1=alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heterocyclic ring having substituent;R2=alkyl, alkoxy and halogen atom having substituent;R3,R4=H atom, alkyl, alkoxy, alkyl thio group, aryl, aryloxy, aryl thio and heterocyclic ring having substituent;R5=substituent having quaternary ammonium salt of acidic group, and acidic group, amine group and ester group;X1=connection group which forms cyclic structure with amino group; andm=0 and 1.Carbon-carbon double bond is E type and/or Z type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive paste contains electroconductive electrode material which consists of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr) and carbon (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon thin film is formed on the substrate by magnetron sputtering method, using a graphite target. The target is sputtered with mixed plasma of argon and nitrogen, and/or hydrogen. Nitrogen, or nitrogen and hydrogen are added in the film. The ratio of argon and nitrogen, and/or hydrogen is changed during the formation of film.Preferred Composition: The film further contains hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The laminate further has a protective layer (3) containing silicon oxide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The metals for forming the dendritic particles are selected from Pt, Pd, Os, Rh, Cu, Fe and Ni. The carrier layer is a graphite paper. The graphite paper used as the carrier layer is held in a sample holder which is inserted into an electrolyte solution made from H2PtCl6.H2O and sulfuric acid with a platinized titanium counter electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system includes a water transfer assembly (11) separating water from anode exhaust gas. The water transfer assembly comprises a partial-pressure pressure swing water transfer wheel (12), and the partial-pressure pressure swing adsorption assembly comprises a carbon dioxide transfer wheel. The water transfer assembly comprises a water absorbing media that operates at or above the dew point of the anode exhaust gas. It comprises a condenser. It further a scrubbing unit and a blowdown unit for removal of water contaminated with electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The outlet is an anode outlet (36) or a cathode outlet (40). The emission control system comprises a packed bed. The fuel cell stack comprises a fuel cell (32) having a gas diffusion layer having a first material capable of reducing an amount of the organic emission that contacts the first material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The packed bed includes a material consisting of activated carbon, potassium permanganate, elumine, or lanthanum oxide. The first material is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, or iridium. It comprises an oxide such as platinum oxide, ruthenium oxide, manganese oxide, or chromium oxide.Preferred Properties: The first material is dispersed in the gas diffusion layer at less than 0.1 (preferably less than 0.01) mg/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic emission consists of methanol, formic acid, or formaldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The packed bed includes a material consisting of activated carbon, potassium permanganate, elumine, or lanthanum oxide. The first material is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, or iridium. It comprises an oxide such as platinum oxide, ruthenium oxide, manganese oxide, or chromium oxide.Preferred Properties: The first material is dispersed in the gas diffusion layer at less than 0.1 (preferably less than 0.01) mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas storage system has a switching unit, which switches heat-exchangers (16-36, 4-6). Numbers of tanks are provided in the gas storage system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The catalyst layer contains catalyst supported conductive material, whose surface is modified with high oxygen selectivity polymer, and further contains a conductive material, whose surface is modified with high oxygen selectivity polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxygen adsorbent is tetraphenyl porphyrinate-cobalt (II)-benzyl imidazole.    EXAMPLE - Cobalt (II)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin complex of formula (I) (in mg) (0.78) and N-benzyl imidazole (0.65) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.134 g). Platinum/carbon electrode catalyst (1.74) was added to the solution and mixed for 30 minutes to obtain a dispersion liquid. The liquid was dripped on a rotating disc coated with 5 wt.% Nafion (RTM) solution, and argon gas or oxygen was bubbled, to obtain catalyst. A cathode having favorable electrode characteristics with respect to oxygen reduction was prepared using the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Compounds: The hydrogen derivative of the aromatic compound is, e.g., 1-methyldecalin, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, trimethylcyclohexane, or tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preferably, the chemical solution is directly applied to the surface (S), and water is sprayed on both surfaces of substrate after the contact process. A reflection layer containing silver is formed on the substrate, and the zinc oxide film is then formed on the reflection layer. Preferred Solution: The chemical solution is acid containing the ion contained in the aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The diffusion is performed at lower than 300 (preferably 160-220)degreesC. The diffusion uses a diffusion time between 5-60 minutes. The contact resistivity after the diffusion is smaller than 5x10-4 (preferably 1x10-5) OMEGA-cm2. Producing passivation layer is performed at 150-300degreesC.Preferred Property: The passivation layer has a thickness smaller than 100 (preferably 10-50) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The contact layer comprises silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical connecting unit is integrated in the module frame. Electrical connecting lines (8) are integrated between the solar cell unit and the connecting unit and between the connecting unit and the coupling unit in the frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective layer is made from PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crosslinkable polymer is preferably a hydrogenated nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene/vinyl acetate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, fluorosilicone rubber or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrogen generator has an electrical insulator (15) interposed between 2 or more porous components, and heating unit, which provides high-frequency induction-heat to catalyst components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The titanium-manganese hydrogen occlusion alloy is an alloy of formula: TixCr2-yMny, where Ti is titanium, Cr is chromium, Mn is manganese, x is 1-1.2, and y is 1-1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silica raw material is water washed before mixing with lime raw material. An aqueous alkali solution is used as solvent containing water. The plate-shaped calcium silicate is baked at 200-1400 degrees C. The plate-shaped calcium silicate is subjected to carbonic acid processing and calcium carbonate generated is removed by dissolving in an acid. The plate-shaped silica porous material is baked at 200-1400 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Water washed crystalline silica raw material (92 wt.%) of particle diameter 30 microns, and average particle diameter 10 microns, was mixed with calcined lime raw material such that calcium oxide/silica molar ratio was 0.75. A hydrothermal reaction was performed at 180 degrees C for 4 hours, adding water and stirring. A plate-shaped calcium silicate slurry was obtained which was filtered and dried at 120 degrees C. The plate-shaped calcium silicate had length of 7 microns, width of 3 microns, thickness of 0.1 microns and BET specific surface of 72 m2/g. The silicate was heat processed at 1000 degrees C for 1 hour and plate-shaped calcium silicate of length 6.4 microns, width 2.8 microns, thickness 0.1 microns, BET specific surface area 2.5 m2/g and acid resistance 6.73 mg/g was obtained. The obtained silicate (10 g) was added to warm water (200 ml) of 60 degrees C. Calcium oxide was removed. Acetic acid (80 wt.%) was added and stirred for 10 minutes. The slurry was filtered, washed and dried at 120 degrees C. A plate-shaped silica material was obtained which had length of 7 microns, thickness of 0.1 microns, width of 3 microns, BET specific surface area of 372 m2/g, acid resistance of 3.65 mg/g and silica content rate of 99.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The region of the feed line of educts is cooled by free or forced convection.During cold start of the device, the region of the feed line of educts is electrically heated.Units are provided for tempering the region of the feed line of educts so that the flow speed of a medium in a region surrounding the region of the feed line is increased.The region of the feed line of educts is formed as a diffuser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reforming unit is formed as a partial oxidation unit and/or autothermal reformer.The reforming unit has a feed line (3) for a gas stream.The gas stream is a vehicle exhaust gas.The feed line has a unit (4) in the gas stream flow direction for introducing the low-boiling fuel fraction into the gas stream.A heater is used to remove the low-boiling fuel fraction using thermal separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide removing device has carbon dioxide separating membrane and carbon dioxide adsorbing agent. The carbon dioxide separating membrane isolates carbon dioxide from the reformed gas. The carbon dioxide adsorbing agent adsorbs carbon dioxide contained in the reformed gas, and is detachably provided in the carbon dioxide removing device.Preferred Property: The carbon dioxide removing device produces pressure difference between portion provided with the carbon dioxide separating membrane, and the other portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The carbon dioxide separating membrane is formed of cellulose acetate, polyimide or polysulfone acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon dioxide adsorbing agent is formed of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, zeolite or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composite Sheet: The transparent composite sheet has light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelength of 550 nm, and mean coefficient of linear expansion of 40 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is glass tissue. EXAMPLE - EHPE3150 (cycloaliphatic epoxy resin) (in wt.pts) (80), Epiclon EXA1514 (bisphenol S group epoxy resin) (20), methyl hexahydro phthalic anhydride (75) and TPP-PB (tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide) (0.5) were melt-mixed at 110degreesC, cured at 200degreesC for 2 hours and ground to form microparticle having bulb equivalent average diameter of 10 mum. The microparticle (50) was mixed with unbridged resin (100). 1,3-dioxolane (65) was added to form a varnish. NEA2319E (NE glass group glass cloth having thickness of 80 mum) was burnt, and organic content was removed. The cloth was impregnated with (gamma)-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane. The cloth was cured at 200degreesC for 2 hours, and inserted into a release processed glass plate. The structure was pressed, and dried at 140degreesC for 3 minutes to form transparent composite sheet having thickness of 0.1 mm. The transparent composite sheet had light transmittance of 86% at wavelength of 550 nm, and mean coefficient of linear expansion of 15 ppm at 30-150degreesC. The composite sheet had surface roughness of 0.5 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The spacers comprise nickel, nickel alloys, metals coated with the yttria stabilized zirconia, or lanthanum strontium gallium, magnesium oxides, glass, ceramics, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, liquid crystalline polymers, ceramics containing glass fibers, metal fibers, glass particles, metal particles and/or polymeric fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The dough is shaped by extrusion, pressing, molding, or spray drying. The sintered material is activated by treatment with steam or carbon dioxide, and treated by heating to greater 1000degreesC. A cage structure is created by the resin that retains the secondary component(s) without changing the porosity of secondary component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The phenolic resin is Novolak resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary component comprises carbon powder, graphite, metal, inorganic oxide, and/or silicon, preferably mesoporous activated carbon with mean pore size of 1-5 nm, amorphous oxide, zeolite, layered clay, silica, copper, tungsten, aluminum, silicon powder, or silicon monoxide powder.The secondary component does not add to the porosity of the composite but serves to modify the physical properties, e.g. electrical conductivity, thermal capacity, or magnetic susceptibility, of the composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The secondary component may be a mixture of pore former and partially cured phenolic resin. The pore former is ethylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, gamma-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, monoethanolamine, dimethyl formamide, or N'-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The absorbance peak of the porous semiconductor layer is located within 500 nm plus minus 30 nm, 490 nm plus minus 35 nm, or 580 nm plus minus 35 nm.Preferred Method: The step of shifting the absorbance peak of the porous semiconductor layer is carried out after the dye sensitizer is adsorbed in the porous semiconductor layer. It is carried out by a thermal treatment or a chemical treatment. The thermal treatment is carried out at 100-180degreesC. The chemical treatment is carried out using a solution containing heteroatom-containing cyclic compound(s), or by immersing in the solution for 1 minute to 30 hours the porous semiconductor layer after the dye sensitizer is adsorbed. The absorbance peak of the porous semiconductor layer is shifted to the shorter wavelength side of the absorbance spectrum by 10-60 nm than that of the porous semiconductor layer observed immediately after the dye sensitizer is adsorbed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous semiconductor layer is made of titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous semiconductor layer is made of titanium oxide.The heteroatom-containing cyclic compound is a nitrogen-containing cyclic compound, or a nitrogen-containing cyclic compound including an optionally substituted 5-membered ring. It has greater than or equal to 2 nitrogen atoms. The dye sensitizer is made of an organic dye or a metal complex dye. It is preferably made of cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II); cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis-tetrabutylammonium; or tris(isothiocyanato)-ruthenium(II)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-4,4',4"-tricarboxylic acid, tris-tetrabutylammonium salt having the formula (1).TBA=tetrabutylammonium residual group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The catalytic substrate comprises a substrate body (22) defining a hollow inner region and an inlet to the hollow inner region. It comprises a mesh screen with a catalyst material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thin-film layer is a thin-film solar cell, and the electrical contact is a silver current collect bus of the thin-film solar cell. The electrical contact is reflective. The spreader is made of copper and is sized to the electrical contact. The spreader is a power bus bar for conveying power from the solar cell to the electronic device. The cover layer comprises a cover glass layer, and an adhesive layer bonding the cover glass layer to the thin-film layer. The cover layer may comprise a polyimide layer. The circuit layer comprises polyimide layers, and conductor traces and feedthrough traces for interconnecting the electronic device to the electrical contact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel contains sulfur, 13C or more normal paraffin and naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel comprises sulfur, naphthalene and 13C or more paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The crystal growth film is a gallium nitride group III-V group compound semiconductor. The semiconductor element has a metal film containing gold, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, cobalt, zirconium, niobium, tantalum and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The ammonia decomposition catalyst contains metal-oxide support on which nickel or nickel oxide, and alkaline-earth metal, lanthanoids or their oxide, is supported. The metal-oxide support is alumina, silica, titania or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The cyclic hydrocarbon is decalin. The dehydrogenation product is naphthalene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The coagulation unit has cooling pipe (42) to circulate the cooling medium. The storage tank has a discharge port to eject hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas produced in a reaction tank (10) is supplied to the storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reflux unit has a tank (5) for storing water vapor or water after heating in unit (A), a pump for pumping water to the water vapor producing unit from tank, and pressure regulating unit provided at the vicinity of the unit (A). The pressure in the tank is reduced, when the load of the modifying system is increased. The pressure in the unit (A) is maintained at predetermined pressure. The reactor in the reflux unit is carbon monoxide removal reactor (3). The reactor in the water vapor generator is a heat exchanger (4). Preferred Process: The reformed gas transitionally produced in the modifying system with respect to the load, is reacted in the carbon monoxide removal reactor, when the load of the modifying system is decreased. Cooling water supplied to the coolant layer of the heat exchanger is evaporated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The carbon dioxide separation membrane is made of alkali-metal group complex oxide of formula: A2BO3, where A is alkali metal(s), and B is titanium group element, or alkali-metal group orthosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A cathode is arranged in the reactor, and an anode is arranged at the hydrogen separation chamber (4) separated from the reactor. The cathode and anode are connected by a proton conductive material. An electricity is supplied to the cathode and anode by a fuel cell (13) which generates electric power with oxygen, hydrogen obtained from the reactor, or hydrocarbon group fuel. Water produced in the fuel cell is supplied to the reactor, while hydrogen is moved from the reactor to the hydrogen separation chamber electrochemically. The fuel cell is a single cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxide or nitride film comprises material selected from a group of titanium oxide, alumina, titanium carbide, silicon oxide and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The thin film contains carbon, silicon, germanium, tin or lead, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, bismuth, antimony or vanadium, oxygen, sulfur, tellurium or selenium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, promethium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium, scandium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, barium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold or mercury.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon nitride layer is formed by chemical vacuum deposition or spraying process. EXAMPLE - Carbon boards for bottom face and four walls of the casting mold were cut from ET-10 (RTM) isotropic graphite material. The surface roughness of carbon board was set to 1 micro meters. High purification processing of the carbon boards was carried out using halogen gas at 2000 degrees C. The carbon boards were subsequently installed in a vacuum heating furnace maintained at 1500 degrees C and 2000 Pa. Silane gas and ammonia gas were supplied into the furnace, mixed and reacted for 3 hours. Silicon nitride was deposited on the whole surface of carbon board to thickness of 30 micro meters, and silicon nitride layer was formed by chemical vapor deposition.    A casting mold was produced using the carbon board for bottom face and carbon boards for the walls. Silicon melt solution was poured into the casting mold at 1000 degrees C over 7 hours, cooled and solidified and a silicon ingot was produced. The ingot was removed from the mold without any damages. The casting mold was not cracked during the removal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred alloy The contact unit is a ferritic steel with high chromium and low aluminum content and may contain a small proportion of rare earth elements, e.g. yttrium or lanthanum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred layers The cathode layer is ceramic strontium-manganese oxide. This may be mixed with yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide. Yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide forms the electrolyte layer. The anode layer is a ceramic metal composite, e.g. of nickel and zirconium oxide. The ceramic bonding layer (40) is a perovskite, similar to the cathode ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanotube: The titanium nanotube has diameter of 0.1 microm or less and aspect ratio of 100 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst is used for reducing oxygen, to form water. The spin density of unpaired electron-1 is 3.1x1019/g or less and that of unpaired electron-2 is 6x1014/g or more. Unpaired electron-1 shows Pauli paramagnetism and unpaired electron-2 shows Curie paramagnetism, by electron spin resonance measurement. The catalyst comprises 0.96 mol% of nitrogen atoms on its surface, where bond energy of N1s electron of nitrogen atom-1 is 398.5+/-0.5 eV, that of nitrogen atom-2 is 401+/-0.5 eV, and that of nitrogen atom-3 is 403.5+/-0.5 eV. By atom number percentage, the amount of nitrogen atom-1 on the surface is 0.22 mol% or more, that of nitrogen atom-2 is 0.53 mol% or more and that of nitrogen atom-3 is 0.21 mol% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The baked powder of nitrogen and carbon content compound comprises carbonaceous solid raw material (CSR) and nitrogen containing organic compound (NCOC) or a nitrogen containing organic polymer compound powder (NCOP). CSR is a carboniferous binder pitch and NCOC is melamine or hydrazine.Preferred Process: Baking is performed under controlled temperature and blend ratio of CSR and NCOC. The catalyst electrode is obtained by molding under a pressure of 2.8-39.6 kN/cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen ion conductive polymer is perfluoro sulfonic-acid type resin, in a blend ratio of 5-30 mass%. NCOP is chosen from polyacrylonitrile, melamine resin, nylon, gelatin or collagen. Baking and steam activation are performed 1000degreesC under high purity nitrogen stream. EXAMPLE - No suitable example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas containing organic vapors is derived from pyrolysis of biomass. The pyrolysis of biomass is achieved through electrical heat, or in a vehicle. The biomass forms a carbonaceous residue that reacts with water to form carbon monoxide. The carbonaceous residue and water are pressurized to 200-500 psi. The hydrogen containing water vapor devoid of carbon monoxide is subjected to scrubbing in an absorbent for scrubbing water vapor in gaseous hydrogen to furnish a gas devoid of water vapor containing hydrogen separated from the absorbent. The absorbent containing water is subjected to heat forming water vapor and an absorbent for recycle. The formation of hydrogen gas is achieved in a continuous mode.Preferred Component: The biomass is from woody material, waste paper, and/or and MSW (sic) including an individual. The solution for removing carbon dioxide is from aqueous bases and/or aqueous salts having an individual. The absorbent for scrubbing is from silica gel and/or alumina having individual. The gas containing hydrogen devoid of impurities is employed to power a fuel cell. The fuel cell generates electricity and is subjected to storage in a storage battery. The fuel cell is located in a vehicle. The organic vapor is from hydrocarbons, methanol, and/or acetic acid having individual. The reformer catalyst is arranged in series with the steam shift catalyst. The biomass is a liquefied organic mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive layers consist of oxides of zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring comprises imidazole ring, pyridine ring, or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: Polymer has structural unit of formula (I) or (II), and further has unit of formula (III).R1 = bivalent group;R2 of formula (I) = alkyl group;R2 of formula (II) = hydrogen atom or univalent group;R2 of formula (III) = univalent group;R3-R6 = hydrogen atom or univalent group; andX = halogen atom. EXAMPLE - 1,7-octadiene (in g) (0.11) and monobromo borane dimethyl sulfide (0.154) were added to dichloromethane (2 ml) at 0 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere, and the obtained reaction solution was stirred for 4 hours. Subsequently, 1-methyl imidazole (0.041) and methanol (0.016) were added to the stirred reaction solution at 0 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere, and the contents were further stirred for 2 hours. The reaction solution was subsequently purified using n-hexane to obtain polymer (B) (0.188) having structural unit of formula (V) and structural unit of formula (VIII) with yield of 86%. Polymer (B) (0.109) and lithium compound of formula: LiN(CF3SO2)2 (0.0635) were added to tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) (solvent), and the contents were stirred for 1 hour. Subsequently, the solvent was removed, and the contents were vacuum-dried for 24 hours to obtain an electrolyte. The electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 2.59 x 10 to the power of -5 S/cm at 50 degrees C, and excellent lithium ion transporting ability. The electrolyte was used for electrochemical devices. The electrochemical device had improved electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The CO removal unit is located opposite or parallel to the reforming unit and connects with the manifold. The feedback mechanism sends the reformed gas to the manifold through a reformed gas passage formed by the space between the reforming tubes located close to each other or between the reforming tubes and the casing in the axial direction of the reforming tubes. The reforming tubes can be freely removed and replaced. A fuel trap unit is disposed between the manifold and the CO removal unit to remove fuel gas from the reformed gas. The manifold comprises a feed tube for feeding oxygen, air or steam to the reformed gas sent to the CO removal unit. The CO removal unit comprises section(s), and feed tubes disposed on the upstream side of each section to supply oxygen, air or steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pigment is perylene diimide. The second pigment is of electron donor type selected from carbazolo carbazole, phthalocyanine and copper (II) phthalocyanine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coating material is platinum, gold or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes are glass. The electrolyte is lithium iodide + iodine, ionic liquid, ionic liquid/lithium dialkylamide, potassium iodide + iodine or potassium iodide + iodine in sol-gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The fuel comprises an isoparaffin fraction (I) comprising more than 75 wt.% isooctane, an isoparaffin fraction (II) comprising more than 90 wt.% isopentane, and a cycloparaffin fraction (III) comprising more than 90 wt.% cyclehexane. The (I)/(II) volume ratio is 2.3-10.6. The (I)+(II)/(III) volume ratio is 2.3-19. The fuel contains more than 43 vol.% (I). The fuel has an aromatics content below 5 vol.% and a benzene content below 0.1 vol.%. EXAMPLE - Low-lead aviation gasoline with a lead content of 0.56 g/l and an F4 octane rating of 130.0 comprises 81.4 vol.% B1, 8.6 vol.% B2 and 10.0 vol.% B3, where B1 is preferably an isooctane-rich alkylate, B2 is preferably an isopentane-rich light atmospheric distillate and B3 is preferably a cyclohexane-rich fraction from a light gasoline isomerization unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The strong acid contains sulfate and/or phosphate.Preferred Property: The support containing the compound having solid acid site has specific surface area of 40-200 m2/g. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound having solid acid site is zirconia, alumina and/or titania.    EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride (2 kg) was dissolved in pure water (15 l) and aqueous ammonia was added. Zirconium hydroxide produced was filtered, washed and vacuum dried at 110 degrees C. White powder support (650 g) of zirconium hydroxide was obtained. The obtained support was immersed in phosphoric acid, dried and baked at 650 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain catalyst containing phosphate and zirconium oxide, for dimethyl carbonate synthesis. The obtained catalyst had specific surface area of 55 m2/g. Dimethyl carbonate was synthesized with high conversion rate using the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst structure includes a foam catalyst structure, which is a non-conductive or semi-conductive material. The plasma generator includes two electrodes. It includes an electric pulse generating mechanism for generating electric pulses to be supplied to the two electrodes. The first electrode is cylindrical and the second electrode is disposed axially inside the first electrode. The non-thermal plasma generator includes a microwave generator that emits microwaves that are directed to the flow passage. The catalyst structure includes open areas to allow a non-thermal plasma to propagate axially and radially within the catalyst structure. The non-thermal plasma generator is a pulsed corona discharge type plasma generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A region of each of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers where the concentration of the impurity element is lowest comprises an intrinsic semiconductor.Preferred Parameter: The thickness of each of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers on the crystalline semiconductor particles at or below the equator is less than or equal to70% (preferably less than or equal to40%) of that at the zenith. The second conductivity-type semiconductor layers each has a thickness of 5-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An oxide layer or a nitride layer is formed between each of the crystalline semiconductor particles and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers. The method further comprises, prior to forming the insulator layer among the crystalline semiconductor particles, the step of removing a part of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers that adheres to the substrate after the formation of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises aluminum or an aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An oxide layer or a nitride layer is formed between each of the crystalline semiconductor particles and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers. The method further comprises, prior to forming the insulator layer among the crystalline semiconductor particles, the step of removing a part of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers that adheres to the substrate after the formation of the second conductivity-type semiconductor layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus includes a valve control system for the liquid outlet valve, a capillary material over a portion of an inner surface of the sidewall, and a level indicator attached to the housing to indicate the liquid level within the housing. The valve control system is a passive control system, e.g. a float, or an electronic level switch (55) comprising a float, and a magnetic contactor connected to the float and movable between open and closed positions. The liquid outlet valve is a solenoid valve connected in series with the electronic level switch. The gas stream outlet is aligned on a first axis and the gas stream inlet is aligned on a second axis. The gas stream outlet comprises an elongated tubular member extending into the housing and having an opening located below the gas stream inlet. The separators are connected to a common separated water reservoir. The second separator is connected with the combustor for combusting a water-depleted fuel cell exhaust gas stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A portion of desorbed gas is returned back to source gas.Preferred Properties: The pressure of the tower under reduced pressure is increased with highly pure methane gas, before supplying source gas. Adsorption is performed at pressure of less than 1 MPa (G), and desorption is performed at pressure of less than 0.1 MPa (G).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex consisting of metal and organic material is complex of copper and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The p-type semiconductor layer contains molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) or chromium (Cr). The transparent metal film contains titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), nickel (Ni), zirconium (Zr), platinum (Pt) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The group 3 element is aluminum, gallium, indium or boron. The oxide of group 3 element is aluminum oxide (Al2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), indium oxide (In2O3) or boron oxide (B2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon-oxygen three-dimensional crosslinked matrix (1,2) is formed by sol-gel reaction using organosilicon compound of formulae (3) or (4) as precursor. The proton conduction film is formed by using sulfonic-acid sol obtained by oxidizing a solution containing organosilicon compound of formulae (5) and/or (6).R1, R2, L1, L2, m1, m2, n1, n2, A, p = same as defined above;M = polymerizable group which forms carbon-carbon bond or carbon-oxygen bond by polymerization;R3,R4 = hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or silyl;L3 = connecting group of valence (n2+q);L4 = connecting group of valence (n2+1);r = 2-5; andq = 1-3. EXAMPLE - Organosilicon compound of formula (5-2) (in g) (1.61) was dissolved in methanol (4.8). Then, 30 % hydrogen peroxide solution (2.6) was added, and mixed at room temperature for 24 hours, to obtain a colorless and transparent sol. The loss of -SH group of organosilicon compound and generation of -SO3H group was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The obtained sol was stable for 10 days at 5 degrees C. Precursor of formula (3-1) (0.2), 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol solution (0.6 ml) and xylene (0.2 ml) were added to the prepared sol (1.5), and stirred at 50 degrees C for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was applied on a polyimide film UPILEX-75S (TM), and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the solidified film (proton conduction film) was peeled from the polyimide film. The proton conduction film had thickness of 120 micrometer, and ionic conductivity of 0.22 x 10 to the power -3 S/cm. The proton conduction film had favorable flexibility, and resistance with respect to aqueous methanol solution. A fuel cell was produced using the obtained proton conduction film. The output of the produced fuel cell was found to be improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The glass filler contains silica, alumina, boric oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, titania, lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent resin is acrylate resin or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: (I) contains (atom%): hydrogen (10-30), helium (0-5), carbon (0-100), Group III element, e.g. boron, aluminum, gallium or indium (0-5), Group V element, e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth (0-5), oxygen (0-15), halogen, e.g. fluorine, chlorine or bromine (0-8), lanthanide or actinide (0-10) and titanium (0-5).Preferred Process: (I) is deposited on a glass or silicon substrate. The plasma is a radiofrequency plasma. The temperature is 200-350degreesC. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 49.5 sccm (not defined) silane, 49.5 sccm germane, 1 sccm methane and 400 sccm hydrogen was fed into a radiofrequency plasma (13.56 MHz) in a vessel at 200degreesC and 1.8 torr to give a product comprising silicon-germanium crystallites in a partially ordered matrix of hydrogen-containing SixGeyCz.    x and y = 0.495; and    z = 0.01.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel concentration adjusting section is adapted to set the fuel concentration at a higher value if the output power density at the electricity generating units of the upstream-side generating section is higher than that of the electricity generating units of the downstream-side generating section. The fuel cell further comprises a water collection section (70) for collecting water produced by generating electricity at the electricity generating units and for supplying the water to the fuel concentration adjusting section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is an aqueous solution containing alcohol. The fuel is preferably methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The edge element is an integral component of an arrangement consisting of a membrane, first gas diffusion electrode (10) and second gas diffusion electrode (12). The edge element is made from epoxy resin, silicone or polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The gas diffusion layer (15) is joined to the separator plate (5) by resistance welding (preferably), vibrational welding, ultrasonic welding, laser welding, heat lamination, or hot bonding techniques. Preferred Component: A polymer rich layer is included on the top surface of the landing surface. The electrochemical cell component has a resistivity less than a resistivity of a system comprising a gas diffusion layer (GDL) that is not welded to a plate. The surface of the separator plate comprises open flow field channels and the gas diffusion layer does not sink into the open flow field channels.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is thermoplastic polymer from melt processable polymers, partially fluorinated polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, liquid crystalline polymers, polyolefins, polyamides, and/or aromatic condensation polymers. Preferred Composition: The polymer is a blend of 1-30 (5-25) wt.% maleic anhydride modified polymer with the thermoplastic polymer, partially fluorinated polymers, and/or liquid crystalline polymer. The polymer rich outer layer comprises 25-100 (100)% polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive filler is graphite fiber and graphite powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The mating region comprises a first rib (25) and the complementary region comprises a second rib or a groove (30). A polymer rich layer is on the ribs and/or the groove. The mating region and the complementary region are located adjacent to the periphery of the first coolant plate and the adjacent plate. The first coolant plate and the adjacent plate each comprise manifold hole(s). The mating region and the complementary region are at the periphery of the manifold holes. The first coolant plate and the adjacent plate each comprise flow field channel(s) (32). The cell component has a contact resistance less than the contact resistance of two plates that are not joined together. The contact resistance is independent of compression pressure applied to the cell component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer is a thermoplastic polymer, preferably melt processable polymer, partially fluorinated polymer, thermoplastic elastomer, liquid crystalline polymer, polyolefin, polyamide, and/or aromatic condensation polymer. The polymer is a blend of 1-30 (preferably 5-25) wt.% maleic anhydride modified polymers with the thermoplastic polymer, partially fluorinated polymer and/or liquid crystalline polymer. The first coolant plate and adjacent plate comprise graphite fiber, polymer or graphite powder. The polymer rich layer comprises 25-100 (preferably 100) wt.% polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The airtight overlay (8) comprises metallic foil and/or tape. It is impermeable to fuel and is bonded to the fuel container housing such that neither fuel nor oxygen passes between the fuel container (2) and the ambient environment, when the airtight overlay is in place. It is puncturable by manual or automatic mechanisms such that oxygen is introduced into the fuel reservoir, causing oxidation of the fuel when the airtight overlay is punctured.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst (6) is platinum, platinum/ruthenium, or platinum/ruthenium blends.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is an enzyme that breaks down methanol in the presence of oxygen. It comprises alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and/or formate dehydrogenase with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a cofactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction chamber contains a catalyst; and an aqueous metal hydride solution containing sodium borohydride; and hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The regulator comprises a diaphragm seal, a poppet valve, a rocker valve, an inflatable bag, a double piston, a piston pump, a pressure transducer, controller and an electromechanical valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction chamber contains a catalyst; and an aqueous metal hydride solution containing sodium borohydride; and hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The weatherable film is polyvinylidene fluoride, pigmented ionomers, aliphatic urethanes, weatherable grade polyesters, or preferably polyvinyl fluoride (PVF).Preferred Composition: The second outer layer has white opacifying pigment (5-12 wt.%). The ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer comprises vinyl acetate (2-33,preferably 2-8 wt.%).Preferred Component: The layers are adhesively bonded. The outer layer(s) is adhesively bonded to the middle layer(s). The middle layer comprises a polyester film coated on one or both surfaces with polyvinylidene chloride. The second outer surface of the laminate is bonded to the solar panel.Preferred Dimension: The first outer layer has a thickness of 15-50 microns. The mid-layer(s) has a thickness of 10-50, preferably 24 microns. The second outer layer has a thickness of 50-200 microns.Preferred Property: The second outer layer has an optical density of greater than or equal to 1.0. It is greater than or equal to 99% opaque to UV light. EXAMPLE - A laminate was prepared having a first outer layer of PVF having a thickness of 22.5 microns. An adhesive was applied to the first outer layer. The adhesive was controlled to 9 grains/m2 dry. The coated first outer layer was dried to remove the solvent. A layer of polyethylene terephthalate having a thickness of 2 mils was laminated to the PVF. The resulting intermediate laminate was reprocessed, and laminated to a second outer layer of EVA having vinyl acetate content of thickness of 4 mils. The EVA layer contained titanium dioxide pigment (5.5 wt.%), and was opaque to UV light. A photovoltaic cells using the resulting laminate as backing, exhibited 1-1.5% higher power generation than the control laminate having a second outer layer containing no pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ligands are carboxylate, phosphinate or diphenylphosphinate ligands. EXAMPLE - A cubane core complex of Mn4O4(O2P(Ph)2)6 was done by fusing two pre-formed Mn2O23+ units. The cubane core complex was formed after addition of diphenylphosphinate salts to a solution of (Mn2O2(bpy)4)(ClO4)3) in acetonitrile. The initial yield was greater than 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The portion of close circuit is combined in the off-gas supply path. The apparatus has a circulation control unit for stopping the supply of hydrocarbon gas in the modifier and interlocking the gas circulation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has a modifier (4) containing burner (4a) as off-gas unit for reacting hydrocarbon and water vapor as raw material at high temperature to convert into hydrogen rich gas. The hydrogen purification apparatus purifies hydrogen rich gas to high purity hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material has water absorptivity. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic material is methanol, tetrahydrofuran, gamma-butyrolactone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, N,O-bis(trimethyl silyl) trifluoroacetoamide or hexamethyldisilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The charge storage electrode has a conductive polymer such as polypyrrole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Alternatively, the charge storage electrode uses silver iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent-electrode layer consist of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode layer consists of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), gold (Au), iron (Fe) or tungsten (W).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The barrier layer consists of any one of the substance selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, oxidation silicon nitride, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: The metal oxide is copper oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and/or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel cell additionally has a gas permeable membrane to allow carbon dioxide to permeate while not allowing methanol and/or water to permeate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conducting surface portion of the flow plate is a separate metal foil provided at the surface of the core member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The high density columnar ZnO crystal film substance is transparent in the visible ultraviolet region.Preferred Solution: The zinc ion concentration is in the range of 0.07-0.3 mol/l, preferably in the range of 0.08-0.15 mol/l. The temperature of the solution is set between room temperature and 100 degrees C, preferably 50-90 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The difference between the substrate and the Fe-Si based thin film is set to less than or equal to16% (preferably -6 to 16%).Preferred Method: The Fe-Si based thin film is fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering or chemical vapor deposition. The substrate is heated at 600-900degreesC.Preferred Material: The substrate is made of (100) silicon (Si), (111) Si, (100) yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide (Y2O3-ZrO2), (111) Y2O3-ZrO2, (001) aluminum oxide (Al2O3), (100) cerium oxide (CeO2) or (111) CeO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The difference between the substrate and the Fe-Si based thin film is set to less than or equal to16% (preferably -6 to 16%).Preferred Method: The Fe-Si based thin film is fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering or chemical vapor deposition. The substrate is heated at 600-900degreesC.Preferred Material: The substrate is made of (100) silicon (Si), (111) Si, (100) yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide (Y2O3-ZrO2), (111) Y2O3-ZrO2, (001) aluminum oxide (Al2O3), (100) cerium oxide (CeO2) or (111) CeO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate comprises a surface misoriented from the plane by 14-18, preferably 15.8degrees toward the nearest (111) plane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate is a Ge or gallium arsenide substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate is a Ge or gallium arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module comprises connection tabs for interconnecting the surface electrode on the light-receiving surface and the back surface electrode on the non-light receiving surface of the solar cell elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elements are silver and the other elements are titanium, phosphorus and/or its compounds. Preferred Composition: The other elements are included in the first solder layer at 10-100 ppm. The other elements in the surface electrode at 0.05-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elements are silver and the other elements are titanium, phosphorus and/or its compounds. Preferred Composition: The other elements are included in the first solder layer at 10-100 ppm. The other elements in the surface electrode at 0.05-5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode further comprises layers including a first electrode layer at the major surface of the membrane and a second electrode layer overlying the first electrode layer. The first and second groups of particles comprise metallic catalyst particles supported on support particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic catalyst of the first group is PtM, where M = non-noble metals and/or alloys. It can be platinum (Pt)-iron, Pt-tin, Pt-molybdenum and/or their alloys. It comprises silver and the support particles comprise metal oxide. The metallic catalyst of the second group is Pt, Pt-rubidium, Pt-palladium (Pd), Pd, iridium, rhodium, osmium, gold, silver and/or their alloys. The support particles are electrically conductive and from carbon, graphite and/or silicon carbide. The PtM is an electrically conductive black metal.Preferred Method: An air bleed of 0.5-2 vol.% of the fuel stream is used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal component (C) comprises one, or two or more metals (M) chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, lithium, boron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iridium, neodymium, lanthanum, calcium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium and silver, and/or their alloy. The metal component (C) is oxide, nitride or chloride of at least one metal (M). The hydrogen storage functional material is graphite, amorphous carbon, activated carbon, carbon nanotube or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen and work energy are simultaneously produced during the production of electric power. The partial oxidation reaction, an exothermic reaction, is performed using cerium-samarium oxide (CeSmO2), lanthanum-gallium oxide (LaGaO2) or stabilized-zirconia solid electrolyte capable of generating an electromotive force. The solid electrolyte of a fuel cell type reactor is heated using the nuclear heat energy removed from the high temperature gas cooled reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte is obtained by substituting a metal cation to samarium site which centered on 3b group of formula: Ce0.8(Sm1-xMx)0.2O1.9;M = Mg2+, Al3+, In3+, or Ga3+.Preferably, the solid electrolyte is highly efficient solid electrolyte of formula: Ce0.8Sm0.15In0.05O1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin further contains an alicyclic epoxy resin. Preferred Structure: The epoxy resin has dicyclopentadiene-type structure of formula (1).R1-R3 = H or alkyl group;andn = degree of polymerization.Preferred Properties: The content rate of epoxy resin having dicyclopentadiene-type structure with respect to total epoxy resin is 20-75 wt.%. The resin sheet has monolayer of epoxy resin, or laminate of epoxy resin layer, hard coat layer and/or gas barrier layer. The resin sheet has glass transition temperature of 170degreesC or more, light transmittance of 88% or more, fracture strength of 60 N or more, thickness-direction phase difference of 20 nm or less, and photoelastic coefficient of 2x10-11 m2/N. EXAMPLE - Dicyclopentadiene-type epoxy resin of formula (1) (in weight parts) (26.6), HP-7200L (3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (formula (2)) (26.6), methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride of formula (3) (48.5) and tetra-n-butyl phosphonium o,o-diethyl phosphoro dithioate of formula (4) (1) were mixed to obtain an epoxy resin liquid. The epoxy resin liquid is applied on hard coat layer, and cured at 150degreesC for 30 minutes, to form an epoxy resin layer. Thus, a resin sheet of 402 mum thickness was obtained. The obtained resin sheet had favorable coating property, exterior, glass transition temperature of 200degreesC, light transmittance of 91%, fracture strength of 70 N, thickness-direction phase difference of 17 nm at a wavelength of 590 nm, and photoelastic coefficient of 1x10-11 m2/N.    R1-R3 = H;and    n = 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The means for reversing the flow of oxygen-containing gas (OCG) is a 4-way distributor (12) with a valve that can be moved between two positions to divert the gas flow to opposite inlet/outlets of the distributor. The distributor is equipped with a valve control device (13), e.g. a pneumatic piston. The OCG supply circuit (11) comprises a first conduit connecting a first inlet/outlet of the distributor to the first inlet/outlet of the OCG circulation channel in the cathode compartment, and a second conduit connecting a second inlet/outlet of the distributor, opposite to the first, to the second inlet/outlet of the OCG circulation channel in the cathode compartment. The OCG supply circuit (11) comprises a conduit connecting the OCG source (9) to a third inlet/outlet of the distributor and/or a conduit connecting the OCG post-treatment device (10) to a fourth inlet/outlet of the distributor. The hydrogen supply circuit is reversible and includes a 4-way distributor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The silicon crystal is treated chemically and/or electrochemically. Electrochemical treatment is carried out by immersing the crystal into an electrochemical bath (5). An adhesive is applied on the surface of the substrate and/or the casing surface.
EXAMPLE - Pyridinium methyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide (3.18 g) was dissolved in methanol (22.4 g). Ethanol solution of sodium ethoxide (4.29 g) was dripped. 9-decenoxy stilbene aldehyde (1.59 g) dissolved in chloroform (22.53 g) was dripped and curing was performed. The solution was concentrated, and a pyridine derivative crystal was obtained. Iodine (2.5 mg), p-xylene (11.5 g) and the crude crystal were heated and cured to obtain a trans-isomer of pyridine derivative. The derivative (1.18 g), ethyl bromide (60.77 g) and chloroform (59.11 g), were heat-stirred at 40degreesC, cured and concentrated to obtain a crude crystal. Acetone (27.33 g) was added and heated at 60degreesC, to obtain a benzene derivative (compound 35) (1.04 g, 70.7% yield). (35)
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One benzene derivative of formula (42) is disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 3-dimethyl amino propoxy benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride hydrochloride (in g) (2.67) was dissolved in chloroform (42.05) and cooled at -5degreesC. Ethanol solution (4.89) of sodium ethoxide was dropped after cooling. Chloroform solution (20.65) which dissolved trans-isomer of 9-decenoxy stilbene aldehyde (1.52) was added and cured for 7 hours at 15degreesC. The precipitated crystal was filtered and washed with pure water and ethanol. Amine derivative (0.26) of formula (40) was obtained. Ethyl bromide (0.74) and amine derivative (59.25) were reacted at 40degreesC and cured for 30 hours. The precipitated crystal was filtered and cured crystal was washed with acetone (6.88). Trans-isomer of benzene derivative (0.56) of formula (42) with yield of 62.9% was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde of formula (2), and halide compound of formula (3) are reacted in presence of base, and benzaldehyde derivative of formula (4) is obtained. The obtained derivative is reacted with p-xylene bis(triphenyl phosphonium halogen) of formula (5), and the novel benzene derivative is obtained.R1,A = same as defined above;andX1,X2 = halogen atom. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide (in g) (1.12) was dissolved in ethanol (50 ml), and added to solution of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde (2.44) dissolved in ethanol (30 ml). The mixture was stirred, and ethanol was evaporated. The obtained residue was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) (50 ml), and DMF solution of 10-bromo-1-decene (6.57) was added. Reaction was performed in nitrogen atmosphere at 70degreesC for 15 hours, and mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction solution was added to ice diluted hydrochloric acid, and extracted with diethyl ether. Diethyl ether was evaporated, and p-(9-decenoxy)-benzaldehyde was obtained at yield of 69.5%. Sodium ethoxide (0.4 mol) was mixed with ethanol solution of obtained benzaldehyde compound (2.6) and p-xylene bis(triphenyl phosphonium bromide) (3.93). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and reacted at 50degreesC for 10 hours. The reaction solution was filtered, and obtained precipitate was washed with ethanol aqueous solution and hexane. Benzene derivative of formula (14) was obtained at yield of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Benzaldehyde derivative of formula (3) and phosphonium salt of formula (4) are reacted in the presence of a base, and benzene derivative of formula (1) is obtained.R1,R2 = same as defined above;A = halogen atom;andR4-R6 = univalent organic group. EXAMPLE - Octanoxy benzyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide (in g) (2.57) of formula (31) and 9-decenoxy stilbene aldehyde compound (1.59) of formula (27) were dissolved in methanol (20 ml). Ethanol solution of sodium ethoxide (4.29) was further dripped, and the resulting mixture was cured at 50degreesC for 24 hours. The cured mixture was filtered, and a crystal was obtained. Subsequently, the crude crystal was washed using ethanol aqueous solution and diethyl ether, dried, and benzene derivative (1.58) of formula (32) was obtained at the yield of 63.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The organic group is alkyl group, aryl group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and/or amino group, preferably methyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film has average surface roughness of 0.02 microns or less and a thickness of 0.05-5 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a compliant seal material disposed on the coupling for creating a complete seal between the coupling and the fueling port. The fueling port is disposed within an application device being powered by the direct oxidation fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The seal material is selected from fluoroelastomers, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), neoprene or Tygon (RTM: PVC). The coupling comprises a rigid plastic consisting of high density polyethylene, high density polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate or its recycled materials, or Delrin (RTM: acetal resin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The asperities are uniformly shaped and dimensioned, are arranged in a uniform pattern, and are spaced apart by a uniform spacing dimension. The cross-sectional dimension of the asperities to the spacing dimension of the asperities is less than or equal to0.1. The component is a bipolar plate or a manifold. The asperities are projections or cavities formed in the substrate. They are polyhedrally shaped, or cylindrical or cylindroidally shaped. They have a uniform asperity height relative to the substrate, and where the asperity height is greater than a critical asperity height value "Zc" in meters determined according to formula: Zc = d(1-cos(thetaa,0+omega-180degrees))/2sin(thetaa,0+omega-180degrees).d=least distance in meters between adjacent asperities.Preferred Method: The asperities are disposed on the surface by nanomachining, microstamping, microcontact printing, self-assembling metal colloid monolayers, atomic force microscopy nanomachining, sol-gel molding, self-assembled monolayer directed patterning, chemical etching, sol-gel stamping, printing with colloidal inks, or disposing a layer of carbon nanotubes on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimensions: The AlInGaP material for the top cell has a thickness sufficient to attain greater than or equal to 98% absorption of sunlight with a wavelength equal to or smaller than an absorption edge wavelength.Preferred Process: Current matching in a multi-junction solar cell includes adjusting the ratio of an Al composition in a AlInGaP material for a top cell to achieve matching between photocurrents generated in the top cell and a middle cell in a multi-junction solar cell using a solar cell formed with the AlInGaP material and having a pn junction as the top cell, a solar cell lattice-matched to the top cell, formed with an InGaAsN material and having a pn junction as the middle cell, and a solar cell lattice-matched to the middle cell, formed with germanium material, and having a pn junction as the bottom cell.Preferred Ratio: A nitrogen composition ratio in group V element in InGaAsN material is 0-0.03.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grease composition contains 3-35 mass% of a urea compound as thickening agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The catalyst is packed in the later stage of the modifier, and/or in the front stage of the shift-reaction device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises iron, cobalt and/or chromium, supported on alumina or silica-alumina support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The catalyst is packed in later stage of modifier, and/or front stage of shift reaction device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst has a support supported with nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum and/or copper. The support contains zeolite or activated carbon as a main component. EXAMPLE - Chloroplatinic acid (1 mass%) as platinum metal was supported to HSZ-330HUA (zeolite support having BET surface area of 550 m2/g), and a catalyst (A) was obtained. Desulfurized kerosene was supplied to fixed bed flow-through-type reactor filled with the obtained catalyst (A). The kerosene was further supplied to low temperature shift reaction device, and processed to manufacture hydrogen. The temperature of reactor, modifier and low temperature shift reaction device were maintained at 650degreesC, 500degreesC and 240degreesC, respectively. The amount of non-decomposed hydrocarbon compound contained in kerosene was 0 volume ppm, and carbon monoxide concentration after low temperature shift reaction was 0.4 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is provided behind the modifier and/or before the shift reaction device. The catalyst comprises alumina support impregnated with nickel, ruthenium, rhodium and/or copper. The support further comprises an oxide of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or lanthanoid metal. EXAMPLE - De-sulfurized kerosene was introduced to a modifier at 650degreesC, and then to a fixed-bed flow-through-type reactor filled with cerium nitrate and barium nitrate impregnated gamma-alumina catalyst. The obtained gas was introduced to a high temperature shift reaction device at 500degreesC and then to a low temperature shift reaction device at 240degreesC. The obtained gas did not contain non-decomposed hydrocarbon compound and had 0.4 vol.% of dry carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic conductive material further contains organic compound such as onium cation, and alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt. EXAMPLE - Tetrazoate silver (in g) (93.7) and ion exchange water (300) were mixed at room temperature. To the mixture, 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium bromide (62.4) dissolved in ion exchange water (300) was added and the temperature of the mixture was maintained at 30degreesC or less. After 24 hours, the mixture was stirred at room temperature and the deposit was removed by filtration. The volatile matter was removed at 50degreesC under 10-200 mmHg. The residue was dried under reduced pressure for 3 days at 60degreesC to obtain 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium tetrazoate (57, 90% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The initial stage curing reaction of the composition is performed, by providing the composition on a support and progressing the curing reaction such that the resin film is peeled from the support. The composition is formed into a sheet with thickness of 40-2000 mum.Preferred Sheet: The sheet has light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelength of 550 nm, glass transition temperature of 190degreesC or more, and mean coefficient of linear expansion of 40 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. EXAMPLE - Unitika cloth 2117 (S-glass type glass cloth having thickness of 100 mum and refractive index of 1.530) was burnt, and the organic content was removed. The obtained cloth was processed with (gamma)-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane. TEPIC (triglycidyl isocyanurate) (in wt.pts) (72.5), Epiclon EXA1514 (bisphenol S group epoxy resin) (27.5), methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (120), and TPP-PB (tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide) (1.4) were mixed to form a resin composition. The resin composition was impregnated with the glass cloth. The impregnated cloth was heat hardened at 175degreesC under sealing state. The cloth was provided on the PET film, and cured. The transparent composite having thickness of 0.1 mm was peeled from the PET film. The transparent composite had mean coefficient of linear expansion of 11 ppm, glass transition temperature of 234degreesC, light transmittance of 89% at wavelength of 550 nm, and refractive index of 1.527. The transparent composite had excellent solvent resistance with respect to dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Elements: Multi-layer tubes, feeder tanks, connectors, adapters, filters, pump components and valve components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polyesters: Polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate, polypropylene 2,6-naphthalate, polybutylene 2,6-naphtalate, poly-(1,4-dimethylene-cyclohexane) terephthalate and poly-(1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane) 2,6-naphthalate. The polyester moulding material is preferably antistatically-treated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) involves(a) treating N,N-dimethyl-phosgeniminium salt of formula (CH3)2N+=C(Cl)2 with an amine of formula HNR1R2 triethyl amine in solvent;(b) treating a dialkylamine having general structure same as that of (I) optionally containing at least one ester, ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic group with a desired anion; or(c) treating a chiral-di-alkylamine with a desired anion. Preferred Definitions:    X- = ZnCl3-, ZnBr3-, SnCl5-, SnBr5-, FeCl4-, FeBr4-, NiCl3-, AuCl4-, AuBr4-, GaCl4-, AlCl4-, Al2Cl7-, Al3Cl10-, AsF6-, H2AsO3-, H2AsO4-, AsO2-, SbF6-, SbO3-, HcrO4-, HteO3-, HteO4-, HseO3-, SeCN-, NbO3-, TaO3-, RuO4-, MnO4-, ReO4-, BiO3-, VO4- or (Ag(CN)2) -.    EXAMPLE - To a suspension of phosgene iminium chloride (2.14 g) in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.3 M) at 0 degrees Centigrade, a mixture of dibutylamine (3.58 g) and triethylamine (2.93 g) in dichloromethane was added. After 30 minutes at 0 degrees Centigrade, vigorous stirring was maintained at room temperature during 3.5 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum, water (50 ml) and aqueous solution of NaOH (1.31 g) were added, with vigorous stirring. The mixture was then worked up to give (bis-(dibutylamino)-dimethylguanidinium)chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon black has dibutyl phthalate adsorption amount of not less than 50 ml/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon black is present in 20-140 pbw based on 100 pbw of ethylene-propylene copolymer. EXAMPLE - A hose material comprising (pbw) ethylene propylene diene monomer (100), SRF carbon black (100) with toluene discoloration of 40%, process oil (50), peroxide vulcanizing agent (5), co-crosslinking agent (3) and anti-aging agent (0.5) was prepared and evaluated. The results showed tensile strength of 12.1 MPa, elongation of 250%, volume resistivity of 1x106 OMEGA.cm, electrical conductivity of extracted solution of 2.8 micro A/cm and low extraction indicated by electrical conductivity of less than 3 micro S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is made of Raney nickel
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel comprises one of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, butanol, trioxane, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxy methane, dedecanol, butane and tetradecanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises barium, cerium and zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A fuel mixing unit is provided for mixing the fuel and the diluent. The sensor is located in the fuel mixing unit. The sensor comprises an electronic circuit that outputs an electrical signal depending on a change in the volume of the sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sensor is manufactured using polymer ion exchange membrane or resin. The polymeric ion exchange membrane or resin is polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly ether ether sulfone sulfonic acid, perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer polyimide sulfonic acid, sulfonated polyolefin, or sulfonated polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The I-III-VI2 group semiconductor compound is expressed as LMX2 where M is selected from group consisting of copper and silver, L is selected from aluminum, gallium and indium and X i selected form sulfur and selenium. The II-IV-V2 group semiconductor compound is expressed as LMX2 where M is selected from group consisting of zinc and cadmium, L is selected from group consisting of silicon and germanium and X is selected from group consisting of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. The amphoteric element is selected from group consisting of aluminum, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing system further has a control apparatus and a flow-path switching unit in which the gas for desorption-regeneration is flowing. The control apparatus enables continuous hydrogen manufacture by switching the adsorber which adsorbs, and the adsorber which performs the desorption regeneration. The switching unit is provided, when the inflow of reformed gas in the adsorber is interrupted. The decomposed residual component is adsorbed to a portion of the adsorber by the flowing reformed gas, and simultaneously, the desorption-regeneration is performed in the remaining portion of adsorber.Preferred Modifier: The modifier is water vapor modifier, self-thermal-reforming device or a partial oxidation modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is activated carbon and/or zeolite.Preferred Gas: The gas for the desorption-regeneration is a fuel cell anode off gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a line for inducing the fuel cell anode off gas to the modifier equipped with a combustion unit, and a heat exchanger (8) provided at downstream side of fuel cell anode and upstream side of adsorber. The heat exchanger heats the fuel cell anode off gas by heat exchange with another gas in a fuel cell system, to a temperature more than the desorption-regeneration temperature of the adsorber.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer (102) contains 1 or more metals chosen from group IVA to VIA and group VIIIA, preferably titanium, zirconium, iron, cobalt and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The rust-proof performance test of the bearing is performed as per ASTMD1743 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The relative position of substrate and the container, which contains silicon melt solution, is changed with time during the growth of silicon sheet on surface of substrate.Preferred Conditions: The substrate is maintained at 200-900 degrees C while contacting with silicon melt solution, and silicon melt solution is maintained at 1400-1450 degrees C while contacting with substrate. The contact time of silicon melt solution and substrate is less than 10 seconds. The gallium-containing silicon sheet grows at velocity of 0.03 mm/second or more with respect to substrate thickness direction.Preferred Properties: The gallium-containing silicon sheet has variation of specific resistance of +/-0.5 OMEGA. The silicon sheet has thickness of 0.1-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic molecule comprises aromatic compound (preferably aldehyde, ketone, ester having low odor thresholds (preferably butyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, methyl butyrate and/or ethyl 2-methylbutyrate) and/or pyrazine), furanone or diene.Preferred Method: The addition of organic molecules involves injecting the organic molecule into a contained fuel supply prior to fuel cell operation or injecting the organic molecule to a fuel stream during fuel system operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The treatment is preferably rare gas plasma treatment using rare gas(es). A second zinc oxide layer is formed on the substrate before forming first zinc oxide. The second zinc oxide is formed by sputtering.Preferred Components: The rare gas is helium, neon, argon, krypton or xenon. The second zinc oxide is used as underlying layer. An adsorption preventive layer is provided between the zinc oxide layer and p- or n-type semiconductor layer.Preferred Properties: The average thickness of the zinc oxide layer is 10 nm-5 microns. The zinc oxide layer transmits at least 50% of light with wavelength of 800 nm. The zinc oxide layer has resistivity lower than the p-type or n-type semiconductor layer adjacent the zinc oxide layer. A
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The arrangement of the crystal structure of the coating is such that electron diffraction on the coating leads to a diffraction image with point-like reflexes. The coating has a number of islands arranged on the substrate. The substrate is a metallic, semiconducting or insulating substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The first metal layer functions as an infrared reflector. A plating resist is applied to limit plating area. The metal contacts are fabricated to doped regions in a surface of semiconductor wafer (10) by forming a silicon oxide layer (14) over the surface of the wafer; and forming a seed metal layer over the silicon oxide layer an and contacting the doped regions through the oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first metal layer comprises aluminum. The refractory metal comprises titanium tungsten. The plating metal comprises copper. The barrier layer comprises a metal from titanium tungsten or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first metal layer comprises aluminum. The refractory metal comprises titanium tungsten. The plating metal comprises copper. The barrier layer comprises a metal from titanium tungsten or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The porous metal substrate has a bulk porosity of 7-60% before application to the cold spray beam. The average body region pore diameter is the same as the average surface region pore diameter. Upon application of the cold spray, the average body pore diameter is larger than the average surface region pore diameter. The membrane is permeable to hydrogen. Preferred Method: The coated principal surface is exposed to an ion beam to reduce the variance of the coated principal surface or the average pore diameter in the surface region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The membrane contains at least some palladium. The metal substrate is stainless steel, preferably stainless steel 316. The material added is nickel having an average diameter of 1-50 (preferably 5) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The homopolymer is electroactive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first monomer comprises silane. The chemical species comprises 3,4 dioxyethylenethiophene. The first monomer comprises catechol and the chemical species comprises 3-alkythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curing type composition further contains photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinyl ether group-containing (meth)acrylic acid ester is of formula: CH2=CR1-COO-R2-O-CH=CH-R3.R1 = H or methyl group;R2 = 2-20C organic residue;andR3 = H or 1-11C organic residue. EXAMPLE - 2-vinyloxyethyl acrylate (in mass parts) (100), methoxy hydroquinone (0.02) and 2-methyl-2-morpholino(4-thio methyl phenyl)propane-1-one (2) were mix-stirred to obtain curing type composition. The obtained composition was coated on polycarbonate substrate having silicon oxide layer and dried to obtain a substrate. The formed substrate had favorable scuffing resistance, solvent resistance, alkali resistance, acid resistance and surface smoothness property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The supported catalyst of the catalyst supporting conductive material is platinum-ruthenium alloy or platinum-tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The polymer films are polyimide or polypropylene oxide or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic compounds are platinum(II), palladium(II) or nickel(II) acetylacetonate, cyclooctadiene dimethyl platinum(II) or silver tetrafluoroacetylacetonate
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is obtained by supporting metal in a support such as alumina, silica, zirconia, titania or their complex oxides, preferably titania.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.05-15%, preferably 0.1-10% of metal, preferably palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material of hydrogen manufacture is fossil fuel. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution containing rhenium trisalt (1.5 wt.%) and palladium dichloride (1 wt.%) was impregnated into an alumina support. The impregnated support was dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours to form alumina supported catalyst. The catalyst was mashed to form tablet-form catalyst. Reformed gas comprising hydrogen (49%), carbon dioxide (9.5%), carbon monoxide (10.5%) and water vapor (31) of desulfurized kerosene oil was introduced to shell-tube type reactor filled with the catalyst tablets. The gas ejected from the reactor contained hydrogen (74.6%), carbon monoxide (0.5%) and carbon dioxide (24.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Microparticle: The metal microparticle is selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, osmium.
EXAMPLE - A substrate (F-1) was immersed into 0.1 mM chlorine (CH2Cl2) solution of porphyrin compound (C-3) and a self-assembled molecular film (F-2) was obtained. Zinc was introduced to the porphyrin portion, and a substrate (F-3) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fa). The obtained substrate (F-3) was immersed into 0.1 mM CH2Cl2 solution of fullerene substituted imidazolyl porphyrin (D-3) for 2 hours, dried and immersed in CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-4) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fb). The substrate (F-3) was immersed into CH2Cl2 solution of meso-meso connection bis porphyrin (E-6), dried and immersed in CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-5) was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fc). The obtained substrate (F-5) was immersed into 0.1 mM CH2Cl2 solution of fullerene substituted imidazolyl porphyrin (D-3), dried and dipped into CH2Cl2 solution of Grubbs catalyst. Metathesis reaction was performed, and a substrate (F-6) of light functional molecular device was obtained according to reaction scheme (Fd). The obtained molecular device had favorable efficiency with few energy losses, when measured using a apparatus equipped with optoelectric chemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The fluoropolymer has number average molecular weight of 500-1000000. EXAMPLE - Acrylic acid (89.3 mmol) was added to fluorine group solvent (120 g), which was mixed solvent of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-3,3-dichloropropane and 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoro-1,3-dichloropropane, containing complex ((C6F13OCF(CF3)COO)2) (8.9 mmol), and reacted at 45degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hours. The obtained crude product was purified to obtain a fluoropolymer (7.59 g) C6F13OCF(CF3)-(ACA)m-CF(CF3)OC6F13, where ACA is acrylic acid of formula (ACA). The polymer had number average molecular weight of 4140. Aqueous solution of obtained fluoropolymer (3 mL) and mono-layered carbon nanotube powder (2 mg) were mixed and stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The resulting mixture was filtered, and un-dissolved carbon nanotube was removed. A carbon nanotube composition was obtained. The carbon nanotube had solubilization amount of 18.7 mug/mL and solubilization rate of 2.81%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each fuel cell elements has an outer edge that engages the threads of the threaded casing. The outer edge comprises an additional sealing material. The outer edge of the fuel cell elements has square or rounded edge. The assembly includes a spacer between adjacent fuel cell elements, and gas ports in the fuel cell casing. The threads of the fuel cell casing comprise square or rounded grooves. The fuel cell elements are electrolyte or electrode supported. The fuel cell element is anode supported. The swelling of the anode during operation enhances sealing in the threads. The fuel cell element comprises an anode layer (310) on one side and a cathode layer (330) on the other side of the planar electrolyte layer. It has an anode support layer having an electrolyte layer and a cathode layer.Preferred Process: The process includes placing the spacers between adjacent fuel cell elements, using a lubricant to prevent binding during rotation of the fuel cell elements. The lubricant is placed into the threads of the threaded fuel cell casing. It bakes into the threads during operation of the fuel cell to enhance sealing of the fuel cell element, and burns out during operation of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sealing material is nickel or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sealing material is nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: Each of the anode and cathode is surrounded by a non-porous peripheral structure of a suitable material. Each second surface of the anode and cathode has an electrical contact. The pores of the electrolyte are filled with an ionic conductor.Preferred Parameter: The pores of the anode and cathode are on the order of two nm in diameter. The pores of the electrolyte are smaller than the pores of the anode or cathode. The metallized surface is to a depth of 500-2000 Angstrom. The anode pores may be of the same or different diameter than the cathode pores.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode, cathode, and electrolytes are made of silicon, or silicon carbide. The electrolyte structure is made of silicon. The metallic catalyst is platinum or titanium-platinum. The ionic conductor is phosphoric acid. The second surface of the anode is adapted to receive hydrogen gas or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode, cathode, and electrolytes are made of silicon, or silicon carbide. The electrolyte structure is made of silicon. The metallic catalyst is platinum or titanium-platinum. The ionic conductor is phosphoric acid. The second surface of the anode is adapted to receive hydrogen gas or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel cell uses a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. methane, ethane, acetylene, or butane to provide hydrogen to the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cathode comprises gadolinium, anode comprises cobalt, electron transport layer comprises tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum, and hole transport layer comprises N,N'-(bis(1-naph-thyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cathode comprises gadolinium, anode comprises cobalt, electron transport layer comprises tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum, and hole transport layer comprises N,N'-(bis(1-naph-thyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The WGS section reactor is a low-temperature WGS reactor. The high activity catalyst is active at as low as 250 degrees C. The PROX section comprises a low-temperature PROX reactor. It is the only PROX reactor in the fuel processing system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The high activity catalyst comprises a noble metal-on-ceria-based nanophase-structured catalyst, preferably platinum and rhenium mixed metal on a nanocrystalline, cerium oxide-based support. The concentration of CO in the reformate following the further reduction in the low-temperature PROX reactor is less than 50 ppmv.Preferred Properties: The catalyst has a catalyst activity of at least 0.18 moles CO/mole platinum per second at 250 degrees C for a gas composition of 1.5-2.5% CO, 25-35% water (H2O), 30-50% hydrogen (H2), 10-14% carbon dioxide (CO2), and balance nitrogen (N2); a CO reaction order of 0.0-0.10; and an activation energy of up to 20 Kcal/mole CO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed):(1) and (2) can be synthesized by a diels-alder reaction of a dendrimer anthracene derivative and a fullerene. Preferred Compound: The fullerene is 60-70C. The fullerodendrimer is of formula (3).(2) Preferred Component: The thin film comprises an organic and/or inorganic polymer. EXAMPLE - 60C (50 mg) was added to o-C6H4Cl2 (sic) (3.9 ml) in a test tube, and fully dissolved by applying ultrasound. To this was added and dissolved, generation 0.5 polyamidoaminedendron (0.061 g). The test tube was back-filled with nitrogen, and the solution was sealed in the test tube. Stirring was conducted with heating for 4 days at 45degreesC. The reaction solution was refined, yielding generation 0.5 fullerodendrimer (56 mg, 70% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid comprises alcohol, particularly methanol. The fluid may also comprise JP8 (sic) jet fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container may also comprise a polymer comprising poly(vinyl chloride), high density poly(ethylene), polycarbonate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(propylene), polyurethane, and their copolymers and mixtures. The flexible inner container comprises a polymer comprising poly(tetrafluoroethylene), perfluoroalkoxy tetrafluoroethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol), poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidenefluoride), and their copolymers and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A seal material is provided between the first annular electrode and the tubular portion (28). A control circuit is provided for generating an output corresponding to a conductivity of a fluid between the electrodes (24, 26). It is an operational amplifier-based. A calibration circuit is provided. It comprises a zero adjustment circuit, and a gain adjustment circuit. A buffer circuit is coupled to the first electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The seal material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The fuel reforming system is further equipped with:(1) pressure recovery unit provided in the downstream side of the water-recovering unit;(2) carbon-dioxide recovery unit provided between the water-recovering unit and the fuel cell;(3) pressure reservoir and pressure-governing valve provided between the pressure-medium supplier and the modification reactor;(4) solid-removal unit provided between the modification reactor and the water-recovering unit;(5) hydrogen rich gas storage tank provided in the downstream side of the water-recovering unit; and(6) wastewater recovering unit and concentration measuring device provided in the downstream side of the fuel cell.The concentration measuring device detects concentration of gas component in the hydrogen rich gas supplied to the fuel cell. The control in the modification reactor is carried out according to the detected concentration. The pressure reservoir and the pressure-governing valve control the pressure of the hydrocarbon group fuel and water supplied to the reactor, according to the service condition of the fuel cell and according to the gas composition of the hydrogen rich gas. The wastewater recovery unit recovers water ejected from the fuel cell, and supplies it to the pressure-medium supplier. The supplier supplies a portion of hydrocarbon group fuel to the heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains rhodium, cerium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, platinum, nickel, iron and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel contains an oxygen-containing fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzimidazole-type compound is of formula (I).R1,R2 = 1-6C hydroxy alkyl or 1-6C aldehyde;R3-R6 = H or 1-6C alkyl.When R1 and R2 does not correspond to 1-6C hydroxy alkyl or 1-6C aldehyde, then they are H or 1-6C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox system electrolyte, which contains halogen compound and halogen molecule having halogen ion as counter ion.Preferred Compound: The halogen compound is an iodine compound or a bromine compound. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine. The bromine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of bromine. EXAMPLE - An electrolytic solution was prepared using lithium iodide (in mol/l) (0.1), iodine (0.05), iodination-treated dimethyl propyl imidazolium (0.62), acetonitrile, and benzimidazole-type compound of formula (No.1) (0.5). The obtained electrolytic solution was dripped on porous titanium oxide semiconductor thin film (15 microm) having supported with sensitizing dye. A platinum counter electrode was provided on the obtained film, and an optoelectric transducer was obtained. The obtained transducer was irradiated with light having intensity of 100 mW/cm2. The obtained transducer had release voltage of 0.77 V and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deposition of the hardenable material incorporates the deposition of a mat (6) of glass fibre and the covering of this mat with a layer (7) of resin (claimed). The support may be made up of a sheet of anti-adherent material (claimed) which may be a polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The resin is an epoxy resin with a vitreous transition temperature greater than 130degreesC (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The monocrystalline diboride has the chemical formula XB2 where X is at least one element selected from titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) and hafnium (Hf). The semiconductor stopper layer may made of AlyGa1-yN where y is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 or (AlN)x(GaN)1-x, where x is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 or AlN. The semiconductor nitride layer is selected from the elements of Group 13 of the Periodic Classification of elements and arsenic (As).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The conductive powder has a specific surface area of 250-1300 m2/g.Preferred Components: The conductive powder is carbon powder. The catalyst is noble metal(s). The noble metal is platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium, gold or ruthenium. The catalyst electrode satisfies a relationship stating that the weight ratio of the solid polymer electrolyte to the mixture of solid polymer electrolyte and catalyst powder divided by the specific surface area of the catalyst powder (g/m2) at least 0.05 wt.%.g/m2 to at most 0.3 wt.%.g/m2. A liquid fuel, e.g. methanol and ethanol is used as a fuel in the electrochemical device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structure is made by additionally and sequentially laying a third n-layer of non-single-crystal silicon (113), third i-layer of amorphous silicon (114), and third p-layer of non-single-crystal silicon (115), and an upper transparent conductive layer (116) of indium titanium oxide on and in contact with the second p-layer. The ratio of phosphor to silicon of the first i-layer is greater than the ratio of phosphor to silicon of the second i-layer but less than 4 parts per million (ppm). The ratio of phosphor to silicon of the second i-layer is greater than 0.1 ppm but less than the ratio of phosphor to silicon of the first i-layer. The spectral sensitivity adjusting atoms are phosphor atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate has a coating film of an organometallic compound having a metal atom consisting of titanium, palladium or aluminum. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.001-30 mol.% titanium based on the total amount of the complex and the titanium compound. The composition comprises 0.01-100 pbw metal particles based on 100 pbw of the complex.Preferred Property: The particle diameters of the metal particles are at least 10 microns. EXAMPLE - 100 g, 35% Xylene solution of a complex of triethylamine synthesized from triethylamine hydrochloride and lithium aluminum hydride, and alan was weighed into 200 ml flask in nitrogen atmosphere. It was added with 0.23 g titanium bis(ethylacetoacetate)diisopropoxide. The resulting solution was heated to 80 degreesC for 3 minutes and cooled to prepare a composition comprised of the complex of amine compound and hydrogenated aluminum, titanium-containing compound and organic solvent. A 10 cm square glass substrate was immersed in 10% toluene solution of titanium bis(ethylacetoacetate) diisopropoxide for 1 hour and dried at 100 degreesC for 30 minutes and 300 degreesC for 30 minutes to prepare a hydrophilic substrate. The substrate was spin coated with the composition at 1,000 rpm for 20 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, and pre-baked at 80 degreesC to remove the solvent so forming a film. The film was further heated at 200 degreesC for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to provide a film having metallic luster, thickness of 175 nm, density of 2.4 g/cm3 and specific resistance of 17 microOhm. It could be used as electrode for electronic devices.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The dopant is a metal and/or oxide present at up to 3 wt.% of the In2O3 and the product has(i) a CIE- L asterisk a asterisk b asterisk value with L = +44 to +55; a = -6.2 to -8.5; and b = -1 to -12; and(ii) a specific resistivity below 400 ohm. cm at a pressed density of 0.6 g.cm-3.Preferred Process: The solutions used are aqueous, aqueous-organic or organic and the indium, tin and optional dopant are organometallic or salt compounds. The reducing gas is a hydrogen-nitrogen mixture, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and/or ammonia and the dwell-time in the first zone is 0.8-1.5 seconds, while the sum of the dwell-times in the second and third zones is 15 seconds - 15 minutes. EXAMPLE - A mixed oxide powder was obtained by air-jetting an aqueous solution containing indium (III) chloride (88.9 g/l) and tin (IV) chloride (8.4 g/l) via a 0.8 mm diameter nozzle at 1500 ml/hour into a 2 m long reactor tube so that the mixture passed through in 14 seconds, there being a 5 m3 H2 + 15 m3/hour air gas flame with the temperature 0.5 m under the flame being 750 degrees C. At 2.5 m under the flame a H2/N2 gas is introduced at 10 m3/hour, the introduction point being at about 450 degrees C. The solid product is filtered off and treated for 15 minutes at 250 degrees C in presence of a H2/N2 gas
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The protective layer is a weather-resistant film. The protective layer is produced on the thin layer solar cell by polymerizing out corresponding plastic precursor components. The adsorber layer is made from CuInSe2, Cu(In, Ga)Se2, Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 or CuGaSe2. The transparent conductive oxide is made from ITO, ZnO, Zn(Mg)O, Inx(OH, S)y, Zn(Sex, Oy) or conducting polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The precursor component is made from polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The precursor components are compounds of silanes, (meth)acrylates and maleic acid derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material particle is inorganic pigment or metal oxide. The photocatalyst particle is titanium dioxide particle. The photovoltaic film material further contains a binder. The photovoltaic film material is formed in the shape of a coating liquid. Preferred Process: Aqueous solution obtained by mixing hydrated titanium gel, hydrogen peroxide solution, powder containing inorganic material particle and water is mixed with a lithium chloride aqueous solution, to obtain inorganic material particle coated with titanium hydroxide is produced. Then, the obtained product is baked, to obtain photovoltaic film material. Thus, a solar cell having a photovoltaic film is formed. EXAMPLE - Fine particles of selenium red (6 g) having average particle diameter of 0.5 microns and specific gravity of 1.8, was dispersed in water (600 mL). Selenium red dispersion solution was manufactured. On the other hand, water (600 mL) was made to disperse pale yellow color aqueous solution (50.2 g) synthesized by adding hydrogen peroxide solution to titanium hydroxide gel. The selenium red dispersion solution and pale yellow color aqueous solution were mixed, and liquid mixture, which was aqueous solution obtained by mixing hydrated titanium gel, hydrogen peroxide solution, fine particle consisting of inorganic material particle and water. The obtained liquid mixture was applied on electroconductive glass panel and dried, to obtain a photovoltaic film. A solar cell was obtained using the photovoltaic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The protective agent which comprises colloid is polymeric material having nitrogen and/or carboxyl group in the molecule, preferably polyallyl amine, polyethylene imine, poly(N-carboxy methyl) allylamine, poly(N,N-dicarboxymethyl) allylamine or poly(N-carboxymethyl) ethyleneimine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The metal is a noble metal, such as gold, platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and/or osmium. The catalyst is subjected to baking process. EXAMPLE - A dinitro di-ammine platinum solution (in grams) (2), polyethyleneimine (8) and 2000 mL of water were heat-refluxed. A solution containing dimethyl amine borane (3.17) dissolved in 600 mL of water, was added and platinum was reduced. The obtained solution was concentrated, to obtain 4 wt.% platinum-polyethyleneimine colloid. To the obtained colloid, 50 mL of the total amount of metal salt solution and water was added, to obtain a multi-component system metal colloid. Using the obtained multi-component system metal colloid, a catalyst metal and a promoter metal, a catalyst was prepared. The obtained catalyst had excellent exhaust gas purification property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The discrete particles comprise a refractory material from alumina. The cooling medium comprises water comprising steam. The catalyst bed comprises a low temperature shift catalyst, and pelletized zinc oxide. It also comprises a partial oxidation and/or steam reforming catalyst. It may also comprise a high temperature shift catalyst, or a desulfurization catalyst. A second bed comprising a catalyst and/or an inert is included. It comprises a low temperature shift catalyst. The process gas comprises carbon monoxide and steam.Preferred Condition: The coiled tubing has less than 20, preferably 10 m2 of heat exchanging surface/m3 of catalyst bed. The difference between two pressures is preferable less than 0.75 psi/ft of reactor. An inlet temperature of process gas is above 130degreesC. An outlet temperature on the process gas is 550-900degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The discrete particles comprise a refractory material from alumina. The cooling medium comprises water comprising steam. The catalyst bed comprises a low temperature shift catalyst, and pelletized zinc oxide. It also comprises a partial oxidation and/or steam reforming catalyst. It may also comprise a high temperature shift catalyst, or a desulfurization catalyst. A second bed comprising a catalyst and/or an inert is included. It comprises a low temperature shift catalyst. The process gas comprises carbon monoxide and steam.Preferred Condition: The coiled tubing has less than 20, preferably 10 m2 of heat exchanging surface/m3 of catalyst bed. The difference between two pressures is preferable less than 0.75 psi/ft of reactor. An inlet temperature of process gas is above 130degreesC. An outlet temperature on the process gas is 550-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixture is filtered, so that non-hydrogen component(s) of the mixture is separated from the mixture before the mixture is introduced into the separation zone. The mixture having hydrogen gas is generated by the oxidation of group I metals, group II metals, group I metal hydrides, group I metal aluminum hydrides, group I metal borohydrides, group II metal hydrides, group II metal aluminum hydrides, or group II metal borohydrides, with water. It is generated by the oxidation of sodium metal, sodium hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium metal, lithium hydride, or lithium borohydride, with water. The mixture contacts a polymer prefilter prior to contacting the membrane.Preferred Component: The collection zone collects the pure hydrogen gas from the separation zone. The sieve comprises a metal membrane having selective hydrogen permeability. The membrane is supported with a rigid porous structural support member that is in contact with the membrane on its downstream side. It comprises a tubular member having an opening communicating with the mixture, and a closed end.Preferred Property: The mixture in the reaction zone has a total pressure greater than 10 - 100 atmospheres. The tubular member has an average diameter of 0.01 mm - 10 cm, and length of 1 cm - 1 kilometer. The average supported area over the membrane contacted with a rigid porous structural support member is 1 micron2 - 1cm2. The temperature of the membrane is less than 1000 K. The membrane interfaces with the remainder of the separation mechanism in a pressure-tight seal with pressure-lightness that increases with a pressure of at most 700 atm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal membrane is made of palladium, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, yttrium, thorium, zirconium, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is naphthalene or naphthalene derivative. The hydrogenated aromatic compound is decalin. EXAMPLE - Pure naphthalene (32 g) having sulfur concentration of 10 ppm, desulfurized coke oven generated gas (COG) containing hydrogen (in vol%) (56), methane (28), ethylene (3), carbon monoxide (7), carbon dioxide (3), nitrogen (3) and sulfur (10 ppm) were reacted at 20 degrees C and 10 kg/cm2G in presence of Raney nickel catalyst (1.6 g). The pressure of effluent was reduced. The effluent was cooled to normal temperature, and decalin (34.5 g) was recovered. The obtained decalin was supplied to carbon-supported platinum group catalyst layer which was superheated at 210 degrees C, to obtain hydrogen (28 l) and naphthalene (solid) (32 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amount of oxygen in the oxygen-containing gas to supply is 0.001-0.25 in molar ratio of oxygen and carbon in hydrocarbon. The water-vapor volume to supply is 1.5-5 in molar ratio of water and carbon in the hydrocarbon. The front-stage inlet temperature of the catalyst bed is 350-550 degrees C. The boiling point of 90 mass% or more of hydrocarbon to supply is 30-350 degrees C. The sulfur content in the hydrocarbon to supply is 1 mass ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst filled in the front-stage of the catalyst bed contains rhodium, platinum and/or palladium. The catalyst filled in the middle-stage of catalyst bed contains ruthenium. The catalyst filled in the later-stage of catalyst bed contains ruthenium or nickel and has fracture strength of 5-50 kg/cm2. EXAMPLE - Rhodium (in mass%) (0.5) and alumina (residual amount), were mixed to obtain partial oxidation-reaction catalyst. Ruthenium (2.3), potassium oxide (K2O) (3) and alumina (residual amount) were mixed to obtain preliminary modification catalyst. Ruthenium (1.8), cerium oxide (CeO2) (7.5) and alumina (residual amount) were mixed to obtain water-vapor modification catalyst. The obtained partial modification catalyst, preliminary modification catalyst and water-vapor modification catalyst were respectively filled in front, middle and later stages of catalyst bed equipped with a burner provided at the later-stage exit portion.    Raw material mixture containing kerosene (hydrocarbon), water-vapor and air, was supplied from front-stage inlet portion of the catalyst bed. The supplied raw material mixture was heated at 200 degrees C, and the kerosene was modified into hydrogen gas.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydrocarbon is methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic solution contains hydrogen peroxide, or hydroxide of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal, preferably lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or calcium hydroxide. The oxide semiconductor electrode material contains titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grease composition contains 0.5-3 mass% of magnesium compound and 0.05-1 mass% of vapor phase corrosion inhibitor with respect to total amount to grease. EXAMPLE - Perfluoro alkyl ether having dynamic viscosity of 270 mm2/second at 40degreesC, polytetrafluoroethylene, and magnesium oxide or benzotriazole as vapor phase corrosion inhibitor were mixed to obtain a grease composition. The obtained composition was sealed to a rolling bearing. The rolling bearing had favorable rust proof, heat resistance, durability and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The alkali(ne earth) metal salt is preferably a lithium salt. EXAMPLE - Isopar E (RTM: hydrocarbon based solvent) (in g) (250) and a diethyl ether solution of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane were charged to a flask and the temperature was raised to 90 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. Diethyl ether was distilled. The obtained Isopar E (RTM) solution was cooled to room temperature and crystals of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (98.2 mol%) were obtained. Lithium dicyano amide was dissolved in non-aqueous solvent containing propylene carbonate and dimethoxy ethane to obtain electrolyte solution. The obtained crystals (0.1 moles) were added to the electrolyte solution and ion conductive material was produced. The material had ionic conductivity of 9.89x10(-3) S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cells have respective cylindrical shapes, which are concentrically arranged so that the space defines an annular-shaped space between the anode layers of the two adjacent fuel cells. They may have respective flat-shapes arranged in parallel to each other so that the space defines a flat space having a predetermined width between the anode layers of the adjacent two fuel cells. The fuel supply unit is a gaseous or liquid fuel supply unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode layer is made of a fired material of nickel oxide in which lithium is contained in a solid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is a membrane for isolating the fuel and a fuel solvent. The membrane is only permeable to the fuel. It is a single-layered cross-linked membrane allowing the fuel to permeate in one direction. It further comprises a second cross-linked membrane formed on an outer layer of the single-layered cross-linked membrane to permeate only to the fuel under certain circumstances to form a multi-layered complex membrane. A porous substrate is provided between the single-layered cross-linked and the second cross-linked membrane. Preferred Process: The polymer is mixed with the fuel to form a gel-like structure. The second cross-linked membrane is moistened to permeate to the methanol. Preferred Material: The polymer is polyamide, cross-linked polyvinyl acetate, or preferably copolyamide. The cross-linked membrane is polyvinyl acetate, oligomers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The second cross-linked membrane is made of polyvinyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - Methanol (80 g) was mixed with nylon CM80000 (RTM: polyamide resin) (20 g) in a flask at 50degreesC. After the polyamide resin was fully dissolved, the resulting solution was maintained until it solidified. A colloidal fuel supplying apparatus was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Surface (I) comprises a platinum-ruthenium electrocatalyst. Surface (II) comprises a platinum electrocatalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of selectively limiting comprises utilizing a porous, Z-axis electrically conductive, non-linear positive temperature coefficient material (250) located together with the membrane electrode assembly to selectively limit the amount of electrons collected from localized areas of the membrane electrode assembly. The step of utilizing comprises disposing a porous, Z-axis electrically conductive, non-linear positive temperature coefficient material on and in intimate contact with the side(s) of the membrane electrode assembly. The Z-axis electrical resistivity at localized areas of the non-linear positive temperature coefficient material changes from a first value to a second value, in response to a trigger condition at areas of the membrane electrode assembly adjacent to the localized areas of the non-linear positive temperature coefficient material. The trigger condition is created in response to a combination of component(s) consisting of temperature, pH, hydrogen concentration, electrolyte (220) water content, electrolyte thickness, electrolyte ionic conductivity, or electrolyte electronic conductivity of the membrane electrode assembly adjacent to the non-linear positive temperature coefficient material layer, crossing a threshold value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The non-wetting liquid is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises determining a relationship between a mass change and position of the diffusion media in the liquid, and deriving the external contact angle based on the relationship.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The non-wetting liquid is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wetting liquid is n-hexane, n-heptane and/or silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: Preferred Properties: The carbon fibers has increases surface area of at most two orders of magnitude greater than surface areas of the primary fibers. Preferred Methods: The surface area of the carbon fibers is increased by exposing it to carbon dioxide or water. The growth of secondary carbon filaments occurs over a heated surface of the primary fibers in an oxidant-free atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel oil contains de-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-35), de-benzene heavy catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-20), de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline (0-50), light naphtha (5-20) and acrylate (10-50). The fuel oil composition does not substantially contain an antioxidant. EXAMPLE - De-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline (in vol.%) (30), de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline (18), light naphtha (12) and acrylate (40) were blended, to obtain a fuel oil composition. The de-benzene light catalytically-reformed gasoline contained olefin (1.2), aromatic component (20.6) and benzene (0.7). The de-benzene catalytically-reformed gasoline contained olefin (0.7), aromatic component (42.2) and benzene (0.5). The light naphtha contained olefin (0.5), aromatic component (2.3), benzene (1.8) and 9 weight ppm of sulfur. The alkylate contained isooctane fraction (73) and 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane fraction (30.8). The obtained fuel oil composition contained olefin (0.5), aromatic component (14.1), benzene (0.5) and sulfur content (1.1 ppm). The distillation amount (E70) of the composition at 70 degreesC, was 37 vol.%. The 50% distillation temperature (T50) of composition was 82 degreesC. The composition had rapid vapor pressure (RVP), research octane number (RON), density (at 15 degreesC) and vapor lock index (VLI) of 69.5 kPa, 90.4, 0.7 g/cm3 and 952, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gas-flow guiding component is supported with bellows (4) formed by shape memory alloy.Preferred Properties: The gas-flow guiding component is movable along axial direction of the hydrogen separating membrane according to temperature of hydrogen separating membrane. The bellows also moves according to temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen separating membrane comprises an alloy film containing palladium, niobium, vanadium and/or tantalum, and silver, iron and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The film is made of fine crystal silicon or fine crystal germanium or fine crystal silicon alloy or fine crystal germanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The spacer is alkyl group, dendrimer and/or polyethylene oxide. The central nucleus in the dendrimer is coupled with the electron-withdrawing group. The electron-withdrawing groups are carbonyl, ester, amide, sulfoxide and/or sulfonic acid ester groups. The dendrimer is polyamide amine dendrimer, polyphenyl-ether dendrimer, polyphenyl ester dendrimer and/or polyamide dendrimer. The functional groups are hydrophilic-, hydrophobic-, oxidation-reduction property-, molecule recognition-, polymerizable-, metal coordinating- and/or liquid crystalline-functional groups, preferably carboxylic acid derivative, phosphoric acid derivative, diphenyl selenide derivative, alkyl group, fluorinated alkyl (fluorooctyl group), alcohol group, amine group, polyethylene oxide group, dendrimer, bipyridine derivative, phenanthrene derivative, styrene derivative, acrylic acid derivative, cyano biphenyl group, methoxyphenyl benzoic acid ester group, cholesteryl group, saccharide, DNA, ruthenium bipyridine complex and/or porphyrin.Preferred Structure: The fullerene derivative has numerous modified anthracenes having different functional groups coupled with fullerene. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Polyamide amine dendron (0.103 g) was added to o-dichloro benzene solution (3.4 ml) of fullerene (44 mg) and heat-stirred for 4 days at 45degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere. The obtained reaction solution was then purified in column chromatography to obtain brown-oily substance of fullerene dendrimer (65 mg, 70% yield)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell electric power generation system further has oxygen storage tank (5) for storing oxygen as an oxygen-molecule compound, an unit for introducing generated oxygen to the oxygen storage tank, an unit for introducing oxygen from the storage tank to the fuel cell, an unit for supplying water generated in the fuel cell to the decomposition device, and an unit for supplying the exhaust heat of water of decomposition device and/or fuel cell to hydrogen storage tank or oxygen storage tank. The water is decomposed in the decomposition device using electricity or photocatalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen molecule compound and oxygen molecule compound is hydrogen-molecule clathrate compound and oxygen-molecule clathrate compound, respectively. The hydrogen-molecule clathrate compound and oxygen-molecule clathrate compound are respectively obtained by carrying out inclusion of hydrogen molecule or oxygen molecule by contact-reaction of a host molecule and hydrogen molecule or oxygen molecule. The host molecule is a polymolecule group host compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar cell includes an n-type semiconductor layer between the p-type semiconductor layer and the layer A. The second electrode layer is a transparent electrode.Preferred Process: The step of forming layer A involves sputtering. The method includes thermally processing the layer A at 100-300degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The element M is Ca, Sr, and/or Ba. The p-type semiconductor layer is a compound semiconductor comprising copper (Cu), In, and/or Ga, and selenium (Se) and/or sulfur (S). The n-type semiconductor layer is a corn pound semiconductor having Zn; Cu, In, and/or Ga, and Se and/or S. The first electrode layer is made of molybdenum (Mo).Preferred Composition: A content of the element M in the layer A is not more than 20 atm.%. A content of element(s) of Al, In, or Ga in the layer A is not more than 3 atm.%. A ratio of atom numbers between Zn, Mg, and O in the layer A is expressed by: Zn:Mg:O = (1-x):x:l, where x is 0.05-0.35.Preferred Property: The layer A has a volume resistivity of not more than 1 x 10 power 12 OMEGA. cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains transition metal element, preferably nickel catalyst.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is oxide or activated carbon. The substrate is diamond, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, cerium dioxide or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The overcoat agent contains inorganic type binding material chosen from clay, cement, silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol, and organic compound preferably a polymer compound.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is cellulose.Preferred Process: Alternatively, an overcoat layer containing an overcoat agent having hardenability, is coated on the catalyst layer and cured. The catalyst is peeled from catalyst layer formed on surface(s) of base material, by curing. The overcoat layer is heated for combusting the organic compound. The catalyst recovered from the recovery method is further ground.Preferred Condition: The catalyst recovery method is performed by heating, ventilating or maintaining at room temperature.Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains metal oxide preferably zirconium oxide, and a precious metal.Preferred Material: The base material contains a ceramic or metal. EXAMPLE - A catalyst layer containing 2% platinum/cerium0.5Zr0.5 Ox as catalyst and zirconium as binding material, was thinly formed on a cordierite honeycomb component surface to form a catalyst component. The formed component was impregnated into 5 wt.% zirconia sol (overcoat agent) and baked at 900degreesC. A catalyst layer of length 1-5 mm and width of 0.2-1 mm was peeled from the honeycomb component after cooling. The catalyst layer which remained in the honeycomb component, was removed by blowing air to the catalyst component. A cordierite honeycomb component without a catalyst layer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The valve is provided with an elastic body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base substrate of strip is selected from stainless steel, stainless steel 316, nickel, ferrous-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (FeCrAlY) and Inconel 600, copper, aluminum and alumina. The catalyst support is selected from a group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia and ceria. The catalyst coating is selected from platinum, rhodium, palladium, copper, copper-zinc catalyst, gold, iron, molybdenum carbide.CERAMICS - The base substrate is also selected from ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The separated hydrogen is introduced into the pressure swing reactor as a fuel source. The hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is cooled with water to produce steam. The steam is introduced into the pressure swing reformer for reforming hydrocarbons. Portion of the steam is used to power a compressor for compressing another portion of the steam to provide steam at a higher pressure than in the absence of compression. An unreacted synthesis gas and by products are recovered from the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and recycled to the pressure swing reformer. Preferred Condition: The pressure swing reformer is regenerated using a fuel and compressed air provided from a gas turbine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The microreactor includes a finely divided catalyst loaded in the channels. The micromachined path has a width or depth of 10-2000 mum. The capillary tube is treated with sodium/naphthalene complex solution at 55 degreesC, rinsed with methanol, rinsed in glacial acetic acid at 70 degreesC then rinsed in water and dried. A reinforcing sleeve is bound to the capillary tube with epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The fine textures have a height and a width of less than or equal to2 (preferably less than or equal to1) microns, respectively. The fine textures have a height-to-width aspect ratio of less than or equal to2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is an alkaline earth metal oxide and the substance containing copper is synthetic methanol catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The desulfurizer further has a jacket (12) for heating, provided at the periphery of desulfurizer. The heat-conduction medium used in the jacket is heated with a heater (15) or water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The heat-conduction medium is silicone oil or aluminum. The desulfurizing agent is nickel group desulfurizing agent. Preferred Method: The pressure in desulfurizer is maintained higher than the vapor pressure of raw material in the heating temperature of desulfurizer. The desulfurizing temperature and pressure are 150-300degreesC and 0.1-1 MPa, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material is kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dope liquid contains 25-100 weight % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone per 100 weight % of polyether imide type resin.Preferred Film: The film cross section of the hollow fiber membrane in which scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation is carried out has a mesh-like cross-section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The polyimide containing siloxane structure has a divalent organic group having structure of formula (1), and a divalent organic group having structure of formula (2).n(in formula (1)) = 10-500;R1 = tetravalent aromatic group or tetravalent organic group with which multiple aromatic groups are coupled by a single bond, -O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -C(=O)-O-O;R2 = divalent aromatic group or divalent organic group with which multiple aromatic groups are coupled by a single bond, -O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- or -C(=O)-O- ;andn(in formula (2)) = 1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride is an aromatic hydride.
EXAMPLE - A semiconductor electrode which supported poly(3-octyl thiophene) of number average molecular weight 46700, was obtained. Using the obtained semiconductor electrode, a photoelectrode was produced. On the other hand, a counter electrode having same size as that of photoelectrode was obtained. The counter electrode was obtained by dripping an isopropanol solution of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate on fluorine dope tin-oxide transparent electrically conductive glass, followed by drying and heat-processing for 10 minutes at 400degreesC. The counter electrode had a hole of diameter 1 mm for pouring a gel electrolyte comprising electrolyte liquid and 0.1 g of natural higher fatty acid as gelatinizer. The photoelectrode and counter electrode were pressed against each other by heat welding, through a spacer comprising ethylene-methacrylic acid random copolymer ionomer film of thickness 50 mum. The heat-dissolved gel electrolyte was injected into the space of photoelectrode and counter electrode from the hole of counter electrode. The hole of counter electrode was packed by a sensor and an allotropy material, by thermofusion, to obtain a pigment sensitization type solar cell. The gel electrolyte was liquid in the heating state and it gelatinized inside the battery by cooling at room temperature after pouring into the case of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The production of the hydrogen is realized by vapor reforming, partial oxidation, autothermal reforming or hybrid reforming of reagents in a hydrogen generator (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The filter is ruthenium supporting activated carbon filter. The filter comprises activated carbon particles, pair of connection ports, tubular main body, and pair of mesh mechanisms. Each particle supports ruthenium. The pair of connection ports is connected with circulation system. The pair of mesh mechanisms is made of stainless steel. The mesh mechanisms are disposed at the ends and inside of the main body. The filter is upstream of the circulation pump. The cooling system can also comprises circulation system, heat exchanger, fuel cell, and gas injector connected to the circulation system. The gas injector injects inert gas in the circulation system to purge the oxidation reaction product of glycol from coolant. The inert gas comprises nitrogen. The gas injector is upstream the circulation pump.Preferred Methods: The removing step comprises filtering oxidation reaction product, or injecting inert gas to the coolant so as to purge the oxidation reaction product from the coolant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An intermediate synthetic plastic layer is applied to the base layer before deposition of the carrier layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carrier layer is a metal powder including ferritic steel or a chromium-based alloy. An extra component for the formation of a second layer of completely stabilized zirconium oxide and nickel or nickel oxide, and also third, fourth, and fifth layers can be introduced, where the fifth layer comprises perovskite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The metal powder can contain an organic component, e.g. a polyester or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The triazine compound can be prepared by reacting derivative of structure (A) with boronic acid derivative of structure E-Ar or Hal-Ar if R100 is not halogen in the presence of allyl palladium catalyst of mu halo(triisopropyl phosphine)(eta3-allyl) palladium (II) type.Ar = 12-30C aryl (optionally substituted), especially -p-C6H4-C6H5 or -p-C6H4-p-C6H4-C6H5;Hal = halogen, preferably bromo;R100 = halo, e.g. chloro or preferably bromo;E = (i), (ii) or (iii) ; anda = 2-3.Preferred Components: The device comprises anode, hole injecting layer and/or hole transporting layer, light emitting layer, optionally electron transporting layer, and cathode. The triazine compound forms light emitting layer. Preferred Definitions:    W, X, Y = compound of structure (III)-(X); W = -W1-W2-W3; X = -X1-X2-X3; Y = -Y1-Y2-Y3;    W1, W2, X1, X2, Y1, Y2 = 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene or 9,10-anthracene;    W3, X3, Y3 = phenyl-R14, naphthyl-R14, or anthracene-R14;    R11-R17, R11'-R17', R41-R42, R41'-R42', R44-R48 = H, E, 1-8C alkyl -OR5, -SR5, -NR5R6, -COR8, -COOR7, -OCOOR7, -CONR5R6, -CN or halo;    R7 = 7-12C alkylaryl or 1-8C alkyl;    R8 = 6-12C aryl, or 1-8C alkyl;    R13, R13', R16, R15', R20 = H;R20 = H, phenyl, or dibenzyl;R13, R15 = H;    R13', R15' = H, 1-8C alkyl or 1-8C alkoxy;R20 = H, 1-18C alkyl, or 1-8C alkoxy;    R18-R19 = 1-8C alkyl;    R30-R33 = H, 1-8C alkyl, or 1-8C alkoxy.    EXAMPLE - 2,4,6-Tris-(4-bromophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (0.5 g) and 4-biphenylboronic acid (0.816 g) were added to 10 ml toluene under argon. Cesium carbonate (2.238 g) in water (3.5 ml) and 1% palladium (II) catalyst were added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 3 hours. The product was filtered, washed with acetone and re-crystallized from dimethyl formamide. The fine crystals were washed with isopropanol and dried to obtain pure triazine compound product of structure (A1) (0.51 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Formation of electrochemical device comprises electrospraying a second polymer electrode layer onto the side of the electrolyte layer opposite the first polymer electrode layer and electrospinning a first polymer backing layer onto the opposite side of the first polymer electrode layer from the electrolyte layer.Preferred Component: The first polymer electrode layer comprises a catalyst comprising platinum and a perfluorinated polymer with sulfonic acid groups. It is a cathode or an anode layer.Preferred Parameter: The concentration of catalyst in the first polymer electrode layer decreases as the distance from the electrolyte layer interface increases. The porosity of the first polymer electrode layer increases as the distance from the electrolyte layer interface increases. EXAMPLE - A solution of Nafion (2.5 wt.%) was prepared and loaded platinum/carbon particles (20%) were added to the solution. The composite solution was sonicated for 30 minutes to disperse the particles. The resulting solution was electrosprayed onto a flat piece of Nafion 117 film. A custom two-axis computer controlled stage was developed to position the target during electrospraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The straight-chain perfluoropolyether compound has an alkenyl content of 0.002-0.3 mol/100 g, and is of formula (I).X1, X2 = H, methyl, phenyl or allyl;Y1-Y6 = alkenyl, or optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups;r = 2-6;m, n = 0-200; andm+n = 0-400.At least two of Y1-Y6 are alkenyl and the remainder are optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reinforcing filler is carbon black, fumed silica or fumed silica treated with a surface treating agent containing silicon in a molecule. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reforming is carried out at a higher pressure than regenerating the heat of the first zone. The cyclic process has a characteristic DELTAT-HT of 0.1-500degreesC, preferably 0.5-40degreesC. The space velocity is 1000-100000/hour, preferably 2000-50000/hour. The reforming conditions comprise a reforming catalyst having at least a portion heated to 700-2000degreesC. The reform product is reacted over a water-gas shift catalyst to produce a synthesis gas having increased hydrogen concentration. The reform product or synthesis gas is supplied to a hydrogen separator to produce a fuel cell feed gas having increased hydrogen concentration and a purge stream having depleted hydrogen concentration.Preferred Properties: The reactor bed packing material has a volumetric heat transfer coefficient of greater than 0.05 cal/cm3sdegreesC. The packing material is a honeycomb monolith having channel densities of 15-500 channels/cm2. It provides a wetted area greater than 6 cm2/cm3.Preferred Components: The catalyst consists of noble metal components, Group VIII metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium, or zinc. The packing materials of the first and/or second zones are stabilized or unstabilized magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mixing zone comprises a reforming catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pre-reforming catalyst is a supported metal from nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and/or iridium on a refractory support. It comprises nickel supported on an alumina promoted with potassium.The tie inner vessel and pre-reforming zones are cylindrical.The layer of insulation is effective to minimize heat transfer from the secondary reforming zone to the pre-reforming catalyst zone.The effluent outlet is located adjacent to the inner feed plenum.The terminal end of each pre-reforming catalyst is disposed farther distance from the inner feed plenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component has a heat source for heating the cathode off-gas. An oxidation catalyst is provided at the supply portion vicinity. The apparatus has several supply portions provided with respect to the gas passageway.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separation component has palladium or palladium alloy layers laminated on the surface(s) of a base material containing a V group metal or its alloy. The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen-separation component is formed such that the amount of lamination of palladium or palladium alloy is gradually increased. The hydrogen separation component has a diffusion suppression layer for suppressing diffusion of dissimilar metals, provided between the alloys. Alternately, the supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component is made of palladium or vanadium alloy with a V group-metal content less than that of other region. The supply portion vicinity has good water-resistant material brittleness property, and hydrogen permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Carbon and/or silicon carbide is mixed with silicon before and/or after melting. A slag containing silicon oxide, or oxide of alkali metal, carbonate of alkali metal, hydrogen carbonate of alkali metal or silicate of alkali metal, is mixed with silicon before and/or after melting. A gas-blowing pipe is immersed into molten silicon through which the carbon content gas is blown. At least one portion of the gas passageway of gas-blowing pipe consists of oxidation resistant material. The gas-blowing pipe is rotated while blowing the carbon content gas. EXAMPLE - 1 kg of silicon raw material which had boron concentration of about 7 ppm, and a slag material, were dissolved in melting pot of smelting furnace by electromagnetic induction heating. The slag contained silicon oxide powder and calcium oxide powder in a mass ratio of 65:35. Carbon content gas, which contained 70% of volume ratio of argon, 10% of volume ratio of carbon dioxide, 10% of volume ratio of water, was blown through gas-blowing pipe at pressure of 0.2 MPa. The flow rate of carbon content gas was 3 l/minute. The pipe was rotated at 400 rpm and purification processing was performed for 2 hours. The content of boron before and after processing was 7.2 ppm and 0.6 ppm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The controlling unit controls flow rate of oxidizing agent gas from the oxidizing agent gas supplying unit (A) when the discharge of modification fuel is stopped, so that concentration of modification fuel in the gas supplied to the catalyst portion through the fuel introduction chamber is 1 vol.% or less.The quantity of discharge of oxidizing agent gas is fluctuated according to amount of hydrogen to be produced by the reformer.Time required for stopping discharge of modification fuel is extended when the quantity of discharge of oxidizing agent gas is less.The fuel introduction chamber (B) optionally has volume less than the quantity of oxidizing agent gas discharge from the unit (A).Discharge of oxidizing agent gas is also performed when temperature of modification fuel sprayed into the chamber (B) raises to vaporizable high temperature.The oxidizing agent gas supplying portion supplies oxidizing agent gas to the interior portion of fuel introduction chamber so that the oxidizing agent gas optionally forms rotational flow in interior portion of fuel introduction chamber.Preferred Component: The chamber (B) is equipped with heating portion (30) for heating inner wall face.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is phenol type synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The halogenated hydrogen gas is selected from hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr) or hydrogen iodide (HI). The halogen gas is selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. The doping gas is boron or phosphorus-containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye is azoic dyes, sulfuric dyes, vats, oil-soluble dyes, and/or disperse dyes, which do not have a sulfonic acid group or a carboxyl group. The azoic dye is Azoic Blue 10 as defined by SDC. The sulfuric dye is Sulfur Blue 3, Sulfur Blue 6, Sulfur Blue 7, Sulfur Blue 9, Sulfur Blue 13, Sulfur Green 1, Sulfur Red 2, Sulfur Red 3, Sulfur Red 5 or Sulfur Red 7 as defined by SDC. The vat is Vat Blue 1, Vat Blue 3, Vat Blue 4, Vat Blue 5, Vat Blue 6, Vat Blue 12, Vat Blue 13, Vat Blue 14, Vat Blue 18, Vat Blue 19, Vat Blue 20, Vat Blue 35, Vat Blue 41, Vat Green 1 or Vat Red 1 as defined by SDC. The oil-soluble dye is Solvent Blue 36, Solvent Blue 63, Solvent Green 3, Solvent Red 23, Solvent Red 43, Solvent Red 48, Solvent Red 72, Solvent Orange 2, Solvent Yellow 33 or Solvent Yellow 73 as defined by SDC. The base material is water and/or glycols ethers. The coolant composition further contains an anti-rust additive and an anti-foam agent.Preferred Composition: The dye is 0.00001-0.1 wt.%.Preferred Property: The dye does not change or hardly changes the hue of the coolant at 100 degrees C. EXAMPLE - A coolant composition was prepared from ethylene glycol (50 wt.%), solvent blue 63 (0.001 wt.%), and deionized water (remainder). It had low electrical conductivity, and satisfactory heat resistance, having absorbance over 50 after 168 hours at 100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carrier substrate (10) has Cu coatings (20,30) (DCB-substrate; direct copper bonding), or Al coatings (Al-direct bonding).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The metal coating is distributed on the upper side (110) of the ceramic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel of the cell is methanol or a methanol-water mixture, and the oxygen is pure oxygen or a atmospheric oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The membrane comprises a proton-conducting glass. The cathode can be made of ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode comprises indium nickel tantalates, tungsten oxides, and/or titanium oxides, with tungsten oxides, molybdenum oxides, and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode can be made of noble metals or catalytic alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: (1) is disposed upstream of (2) with respect to a flow direction of (g1). The total oxygen supply amount to (1) and (2) by (9, 1Ob, 10c, 10d) is set to increase as a fuel reforming requirement of (8) increases. (D1) further comprises a programmable controller (11) programmed to control (4,5) to increase the oxygen supply amount to (1) relative to the oxygen supply amount to (2), when the fuel reforming requirement is increasing. (8) is configured to reform hydrocarbon fuel using water, and (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15B, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) comprises a mechanism (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15b, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) which supplies water heated by the preferential oxidation heat of (1) to (8). The heated water supplying mechanism (6,7, 12,13, 15a, 15b, 16,17a, 17b, 17c) comprises a heat exchange mechanism (12,13, 16,17a, 17b, 17c), which heats a heat medium by the preferential oxidation heat of (1), causes the heated heat medium to exchange heat with water, and supplies the water to (8). (9, lOb, 10C, 10D) comprises an air supply mechanism (9, lOb, 10C, 10D), which supplies air, and the heat medium comprises part of the air supplied by the air supply mechanism (9, lOb, 10C, 10D). (8) is further configured to reform hydrocarbon fuel using oxygen, and the heat exchange mechanism (12,13, 16, 17A, 17b, 17c) is configured to supply air to (8) after exchanging heat with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The flows of the gases and gas mixtures fed to the chamber and removed from the chamber are controlled so that a constant deposition pressure is formed in the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Electrolytic reduction or heating is performed after drying, followed by oxidization process. Preferred Definitions:    X = monocyclic ring, polycyclic aromatic group, porphyrin group, phthalocyanine group, cyclone group and/or their derivatives.    EXAMPLE - Gold chloride was added to a chloroform-acetonitrile solution of phenyl azomethine dendrimer. Complexation reaction was performed, and the solution was casted on a glass substrate. Ultraviolet irradiation was performed for 1 hour, to obtain a film containing uniform distribution of gold cluster microparticles of diameter 2 nm or less. The obtained gold cluster had a light emission of 450 nm, when irradiated by light of 250 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A second gas separation system is fluidly connected to the rotary adsorption module operable to further purify the usable fuel gas component in the exported portion of the enriched fuel gas, for external use in a downstream system. The high temperature fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell. The rotary adsorption module is additionally operable to deliver at least a portion of the enriched usable fuel gas to the anode inlet. The second gas separation system is a pressure swing adsorption system. Downstream system comprises a high pressure hydrogen storage system operable to store purified hydrogen fuel for dispensing to hydrogen vehicles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The interconnector is formed from lanthanum-chromite perovskite-type oxide. The electrode support is formed from iron-group metal compound and oxide of yttrium, lutetium, ytterbium, europium, holmium, dysprosium, gadolinium, samarium, praseodymium and/or thulium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gas diffusion structure is a fluororesin aggregate of fibers of conductive matter and gives water repellence to the surface of each fiber covered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid has quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt and/or tertiary sulfonium salt as cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Cyclization condensation of phthalaldehyde and cyclohexane-1,4-dione having functional group is carried out and quinone compound which has functional group is produced. The quinone compound is reduced and aromatization is carried out to synthesize polyacene compound.Preferably cyclization condensation of 1,4-dihydroxy polyacene compound of formula (4) and 1,2-diformyl polyacene compound of formula (5) is carried out and a quinone compound is produced. The quinone compound is reduced and aromatized to synthesize the polyacene compound.R1,R2,p,q = as defined above.Alternately, cyclization condensation of 1,2-diformyl polyacene compound of formula (6) and 1,4-dihydroxy polyacene compound of formula (7) is carried out and a quinone compound is produced. The quinone compound is reduced and aromatized to synthesize the polyacene compound. EXAMPLE - 5% ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide was dropped into ethanol solution of cyclohexane-1,4-dione and 4,5-dimethyl phthalaldehyde with stirring. The brown precipitate formed was filtered and vacuum dried and quinone compound of formula (8) was produced. The obtained quinone compound and large amount of aluminum triiso-propoxide were heated in nitrogen atmosphere such that aluminum triiso propoxide melts, and reacted for 12 hours. The mixture was processed using dilute hydrochloric acid and the insoluble product was filtered and vacuum dried. The indigo color solid was sublimed under high vacuum and 2,3,9,10- tetramethyl pentacene of formula (9) having high purity was obtained. An organic semiconductor thin film was formed by vacuum deposition of the obtained compound. An organic semiconductor element was produced using the organic semiconductor thin film. The element had mobility of 1.63 cm2/V.second calculated from gate voltage dependence of electric current satiety region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-splitting medium contains at least 1 type of element of iron, nickel and cobalt. The hydrogen-burning catalyst contains at least 1 type of element selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium and ruthenium. The area ratio of fine powder of hydrogen-burning catalyst occupied to the entire surface of the water-splitting medium is 0.1-30%. EXAMPLE - Iron nitrate ((Fe(NO)3.9H2O)) (in mole) (0.188) and aluminum nitrate ((Al(NO)3.9H2O)) (0.006) were dissolved in water (5 l). Urea (10) was added as a precipitant and the temperature was raised to 90 degrees C with uniform stirring. The solution was maintained at 90 degrees C for 3 hours and the resulting solution containing the precipitate was filtered and washed. The product was dried at 80 degrees C for 24 hours, 100 degrees C for 5 hours and 300 degrees C for 5 hours and baked at 500 degrees C for 10 hours. The obtained medium powder was molded to pellet form with average particle diameter of 5 mm.    Alloy catalyst (1 wt.%) of platinum and palladium in a molar ratio of 1:1 was supported to the surface of the produced iron oxide-alumina (Fe3O4-Al2O3) medium by dip coating, and dried at 100 degrees C for 1 hour. The dry medium was reduced under 5% hydrogen airflow at 450 degrees C for 1 hour. A water-splitting composite medium in which platinum-palladium was supported by the surface of water-splitting medium consisting of iron-aluminum, was obtained. The area ratio of fine powder of hydrogen-burning catalyst occupied to the entire surface of the water-splitting medium was 3%. The water-splitting composite medium was packed in a reaction container of hydrogen supply system for fuel cells, and hydrogen burning reaction and water-splitting reaction were performed. The water-splitting reaction temperature was stabilized within a short time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The selective layer consists of a film containing zinc oxide. The transparent electrode consists of a film having a compound selected from a group containing indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, ITO/zinc oxide laminated film, ITO/tin oxide laminated film.The etching liquid is selected from a group containing acetic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photoelectric converting layer has non-monocrystal selected from non-monocrystal silicon, non-monocrystal germanium, non-monocrystal silicon carbide, non-monocrystal silicon oxide and non-monocrystal silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The temporary and permanent substrates consist of alloys selected from silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon compound, aluminum nitride (AlN), gallium nitride (GaN), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosfide (InP), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), magnesium aluminate (MgAlO), lithium gallium oxide (LiGaO2), sodium chloride (NaCl), glass, quartz, and electroconductive and insulation polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Filler: The glass filler is glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent resin is acrylate resin having two or more structural components formed by cross-linking with (meth)acrylate component having two or more structural components, or epoxy resin having two or more structural components formed by curing epoxy resin having two or more structural components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The base film is fluorine-resin film, cyclic polyolefin-type resin film, polycarbonate-type resin film, poly(meth)acrylic-type resin film, polystyrene-type resin film, polyamide-type resin film or polyester-type resin film. The polyolefin-type resin film is polyethylene-type resin film containing high-density polyethylene, polyethylene, polybutene, polyisobutylene, cyclic polyolefin, or homopolymer or copolymer of propylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The additive is blackening agent containing black pigment, whitening agent containing white colored pigment or blue-ized agent containing blue pigment. UV absorber consists of benzophenone-group, benzotriazole-group, salicylate-group, acrylonitrile-group, metallic-complex, ultrafine titanium oxide or ultrafine zinc oxide. The light stabilizer does not have hindered amine-type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The acidic group is phosphono group. The polymerizable group is vinyl group or epoxy group. The connection group and/or the arylene group are groups containing mesogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amorphous carbon is an organic binding material with a decomposition temperature of 300-550degreesC or a non-ionic water-soluble cellulose ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The catalyst is formed within the porous matrix by decomposition of a catalyst precursor. The catalyst or catalyst precursor is prepared as a suspension or solution. The porous matrix is placed in the suspension or solution. The porous matrix and suspension are agitated ultrasonically to impregnate and disperse the catalyst or catalyst precursor within the fibrous matrix. The nanofibers and/or nanotubes are removed from the porous matrix. The porous matrix is dissolved, reacted, melted, vaporized, or otherwise removed to leave the nanotubes or nanofibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The composite material comprises a porous matrix and greater than 10 wt.% nanofibers and/or nanotubes. It additionally comprises a continuous polymeric phase. The porous matrix may be a carbon-based material or a polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may be a ceramic-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The nonwoven glass fiber member has a thickness of 50-200 mum. The weight ratio of the filler to the nonwoven glass fiber member is 15:30, preferably 4:12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler contains a silane coupling agent. The solar cell element is an amorphous silicon solar cell element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The filler comprises a resin from polyolefinic resins, urethane resins or silicone resins. The surface protective film comprises a non-oriented resin film.Preferred Material: The surface protective film is made of resin from fluororesins or acrylic resins. The reinforcing member is made from plastic, or glass fiber reinforced plastic members.Preferred Property: The surface protective film is 32-45 dyne in wettability index, is 200-800% in tensile elongation rate at break and has an uneven surface provided with irregularities of 5-50 mum in difference of elevation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module further comprises a reinforcing member disposed on the rear face side of the solar cell element, and an insulating film interposed between the solar cell element and the reinforcing member.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing member is made from steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external manifold is machined from a resin, ceramic or metal, cast or molded from a thermoplastic or thermoset resin, or manufactured from plastic/rubber tubing. The thermoplastic material is thermoplastic olefin elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, plastomer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polypropylene or polystyrene. The thermoset material is epoxy resins, urethanes, silicones, fluorosilicones or vinyl esters. The tubing is of silicone, Tygon, butyl, rubber, poly(isoprene) or copolymers of styrene and isoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is introduced into both sub-chambers of the electrolyte chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound having glycidyl structure is a bisphenol-type epoxy resin. The bisphenol-type epoxy resin is bisphenol A epoxy resin.Preferred Composition: The sealing agent further contains less than 20 wt.% of a thermoplastic elastomer, a coupling agent and inorganic fillers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coupling agent is silane-coupling agent. The inorganic filler is alumina and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Initiator: The cationic initiator is diaryl iodonium salt and/or triaryl sulfonium salt. EXAMPLE - RE301S (RTM: bisphenol A epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 182 g/eq) (in weight parts) (30), R301 (RTM: bisphenol-type epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 500 g/eq) (10), Celoxide 2021A (RTM: compound having cyclohexene oxide structure) (30), compound having oxetane structure (30) and silane-coupling agent (1), were heated at 70degreesC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. RHODORSIL PHOINIIATOR 2074 (RTM: diaryl iodonium salt of formula (1)) (3), DETX-S (RTM: diethyl thioxanthone of formula (6)) (2) were added and heat-stirred at 60degreesC. F351 (RTM: acrylic-type core-shell microparticles) (1.5) were added and heat-mixed at 70degreesC for 1 hour. Alumina (20) and synthetic silica (30) were added and filtered to obtain a sealing agent. The obtained sealing agent had viscosity of 70000 mPa.second, at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power generator further comprises an external electrode provided for external connection. The second flow path plate has reinforce member to hold a sectional shape of each flow path formed in the plate. The flow path plate has a penetrating portion formed in a tunnel shape between portions being into contact with the anode electrode or the cathode electrode of the flow path, and an outlet or an inlet of the penetrating portion that is disposed at 0.5-1 mm in the inward direction of the anode electrode or cathode electrode from an end of the anode electrode or the cathode electrode. It is formed by pasting insulating resin members with each another.The direct type liquid fuel cell power generator meets the following condition according to equations (1)-(3):Y at mostY0x2 (1);Y = 1.04x10-4xnI/CMeOH (2)1.0at mostCMeOH at most5.0 (3)where n = number of electromotive portion units which the electromotive portion unit group has; I = current outputted by each electromotive portion unit; CMeOH = concentration of a methanol aqueous solution fuel to be supplied; Y = total amount (1/min) of the methanol aqueous solution fuel supplied to the electromotive portion unit group; and a temperature of the each electromotive portion unit that is 40-70degreesC.Preferred Property: The reinforce member has a sectional area which is at most50% of a sectional area of the flow path and a thickness of at least0.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating member is made of polyether imide resin, polyimide resin, polyamide imide resin, polysulfone resin, polyether sulfone resin, melamine phenol resin, silicon resin, polycarbonate resin, heat resistance vinyl ester resin, bis-phenol F-type epoxy resin, phenol novolak type epoxy resin, phenol resin, diaryl phthalate resin, polyamide resin and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The second p-type layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO). A material for the first electrode is copper, gold, or silver. The first n-type layer is indium telluride (InTe). The second n-type layer is cadmium telluride (CdTe). Preferred Property: The first p-type layer is greater than or equal to99.999999% purity tellurium. It has a thickness of 200-400 microns. The first n-type layer has a thickness of 100-200 microns. The second n-type layer has a thickness of 100-200 microns. The second p-type layer has a thickness of 200-400 microns. The indium in the second p-type layer has a purity of greater than or equal to99.999%. Preferred Composition: The first n-type layer has a composition of 5-30% indium. The second n-type layer has a composition of 5-50% cadmium. The second p-type layer has a composition of 1-30% indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The second p-type layer comprises indium tin oxide (ITO). A material for the first electrode is copper, gold, or silver. The first n-type layer is indium telluride (InTe). The second n-type layer is cadmium telluride (CdTe). Preferred Property: The first p-type layer is greater than or equal to99.999999% purity tellurium. It has a thickness of 200-400 microns. The first n-type layer has a thickness of 100-200 microns. The second n-type layer has a thickness of 100-200 microns. The second p-type layer has a thickness of 200-400 microns. The indium in the second p-type layer has a purity of greater than or equal to99.999%. Preferred Composition: The first n-type layer has a composition of 5-30% indium. The second n-type layer has a composition of 5-50% cadmium. The second p-type layer has a composition of 1-30% indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The detection part comprises electrodes (17) to measure an electric property change between the electrodes where leakage of the fluid is detected. The additive becomes a visible residue when the fluid evaporates. The detection part comprises two detecting substances detecting water and alcohol, respectively, where intrusion of water and the leakage of the fluid are distinguishably detected. The fluid device comprises a fuel cell or water cooling system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The detection part comprises an adhesive tape. The first detecting substance comprises water-soluble ink and the second detecting substance comprises alcohol-soluble ink. The second detecting substance comprises styrene resin, polyolefin resin, polyurethane rubber, polyurethane resin, acrylic rubber, and/or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the current collectors is a bipolar plate confronting the anode of one the cells and the cathode of the next adjacent cell. The film comprises a vapor-deposited conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The filler comprises particles having graphite. The current collector comprises a metal substrate having a coating of the composite. The particles are fibrillose and oriented in the general direction that the electrical current flows through the composite. The filler comprises continuous fibers that extend through the thickness of the composite. The substrate comprises a first acid-soluble metal underlying a second acid-insoluble, oxidizable metal layer engaging the composite.Preferred Material: The filler is gold, platinum, graphite, conductive carbon, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, or rare earth metals. The metal is titanium, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer matrix is epoxies, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Volume: The filler insert comprises less than 67 (preferably less than 33) vol.% of the volume of the cartridge.Preferred Component: The fuel cartridge comprises a connecting column (16), greater than or equal to2 disks (14), and an outlet port (24).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The absorbent material is made from polyester, polyethylene, polyolefin, polyacetal, polypropylene fibers, hemp, cotton, or cellulose acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The fuel modification unit has a catalyst support (12) which holds fuel modification catalyst whereas the catalyst support (20) holds the catalyst which decreases carbon monoxide. The support (12) containing ceramic material and mixed with heat insulation material is baked and manufactured by post forming method. The charge ratio of heat insulating material mixed in the ceramic material is adjusted so as to adjust the heat conductivity of the fuel modification unit according to desired heat transfer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The quinone compound is one or more types chosen from benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone, chrysene quinone and their derivatives.Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrolyte film contains 0.01-20 mass% of the quinone compound.Preferred Component: The membrane electrode joint component consists of anode and cathode provided with the catalyst layer. At least one catalyst layer of the anode and cathode, contains the quinone compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The quinone compound is ubiquinone, phylloquinone, anthraquinone, 2-ethyl anthraquinone and/or 2-t-butyl anthraquinone.    EXAMPLE - Ubiquinone (in g) (0.2) was added to ethanol dispersion liquid of copolymer (A) (200) with solid content concentration of 9 mass%, and mixed. The liquid mixture was dried within a cast for 30 minutes and in 80degreesC drier, and an ion exchange membrane with thickness of 50 microns was produced. The content (mass ratio) of the ubiquinone in the ion exchange membrane was 1.1%. The ethanol dispersion liquid of copolymer (A) was obtained by dispersing CF2=CF2/CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO3H copolymer with ion exchange capacity of 1.1 mEq/g, in ethanol. Subsequently, a coating liquid for catalyst layer formation was obtained using the ethanol dispersion liquid of copolymer (A) and a platinum catalyst. The obtained coating liquid was coated on a polypropylene base film, dried for 30 minutes in 80degreesC drier, and a catalyst layer was formed. Subsequently, a film-catalyst layer joint component was produced using the ion exchange membrane with thickness of 50 microns as solid polymer electrolyte film. The joint component had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The benzo diimidazole compound is reacted with halogenating agent and at least the third or sixth position of the benzene ring is halogenated to obtain benzo diimidazole compound of formula (IV).X1,X2 = H, chlorine, bromine or iodine, either of X1 and X2 is halogen.Alternatively, the carboxyl group-containing compound is reacted with halogenated 1,2,4,5-tetraamino benzene derivative to obtain benzo diimidazole compound. Alternatively, benzo diimidazole compounds of formula (I) are reacted to obtain polymer of formula (VIII).The benzo diimidazole compound of formula (IX) is obtained by reacting phenyl boronic acid with the compound of formula (I). EXAMPLE - Benzo diimidazole compound (in g) (2.9) of formula (1a), sodium acetate trihydrate (3.6), acetic acid (40 ml) and bromine (3.3) were reacted for 2 days at room temperature to obtain brominated benzo diimidazole compound of formula (3a) with yield of 50%. The obtained compound was reacted with dimethyl amino pyridine to obtain benzo diimidazole derivative of formula (4a) with yield of 60%. Tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine)palladium (30.7 mg), 9,9-dioctyl fluorine-2,7-di(propylene boronate) (0.495), toluene (16.6 ml) and the benzo diimidazole derivative (0.632) were charged in a flask. Subsequently, degassed potassium carbonate aqueous solution (8.9 ml) and phase transfer catalyst (0.07) were added and the contents were polymerized at 85degreesC for 79 hours. The polymerization was stopped and polymer (0.835) containing repeating unit of formula (5) was obtained with yield of more than 99%. The obtained polymer was dissolved in chloroform and spin-coated to form uniform thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxidizer is oxygen gas from air, oxygen from decomposing potassium or sodium chlorate, or oxygen from decomposing hydrogen peroxide. The fuel cell consumes a carbon-based fuel cell. The carbon-based fuel cell is a direct methanol fuel cell. The fuel cell is a hydrogen fuel cell utilizing pure hydrogen as fuel or hydrogen contaminated with carbon monoxide as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas bubble forming agent is hydrogen peroxide, preferably at a concentration of 0.01-1 mole/liter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). The PEM is made of an acrylic based polyelectrolyte/fluoropolymer blend, polyhydrocarbon-based sulfonic acid, or preferably Nafion and Aciplex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst layer includes platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal comprises rhodium. The support is alumina. The coating is silica. The noble metal may comprise ruthenium.Preferred Composition: Rhodium is present in the reactor at up to approximately 2%, preferably approximately 1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition may contain organic peroxide (0.5-5 pbw) and polyfunctional unsaturated compound (0.5-10 pbw). An alternative fluoroelastomer composition comprises vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer (100 pbw), liquid fluoroelastomer (10-50 pbw), organic peroxide (0.5-5 pbw), polyfunctional unsaturated compound (0.5-10 pbw), polyol-based vulcanizing agent (0.5-10 pbw).Preferred Components: The terpolymer is vinylidene fluoride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer containing iodine and/or bromine group. The copolymer is vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer containing iodine and/or bromine group. EXAMPLE - Vinylidene fluoride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene (100 pbw), liquid fluoroelastomer (25 pbw), carbon black (1 pbw), calcium hydroxide (1.5 pbw), magnesium oxide (1.5 pbw), aliphatic wax (1 pbw), and triallyl isocyanurate (2 pbw) were kneaded and mixed with 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl peroxyhexane (2 pbw) to make a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet was subjected to press molding at 170degreesC for 10 minutes and to oven cross-linking at 200degreesC for 24 hours to mold a slab sheet. Separately, a test piece for compression set test was molded. The moldings had good kneadability, moldability, and mold releasability; hardness (Durometer A) of 38; tensile strength of 7.2 MPa; elongation of 720%; low-temperature characteristic of -30; and compression set of 8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel cell system also includes a pressure relief valve (29) disposed between the low-pressure area (16) of the diaphragm module and the anode side of the fuel cell(s); pressure sensor (28) for controlling the pressure relief valve in which a signal of the sensor represents a carbon monoxide content and a carbon dioxide content on a low-pressure side of the diaphragm; flow resistance connection between the low-pressure area of the diaphragm module and the anode side of the fuel cell(s); shut-off valve between the low-pressure area of the diaphragm module and the anode side of the fuel cell(s); and bursting disk disposed a connection between the low-pressure area of the diaphragm module and the anode side of the fuel cell(s). Preferred Property: The differential pressure is held below 500 mbar. A third volume for the circulation of fluids in the fuel cell module is greater than or equal to6 times that of the first volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar molecular layers are made of carbon. Preferred Component: The alkaline metal atom is potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium. A planar molecule constituting the planar molecular layer contains a metal element. The metal element is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, aluminum, potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The particle is an atom and/or molecule. The interlayer distance between the planar molecular layers, on a condition that hydrogen is stored, is 0.8-1.2 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar molecular layers are made of carbon. Preferred Component: The alkaline metal atom is potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium. A planar molecule constituting the planar molecular layer contains a metal element. The metal element is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, aluminum, potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: (m) Comprises at least one of poly(vinyl alcohol) and/or poly(vinyl ethylene alcohol) crosslinked with at least one cross-linking agent (c1). (m) Comprises an additional cross-linking agent (c2) or polymerized phosphonic acid bonded by at least one hydrogen bond between the phosphonic acid and phosphoric acid. (c2) Is nitrilo tris (methylene) tri phosphonic acid, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid), phosphono acetic acid, sulfosuccinic acid and/or sulfoacetic acid (preferably nitrilo tris (methylene) tri phosphonic acid reduced by a suitable oxidant). (c1) Is glyoxal, aldehyde and/or (c2) (preferably glyoxal). The oxidant is hydrogen peroxide. EXAMPLE - 50.0 g of 5% solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) and 5.0 g of nitrilo tris (methylene) tri phosphonic acid are weighed in a reaction flask and stirred for 10 minutes. The reaction flask is a 500 ml 3-neck round bottom flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, condenser and nitrogen inlet. Hydrogen peroxide solution is then added to the flask and stirred for one hour. The temperature is raised to 140 C. after which glyoxal is added. The reactants are allowed to react for an additional hour. Thereafter, the resulting solution is cooled and filtered after which the membranes are cast on a glass plate. The membranes are allowed to dry overnight and then they are placed in an oven at 90 C. to cure. During the curing process, water solubility of the membranes is monitored. When the membranes are no longer water soluble, they are removed from the oven.
EXAMPLE - An ethylene acid copolymer ionomer/polyamide blend was cast extruded at a melt temperature of approximately 255degreesC with the addition of 4 wt.% white color concentrate (TiO2) in a thick sheet for use as a backing in solar cell modules. The backing was laminated to the exposed ionomer encapsulating layer of a solar module having the components, in order from the top (glass/ionomer/silicon voltage generating layer/ionomer). Adhesion of the backing to the ionomer was improved by corona treatment. The solar cell met the end use requirement standards, with acceptable performance in accelerated weathering tests.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflection coating comprises metal oxide, preferably titanium; or non-oxide composition, preferably silicon nitride. The metal alkoxide comprises titanium isopropoxide and/or titanium ethoxide. The source gases comprise (chloro)silane, and/or fluoro silane. Preferred Methods: The bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding each semiconductor to the perforated aluminum foil, dissolving the anti-reflection coating at a bond line of each semiconductor, and forming an aluminum-silicon bond between the foil and each semiconductor. The thermo-compression bonding is carried out at temperature less than the eutectic temperature for aluminum silicide formation, preferably less than 577degreesC. The removing of anti-reflection coating comprises exposing portion of the semiconductor to hydrofluoric acid, or by mechanical polishing and/or chemical-mechanical polishing. The metal oxide is deposited on the outer surface of each semiconductor by decomposing alkoxide(s) in chemical vapor deposition reactor or source gases using reactive plasma, or hydrolyzing a metal alkoxide in sol-gel process and condensing the metal alkoxide on the outer surface of each semiconductor during continuous moving. The exposing of semiconductor portion to hydrofluoric acid comprises spraying backside with hydrofluoric acid, immersing the backside in hydrofluoric acid, and applying paste comprising hydrofluoric acid and inert carrier to the back side. The depositing of anti-reflective coating is carried out by vibrating in trays, vibratory bowl tumbling, bowl tumbling, fluidized bed reacting, and/or mechanical stirring. Preferred Properties: The deposited anti-reflection coating is 600-900 Angstrom thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The plastic film support is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material is tin oxide, indium oxide or indium-tin oxide. The carbon thin film contains graphite, acetylene black, carbon nano tube and/or fullerene.
EXAMPLE - Cesium carbonate and titanium dioxide were mixed at a molar ratio of 1:2.65 and baked at 800degreesC for 2 days to form cesium titanic acid (Cs0.7Ti1.825O4). The obtained powder was mixed with 1 N-hydrochloric acid aqueous solution, and stirred for 3 days. The solution was filtered and air-dried to form layered titanic acid powder (H0.7Ti1.825O4.nH2O). Layered titanic acid powder (0.4 g) was added to tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (100 cm3), and shaken at room temperature to obtain milk white titania sol (Ti0.91O2). The solution was diluted with polyethylene imine aqueous solution and pH was adjusted to 9. The obtained solution was adsorbed on a substrate surface, and dipped in titania salt solution for 20 minutes to form a titania sheet ultra thin film. The ultra thin film was heated at 600degreesC such that anatase nano particles having particle size with horizontal size of 100 nm and height of 4 nm was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The mold is a silicon substrate (10) fabricated to define the sub-set of intersecting facets. The sub-set of intersecting facets includes planar facets or non-planar facets. The backing layer (18) is electrically conducting or non-conducting.Preferred Method: The mold is removed by chemical etching. The exposed surface of the mold is pretreated to enhance the growth of the diamond layer (14). Carbon atoms (16) are deposited on the exposed surface (12) to enhance the growth of the diamond layer by exposing the surface (20) to a carbon containing plasma. The plasma is formed by energizing a mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. The diamond is grown by chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The oxide of metal (A) is rhodium, and the oxide of metal (B) is cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Each cell arranged at peripheral portion has enlarged opening area than the opening area of each cell arranged at center portion.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is reforming catalyst, shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst. The reforming catalyst reforms original fuel gas containing hydrocarbon into hydrogen-rich gas. The shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst converts carbon monoxide contained in reactive gas to carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas generated in the steam-reforming process is subjected to shift reaction process and carbon dioxide removal process and subsequently to methanation process. When the carbon dioxide separation membrane is placed at the center of the carbon dioxide removal portion and generated gas is circulated on one side, a fluid with low carbon dioxide partial pressure such as fresh air and water vapor is circulated on other side, during carbon dioxide removal process. The carbon dioxide separation membrane is obtained by impregnating a carbon dioxide absorption solution into a porous material.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has methanation portion provided with methanation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Low temperature steam reforming process is performed at reaction pressure of 9.8 kg/cm2-G, with water vapor ratio (S/C) of 0-5 mol/atom. Subsequently, high temperature steam reforming process is performed. The steam reforming catalyst and conversion catalyst are externally heated. Preferred Method: The temperature of the system is raised to predetermined reaction temperature if the temperature at which water vapor does not condenses is reached after supplying raw hydrocarbon at 200degreesC or less, preferably 120degreesC or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst for low temperature steam reforming process comprises ruthenium-type catalyst. The catalyst for high temperature steam reforming process comprises nickel-type catalyst. Preferred Method: The activation or anti-oxidation of catalyst is performed by circulating through reformed gas (hydrogen-containing gas) in the system at the time of startup/stop. The catalyst used for low temperature steam reforming process restricts feed rate of raw hydrocarbon, when activity of the catalyst is reduced by carbonaceous adhesion, oxidation etc., Water vapor or reformed gas is only supplied and circulated to the device, and carbonaceous materials are removed and the catalyst is regenerated. Preferred Component: A blower for supplying air to the fuel cell is provided to the structure used for supplying or circulating gas at the time of startup/stop, when electric power generation/heat supply is performed combining the reforming device and fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The alkali solution is alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution. The acidic water solution is aqueous solution of organic acid preferably citric acid or phosphorus acid aqueous solution. Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is a compound of formula: MaMbH4-nRn.Ma = alkali metal;Mb = metal of 3A group;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkanoyl oxy group; andn = 0-4.Preferred Method: The amount of hydrogen generation is controlled by controlling the injection rate of hydrogen generation agent into acidic water solution, or aqueous alkali solution concentration of metal hydrogen complex. pH of acidic water solution is maintained less than 4 during hydrogen generation. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal hydrogen complex is sodium borohydride.    EXAMPLE - A hydrogen generation agent which consists of 20 wt.% of sodium borohydride, 25 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and 55 wt.% of water, was packed in a container. 50 g of 40 wt.% citric acid aqueous solution was prepared in another reaction container. The hydrogen generation agent was poured into the citric acid aqueous solution at a rate of 0.75-2.25 ml/minute and hydrogen generation rate was calculated. Hydrogen generation rate was found to increase with respect to pouring velocity of hydrogen generation agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogen generation catalyst is Raney nickel catalyst or Raney cobalt. EXAMPLE - Platinum (in g) (1) having average particle diameter of 1-2 mum was added to 100 ml of hydrazine aqueous solution (20 mass%), and hydrogen was generated immediately after injection of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The base layer comprises niobium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, zirconium and hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide is 0.1-1 mol/l. The heating process is performed at 240 degrees C or more. The tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide is preferably tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide.Preferred Transducer: The pigment sensitization optoelectric transducer contains 5-40 wt.% of titanium oxide particle. EXAMPLE - Acetic acid (in ml) (30) and ortho titanic acid tetra-isopropyl (79) were mixed with 0.02 mol/l of aqua fortis (440) and stirred for 10 minutes, to obtain a white precipitate. The precipitate was separated by filtration. 0.02 mol/l of aqua fortis (440) and acetic acid (30) were added again, to obtain a suspension. The suspension was heat-stirred at 70 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain a semi-transparent sol-form liquid. Heating was performed at 225 degrees C for 10 hours followed by cooling, to obtain a dispersed material of titanium oxide particle. The solid content of the dispersed material was 15 wt.%. The solid content was found to be microcrystalline anatase type titanium oxide of size 12.2 nm (by X-ray diffraction method). Using the titanium oxide, an optoelectric transducer having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is polyalkylene-glycol type resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The stabilizer of the resin is a compound having an amino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The baked silver electrode is obtained by baking the paste consisting of silver powder, metal halide, glass powder, organic binder and organic solvent, and further phosphorus oxide.Preferred Compound: The metal halide is iridium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further comprises 0.1-40 wt.% nickel, 0.01-40 wt.% copper, 0.1-10 wt.% silver, and 0.1-40 wt.% cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic compounds in water is passed through the catalyst under pressure of 5-35 MPa and elevated temperature of 300-450degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of copper and the other element is 25-35 wt.%. The other element contains 0.1-1.0 wt.% manganese, 0.5-2.0 wt.% iron and 0.1-7.0 wt.% zinc. An amount of pores having pore diameters of 80-200 Angstrom occupy a largest volume in the porous structure. EXAMPLE - A mixture of ground aluminum isopropoxide (11.387 g) and hot water (100 ml) was heated at 70 degrees C and stirred for 10 minutes. An aqueous solution of copper nitrate (0.8982 g), an aqueous solution of manganese nitrate (0.0018 g) and ethylene glycol (10 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred at 80 degrees C for at least 1 hour. Then, nitric acid (10 mmole/l) was added in portions to accelerate hydrolysis and pH was controlled to 1-2 to obtain a clear sol. The liquid was stirred for at least 30 minutes at 80 degrees C and then dried by evaporation to obtain a gelled solid and powder. This gel was dried at 180 degrees C for 12 hours, ground to at most 150 microns, further calcined at 500 degrees C for 5 hours, then reduced under a hydrogen atmosphere to prepare copper-manganese/alumina catalyst (3 g) having a total concentration of copper and manganese of 30 wt.% and a manganese concentration of 0.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The alloying additive is made from manganese, magnesium or vanadium. The spinel-forming element is made from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper or vanadium. The second layer is present as an oxide ceramic, preferably as a binary transition oxide, especially V2O5, Co3O4 or CuO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A gas-tight chromium-free spinel layer with the composition Co3-x-yCuxMnyO4 (where x = 0-1.5, y = 0-3 and x + y 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method includes introducing part of the separated hydrogen into the pressure swing reactor as a fuel source, cooling the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor with water to produce steam, introducing steam into the pressure swing reformer for reforming hydrocarbons, and recovering unreacted synthesis gas and by products from the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and recycling the recovered gas and by products to the pressure swing reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anode supply stream comprises reformate from a hydrocarbon fuel processor. The hydrocarbon fuel processor comprises an autothermal reformer. The water transfer device transfers water to the cathode supply stream. The second water transfer device transfers water from the cathode effluent to the air supply stream. The reactant stream is the reactor oxidant stream comprising air. The reactor additionally comprises a water-gas shift reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor, and where the autothermal reactor produces reformate which is supplied, in series, to the water-gas shift reactor and to the preferential oxidation reactor, and where the first water transfer device transfers water from the reformate stream after the reformate exits the water-gas shift reactor and before the reformate enters the preferential oxidation reactor. Preferred Parameter: The air is at less than 50 degrees C, or ambient temperature. Preferred Method: An air moving device is connected to the cathode input, where the air supply stream flows through the air moving device before entering the cathode input, and wherein the second water transfer device is connected to the input of the compressor and transfers water to the air supply stream prior to the entry of the stream into the air moving device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water transfer membrane comprises poly acid. The water transfer devices comprise a membrane, which comprises poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The epitaxially grown diode is electrically connected across at least the first and second cells to protect the first and second cells against reverse biasing. It has a Schottky contact. The bypass diode is space qualified to operate in an AM 0 environment. The diode is 0.5-3.0 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The multi-junction solar cell further comprises a germanium (Ge) substrate (104). A second subcell is fabricated at least in part of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP). A first subcell is fabricated at least in part of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs). A third subcell is fabricated at least in part of Ge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The multi-junction solar cell further comprises a germanium (Ge) substrate (104). A second subcell is fabricated at least in part of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP). A first subcell is fabricated at least in part of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs). A third subcell is fabricated at least in part of Ge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The partition is made of a flexible material that has an intrinsic tension to create a pressure on the reactant material contained within the fuel storage chamber. The movable partition is biased toward the fuel storage chamber to force the fuel material outwardly toward the catalyst chamber. A spring is located within the housing to bias the movable partition. The throttle valve comprises a valve body having a passageway for the fuel material, a movable valve operator to vary the cross-sectional area of the passageway, and a pressure chamber that receives the hydrogen gas from the hydrogen gas outlet. The movement of the valve operator is responsive to the hydrogen gas passing through the hydrogen gas outlet. The pressure chamber has a movable wall affixed to the valve operator. The position of the valve operator, is determined by the pressure within the pressure chamber. The fuel storage chamber further includes the hydrogen gas outlet to allow hydrogen gas from the gas permeable membrane to pass directly out of the container. The fuel container has an upper surface, side surface and a bottom surface and the portion of the fuel container comprising the flexible material is the upper surface. The space is located intermediate the gas permeable membrane and the upper surface. The hydrogen separation chamber receives the discharged fuel, and has the hydrogen gas outlet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage chamber and the hydrogen separation chambers are in the form of flexible bags constructed from a plastic material including nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: A reflective prevention layer is provided between the base material and stain-resistant layer. An adhesive layer is provided between reflection prevention layer and stain-resistant layer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3,R7 = hydrogen or fluorine;    R4 = chain-like hydrocarbon substituted with fluorine atom, or (R5)3Si-; and    R6 = chain-like 1-8C hydrocarbon substituted with fluorine atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Films: The electrode films (2b,3b) consist of perovskite-type metal complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The ring-shaped anatase type titanium dioxide has outer diameter of 10-80 nm and internal diameter 30-40 nm.Preferred Properties: The anatase type titanium dioxide has specific surface area of 40-170 m2/g, and has a surface (101) having integral width of 0.6 or less. EXAMPLE - Metatitanic acid, obtained by hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate, was neutralized with aqueous ammonia, filtered, washed with water and suspended in water. The suspension was processed at 150 degrees C in an autoclave for 12 hours. The processed suspension was filtered, washed with water, dried and ground, to obtain titanium oxide powder having Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 86 m2/g. An electron micrograph of the obtained titanium oxide powder showed that the particles of the powder were ring-shaped and had outer diameter (length of particle) of 40-60 nm and internal diameter (length of hole) of 5-17 nm. The integral width of the surface (101) of the titanium oxide powder was 0.47, when measured by X-ray diffraction. A pellet of titanium-oxide powder was formed by compression molding. The air permeability of the pellet was evaluated and found to be 5 ml/minute, at 1 atm of pneumatic pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor of optoelectric transducer contains at least one type of metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - Aerosil P-25 (RTM, titanium oxide) (in g) (3), acetylacetone (0.2) and Triton X-100 (RTM, surfactant) (0.3) were dispersed with water (6.5) for 6 hours. Polyethylene glycol (1.2) was further added to the dispersion liquid, and a paste was produced. The paste was applied on glass substrate, dried at room temperature, and baked at 500 degrees C for 1 hour by air, and a film with thickness of 10 micro meters was formed on the substrate to obtain semiconductor electrode. Pigment of formula (I) was dissolved in dehydrated ethanol to produce pigment solution. The obtained semiconductor electrode was immersed to the pigment solution at room temperature for 15 hours, and the pigment was adsorbed to the electrode.    An electrolyte liquid consisting of methoxy acetonitrile (8 ml) and 6% aqueous solution of MCDI-6 (RTM) iodine-cyclodextrin clathrate compound (2.12) was prepared and applied between semiconductor electrode and counter electrode consisting of platinum on fluorine tin oxide, and optoelectric transducer was produced. The optoelectric transducer had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid obtained by mixing starting material is applied on a base material, and the base material is heated to form metal oxide film on the base material, or the liquid is heated and applied on the surface of the base material. Especially, the base material is soaked in the liquid having starting material, and the base material having coating is heated. The coating applied on the base material is subjected to plasma irradiation under normal pressure. EXAMPLE - Zinc acetate (15), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (250) and ethylene glycol (5) were taken in a reactor. The temperature of the content was raised to 110degreesC from normal temperature for 30 minutes. The content was stirred for 1 hour at same temperature. The content was cooled to room temperature to obtain transparent solution. The transparent solution was used as coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on a glass panel having thickness of 0.7 mm. The glass panel having coating was heated at 120degreesC for 30 minutes. A preliminary adherent was obtained. The adherent was provided between two electrodes. The coating was subjected to plasma irradiation by passing nitrogen gas. A film comprising zinc oxide crystal was formed. The film had thickness of 0.1 mum and surface resistance of 8x1014 (OMEGA)/square units. The zinc oxide film was transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Electrolytic polymerization is performed by cyclic voltammetry.Preferred Compound: The fullerene is C60. The calixarene is calix(8)arene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The monomer is chosen from thiophene, aniline, pyrrole or their derivatives. EXAMPLE - Electrolytic polymerization of ethylene dioxy thiophene (EDOT) monomer of formula (IV) was performed in presence of a complex of calixarene of formula (III) and C60 fullerene. The calixarene-C60 fullerene complex was prepared by high-speed vibration grinding method. Oxidative electrolytic polymerization of EDOT was performed in cyclic voltammetry cell. Subsequently, thin film consisting of the polymer derived from the monomer, and calixarene-fullerene complex was formed on an electrode, and a fullerene-containing photoelectric conversion property thin film was formed. Subsequently, an optoelectric transducer material was produced using the thin film. The transducer material had excellent optical absorption ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Solar Cell: The solar cell comprises:(a) a transparent substrate;(b) a first transparent inorganic electrode;(c) a buffer layer in the form of a monolayer of residual ions of an inorganic acid or a monolayer of a low-molecular substance selected from phenols, alcohols or organic acids that is stable in the vapor phase;(d) a p-conducting organic semiconductor layer;(e) an n-conducting organic semiconductor layer; and(f) a second inorganic electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acids: Hydrochloric, phosphoric or sulfuric acid is used for producing a monolayer on the electrode surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal component of the alcoholate is the same as that of electrode material (I). In particular the material for the inorganic electrode is indium-tin oxide (ITO) applied to a substrate and the alcoholate is tetra(tert.-butoxy)-tin. The subliming low-molecular substance is 8-hydroxy-quinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Side face (4) comprises an adhesive, a heat conductive paste or a film, preferably of Al2O3, Al nitride (AlN), boron nitride (BN), Si carbide (SiC) or diamond filled polymer. The bipolar plates consist of graphite or carbon filled conductive polymers, or of Ti coated with Al or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preparation: The alloy is prepared by preparing a powder by milling a mixture of elemental powders and/or pre-alloyed substances of the elemental ingredients of the alloy to be prepared in adequate proportions to obtain the required alloy; and annealing and/or sintering the prepared powder at elevated temperatures in a crucible for a short period in an inert or reactive atmosphere.Milling comprises ball milling, or mechanical alloying in the presence of an anti-sticking agent(s).Annealing and/or sintering is carried out at higher than 600 degreesC but at least 1100 degreesC in a steel crucible. Preferred Definition:    x = 0.4-1;    y = greater than 0 and up to 0.3;    t = 0.85-1.2;    M = mischmetal;    T = Si, Ge, or Ga.    EXAMPLE - (Ca0.64Mm0.36)1.1N5 was synthesized by mechanical alloys in a SPEX high-energy ball mill under argon. An MmNi5 powder, Ca granules, and Ni powders were used as starting materials. After alloying, an isothermal annealing was performed in a tubular furnace under argon. The mechanically alloyed powder was sealed in a stainless steel crucible before annealing. The powder was heated to 105 degreesC at 30 degreesC/min, and held at 1050 degreesC for 1 hour, then cooled down to room temperature in the furnace. A hydrogen absorption/desorption cycling experiment was performed at 30 degreesC under an absorption pressure of 3.5 MPa and a desorption pressure of 0.01 MPa. The absorption and desorption time was 12 minutes respectively. Under these conditions, the alloys could be fully hydrided and dehydrided. The hydrogen purity was 99.999%, and the maximum storage capacity was reduced to 1.23 wt.% after 250 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first and second catalysts are in a ratio of 1:1. They both include 50 wt.% platinum (Pt) or Pt alloy. The carbon particles (22, 30) in the first and second catalysts comprise at least one of Acetylene Black, Black Pearls, Ketjen Black, Vulcan (RTM) and combinations of Acetylene Black, Black Pearls, Ketjen Black and Vulcan (RTM). The catalyst composition further includes a catalyst loading of less than 0.4 mg/cm2. The first catalyst includes 50 wt.% Pt formed on Vulcan XC72 (RTM) carbon particles having a BET surface area of 250 m2/g. The second catalyst includes 50 wt.% Pt formed on Ketjen Black carbon particles having a BET surface area of about 800 m2/g.Preferred Property: The second catalyst has a surface area of 800 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The Pt alloy comprises at least one of platinum-ruthenium (PtRu), platinum-cobalt (PtCo), platinum-iron (PtFe), PtMi (sic), platinum-tin (PtSn), platinum-titanium (PtTi) and Pt alloys having any suitable transition metal or other non-noble metal catalysts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst composition is used as part of one or both of the anode and the cathode in the membrane electrode assembly. The membrane electrode assembly is part of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The ambient atmospheric pressure includes atmospheric and near atmospheric pressure.Preferred Dimension: The gap is less than approximately 1 cm, preferably approximately less than or equal to 1 mm. The coating is approximately 0.04 mg/cm2.Preferred Component: The pulsed laser is on the opposite side of the first layer from the layer of catalyst and gap. It is an excimer laser. The coating includes a finely divided weblike network of particles, which are approximately less than or equal to 3 nm in diameter.Preferred Parameter: The fluence of the beam pulse is 0.5-1.5 J/cm2. The beam pulse duration is less than or equal to 0.5 seconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is a noble metal. It is a metal from copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium.Preferred Component: The gap contains a gas including air or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is a noble metal. It is a metal from copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium.Preferred Component: The gap contains a gas including air or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first medium is a polymer. The second medium includes carbon and perfluorosulfomate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive support plate contains elements selected from a group of yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), ytterbium (Yb), thulium (Tm), erbium (Er), holmium (Ho), dysprosium (Dy), gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm), praseodymium (Pr), nickel (Ni) or nickel oxide (NiO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material (I) contains a composition having zirconia, and the material (II) contains a composition having lanthanum and/or calcium. The material (III) contains a mixture having titanium-type perovskite-type oxide and/or cerium-type fluorspar type oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains at least one metal chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, cobalt, iron, rhenium, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum or copper, or their compounds, preferably platinum or rhodium. The catalyst has a catalyst support which is one of activated carbon fiber, alumina, titania, zirconia, silica, zeolite, mesoporous material, carbon nanotube or fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol for hydrogen ion supply, is a primary alcohol or secondary alcohol, such as monool with saturated chain-shaped alkyl group and alcohol (including isomer) with its derivative(s), unsaturated chain alkyl group or its derivative(s). The alcohol for hydrogen ion supply, is an alcohol having saturated chain alkyl group or its derivative(s) (including isomer), alcohol with cyclohexyl group or its derivative(s) (including isomer), or alcohol with unsaturated chain alkyl group or its derivative(s) (including isomer). Oxidizing agent (80) of oxygen ion is one of oxygen gas, air, oxygen-containing gas and hydrogen peroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (I) is nickel, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium or cerium dioxide. The catalyst (II) is nickel, platinum, ruthenium or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ionic Substance: The ionic substance is represented by formula (2). The ionic substance comprises onium cation and dicyano amide anion.R1-R5 = organic group. EXAMPLE - VZ019 (tin oxide film formed on glass, as FTO substrate) was subjected to sputtering using platinum to form platinum film with thickness of 300 nm. A counter electrode was obtained. High purity titanium oxide, water and polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 500000 were mixed uniformly. The obtained solution was applied on FTO substrate and dried at 100degreesC. The coated substrate was heat processed at 450degreesC or more for 1 hour to form porous titania thin film electrode as semiconductor electrode. The electrode was immersed in ethanol solution containing Ruthenium 535 (cis-bi(isothiocyanate)bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)-ruthenium(II)) (ruthenium nitride pigment) for 10 hours. A semiconductor layer having film thickness of 10 mum was formed on the semiconductor electrode. The semiconductor electrode having ruthenium nitride pigment was obtained. Lithium iodide (0.1 mol/L), iodine (0.05 mol/L), 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodine salt (0.3 mol/L), t-butyl pyridine (0.5 mol/L) and 1-methyl-3-ethyl imidazolium dicyano amide were mixed to form an electrolyte liquid. The electrolyte liquid was used for forming a charge transfer layer. The counter electrode, the semiconductor electrode and the charge transfer layer, were sealed using Hi-milan (sealing agent) to form pigment sensitized solar cell. The space between the counter electrode and the semiconductor electrode in the case was 20 mum. The energy conversion efficiency (eta) of the solar cell was 1.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Methane-fermentation of liquid containing primary slurry and/or secondary slurry, is performed by arranging granule shape methane bacterium and bio-film support (11), which consists of fiber and/or its processed material, in the processing apparatus. 6-7 wt.% of residue solid substance, 65-68 wt.% of sawdust and 25-28 wt.% of charcoal are used for methane fermentation. The apparatus of mechanism, which performs methane-fermentation primary slurry and/or secondary slurry in the presence methane bacterium and produces methane gas, is a tank which has bio-film support which consists of fiber and/or its processed product, and granule shape methane bacterium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silica-type particle has a cavity. The electrolyte film further contains a proton donor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organosilicon compound is given by formula: RnSiX4-n, where R is 1-10C (un)substituted hydrocarbon, X is 1-4C alkoxy, silanol, halogen or H, and n is 0-3. The organosilicon compound has a ring-opening property functional group in substituted hydrocarbon group containing oxygen. EXAMPLE - Silica-type particle organic solvent dispersion liquid (A) was obtained by carrying out solvent substitution of dispersion liquid silica-type microparticles having average particle diameter of 2 nm and refractive index of 1.31, by isopropyl alcohol. The silica-type particle organic solvent dispersion liquid (A) (in g) (1.47) and (gamma)-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane (1.19), were stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Tungstosilicic acid 26 hydrate (proton donor) (0.15) was added. Subsequently, water (2.66) was added and hydrolyzed. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours. A coating material for electrolyte film formation was obtained. The obtained coating material was filled in a frame-type made from Teflon R. The filled material was dried for 3 days at 60degreesC, cut and hot-pressed at 150degreesC and 5 MPa for 30 seconds. An electrolyte film having thickness of 0.33 mm was obtained. The obtained electrolyte film had excellent strength, proton conductivity, thermal stability and durability. A fuel cell was obtained using the electrolyte film. The fuel cell had excellent electric power generation capability, and voltage maintenance property even at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet comprises a polyethylene resin with a density of 0.94-0.97 g/cm3.Preferred Fibre: The inorganic fiber is glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer is a gel electrolyte layer containing a gelatinizer, mineral salt of iodide and viscosity lowering agent containing iodide of heterocyclic nitrogen compound and/or aliphatic compound.Preferred Compound: The carboxylic acid compound is an acetic acid. The gelatinizer contains polyvinyl pyridine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The fused mineral salt is 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film comprises benzotriazole group and/or triazine group ultraviolet absorber and indole group and/or azomethine group specific wavelength absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hydrophilic resin is polyvinyl alcohol-type resin.Preferred Composition: 0.1 times or more of the hydrophilic resin is contained in the liquid mixture, with respect to the mass of silica which carried out equimolar conversion of alkoxysilane.Preferred Method: The polymeric base film is formed using a film raw material resin blended with inorganic layered compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The silicon density of the coating layer in 25degreesC, is more than 0.65 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - 1.7 ml of 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid was added to mixture containing tetra ethoxysilane (in g) (4.17), isopropanol (3.7) and water (0.52). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 minute. The whole quantity of the mixture was added to 4 mass% solution (7.45) of polyvinyl alcohol Kuraray PVA124C and water, and stirred for 1 minute. The resulting coating liquid was applied on a support, dried at 120degreesC for 5 minutes, and an organic-inorganic hybrid coating layer of thickness 100 nm was formed, and a laminated film was obtained. The laminated film had oxygen permeating rate of 0.02 ml/m2.day.atm or less, both at 23degreesC and 0% relative humidity and at 23degreesC and 90% relative humidity, and water vapor permeability of 0.02 g/m2.day or less at 23degreesC and 90% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The flow amount of modification water and hydrocarbon-type fuel are increased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel and maximum generated energy in fuel cell are decreased, and favorable deterioration degree is acquired. The outlet temperature of modifier is maintained constant, by controlling the flow amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel to the heating portion of modifier. The outlet temperature of the modifier is controlled to predetermined temperature, which is calculated from driving information of amount of hydrocarbon-type fuel for accumulation modification and/or start-stop frequency. The feed rate of air to carbon monoxide removal device is decreased, and concentration of carbon monoxide is reduced in the reformed gas passing through carbon monoxide transformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor fine particles contains material selected from the group containing titanium oxide, zinc oxide or strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer compound in the paste for forming semiconductor layer contains polyethyleneglycol or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode comprises an insulating member (104) and a conductive foil body. The insulating member comprises an acrylic adhesive layer. A part of the insulating member located at a position higher than the average thickness of the coating film has a low wettability to the coating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Material: The coating film comprises a thermosetting coating material.Preferred Property: The thermosetting coating material before curing has a viscosity of 1-50 mPa-s. The average thickness of the coating film is less than or equal to0.5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating film comprises a coating material containing an acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrate forming gas is methane, propane, ethane, carbon dioxide or natural gas. The seed material is seed of ice particles or hydrate crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell end plate further comprises a first alignment member in contact with the first structural member, the first alignment member configured to receive a first end of the plurality of vertical members; and a second alignment member in contact with the second structural member, the second alignment member configured to receive a second end of the vertical members. The vertical members comprise a first tab lanced and folded from the first alignment member, and a second tab lanced and folded from the second alignment member, each of the first tab and the second tab having a slot formed in their end. The vertical members comprise a hollow tube. The fuel cell end plate further comprises orifices in the fuel cell end plate, each orifice configured to control a flow of reactant or coolant into a fuel cell in contact with the fuel cell end plate. A catalyst disposed between the first and second structural members, and coated on the first and second structural members. A baffle(s) is positioned between the first and second structural members.Preferred Dimension: The first tab is disposed at an angle of 90degrees with respect to the second tab.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The structural members are formed of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The mesoporous precursor material comprises gels prepared with surfactants. The surfactants are pluronic P-123, pluronic F-127, pluronic F-77, pluronic P-104, pluronic F-38, pluronic L-121, Vitamin E TPGS, Tergitols, Triton-X, polyethylene glycol, alkyl ammonium halides, and/or alkyl amines. The mesoporous precursor material comprises metal oxide. The metal oxide is silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, vanadium pent oxide, indium tin oxide, and/or calcium aluminate. The fiber has a diameter of 10-1000 nanometers. The conducting fluid introduction device is a metal needle with a flat tip and a glass pipette. The target is a metal screen, mechanical reel, aerodynamic current, or an aqueous liquid. The flow characteristics of the jet stream are electrically controlled by electrode(s). The electrode is disposed adjacent to each conducting solution introduction device. The apparatus comprises a pressure source for supplying conducting solution to the solution introduction device at a pressure. The pressure source is adapted to control the supply rate of conductive fluid at a constant flow rate. Preferred Parameters: The electric field is 5-100, preferably 20 kilovolts. The conducting solution is fed to the conducting solution introduction device at 0.1-1000 micro liters/minute. The rate is controlled by maintaining the conducting fluid at a constant pressure or flow rate. Preferred Methods: The electro spinning a fiber from a conducting solution in the presence of an electric field established between a conducting solution introduction device and a target comprises forming an electro spinning jet stream of the conducting solution, and electrically controlling the flow characteristics of the jet stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains (i) a complex oxide containing active ingredients (I and II), or (ii) zinc and active ingredients (I and II). Preferred Property: The temperature of generated gas, is 500degreesC or less. MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING - Preferred Modifier: The alcohol modifier has shift-reaction device and selection oxidation-reaction device. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate (in g) (100), molybdenum chloride (127) and ion-exchange water (320 ml), were mixed and stirred. The obtained solution was impregnated into zinc oxide powder (43), dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 2 hours. The baked powder (128), ion-exchange water (400 ml) and nitric acid (3 ml) were mixed. The obtained slurry was supported to ceramic honey-comb having cell density of 400 cells/cubic inch, diameter of 3.5 cm and length of 12 cm, to obtain catalyst containing zinc oxide (43), molybdenum (51) and copper (33). The catalyst generated gas having hydrogen concentration of 70% and carbon monoxide concentration of 3%, and had reduced amount of by-products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Material: The carbon-type material has flat surface type molecular structure, and is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer comprises mono-layer structure of ITO or Sno2, or laminated structure of ITO and Zno, or laminated structure of ITO and Sno2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The removable metal layer comprises Al layer or Ag layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solid content of the compound having the anion (I), is 10-100 wt.%. EXAMPLE - n-Butyl bromide (in g) (205.5), methyl-pyrrolidine (85) and 2-butanone (MEK) (400) were mixed and stirred at 50 degrees Celsius under nitrogen stream. The temperature was maintained at 80 degrees Celsius for 2 hours, and reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was filtered to obtain yellowish white crystals of 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide (MBPyBr). The crystals were washed twice with MEK, and white MBPyBr was obtained with 90% yield.    Sodium dicyanamide (89) was dissolved in ion exchange water, and filtered to remove the insoluble content. The filtrate was mixed with a solution containing silver nitrate (169) and ion exchange water (360), maintained at 40 degrees Celsius, and filtered, to obtain white powder. The white powder was washed with methanol and vacuum dried at 50 degrees Celsius for 20 hours, to obtain dicyanamide silver (AgDCA) (170) with a yield of 98%. The AgDCA (78.8) and ion exchange water (200) were mixed.    The mixture was mixed with a solution containing the MBPyBr (62.4) and ion exchange water (300), and maintained at 30 degrees Celsius or less for 24 hours. The solution was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 60 degrees Celsius for 3 days, to obtain 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidinium dicyanamide (MBPyDCA) (62) with yield of 93%. The MBPyDCA had viscosity of 30 mPa.s, moisture content of 30 ppm or less, chloride ion concentration of 200 ppm or less, silver ion concentration of 150 ppm or less and nitrate ion concentration of 50 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The light sensitivity substance contains chalcogenide type compound semiconductor which comprises cadmium sulfide, cadmium-selenium, zinc sulfide and zinc-selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: During welding with the foil support, the foil is moved directly on the support element relative to the roller electrode. The foil contains palladium and copper. The foil is annealed in a vacuum after welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The starting material and the catalyst are treated together with a supplementary material capable of functioning as a reaction promotion medium. A surfactant is present with the catalyst. The reaction product containing nano-carbon material is heat-treated at 400-2800 (preferably 600-2200)degreesC in a gaseous atmosphere composed of argon, helium or nitrogen.Preferred Components: The supplementary material is a solvent to dissolve the starting material, a solvent to dissolve the catalyst, water, helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide or ammonia. The transition metal element-containing material comprises nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, ruthenium, rhodium or palladium. The nano-carbon materials contained in the reaction product comprise microunits shaped in a filament-like form, worm-like form and/or tubular form. The microunits have transition element at or in the tip portion. The tip portion has a transition metal, a transition metal oxide, transition metal carbide or a transition metal sulfide.Preferred Parameters: The pressure is 2-40 MPa and the temperature is 200-650 degrees C. The starting material has a dielectric constant of 1.5-25 at 25 degrees C. The microunits comprise an aggregate comprising microunits having an average diameter of 4-400 nm. The microunits have a length of 100 nm to 100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent to dissolve the starting material is carbon dioxide, aromatic hydrocarbons or ethers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is made of material selected from copper, aluminum and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus also includes a second outlet for removing the larger constituent components from irradiation chamber; an electrical connection between the irradiation chamber and the reaction chamber for conveying electrons from the irradiation chamber to the reaction chamber; electrical device connected to the electrical connection and driven by the electrons; proton conducting device for extracting protons from the irradiation chamber; first collection unit connected to the first outlet for collecting the smaller constituent components; a second collection unit connected to the second outlet for collecting the larger constituent components; recirculating passageway for recirculating some components back into the irradiation chamber; recirculating pump for recirculating the components; and gas source connected to the reaction chamber by an inlet passageway. The irradiation device is an electron beam device for irradiating the gas with an electron beam. The separation arrangement includes a rotary member for rotating about an axis. It also includes a waveform generator for separating the smaller constituent components from the larger constituent components, and a reaction chamber connected to first outlet for reacting the hydrogen ion with oxygen. The rotation of the rotary member causes the larger constituent components to move outwardly relative to the axis of the rotary member and the smaller constituent components. The second outlet is positioned outwardly from the rotary member for removing the larger constituent components. The rotary member includes radially extending partitions (14). The waveform generator provides cyclic bi-directional time variant electric field. The cyclic bi-directional time variant electric field extends between first and second regions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The smaller constituent components comprise hydrogen ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst substance is platinum, ruthenium, silicon, carbon, aluminum, magnesium, cobalt, iron, nickel or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion exchange group is sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group, linear sulfone group and/or perfluoro carbon linear sulfone group.Preferred Membrane: The ion exchange membrane is formed using ion exchange-property material chosen from perfluoro sulfonic acid, non-fluorocarbon sulfonic acid, partially fluorinated carbon sulfonic acid, perfluoro carboxylic acid, non-fluorocarbon carboxylic acid, partially fluorinated carbon carboxylic acid, perfluoro phosphoric acid, non-fluorocarbon phosphoric acid and/or partially fluorinated carbon phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cylinder comprises a valve at the bottom end to control the flow of the water. The container is made of mild steel or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal of the metal hydride is sodium, boron, lithium, potassium or magnesium with aluminum, or any metal hydride capable of releasing hydrogen. The aluminum that is used in powder form is 5-50% to increase the density of the metal hydride and to produce more hydrogen per unit volume by reacting with an alkali, preferably sodium. The byproducts comprise sodium hydroxide and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The encapsulation of metal hydrides is done using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with less plasticizer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), brittle polyolefins or (preferably) polystyrene or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (a), the hydrogen-rich reformate is produced from the hydrocarbon feed and humidified air. Mini-CPO receives the hydrocarbon feed and the humidified air from the sources and provides hydrogen-containing reformate gas. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: (A) Further comprises a source of hydrocarbon feed and a source of air. The source of air is a source of humidified air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be carbon, graphite, or metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise metallic screens or foams.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be carbon, graphite, or metal oxides comprising silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water transfer particles can be non-perfluorinated polymers comprising polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). The porous matrix may comprise foam. It further comprises a fluoropolymer and a hydrophobic material (25). The hydrophobic material may comprise polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), perfluoro-alkoxy compound, polyphenylene, and/or polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). Preferred Property: The alternating density regions have a periodicity of less than 1 cm. The high particle density regions are hydrophilic to define an advancing contact angle of 135-180 (preferably 160-168)degrees and a receding angle of 95-135 (preferably 95-105)degrees along major surfaces of the media. The porous matrix defines a thickness of 20-1000 (preferably 200) microns, and a permeometer number of 50 ft3/minute/ft2 or a Gurley permeometer number of 20-100 ft3/minute/ft2 at 0.5 inches of water. The hydrophobic layer has a thickness of less than or equal to 125 microns. The major faces have a loading less than or equal to 5 mg/cm2 of diffusion media surface area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, carbon, or graphite wovens.
EXAMPLE - Nickel acetate tetrahydrate (in g) (62.7) and zinc acetate dihydrate (14.5) were dissolved in ion exchange water. gamma-alumina (6.7) having particle size of 80 mum was added to obtained aqueous solution. Sodium carbonate (37.1) was dissolved in ion exchange water, stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature, dropped into aqueous solution, and a precipitate was formed. The precipitate was baked at 360degreesC for 4 hours after drying at 120degreesC for 10 hours to obtain baking powder (27). The powder was compressed to obtain catalyst (6 cm3) having particle size of 1-1.4 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid hydrogen-containing powder-form ceramic is solidified, and preserved as metallic hydrogen with a high melting point.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The liquid hydrogen solution is preserved in a vacuum container made from styrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: Polyimide has thickness of 1-250 mum.Preferred Composition: Polyimide contains inorganic filler, alkoxysilane, its hydrolysis substance or condensation polymer. Content of alkoxysilane, its hydrolysate, or condensation polymer is 1-50 wt.% with respect to polyimide solid content in silica (SiO2) conversion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Inorganic filler consists of glass having silica, or silica as main constituent. Content of the inorganic filler is 1-50 wt.% with respect to polyimide solid content. The surface of inorganic filler is modified with silicon compound having alkyl group.Preferred Compound: Alkoxysilane is a single compound of formula (I) or mixture of compounds having organic functional group.R1-R3 = CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C6H5, CH3O, C2H5O or C3H7OR4 = CH3, C2H5 or C3H7Preferred Properties: The inorganic filler has average primary particle diameter of 0.01-1 mum. The shape of the inorganic filler is a globular form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is provided between light guide plate and reverse side material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The total number of repeating unit of formula (I) contained in charge transport property material compound, is 5-100000.Preferred Unit: The repeating unit of formula (I) is preferably repeating unit(s) of formulae (II)-(IX). Preferred Definitions:    Ar = group chosen from group of formulae (a-j).    EXAMPLE - Phosphorus oxychloride (in g) (0.8) was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (50 mL) and stirred at room temperature. (4,4'-bis(carbozol-9-yl)-biphenyl) (CBP) (2.42) was dissolved in dry chloroform (15 mL) and stirred at room temperature, to obtain formyl compound (4-(carbazol-9-yl)-4'-(3-formylcarbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl). Triphenyl phosphine (1.83) was dissolved in benzene (50 mL), and brominated methane was added and stirred at room temperature, to obtain a phosphonium salt. The obtained salt was dissolved in dry diethyl ether (50 mL) under dry nitrogen airflow. Hexane solution of butyl lithium (4.4 mL) was added, and stirred. Formyl compound of CBP (2.18) dissolved in dry diethyl ether, was added and Wittig reaction was carried out, to obtain vinyl compound (4-(carbazol-9-yl)-4'-(3-vinylcarbazol-9-yl)-biphenyl).    Vinyl compound of CBP (1.8) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere. Azobisisobutyronitrile (3 mg) was added and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, and polymerization was carried out. The reaction solution was added to methanol (100 mL) and solid content was washed using dilute hydrochloric acid. Dissolved ingredient was removed and insoluble portion was separated. The resulting mixture was dissolved in chloroform and reprecipitation was carried out using methanol. A polymer of formula (X) was obtained, which was a charge transport property material. The compound had favorable film-forming property.    n = more than 0.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R5 = H or 1-10C optionally branched alkyl, preferably H; and    R5 = optionally branched 1-10C alkyl, preferably methyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Dipyridyl benzothiadiazole derivatives (A) are claimed, e.g. 4,7-di-pyridin-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (A1).    6 Dipyridyl bisbenzothiadiazole derivatives (B) are claimed, e.g. 7,7'-di-pyridin-2-yl-(4,4')bisbenzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (B1).    EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo benzothiadiazole (in mg) (300) and 2-stannyl pyridine (950) were dissolved in 10 ml of toluene. Palladium catalyst (Pd(PPh3)4) (235) was added and refluxed at 110 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction material was cooled, 1.0 M of aqueous ammonia was added and the solution was extracted using chloroform. The organic layer was washed using a salt solution and dried using sodium sulfate. The solvent was distilled and purified to give 4,7-di-pyridin-2-yl-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (A1; yield: 81%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Transducer: The transducer has the electronic transport-electric charge separated layer formed on electrode (I), electric-charge amplification layer (5) containing potential inclined dendrimer and contacting the layer (A), electrolyte layer containing oxidation-reduction material and contacting the electric-charge amplification layer, and electrode (II) in contact with electrolyte layer.Preferred Method: The metal-oxide semiconductor is applied on electrode (I) to form the electronic transport-electric charge separated layer. Subsequently, electron carrying layer (21) was formed on the separated layer and is made adsorb the pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electronic transport-electric-charge separated layer contains metal oxide semiconductor and pigment (22).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dendrimer: The potential inclined dendrimer is a phenyl azomethine dendrimer of formula e.g.,(I, III).R = carbon atom, nitrogen atom, amine derivative, phenyl derivative, heterocyclic-ring derivative, porphyrin derivative or phthalocyanine derivative;D = dendrobium sub unit of formula (II);R = nitrogen atom or phenyl group;N = nitrogen atom;M = SnCl2;n = 1-6;m = 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The photoactive layer may be formed by mixing the electron donating material and the fullerene derivative with a liquid and then drying to form the photo-active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron donating material is conjugated polymers, conjugated oligomers, conjugated molecules that are free of repeating units, or quantum dots and well. The conjugated oligomer or polymer is oligomers respectively polymers of thiophenes, phenylenes, fluorenes, polyacetylenes, isothionaphtenes, benzthiaziazoles, and/or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon cluster is formed of 70-960 (preferably 76-240) atoms. The electron donating material can be inorganic semi-conductive nano-particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The degree of derivatization of the fullerene derivative is 1-3 fullerene-addend bonds per fullerene. Part of the addend is an aliphatic hydrocarbon with 1-12C. The addend comprises an aryl-(carboxylic acid alkyl)ester group.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of fullerene/electron donating material in the photo-active layer is 10:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sensitizing Dye: the sensitizing dye further contains another light functional material other than the light functional material of formula (1). Preferred Definition:    X = (un)substituted amino group; and    R1,R2 = cyano group .    EXAMPLE - Para-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (in g) (10.0), cyanomethyl diethyl phosphonate (13.1) and piperidine (0.1) were dissolved in 200 ml of ethanol and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. Solvent was depressurizing distilled, and orange solid was obtained. The crude solid was purified and (1-cyano-2-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-phosphonic acid diethyl (15.8) was obtained. The obtained compound was hydrolyzed in acetonitrile, and the solid formed was recrystallized in alcohol to manufacture (1-cyano-2-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-phosphonic acid (7.9). The sensitizing dye so obtained was dissolved in ethanol or water. A titanium oxide electrode formed by providing titanium oxide paste on electroconductive surface of transparent electrode, was dipped in the above pigment solution and heated. The colored electrode was dried and washed using alcohol solution of 4-t-butyl pyridine and photoelectric conversion electrode having titanium oxide porous layer was obtained. A photoelectric conversion cell was assembled using the photoelectric conversion electrode, an electrolyte layer and electroconductive counter electrode. The cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 1.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The support material further contains oxides of yttrium and ytterbium. The iron-group metal is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cylindrical carbon compound is carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanohorn.Preferred Acid: The strong acid is 5-35N sulfuric acid and/or 10-14N nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material is foam metal, mesh, felt, punching metal or expanded metal. The porous material contains nickel.
EXAMPLE - A grease composition was prepared by blending a thickening agent (in mass%) (15), polyol ester base oil having dynamic viscosity of 26 mm2/second at 40degreesC, benzotriazole (1) and molybdenum dithiophosphate (2). The grease composition was found to have excellent rust-proof property by JIS K2246 and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The manufacturing apparatus of low carbon monoxide reformed gas further has a unit for removing moisture content of reformed gas. The fuel reforming system further has carbon dioxide removal unit. Preferred Method: The manufactured reformed gas from modification reaction device is cooled. Pressure, temperature, liquid space velocity and water/fuel ratio are controlled in supercritical modification reaction device during reaction of fuel and water, according to the component concentration of reformed gas. The moisture content removed from the removal device is supplied to supercritical modification reaction device. Preferred Conditions: The molar ratio of water/(carbon in fuel) is set to 1-4. The hydrocarbon-type fuel contains oxygen-containing fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains rhodium, cerium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, platinum, nickel, iron and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen acceptable component is 5C or less hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide.Preferred Gas: The gas containing gas of oxygen acceptable component and hydrogen gas, is coke oven gas.Preferred Process: The tetrahydro borate is formed by mixing a hydrogenation catalyst to the raw material.Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenation catalyst contains nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, copper, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium.Preferred Borate: The borate is meta-borate of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal. The borate is separated from used fuel of fuel cell. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The tetrahydro borate is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is stacked with a material layer chosen from molybdenum layer, silicon dioxide layer, aluminum oxide layer, titanium oxide layer, soda lime glass layer and stainless steel thin plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The controlled atmosphere for performing annealing of silicon crystal, further contains hydrogen gas, argon gas, nitrogen gas and/or helium gas, along with oxygen gas. The granular silicon is subjected to annealing by mounting it on a quartz glass. The melting of granular silicon is carried out at 1460degreesC or less.Preferred Structure: The diameter of granular silicon is 1000 mum or less.Preferred Gas: The reactive gas is oxygen gas and nitrogen gas.Preferred Film: The silicon compound film is a silicon oxynitride film having thickness of 1 mum or more. EXAMPLE - Granular silicon with particle size of 400 mum was subjected to RCA cleaning, and packed on a pot of quartz glass. The silicon was then heated in an argon gas atmosphere containing reactive gas of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas, from room temperature-1150degreesC for 30 minutes, to form oxynitride film on the granular silicon surface. The silicon was then heated at 1400degreesC for 5 minutes, 1435degreesC for 3 minutes and 1350degreesC for 10 minutes. The molten silicon was then solidified by cooling to 1300degreesC or more. The solidified silicon was annealed for 90 minutes under argon gas atmosphere of 0% oxygen partial pressure, and then cooled to 400degreesC at a cooling rate of 5degreesC/minute or more, to obtain granular silicon crystal. The concentration of oxygen in the obtained granular silicon crystal was 1.8x10 power 18 atoms/cc. A solar cell was formed using the obtained silicon crystal. The conversion efficiency (electrical property) of the solar cell was measured by irradiating light of preset wavelength, and found to be 7.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The purified gas (G) contains water vapor as oxidizing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The opening end surface of the gas blowing hole is a non-vertical plane with respect to moving direction.Preferred Process: The stirring material is rotated by the rotary shaft-driving unit, centering the shaft. A gas blowing hole is formed parallel to rotating direction, and an opening is formed at the reverse direction of the rotation direction, in the opening end surface.Preferred Property: The ratio (X/Y) of moving direction dimension (X) of opening of gas blowing hole and moving direction dimension (Y) of opening end surface of gas blowing hole is greater than 0.1 and equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxides: The oxides of titanium are titanium dioxide (TiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3) or barium titanate (BaTiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Oxide: The oxide of titanium is doped with a metal selected from niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tungsten (W) or lanthanum (La).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foil: The shading foil is polyethylene terephthalate film or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The electroconductive gas-flowing material is non-woven fabric and/or foam, or metal porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photobase generator is carbonyl compound of formula (2).R1 = H, 1-10C alkyl or alkoxy, halogen or 1-10C alkyl or alkoxy group containing one or more silicon;R2 = nitro group;i = 1 or 2; andR3 = phenyl, naphthyl, 1-10C linear or cycloalkylwhen i = 2, two R2 groups mutually coupled with benzene ring in ortho position. The organic solvent used for forming coating solution during pattern formation is chloroform, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, methyl cellosolve acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol propyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethyl lactate, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone or 4-heptanone. The assistance solvent is N-methyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl acetamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone or dimethyl sulfoxide. Preferred Definitions:    R = (un)substituted phenylene, (un)substituted fluorenylene, (un)substituted vinyl or (un)substituted thiophenylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The channel system has straight parallel channels. The second layer of channels intersects the channels in the channel system. The second layer of channels is closed at both ends. The channels of the channels system remain open through their length. The closed surface is perforated in the area of the channels. The perforated surface of the channel system comprises separate interlayer placed on the surface of the channel system. The channels in the channel system are provided with distribution and collection holes. The fuel cell is high temperature fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: Coupling comprises pushing pin actuatable by human user, the pin puncturing the cartridge. It comprises a pump actuatable by electronics mechanism, the pump pumping fluid from the cartridge to the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger is of tube and fin, tube and shell or bar and plate type.Preferred Process: The first stage (WGS) reactor is a high temperature reactor operating at 300 - 500degreesC. The second stage (WGS) is a low temperature reactor operating at 200 - 280 or 300 - 400degreesC. The reformate gas enters the first stage reactor at a temperature of 300degreesC, the heat exchanger at a temperature of 370degreesC, the second stage reactor at a temperature of 310degreesC and exits the second stage reactor at 315degreesC. The heat exchanger uses air, which enters and exits the heat exchanger at ambient temperature and 360degreesC respectively, steam or liquid water to cool the reformate gas. The heat exchanger is positioned between the primary reactor and the (WGS) reactor or between the (WGS) reactor and the preferential oxidation reactor or within the (WGS) reactor assembly or between the first and second stage reactors. Both the first and third heat exchangers of the fuel processing system contain the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is selected from precious metals, iron(II,III) oxide/chromium(III) oxide and copper(II) oxide/zinc(II) oxide. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The CO-catalyst comprises iridium and is applied on top of the CO-sorption material. The CO-sorption material comprises hopcalite and/or zeolite. It is applied as a base layer of the substrate. The CO-sorption material and the CO-catalyst material are applied in a single layer on the substrate. The single layer has alternating regions of the CO-sorption material and the CO-catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The first and second modes are defined as a function of a reactor operating temperature. The first mode has an operating temperature of not more than 100degreesC. The second mode has an operating temperature not less than 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The substrates further define second set of flow channels through which a coolant flows in heat transfer relationship with the substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material having a variable dipole moment includes conjugated organic molecules, polycyclic aromatics, azobenzenes, organic dye, photocrome, photochromic surfactant, or multi-photon absorbing chromophore, near-infrared chromophore, pi-conjugated near-infrared dye, or a zwitterionic N-pyridinium phenolate. The organic dye comprises spiropyrans or spirooxazines. The near-infrared chromophore comprises cyanines, polyenes, annulenes, or porphyrins.Preferred Property: The material having a variable refractive index is responsive to a stimulus comprising an optical field, an electric field, or a thermal field.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material having a variable dipole moment comprises a donor-acceptor polyene consisting of meropolymethines or charged polymethines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transition metal group porous material is foamed nickel group porous material. The catalyst is platinum/carbon type catalyst. The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises at least one layer of noble metal supported activated carbon fiber between transition metal group porous layers.Preferred Properties: The transition metal group porous material has thickness of 1-20 mm and porosity of 50-98%. The mass ratio of transition metal group porous material to catalyst is 4:1-1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The partially hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxysilane is chelated with beta-diketone, beta-keto acid ester, bivalent alcohol and/or ethanolamine. EXAMPLE - Aluminum-zinc alloy plated steel plate was subjected to chromate treatment and applied with epoxy primer coating material. A primer coating film having dry film thickness of 5 mum was formed after baking the applied film at 200degreesC. 5 weight parts of methyl silicate 51 was blended with 100 wt.pts of polyvinylidene fluoride group fluorine plastic paint, and coating material was prepared. The coating material was applied on the primer coating film and baked at 250degreesC for 60 seconds to form a coating film having dry film thickness of 22 mum. The surface of the coating film was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the ratio of silicon, fluorine, carbon atoms was 21.87%, 21.06% and 6.76% respectively. The obtained test material was subjected to accelerated weathering test in a sunshine weather meter test device whose black panel temperature was set to 80degreesC. The color tone change (DELTAE) and glossiness retention (GR%) were found to be 0.61 and 87% respectively. The coating film had partial hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxy silane on the surface. A solar cell panel was produced using the test material as base material. The initial stage adhesive power of the adhesive agent in the panel measured based on JIS K 6854 was found to be favorable (5.1 kg/inch). Weather resistance of the panel based on JIS B 7753 was found to be good, and exfoliation and whitening of the panel were not observed. Heat cycle test of the panel was performed for 200 cycles based on JIS C 8917, and exterior change of the coating film was not observed. Temperature/humidity cycle test and damp-proof test were performed according to JIS C 8917, and exfoliation, whitening or swelling of the EVA/coating film surface was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A glass fiber non-woven fabric (103) is embedded in one portion of the incombustible sealing agent. The total thickness of the incombustible sealing agent is 0.6-2 mm. Alkylated silicone compound is alkylated alkoxy silane compound of formula (1).R = 1-2C alkyl;R2,R3 = 3-8C alkyl group or alkyl group modified by vinyl, ether, ketone or carboxyl group;X = alkyl or alkoxy group; andm, n, p = 1-100.The protection component in the reverse side of the solar cell module is steel sheet, and the protection component in the surface side is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The main component of adhesive resin sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or grafted polyethylene. The substrate of solar cell is polyimide, crystalline aromatic polyamide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coating Agent: The coating agent contains a thickener (polyethylene glycol). The weight ratio of the thickener w.r.t the semiconductor microparticles is 2-20. The coating agent contains monosaccharide or oligosaccharide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor microparticles comprises titanium oxide.Preferred Film: The semiconductor electrode film has a thickness of 5-20 microns. EXAMPLE - Anatase-type titanium oxide microparticles of particle size 10-20 nm were mixed with solvent (mixture of 60% nitric acid aqueous solution and ion exchange water) in the weight ratio of 10:90. The mixture was dispersed for 72 hours using a ball mill and semiconductor microparticle dispersion solution was obtained. Polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 200000 was added to the solution of semiconductor microparticles, and coating agent for semiconductor electrode film formation was produced. The coating agent had viscosity of 25 Pa.second. The coating agent was applied on a transparent electrically conductive film of a glass base material using a screen printer and baked for 30 minutes at 450degreesC. A semiconductor electrode film with film thickness of 8 microns was formed. The permeability of the base material with semiconductor electrode film was 75%. The material was subsequently immersed in ethanol solution of (cis-di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxy) ruthenium(II)) for 12 hours, and a pigment containing ruthenium complex was supported on the semiconductor electrode film. A pigment sensitizing type solar cell was produced using the anode electrode. The cell had opening voltage (Voc) of 0.75 V, photoelectric current density of 15.0 mA/cm2, form factor of 0.77 and conversion efficiency of 8.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The two conductors comprises iron-nickel alloy and, copper, silver gold, aluminum, respectively. The solder comprises tin-lead and tin-silver-copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode plate is formed with platinum, nickel as main component and at least one sort of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process also involves identifying intermediate protective layer to be placed in between the photon absorber layer and the metal.Preferred Property: The Schottky barrier should be set to 0.40 +/- 0.04 eV to observe photovoltaic activity, preferably 0.96 +/- 0.04 eV and 1.18 +/- 0.02 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photon absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide or zinc selenide. The n-type doping comprises doping with a cadmium halide consisting of iodine or bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electricity generating device further includes a cryogenic oxygen separation device (11) that supplies oxygen to the third compartment. It has fuel cell.Preferred Methods: The generation of electricity comprises cooling air to a temperature at which oxygen condenses, separating the condensed oxygen, and supplying the condensed oxygen to the third compartment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metallic oxide layer comprises an indium-tin (In-Sn) complex oxide, tin oxide (SnO2), titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Wiring: The electroconductive wiring layer comprises metals selected from platinum, gold, ruthenium, titanium, nickel, chromium, copper, silver, palladium, indium, zinc, molybdenum, aluminum and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Co-reduction and cleanup system also includes praseodymium oxides (PrOx). The membrane separator comprises palladium for facilitating selective permeation of hydrogen. The other constituents comprise carbon monoxide and water. The stream comprises steam.Preferred Parameter: The layer is less than 10 micrometers thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The membrane separator may comprise palladium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The CO-reduction and cleanup system includes a water-gas shift and praseodymium oxides (PrOx). The membrane separator includes tubes for flowing the reformate across the membrane to separate the hydrogen from the reformate stream, or plates for flowing the reformate across the membrane to separate the hydrogen from the reformate stream. It is integral to the Co-reduction and cleanup system or to the reactor. It is integral to the water-gas shift to provide palladium-based membrane separation and water-gas shift catalyst together to remove the hydrogen as it is formed in the shift reactor. The palladium or palladium alloy is in the form of a layer defining a surface of each tube or plate. The fuel processing system includes a purge fluid system connected with the membrane separator to facilitate hydrogen transport from the membrane separator, a water transfer device having a membrane permeable to water and less permeable to hydrogen for separating steam from removed hydrogen, and a source of air providing momentum for directing separated steam from the water transfer device. The purge fluid system comprises a stream having lower hydrogen partial pressure than the reformate and for directing removed hydrogen from the membrane separator. The water-gas shift reacts the carbon monoxide and water in the reformate stream, and the PrOx removes a portion of any remaining carbon monoxide from the reformate stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte membrane comprises a proton conducting per fluorinated ionomer. The electrode catalyst is deposited onto the solid electrolyte membrane as paste, slurry, or ink. The paste, slurry, or ink is in the form of a powder and a binder. The electrode catalyst is deposited onto the solid electrolyte membrane to a thickness of less than about 100, preferably less than about 10 micrometers. EXAMPLE - Catalyst anode powder, deionized water, Nafion 1100 (TM), and solvents were mixed under nitrogen. The mixture was homogenized for few hours using homogenizer with evaporation of the excess solvent to obtain viscous mixture. The cathode aerogel supported catalysts with different platinum loadings and pore size distributions were synthesized in form of rods having diameters of 5mm and ground in an agate mortar and homogenized for 3 hours. MEA was formed by placing decals on side of Nafion 117 (TM) or Nafion 112 (TM) membrane and drying and hot pressing the membranes for 5 minutes at 70 kg/min. The polytetrafluoroethylene-supported films were peeled off from the cathode and anode side of the MEA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A carbon monoxide removal apparatus is provided at the gas-passage way up streamside of the fuel cell. The amount of coolant current which flows into refrigerant route is adjusted according to the amount of mixed gas. The hydrogen gas route has wall material which separates catalyst support and heat exchange portion by a high thermal conductive material when compared with other region. The refrigerant of normal temperature is supplied to the refrigerant route through a heat exchange portion. A pressure regulation unit adjusts the pressure and mixed gas which flows inside the catalyst support. The flow of mixed gas is low in the down streamside of the catalyst support. The flow of refrigerant to refrigerant route and mixed gas to the catalyst support are identical. Preferred Gas: The mixed gas contains oxidizing agent. Preferred Support: The catalyst support has catalyst which promotes selective oxidation of carbon monoxide. The catalyst support has cylinder shape or concentric circle shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen generator has a forcedly conveyed transport unit (3) and a flow path (9) as transit system. The flow path conveys the material (1) to inlet in non-forced state from the discharge port.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid materials (1,6) are respectively a basic solution of metal hydrogen complex, and an acid solution.The metal hydrogen complex has the general formula (I):MaMbH4-nRn (I)Ma = alkali metal;Mb = metal of group 3A of periodic table;R = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy or alkanoyloxy; andn = 0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separation membrane comprises alloy of palladium, vanadium, niobium or vanadium, vanadium or niobium and/or other metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The combustion portion ejects gas emitted using hydrocarbon group gas and hydrogen gas as a fuel. When the combustion portion uses hydrocarbon gas as fuel, and hydrogen gas and gas emitted after passing through the fuel cell, flame detection is performed using flame detection unit (I), and flame detection unit (II), respectively. The flame detection unit (I) has the flame rod (34). The flame detection unit (II) has thermocouple (36). The modifier uses an ignition unit to ignite a burner (16a). The flame detection is released after switching the gas, which passes for predetermined time and used by the combustion portion. The ignition is continued.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fixed ingredient is sulfur compound. The precious metal is platinum. The support contains complex oxide of ceria and alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The surface of cathode is applied with fluororesin (A). Fluororesin is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of gas retainer side of the cathode is preferably provided with catalyst (B) having capability of oxidizing hydrogen and/or dissociating hydrogen into atoms. The catalyst contains at least one element chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium and nickel, and is supported by porous carbon. Hydrogen-occluding material of the cathode is chosen from hydrogen-occluding alloy and carbon nanotube. The liquid fuel contains metal hydride chosen from sodium borohydride (NaBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), lithium aluminohydride (LiAlH4), potassium hydride (KH) and sodium hydride (NaH). The electrolyte layer consists of aqueous solution consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or lithium hydroxide. A gas-diffusing electrode capable of oxidizing hydrogen, is further provided to a portion of cathode. The gas-diffusing electrode contains the catalyst (B), or preferably contains fluororesin (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion is an amide anion of formula (II).(R4-CO-)n(R5-SO2-)2-nN- (II)R4 and R5 = 1-10C hydrocarbon substituted by fluorine; andn = 0, 1 or 2.The metallic salt of anion used for manufacture of the sulfonium salt is metallic amide of formula (IIa).(R4-CO-)n(R5-SO2-)2-nN- M+ (IIa).M+ = metal ion. EXAMPLE - Trifluoromethane sulfonyl amide (0.1 mol) and t-butoxy potassium (0.1 mol) were added to t-butanol (200 mL) at room temperature, and stirred at 60degreesC for 3 hours. The solvent was distilled, and ether (200 mL) was added. Further, trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (0.1 mol) was added, stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and vacuum-dried. Trifluoro methane sulfonyl trifluoro potassium acetamide was obtained. Dichloro methane (50 mL) was suspended in dioctyl sulfide (6.16 g) and octyl iodide (23.6). Tetrafluoro silver borate (6.44) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The salt was filter-separated and concentrated. The concentrated material was washed 3 times using hexane (30 mL), and dried. Trioctyl sulfonium tetrafluoro borate (9.01 g) was obtained as yellow liquid. The trioctyl sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (5.01 g) and trifluoromethane sulfonyl trifluoro potassium acetamide (3.09) were added to water (10 mL) and dichloromethane (15 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. The dichloromethane layer was aliquoted and washed 5 times by ultrapure water (10 mL). The washed material was concentrated and dried. Trioctyl sulfonium trifluoromethane sulfonyl trifluoro acetamide (5 g) (74% yield) was obtained with a purity of 98.7%. The acetamide contained only 74 ppm of moisture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Partial oxidation reaction and water vapor modification of natural gas are performed at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of natural gas by adjusting oxygen/carbon ratio and sulfur/carbon ratio. The methane-rich gas is reacted at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of methane-rich gas in autothermal reforming process during which partial oxidation and water vapor modification are simultaneously carried out. The oxygen to carbon ratio is changed for adjusting the reaction temperature in the later stage of the modification reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The natural gas modification is performed using nickel- or ruthenium-type catalyst which has activity with respect to partial oxidation and water vapor modification reactions.Preferred Gases: The oxygen-containing gas is air. The modified gas produced contains hydrogen as main component, and nitrogen for ammonia synthesis. EXAMPLE - A catalyst containing ruthenium and aluminum was filled into the front stage modifier of a modification reaction device. Partial oxidation and water vapor modification of natural gas containing 88% of methane, 6% of ethane, 4% of propane and 2% of butane was performed. Pure oxygen was supplied into the modifier. The oxygen to carbon ratio was adjusted to 0.1 and the sulfur to carbon ratio was adjusted to 1.0. The modified gas contained 34.1% of hydrogen, 4.5 of carbon monoxide, 11.0% of carbon dioxide and 50.4% of methane. Carbon precipitation inside the reactor was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali compound is chosen from caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium alkoxide, potassium alkoxide and calcium hydroxide.Preferred Catalyst: The inorganic catalyst is a composite metal oxide, a carbon crystal compound, a metal supported carbon compound or a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Alkali compound (potassium hydroxide flakes mashed in mortar) (in g) (5.2), propylene glycol (organic hydrogen donor) (11.43), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) (41.48) and inorganic catalyst (5 wt.% platinum supported on activated carbon having particle diameter of 150-180 microns) (100 mg) were mixed and stirred with a magnetic stirrer after substitution with nitrogen gas. The stirred mixture was irradiated with microwaves of irradiation energy 325 W at 2.45 GHz for 40 minutes. Nitrogen gas was provided at 50 ml/minute during reaction, and microwave irradiation was alternately repeated every 13.5 seconds. Propylene glycol and tetralin were recirculated, inside temperature was maintained at 180 degrees C, and hydrogen was generated. The hydrogen generation amount in 50 ml/minute of nitrogen stream was found to be 45% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additive: An additive having ultraviolet absorption property functional group is added to the organic titanium compound solution. The additive is (beta)-diketones, alkoxy alcohol, alkanol amines and/or glycols.Preferred Compound: The organic titanium compound is titanium alkoxide-type compound and/or titanium chelate-type compound.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is alcohol, organic-acid ester, ketone, cyclo ether, acid amide, hydrocarbon and/or aromatics.Preferred Process: The coated surface is irradiated for less than 10 seconds. EXAMPLE - Acetyl acetone (in weight parts) (1.5) was mixed with mixed solvent of n-butanol (62.5) and isopropyl alcohol (30) with tetra-n-butoxy titanate (6) for 10 minutes. A coating solution was prepared. The obtained coating solution was coated on a polyethylene terephthalate film of thickness 100 microns, dried at 100 degreesC for 1 minute and irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of illumination intensity 1000 mW/cm2 and light quantity of 2000 mJ/cm2. Titanium oxide film with a thickness of 30 nm was formed at the surface of the base material. The formed titanium oxide film had high refractive index.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The system further comprises a catalyst temperature sensor which detects the temperature of the catalyst which achieves hydrogen gas production by the modifier. The memory means stores the sensor detection temperature, the amount for combustion of fuels, and the amount of combustion of fuels and air corresponding to the 1st state.The sensor detection temperature is stabilized in the predetermined value vicinity, and made to transfer from a 2nd to 3rd state while transferring from a 2nd state from a 1st state when the sensor detection temperature reaches a predetermined value. The adjustment means is equipped with a change means to change the amount of combustion air.The change means determines the grade which changes the amount of combustion air which the amount for combustion of fuels and/or combustion-air supply means which the fuel-supply means supplies based on the difference of sensor detection temperature and the predetermined value.When the amount of combustion air which the amount for combustion of fuels and/or combustion air supply means which the fuel-supply means for combustion supply is changed exceeding a predetermined range.It further has a means for perform a warning of abnormality and/or stops the operation of the system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal target has zinc, indium or tin as main components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The protective layer comprises an ultra thin insulator, or a semiconductor, preferably a p-type semiconductor material having a larger band gap than the photon absorber layer. The window layer and the photon absorber layer have been deposited using electrodeposition. The window layer has been deposited onto a conducting glass substrate. The photovoltaic device has been fabricated to enhance n-type electrical conduction. It has been fabricated with a large Schottky barrier at the interface between the metal and the photon absorber layer. The intermediate protective layer enhances the height of the Schottky barrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulator comprises an organic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The insulator may comprise an inorganic material consisting of calcium fluoride or strontium fluoride. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide. The photon absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel in the fuel cell is hydrogen, hydrocarbon-based or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel-vaporizing device comprises a water injector for supplying moisture to the air-fuel mixture in the fuel vaporizer (6), a flame arrester (21) for suppressing flame propagation accompanying the partial oxidation of fuel inside the fuel vaporizer, a valve for supplying secondary air to the fuel vapor produced by the fuel vaporizer, a heater for heating the secondary air, a controller for controlling the valve to stop the supply of secondary air when a start-up period of a reformer is complete, and a sensor for detecting temperature of a catalyst of the fuel reformer.The controller is further programmed to determine that the start-up period of the fuel reformer is complete when the temperature of the catalyst exceeds a predetermined warm-up completion temperature to control a secondary air flow rate of the valve, such that the excess air factor of the fuel vapor supplied to the fuel reformer during the start-up period decreases as the temperature of the catalyst rises. The controller is also programmed to control the fuel injector, such that a fuel injection amount of the fuel injector increases as the temperature of the catalyst rises.Preferred Parameters: The excess air factor corresponding to the predetermined rich air-fuel ratio is 0.2-0.4. The excess air factor of fuel vapor supplied to the fuel reformer during the start-up period is set to 3-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The temporary dilute surfactant water solution is directed to flow through at least of the flow fields prior to a break-in period that is until the fuel cell has achieved 100% of its rated power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant added to water to make a temporary dilute surfactant solution is linear alcohols, branched alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and/or organic acids. It can be methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and/or propylamine. Preferred Property: The surfactant has a solubility in water that is greater than 25 g/100 g water, a surface tension of not greater than 35 dynes/cm, and a boiling point of not greater than 120degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises at least one support partially comprising an electrically conductive material and electrically connectable to at least one module in order to act as a conductor. The support comprises at least two aluminum bars (3, 4) which are electrically insulated from each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - At least one electrical contact point for each module is formed by a flexible electrically conductive material, preferably in the form of a strip, and most preferably by a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The supports comprise parallel aluminum or steel bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second electrical contact points are formed by a strip of flexible electrically conductive material preferably comprising a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbonaceous material has average cross-section diameter of 100 nm or less.The ratio of axial length of the fiber and average cross section diameter of the fibrous carbonaceous material is 500 or more.Preferred Composition: The powder-form carbonaceous material is graphite, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene.The fibrous carbonaceous material is carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene aggregate.Preferred Process: The fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed in a solvent, and the powder-form carbonaceous material is supplied to solution in which fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed, in the manufacture of the hydrogen storage component.The solvent is solution, which contains surfactant. EXAMPLE - A carbon nanotube having ratio (2R/L) of cross section average diameter (2R) and longitudinal direction length (L) of 1000 or more and cross section average diameter of 1 nm, was immersed in 10% aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene (10) octyl phenyl ether for 2 hours. The carbon nanotube dispersed solution was obtained. powder-form activated carbon average powder particle size of 30 micrometer was added to the solution. Ultrasonic distributed processing was performed for 8 hours after 2 hours immersion. Suction filtration was performed with respect to carbon nanotube/activated carbon solution. The solvent was removed, and carbon material was compressed. A hydrogen storage component was formed. The obtained hydrogen storage component had apparent density of 0.83 g/cm3 and excellent hydrogen occlusion ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The modification water distribution unit contains several throttle valves provided at entrance side of each cooling portion. The bypass supply unit contains several shut-off valves mutually connected in series, and a throttle valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The water vapor-electric power generating unit (1) comprises a steam generating unit which produces electric power and water vapor, carbon dioxide liquefier which liquefies carbon dioxide generated by combustion of fossil fuel, biomass fuel or waste material fuel in the presence of oxygen, and liquid carbon dioxide storage tank for storing liquefied carbon dioxide.The hydrogen-oxygen system comprises heat generator which heat pure water of unit (10), using steam from the steam turbine.The oxygen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (11) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing oxygen gas with a compressor.The nitrogen re-liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (15) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing nitrogen gas with a compressor.The hydrogen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing hydrogen gas with a compressor.Preferred Process: The ultra-low warming-cooling medium supplying cycle in the hydrogen-oxygen system pressurizes and cools liquid hydrogen.The oxygen liquefier pressurizes one portion of liquid oxygen and produces liquefied oxygen gas. The nitrogen re-liquefier pressurizes composition of liquid nitrogen and produces liquefied nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst preferably contains alloy of ruthenium and iron, or microparticles of ruthenium and iron supported on oxide carrier containing aluminum, titanium or zirconium oxide. The amount of ruthenium in the catalyst is 24 mol % or more.Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide purification catalyst is maintained at 100-200 degrees C in the reaction portion of hydrogen purification apparatus.The oxygen supply process for mixing the gas containing oxygen in the reformed gas is supplied from the reformed-gas supply process which supplies the reformed gas containing the hydrogen.The method comprises passing reformed gas through the carbon monoxide purification cleanup catalyst. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium chloride and ferric nitrate were dissolved in water so that the molar ratio of Ru/Fe was 75/25. gamma-alumina, aqueous ammonia solution and hydrazine were then added and stirred in inert gas atmosphere. Ru-Fe was reduced, and Ru-Fe catalyst for carbon monoxide purification was produced. Alumina sol and water were added into the catalyst, and a catalyst slurry was produced. The slurry was coated on a cordierite honey-comb structure so that the load of ruthenium was 3 g/l. The formed catalyst structure was installed in a hydrogen purification apparatus. Reformation gas containing 0.5 volume% of carbon monoxide, 15 volume% of carbon dioxide, 15 volume% of water vapor and remaining hydrogen was supplied into the purification apparatus. Air was then supplied so that the concentration of oxygen was 1 volume%. The catalyst was heated with an electric furnace. The catalyst temperature was changed, and the water vapor ejected was measured. Methanation was suppressed by the catalyst. The ejection of carbon monoxide at a catalyst temperature of 90 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 130 degrees C and 160 degrees C were 4950 ppm, 3020 ppm, 720 ppm and 80 ppm, respectively which were below detection limit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The anode effluent gas is introduced to a carbon dioxide separation column (42). Portion of carbon dioxide is separated and recovered. The waste gas containing carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide flowing out from the column (42) is introduced to the tank (28). When the fuel cell is low temperature form, biogas is introduced to anode passing through a steam reforming process. When the cell is high temperature form, biogas is directly introduced to anode. The unreacted hydrogen of anode effluent gas is removed by performing catalyzed combustion, and then the gas is introduced to column (42). A solid-liquid separation film is arranged in the tank (28). The film prevents draining of methane bacterium to wastewater port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sensor has a temperature detection unit made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shaft of the solenoid valve for fuel cells is surface treated with a fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support layer has a layer made from a self-adhering adhesive (6) formed on the rear side facing away from the solar cell layer. The solar cell layer is covered with a light-permeable protective layer (8). The protective layer is a clear lacquer layer or a plastic film. The solar cell layer is sprayed onto the support layer using a PVD process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support layer is a polyvinylbutyral film having a layer thickness of maximum 1.0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The filter assembly comprises both the particulate removal feature and the chemical adsorbent feature; one portion having the particulate removal feature, the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature; a housing with the particulate removal feature, the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature retained in the housing; and one portion having the particulate removal feature and a second portion having the chemical adsorbent feature and the water buffer feature.The housing defines a portion of a diffusion channel. The particulate removal feature is a membrane. The fuel cell is operably connected to electronic equipment (20) to provide power to the electronic equipment. It can be a portable, direct methanol fuel cell comprising the cathode, the anode and a liquid methanol source in fluid contact with the anode. The methanol (44) is retained in a compartment having a vent. The vent provides fluid contact between an interior of the compartment and an exterior of the compartment. The filter assembly is positioned within the vent. It is configured for fluid connection between the interior and exterior of the compartment. It comprises a selectively permeable hydrophobic and/or oleophobic feature that is the membrane.Preferred Property: The portable fuel cell has a weight of not more than 2 kg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic equipment is a cell phone, a personal computing device, or a lap top computer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical adsorbent feature comprises activated carbon, or impregnated activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The ammonia decomposition catalyst contains components (I,II) supported on a metal oxide support such as alumina, silica, titania or zirconia. The component (I) is nickel or its oxide. The component (II) is alkaline-earth metal, lanthanide, or their oxides. The weight ratio of component (I) and the support is 1-40% and the weight ratio of component (II) and the support is 1-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic waste is processed by gasification process, liquefying process or digestive process.Preferred Apparatus: The electric power generating apparatus is a fuel cell, a gas engine generator or a gas turbine generator. The fuel cell is a proton exchange film-type fuel cell or a phosphoric acid fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent sheet consists of thermoplastic resin sheet such as olefin-type resin, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer that are modified by ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound. The protective layer is ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film material has mixed slurries of inorganic oxides/oxide precursors with an organic polymer/small oligomer and a dispersing agent. The substrate is a transparent, structural performance polymeric material or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power-applying electrode (106) is an electrode which is pressed against the surface of the substrate (101) in such a way that individual sheets or individual columnar members constituting the power-applying electrode (106) come into contact with that surface at their upper ends so that a curved shape of the substrate (101) is transferred to the surface of the power-applying electrode (106).
EXAMPLE - 1,4-Bis(10(5',5'-bis(allyloxycarbonylethyl)-20'-(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)porphyrinyl))ethan-1,3-diyne (64 mg) was added with zinc acetate in saturated zinc acetate solution in methanol (1 ml). The organic layer was dried and evaporated to give zinc porphyrin. Zinc porphyrin (70 mg) in trichloromethane (CHCl3) (2 ml) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. Ruthenium carbene complex (1 mg) was added to the solution, and stirred for 3 hours. The obtained crude product was eluted with CHCl3/methanol, to yield a polymer which exhibits the distribution maximum of the molecular weight of 20000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The operational cycle further includes manual state entered into from the off state where operator can direct operation of the overall system; or emergency shutdown state entered into from any of manager check state, startup state, or run state. The supply of fuel, air, and water comprises fuel subsystem, air subsystem, and water subsystem. The oxidizer comprises an anode tail-gas oxidizer. The reformer is an auto-thermal reformer. The fuel cell comprises a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.Preferred Process: The off state comprises at least 2 of displaying a message indicating the cause of the shutdown of a previous operation cycle, enabling the start of the operational cycle, transitioning to the manager check state, and transitioning to the manual state. The manager check state includes checking the operational readiness of the constituent elements of the fuel processor, transitioning to the preheat state, reporting an error detected during the check, and transitioning to the shutdown state if the error is detected. The preheat state includes providing air, water, and fuel to oxidizer; lighting off the oxidizer; purging a reactor of a reformer; transitioning to the startup state; detecting an error in providing air, water, and fuel or in lighting of the oxidizer, or in purging the reactor; and transitioning to the shutdown state. The startup state includes ramping production of the process feed stream, reforming the process feed stream as the production builds, transitioning to run state, and detecting an error in ramping production of the process feed stream or in reforming the process feed stream. The run state includes generating a process feed stream, reforming the process feed stream, transitioning to the shutdown state, and detecting error. The shutdown state includes purging an oxidizer or reformer, and cooling the purged oxidizer and reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The waste disposal system has an electric power generation unit which generates electric power using high temperature gas produced in a reduction gasified melting furnace, and the electric power is supplied to at least one portion of reduction gasified melting furnace and bio-diesel oil manufacturing apparatus. The fats and oils is transesterified in bio-diesel oil apparatus to produce bio-diesel oil and rough glycerol. A hydrogen gas generator (9) heats and vaporizes the rough glycerol, separates and refines to form glycerine and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is collected and used as hydrogen fuel cell (10). The exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in reduction gasified melting furnace is used as heat source until it is converted into fuel oil of bio-diesel engine. The heat source for heating the rough glycerol is exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in furnace (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The naphthene compound comprises a hydrogenated aromatic compound having single ring, and is preferably methylcyclohexane and/or cyclohexane. The aromatic compound (dehydrogenated compound) obtained after manufacturing hydrogen, is further hydrogenated, and collected as naphthene compound which is recycled.Preferred Properties: The reaction pressure during manufacture of hydrogen varies from normal pressure to 2 MPa. The conversion ratio of naphthene compound to aromatic compound dehydrogenated product is 60% or more. EXAMPLE - 0.3% platinum/alumina pellets (4.3 g) and quartz beads having size of 2 mm were packed in a reactor, which formed a catalyst layer. The catalyst layer was heated to 400 degrees Celsius. Methylcyclohexane having purity of 98.5% or more was introduced into the reactor through the catalyst layer such that liquid hourly space velocity was 2 hour-1. The reaction pressure was adjusted to 0.3 MPa, and methylcyclohexane was dehydrogenated by maintaining the mean temperature of the catalyst at 365 degrees Celsius. The reaction product was separated into gas phase and liquid phase, and the gas phase was found to contain hydrogen and impurities such as methane (400 weight ppm). The conversion ratio of methylcyclohexane was 98%. The selectivity of conversion of methylcyclohexane to toluene was 99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The layered silicate is chosen from smectite, vermiculite, halloysite, sericite and/or mica. Smectite is montmorillonite, saponite, beidellite, nontronite and/or hectorite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has cation exchange group chosen from sulfonic acid group, carboxyl acid group, phosphoric acid group, imide group, sulfonimide group, sulfonamide group and hydroxyl group. The polymer is chosen from homopolymer and/or copolymer of trifluoro ethylene, tetrafluoro ethylene, styrene divinyl benzene, alpha,beta,beta-trifluoro styrene, styrene, imide, sulfone, phosphazine, ether ether ketone, ethylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, aromatic group and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Absorber: The absorber is zeolite, silica gel or activated alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Grease: The grease other than fluorine group grease is metal-complex soap group grease and/or urea-group grease.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The latent heat storage agent is formed from the group consisting of L-menthol, cetanol, paraffin wax, and sodium acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The latent heat storage agent is formed from the group consisting of calcium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, white phosphorus and solder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium compound is selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the electrolyte film has vinyl chloride or fluororesin as a base material. The electrolyte film uses sulfonic type resins such as perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid type resin, poly trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid type resin, polystyrene sulfonic acid type resin and phenolsulfonic acid resin, as base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The terminal plate further includes a terminal (54) connected to the electron conductive area for collecting electrical energy from the fuel cell stack. Metal density changes in the electron conductive area such that the metal density gets higher at a position closer to the terminal. A surface of the electron conductive area connected to the separator is coated using a conductive material. The terminal includes a planar portion connected to the surface of the electron conductive area. The terminal plate collects electrical energy generated in a fuel cell. The electron conductive area is connected electrically to an electrode.Preferred Method: The method further comprises connecting the terminal to the electron conductive area. The resin of the electron conductive area and the insulating resin of the passage area are combined together by injection molding or resin impregnation molding. The electron conductive area is produced before combining the electron conductive area and the passage area together. The electron conductive area and the terminal are connected by diffusion bonding or brazing, or by electron beam welding or laser beam welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalyst is as above and is used at 0-50 degrees C and 0.8-1.5 bar. EXAMPLE - Methane containing 1000 ppm carbon oxysulfide (COS) was contacted with a catalyst comprising 52.5 wt.% copper(II) oxide, 30 wt.% zinc oxide and 17.5 wt.% alumina at 25 degrees C and a gas hourly space velocity of 1000. The run was stopped when the COS content of the exit gas exceeded 1 ppm, at which point the sulfur content of the catalyst was 8.8 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The catalyst may comprise chromium, manganese, copper, and/or its oxides of these elements. The catalyst comprises (i) unsupported bulk nickel (Ni), and germanium (Ge), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), lead (Pb), and/or their oxides; (ii) unsupported bulk Ni, indium (In) and/or its oxides, and Cd and/or its oxides; (iii) unsupported bulk Ni, tin (Sn) and/or its oxides, and Te and/or its oxides; (iv) unsupported bulk Ni, Sn and/or its oxides, and Cd and/or its oxides; (v) unsupported bulk Ni, In and/or its oxides, and Sb and/or its oxides; (vi) unsupported bulk Ni, Sn and/or its oxides, and Sb and/or its oxides; or (vii) Ni supported on a carrier, and In, Sn, Te, and/or their oxides. The catalyst comprises 0.05-99 (preferably 0.5-99) wt.% Ni.Preferred Components: The carrier is alumina, titania, ceria, magnesia, lanthania, niobia, zeolite, perovskite, silica clay, yttria, iron oxide, and/or preferably zirconia or cobalt oxide.Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide-containing gas is reacted with the water gas shift catalyst at not more than 50 (preferably not more than 1) bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture is pressed at a pressure 1 - 3 ton/cm2, and the green body is sintered at a temperature of 1300 - 1400degreesC for 1 - 10 hours under the inert gas atmosphere containing hydrogen (10 - 100 vol.%). The binder is mixed with silicon powder (0.2 - 15 wt.%).Preferred Components: The silicon powder is made by grinding at least one of silicon scrap or metal silicon; or is obtained by decomposing a chemical compound. The PVB has degree of polymerization of 1000 - 2000. The PVA has degree of saponification of at least90. The paraffin has a composition of molecular weight having melting point of 45 - 80degreesC. EXAMPLE - A sample was prepared by adding polyvinyl butyral having degree of polymerization 2000 (0.7 or 2 wt.%) to silicon powder (0.2 - 15 wt.%) in ethanol as solvent; mixing; drying and pressing at a pressure of 1 ton/cm2. Each sample formed was sintered under inert gas atmosphere containing hydrogen (10 - 100 vol.%) at 1360degreesC for 5 hours. The sample formed was shrunk by, sintering process. Samples of the sintered body of the silicon wafer were prepared by grinding the surface of the sintered body and then the density of the sintered body was measured. The foaming strength, density of sintered body, flexural strength, carbon content and polyvinyl (PV) characteristics were determined. The sample having 0.7 wt.% binder showed good foaming strength; density of sintered body = 94%; flexural strength of 200 MPa; carbon content of 40 parts per million; and PV characteristics of 7.7%; and the sample having 2 wt.% binder showed good foaming strength; density of sintered body = 93%; flexural strength of 230 MPa; carbon content of 30 parts per million; and PV characteristics of 7.3% respectively. The results showed that the PV characteristics of the sintered body was deteriorated when the content of carbon was at least100 parts per million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel contains at least one type of methanol, ethanol and dimethyl ether. The liquid fuel alternately contains a polyhydric alcohol and an aqueous alkali solution.
EXAMPLE - High purity zinc gas and high purity silicon tetrachloride are reacted at 900-1100 degreesC to form dendrite or scaly crystal polycrystalline silicon. The polycrystalline silicon used for solar cell has resistivity value (N) of 240 ohm.cm. 37 wt.% of the silicon was passed through the screen of 16 meshes. 63 wt.% of the silicon did not pass through the screen of 16 meshes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive comprises any one of alumina, zirconia and silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive comprises any one of polysiloxane and polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is of formula (2).A, a, b, and c = as mentioned above. EXAMPLE - Methylene-chloride solution (15 ml) of hydrogen iodide was added to methylene-chloride solution (15 ml) of 2-(vinyloxy) tetrahydropyran, and reacted at -78degreesC. An iodide hydrogenated material of the monomer was obtained. Tetrahydropyranyl vinyl ether, methylene-chloride solution (0.4 ml) of tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, and methylene-chloride solution (1 ml) of the iodide hydrogenated material were stirred and cooled to -15degreesC. Methylene-chloride solution (0.5 ml) of tin tetrachloride was added, and stirred for 30 minutes. Methanol (2 ml) was added and polymerization was stopped. The obtained polymer solution was diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed. A polymer (0.3 g) was obtained after solvent concentration, purification, and re-precipitation. 30 mass% 1-propanol solution (1 g) of the obtained polymer, 1-propanol (2.44 g), tetraethoxysilane (1.04 g), water (0.13 g), and hydrochloric acid (0.05 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The obtained composition was applied on a polyethylene-naphthalate support and dried at 120degreesC for 5 minutes, to form a hybrid layer of thickness 0.35 mum. The obtained sample had excellent gas barrier property with respect to oxygen and water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The transparent resin layer which is positioned directly under the dry film, is a thermosetting property hard coat resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A light-diffusing component is contained in at least one portion of transparent resin layer. The light-diffusing component is formed by inorganic particle which is capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation. The inorganic particle is a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in wt.pts) (356), tetra ethoxysilane (208), water (126) and 0.01N hydrochloric acid (18) were mixed, and a liquid mixture was prepared. The liquid mixture was stirred in 25degreesC thermostat for 2 hours, and a silicone resin with weight average molecular weight of 4000 was obtained. OSCAL1432 dispersion of colloidal silica in isopropyl alcohol which had solid content of 30% was mixed with the silicone resin in weight ratio of 40:60, and a coating-material composition was prepared by diluting isopropyl alcohol such that the total solid content was 1%. The coating material composition was applied on surface of acryl resin film of a composite film consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride resin film and acryl resin film, and a dry coated film with thickness of 100 nm was formed. The dry film was heated at 80degreesC in oxygen atmosphere for 10 minutes, and a fluorine-type composite resin film was obtained. The polyvinylidene fluoride resin film had thickness of 4 mum and refractive index of 1.42. The acryl resin film had thickness of 46 mum and refractive index of 1.47. The fluorine-type composite resin film had total light transmittance of 93%, haze value of 0.4% and excellent stain resistance in outdoor for longer duration. The dry film had refractive index of 1.43 and the surface of dry film had water droplet contact angle of 15 degree.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The element III is gallium and/or aluminium (claimed). The element I is copper, the element III is indium and gallium and/or aluminium and the element IV is selenium and/or sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The tensio-active compound has the chemical formula CH3(CH2)nO - SO3 - X where n is greater than or equal to 5 and X is an atomic specie such as H, Na, Li or K (claimed). The tensio-active compound may be sodium dodecylosulfate, 2-butyne-1.4-diol or malic acid or succinic acid or fumaric acid or crotonic acid (all claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The electrolysis bath is regenerated with active selenium (Se(IV)) by the addition of an oxidant of selenium (Se(O)) in the form of colloids. The oxidant is oxygenated water (H2O2) or by the introduction of oxides and/or hydroxides of element I (CuO; Cu(OH)2) and III (In2O3; In(OH)3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Elongated strips are covered by a transparent and electrical insulating layer (claimed) that is made of silica or from a group chosen from Si3N4, SixNy and MgF2 (claimed). The semiconductor material of the elongated strips is chosen from silicon, germanium or SixGe1-x (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is a cyclic polyisoprene in solution in xylene (claimed). The negative resin is of the epoxy type (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is made up of a material chosen from silicon, glass or plastic materials (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The alkali metal additive is sodium in the form of sodium halide or sodium chalcogenide. The compound semiconductor layer is a Cu(Inx, Ga1-x)(SeyS1-y) (where x, y = 0-1). A maximum substrate temperature of less than 480 degrees C, preferably less than 410 degrees C, is selected for the deposition process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polyazoles: These are polybenzimidazoles, polypyridines, polypyrimidines, polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles or polytetraazapyrenes, especially comprising 1H-benzimidazole-2,5-diyl repeat units or repeat units of formula (II):A-B (II)A = 5,5'-bisbenzimidazole-2,2'-diyl or imidazolo(5,4-f)benzimidazole-2,6-diyl;B = m- or p-phenylene, 2,6-, 3,5- or 2,5-pyridinediyl, 2,4-pyrimidinediyl, 2,5-pyrazinediyl or 3,5-pyrazolediyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Tetramines: These are 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene, 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl sulfone, 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminobenzophenone, 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylmethane and 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyldimethylmethane.Preferred Carboxylic Acids: These include isophthalic, terephthalic, phthalic, 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic, trimesic, trimellitic, benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic and pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (many others listed). EXAMPLE - A mixture of tetraaminobiphenyl (214.27 g) and isophthalic acid (166.14 g) was stirred under nitrogen at 150degreesC for 1 hour, at 190degreesC for 1 hour, at 250degreesC for 1 hour and at 290degreesC for 1.5 hours. Foam formed between 190 and 250degreesC was reduced to small particles by means of the stirrer. After a further 1.5 hours at 290degreesC, the mixture was cooled and sieved into five fractions. The 500-1000 mum fraction was stirred at 380degreesC under nitrogen for 3 hours and cooled to give a polymer with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.44 dl/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalysts (I) contain copper and/or molybdenum. The process is carried out at 0-80degreesC and 0.8-4.5 bars. EXAMPLE - A mixture of solutions of 420 g copper (II) oxide, 240 g zinc nitrate and 140 g aluminum nitrate nonahydrate in nitric acid was contacted with a solution of 474 g sodium carbonate in 2 l demineralized water to cause precipitation at a pH of ca. 6. After stirring for a further 3 hours, the precipitate was filtered off, washed free of sodium and nitrate ions with water, dried at 120degreesC, calcined at 400degreesC for 1 hour, giving 272 g of mixed oxide, containing 52.5 wt. % copper (II) oxide, 30 wt. % zinc oxide and 17.5 wt. % aluminum oxide. The product was mixed with 1 wt. % graphite, compressed to 20 mm tablets, mechanically pressed through a 1.6 mm sieve, mixed with 2 wt. % graphite and pressed to 5 mm diameter, 3 mm high tablets having a lateral compressive strength of 66 N. The obtained catalyst (Ia) was contacted with a stream of methane containing 1000 ppm carbon oxysulfide or 1000 ppm hydrogen sulfide, at a space velocity of 1000 h-1 and a temperature of 25degreesC, until the sulfur content of the exhaust gas reached 1 ppm. The sulfur contents of (Ia) at this point were 8.8 wt. % and 8.6 wt. % respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Olefin: The alpha-olefin is ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and/or 1-decene. Preferred Thermostabilizer: The thermostabilizer is phosphorus-type thermostabilizer, phenol-type thermostabilizer or lactone-type thermostabilizer. Preferred Ultraviolet Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, triazole group ultraviolet absorber, salicylic acid derivative ultraviolet absorber or acrylonitrile derivative ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylenically unsaturated silane compound is vinyl trimethoxy silane, vinyl triethoxy silane, vinyl tripropoxy silane, vinyl triisopropoxy silane, vinyl tributoxy silane, vinyl tripentyloxy silane, vinyl triphenoxy silane, vinyl tribenzyloxy silane, vinyl trimethylene dioxy silane, vinyl triethylene dioxy silane, vinyl propionyloxy silane, vinyl triacetoxy silane, and vinyl tricarboxy silane. Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer of alpha-olefin and ethylenically unsaturated silane compound further contains vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and/or vinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises removing the protective layer by the raising of the temperature; and exposing the catalyst directly to the chemical solution by the removing of the protective layer. The method further comprises generating hydrogen gas from the aqueous sodium borohydride exposed to the catalyst. Each compartment of the chemical solution opens at an initiation point comprising a hydrophobic membrane. Each fuel pellet is independently operable by selectively activating the heating elements. Preferred Material: The chemical solution is an amino borane or metal borohydride (preferably aqueous sodium borohydride). The metal borohydride comprises a gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The protective layer comprises wax, polymers, or copolymers of olefins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen fuel source is separated into individual cells, each individual cell comprising a catalyst insulated from the hydrogen fuel source by a protective coating, and each of the individual cells comprising a heating element. Each of the individual cells comprises a cover layer with an initiator predisposed to open at above-ambient temperatures or pressures to release hydrogen gas produced in the individual cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The heat engine is steam Rankine engine, an organic Rankine engine, a Stirling engine, and a Brayton cycle engine. The additional thermal capacitance can be added to the hot fluid reservoir to increase thermal storage capability. The power demand condition can occur during periods without sunlight. The receiving cavity is coated with graphite or highly absorptive paint to increase solar absorption. The dish concentrator reflects the sunlight into a point focus. The point focus is aligned with the aperture in the absorber.Preferred Parameters: The aperture is sized to reduce heat loss from the absorber. The concentrator is a dish-shaped parabolic. The fluid resides in the hot fluid reservoir at 600degreesC, and resides in the cold fluid reservoir at 550degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The heat exchanger is constructed of Inconel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is a mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate. The fluid is lithium, sodium, and potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aqueous hydride used for producing oxide and hydrogen is selected from sodium boron hydride (NaBH4), lithium boron hydride (LiBH4), lithium hydride (LiH) and sodium hydride (NaH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizable component contained in the refined gas is hydrogen and carbon monoxide which are separated by reformation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel reformer has carbon monoxide selection oxidization-reaction device (5) equipped with an evaporator (13). The evaporator carries out evaporation vaporization of water by the reaction heat of selective oxidation reaction. The water vapor from the evaporator is supplied to the heat exchanger. The fuel reformer reduces carbon monoxide in the reformed gas by carrying out selective oxidation of carbon monoxide. The heat exchanger is equipped with water spraying apparatus (15), which directly sprays water, and route (11) of water and/or air. The water sprayed by the water spraying apparatus is vaporized in the route to the modification reaction device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Units: The reaction portion (15) is provided at the upstream side of reformed gas flow path, and the reaction portion (17) is provided at the downstream side of reformed gas flow path. The bypass unit supplies the heating medium to a separate target simultaneously from the heat exchanger of reaction portion (15) to heat exchanger of reaction portion (17). The reaction portion(s) contains catalyst, which produces hydrogen-rich reformed gas from the gasified original fuel and water, and is set by the optimal temperature of the catalyst with the heat exchanger. The catalyst oxidizes carbon monoxide. The control unit operates the bypass unit at the time of starting of an apparatus. The heating medium e.g. water, is heated by the heat exchanger, and is supplied to the evaporation portion. The difference of required water quantity and circulating water flow is supplemented with bypass water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction container is filled with iron carbide. Water or water vapor is supplied as heating gas to container, and hydrogen is generated. Electric power is generated by supplying obtained hydrogen fuel to fuel cell. The exhaust heat generated by burning waste gas produced in the fuel cell, is supplied to reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Before performing thermal decomposition, hexafluorosilicate is heat processed at a temperature lower than the thermal decomposition temperature. Heat processing is performed at a pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, or in the presence of an inert gas. Hydrogen fluoride and/or fluorine is contacted with hexafluorosilicate, at a temperature lower than the thermal decomposition temperature. Hydrogen fluoride is contacted in the form of gas or aqueous solution. Decomposition of hexafluorosilicate is performed at 32 KPa or less and at a temperature at which tetrafluorosilane is generated. The hexafluorosilicate is selected from hexafluorosilicate alkali metal salt and hydrogen-hexafluorosilicate alkaline earth metal salt. The process is performed in a reaction container containing nickel and 0.02% or less of carbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hexafluorosilicate is sodium hexafluorosilicate.    EXAMPLE - 50 g of sodium hexafluorosilicate obtained from phosphoric acid manufacturing process as a byproduct, was filled in a reaction tube containing nickel and 0.02% or less of carbon. The sodium hexafluorosilicate had a mean particle diameter of about 70 microm, purity of 89 mass% or more and moisture content of 10 mass% or more. 100% hydrogen fluoride gas was introduced into the reaction tube at atmospheric pressure. The temperature was raised to 320degreesC. Reaction was performed for 12 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. Temperature was raised to 650degreesC and reaction was performed, to obtain tetrafluorosilane gas of high purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sealing agent comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte layer contains hydrolyzed substance of organosilicon compound having ionic conductivity. The organosilicon compound has formula RnSiX4-n, where R is 1-10C optionally substituted hydrocarbon, preferably ring opening property functional group containing oxygen, X is 1-4C alkoxy, silanol, halogen or hydrogen, and n is 0-3.
Preferred Definitions:    Z+ = R6R7R8R9N+ or R6R7R8R9P+; and    R6-R9 = 1-8C monovalent hydrocarbon group or 2 or 3 of R6-R9 may couple together to form a ring.    EXAMPLE - Trifluoro methyl perchlorate (in g) (24) and sulfur dioxide (14) were reacted at -20degreesC for 8 hours. Dehydrated diethyl ether and the obtained product (15.5) were reacted at room temperature after stirring for 2 hours. The obtained slurry was cooled, filtered and washed with diethyl ether. The crystals were removed and dried under reduced pressure to obtain trifluoro methyl sulfuric acid (trifluoro methane sulfonic acid)imide.potassium salt. The obtained potassium salt (6.7) and tetraethyl ammonium chloride (3.3) were dissolved in ion exchange water. Methylene chloride (100 ml) was added. The organic layer was extracted, washed with water and concentrated to obtain trifluoro methyl sulfuric acid (trifluoro methane sulfonic acid)imide.trimethyl propyl ammonium salt (6.1) as yellow transparent liquid. The obtained transparent liquid had melting point of 23.1degreesC and ionic conductivity of 2.3 mS/cm at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicon sludge composition comprises (in mass%) silicon (85 or more), metallic silicon (80 or more), oxygen (15 or less), phosphorus and boron (each 1 ppm or less), and impurity (0.5 or less). EXAMPLE - Dried silicon sludge was packed in opaque quartz crucible, and vacuum heating was performed in heating furnace using graphite heating element at 1623 K, and deoxidation of silicon sludge was carried out. The deoxidized silicon sludge contained (in mass%) silicon (99), oxygen (0.0006), carbon (0.003), iron (less than 0.0001), phosphorus (0.0003) and boron (0.0002).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous membrane is polyimide-type organic macromolecular material or polyolefin-type organic macromolecular material. The solution of functional substance further contains radical polymerization initiator. The functional substance consists of polymer which has proton conductivity. The polymer consists of at least one type of monomer such as 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid. The surface active substance contains at least one type of surfactant having hydrophobic group of fluorocarbon structure. The functional substance filled into the pore, comprises proton conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous sheet used in the liquid fuel impregnation, contains materials selected from the group containing hard vinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, methyl pentene, ethylene vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, styrene acrylate, ethylene terephthalate, methyl cellulose glass fiber and absorbent cotton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic composition element of target is indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium-tin oxide or cadmium-indium oxide. The element used as donor in the manufacture of the transparent electrical conductive film is tin or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Donor: The organic-type hydrogen donor is heterocyclic compound, amine-type compound, alcohol-type compound, ketone-type compound and/or alicyclic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkalinization combination is caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium alkoxide, potassium alkoxide and/or calcium hydroxide. The inorganic-type catalyst is a metal supporting composite metal oxide, a carbon crystallization combination, a metal supporting carbon compound, and/or a metal oxide. Preferred Process: The reactor equipped with the organic-type hydrogen donor, alkalinization combination and inorganic-type catalyst is irradiated with the microwave, and hydrogen is generated. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide flakes (in g) (3.43) as alkalinization combination, and cyclohexanol (30.59) as organic-type hydrogen donor, and 5 wt.% platinum supported on activated carbon (50 mg) of 150-180 mum of particle diameter as inorganic-type catalyst, were introduced into a flask. The flask was substituted with nitrogen gas, and irradiated with microwave having frequency of 2.45 GHz and irradiation energy of 325 W, for 80 minutes, and stirred. 50 ml/minute of nitrogen gas was poured into the flask during reaction, and was alternately irradiated for 13.5 seconds and left for 13.5 seconds, such that the irradiation time was half the reaction time. Cyclohexanol was refluxed, and the flask was maintained at boiling point vicinity, to generate hydrogen at a rate of 33.46%. The total amount of hydrogen generated in 80 minutes was 669.2 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorptive polymer contains poly N-vinyl acetamide, cross-linking type acryl copolymer or sodium polyacrylate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel reforming system further comprises a vacuum pump for decreasing pressure inside the reformer, an oxygen sensor, a pressure sensor (18), oxygen-amount threshold value setting unit, oxygen-amount comparing unit, output estimating unit and pressure comparing unit. The oxygen sensor measures or estimates the oxygen content in the reformer and judges whether the reforming process can be initiated, based on the residual oxygen amount in the reformer. The oxygen-amount threshold-value setting unit sets the oxygen-amount threshold value based on the estimated output. The oxygen-amount comparing unit compares oxygen-amount threshold value, and initiates reforming process when oxygen amount is less than the threshold value. The pressure-comparing unit compares the pressure threshold value, and initiates reforming process and the pressure in the reformer is less than the threshold value. Preferred Process: The compressor supplies oxidizing-agent gas into the combustor and decreases the pressure in the reformer temporarily. The oxygen-amount threshold value and pressure threshold value is reduced to increase the output of the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas flow paths (3) are at least partly formed by corrugated metal sheets (1). The evaporator comprises alternating stack of corrugated metal sheets and sheets of the water-absorbing material (2). The water-absorbing material is in the form of fibrous sheets. The evaporator comprises honeycomb(s) of porous ceramic material as the water-absorbing material. The gas flow paths are defined by the porous ceramic material.Preferred Properties: The evaporator has a length-to-diameter ratio of not more than 2 (preferably 0.5-1.5). The total cross-sectional area of the gas flow paths is at least 50 % (preferably at least 70 %) of the cross-sectional area of the evaporator. The water-absorbing material has a water-absorbing capacity of at least 0.30 (preferably at least 0.50) g/cc. The volume of the water-absorbing material is 10-50 % (preferably 15-30 %) of the total volume of the evaporator. The free surface area of the water-absorbing material is at least 100 (preferably 200-500) m2/m3 of evaporator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The water is added to the stream of hot gas by a quench ring.Preferred Conditions: The stream of hot gas has a temperature of 600-1100 degrees C (preferably 700-900 degrees C). The cooled steam-containing gas stream has a temperature of 200-450 degrees C (preferably 250-400 degrees C). The weight ratio of hot gas stream to water is 2.0-5.0 (preferably 3.0-4.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel comprises methanol. The dissolved catalyst comprises a macro cyclic coordinated compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A mixing valve includes a mixing valve outlet coupled to the inlet into the fuel cell chamber. The mixing valve further comprises a first inlet that is coupled to a supply of at least the fuel; and a second inlet that is coupled to the outlet of the fuel cell chamber. It further comprises a third inlet that is coupled to a separate supply of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar module further comprises a cover for protecting the module against atmospheric humidity, while leaving an air cavity about the cells; and means for fixing the cover to the substrate, while leaving an as large stripped peripheral zone as possible. It also includes an isolated strip of material of the same composition as the cathodes, provided around the perimeter of the second area, where the negative bus bar contacts the isolated strip to connect the same to the cathode of the first cell. The air cavity is connected into an air circuit to actively circulate dry air along the back of the cells, for extracting the thermal energy generated by the cells when the module is exposed to solar radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is soda-lime glass and the cathode is tin oxide (SnO2) film (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell electric power generation system comprises a fuel modifier (3), a shift-reaction device (4), a selective-oxidation device (5) and a fuel cell (6). The modifier modifies heating gas supplied by heater. The shift-reaction device carries out shift reaction of modified gas and generates hydrogen. The selective-oxidation device carries out selective oxidation of carbon monoxide in the reformed gas. The reformed gas passed through the selective oxidation device is supplied to the fuel cell. A deodorizing unit is further provided at the exhaust gas exit of the fuel cell electric power generation system.Preferred Process: The organic compound is added to the original fuel supplied to the modifier, or to the heating gas before passing through the fuel cell main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heating gas additive is xylene, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl acetate, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, isovaleric acid, isobutyl alcohol, ammonia, trimethylamine, toluene, styrene and/or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The oxygen-containing fuel is ketone such as ether and dimethyl ether, alcohol such as methanol and ethanol, or acetone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reformer has a synthesizer which synthesis the oxygen-containing fuel emitted from the modification portion and takes in one portion of reformed gas emitted from modification portion, a tank which stores the synthesized oxygen-containing fuel, a unit to introduce one portion of the reformed gas emitted from the modification portion to the synthesizer when hydrogen generation amount decreases, a supply apparatus which introduces oxygen-containing fuel to modification portion, and controller which detects the fluctuation of hydrogen generation amount. When there is increase in hydrogen generation amount the supply apparatus introduces oxygen-containing fuel to the modification portion, and when there is decrease in hydrogen generation amount the synthesizer takes in one portion of reformed gas emitted from the modification portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The water absorption unit is installed in the upstream of the modifier. The modifier has a support which holds a modification catalyst on the surface. The water absorption unit mixes water absorber with the modification catalyst substance and forms the upper portion of the support, or holds the water absorber on the modification-catalyst layer (8) and forms the upstream side of the support. Preferred Method: The heat from the modifier is transferred to the water absorption unit by a heat transfer unit preferably a heat pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has an oxidation device with a control means which adds oxygen to the inflow side of the CO oxidation device or oxygen-containing gas to decrease the amount of coolant currents of the heat exchanger according to the levels of the upper limit of the setting flow amount.The catalyst layer of the hydrocarbonized device uses the same catalyst as the CO oxidation device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The constituent material of semiconductor substrate of solar cell is selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amino pyrimidine type compound has a structure of formula (I).R1-R4 = H, 1-6C alkyl group, 1-6C alkoxy group or group of formula (II);R5, R6 = H or 1-6C alkyl group; andk = 0-6.One or more groups chosen from R1-R6 optionally combine together to form a cyclic structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolytic Solution: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox-group electrolyte which is a halogen compound and halogen molecule containing halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine, bromine, or a mixture containing mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine or bromine. EXAMPLE - 0.1 mol/liter of lithium iodide, 0.05 mol/liter of iodine and 0.62 mol/liter of iodide dimethyl propyl imidazolium were dissolved in acetonitrile, to obtain an electrolytic solution. 0.5 mol/liter of an amino pyrimidine type compound of formula (Ia) was added, to obtain an amino pyrimidine type compound electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was dripped on a porous titanium oxide semiconductor thin film of thickness 15 micro meters with an electrically conductive glass which supported a sensitizing dye.    A spacer obtained using a polyethylene film of thickness 25 micro meters, was mounted and covered by platinum counter electrode, to form an optoelectric transducer. The obtained optoelectric transducer was irradiated with light of intensity 100 mW/cm2 using xenon lamp. The initial voltage and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the transducer were evaluated and found to be 0.74 V and 7.4%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hot welding process is performed using a gas selected from a group comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, argon and helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thickener is selected from the group consisting of salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, carboxymethycellulose and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The ENM consists of polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polyester, polyoxymethylene, polyarylether ketone, polyamide, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene oxide, polypropylene or polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Preparation: The nanoscale spinel is prepared by atomizing magnesium (Mg) compounds and aluminum (Al) compounds, optionally dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and conversion to the spinel (MgAl2O4 spinel) in a flame at temperatures above 200degreesC. EXAMPLE - An aqueous 6% aluminum chloride (AlCl3) solution and an aqueous 6% magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution in an Al:Mg molar ratio of 1:0.4 were atomized under nitrogen pressure and reacted in a hydrogen/air flame. The temperature 0.5 m below the flame was 500-1000 degrees C. The resultant spinel was separated in filters. The product had a BET surface area of 29 m2/g and pH 10.0; and contained spinel and MgO phases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The Group VIII metal is Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir and/or Os (preferably Ni and/or Co).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode comprises a planar portion parallel to the first electrode, where the metal foil portion of the second electrode comprises nanowires coupled to the planar portion and extending from it. The metal foil portion of the second electrode comprises a conductive sheet having a thickness of approximately 1-50 mum, and comprising cavities formed through it, where the dye sensitized semiconductor material is formed in each of the cavities. The solar cell comprises an electrolyte solution disposed in each cavities.Preferred Dimension: Each of the nanowires comprises a width of approximately 10-50 nm and a length of approximately 1-50 mum, and is spaced in approximately 10-800, preferably approximately 10-400 nm, from the closest adjacent one of the nanowires. Each of the cavities comprises a diameter of approximately 10-400 nm. The thickness of the walls of each of the cavities is approximately 2-40 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The first electrode comprises titanium. The semiconductor layer comprises titanium dioxide (12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Formation of nanowires comprises disposing a sheet of poly carbonate polymer on the conductive layer; forming holes through the sheet of poly carbonate polymer; disposing a metal into the holes; and dissolving the sheet of poly carbonate polymer. Formation of holes through the sheet of poly carbonate polymer comprises exposing the sheet of poly carbonate polymer to neutrons. Formation of semiconductive layer comprises oxidizing each of the nanowires and conductive layer. It comprises forming nanocrystals, where the thickness of the semiconductive layer is less than or equal to twice the width of the nanocrystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous hydride is aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4), aqueous lithium borohydride (LiBH4), or aqueous sodium hydride (NaH). The control unit opens the first valve and closes the second and third valves if the temperature of the coolant is higher than a predetermined temperature. The control unit closes the first valve and opens the second and third valves if the temperature of the coolant is not higher than a predetermined temperature.Preferred Process: The generation of hydrogen and oxide comprises opening a first valve, closing second valve, and closing third valve. The cooling of hydrogen fuel cell further includes storing hydrogen in a hydrogen storage unit, storing aqueous hydride in a hydride storage unit, recalculating the temperature of the coolant, determining that the temperature of the coolant is below the predetermined temperature, and regenerating aqueous hydride from the oxide and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system operates at 1-10 atm. The non-hydrophilic membrane is hollow fiber membrane, tubular membrane or flat-sheet membrane. It includes a selective layer, preferably an ultra-microporous having an average pore size of 10-100 Angstrom or a dense membrane having an average pore size less than 10 Angstrom. The non-hydrophilic membrane is an isotropic membrane or an anisotropic membrane. It has a surface area of 0.01-500 m2. The ratio of the total length of the fiber and the diameter of the fiber bundle OMEGA = L/square is less than 5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-hydrophilic membrane includes glassy polymer or rubbery polymer. The rubbery polymer is natural or synthetic polyisoprene, nitrile rubber, polybutadiene, polystyrene-butadiene copolymer, polyisobutylene-isoprene copolymer, polyethylene-propylene copolymer, polychloroprene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane, polyfluorocarbon, polyfluorosilicone, or polysiloxane. The glassy polymer having a glass transition temperature of 90-350degreesC is polycarbonate, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyamide, poly(phenylene oxide), or polyacetylene. The non-hydrophilic membrane may be aromatic polyimide, polyaramid, aromatic polycarbonate, aromatic polyetherimide, or aromatic polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metallic sheet has a major surface area larger than a surface area of the opposite surfaces of the solar cell, and includes opposite end portions which extend from respective opposite ends of the solar cell in respective opposite directions in which the second lead electrode extends. The electrically conductive members in the form of metallic foils extend outwardly from a periphery of the solar cell in a plane parallel to the light-receiving surface. The solar cell assemblies further include a sealing layer which is formed of a transparent resin and which covers the light-receiving surface. The sealing layer has a light-receiving surface, and each solar cell assembly further includes transparent glass plate, which covers the light-receiving surface of the sealing layer. The electrodes are formed on the light-receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat dissipating layer is formed of a material thermoplastic material; or non-thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive oxide layer comprises fluorinated tin oxide. The semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide. The porous insulating layer comprises silica, alumina, platinum, or carbon. The first electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode comprises platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer comprises a porous material having nanocrystals. It comprises a dye-sensitized semiconductor layer and electrolyte solution comprising an organic solvent and iodide. The catalyst layer is provided to catalyze electron transfer to an oxidant in the electrolyte solution. A sealing layer is disposed on the catalyst layer.Preferred Property: The semiconductor layer comprises a thickness of approximately 1-50 mum. The nanocrystals have a diameter of approximately 10-400 nm. The micro-channels comprise a channel-width of at most approximately 1 mum and are spaced approximately 4 mum from any directly adjacent of the micro-channels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first electrode comprises platinum. The second electrode comprises a transparent conductive oxide. The dye-sensitized semiconductor material comprises titanium oxide (12). The conductive material comprises platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The second electrode (16) comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: Each finger has a thickness at most approximately 1 mum, and a width of approximately 3-20 mum from any of the directly adjacent of the fingers.Preferred Component: Each second finger is coupled to the first electrode. The dye-sensitized semiconductor material comprises a porous nano-crystalline material. It comprises an electrolyte (20) solution comprising iodide. An insulating layer is disposed between the first electrode and dye-sensitized semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first electrode comprises plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first electrode comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conducting oxide layer comprises a platinized transparent conducting oxide layer. The second electrode comprises metal or a platinized transparent conducting oxide layer. The structured electrode comprises a platinized or carbonized material, or transparent conducting oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first electrode is parallel to the second electrode. The structured electrode comprises a conducting material. The semiconductor material comprises a porous material having nanocrystals. The solar cell comprises a first insulative material coupled between the first electrode and structured electrodes, and a second insulative material coupled between the second electrode and structured electrode. Each insulative material comprises a cavity coincident with the cavity of the structured electrode.Preferred Property: The second planar electrode is approximately positioned at a distance of approximately 1-50 mum from the first planar electrode. The height of the structure electrode is approximately 1-50 mum. The structured electrode has a diameter of approximately 1-10 mum. The cavity has a diameter of approximately 1-10 mum. Each nanocrystal has a diameter of approximately 10-400 nm. The first insulative material has a height of approximately 0.5-2 mum. The second insulative material has a height of approximately 0.5-2 mum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution comprises organic solvent or ionic liquid. It may comprise iodide and/or triiodide couple.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is an alcohol such as methanol or a hydrocarbon such as methane or naphtha. The catalyst is a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The whole amount of hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing gas are mixed. Water vapor is added to the mixture and supplied to a water vapor modification-reaction device (4). The mixture is subjected to two-stage steam reforming process. The mixture is supplied to low temperature steam reforming process. The exit gas is reformed by high temperature steam reforming process. The oxygen-containing compound is optionally steam-reformed or decomposed using a copper type catalyst or zinc and chromium type catalyst, before low temperature steam reforming process. The low temperature steam reforming process is optionally carried out at two-stage process. The mixture of oxygen-containing compound and water vapor or hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing compound is subjected to stage (I) of low temperature steam reforming process. The hydrocarbon and water vapor are added to the exit gas of stage (I) and subjected to stage (II) of steam reforming process. The exit gas of low temperature steam reforming process is subjected to high temperature steam reforming process. When the catalyst layer temperature is low during starting of the reaction, oxygen-containing compound and water vapor are supplied and the reaction is performed after attaining a favorable temperature rise. When the catalyst layer temperature is low during shut down of the system, oxygen-containing compound and water vapor raw material and heavy carbonized water are purged into the system and atmosphere of the system is made into reformed gas atmosphere. The reformed gas is recycled and supply of water vapor is stopped.
Preferred Definitions:    Z+ = group of formula (II or III); and    R1-R4 = 1-8C monovalent hydrocarbon groups    two or more groups chosen from R1-R4 optionally couple together to form a ring.    EXAMPLE - Potassium cyanide (in g) (6.5) was added to trifluoroborane-diethyl etherate (14.2). The mixture was refluxed for 5 hours at 50degreesC and concentrated at reduced pressure, to obtain a white solid (13). The obtained white solid and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (14.7) were maintained at relative humidity of 10% or less in nitrogen atmosphere, and dissolved in 50 ml of ion exchange water. 100 ml of methylene chloride was added and extracted, to obtain an organic layer. The organic layer was washed twice using 50 ml of ion exchange water. The obtained organic layer was concentrated at reduced pressure, to obtain a colorless and transparent liquid cyano trifluoro borate-1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium salt (10.2). The obtained salt had a melting point of -21.7degreesC and ionic conductivity of 11.3 mS/cm at 20degreesC. Oxidation decomposition of the salt was not observed at a potential less than 5.4 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The boron nitride nanotube is heat-processed at 1400-1600degreesC for 3-10 hours. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal plate is platinum, tungsten, molybdenum or niobium.    EXAMPLE - Boron and magnesium oxide are added in the molar ratio of 1:1, into a reaction tube made from boron nitride. The reaction tube is heated to 1300degreesC. Boron oxide vapor and magnesium vapor generated by reaction of boron and magnesium oxide, were introduced to a reaction chamber with argon as carrier gas. The temperature of the reaction chamber was kept at 1100degreesC, and ammonia gas was introduced into the reaction chamber. Boron oxide and ammonia were reacted to obtain white boron nitride nanotube. The boron nitride nanotube deposited on the wall surface of the reaction chamber, had length of 10 mum and diameter of 5-50 nm. The obtained boron nitride nanotube (508 mg) was interposed between two platinum boards, and the platinum board was arranged into a boron nitride boat. The arranged platinum board was heated to 1500degreesC in argon atmosphere, for 6 hours, to obtain boron nitride nanotube having improved hydrogen storage capacity. The graph is drawn showing relationship between hydrogen storage capacity of the nanotube and pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The n-type transition metal oxide is titanium dioxide or strontium titanate. The p-type transition metal oxide is ruthenium dioxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide, chromium dioxide, perovskite-type oxide (ABO3:A, where A is simple substance or solid solution of yttrium, rare earth element, thallium, lead, bismuth, barium, strontium or calcium, and B is manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel) or copper oxide (AxCuOy:A, where A is simple substance or solid solution of lanthanum, yttrium, bismuth, thallium, lead, praseodymium, neodymium, barium, strontium or calcium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water soluble polymers comprise contains polyoxyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imine, polyacrylamide, methyl cellulose and starch, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl carboxylic acid, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyvinyl imino bis (methylene phosphonic acid), polyvinyl carboxylic acid and polyvinyl imino bis (methylene carboxylic acid), methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl alcohol-methyl methacryclic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic acid methyl methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-methacrylic alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroxyethyl-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl copolymer, methyl methacrylic hydroethyl-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl carboxylic acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer, vinyl alcohol-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer and vinyl sulfonic-acid-vinyl alkyl-ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent fluorine resin is a fluorine resin chosen from tetrafluoro-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene-resin, chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel tank is arranged completely within the shell (2) of the hearing device. The fuel tank and/or fuel cell is arranged detachable from the hearing device. The fuel tank is made of flexible material allowing the shape and/or volume of the fuel tank to alter. The shape of the fuel tank is irregular, preferably formed to fill out the spare spaces or volumes respectively of the shell of the hearing device. The membrane comprises a nanomechanical coating, achieving other fluids than the fluid to be filled into the fuel tank to repel. The micro openings are realized by a woven fabric. The membrane and/or areas with micro openings are arranged at least partly on the outer surface of the hearing device shell. Preferred Method: Filling the fuel tank comprises: applying over-pressure; applying a voltage difference across the membrane or micro openings; or applying ionization of the fuel. Cleaning the outside of the hearing device comprises: drowning the hearing device at least partially or completely into the fuel fluid; and applying the output of an ultrasound generator within the fuel fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The hearing device comprises additionally electrical, mechanical, optical, or electromechanical sensor to monitor the filling state of the fuel in the fuel tank.Preferred Material: The fuel tank is made of a transparent or semi-transparent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The odorant material and the hydrogen storage material are randomly mixed in the interior volume of the container. The odorant material is in a first layer and the hydrogen storage material is in a second layer adjacent to the first layer. The portion of the odorant material released is a predetermined quantity, which is detectable by a sense of smell of a living being. The conduit transmits the hydrogen gas from the container to a storage vessel or an end user.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The odorant material is derivatives of acrylic acid, alkyl esters of 4-7C, and/or carboxylic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The odorant material is encapsulated by a polymer of rubbery polymer, and/or a glassy polymer. The rubbery polymer is polydimethyl siloxanes, and/or polyphasphazenes. The glassy polymer is polyimides, polysulfones, polyamides, polyarylates, polyolefins, polyetherketones, and/or polycarbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coatings are deposited with a composition from indium oxide doped at most 15% with stannous oxide and/or at most 5% with cadmium oxide, zinc oxide doped at most 5% with aluminum oxide and/or at most 5% with indium oxide, stannous oxide doped at most 10% with antimony oxide and/or at most 35% with zinc oxide and/or with fluorine since the fluorine/tin (F/Sn) ratio is 0.15-0.3, and cadmium oxide doped at most 35% with stannous oxide.Preferably, the coatings are deposited with indium oxide doped with 10% stannous oxide, indium oxide doped with cadmium oxide, zinc oxide doped with 2% aluminum oxide, zinc oxide doped with indium oxide, stannous oxide doped with approximately 3% antimony oxide, stannous oxide doped with 10-35% zinc oxide, stannous oxide doped with fluorine according to a ratio F/Sn = 0.25, and cadmium oxide doped with 33% stannous oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The low density structural material is aluminum, aluminum alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, or composite products with carbon fibers. The composite product with carbon fiber is of the type carbon-carbon (C-C) or C-silicon carbide (SiC). The structural material with high thermal resistance comprises steel or superalloys of nickel and cobalt. Intermediate layer(s) is deposited between the base and the doped semiconductor oxide coating. It comprises titanium, nickel, aluminum, chromium, iron, cobalt, silicon, yttrium or their respective alloys, oxides of metals such as indium, cadmium, zinc, tin, aluminum, titanium or tungsten, if necessary doped with elements such as tin, aluminum, antimony or fluorine, or combinations of the metals and oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The low density structural material is composite products with polymeric matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Preparation: A bromo derivative of formula (7A) and amino derivative of formula (7B) are reacted to obtain aniline group derivative of formula (7C).R, R' = same as above; andn0 = 0 or more.Preferred Derivative: The aniline group derivative contains repeating units (A, C) or (B, C). EXAMPLE - 5,8-dibromo quinoxaline (in mg) (288), palladium acetate (23), 2,2'-bis (diphenyl phosphine)-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINAP) (62), 1-butoxy sodium (269) and toluene (5 ml) were added and stirred well in a reactor substituted with argon. Aniline (218 mul) was slowly dropped on the solution. After completion of the dripping, the reaction solution was heat refluxed and reacted for 72 hours, after cooling the solution to room temperature, filtered, and solvent was distilled. The obtained mixture was refined with silica gel column chromatography (using hexane:dichloromethane at ratio of 7:3) to obtain 48% yield of dark red solids of formula (7C). See Preferred Preparation.    R,R' = H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal is a transition metal consisting of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, and/or hafnium, preferably manganese, cobalt, and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The channel contains solution consisting of alcohol and/or its mixtures. The solution contains surfactant(s) consisting of alkyl or 10-20C alkylaryl, preferably cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, monododecyl ether of tetraethylene glycol, or cetylpyridinium chloride. The resin precursor is consisting of methyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilylethyl) benzene, tetraethoxysilane, and/or tetramethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The walls of the pores comprise continuous opposing silicate layers, spaced from each other, to define a channel contained within the walls. Preferred Compounds: The surfactant comprises a polar end which itself comprises quat. ammonium, ethylene oxide oligomeric units, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first junction is closer to a source of solar energy and has a higher bandgap than the second junction. The surface of the first junction closer to a source of solar energy is coated with an anti-reflective layer. The first junction comprises n-type and p-type doped gallium-indium-nitride (GaInN). The second junction comprises n-type and p-type doped indium nitride (InN). The solar cell further comprises electrical contacts formed on opposite sides of the first and second junctions. A tunnel junction is sandwiched between the first and second junctions. The tunnel junction comprises an n-type and a p-type layer.Preferred Parameters: The doping levels for the n-type and p-type layers of the junctions are ca. 1 x 106167 (sic) to 1 x 10168/cm3 (sic).Preferred Process: The process further comprises forming an anti-reflection coating on the second junction, forming further layers of tunnel junctions and junctions comprising In1-xGaxN between the first and second junctions, where x increases in successive junctions above the first junction. The method also includes forming an antireflection coating on each junction. The junctions are grown using molecular beam epitaxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The tunnel junction is formed of indium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The ternary alloy is indium-gallium-nitride (In1-xGaxN, where x is 0.39). The ternary alloy has an energy bandgap of 0.7-3.4 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode further includes catalyst particle, carrier supporting the catalyst particle, and conductive porous substrate supporting the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer further includes ion-exchange resin. The photo-conducting substance is solid acid, or fullerene derivative. The solid acid has a water of crystallization. It is a heteropolyacid from phosphomolybdic acid, silicomolybdic acid, phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstic acid, phosphotungstomolybdic acid, silicotungstomolybdic acid, phosphovanadomolybdic acid, or phosphovanadotungstic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The thermoelectric module (10) is provided between a cooled fluid passageway and a reformate passage of the heat exchanger. It has thermoelectric elements (12) connected to form a first end surface and a second end surface, a first electrical insulator (20) having a front side adjacent to the first end surface of the thermoelectric elements, and a second electrical insulator (22) having a front side adjacent to the second end surface of the thermoelectric elements. The first electrical insulator has a rear side adjacent to a heat conduction wall (24, 26) of the heat exchanger. The heat conduction wall faces a hot fluid passageway for the exhaust gas to form a hot side of the heat exchanger. The second electrical insulator has a rear side which faces a cold fluid passageway to form a cold side of the heat exchanger. A fluid return passageway communicates with the cold fluid passageway to permit cold fluid heated from an exchange of heat in the heat exchanger to be used in the fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric module comprises filled skuderite materials, bismuth telluride, silicon germanium, lead telluride, zinc cadmium antimony, and/or nanostructured (thin-film layered) thermoelectric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The powdered metallic particles are nickel-based alloys, chromium-based alloy, and/or carbide-based alloy.The carbide-based alloys comprise a combination of nickel-based and carbide-based alloys.The metal substrate is made from aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, magnesium, and/or magnesium alloys.Preferred Component: The metal substrate has opposite sides provided with the corrosion resistant metallic boundary regions, each of which has gas conveying channels that preferably have V cross-sections.One of the opposite sides of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding oxygen and extending vertically between horizontally extending conduits so that water formed as a byproduct is drained under gravity. The other side of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding hydrogen and arranged in a horizontal zig-zag configuration.Each channel is provided with at least one projection blocking the channel fully or partially and configured to obstruct gas flow.Any source of heat including a hot or heated plate (36) can be used as the heated component thermally treating a side of the substrate which is opposite to the one impinged by the particles.Preferred Dimension: The corrosion-resistant layer is 0.0080-0.010 inch thick.Preferred Method: The corrosion resistant metallic boundary region is provided by using a thermal spray technique or a cold gas dynamic technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component ratio of titanium and chromium in the hydrogen occlusion alloy is 1:1.6-1.9. The component ratio of sum total of titanium and chromium, and sum total of vanadium and molybdenum, is 85:15-80:20. Preferred Structure: The hydrogen occlusion alloy has a body centered cube (BCC) crystal structure. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of hydrogen occlusion alloy, further involves heat-processing the alloy at 1100-1400 degrees Celsius, after rapid solidification process. EXAMPLE - Titanium, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum powder, which have a purity of 99% or more, were uniformly mixed at an atomic ratio of 30%, 50%, 15% and 5%, respectively in argon atmosphere. The obtained alloy was subjected to water quenching at a cooling rate of 110-150 degrees Celsius/minute. After quenching, the alloy was subjected to heat-processing at 250 degrees Celsius, so that the distortion and microseggregation due to solidification shrinkage were eliminated, and cooled slowly. The obtained hydrogen occlusion alloy had uniform structure. The obtained alloy was used for hydrogen storage system. The obtained alloy had hydrogen storage capacity of 3.698 at 10 MPa, residual hydrogen storage capacity of 0.85 at 0.1 MPa and rechargeable hydrogen storage capacity of 2.848.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt, is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The ionic substance (B) having cyano group, has anion expressed with formula (I).X = element chosen from boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic and selenium;M1, M2 = organic connection group;Q = organic group;a = integer greater than 0; andb-e = 0 or more. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate was dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent containing mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate in the capacitance ratio of 1:1. An electrolytic solution (1) was obtained. Lithium dicyano amide was added to the obtained electrolytic solution, in the mass ratio of 1:34. An ionic conductive material was obtained. The cyclic-voltammetric measurement of the obtained material was analyzed, and the material was found to be electrochemically stable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sulfuric acid supporting metal oxide containing zirconium, titanium, iron, tin, silicon, aluminum, molybdenum and at least one type of element selected from the group consisting of tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Film: (I) is molded by heat pressing method. The film is drawn in the fixed direction such that it orients the double-helix chain of the DNA, and the conduction network of carbon nanotube is formed. The carbon nanotube is a monolayer carbon nanotube. The cationic lipid is alkyl type cationic lipid, dialkyl type cationic lipid or aromatic ring containing cationic lipid. The DNA is chosen from natural DNA, synthetic DNA, natural RNA, synthetic RNA, DNA/RNA hybrid and the anionic polymer other than DNA and RNA. The content of carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite in the matrix composite is 0.5-10.0 wt.% with respect to the carbon nanotube added into cationic lipid aqueous solution.Preferred Method: (M1) is performed after swelling the matrix composite film. EXAMPLE - Matrix composite film containing carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite was prepared as follows. Forty ml of 9.1 mg/ml hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous solution was added to 10 mg monolayer carbon nanotube. The ultrasonic wave was applied for 10 minutes, and the powder of carbon nanotube was made. After several hours of stirring, irradiation was supplied for 3 minutes using ultrasonic wave. The obtained dispersion lipid was centrifuged and supernatant liquid was collected. Several ml of water was added to the precipitate, centrifuged and the supernatant liquid was collected. Then, the obtained supernatant was set as carbon nanotube lipid dispersion liquid. DNA (30000 base pairs) derived from Salmon milt was dissolved in water and DNA aqueous solution was obtained. The obtained DNA aqueous solution was dropped to the carbon nanotube lipid dispersion liquid, stirred for 1 hour and subjected for centrifugation. The precipitate was collected and decantation of the supernatant liquid was carried out. After freeze-drying, a black powder of matrix composite containing carbon nanotube/lipid/DNA composite was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The water-reactive metal is made from sodium. The gas generator has a housing (1) freely held so that the reaction surface of the solid block is adjusted parallel to the meniscus of the seawater. The block is free from bubbles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen production rate is established by the demand for hydrogen by the fuel cell. The predetermined rate of each raw material is defined by a bank of values specific to the hydrogen production rate for the condition of the hydrogen generator and the condition of the hydrocarbon-containing feed. The hydrogen generator is ascertained by monitoring operating conditions. Cascade control based upon monitoring operating conditions establishes the bank of values of the predetermined rates specific to the hydrogen production rate. The predetermined rate of each of the raw materials is established by an algorithm specific to the hydrogen production rate and the conditions of the hydrogen generator and the hydrocarbon-containing feed. The operating condition of the hydrogen generator is ascertained by monitoring operating conditions. The carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide by preferential oxidation in the presence of free oxygen. The raw material is maintained for a sufficient portion of the transition period to accommodate slower responding conditions or to attenuate adverse transient responses. The target hydrocarbon fuel flow and current fuel flow are measured periodically and the difference is then calculated to determine whether to increase, decrease or not change the ratios of water to fuel and air to fuel. Upon a change from the turning up mode or the turning down mode to the steady state mode, there is a delay for a preset period of time prior to commencement of the predetermined ratio for the steady state mode. The fuel processor contains at least two preferential oxidation reactors, where an approximately equal flow of air is added to each of the preferential oxidation reactors. After the hydrogen fuel passes through the preferential oxidation reactors, the hydrogen fuel contains no more than 50 ppmv carbon monoxide at any time during operation of the preferential oxidation reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Maintaining the region of effervescence separated from the precipitate includes maintaining the region of effervescence at a distance of 1 cm above the precipitate. A sodium hydroxide concentration in the aqueous solution is caused to oscillate equal amounts up and down. The step of reacting aluminum with water at a surface of the solution comprises retaining the aluminum on a floating screen. An amount of NaOH is maintained constant in the vessel, and water and aluminum are added in the vessel according to a rate of consumption of the aluminum and the water in reacting. The step of adding water is carried out when a temperature in the aqueous solution has reached a peak or 75 degrees C. The step of reacting the portion of aluminum with the portion of water is carried out at 4-17 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous solution contains 5-10 M NaOH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The band comprises aromatic polyamide fibers and is made from a metal or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The emulsion further comprises at least 20 wt.% alcohol from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, n-pentanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or butyleneglycol. In the alkoxylated alkyl alcohols, alkoxylated alkyl monoesters, alkoxylated alkyl esters, the alkoxylated groups are an ethoxylated group.Preferred Property: The emulsion has conductivity of 20-40 mhos at 25degreesC. It is stable to freeze thaw cycles in -54 to +50degreesC. EXAMPLE - 0.6 g polyethylene glycol 600 monolaurate (structure 1b) and 0.4 g polyethylene glycol 200 dilaurate, Type-A surfactants were added 61 g isooctane and 39 g water and mixed for 5 minutes at 25degreesC. The mixture was allowed to stand for 30 minutes. A water-in-oil emulsion with excess water splitting out was observed. To this mixture was added 0.5 g alkyl ethoxylated amid, and the mixture was mixed again. A milky white emulsion was observed with no phase separation even after 6 hours of standing. The conductivity of water was 47 mumho, naphtha was 0.1 mumho, and the emulsion was 30 mumho confirming the water continuity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The emulsion further comprises up to 20 wt.% alcohol, preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, n-pentanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or butylene glycol.Preferred Materials: The hydrocarbon is in the boiling range of -1degreesC to 260degreesC. The water is free of salts of halides, sulfates and carbonates of Group I and Group II elements of the Periodic Table. The alkoxylated alkyl alcohols, alkoxylated alkyl monoesters, alkoxylated alkyl diesters, alkyl polyglycerol monoesters, and alkyl polyglycerol diesters thermally decompose at 250-700degreesC. The alkyl alcohols, alkyl monoesters and alkyl diesters are ethoxylated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metallic composition comprises transition metal, e.g. molybdenum, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, or alloy of these metals; and metal, e.g. boron, aluminum, germanium, arsenic, lead, antimony, bismuth, or alloy of these metals. The metallic composition may be a metal chalcogenide deposited from a solution of metal ion (e.g. cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, germanium, antimony, or bismuth ion), and elemental chalcogen (e.g. sulfur, selenium, or tellurium) or chalcogen oxide in non-aqueous solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mesoporous silica film is hexagonal or swirled mesoporous silica, or a cubic mesoporous silica having interconnected network of pores. It includes a conductive substrate in contact with a porous surface of the film. The conductive substrate comprises metal, e.g. aluminum, copper, silver, gold, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: Electrodeposition is conducted in a non-aqueous polar aprotic solvent. Annealing is performed at a temperature of not more than 40% of the melting temperature of the metallic composition for at least 10 minutes. When the metallic composition comprises transition metal, annealing is performed at 350-450degreesC for at least 30 minutes. When the metallic composition comprises metal chalcogenide, annealing is performed at 600-700degreesC for at least 15 minutes. Removal of silica is carried out by dissolving the silica in aqueous hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aluminum derivative is aluminum hydroxide(s) and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent is deionized water. Cerium in a water-soluble form is introduced into the solvent. It may be cerium oxide, cerium hydroxide or cerium nitrate. Indium tin oxide is also introduced into the solvent. The solar cell comprises gallium arsenide, silicon, gallium arsenide and germanium, or indium gallium and gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organosilane comprises 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The catalyst comprises acetic acid. The water-soluble cerium may be cerium acetate, cerium acetylacetonate, cerium 2-ethylhexonate, cerium oxalate, cerium stearate, or cerium trifluoro acetylacetonate. Preferred Method: Concentrating the solution comprises evaporating the solvent out of the solution to provide a sol-gel coating about 30 weight % concentration of the sol-gel solution. The sol-gel coating is filtered by vacuum filtering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Dimension: The coating measures 1-10 mils in thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The seal element is formed as a crosslinked polymer or as a layer of low-viscosity fluid composition coated on the edge portion or bipolar plate surface by screen-printing.Preferred Thickness: The thickness of seal element is 0.001-0.005 inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises organopolysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The housing comprises a C-shaped connector (35a-305c) having an opening to receive a bar inserted transversely into the opening when the cover is at the release angle with respect to the housing. It may comprise a cavity (330) to receive a chargeable cell and to conform to the shape of the chargeable cell. The cavity receives a repeater. The unit also includes a mount having a back and supports to engage the housing and extend perpendicularly from the back. The further has braces extending from one support to the other support. The housing comprises a mounting protrusion to pivotally engage the supports of the mount. The mounting protrusion and supports of the mount comprise friction points to prevent pivotal movement between the mount and mounting protrusion (320). A locking mechanism (350a-350d) secures the cover to the housing. The cover comprises a bar extending from one side of the cover and parallel to the one side of the cover. The bar engages an opening in a C-shaped recess. It has a cross-section defined by a circular outer circumference having two opposing flattened portions separated by a distance approximately equal to the opening on the C-shaped recess (310a-310c). The cover comprises a concavity to receive a solar panel, a groove to receive a gasket to provide a seal between the cover to the housing when the cover and housing are securely engaged. A circuit board receives electricity from the solar panel and is located internal to the solar panel unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: At least one of the cover and housing is made from a polyvinyl-chloride material from Lexan 503R (RTM) or Lexan 143 (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte film component has a sulfonic acid group. The electrolyte film component is a polymer compound having perfluoro alkyl chain as principal chain, and perfluoro vinyl ether having a sulfonic acid group at the terminal, as side chain. EXAMPLE - Balkan XC-72 (carbon black) (in weight parts) (100) was mixed with an Nafion liquid (electrolyte) (5) for 5 minutes. The mixture was dried at 100degrees C for 5 hours and carbon black having uniformly coating of electrolyte film was obtained. Dinitro diamine platinum nitric acid solution containing 15 wt.% of platinum was mixed with the carbon black coated with electrolyte film. 98% Ethyl alcohol (reducer) was added and stir-mixed at 95 degrees C for 6 hours, and the platinum was supported on the carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is chosen from zeolite having FAU, BEA, LTL, MOR, MTW, GME, OFF, MFI, MEL, FER, TON, MTT and LTA structure. Preferred Metal: The metal amine complex ion is silver, copper, cobalt, nickel and/or zinc amine complex ion, preferably silver amine complex ion and/or copper amine complex ion. Preferred Properties: The area ratio of metal aggregated on zeolite surface is 0.01 or less for a metal load of 1 mass%, preferably 5-30 mass%. The metal has a diameter of 2 nm or more. The content of an alkali metal in the metal ion-exchange zeolite is 2 mass% or less. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method further involves drying and baking at 500degreesC or less. Preferred Catalyst: The partial-oxidation modification catalyst, auto thermal modification catalyst or water vapor modification catalyst is a ruthenium-type or a nickel-type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel is liquefied petroleum gas, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene, light oil, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane and/or butene. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (3.5) was dissolved in 100 ml of water, and 30 mass% aqueous ammonia (5) was added to the obtained solution, and stirred to obtain solution containing silver amine complex ion. 500degreesC baking product (20) of HSZ-930NHA (beta-type zeolite) having aluminum content of 2.5 mass% and sodium content of 0.02 mass%, was supplied to the obtained solution. Ion-exchange treatment of the obtained slurry kept at 50degreesC was performed for 4 hours, and stirred. Solid substance was filtered, water-washed, dried at 120degreesC and baked at 400degreesC or more for 3 hours to obtain silver exchange beta-type zeolite having silver content of 6.4 mass%, sodium content of 0.02 mass% and aluminum content of 2.5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Proton Source: The proton source is selected from phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid ester, tungstophosphoric acid and/or tungsten peroxo complex. EXAMPLE - Isocyanic acid-3-(triethoxy silylpropyl) (in g) (24.7) was dissolved in acetonitrile under nitrogen stream. 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl) tetramethyl disiloxane (12.4) was dropped at room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and compound (I-1) (36) having siloxane linkage of formula (10) was prepared. The obtained compound (I-1) used as precursor (1) and tetraethoxysilane (1) were dissolved in ethanol. Hydrochloric acid solution was added at 25degreesC and stirred for 20 minutes. Ethanol solution of phosphoric acid was dropped and the reaction solution was obtained. The reaction solution was applied on a Teflon sheet and heated at 50degreesC for 2 hours after allowing to stand for 2 hours. The sheet was heated at 120degreesC or more for 3 hours and Teflon sheet was peeled and a colorless and transparent sheet of thickness 230 microns was obtained. The proton conduction film so obtained was bonded on both surfaces with catalyst film and hot pressed at 120degreesC under a pressure of 50 kg/cm2, and composite material of catalyst electrode and film was obtained. The composite material was set in a fuel cell and 50 mass% methanol aqueous solution was poured into cathode side opening and anode side opening was contacted with air. A constant current of 5 mA/cm2 was applied between the electrodes and cell voltage was measured. The cell voltage was found to the constant without much variation. Time dependent voltage reduction and methanol crossover phenomenon were not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine group polymer contained in the composition is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture containing fluorine group monomer and monomer having 4-25C hydrocarbon group as essential components. EXAMPLE - Ethyl acetate (in g) (40) was added to a flask (500 ml). Then, perfluoro octyl methyl methacrylate (90) and monomer mixture containing methyl methacrylate (9.5), methacrylic acid (0.5) and tert-butyl-peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate (0.2) were added to the flask and refluxed. Subsequently, ethyl acetate (60) was added and heated for 8 hours. Finally toluene (50) was added, to obtain acrylic resin having weight average molecular weight of 275000. Acrylic resin (in weight parts) (100) was mixed with methyl ethyl ketone (10) and phthalocyanine group pigment (A) (0.18), to obtain near-infrared-ray absorbing resin composition. The obtained composition was coated on polyethylene terephthalate film, and dried at 100degreesC for 5 minutes, to obtain near-infrared-ray absorbing layer of 5 microns thickness. Then, ultraviolet-absorption property acrylic resin was diluted and applied on the near-infrared-ray absorbing layer, and dried at 80degreesC for 3 minutes, to form ultraviolet-absorption layer of 3 microns thickness. The obtained film was cured for 7 days at 40degreesC. The cured film had favorable weather resistance. The near-infrared-ray absorbing power persistence of the obtained film was evaluated and found to be 93%. The generation of crack in the ultraviolet-ray absorption layer was not observed. The discoloration of the ultraviolet-ray absorption layer was not observed, even when it was exposed at 60degreesC and 90% relative humidity for 1000 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zirconium oxide contains not less than 0.5 wt.% to not more than 5 wt.% solids.Preferred Property: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of the catalyst carrier is not less than 70 % of BET specific surface area of powder obtained by grinding the catalyst carrier such that the average particle diameter of the resulting particles is 4 mum. The average particle diameter of the particulate cerium-zirconium composite oxide is not less than 1 mum to not more than 15 mum. The average particle diameter of the particulate zirconium oxide is (0.01 mum to not more than 0.5 mum. The average particle diameter of the predetermined particulate noble metal is not less than 0.5 nm to not more than 8 nm. The catalyst carrier is in spherical form, and has a core having a diameter of not less than 0.2 to not more than 0.5 times the diameter of the sphere and a shell formed outside the core. The volume of pores in the catalyst carrier is not less than 0.10 mL/g to not more than 0.20 mL/g. The diameter of pores in the catalyst carrier the distribution of which takes maximum value is not less than 3 nm to not more than 10 nm. The packing density of the CO removal catalyst is not less than 1.1 g/cm3 to not more than 2 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type semiconductor can be formed using a known material enabling n-type semiconductor e.g. zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide. The p-type semiconductor can be formed using a known material enabling p-type semiconductor e.g. cobalt oxide, iron oxide black and copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The laser polishing is carried out only after deposition of a fitting, barrier and/or contact layer on the carrier material. Laser nitriding, carburizing or carbonitriding is carried out together with laser polishing. The substrate is made from copper or non-alloyed steel having a chromium layer. The substrate is inductively heated during laser treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Water is used to produce hydrogen fuel on the spot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor light-emitting element further has a semiconductor layer containing group 4B element, as an impurity. The barrier layer contains indium. Group 6B element, is oxygen or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The target component comprises ammonia gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic material is scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, rhenium or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic compound comprises isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid catalyst is a highly dispersed platinum catalyst. Preferred Composition: The catalyst ink comprises 50-80% water. The solid catalyst is present in 10-20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The polar aprotic organic solvent has a standard boiling point of at least 80degreesC. The catalyst ink has a viscosity at 1/sec of at most10 or at most1 Pa-sec. It does not ignite spontaneously when dried to completion in air at least80degreesC or at least140degreesC. Preferred Component: The polar aprotic organic solvent is dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethyacetamide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone (preferably), dimethylimidazolidinone, acetonitrile, butyrolactone, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, isobutyl methyl ketone, or sulfolane. Preferred Composition: The polar aprotic organic solvent is present at 5-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte is highly fluorinated and contains no arylene units in the polymer backbone. Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte in acid (H+) form is present in 1-10%. EXAMPLE - Anode ink was made by weighing 30 g catalyst powder into a glass jar. Then, 112.2 g Nafion solution was added to the catalyst powder remained in the mixture. The jar was placed in ice bath and deagglomerated for 1 minute at 16000 rpm. Then 20.4 g additional water was added and mixed for 10 minutes. A rubber spatula was used to scrape the catalyst dispersion off the jar and the jar was tightly sealed to prevent solvent loss from the catalyst dispersion. The ink was examined and showed strong flocculation, a viscosity of 14.5 Pa.sec at 1/sec, a power law index of 0.3956, and no incineration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The injection section is supplied with the material from a material storage container provided outside the pair of substrates. The material includes an oxidizing agent, and the oxygen is produced from the injected oxidizing agent in the flow path. Oxygen produced from the oxidizing agent and carbon monoxide contained in a differently supplied fluid react in the flow path to produce carbon dioxide. The material includes an oxidizing agent, and is mixed with a combustion fuel in the flow path to combust the combustion fuel, thus generating heat energy. The material is a liquid oxidizing agent. It includes hydrogen peroxide or its solution or a dinitrogen monoxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The injection section includes an inkjet head and an injection mechanism which injects the liquid material in a nozzle in a particle form by pressure due to air bubbles that are produced in the nozzle by film boiling through heating the material in the nozzle. The chemical reactor comprises a heat source for heating the flow path. The heat source has a thin film heater (14) and a thermal fluid to be supplied in a flow path provided in a surface of one of the pair of substrates which is opposite to a surface facing the other substrate. The heat source has a combustion reaction furnace which achieves heating by combusting the combustion fuel. The chemical reactor further comprises an injection section which injects and supplies the combustion fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is anode or cathode. The spacer is a first spacer and is attached to a first surface of the plate to form an interconnect assembly (38). The interconnect assembly includes a second spacer identical with the first spacer and attached to a second surface of the interconnect plate. A portion of fuel cell may be considered a fuel cell module (74).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal mesh is woven of metal wires which are woven in a pattern.Preferred Material: The metal is Hastelloy C, Haynes 230, a stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, molybdenum, tantalum, or tungsten.Preferred Property: The weave pattern is simple lock weave, twill weave, plain Dutch weave, twill Dutch weave, or twill Dutch double weave. The three-dimensional pattern is linear, starburst radial, wavy, zig-zag, circular, tapered linear, spiral, cross-hatched, or dimpled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The yarn is twisted after being stretched and spun. It is held with a serving yarn after being stretch broken and spun. It is woven into a fabric. It is stitch bonded into a multiaxial fabric. It is in layers, and mechanically secured together by needle punching into a felt. The fabric is subject to heat to convert the yarn of pitch precursor material into graphitic yarn. It is coated with a carbonaceous mixture. It is incorporated in a composite comprising a thermoplastic or thermoset resin.Preferred Parameter: The ratio of the first filament count to the second filament count is between 5-20.Preferred Component: The hybrid yarn comprises pitch precursor fibers and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen storage material consists of magnesium or titanium group storage material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode catalyst layer includes noble metals selected from platinum or platinum alloy including ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The (co)polymer (B-1) is styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber or their hydrogenated products. The functional group contained in the (co)polymer (B-1) is chosen from carboxyl, alkoxy silyl, epoxy, amino, hydroxyl, sulfonic, halogen, oxazoline, isocyanate and thiol group. The cross-linked material is obtained by heat mixing 0.05-5 mass parts of metallic compounds (B-2) with respect to 100 mass parts of functional group content (co)polymers (B-1). The obtained cross-linked material is subsequently mixed with (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The dispersion medium is water, 3C or less monovalent alcohol and/or 3C or less polyhydric alcohol, preferably water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal oxide comprises (un)doped transition metal oxides comprising cerium oxide, stannic oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, and/or preferably zinc oxide with donor dopants, e.g. aluminum (Al) or gallium (Ga).The proton-conducting electrolyte is barium or strontium zirconate preferably doped with yttrium (Y) and/or cerium (Ce).The cathode comprises platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The cell has an operational temperature of 300-800 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: The particles used for forming the fibrous body are suspended in an aqueous suspension, preferably with a water-soluble organic binder and elemental binder, and pressing to form a fibrous body after dewatering. A flocculating agent is added to the suspension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A dosing pipe (8) and a fuel dosing unit (2) are joined together by an adapter (6) in a hydraulically tight or detachable manner. The adapter has an air feed (9) connecting the adapter with the dosing pipe. The heating element is electrically operated and heated. The heating element is secured using a fixing element (3) made from plastic, immersion resin or ceramic. The dosing unit is a fuel injection valve, preferably a low pressure fuel injection valve operated at pressures of up to 10 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The grain-shaped silicon crystal is annealed in an inert atmosphere. The controlled atmosphere further comprises argon gas.Preferred Film: The silicon compound film is an oxynitride film of silicon.Preferred Property: The grain-shaped silicon has a diameter of 1200 microns or less.Preferred Process: The grain-shaped silicon is mounted on a quartz glass, and heat annealed. The grain-shaped silicon is maintained at a temperature of 1400 degrees C or less for a predetermined time, after melting. The grain-shaped silicon is cooled to 700 degrees C for 1 hour or more. EXAMPLE - A grain-shaped silicon having particle size of 500 microns, was subjected to RCA washing, and packed on a pot of quartz crystal. The silicon was heated in an argon atmosphere and was subjected to heat-annealing treatment for 120 minutes at a temperature of 1000 degrees C. A reactive gas of nitrogen and oxygen, and argon, were introduced to the silicon at 1000 degrees C, to form an oxynitride film at silicon surface. The silicon inside the film was melted, by holding the film at 1430 degrees C for 2 minutes. The silicon was solidified by holding at 1360 degrees C for 10 minutes. The silicon crystal was cooled at 700 degrees C for 2 hours, and the temperature was rapidly decreased to room temperature, to obtain grain-shaped silicon crystal. The oxynitride film at the surface of silicon crystal was recovered by etching removal using hydrofluoric acid and fluoronitric acid. The obtained silicon crystal was used for manufacturing solar cells. The silicon crystal had favorable release voltage characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The mask material contains isopropyl alcohol or ethanol as a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mask material contains titanic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The insulation layer is made of silicon oxide and titanium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Nitrogen-containing compound is preferably of formulae (2-5).Q = same as above defined;R1 = -NR4R5 or hydroxyl group;R4,R5 = H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;B1,B3 = =C(R6)- or =N-;R2,R3,R6,R7 = H or substituent, and R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, R5 and R6, and R6 and R7 may combine together to form a ring; andR8,R9 = H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One hundred and forty nitrogen-containing compounds are disclosed such as compounds of formulae (II-1) to (II-2).    EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide suspension was applied on a transparent electroconductive glass panel coated with tin oxide doped with fluorine. The panel was baked at 300 degrees C after drying to form titanium oxide film. Subsequently, nitrogen-containing compound of formula (II-1) was dissolved in methanol. The obtained solution was applied on the coated glass panel. Further, fluoroacetic acid was added and the film was irradiated with ultrasonic for 2 hours. A photosensitive layer (semiconductor) was produced. An optoelectric transducer was formed using the obtained semiconductor. A solar cell was obtained using the optoelectric transducer. The short-circuit current density and initial voltage value of the solar cell when irradiating with light of intensity 100 mW/m2 were 2.78 ma/cm2 and 0.542 V, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluorine: The fluoride is chosen from lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current collection layer is formed by baking the paste comprising magnesium aluminate and magnesium iron oxide, molybdenic-acid magnesium, indium acid magnesium, stannic acid magnesium, magnesium titanate, magnesium tungstate and zirconic-acid magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal used for hydrogen generation, is iron, tin, magnesium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, scandium, nickel, copper, rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, or it's oxide or combinations of the above metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of solution is more than 13.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The water-soluble polymer is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetamide, polyvinyl formamide, poly-dimethyl acrylamide, polyacrylamide, Poria cryloyl morpholine, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and/or carboxymethyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of titanium oxide film is 100 nm or more. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The halide of titanium is chosen from titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide and/or titanium tetraiodide, or their aqueous solution. The organic strong base is chosen from tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and/or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide.    EXAMPLE - 16% aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride (10 ml) was diluted with ion exchange water for 10 times. Ammonium hydroxide solution was added, and pH was adjusted to 7. The produced deposit was filtered, and extracted in a flask. Ion exchange water (50 ml) was added, stirred, and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was added. The mixture was maintained at room temperature, and the pH was 13.5. A stable transparent titanium oxide aqueous solution having excellent transparency and storage property, was obtained. Polyvinyl alcohol (1 wt.%) was dissolved in the obtained aqueous solution (50 ml), and a solution was obtained. The titanium concentration in the obtained solution was 5.25%. The solution was applied on a heat-resistant substrate, and dried at 30degreesC for 1 hour. A transparent thin film having thickness of 170 nm was obtained, after heating at 500degreesC for 1 hour. The generation of cracks and voids in the film were not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is mixed solution containing glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The water repellent layer is a layer which consists of an organic compound which is a silicone compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin for Muffler Shells: The muffler shells are made of polymeric resin selected from fluororesin and high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The membrane is closed in an annular manner around the water chamber. A tubular body (1) having a central region (25) and two end regions (26) is provided. The body has through-holes in the central region which are not present in the end regions. The membrane is arranged over the perforated central region of the tubular body and is sealed from the end regions of the body. The flat electrodes are made from metal, preferably a titanium expanded metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reformer has a diameter on the burner side which is larger than the diameter of the burner. The heat exchanger is between the diameter of the reformer and the diameter of the burner. The housing element is formed as a lid of a housing (6) holding the device. The heat exchanger is made from a pipeline (7) which is connected to the housing element. The pipeline partially surrounds the burner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The catalyst is obtained by drying and calcining either:(a) a composition obtained by co-precipitating salts of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cerium (Ce) and optionally also lanthanum (La) with an alkali precipitating agent such as sodium (bi)carbonate;(b) a composition obtained by impregnating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with a solution of salts of Cu, Ce and optionally also La; or(c) a composition obtained by impregnating a carrier such as zirconium dioxide with a solution of salts of Cu, Ce, Mn and optionally La and fixing these onto the carrier optionally using a precipitating agent.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst can contain Ce (5-40, especially 7.5-10, atom %), Cu (5-60, especially 15-30, atom %) and Mn (30-90, especially 55-77, atom %) optionally together with La (as LaO2) at 2-5 atom % and/or alkali(ne earth) or rare earth oxides at 0.2-5 atom %. The Cu may be up 10 atom % replaced by cobalt, iron, nickel and/or zinc and the Ce may be wholly or partly replaced by zirconium or praseodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell includes a fuel electrode (1a) and an oxidizing electrode (1b) with an electrolyte membrane (1c) interleaved between them. The gas recirculation line includes an ejector (6) and hydrogen pressure regulator valve (3). The fuel cell further comprises a pressure sensor (4, 20) and temperature sensor (21, 22). Preferred Parameters: The predetermined value is set to be a value that reflects a concentration of the nitrogen, in the gas supply line, returned to the upstream of the fuel cell and contained in the exhaust hydrogen gas. The flow rate of the exhaust hydrogen gas passing through the purge valve is obtained based on a difference between a supply rate of the hydrogen gas, supplied to the fuel cell, and a consumption rate of the hydrogen gas, among the hydrogen gas consumed in the fuel cell, except for the exhaust hydrogen gas discharged from the purge valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is comprised of solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The non-generation-time control portion operates at least one of the oxygen supplier portion and the hydrogen supplier portion at a preset timing. A voltage measurement portion is provided to measure a voltage between a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the fuel cell stack. The system further comprises a hydrogen pressure detection portion and power increase anticipation portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic electrode comprises semiconductor junction(s) (5) consisting of amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), III-V (gallium arsenide, indium phosphide), crystalline silicon (c-Si), thin film silicon (thin-Si), or their variations. The semiconductor junction comprises metal oxide(s) such as titanium dioxide, tungsten trioxide, and/or iron (III) oxide. The metal oxide is alloyed with calcium and/or magnesium. The III-V compound semiconductor includes indium gallium nitride, gallium phosphorus nitride, gallium arsenic phosphorus nitride, and/or gallium phosphide. The semiconductor junction comprises Group IV semiconductor and/or semiconductor alloy such as silicon, carbon, germanium, tin, silicon carbide, and/or germanium carbide, in both amorphous and crystalline form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane comprises a perfluorinated polymer that contains small proportions of sulfonic or carboxylic ionic functional groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises an impurity or an additive. The atomic proportion of the metal to the carbon atoms in the pillared carbon material is 1:3 - 1:24 (preferably 1:3 - 1:8, especially 1:3 - 1:6). The pillared carbon material has an interlayer or intertube distance of 6 - 12 Angstrom .Preferred Components: The metal is alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal (preferably Li, Na, K, Be, Mg and/or Ca). The carbon material is graphite, graphene and/or carbon nanostructures (preferably graphite, graphene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanocell, carbon nanobarrel, multi-wall carbon nanotube and/or single-wall carbon nanotube). The impurity or additive is B and/or N. The alkali metal of the solvated alkali metal cation is Li, Na and/or K.Preferred Method: The doping includes intercalation of the metal and ball milling of the pillared carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic ligand solvated alkali metal cation comprises an organic solvent selected from heterocyclic solvents (e.g. a cyclic ether compound (preferably 2,5-dihydrofuran)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: (C1) Further comprises alkali metal or alkaline earth metal promoter (preferably lithium).Preferred Components: The surface area of (M1) is 100 m2/g. The weight ratio of silica and alumina is 1:1 - 5:100. The loading of (P1) is 0.5 - 10 wt.% based on the weight of (S1). (P1) Are rhodium particles or platinum-rhodium alloy particles (preferably rhodium particles). (S2) Is monolith, foam, static mixture or heat exchanger unit (preferably ceramic and metallic). The amount of catalyst on the support is 0.03 - 0.3 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - A test catalyst (C1) comprising (wt.%): ceria and zirconia on silica-alumina (30) and rhodium lithium promoter (2) was deposited onto cordierite monoliths with cell density 900 cells/square inch. The monoliths were cored to give catalyzed component (C2). Pre-heated mix of steam was passed over (C2) at a gas hourly space velocity of 75000 per hour. The temperature at the gas outlet was ramped from 700 - 760degreesC during the course of the 6 hour test. Comparative example comprising (wt.%): ceria and zirconia on alumina (30) and rhodium lithium promoter (2) was also tested similarly. The sulfur tolerance test results showed the non-methane hydrocarbon level of less than 50 ppm for the test catalyst and above 300 ppm for the comparative at 700degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The molded gasket and the sealant is made of thermoplastic olefin elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, plastomer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polypropylene, polystyrene, epoxy resins, urethanes, silicones, fluorosilicones or vinyl esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The accommodating buffer comprises an oxide selected from alkaline earth metal titanates, zirconates, hafniates, tantalates, ruthenates or niobates, preferably barium titanate (BaTiO3) or strontium titanate (SrTiO3). The monocrystalline p-type semiconductor layer comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium phosphide (InP), indium gallium phosphide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenic phosphide (InGaAsP), aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP) or gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), preferably GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The catalytic reforming is carried out adiabatically and the reformate mixture has a temperature of 650-850 degrees C at the outlet of the first stage of the autothermal reforming step.The reformate mixture has a temperature of 400-650 degrees C at the outlet of the second stage of the autothermal reforming step. The reformate mixture has a residual hydrocarbon content of 0.5-10 vol.% at the outlet of the autothermal reforming step.Catalysts arranged on supports are used in both steps.The catalysts are made from Rh, Pt or Pd fixed on oxidic support materials. The fuel gas is fed directly to the gas purification step after reforming without using a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The basic material is monohydric secondary or tertiary alcohol(s) selected from 2-propanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 3-methyl-2-propanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 2-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol and 4-octanol. The basic material is a polyhydric alcohol of a secondary or tertiary alcohol selected from 1,2-propandiol, glycerine, 1,2-butandiol, 1,3-butandiol, 2,3-butandiol, 1,2,3-butantriol, 1,2,4-butantriol, 2-methyl-1,2-propandiol, 2-methyl-1,2,3-propantriol, 1,2-pentandiol, 1,3-pentandiol, 1,4-pentandiol, 2,3-pentandiol, 2,4-pentandiol, 2-methyl-1,2-butandiol, 3-methyl-1,2-butandiol, 2-methyl-2,3-butandiol, polyisopropylene glycol, polyisobutylene glycol, poly-1-methyl-1,3-propandiol, and their methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl ethers or esters. The composition also contains a corrosion preventing additive. EXAMPLE - Examples of the composition comprise:    (i) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water and 50 wt.% 2-propanol,    (ii) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water and 50 wt.% 1,3-butandiol,    (iii) 49.9 wt.% ion exchanged water, 50 wt.% 1,3-butandiol and 0.1 wt.% alkyl-glucoside, and    (iv) 50 wt.% ion exchanged water, 35 wt.% 2-propanol, 7.5 wt.% 1,3-butandiol and 3-pentanol.    The conductivities are all 0.2 microS/cm. The conductivities after endurance testing are respectively (i) 2 microS/cm, (ii) 26 microS/cm, (iii) 27 microS/cm and (iv) 12 microS/cm. The freezing temperatures are all at most -20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metallic oxide is consisting of zinc oxide, germanium oxide, magnesium oxide, and/or indium oxide.Preferred Properties: The symmetric nanostructural morphology has a predetermined symmetry consisting of 2-fold symmetry, 4-fold symmetry, and/or 6-fold symmetry. It is consisting of nanobridge, nanonail, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanowall, and/or nanobrush. A central nanostructural spine is 0.01-100, preferably 1-20 mum long, and is 10-1000, preferably 50-500 mum thick. The nanostructural rods comprises the second metallic oxide and is 0.01-100, preferably 2-5 mum long and 10-1000, preferably 20-200 mum thick.Preferred Methods: The metal oxide material is formed by forming metallic oxide source mixture of predetermined ratio comprising at least2 metallic oxides; placing the mixture in a reactor cell; and subjecting the reactor cell to an elevated temperature under reduced pressure to enable formation of crystalline metal oxide material.Preferred Conditions: The pressure is 0.1-100, preferably 0.5-2.5 Torr. The temperature is 500-3000, preferably 950-1000degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The reactor cell comprises thermally table material consisting of metal, metal alloy, or ceramic. EXAMPLE - A mixture of zinc oxide and graphite powders were used as source and placed into sealed end of a small quartz tube. The source was placed at the open end and covered with graphite foil for the zinc oxide nanostructure growth. The whole assembly was then pushed into a ceramic tube. Vacuum in the ceramic tube was maintained at 0.5-2.5 Torr. The source temperature was elevated to 950-1050degreesC. After cooling, zinc oxide nanostructures were observed on substrate or graphite cover foils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supporting substrate includes copper (not more than 50%), molybdenum (at least50%), or tungsten (at least70%). A metal layer, which includes aluminum (Al), silver, rhodium, is formed on the side of the first insulating protect layer not in contact with the nitride semiconductor. The light-emitting layer has a quantum well structure, which includes a well layer (3) of AlaInbGa1-a-bN (0 =a = 1, 0 = b = 1, a + b = 1) and a barrier layer (4) of Al(0 = c = 1, 0 = d = 1, c + d = 1). It may also include a quantum well structure, which includes a well layer of AlaInbGa1-a-bN (where a and b are greater than 0 but equal to 1, a + b is less than 1). The second conductive type nitride semiconductor layer includes at least two layers, one layer is formed of AleGa1-eN (where e is greater than 0 but less than 0.05), and another layer is formed of AlfGa1-fN (where f is greater than 0 but less than 0.1). The impurity concentration of the AleGa1-eN layer is higher than AlfGa1-fN layer.Preferred Property: The linear thermal expansion coefficient of the supporting substrate is 4-10xl0-6/K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hard stop defines a unitary hard stop structure. The thermoplastic material extends from the FTLs to the hard stop arrangement. An adhesive is provided between the hard stop arrangement and the flow field plates respectively. A sealing arrangement is provided between the flow field plates and peripheral to the MEA. The sealing arrangement comprises an elastomeric gasket. The hard stop arrangement comprises a protruding surface of a peripheral edge of the flow field plates; a recessed surface of the peripheral edge; and an electrically insulating material provided between the respective protruding and recessed surfaces. The hard stop arrangement comprises a channel between the flow field plates, an annular hard stop core and a curved recessed surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic material comprises thermoplastic films. The hard stop arrangement comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, fiberglass, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, Delrin, Mylar, Kapton, Lexan or Teflon. The thermoplastic material comprises polyethylene or fluoroplastic material.Preferred Property: The thermoplastic material has a melting temperature of 50-180 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The yarn further comprises elastomeric fibers containing Spandex (RTM). The collapsible container comprises one or more panels of Mylar (RTM) film and an aluminum coating on the panels. The hydrogen storage medium comprises one or more filaments comprising a hydrogen absorbing material embedded in a hydrogen permeable polymeric matrix. The yarn comprises an organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage device further comprises a heater thermally coupled to the storage medium; an electrical coupling coupled to the yarn; and a fabric that includes the yarn. The hydrogen storage device comprises a vessel; and a roll of fabric disposed within the vessel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The heater includes one or more metal traces on interior surfaces of one or more of the panels of Mylar film. The hydrogen absorbing material includes metal forming metal hydrides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen absorbing material includes carbon nanofibers and/or carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface-active compound is a compound with an -OH functional group, preferably methanol, butanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ethylene glycol, or glycerine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The auxiliary fuel includes a compound consisting of metal hydrides, hydrazine, or compounds having a nitrogen-nitrogen single bond, preferably lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, dimethyl amino borohydride, sodium aluminum hydride, diborane, sodium cyano borohydride, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, or sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxo) dihydridaluminate. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, preferably potassium hydroxide.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises 3-12M preferably 6M of potassium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - A fuel cell was constructed in which both anode and cathode had an area of 4 cm, 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) was put in an electrolyte chamber (18) and a mixture of 20 % methanol and 80 % of 3 M KOH solution was put in a fuel chamber (22). The current at 0.5 V was measured and found to be 5 +/- 1 mA for 60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The temperatures (T2,T3) of the metal hydride are measured in the supply region and are set to 73 degrees C and 80 degrees C, respectively. The pressure (P2) of the reaction container is set to 0.66 MPa. The allowable lower and upper limits of temperature and pressure are set to T1 and T4, P1 and P3 such that T1 is less than T2, T3 and T4 and P1 is less than P2 and P3. The optimal zone (A0) is set using the pressure and temperature co-ordinates. The pressure in the reaction container is set to P, such that P2 at most P at most P3 and the temperature of the metal hydride is set to T, such that T1 at most T at most T3 in the optimal zone. The temperature T1, T4 are set to 50 degrees C and 110 degrees C, respectively. The pressure P1 and P3 are set to 0.2 MPa and 1 MPa, respectively.Preferred Metal Hydride: The metal hydride is selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydride (MgH2), hydride of sodium and boron (NaBH4), hydride of lithium and boron (LiBH4), hydride of magnesium and boron (Mg(BH4)2, hydride of sodium and aluminum (NaAlH4), hydride of lithium and aluminum (LiAlH4), hydride of magnesium and aluminum (MgAlH4) and hydride of sodium (NaH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer consists of selenium, sulfur, copper, indium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas containing fluorine or chlorine in molecular formula, is selected from a group of sulfur-fluorine (SF6), nitrogen-fluoride (NF3), carbon-fluoride (CF6), carbon-fluoride (C2F6), carbon-fluoride (C3F8), carbon-chloride (CCl4), carbon-chlorine-fluoride (C2ClF5), chlorine-fluoride (ClF3) and carbon-chlorine-fluoride (CClF3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The heat-resistant resin film is a thermoplastic resin film which is a liquid crystal polymer film of low anisotropy or isotropy. The polymer contained in liquid crystal polymer film is a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer consisting of aromatic polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The aqueous liquid is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reformed fuel is a hydrophobic liquid hydrocarbon. The mixture state stabilizing unit contains an emulsifier which is mixed with the pre-mixed fuel so that the reformed fuel and water form a stable emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electronic device further comprises a first electrode layer (12), second electrode layer (15) having a light-transmitting property, and a semiconductor layer (13) provided between the first and the second electrode layers and functioning as a light-absorption layer. The oxide layer is provided between the semiconductor layer and the second electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The element from group IIa in the oxide is beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and/or barium. The element from group IIb in the oxide is zinc. The element from group IIIb in the oxide is boron, aluminum, gallium or indium. A composition ratio of the element from group IIIb in the oxide is smaller than a sum of a composition ratio of the element from group IIa and that of the element from group IIb in the oxide. A composition ratio of the element from group IIa in the oxide is smaller than that of the element from group IIb in the oxide. The composition ratio of the element from group Ia in the oxide is smaller than that of the element from group IIb in the oxide. The oxide further comprises an element from group Vb. The semiconductor layer comprises a semiconductor whose main constituent elements are group Ib, an element from group IIIb and an element from group VIb, and the semiconductor layer and the oxide layer is layered.Preferred Method: The sputtering is a direct current sputtering. It is carried out in an atmosphere containing a rare gas, atmosphere containing water gas and deuterium gas or in an atmosphere containing a nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming catalyst is selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver and combinations. The crystal stabilizer is selected from barium, strontium, lanthanum, praseodymium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and combinations. The support comprises a substrate selected from cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum, ferrous material, glass and combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The reactor is arranged at the upstream side of a combustion gas flow path (14,15). The evaporator (5) is arranged at the downstream side of the combustion gas flow path. The modifier further comprises a combustion catalyst arranged either at vicinity of the combustion gas flow path or at the surface of the evaporator. A predetermined fin is arranged at the surface of the evaporator. A supply unit to feed air for combustion of fuel using a burner (8), is arranged at vicinity of combustion gas flow path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Lubricating Base Oil : The lubricating base oil consists of silahydrocarbon, alkyl-substituted polyphenyl ether oil, alkylnaphthalene oil, paraffin hydrocarbon oil, fluorine oil, alkylcyclopentane, or silane of formula (I).R1n-Si-(R2-Si-R33)m (I)R1, R2,R3 = alkyl;n = 0-2;m = 2-4;n+m = 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic substance contains carbon, hydrogen and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The sensitizing dye further contains sensitizing dyes other than the cyclobutene derivative of formula (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic semiconductor porous material is an inorganic oxide porous material. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = cyano group; and    X = aliphatic hydrocarbon group of formula (3).    R7-R12 = H or 1-4C alkyl group, any two among R4-R9 optionally couple together to form ring; and    m and n = 0 or 1, m+n is 1 or 2.    EXAMPLE - 3-methyl cyclopent-2-enone (in g) (9.6), cyano isopropyl acetate (13.3) and ammonium acetate (0.77) were reacted to obtain cyano-(3-methyl-cyclopent-2-enylidene) acetic acid isopropyl ester. The obtained ester (10.3) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (100 ml) and further mixed with 4-diphenyl aminobenzaldehyde (13.7) and piperidine (0.5 ml). Organic layer was separated from the mixture, dried and distilled to obtain oil. The obtained oil was purified to obtain cyano-(3-(2-(4-diphenyl amino phenyl)vinyl)-cyclopent-2-enylidene) acetic acid isopropyl ester. The obtained ester (4.6) was mixed with ethanol (100 ml), water (10 ml) and potassium hydroxide (4). The solution was made to precipitate by adding hydrochloric acid (50 ml). The precipitate was filter-separated and recrystallized from ethanol and water to obtain sensitizing dye of formula (1). Photoelectric-conversion material was obtained using the obtained sensitizing dye. Photoelectric-conversion electrode was obtained by laminating the obtained material on transparent electrode. Conversion efficiency of a photoelectric-conversion cell using the obtained photoelectric-conversion electrode was found to be 2.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen accepting material contains the compound which chemically bonds with hydrogen.The accepting material and supply composition have pour point of -30 degrees C or less.The compound which chemically bonds with hydrogen is a mixture of compound selected from C11-16 alkyl decalin, C11-16 alkyl tetralin, or C9-13 alkyl cyclohexane, or comprises a mixture of C11-16 alkyl naphthalene, C11-16 alkyl tetralin, or C9-13 alkyl benzene.The hydrogen accepting material has very small amount of sulfur and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The shift catalyst contains zirconium, vanadium or niobium, and at least one of tantalum, cerium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium and/or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-occluding component consists of composite of nano-class diamond and binder. Preferred Binder: The hydrogen occlusion component contains 0-90% of binder. The binder contains organic compound, resin and/or metal material. The binder is a powder consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, lanthanum nitride, cast iron, silver, polyimide, epoxy resin and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - A cluster diamond was stored in a gas bottle filled with vacuum. Drying was carried out at 120degreesC for 3 hours. Hydrogen was introduced into the container. The specific surface area of the clustered diamond was 302 mm2/g. The weight change of the cluster diamond was observed. The cluster diamond had high hydrogen storage capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fibers: The vegetable fiber is obtained from wild grass, rice, wheat, hemp, cotton, vegetables, trees, bamboo, corn, sugarcane, paper, and/or pulp. The animal fiber is obtained from animal hair, feather, cocoon, and/or thread of spider.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is acrylic type resin, polyester group resin, polyethylene group resin, and/or polypropylene resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon-containing material has a hydrogen absorbing power of 5% or more, by mass.Preferred Method: The synthetic-resin type fiber is impregnated with an aqueous solution of water-soluble salt(s) of iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and dried to precipitate the salt at the fiber surface and at the interfiber. The salt is converted into a metal while carbonizing the fiber by further heating the fiber in an anaerobic environment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Container: The container is equipped with a heating-cooling unit for introduction of hydrogen gas, a vent hole for emission, and a temperature control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A solid polymeric electrolytic (SPE) unit containing an anode and a cathode is used.An electric power unit is provided for electrolysis.A mixture of methanol and water is supplied to the anode of the electrolytic unit.The hydrogen generated in the electrolytic unit is sent to the fuel cell.The electrolytic unit and the fuel cell are connected in series.A cavity is provided for storing hydrogen gas, between the electrolytic unit and the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic modified layered silicate contains quaternary salt of tetralkyl phosphonium compound and/or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring-type compound. EXAMPLE - ZEONOR 1600R (TM) (cyclo olefin polymer having glass transition temperature of 163 degrees C) (in weight parts) (100) and SOMASIF ME-100 (TM) (synthetic swelling mica) (10) were mixed at 270 degrees C, to obtain polymer composition. The composition was extruded in the form of a film with a thickness of 200 micrometer. The obtained film had oxygen permeating rate of 28 ml/m2.day.atm, water vapor permeability of 0.12 g/m2.day and excellent heat-resisting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The membrane is prepared by direct reaction of at least one diamine, diaminopyridine and/or diaminopyrimidine with naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, a bis(naphthalene-acid anhydride) and/or a corresponding diacid-dialkyl ester or diacyl chloride-dialkyl derivative. The diamine is a 4,5-di(3-aminophenyl)imidazole and/or 5-(2-benzimidazolyl)-1,3-phenylene diamine. The polymer is modified by introduction of another group, preferably a phosphonic acid group and/or the membrane is doped with an acid or an inorganic modifier. The membrane is produced by solution casting of the (co)polyimide polymer. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2,6-diaminopyridine (0.4365 g), bis-(4-aminophenyl)-ether (1.601 g), naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (3.2182 g), benzoic acid 7.82 g) and m-cresol (45 g) was heated for 8 hours at 80 degreesC and for 24 hours at 190 degreesC. Additional m-cresol (10 g) was added and the mixture cooled to room temperature and poured into ethyl acetate. The light brown precipitate was filtered off, washed with ethyl acetate and ethanol and dried at 80 degreesC in vacuo. A membrane could be prepared by conventional solution casting of a solution of the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, regenerative fuel cell, zinc air fuel cell, or protonic ceramic fuel cell. The fuel cell has a planar configuration, or a tubular configuration. The thermal shield defines an insulating layer on an inner surface of the thermal shield, and another insulating layer on an inner surface of the container. The thermal shield further comprises a second shield wall to define an inner surface of the container, and fluid conduits configured to flow the cooling fluid. The fluid conduits further comprises fluid distribution manifold to distribute the cooling fluid. The cooling fluid comprises an oxidant. The thermal shield comprises a cylindrical shield assembly. The cylindrical shield assembly further comprises a base and a seal configured to separate the cooling fluid from the oxidant; the base being configured to receive the seal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The insulating layer is made of ceramic oxides, and/or cellular ceramic foam materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The top electrode includes a first portion, the current limiting device on the first portion and a second portion on the current limiting device. The current limiting device includes a fuse on first portion of top electrode and a dielectric on first portion of the top electrode surrounding the fuse. The fuse couples the first and second portions of top electrode. The bottom electrode includes a first portion, the current limiting device on first portion and a second portion on the current limiting device. The current limiting device includes a dielectric between the first and second portions of bottom electrode, and a fuse on the dielectric coupling the first and second portions of the bottom electrode. The current limiting device is diode. The organic optoelectronic devices are organic light emitting diodes, light source elements, solar cells or light detectors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate is made of composite material comprising graphite filled powder, and metal or alloy including any one of titanium, stainless steel, nickel based alloys, and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder comprises polymeric resin selected form a group including polyamide imide, polyimide, poly vinyl ester, and their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen gas generator additionally comprises a valve disposed in the capillary flow channel for controlling the flow of water from the water storage cavity to the fuel storage cavity, where the rate of hydrogen gas generation is controlled; and a pump for pumping water from the water-storage cavity to the fuel-storage cavity.Preferred Components: The micro-disperse particles of sodium borohydride has a metal catalyst incorporated into the particles. The water comprises nanoparticles of a metal catalyst suspended in to the water. The valve comprises a normally-closed MEMS valve activated by an actuator selected from bimetallic or bimorph actuators. The thickness of the substrate is at most 400 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a material selected from monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon or silicon nitride. The substrate comprises silicon. The cover lid comprises a borosilicate glass. The cover lid is anodically bonded to the substrate. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed is a method for generation of hydrogen gas by contacting water with microdisperse particles of sodium borohydride in the presence of catalyst (preferably cobalt or ruthenium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fill vessel is made up from metal and heat resistant, and thermally conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The outer wall is made of a fibrous synthetic material and the inner liner is made of high-density polyethylene plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first lower sub-layer is formed using a silicon oxide dielectric material formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The second upper sub-layer is formed using a silicon oxynitride dielectric material deposited by PECVD. The contact region via conductor stud layer material is formed using tungsten metal. The inter-level metal dielectric (IMD) layer is formed using silicon oxide dielectric material by CVD. The second etch method uses argon as a sputtering gas. The conductor material is copper metal. A barrier metal layer is formed using tantalum nitride (TaN).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first etching method uses a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), trifluoromethane (CHF3), and oxygen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrical insulator is chosen from polyester resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin, vinyl resin, urethane resin, epoxy resins, acrylic resin and/or chlorinated rubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from carbon steel, alloyed steel, cemented carbide alloy, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, titanium alloy, and/or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition does not include a metal-containing compound. The component (A) contains 0.001 mols or more of a component containing a carbon double bond having reactivity with a SiH group w.r.t to 1 g of (A) component. The component (A) does not include elements other than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen as constituent element. The component (A) has a molecular weight of 900 or less, has a vinyl group content of 1-6 and a viscosity of 100 Pa.s at 23 degrees C. The component (A) is an organic compound of formula (I).R1 = 1-50C monovalent organic group.The component (B) has a molecular weight of 500-700 and is an alpha organic compound, preferably an alpha aliphatic compound having an annular polyorgano siloxane with 3 or more SiH groups in one molecule and has a structure of formula (II).R2 = 1-6C organic group; andn = 3-10.The component (D) is epoxy silane. The component (D) or (E) further contains carbon-carbon double bond and/or SiH group having reactivity with SiH group. The ionic element content in the composition is 500 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The pores are dimensioned to inhibit fuel solution from passing from the fuel holding chamber to the hydrogen chamber. The pores have a cross section as a function of the fuel solution and material forming the divider. The pores may have varying cross section. The pores are dimensioned based upon the equation stating that the break through pressure is equal to twice the product of the interfacial tension between the two phases in the pore and cosine of the contact angle measured from the pore wall to the tangent of the 2 phase interface drawn from the three phase contact point at the pore wall into the pore fluid divided by the pore radius. The pores are oriented parallel to each other. The first exterior surface is hydrophilic. The second surface is hydrophobic. The housing comprises a structure capable of raising the pressure within the fuel holding chamber. The structure capable of raising the pressure comprises a movable wall of the fuel holding chamber used to move inwardly exert a force against the fuel solution within the fuel holding chamber. The movable wall comprises a spring biased plate. The pore has conical cross section. The divider comprises hollow fiber (18) or set(s) of flat plates. The set(s) of flat plates comprise hydrophilic plate, catalyst containing plate with pores containing the catalyst, and hydrophobic sheet held together.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium or zinc. The reducing agent is chemical hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The air supply is provided to the manifold with a pump. The pump characteristics are taken into account in varying the air supply to the manifold. The calculation of air supply is based on a system map relating an air supply level to a current mode of operation of the fuel reforming system. The air inlet points comprise at least two air inlets into at least one (preferably 2-6) preferential oxidation apparatuses. At least one of the air inlet points is supplying air to a fuel cell anode. The air supplied to the air inlet point can be shut off by a controller.Preferred Components: The manifold is configured such that a certain percentage of air is sent to a first air inlet in a first stage PrOx reactor, a certain percentage of air is sent to a second air inlet in a second stage PrOx reactor and the remainder of air is sent to an exit of the PrOx reactor or to an anode air bleed. Three fixed size orifices are in the manifold or the fixed dimension flow path. The orifices are sized such that 70% of air flowing out of the manifold goes to the first stage PrOx reactor, 20% goes to the second stage and 10% goes to the PrOx exit or to the anode air bleed. The orifice sizes are 0.035 inch for the first stage reactor, 0.016 inch for the second stage reactor and 0.011 inch for the PrOx exit or the anode air bleed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide carrier comprises a copper oxide, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide.Preferred Composition: The metal oxide carrier comprises 25-55 wt.% copper. The catalyst comprises 0.1-3% rhenium based on the weight of the metal oxide carrier. The hydrogen-rich gas feed comprises more than 30 mol% hydrogen, and the mole ratio of water to carbon monoxide is 2-10. The catalyst comprises 0.5-5% platinum based on the weight of the metal oxide carrier. EXAMPLE - 34.2 g copper nitrate trihydrate, 92.7 g aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, and 30.6 g zinc nitrate hexahydrate were dissolved in 1500 ml deionized water. 28% ammonium water was dripped into the resulting solution until the pH value of the solution was 7.5, while stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, and the gel formed in the solution was filtered out, washed with water, dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours, and baked at 500degreesC for 5 hours to obtain copper/alumina-zirconia (Cu/Al2O3-ZnO) having a weight ratio of 30:42:28. To 20 g of a powder of the Cu/Al2O3-ZnO a Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2 (sic) solution containing 0.2 g platinum (Pt) was added while stirring in a volume so that an incipient wetness impregnation was carried out. The mixture was dried at 120OC for 12 hours, and baked at 400degreesC for 2 hours to obtain a Pt/Cu/Al2O3-ZnO catalyst in which the concentration of Pt was 1 wt.%. The obtained catalyst and an alumina sol were mixed at a weight ratio of 9:1. After grinding, the viscosity of the resulting slurry was adjusted. The slurry was coated on a ceramic honeycomb support. The support was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours, and calcined at 450degreesC for 2 hours to obtain a monolith honeycomb catalyst. The amount of the Pt/Cu/Al2O3-ZnO catalyst coated was 1-2 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated donor block has a higher highest occupied molecular orbital and a higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital than the conjugated acceptor block. The non-conjugated bridge has a highest occupied molecular orbital which is lower than the highest occupied molecular orbital of the conjugated donor block and the conjugated acceptor block and the non-conjugated bridge has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital which is higher than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the conjugated donor block and the conjugated acceptor block. The non-conjugated bridge is formed such that it is able to bend 180degrees. The device further comprises conjugated donor blocks and conjugated acceptor blocks which are alternately joined by non-conjugated bridges and formed into columns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a positive electrode placed at one end of the columns, and a negative electrode placed at the end of the columns opposite to the positive electrode. It further comprises a thin donor layer between the positive electrode and the columns, and a thin acceptor layer between the negative electrode and the columns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer further comprises an electron conductor, preferably carbon (52). The catalyst layer is the mixture of the catalyst particles and the other particles.Preferred Properties: The molecule has a mean molecular weight of 40-10000. The porous film has a porosity of 5-95%, and a mean pore diameter of 0.1-10 microns. The catalyst layer has a thickness of 0.1-10000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecule comprises fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon. The ion-conducting functional group is a proton dissociating functional group, or a hydrogen bondable functional group. The proton dissociating functional group is functional group(s) from a phosphonyl, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinic, sulfonic, or carboxyl. The hydrogen bondable functional group is functional group(s) from a mercapto, ether linkage group, nitro, hydroxyl, quaternary ammonium base, or amino. The chemical bond is bond(s) from a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a coordinate bond, or a metallic bond. It is preferably a covalent bond formed by an elimination reaction, or a bond via an oxygen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst particles comprise platinum, gold, palladium, nickel, rhodium, cobalt, iridium, osmium, or iron. The other particles are an inorganic substance comprising silica, alumina, quartz, glass, ceramics, or mica.Preferred Property: The inorganic substance particles have a mean particle diameter of 0.1-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is formed of resins like polypropylene ethylene propylene diene monomer (PP-EPDM) resin or polystyrene-isoprene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The actinide oxide semiconductor material is from uranium oxide (UO2) or U3O8. Preferred Component: The actinide oxide semiconductor material comprises a mixture of at least2 semiconductive actinide oxides. The refined actinide oxide material is a single or a polycrystalline form. Preferred Method: The method comprises radiation-hardening the solar cell. It comprises providing a raw semiconductive actinide oxide as a by-product of a nuclear energy process; forming refined actinide oxide semiconductive material from the raw semiconductive actinide oxide; and fabricating a solar cell using the refined actinide oxide semiconductor material. It comprises providing UO2; and using UO2 to fabricate a thermoelectric device comprising a junction, between the UO2 portion and a bismuth tellurium thermoelectric material, where a thermal gradient across the junction will generate an electric current via the Seebeck effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The storage liquid is a liquid in which water and alkali metal are mixed with the volume ratio of water not being lower.Preferred Components: The alkali metal is metallic sodium, the storage liquid is petroleum, and the peroxide is hydrogen-peroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound is selected from the group comprising organosilicon compound, organic titanium compound, organic tin compound, organic zinc compound, organic indium compound and organoaluminum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound contains metals selected from the group consisting of indium, tin, zinc, zirconium, antimony, aluminum, gallium and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A crack is self-reproduced by continuing crack and destruction on inner surface of the metal material by volume expansion resulting from the reaction product of the corrosion reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Material: The metal material is aluminum industrial waste, such as waste of industrial aluminum material or aluminum alloy, and cutting waste.Preferred Composition: Water does not contain ionic impurity and organic molecule. Pure water has insulation resistance value of 10 mega ohms or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine compound is diethanol amine or triethanol amine. EXAMPLE - 2-chloro-p-phenylene diamine (in mol%) (85) and 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (15) were dissolved in dehydrated N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (98.5). The obtained solution was neutralized with lithium carbonate after polymerization for 2 hours. Aromatic polyamide solution with concentration of 11 wt.% was obtained. Diethanol amine (150 wt.%) with boiling point of 270degreesC and viscosity of 0.2 Pa.s was added to the obtained solution, as additive, and stirred at 60degreesC for 2 hours. The obtained solution was flow-spread on a belt and heated at 160degreesC. The solvent was evaporated and the sheet was drawn to obtain aromatic polyamide film. The film had Young's modulus (EMD) of 12.98 GPa and elasticity of 13.5% in the longitudinal direction and Young's modulus (ETD) of 19.6 GPa and elasticity of 12.2% in the width direction. The ratio of EMD and ETD was 0.66. The difference of the ratio of Young's modulus and expansion-contraction oscillation mode of carbon-carbon double bond in benzene ring in the wavelength of 1605 cm-1 of the spectrum obtained by laser Raman measurement, was 0.09. The polyamide film had excellent flat surface property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin films are selected from ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy-resin layer further contains a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The alkali earth metal is magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture contains hydrogenating catalyst to adsorb hydrogen. It is in form of fine powder. Preferred Methods: The borate and alkali earth metal are pulverized of an average particle diameter of maximum 100 mum. Coke oven gas is used as a source of hydrogen. The mixture is provided with hydrogen atmosphere at 450degreesC and heated to 500-650degreesC. Preferred Compounds: The tetrahydroborate produced includes sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The bipolar plate has separate passages (6, 7) for operating medium. The plate elements each have two, four or eight passages. The bipolar plate has feed channels and/or removal channels on two or four coolant passage openings. The plate elements are made from high grade steel, titanium, nickel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first and second catalyst portions are provided in a first and a second housing (12), the first housing being upstream of the second housing, the housings connected by a flow path for the passage of gas from the first housing to the second housing. They are provided in a common housing, with the first catalyst being upstream of the second catalyst. Each of the first and second catalyst portions comprises a mixture of a low-lightoff temperature catalyst and a high-lightoff temperature catalyst, the first catalyst portion comprising a higher percentage of low-lightoff temperature catalyst than the second catalyst portion.Preferred Parameter: The difference between the first and second lightoff temperatures is at least50, preferably at least200degreesC.Preferred Method: The method comprises adding steam (22) to the mixture of air and fuel to allow reforming of fuel, over at least the first catalyst portion to produce hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plate has ribbed structure and holes (14) having a diameter of 0.020-0.100 inch.Preferred Properties: The plate has an overall active area of 5 cm2 and a recessed active area of 5 cm2. The recessed active area had a depth to a surface of the plate of 0.020-0.080 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The mechanical linkage comprises latch and adjustable attachment such as offset cam mechanism. The latch is attached by the offset cam mechanism to the compression plates. The mechanical linkages are electrically non-conductive. The compression plates comprise cooling channels for transport of fluid coolant. Each fuel cell module comprises two distribution plates (40). The compression plates comprise reactant/product pathways for transport of fluids to and/or from the distribution plates. The reactant product pathways comprise pathway insert pieces comprising material other than the material of the compression plates. The pathway insert pieces comprise a material inert to reactants and products. The fuel cell module comprises membrane electrode assemblies stacked alternately with three distribution plates. The fuel cell stack comprises fuel cell modules, compression plates, and mechanical linkages connecting the compression plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The mechanical linkages and pathway insert pieces comprise polyetheretherketone polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The closed-cell foam rubber comprises silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrode assembly comprises no hard stop layer. It comprises a peripheral sealing zone in which the gasketed fuel cell membrane electrode assembly consists of an ion conducting membrane and a closed-cell foam rubber gasket.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The first capacitor plate layer is formed of a hemispherical grained polysilicon material. The first capacitor dielectric sub-layer is formed before the second capacitor dielectric sublayer.Preferred Properties: The first sub-layer is 10-20 Angstrom thick. The second sub-layer is 50-100 Angstrom thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The surface roughness of the support is planarized by the catalyst portion. The catalyst portion is arranged at a region in which pinhole (104) in the separation membrane exists. The carbon monoxide (CO) modified catalyst contained in the catalyst portion is methanation catalyst which transforms CO to methane, a shift catalyst which transforms CO to carbon dioxide and water, or CO selective oxidation catalyst which selectively oxidizes CO.Preferred Properties: The mean particle diameter of the particle which comprises the support is 5 times or more of the mean particle diameter of the particle which comprises the catalyst portion. The thickness of the support is more than the thickness of the separation membrane. The catalyst portion is thinner than the thickness of the support, and thinner than the thickness of the separation membrane. The thickness of the separation membrane is 2 micrometers or less.Preferred Material: The support consists of alumina, silica or their composite ceramic material. The support consists of water-resistant metal which are SUS, enameling iron or their composites. The separation membrane is an alloy of palladium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, simple substances of zirconium or their composites, simple substance or composite of silver or copper.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has modification portion which performs modification reaction from hydrocarbon type heating gas to hydrogen-rich gas, combustion portion, hydrogen separation membrane which selectively passes through the hydrogen gas produced in the combustion portion for supplying heat required for modification reaction, and a hydrogen route for hydrogen gas which passed through the hydrogen separation membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The acid solution used for etching process is selected from hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. The alkali solution comprises caustic soda and caustic potash. The coating agent consists of silicon dioxide, titanium oxide or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkali solution comprises ethylenediamine and hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titanium compound is selected from titanium chloride, titanium alkoxide, titanium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The onium salt is of formula (1).Z = heterocyclic ring optionally containing substituent;R1 = hydrocarbon group optionally containing substituent, and substituent is atom group which has negative charge; andX- = counter ion.Preferred Group: The atom group which has negative charge is carboxy group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 specific onium salts such as pyridine and piperidine group onium salts of formulae (3-8) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Isonicotinic acid (in g) (11) and octyl iodate (25.7) were mixed and reacted for 4 hours at 180 degrees C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and crystal was precipitated by adding isopropyl alcohol. Recrystallization was performed using acetonitrile and isopropyl ether, and onium salt of formula (3), was obtained. The onium salt was mixed with merocyanine pigment of formula (33), coumarin group compound of formula (34) and merocyanine pigment of formula (35) at molar ratio of 25.5:30:20:1 in methanol solution, and semiconductor electrode was immersed into solution for 10 hours. The semiconductor was removed, and dried at room temperature. Photosensitization was performed, and semiconductor electrode was obtained. The electrode provided an opto-electric transducer having high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt has a quaternary ammonium organic substance cation such as imidazolium ion having structure of formula (1). The lithium salt and fused salt comprises anion of non-metallic element.R1, R3 = 1-6C alkyl; andR = H or 1-6C alkyl. EXAMPLE - The non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 0.75 mol of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) in 41 l of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The melting point and glass transition point of the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte were calculated by DSC analysis at -150 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius. The result showed that the non-aqueous electrolyte does not have melting point but had glass transition point of -82 degrees Celsius. The non-aqueous electrolyte had favorable lithium ionic conductivity at 60 degrees Celsius. An electrochemical device such as non-aqueous electrolyte battery was produced using the obtained electrolyte. The battery had favorable initial-stage discharge property, high discharge property and low temperature discharge property. The obtained battery was safe to use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The solution used for forming oxide semiconductor layer, further contains a monomer having ultraviolet curing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The electroconductive oxide particle has electrical resistivity of 1 x 10 to the power -2 ohm.cm or less. The electroconductive oxide particle is tin dope indium oxide (In2O3), zinc dope indium oxide (In2O3), antimony dope tin oxide (SnO2), fluorine dope tin oxide (SnO2), aluminum dope zinc oxide (ZnO), gallium dope zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or indium-tin complex oxide (In4Sn3O12).Preferred Solar Cell: The pigment sensitizing type solar cell has a porous layer, which consists of an insulating porous material. The porous layer is arranged between the semiconductor electrode and the counter electrode. The electrolyte is contained in the porous layer.Preferred Electrode: The carbon electrode satisfies relation shown by:0.05 at most (W1/W2) at most 0.4; and0.05 at most (W3/(W1/W2)) at most 0.4W1 = mass of the carbon black-like particle;W2 = mass of the graphite-like particle; andW3 = mass of the electroconductive oxide particle. EXAMPLE - Carbon black-like particle having mean particle diameter of 40 nm, graphite like particle having mean particle diameter of 5 micrometers and antimony dope tin oxide particle having mean particle diameter of 8 nm, were mixed, at a ratio of 20:100:15. A slurry was obtained. The obtained slurry was used to form counter electrode (carbon electrode). A pigment sensitizing type solar cell was formed using the obtained counter electrode. The obtained pigment sensitizing type solar cell had excellent energy conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The impurity content of ionic substance is 300 ppm or less.The ionic substance is stable at an oxidation potential of 4.5 V vs.Li/Li+, and in the potential area of -0.5-4.5 V vs.Li/Li+.Preferred Composition: The ion conductor material further contains an alkali metal salt and/or an alkaline earth metal salt. The ionic substance contains cation of formula L+Rs (2).L = carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or oxygen;R = organic group; ands = 3, 4 or 5, and is decided by the valency of L. EXAMPLE - N-butyl bromide (in g) (205.5) was dropped into a reactor containing methyl pyrrolidine (85) and 2-butanone (400). The components were reacted at 80 degrees C for 2 hours, and the reaction solution was filtered. 1-Methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium bromide (MBPyBr) was formed in the form of yellow white crystals. The crystals were washed with methyl ethyl ketone, and white MBPyBr crystals (187) were obtained with a yield of 90%. Dicyanamide ammonium (37.8) and acetonitrile (100) were taken in a separate flask and kept at room temperature. The MBPyBr (62.4) dissolved in acetonitrile (300), was dropped into the flask. The reaction system was kept at 30 degrees C with stirring for 24 hours. The formed precipitate was removed by suction filtration. The volatile matter was removed at 50 degrees C and 1.3-26.6 kPa. The concentrate was dissolved in dichloromethane, filtered using a membrane filter having pore size of 0.2 microns, evaporated to remove dichloromethane and dried under reduced pressure at 60 degrees C for 3 days. 1-Methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium dicyanamide (MBPyDCA)(60) was obtained with a yield of 90%. The MBPyDCA was a colorless transparent liquid with a silver ion concentration of 20 ppm, water content of 30 ppm, nitrate ion concentration of 10 ppm and viscosity of 35 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The removable metal is chosen from aluminum, zinc, tin and indium. The oxidizable metal is chosen from titanium, niobium or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions : In formula (I) T is preferably Ce, conforming to (Ia) : CeZraMbOx , and in which x is at least 3, and more preferably to (Ib) : CeZr0.5NiOx (x as before). The composition comprises a support, on the surface of which is deposited a layer based on the mixed oxide(I). By contact of the above composition with hydrogen, a solid composition (II) is obtained :- TZraMbOx',Hy ; in which T, M a and b are as above and x' = 1 - 10, and y = 0.1 - 100 ; preferably of formula (IIa), CeZraMbOx',Hy and more preferably (IIb) CeZr0.5Nix',HyPreferred Preparation : The process consists in(1) (A) preparation of a mixture of hydroxides of the rare earth(s), T, of Zr and the metallic element(s) M, with molar ratios Zr/T = a and M/T = b;(2) and (B) submission of the hydroxide mixture to a thermal treatment to obtain the mixed oxide. EXAMPLE - Preparation of a mixed oxide CeZr0.5Ni0.9O4.4 ; A hydroxide mixture was prepared by mixing a solution of the nitrates of Ce, Zr and Ni as follows :- i) 20 ml of an aqueous 0.5 M solution of cerium nitrate ; ii) 10 ml of an aqueous 0.5M solution of zirconium nitrate ; iii) 20 ml of an aqueous 0.5 M solution of nickel nitrate ; The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes then added dropwise to 62.5 ml of 1.5M triethylamine in MeOH to precipitate the hydroxides .The hydroxide mixture was recovered by filtration washing with water and MeOH then drying at 150degreesC for 48 hours. The powder obtained was the calcined at 500degreesC for 4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The alloy contains (in wt.%) 2.5- 5.0 Al, 13-21 Cr, more than 0.01-0.1 Y and more than 0.01-0.1 Hf., preferably 2.5-5.0 Al, 13-21 Cr, 0.05-0.8 Si, more than 0.01-0.1 Y, more than 0.01-0.1 Hf, and more than 0.01-0.2 Zr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each metallic bridging group is linked to organic nodes at two cites. It is a paddle-wheel complex. It is a compound of the formula (Cu(O2CR)(L)2). It is (Cu(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2), (Cu(O2CCH=CH2)2(H20)2), (Cu(O2CC(CH3)=CH2)2(H2O)2), (Cu(O2CCtriple bondCH)2(H2O)2), or (Cu(O2CCH2Ctriple bondCH)2(H2O)2). Each organic node is 1,2,3-tris(4-pyridyl)cyclopropane, bis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane, tetrakis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane (preferred), pentakis(4-pyridyl)cyclopentane, hexakis(4-pyridyl)cyclohexane, or hexakis(4-pyridyl)benzene. The metal-organic framework includes organic functional groups directed into, or lining the cavities of the metal-organic framework. The organic groups comprise carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds. The storage gas is methane, ethane, propane, butane, or related hydrocarbon.R = 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, aryl, OH, 1-6C alkanoyl, or amino;L = H2O, RaOH, amino, or pyridyl;Ra = H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, aryl, or 1-6C alkanoyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each metallic bridging group comprises a first row transition metal. It comprises copper. A metal lining the cavities is provided that reacts with the storage gas to fix the gas within the cavity. The storage gas is helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, or radon. It is hydrogen (preferred), oxygen, or nitrogen.Preferred Property: Each cavity is 20-2000, preferably 50-1000 Angstrom 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer is yttria stabilized zirconia or samarium doped ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide semiconductor is TiO-2, SnO2, ZnO and/or Nb2O5. EXAMPLE - A coating liquid is produced by mixing 200 weight parts ethylene glycol to 100 weight parts titanium dioxide powder. This liquid is applied on a glass substrate to form a coating film of thickness 14mum, and fired. A ruthenium pyridine complex (cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) complex), is dissolved in methanol, and the fired material is immersed in this. The solvent is removed and the material is dried. A platinum electrode is formed, and a methoxy-acetonitrile electrolyte including lithium iodide and iodine is injected to form a solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal plate is made from aluminum or aluminum alloys. The corrosion resistant coating is an anodized aluminum coating; or a hard coat anodized aluminum coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The connection port is defined by wall(s). Preferred Method: The corrosion resistant coating is applied to the walls. The corrosion resistant coating is applied to essentially all of the exposed surfaces of the manifold region and the end plate. It is applied by subjecting at least a portion of the manifold region to a process comprising chromic acid anodizing, low voltage chromic anodizing, anodizing in a non-chromic acid electrolyte, sulfuric acid anodizing, or hard coat anodizing (preferably a hard coating anodizing process). The method further comprises subjecting at least a portion of the manifold region to a sealing treatment after the coating of the corrosion resistant coating to seal at least a portion of the pores; and subjecting the manifold region to a mechanical process comprising radiusing to remove sharp edges and/or round corners. The sealing treatment comprises dichromate sealing, potassium dichromate sealing, boiling water sealing, or triethanolamine sealing Preferred Condition: The hard coat anodized aluminum coating has pores and is treated to seal at least a portion of the pores. The hard coat anodized coating has a thickness of 3-130 microns. The conformal coating has a thickness of 0.05-150 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The corrosion resistant coating is a conformal coating comprising a polymer material consisting of silicone resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, or poly para-xylene (preferably poly para-xylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst is further passivated with a gas stream of oxygen and inert gas at below 50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel rods are aluminum.Preferred Compound: The hydroxide solution comprises potassium hydroxide (25 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The temperature of the holding tank hydroxide solution is approximately 180 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The superconductor is black and ceramic type superconductor. The superconductor is a film deposited on the semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The superconductor is YBa2Cu3O7-approximatelyd. The semiconductor is p-type silicon (Si), n-type Si, p-type gallium arsenide (GaAs) or n-type GaAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrated borate comprises at least 2 molecules of water per molecule of borate.Preferred Process: The generation of hydrogen further includes reacting lithium borohydride with lithium metaborate octahydrate at a temperature of at least 85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The pore spacing is defined by the distance between pore edges, s, and the radius of each pore, r, can be related to the aggregate open area of the plate, f by the equation f=(pir2)/(s2), which is, in turn, related to the concentration in the anode compartment and the current density across the plate, and f is maintained at an amount that a strong drop in fuel concentration occurs across the plate while minimizing the probability of fuel starvation. The component is perforated with pores to allow the fuel to pass through the plate at a given flux that is predetermined in accordance with the relationship of cJcell = (nF)((DC/delta))f.The effective porosity defined by f is achieved by sintering metal particles or by the intrinsic or engineered porosity in a polymeric membrane. The flow of fuel is determined by the hydraulic permeability of the component Kh, which is determined, in turn by the component porosity, and a high concentration C in the anode chamber can be used for current demand Jcell = Kh.P.C, and P is the hydraulic pressure drop across the component. The plate has channels formed on an aspect that is not adjacent to the anode compartment. The channels are parallel tracks formed along one aspect of the plate. Carbon dioxide exhaust vents release carbon dioxide produced in an anodic reaction from the fuel cell.Preferred Property: The constant multiplier, c, is maintained at a value of 1.1-1.5, preferably 1.2. Neat methanol can be used with component thickness of at most1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plate is of a polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The plate is of stainless steel, silicon, carbon or graphite, or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The plate is of treated fiberglass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wire consists of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, cobalt, tungsten, platinum, iron, titanium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum or silicon. The electroconductive material consists of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, tungsten, platinum, titanium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mask consists of titanium oxide, silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide.
EXAMPLE - Trifluoromethyl trifluoro borate potassium salt (in g) (8.8) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (13.03) were mixed in a nitrogen atmosphere of relative humidity 10% or less. The mixture was dissolved in 50 ml of ion exchange water. 100 ml of methylene chloride were added and extracted to the liquid. The organic layer was washed twice using 50 ml of ion exchange water. The obtained organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a colorless and transparent liquid trifluoro trifluoromethyl borate-1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium salt (10.2). The structure of the salt was confirmed by proton NMR spectrum. The ionic conductivity of the salt was measured at 25degreesC and found to be 11.3 mS/cm. Oxidation of the salt was not observed at a potential of 5.4 V or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is carbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The reduction promoter is platinum, palladium or rhodium. The ruthenium salt is ruthenium chloride, ruthenium nitrate, ruthenium acetate, ruthenium formate or ruthenium tris acetyl acetonate.    EXAMPLE - Dinitro di-ammine platinum salt (in g) (50) was added to 100 ml of nitric acid, to obtain a mixture. The mixture was stirred at 109 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain a nitric acid solution of trinitro di-ammine platinum. The obtained solution was dried at 80 degrees C, to obtain yellow brown colored powder. The temperature of the obtained powder was maintained at 50 degrees C or less, and ethanol was gradually added to the powder to obtain platinum ammine ethoxide complex solution. The platinum ammine ethoxide complex solution had a platinum concentration of 50 g/dm3. Ethanol (200 ml) was added to the platinum ammine ethoxide complex solution (5 ml), to obtain an orange red solution. Ketchen black EC (TM) (4) was added to the orange red solution. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 79 degrees C, to support platinum on carbon black. The stirred mixture was filtered and the platinum supported carbon black was dried at 60 degrees C to obtain a platinum supported support. The obtained support was suspended in 75 wt.% ethanol aqueous solution. The solution containing platinum ammine ethoxide complex comprising platinum (1.8), and ruthenium chloride comprising ruthenium (0.9), was added to the ethanol aqueous solution. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 hour at 85 degrees C. The stirred solution was filtered and dried at 60 degrees C. The dried support was processed in nitrogen atmosphere for 2 hours at 700 degrees C, to obtain a platinum-ruthenium alloy supported catalyst. The obtained platinum-ruthenium alloy supported catalyst supported 99 % of platinum and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The MFI type zeolite is a proton-type or sodium-type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The dopant liquid is a liquid precursor of a phosphorus gate glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Outer and Inner Tubes: The inner and outer tubes of the connecting pipe are made of non ferrous metal selected from the group consisting of gold, titanium, aluminum, platinum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary and secondary insulating films are selected from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, oxidation hafnium, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The temperature is maintained at 0 degrees C or more, after completion of irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate may made of silicon, ceramics or graphite.Fabrication of the basic module may include an electro-erosion step to obtain an anodic dissolution of the substrate between two electrodes in a hydrofluoric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate may be made from polymers (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell is of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type using a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The foam ceramic is coated with a catalytic material, preferably zinc copper oxide and/or copper oxide. The foam ceramic is partially made from silicon carbide and is electrically heated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The combustion speed is acquired the combustion chamber and/or in the foam ceramic by measuring a temperature, especially by measuring infrared light. The amount of recycled combustion gases based on the established combustion speed is regulated in the combustion chamber and/or in the foam ceramic. The feed of fuel gas, residual gas and/or air is regulated depending on the acquired combustion speed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The nitrogen is present in an amount of at least 1 atom %, preferably 5-33 atom %. The electric molybdenum contact layer additionally contains titanium. The nitrogen forms an over saturated Mo(N) phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carrier surface coating is of copper, with an additional cladding of gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The beads exhibit a greater creep resistance than the electrolyte membrane. They are granular and have a diameter not greater than the thickness of the electrolyte membrane. The diameter of the beads is not less than 5 microns on average.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The beads can constitute titanium, metal oxide, metal nitride or inorganic glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The beads can constitute fluororesin. They are composed of polymer-compound whose structure of the main chain moiety is the same as that of the material constituting the electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The insulating phase is diamond-like carbon comprising carbon, hydrogen, silicon and oxygen. The ion- conducting phase is lithium ion conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The feedstock material to produce nanocomposite is polysiloxane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The ion-conducting phase is glass or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cartridge further comprises electrolyte reservoir for holding an electrolyte. The reactant reservoir is separated from the effluent reservoir by an interposing bladder member.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first reactant is a methanol solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second reactant is hydrogen peroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The cartridge is made of rigid plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material of the ribbon is selected from silicon, germanium, silicon carbide or corresponding alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Particles of the layered clay mineral powder have an acid site of a surface. The layered clay mineral powder in the proton conductive membrane has been applied by a modifying agent which contains sulfuric acid and metal sulfates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The isoelectronic surfactant is Sb, As, or bismuth (Bi). Preferred Property: The ratio is 1 x 10-5-0.2 (preferably 1 x 10-5-0.1). The ordering parameter is 0-0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal layer comprises metal such as silicon, titanium, zirconium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material is selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as alkynes such as 1-hexyne, alkene such as benzene, toluene, xylene, alkanes such as n-hexane, ketones such as acetone, aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid, alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal catalyst is made of material selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and alloy of iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, iridium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The seal is formed into the plates by injection molding. The plates are connected to one another via the seal by frictional connection or in a form-locking manner. A gap formed between the plates is sealed. Slot-type openings are formed in the plates. The seal extends in at least one tunnel-like cavity between the plates. The cavity has aperture(s). The seal has a cross-sectional profile having a flat surface and a surface which tapers to a point. Each flat surface is separated from the tapered surface by a recess relative to the flat surface. Shafts (1) are sealed in a gas-tight manner extend through the stack perpendicularly to the individual plates or layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The cooling unit is formed as an endothermic reaction unit and the heating unit is formed as an exothermic reaction unit. The cooling and the heating unit are formed as a catalyst of the fuel cell unit. The fuel for the system is gaseous methane. The exothermic reaction is the conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to water and/or the conversion of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The endothermic reaction is the conversion of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The system further comprises an oxygen feeding unit (38) and a control or regulating unit (52).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A part of the zinc chloride by-produced in the reaction furnace is made into a circulation gas by mixing with a raw material gas. A gas-solid separation tank is provided of the circulation gas and the silicon in the reactor upper part. The by-produced zinc chloride including unreacted zinc and/or silicon tetrachloride is removed via a by-pass, by cooling and liquefaction while maintaining the pressure at at most 5 atmospheres. The reactor is a fluidized bed system where seed crystals in the reactor are fluidized by the circulation gas. The reactor is an external heating-type rotary kiln. The vapor phase reaction is performed at 1410-1,600 degreesC. EXAMPLE - A gas in which silicon chloride and zinc chloride are mixed in a 1:10 ratio, and a gas in which zinc and zinc chloride are mixed in a ratio of 1:2, are introduced into a reactor. The supply amount of zinc is made 3% of the reaction requirement amount with silicon chloride. After reacting for 1 hour, zinc chloride gas is substituted with argon gas, heating is carried out to 1,450 degreesC. The reactor inner temperature is maintained at 110-1,400 degreesC. The silicon is formed as liquid drops.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A second suction mixing means is provided for suction of the fuel in air for combustion to obtain an air-fuel mixture.A carbon monoxide reduction means is provided for oxidizing carbon monoxide contained in the reformed gas.The system has a heat exchanger which preheats or heats at least 1 of the fuel, the raw material gas and other heating media.At least one heat exchanger is provided in the reformed gas piping downstream of the CO reduction means.When surplus steam is produced, another heating medium can be heated by at least a part of the surplus steam.The heating medium is water in a hot water storage tank where the hot water storage main chamber and auxiliary chamber are connected, and surplus steam is supplied to water in the auxiliary tank.The reform gas is supplied to a fuel cell.The anode exhaust gas of the fuel cell is supplied as a fuel of the combustion part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing component in the reducing gas comprises at least 1 vol.% of CO and/or H2. The dry, first and second non-oxidizing gases consist of nitrogen, argon, e-sulfured gaseous hydrocarbon, CO2, CO and/or H2. Preferred Composition: The reactant gas of (B) further comprises at least 10% vol.% H2, on a dry basis. The copper-based, WGS catalyst comprises 5-20 wt.% of a copper component, where at least 50 wt.% of the copper component is in the form of a copper oxide, aluminum oxide spinel; and at least 75 wt.% of alumina. The copper-based, WGS catalyst further comprises 0.03-1 wt.% of carbonaceous residue.Preferred Method: The reducing gas of (A) is derived from an upstream reformer reactor operating in catalytic partial oxidation mode. In (A), the WGS catalyst in its oxidized state is heated in the reducing gas at below 300 degrees C to form the reduced WGS catalyst. In (B), the reduced WGS catalyst is contacted with the reactant gas, while maintaining the WGS catalyst temperature at an operating temperature of 180-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The odorant treatment portion captures the odorant contained in the mixed gas through adsorption. The odorant treatment portion includes odorant removal portion containing porous adsorbent for adsorbing the odorant contained in the mixed gas and a catalyst for promoting decomposition of the odorant adsorbed in the porous adsorbent, and decomposition support portion decomposing the odorant adsorbed in the porous adsorbent. The adsorbent contains activated carbon, or zeolite. The catalyst contains noble metal catalyst. The decomposition support portion includes oxygen gas supply portion supplying the odorant removal portion with oxygen gas. The odorant treatment portion also includes first flow path switching portion that selectively introduces the mixed and oxygen gases into the odorant removal portion. The odorant removal portion oxidizes and decomposes the adsorbed odorant by using the oxygen gas supplied from the oxygen gas supply portion. The system also comprises control portion, post-decomposition, second flow path switching portion, decomposition support portion, and odorant removal portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell system further comprises a circulation passage (121, 122) which couples a first connecting point of the fuel off gas passage to a second connecting point of the fuel gas passage. An air supply portion is connected to a third connecting point of the fuel off gas. The system further comprises a confluent off gas passage into which the fuel off gas passage and the oxidative off gas passage converge. An internal fuel gas passage is provided through which a mixed gas of the fuel off gas and the oxidative gas flows is formed inside the fuel cell. An oxygen gas supply portion supplies the odorant removal portion with oxygen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The odorant comprises butyric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The discrete layers of conductive materials comprise metallic layer of material includes copper, silver, aluminum, molybdenum, or niobium; and at least one barrier layer of a transition metal nitride material. The barrier layer is titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or hafnium nitride. The discrete layers of conductive materials comprise a first layer of copper, a second layer of silver, and barrier layers each of a transition metal nitride material. The discrete layers of conductive materials comprise metallic layers of material each including copper, silver, aluminum, molybdenum, or niobium; and barrier layers each of a transition metal nitride material. The layer of metallic material comprises zinc. The substrate comprises thin metallic foil including stainless steel, copper, or aluminum. The pair of conductive targets comprises a first target comprising a mixture of copper and selenium, and a second target comprising a mixture of indium, aluminum, and selenium. It comprises copper, indium, and gallium or aluminum. Preferred Method: The method further includes depositing a layer of metallic material on the p-type semiconductor absorber layer before the deposition of the n-type semiconductor layer, such that the n-type semiconductor layer is deposited on the layer of metallic material. The deposition of the p-type semiconductor absorber layer includes co-sputtering the CIS material from a pair of conductive targets. The deposition of the p-type semiconductor absorber layer includes alternating current sputtering material from a pair of identical conductive targets in a sputtering atmosphere comprising argon gas and hydrogen selenide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of external energy varies with respect to the particle diameter of the gas made into occluding material. The bond distance between molecule or atom of aggregate is 0.5-4 nm.Preferred Aggregate: The aggregate is carbon material, such as carbon nanotube or graphite.Preferred Method: The external energy is added by vibration, preferably ultrasonic oscillation. Alternatively, external energy is added by heat or mechanical methods.Preferred Material: The external energy is added to material consisting of Van der Waals molecule, Van der Waals cluster and/or molecular crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The temperature of the catalyst during contacting process (II) is 200-250 degreesC. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in the introduced gas during contacting process (II) is 0.5-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The air mixing portion (31a) and heat exchanger are provided at the entrance of pre-stage catalyst layer. Similarly, another air mixing portion (31b) is provided at the entrance of the heat exchanger integrated catalyst layer. Preferred Component: The heat exchanger integrated catalyst layer comprises a counter flow-type heat exchanger. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst is palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and/or osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkoxysilane, chlorosilane and silanol are respectively coupled with silicon atom. At least one hydrogen atom of the alkyl group of pyridine and imidazole, is substituted with fluorine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Storage: A hydrogen source supplied hydrogen to the storage tank. The compound is hydrogen molecule clathrate compound produced by reaction between polymolecule-type compound and hydrogen molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode contains inorganic or organic compound containing cesium or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The combustion gas is supplied into the heat exchanger such that the temperature of the gas is set to activity-temperature range of a catalyst filled in the shift-reaction portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is spectrally sensitized with the compound of formula (1).The sum total of (sigma)p value of R11 in formula (1) is 0.25 or more.The semiconductor is a metal oxide or a metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    X11-X13 = sulfur atom;    X14 = oxygen atom; and    L11 = methylene groups.    EXAMPLE - Titanium tetraisopropoxide (in ml) (62.5) and pure water (375) were mixed for 10 minutes by stirring vigorously. 70% aqueous nitric acid (2.65) was added and the reaction system was heated at 80 degrees C. Stirring was performed for 8 hours, followed by concentration process, to obtain a titanium oxide suspension. The obtained suspension was applied on a transparent electroconductive glass plate which was coated with tin oxide doped with fluorine. Bake-processing was performed at 300 degrees C for 60 minutes, followed by drying. A film-like titanium oxide was formed on the support. On the other hand, 5 g of compound (I-1) was dissolved in methanol solution (200). The support provided with titanium oxide film, was immersed in the obtained solution. 1 g of trifluoroacetic acid was added and ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 2 hours. The titanium oxide after reaction, was washed and dried, to obtain an optoelectric transducer. The obtained optoelectric transducer had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic thin film of the lateral electrode contains silver and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound semiconductor thin film is made with chalcopyrite structure such as copper indium selenide (CuInSe2), copper (indium gallium) selenide (Cu(InGa)Se2), copper indium sulfide (CuInS2), copper (indium gallium) sulfide (Cu(InGa)S2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The boron compound is of formula: Xn-B-R1(3-n).R1 = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, allyl, aryl and/or hydrocarbon group selected from group consisting of heterocyclic group;X = group having hydrolysis ability; andn = 1-3.The boron compound is a reaction product obtained by intermolecular dehydration reaction of two or more compounds of formula: R1(3-m)-B-(OH)m.R1 = same as above; andm = 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fibrous Carbon: The fibrous carbon is a carbon material selected from single wall carbon nanotube, multi wall carbon nanotube and carbon nano fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precipitate is micro metal iron and/or micro iron carbide.Preferred Process: The carbon fiber is obtained by supplying mixed gas of high temperature carbon compound gas and hydrogen gas to kish graphite.Preferred Gas: The carbon compound gas is carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas are mixed at a ratio of 3-1 to 5-1. EXAMPLE - Kish graphite (100 mg) having carbon concentration of 88 % was charged to a container. The temperature of the container was maintained at 500 degrees C, and the pressure was maintained at atmospheric pressure. Then hydrogen gas was supplied. The iron which was precipitated in the kish graphite was reduced. Carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas were supplied for 1 hour. The temperature and pressure of the reaction container was adjusted to 500 degrees C and atmospheric pressure. A carbon nano fiber (86 mg) having diameter of 2-300 micrometer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrode comprises element selected from indium (In), tin (Sn) or alloys of indium and tin. The insulating layer comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2) or aluminum trioxide (Al2O3).
EXAMPLE - 4-Dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (in g) (5) and cyanoacetic acid (3.7), were dissolved in acrylonitrile by heating at 45 degrees C. Piperidine (0.9 ml) was dropped in the resulting solution, reacted, cooled, and crystal was precipitated. The obtained crystal was removed by filtration and dispersed in methanol, triethylamine and acetic acid. The precipitated crystal was removed by filtration, to obtain crude crystal. The crude crystal was dissolved in methanol, and filtered to obtain purple crystal (organic-dye) (No.28). An organic-dye sensitized titanium-oxide thin-film electrode was produced using the obtained dye. The obtained electrode provided optoelectric chemical solar cell with light short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 10 mAcm-2, light release voltage (Voc) of 0.65 V, fill factor of 0.73, and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The tree-like branch molecule is dendrimer or dendron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 55-75 vol.% of (II), 12-30 vol.% of (I) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The fuel contains less than 5 vol.% cycloparaffins with 5-8 carbon atoms. The lead content is 0.14-0.26 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 50-82 vol.% of (II) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The lead content is no more than 0.28 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The flow path comprises a tubular column. The solid-state material comprises a gas adsorbing layer coated on the tubular column, or a porous matrix. It is coated on a porous substrate disposed on the fuel flow path. It may be disposed in a gas or gas-solid chromatography column.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid-state material comprises a carbowax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The binder is contacted with the fleece in the form of a powder and/or in the form of fibers. Conducting colloidal particles, preferably inorganic conducting colloidal particles, are dispersed in the binder. The colloidal particles are selected from carbon black, highly conducting carbon black, graphite, metal particles and/or precious metal particles.