TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is a thin film fuel cell. It comprises a mixed-gas fuel cell. The hydrogen-containing fuel is a chemical hydride. The hydrogen-containing fuel is selected in relation to the fuel cell, so that the water produced by operating the fuel cell reacts with all of the hydrogen-containing fuel, to produce hydrogen gas to sustain operation of the fuel cell without the need of adding externally supplied hydrogen gas.Preferred Method: The water produced by operating the fuel cell is primarily in the form of water vapor, and the hydrogen-containing fuel reacts with the water vapor to produce hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The chemical hydride is from sodium boron hydride, calcium hydride, lithium boron hydride, or lithium aluminum hydride.Preferred Component: The hydrogen-containing fuel includes additive(s) to raise and/or reduce the rate of reaction of the hydrogen-containing fuel with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thickness deformation by compression which is the difference of thickness at a surface pressure 0.15MPa and 1.0MPa, is at most0.15mm. The acrylic flame resistant fibres are oriented in the thickness direction of the nonwoven cloth. The nonwoven cloth only comprises acrylic flame resistant fibers. The carbon fiber nonwoven cloth comprises only carbon fibers. The carbon fiber nonwoven cloth has a peak diameter of the pore diameter distribution of 10-60mum. The flexural elasticity is at least0.1GPA. The pressure difference when passing air of 14cm/sec in the thickness direction of the nonwoven cloth is 1-10mmAq. The electrical resistance of the thickness direction is at most15mOMEGA.cm2. Carbon black is contained on the surface and/or internally. EXAMPLE - Acrylic flame resistant fibers of specific gravity 1.41g/cm3, are crimped, and cut to 51mm length. These short fibers are carded and treated with a water current to cause mingling to give an acrylic flame resistant nonwoven fabric. This fabric is pressed at 200degreesC and 50kgf/cm so the weight per square meter is 102g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fired material is fired body. The nitride oxide contains lithium (1.15 mol% based on di-lithium oxide). The oxidation-resistant metal against mixed fuel is silver. The metal or its oxide (1-50 vol.%) is blended in the anode layer. The anode layer contains samaria-doped ceria, scandia-stabilized zirconia, and/or yttria-stabilized zirconia at at most 50 vol.% as auxiliary component. Preferred Methods: The fired material is obtained by firing nitride oxide; or by adding lithium to nitride oxide, then subjecting to firing treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The energy is applied by heat, plasma, a catalyst, or light. The solvent and the raw material and/or the dopant are agitated with the gas containing the raw material and/or the dopant, a gas resulting from the decomposition, and/or a gas supplied to the solvent together with the gas containing the raw material and/or the dopant. The agitation is conducted using a mechanical device. An n-type layer is formed after the silicon layer is formed. It is formed by allowing the dopant to diffuse into a part of the silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent comprises a metal of indium, tin, bismuth, gallium, and/or antimony. The gas containing raw material comprises silane or silane-containing compound (SinH2n+2), or halogenated silane. The gas containing the dopant comprises phosphine, phosphorus (III) fluoride, arsine, diborane, boron fluoride, bromine trichloride, and/or gallium-containing compound (Ga(CH3)3 or Ga(C2H5)3).n = at least2    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a raw material gas feed pipe (106) having gas blowoff holes (109) in the solvent held in the solvent receiver; an energy application chamber connected to the raw material gas feed pipe; a wafer cassette (101) for holding substrates, and which can be put into the solvent and be pulled out of the solvent held in the solvent receiver; a heating device (108) for heating the solvent; and a device for differentiating the temperature of the solvent in the solvent receiver from the temperature of the solvent in growth vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support, which is an inorganic porous support, is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, diatomaceous earth, clay and/or zinc oxide. Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains 5-90 mass% of nickel oxide and 0-85 mass% of copper oxide. The total amount of nickel oxide and copper oxide in the desulfurizing agent, is 60-90 mass%. Preferred Conditions: Desulfurization is performed at 20-100degreesC. Preferred Process: The modification is partial-oxidation modification, auto-thermal modification or steel reforming. The catalyst used in the modification process, is a ruthenium type catalyst or a nickel type catalyst, using manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconia as support. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (in g) (360.1) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (85.2) were dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. C-AP (pseudo-boehmite) (7.2) was added to obtain liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (300) was dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. Further, water glass (93.6) having silicon (29 mass%) was added to obtain liquid (B). The obtained liquids (A and B) were mixed with ion exchange water (60 L), stirred at 90degreesC for 1 hour. The precipitate was washed and filtrated. The filtrate was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours. The dried product was bake processed at 350degreesC for 3 hours. A desulfurizing agent containing copper oxide (16 mass%), nickel oxide (64 mass%) and silicon oxide-aluminum oxide (20 mass%), was obtained. The obtained desulfurizing agent efficiently removes sulfur from hydrocarbon containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group having hydrogen affinity is chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, carbonic acid group, carboxyl group, perfluorotertiary alcohol group, sulfonic acid amide group and/or their derivatives.Preferred Properties: The portions other than sp2 binding crystal are amorphous. The crystal size and interlayer distance in sp2 binding crystal are 0.1-100 nm and 2.4-3.9 Angstrom. Hydrogen or hydrogen ion can be occluded in the grain boundary portion and inside the sp2 binding crystal. The ratio of peak intensity (1293) at 293 eV with respect to peak intensity (1285) at 285 eV measured using electron energy loss spectroscopy, is 0.9-1.6.Preferred Process: The hydrogen ion conductor is manufactured by gaseous phase synthesis chosen from high frequency plasma, sputtering, vacuum arc vapor deposition or laser ablation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The connecting group in resin aromatic thermoplastic resin (B) is ester bond, amide bond, imide bond, urethane bond, carbonate bond and/or ketone bond. The principal chain of resin (B) is polyarylene sulfide or polyarylene sulfide sulfone. The ion exchange property group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, or phosphonic acid group. The resin A is polyamide resin, non-liquid crystal property polyester resin, and/or liquid crystal property resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium/indium atomic ratio is 0.003-0.05. The electrode film has a resistivity of 4x10-4OMEGAcm, and an average light transmittance of at least60% at 100-1400 nm wavelengths. It has a carrier electrode concentration of at most5.5x1020/cm3 preferably 4x1020/cm3based on Hall effect measurement, and a carrier electron mobility of at least40 preferably at least70 m2/Vsec.Preferred Component: The light absorbing layer comprises copper indium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper gallium sulfide, their solid solutions, or cadmium telluride. The middle layer comprises a solution precipitated cadmium sulfide layer or a (cadmium, zinc) sulfide layer. The window layer comprises zinc oxide or (zinc. magnesium) oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pulling step comprises placing a seed in the melt, pulling the seed from the melt between a pair of strings positioned along the edges of the crystalline ribbon, and continuously pulling the crystalline ribbon from the melt. At least a portion of a boundary profile of the melt is concave downward prior to the pulling step. Pulling the crystalline ribbon from the melt forms an inflection point in a cross-sectional boundary profile of the melt. The method further comprises forming a portion of the melt above the edges of the mesa crucible, and forming more than one crystalline ribbon. The inflection point in at least a portion of the cross-sectional boundary profile of the melt predisposes the crystalline ribbon to grow flat (1318). The method further comprises replenishing the source material on the top surface of the mesa crucible for continuous crystalline ribbon growth and controlling the temperature of the mesa crucible while forming the crystalline ribbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - MH is a manganese nickel, magnesium nickel or titanium manganese type alloy. The tank has hydrogen absorbing alloy body molded out of porous nickel, copper or aluminum molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The channel comprises a first input adjacent to the first electrode, and a second input adjacent to the second electrode. The fuel cell comprises a support having a surface with two recessed portions. The fuel cell further comprises a fuel sensor. A spacer forms a partial enclosure around a portion of the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first liquid comprises a fuel comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, or formic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel may comprise ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, or sulfur. The second liquid comprises oxidants comprised of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate salts, manganese oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.Preferred Material: The electrodes comprise platinum, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The actuator moves the catalyst chamber with respect to the chamber or the chamber with respect to the catalyst chamber. It includes a spring, a motor or a pump. The chamber is double-walled. It includes a material (105) with a high specific heat between the walls (102, 103). The chamber includes fins (104) for enhancing heat dissipation from the chamber. Outlet apparatus conducts the generated hydrogen from the chamber. It includes a separator (112) which removes moisture from the generated hydrogen. The catalyst chamber provides a linear change in the rate of hydrogen generation as more of the chamber is exposed to the fuel solution. The catalyst chamber has a cylindrical shape, rectilinear shape or cube shape. It may be a disk. Alternatively, the catalyst chamber provides a nonlinear change in the rate of hydrogen generation as more of the chamber is exposed to the fuel solution. The catalyst chamber has a frusto-conical shape, cone shape, pyramid shape, or triangular prism shape. The actuator spins the catalyst chamber or chamber as it provides the relative movement. The actuator can be locked to keep the catalyst chamber and the fuel solution away from one another.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline earth compound comprises a magnesium compound. The magnesium compound comprises magnesium oxide. The nickel compound comprises a nickel carbonate, a nickel hydroxy carbonate, or a nickel oxide. Preferred Composition: The nickel or nickel compound comprises 30-90 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The silica carrier comprises 5-25 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alumina promoter comprises 1-10 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alkaline earth compound promoter comprises 0.01-15 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The nickel dispersion is 8-16%. A pore volume is 1-2.2 cc/g. Preferred Dimension: A nickel surface area of the catalyst adsorbent is 40-60 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel includes liquid organic compound(s) having water solubility. It includes methanol, dimethyl ether, or formic acid. The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel supply unit pools concentrated methanol.The air supply unit retrieves a portion of exhaust gas exhausted from the cathodes (9) and mixes the portion with the air.The fuel cell system further comprises an outside air introduction unit, which introduces outside air and mixes the outside air with the exhaust gas from the cathodes prior to exhaustion of the exhaust gas to an outside. It further comprises a mixing buffer tank (19) and an outside air introduction unit, which introduces outside air to an exhaust gas from the mixing buffer tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gas permeable film consists of metal chosen from the group consisting of palladium, vanadium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, platinum, ruthenium, niobium, tantalum, magnesium, calcium, and lanthanum and its alloy. The film also consists of ceramic or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises 2 or more elements chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. Alternately, the catalyst contains platinum, cerium and vanadium. The catalyst further contains niobium and/or zirconium and aluminum and/or silicon.Preferred Composition: The amount of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum, is 10 mol % or more. Amount of platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium, is 0.01-20 mass%.Preferred Method: Space velocity of the catalyst during shift reaction is 50000 hour-1. The composite containing platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium, and cerium and niobium is dried and bake-processed to obtain the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Dinitro diamine platinum complex salt (with platinum metal content of 8.451 mass %) (in g) (13.15) and cerium zirconium complex oxide (containing cerium and zirconium in molar ratio of 68/32 and having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 70 m2/g) (10) were mixed, dried at 150 degrees C, ground and bake processed at 400 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain catalyst with platinum content of 10 mass %. Specific surface area of the obtained catalyst was 68 m2/g. Carbon monoxide conversion ratio at 300 degrees C and 400 degrees C, of the obtained catalyst was 49.9 % and 60.9 %, respectively. Methane formation rate of the obtained catalyst was found to be 0.28 vol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of metal anhydride in the non-aqueous electrolyte or gel electrolyte is 0.01-60 wt.%.Preferred Solvent: The electrolyte solvent is carbonate ester, phosphoric acid ester, carboxylate ester, ether, sulfonate, nitrile or ionic liquid. Carbonate ester is propylene carbonate, phosphoric acid ester is trialkyl phosphoric acid, and ether is tetrahydrofuran derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cathode: The cathode is metal chosen from carbon, lithium or its alloy, preferably graphite. EXAMPLE - Lithium-phosphorus fluoride (LiPF6) was dissolved in propylene carbonate to form an electrolyte liquid containing 1 mol/l of LiPF6. A lithium-borate derivative of formula (Ia) (1.5 wt.%) was added to the electrolyte liquid. To natural graphite powder (in weight parts) (90) polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) (10) and N,N- dimethylformamide were added. The obtained slurry was applied on a copper foil, dried at 150 degreesC for 12 hours, and a cathode was obtained. Lithium metal was used as anode. Polyethylene porous separator, the anode and cathode were soaked in the obtained electrolyte liquid and a cell was formed. The obtained cell had charging-and-discharging current density of 0.35 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitride semiconductor layer consist of AlGaN or GaN (AlxGa1-xN), where x lies between 0 and 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer contains copper and at least one element selected from indium and gallium, and one element selected from selenium and sulfur. The substrate is made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The rhenium complex is of formula (1), (2) or (3), or an ionic or neutral rhenium compound of formula Re(CO)5(X1), or compound of formula (5) or (6). The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring ligand compound is bidentate ligand compound of formula (7) or (8).Z1-Z20 = atomic group required for forming rings Y1-Y20; andX1-X3 = anionic monodentate ligand or neutral monodentate ligand.Rings Y1-Y20 may have substituent, and may bond with another ring. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 rhenium complex compounds are disclosed such as compound of formula (A-1).    EXAMPLE - Re(CO)5Cl (100 mg), 2,2'-dipyridine (134 mg) and glycerol (20 ml) were reacted in a round bottom flask. Argon gas was introduced in the solution for 20 minutes, and microwave was irradiated for 50 minutes. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, to obtain rhenium complex compound (I) of formula (24). Ammonium phosphorus fluoride (NH4PF6) saturated aqueous solution (10 ml) was added in the reaction solution, to obtain PF6 salt of compound (A-1). The rhenium complex was obtained with yield of 48%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gas-liquid separation membrane is made from fluorine system resin, polyurethane system resin, or continuously porous polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The laminated polyester film further has a hard-coat layer on at least a surface. Preferred Condition: The ratio of primary particle size of microparticles and thickness of application layer is greater than 0.05 and less than 10. EXAMPLE - Naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (in weight parts) (100), manganese acetate tetrahydrate (0.03) and ethylene glycol (60) were reacted for 120 minutes at 150degreesC. Temperature of the solution was raised to 170degreesC, and antimony dioxide (0.024) were added to the solution. The solution was further mixed with trimethyl phosphate (0.023) to obtain a reaction product. The temperature of the reaction product was raised to 290degreesC and polycondensation reaction was performed under reduced pressure to obtain polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate. The obtained polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate without containing particle, had intrinsic viscosity of 0.61 dl/g. The pellet of polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate was supplied to extruder after drying at 170degreesC for 6 hours. The polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate was melted at 305degreesC, extruded and rapidly-quenched to obtain unstretched film. The obtained unstretched film was preheated at 120degreesC, heated at 900degreesC and drawn along horizontal and vertical directions with the drawn ratio of 3.5 to obtain transparent polyester film of thickness 75 mum. The obtained film had excellent slide property, damage proof property and adhesivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive support is made of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell further includes electrode junction body where anode and cathode are joined at one end of a proton exchange membrane, and the other end has anode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer is formed on a platinum catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: At least one of A and B has a polymer structure of molecular weight 500-100000. A part or all of the polymer structure is at least 1 selected from polyether, polyester, polycaprolactone, polysiloxane, polyolefin, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polycarbonate and polyphosphazene. Compound B may be replaced with compound C having at least 1 carboxyl group and/or hydroxyl group. The molten salt is a salt having a melting point lower than room temperature and/or a salt having a liquid state at room temperature. The molten salt participates in the production of an oxidation-reduction pair, and has a cationic structure including a quaternary nitrogen and/or tertiary sulfonium. The molten salt has at least 1 of ammonium, sulfonium, heterocyclic compound and their derivatives as a cation. The heterocyclic compound is pyridinium, imidazolium, piperidinium, or pyrazolium. The molten salt contains an iodine compound ion as an anion. EXAMPLE - On a glass substrate, a tin oxide transparent conductive film is formed, and a titanium oxide film is formed on this film. A ruthenium dye solution is formed on and this solution and the transparent substrate having the titanium oxide film and the transparent conductive film, are introduced into a container so the dye is absorbed into the titanium oxide film. A monomer solution is obtained by dissolving the compound (13.2g) obtained by reacting 18 weight parts toluene-di-isocyanate and 0.05 weight parts dibutyl tin dilaurate catalyst with 100 weight parts polytetramethylene glycol, as compound A, and 1g diethyl-toluene-diamine as a compound B to 128g of a solution obtained mixing 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium iodide and acetonitrile/propylene carbonate (2/8) in a 9:1 weight ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the fuel cell comprises: forming an anode layer (208); forming a cathode layer (214); and forming an electrolyte layer between the anode and cathode layers. The sacrificial layer has at least one sloped edge having an angle of 30-60 degrees, and the step of connecting the fuel cell to the substrate comprises forming at least one connector connecting the fuel cell to the substrate, the connector being integral with the fuel cell, at least a portion of the connector being formed on the sacrificial layer sloped edge.Preferred Properties: The sacrificial layer has a thickness of 0.1-500 microns, preferably 0.1-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial layer is made of titanium, copper, aluminum, polysilicon, silicon-germanium, or oxides of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The light damaged region extends 700-10000 Angstrom below the film surface. The etching involves using a liquid etchant preferably reactive hydrogen to remove 500-10000 preferably 700 Angstrom of the silicon film. The method involves repeating the steps of illuminating and etching. Preferred Component: The amorphous silicon further comprises an alloy consisting of amorphous silicon germanide:hydrogen or amorphous silicon carbide:hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The nitride film comprises nitride of one or more of group 4a metal, group 5a metal, and chromium or aluminum. The rare earth metal is at least one of yttrium, cerium, samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and ytterbium. The palladium-rare earth metal alloy film further contains silver and/or copper.Preferred Support: The porous support is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The elastomer is a cross-linked rubber particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Operation: Air is drawn into the first housing from the outside environment, transferred from the first to the second housing, and vented from the second housing. Also air is drawn into the second housing from the outside environment, transferred from the second to the first housing, and vented from the first housing.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell is of type whose waste material includes water vapor and whose feed material includes hydrogen. Movable attachment of the first housing to the second housing is provided by means of a hinge (25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solid Wicking Structure Material : The wicking structure material is selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, modified cellulose, polyacrylonitrile, bundled, matted, needled or woven fibers of cellulose, modified cellulose, polyester, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ingestion Deterrent : The ingestion deterrent is denatonium benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a reaction vessel, a return mechanism, a reformation reaction bed (42) in the first reaction chamber, and a removal reaction bed (50) in the second reaction chamber. The transport mechanism includes a track, a locomotive device, and a motor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reaction cooperator includes calcium to hold the product from the reformation production.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The volume of fuel includes hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The first reaction chamber is maintained at 625-725degreesC, and the second reaction chamber is maintained at 900-1000degreesC. Both reaction chambers are maintained at the same pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Configuration: The segmented fuel cell anodes are not more than 15 mm in length, and have an arch shape. The fuel path header is tapered from one end to another.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass, metal, ceramic, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises photo-resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles comprise a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride. The hydrogen storage material further comprises hydrogen. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage material is formed by melting a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride, atomizing and spraying the melted metal, and condensing the sprayed metal to form a nanomaterial containing nanoparticles. Preferred Device: The composition is contained within a cassette or a rail car.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal is lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The cooling-heat cycle of water is performed at 0-120degreesC of water, and at a cooling rate of 10degreesC/minute or more. Preferred Process: Oxygen currently dissolved in water, is removed from the pressure container, before forming high temperature pressurization state. EXAMPLE - Water (50 ml) was sealed into a pressure container. Water was heated to 120degreesC, and the internal pressure was adjusted to 1.34 atmospheric pressure, to attain high temperature pressurization state. Cooling-heat cycle of the water was repeated 3 times at low temperature pressure reduction state by reducing the pressure to 0.93 atmospheric pressure, and temperature to 0degreesC. Water was decomposed, and hydrogen was manufactured. The concentration of gas in the pressure container was analyzed by gas chromatography. The gas had 3.7 wt.% of hydrogen, 18.3 wt.% of oxygen and 78 wt.% of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Laser: The crystal grain boundary is cut using neodymium:yttrium aluminum granite (YAG) laser or carbon dioxide laser.Preferred Composition: The assistant gas containing oxygen is used for laser cutting. The oxygen content in the assistant gas is 5-40 volume%.Preferred Structure: The silicon sheet is produced from a substrate having corrugations on the front and/or reverse surface. The diameter (Ra) of the spot of laser along a direction orthogonal to scanning direction of laser or silicon sheet is 1/20-1/2 of the distance between protrusions of the corrugated portion. The cutting line seen from the flat surface direction is substantially linear. After cutting, a maximum projection portion exists within 5 mm towards the internal direction of silicon sheet from the corner portion on the front and/or reverse surface. The maximum projection portion exists in all corner portions of silicon sheet after cutting process. The board thickness from the corner portion to the maximum projection portion is gradually increasing, after cutting process. The maximum projection portion exists within 5 mm distance from cutting line. A corrugated portion with periodical interval, exists at least in one portion on the surface of silicon sheet after cutting process, where the distance between projections is 0.5-5 mm. The shape of the front and/or reverse surface of silicon sheet after cutting process is square or rectangular.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electric charge of nitrogen atom and oxygen atom in the trivalent group, when calculated by semi empirical molecular orbital method PM3, is -0.095 to -0.175 (e.u.) and -0.225 to -0.265 (e.u.), respectively.Preferred Compound: The amide compound is of formula (III).ring = 5 membered ring, 6 membered monocyclic hetero ring, or condensed hetero ring obtained by carrying out 2-5 condensation of 5-6C ring;R = (un)substituted alkyl or un(substituted) aryl; anda = 0-4. EXAMPLE - A compound containing nitrogen atom having charge density of -0.136 and oxygen atom having charge density of -0.252, and electrolyte liquid were mixed to obtain ion electroconductive composition. A photogalvanic cell was obtained using the composition. The obtained photogalvanic cell had release voltage of 0.79 V and photoelectric conversion efficiency reduction degree of 84.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of grain shape silicon is 800 micrometers or less. The diameter of micro protrusion is 10 micrometers or more. The carbon concentration after coagulating micro protrusion, is 3 x 10 to the power 18 atom/cc or more. The carbon concentration after coagulating grain shape silicon crystal, is 1.5 x 10 to the power 18 atom/cc. The thickness of film to which one portion of silicon melt solution is ejected, is 1-20 micrometers. The thickness of film which portion other than ejected portion of silicon melt solution, is 20 micrometers or more.Preferred Process: The manufacture of grain shape silicon crystal further involves supplying grain shape silicon to pot containing quartz glass, aluminum oxide or polycrystal sapphire, and heating in controlled atmosphere.Preferred Film: The film is silicon oxide film or silicon oxy nitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Porous Layer: The semiconductor porous layer consist of oxides of tin, titanium, zinc, niobium, indium, tungsten, tantalum. strontium, barium, magnesium or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carbon materials such as activated carbon, carbon fiber and/or carbon nanotube is mixed in the composite-metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyphenylene sulfide group resin is biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film. EXAMPLE - A bisphenol group epoxy resin of molecular weight 380 and epoxy equivalent 180-200, was provided on chromium-treated aluminum alloy support and dried to a thickness of 1 microns. Subsequently, heat processing was carried out at 400 degrees C and epoxy resin was modified. A biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) film of thickness 225 microns and crystal melting peak temperature 285 degrees C, was hot laminated on the thermally modified film, at 300 degrees C which is more than crystal peak temperature of PPS. The coated metal material was evaluated for bonding strength and fabricating property, which were found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The platinum alloy is platinum-ruthenium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Silicon wafer of high purity is obtained by immersing the recovered or regenerated substance in mixed solution of phosphoric acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid, or mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and sulfuric acid. The recovered tempered glass is regenerated by washing with an alkali solution. The recovered silicon wafer is regenerated by washing with an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A first evaporation chamber (14) having a downward flow passage through which the water supplied from above flows downwardly, and a second evaporation chamber (15) provided on an inner side of the first evaporation chamber and having an upward flow passage through which the steam generated by evaporation of the water within the first evaporation chamber flows upwardly, are provided in the tubular space. The evaporator has an intermediate tube disposed between the inner tube and the outer tube. The water absorbing member is formed by performing non-leveling process on the face of the outer tube on the first evaporation chamber side and on the face of the inner tube on the second evaporation chamber side. A spacing between concave and convex portions formed by the non-leveling process is 0.05-1 mm. The non-leveling process is performed by etching, laser, or blasting process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The water absorbing member is made of a porous material, a mesh-shaped material, or a fabric-shaped material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The operating medium (28) is a mixture of water (24), a fuel (20) and air (26). The reformer unit further comprises an operating medium feed unit (22) for introducing the operating medium into a mixing chamber (40) integrated within the reformer component unit. The feed unit has an operating medium nozzle (38) connected on its inlet side to an air feed element (46), a fuel injector (48) and a water injector (50) and on its outlet side to the mixing chamber. An electrically heated auxiliary catalyst (42) connected to the mixing chamber is integrated within the reformer component unit. The vaporizer is part of a catalytic burner-vaporizer component (44) which is integrated within the reformer component unit. The burner is coated with an oxidation catalyst and the vaporizer is partially coated with a reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred composition: the electromagnetic radiation is in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region of the spectrum. The process optionally comprises removing residual ammonia and/or residual nitrogen from the gaseous mixture. The endothermic reaction of the ammonia vaporizer provides cooling for the electromagnetic wave source. The wave source is a dielectric barrier discharge lamp, excimer lamp, electronic control gear for pulsed operation, radio-frequency exciter, high-efficiency ultraviolet light-emitting diode, or high-efficiency ultraviolet semiconductor laser diode. EXAMPLE - The electromagnetic wave source generated radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 254 nm. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp was used, each including a noble gas such as xenon, krypton or argon. A high-efficiency ultraviolet light-emitting diode was made of semiconductors with wide band-gap energy, e.g. gallium nitride or aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The device further comprises a heating element embedded in (b) to increase the rate of dissociation using thermal energy, or an ultrasonic transducer acoustically connected to (b) to increase this rate by acoustical energy. Heating comprises combustion or resistive heating. The transducer is made of a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric material. The catalyst is a photocatalyst or thermocatalyst, and comprises a noble metal, transition metal, alloy, titanium dioxide, indium tantalum oxide, nickel, molybdenum, mixture of indium, nickel and tantalum, mixture of titanium dioxide and platinum, or an inorganic oxide semiconductor. The light source generates light in the vacuum ultraviolet region, and comprises a dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp. The porous membrane is circular, cylindrical, comprises a mesh, honeycomb, or is corrugated. The flow-through channel is cylindrical. EXAMPLE - The electromagnetic wave source generated radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 254 nm. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp was used, each including a noble gas such as xenon, krypton or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon fuel and iodine are in a ratio of 1:0.001 - 1:2 (preferably 1:0.01 -1:0.25, especially 1:0.05 - 1:0.2) moles/moles.In (P1), the mixture is heated at 60 - 500 (preferably greater than 80 - 100, especially greater than 80) degrees C.The method further involves exposing the mixture to increased pressure, which is greater than 1 (preferably 2) atmosphere and less than 250 atmospheres, and recovering the hydrogen gas.In (S1), the hydrogen gas is generated by first increasing the temperature and then increasing the pressure or vice versa.Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fuel is cycloalkane (e.g. cyclohexane) and/or aryl (e.g. benzene). EXAMPLE - Solid iodine (0.002 mol) and cyclohexane (0.09 mol) was placed into the reaction vessel. The mixture was heated to 80 degrees C, thereby increasing the pressure within the reaction vessel. The temperature was maintained at 80 - 100 degrees C, and the pressure was maintained at 2 - 2.5 atmospheres by periodically venting the gases. The hydrogen produced was collected by opening the valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wicking structure is selected from a group consisting of polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, modified cellulose, poly-acrylonitrile, mixtures of bundled, matted , needled or woven fibers of cellulose, modified cellulose, polyester, polypropylene, poly-acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises steam purge lines in fluid communication with the two solids transfer lines. The first fluidized bed reactor is a bubbling reactor or entrained flow reactor. The second fluidized bed reactor is a counterflow reactor. A mechanism, e.g. a cyclone or other device for separating solids from fluids, is provided at the outlet of the first fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The array of flow disrupters comprise a second array of flow disrupters.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell consists of solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells. The fluid flow channel comprises oxidant (38) flow channel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of metallic nickel, silver, copper, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, copper-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets, nickel-ceria cermets, perovskite doped lanthanum manganate, strontium-doped lanthanum manganate, tin-doped indium oxide, strontium doped PrMnO3, LaFeO3-LaCoO3, ruthenium oxide-yttria-stabilized zirconia, lanthanum cobaltite, zirconium oxide, yttria-stabilized zirconia, doped ceria, cerium oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, and/or perovskite oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow disrupters can comprise material consisting of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers and/or polymer composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The injected water is present at 1-1.5 or 1-1.5 pbw per 1 part of lithium or sodium borohydride particles, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The borohydride particles are hydrolyzed at at least 120 degrees Celsius. The method includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to an unheated by-products storage vessel (50), and conveying hydrogen gas from the by-products storage vessel to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device. It includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to a grinding vessel, and further mixing and grinding the borohydride particles and the solid by-products in the grinding vessel before conveying the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The motive mechanism is a motor attached to the power shaft so as to rotate the power shaft and the associated turbine assemblies at a high revolution per minute (RPM) to deliver high mechanical impact energy to the water molecules within the cavitation chamber to accelerate the breakdown into covalent diatomic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen molecules are separated and the hydrogen molecules are introduced into the hydrogen storage tank where they are stored for use as fuel. Any remaining water molecules are transported through the gas mixture recycling conduit, thus passing through the heat exchanger to cool the mixture prior to reintroduction into the cavitation chamber. The inside of the inner wall is coated with fiber to preclude the passage of the hydrogen outside of the unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coating material is of general formula X-OR, where X is selected from lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, cesium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, thallium, lead, bismuth, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium and R is a hydrocarbon (CnHm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal electrode film is made of Ag, Al, Fe, W, Mo, Ni, Ti, Au, Cr, Co, Cu or Zn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrically conductive film is made of zinc oxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The amorphous film consists of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) or carbon (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electrically conductive film formation composition contains 0.03-10 wt.% of compound (III). The solvent contains 10-100 wt.% of water.Preferred Properties: The compound (II) has endothermic peak temperature (1) of 75degreesC or more, in a thermogram. The difference between peak temperature (1) of compound (I) and compound (II), is 100degreesC or less. The transparent electrically conductive film formation solution has surface tension of 20-70 mN/m, and viscosity of 20 mPa.second or less.Preferred Process: The coating film is bake-processed in atmosphere in which oxygen partial pressure is higher than air. The formation of transparent electrically conductive film further involves carrying out reduction-heat processing of film obtained at baking process. EXAMPLE - Nitric acid indium trihydrate (in g) (12) having endothermic peak temperature (1) of 162.4degreesC, dichloro dimethyl tin (0.76) having endothermic peak temperature (1) of 107.6degreesC, and polyvinyl alcohol (0.43) having weight average molecular weight of 22000 were mixed. Further water (29.74) was added and mixed at room temperature. A transparent electrically conductive film formation composition was obtained. The obtained composition was applied on a heat resistance glass substrate and bake processed at 650degreesC for 30 minutes. A transparent electrically conductive film was obtained. The obtained film had low resistance and improved permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material is glass plate or a resin film or resin sheet. The thin film formation gas contains oxidizing gas as auxiliary gas. The oxidizing gas is chosen from oxygen, ozone, carbon dioxide and air. The discharge gas contains helium, argon and/or nitrogen. The reducing gas is hydrogen, hydrocarbon and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film formation gas contains organometallic compound of formula (I).R1xMR2yR3z (I)M = indium, tin, zinc, zirconium, antimony, aluminum, gallium or germanium;R1 = alkyl group;R2 = alkoxy group;R3 is beta-diketone complex, beta-ketocarboxylic acid ester complex, beta-ketocarboxylic acid complex or keto oxy group;x+y+z = valency (m) of metal (M);x = 0 to m or 0 to (m-1); andy,z = 0 to m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The high-frequency voltage is 150-200 kHz. The electric power density is 1.2-50 W/cm2. The transparent electroconductive thin film has specific resistance of 1x10(-3) ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A nonionic surfactant is used during the etching process. The nonionic surfactant is chosen from polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether or polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: During the formation of layer (II), the reactive gas contains one or more types of organometallic compound of formula (1) or (2).M(OR1)n (2)M = indium, tin or zinc atom;R1 and R2 = 1-10C alkyl or fluoro alkyl containing one or more fluorine; andn = 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reactive gas contains one or more types of oxidizing gas. Water, reducing gas and oxidizing gas are used simultaneously as reactive gas. The mixed gas comprises reactive gas and one or more types of inert gas. The inert gas is argon, helium or nitrogen.Preferred Method: Electric field with electric power of 1 W/cm2 or more and high frequency voltage exceeding frequency of 100 kHz is applied to the discharge space. The high frequency voltage is 150 MHz or less, andelectric power is 50 W/cm2 or less. The voltage is continuous sine wave. The surface temperature of base material is 50-300 degrees C. Heat processing is performed after forming the thin film. One or more electrodes coated with dielectric are used. The dielectric is inorganic substance having dielectric constant of 6-45. The surface roughness of the electrode is 0.1-10 mum.Preferred Film: The film (II) is indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, antimony doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide and/or In2O3-ZnO group amorphous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Base: The base material is transparent resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The hydrolysable group in silane compound is alkoxy group such as ethoxy group. The alkyl group in silane compound is methyl group.
EXAMPLE - Piperazine (in g) (258.4) and sodiumhydrogencarbonate (672) were dissolved in 3 l of acetonitrile. 1,2-dichloroethane (197.9) dissolved in acetonitrile (100) was dropped into the above solution over 1 hr at 80degreesC. The mixture was stirred for further 12 hours and temperature was lowered to 50degreesC. Allyl chloride (230) dissolved in acetonitrile (100 ml) was dropped into the reaction solution over 2 hours. A reaction product was obtained by stirring at 50degreesC for 2 hours. The mineral salt was separated by filtration, acetonitrile was distilled and toluene was added to the residue and heated with stirring for 1 hour. 3 l of pure water was added to the insoluble content and filtered using diatomaceous earth. Solvent was distilled from toluene layer. The residue was attached to fractional distillation column and compounds (1,2) were obtained as transparent liquid. The product extracted from aqueous layer was stripped of the solvent and residue was dissolved in 2-propanol. Solid products (3,4) were separated by column chromatography. The product (3) was identified to be compound (A-3) with melting point of 105.6-106.6degreesC.    Toluene (30) was added to platinum divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane complex (10) and platinum catalyst was prepared. Compound (A-3) (39), compound (B-1) (43.8) and toluene (200) were taken in a separable flask and stirred at 90degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere. The produced platinum catalyst was added so that the amount of platinum atom in the solution was 50 ppm. The solution was reacted for 6 hours, heated at 130degreesC, toluene was distilled under reduced pressure and linear copolymer having hydrosilyl groups at both the terminals was produced (compound C-3) (58.0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elemental mixture forms a multi-component alloy.Preferred Material: The multicomponent alloy is formed of a single crystal material, a polycrystal material, an amorphous material, a solid solution of the elements, or a material having a fine particle cluster structure. EXAMPLE - A platinum-tungsten alloy layer (Pt85W15) (0.1 m thick) was formed on a gold base using a carousel type multi-source sputtering apparatus. The film formation was conducted by radio frequency sputtering, after reverse sputtering the gold base for 1 minute with radio frequency electric discharge of 100 watts and further by pre-sputtering the sputtering target for 1 minute under a pressure of 10 Pa.    The alloy film was obtained by heating the base body of gold to 300 degrees Celsius and rotating with 60 revolutions per minute for facilitating alloying of the sputtered particles from respective sputtering sources and applying radio frequency power of 150 watts to the platinum target for controlling the alloy composition and a radio frequency power of 50 watts to tungsten target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The burner is arranged near the water vaporization part. Product gas discharged from the hydrogen generator is mixed with fuel supplied from the fuel supply part and fed into the burner. The combustion catalyst is in contact with the water vaporization part. The combustion gas in the combustion gas flow path has a temperature of 100-200degreesC. A second air supply part for supplying air to the combustion catalyst in the combustion gas flow path is provided between the burner and the combustion catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The combustion catalyst is supported by a carrier formed of a corrugated thin metal plate and/or a flat thin metal plate. It is in the honeycomb form and/or the pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The passive area forms a perimeter around the active area. The regions of the active area and passive area that are overlapped by the protective film layer are 0.5-20% of the total active and passive area of the membrane, respectively.Preferred Condition: The pressure is 10-100 bar. The heat establishes a temperature of 20-200degreesC.Preferred Parameter: The region of the active area and the passive area contacted by the protective film layer is 0.5-20% of the total active and passive area of the membrane, respectively. The region of the gas diffusion layer contacted by the protective film layer is 0.5-50% of the total area of the gas diffusion layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective film layer comprises an organic polymer material comprising polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl difluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, co-polyamide, polyamide elastomers, polyimide, polyurethane, polyurethane elastomers, silicones, silicon rubbers, or silicon based elastomers. The ionomer membrane comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymers, acid-doped polybenzimidazoles, acid-group-modified polyetherketones, ionically conductive organic/inorganic materials, and composite reinforced materials.Preferred Parameter: The organic polymer material has a thickness of 10-150 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components:the carbon/filler is selected from:conductive carbon black, graphite, carbon fibers, and carbon nanotubes. The polymer blend consists of 25-95 wt.% blend polymer and 75 wt.% carbon/filler. The carbon/filler contains (wt.%):conductive carbon black (1-30), carbon fibers (5-60), carbon nanotubes (0-25), where the total amount of carbon filler is 6-70 wt.% on the total weight of polymer blend. The blend polymer has different polarities and the carbon/filler is enriched in the polar blend polymer. The polymer blend contains at least one polyamide and at lest one polyetherketone/polethersulfone, in 1:8 to 8:1 weight ratio. EXAMPLE - a filled polymer blend containing (wt.%.):PA66(RTM)(polyamide 66)(22.5), polyethersulfone (30), Printex L(RTM)(conductive carbon)(7.5), Fortafil(RTM)(carbon fibers)(40) had a specific conductivity of 22 S/cm, and a co-continuous structure as indicated by Laser Scan Microscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reforming module comprises a device for separating carbon dioxide, a device for absorbing carbon dioxide or sequestering it into a solid, and a device for absorbing carbon dioxide by a carbonation reaction with a metal hydroxide to produce a metal carbonate. A desorption module (21b) is included to allow the release of carbon dioxide. It is thermally integrated with the fuel cell. The reforming module is thermally integrated with the fuel cell. A heat transfer device between the fuel cell and reforming module is provided in the form of a cathode exhaust loop. The fuel cell is a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell, Phosphoric Acid fuel cell or Solid Oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reforming module is adapted to fuel comprising natural gas, methane, methanol, diesel, gasoline, coal, biomass, gases from the gasification of organic matter such as biomass or carbons/hydrocarbons, gases from the biological decomposition of organic matter such as biomass or carbons/hydrocarbons, or gas-hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (B) Is a cyanine dye. (C) Is an ortho-dihydroxy-benzene compound (preferably benzene compound substituted with nitrile group on same benzene ring as the ortho-dihydroxy-groups). Preferred Method: The adsorption of (B) is carried out simultaneously with or after the adsorption of (C) on the layer of (A). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2,3-Dihydroxy-benzonitrile, 3,4-dihydroxy-benzonitrile, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzonitrile, 3,4-dihydroxy-4'-cyano-benzophenone, 4-nitro-catechol, (3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)methyl-sulfone, 1,2-dihydroxy-anthraquinone, 3,4-dihydroxy-anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid, 4,5-dihydroxy-benzene-1,3-disulphonic acid, 6,7-dihydroxy-naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid and catechol are specifically claimed as (C).    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The determination of operating range includes determining an optimal cell voltage, and limiting the operating range in 20% of the optimal cell voltage. The operation of electrolyzer further includes immersing an electrolyzer into electrolyte solution, applying direct current (DC) voltage to the electrolyzer to produce metal particles on the cathode surface, removing metal particles from the electrolyzer when particles achieve a desired size, reducing the applied voltage below 1.65 volts, and reversing polarity of the applied voltage to dissolve unremoved metal particles from the cathode surface. The reversing of polarity includes reversing polarity a first time for a time period, reversing polarity a second time, and repeating steps.Preferred Component: The dissolved metal is in a form of oxide(s) of the metal. The solution is a reaction product electrochemical reaction in metal/air fuel cell. The dissolved metal is zinc.Preferred Condition: The operating range is selected to produce a current density in the cathode greater than 5 kA/square m. The operating range can produce a current density in the cathode between 10-40 kA/square m. The time period is between 60-300 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxygen content is at most 1000 ppm. The specific surface area is at least 0.15 (at least 0.6) m2/g. The crystal structure of the powder is a xi(alpha)-phase or mainly xi(alpha)-phase. The impurity except the gas component is at most 500 ppm (at most 10 ppm). Iron powder optionally substituted specific surface area at least 0.2 m2/g is produced by reducing iron oxide with a hydrogen flow of at most 600 (at most 500) degrees C. EXAMPLE - Iron oxide is reduced for 3 hours at 500 degrees C with hydrogen to produce iron powder of specific surface area 0.62 m2/g. This iron powder and pure Si powder are mixed to give a mix ratio of Fe:Si = 1:1, and heated at 1350 degrees C in a vacuum to give FeSi. This is mixed with further Si and heated at 1050 degrees C to produce FeSi2 powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst support material comprises a mesoporous zirconia, ceramic foam material, or a carbon support material. The carbon support material comprises carbon black, or partially graphitized carbon. It further comprises zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon support material comprises acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, acetylene black, or carbon nanohorns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carbon support material further comprises a conductive material comprising polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and/or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The nanowires comprise zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc tellurium, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium tellurium, mercurous sulfide, mercurous selenide, mercurous tellurium, magnesium selenide, magnesium tellurium, calcium sulfide, calcium selenide, calcium tellurium, strontium sulfide, strontium selenide, strontium tellurium, barium sulfide, barium selenide, barium tellurium, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium antimony, indium nitride, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium antimony, lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead tellurium, aluminum sulfide, aluminum phosphide, aluminum antimony, and/or their alloys. The cladding layer is air. The waveguide is a flat sheet. The nanostructures comprise metal, ferroelectric material, ferroelectric ceramic material, perovskite-type material, fluorescent material, or semiconducting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic polymer comprises thermoplastic polymer, polyolefin, polyester, polysilicone, polyacrylonitrile resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate, fluoroplastic, thermosetting polymer, phenolic resin, urea resin, melamine resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, engineering plastic, polyamide, polyacrylate resin, polyketone, polyimide, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polyacetal, liquid crystal polymer, main chain liquid crystal polymer, poly(hydroxynaphthoic acid), or polyaniline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The small molecule or molecular matrix comprises N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl-1(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine); (3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-11,2,4-triazole); tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum; benzoic acid; phthalic acid; benzoin; hydroxyphenyl; nitrophenol; chlorophenol; chloroaniline; or chlorobenziamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (A) is an isobutylene polymer of formula (I):(CH2=CH-CH2-(C(CH3)2CH2)p-C(CH3)2)q-Ph (I)p = 10-3000;q = 2-8.(B) is a compound of formula (II) containing at least 2 hydrosilyl groups.CH3(Si(CH3)2O)m-(Si(CH3)(R1))n-Si(CH3)2R2 (II)m = 2-30;n = 0-30;R1, R2 = 1-20C alkyl. EXAMPLE - A sealant composition is produced by mixing 50 weight parts isoprene polymer, 50 weight parts isobornyl acrylate as diluent monomer, 1 weight parts MARK AO-50 as oxidation inhibitor, 30 weight parts white carbon, 5 weight parts 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone as photoinitiator, and 1 weight parts glass beads as gap agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - (2) Is connected to a channel having a wall at least partly coated with water-gas shift catalyst. (4) Or water-gas shift catalyst is rhodium or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first electrically conductive structure comprises a protuberance (152) that passes through the polymer layer and that comprises a rod having an elongated major axis relative to a minor axis. The rod further comprises a head portion located on at least one end of the rod. The electrochemical cell further comprises a current collector (164, 170) held against at least one surface of the polymer layer by the head portion, and sealing elements that seal the protuberance to the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer layer further comprises an air plenum on one side of the polymer layer for supplying air to the cathode. The conductive sheet is sealed to the polymer layer by a thermoplastic polymeric material to prevent fluid flow through the polymer layer. The polymer layer comprises polyethylene, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylchloride), polyurethane, or their blends and copolymers. The conductive structure comprises a metal, a metal alloy, a conductive polymer, or their combinations. The bipolar plate comprises a second electrically conductive structure passing through the polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The container further comprises a cavity along its top wall, and a vent (210) that can be opened to release gases. The oxygen source comprises zinc electrolyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal comprises zinc and/or its alloy. It comprises aluminum, lithium, and/or magnesium. The recombination catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The slurry is preheated before it enters the reactor. The borohydride particles are reacted at at least 120 degrees Celsius. The solid by-products are ground and conveyed to an unheated by-products storage vessel. Hydrogen gas is conveyed from the reactor to the supply storage vessel before conveying the hydrogen to the hydrogen-consuming device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first and second stage catalytic reformers comprise a catalytic partial oxidization section or a catalytic steam reforming section. The second stage catalytic reformer is nested within the first stage catalytic reformer, for establishing heat exchange relationship between them. Endothermal components of the first and second stage catalytic reformers are in heat exchange relation with exothermic components of the second and first stage catalytic reformer, respectively. The autothermal reactor comprises an outer shell having a passage that is in fluid communication with the premix chamber, and in heat exchange communication with other components of the autothermal reactor; and a vaporizer in fluid communication with the premix chamber and heat exchange communication with the reformate stream exiting the second stage catalytic reformer, where heat from the reformate stream enables the vaporizer to vaporize fuel and/or water to be supplied to the premix chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Water contains a stabilizer. EXAMPLE - 62 wt.% hydrogen peroxide solution (in ppm) (10) having 115 wt.ppm of carbon, phosphoric acid (50), sodium pyrophosphate (30) and ammonium nitrate (10) was poured into a BW-30 (reverse osmosis membrane), at a flow rate of 0.25 l/h, at 25 degreesC for 200 hours. The hydrogen peroxide solution passed through the membrane had 10.6 wt.ppm of carbon. 1400 ml of water was poured into the apparatus at feed rate of 41.7 L/(h.m2), and processed at 25degreesC and at a pressure of 0.8 MPa for 24 or 70 hours. The process was repeated for 6 times. The carbon concentration of hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution for transmission rate of 18.7 L/(h.m2) was 10 ppm, after 24 hours. The carbon concentration of hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution for transmission rate of 18.8 L/(h.m2) was 9.9 ppm, after 48 hours. The carbon concentration of hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution for transmission rate of 19.4 L/(h.m2) was 10 ppm, after 72 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reactive gas supplied for forming pollution protection layer, includes noble gas which contain compound mixture of silicon and fluorine. The reactive gas supplied for forming reflection prevention layer, includes noble gas which contains compound mixture of tin, titanium, tin or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The laminate is in the form of sheet or pipe. The machining process is performed by extrusion, wire drawing or strip processing. The heat processing of the laminate is performed at 500-800 degrees C. The ratio of thickness of magnesium layer to thickness of niobium layer is 2.7-8. A metal coating of copper, copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy is formed on the laminate before machining process. Then, the metal coating is removed chemically or mechanically, after heat-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The machining process comprises extrusion, wire drawing and/or strip processing. The machined component is heated at 500-800 degrees C. Metal coating of the laminated component is performed before machining process, and chemical or mechanical removal of metal coating is performed after heating process.Preferred Properties: The ratio (R) between thickness of the magnesium layer and that of the titanium-iron layer of the laminated component is 2.6-8.Preferred Metal: The metal used in metal coating is copper, aluminum and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen supply component further contains 20-2000 volume portion of decalin, with respect to 100 volume portion of 1-methyl decalin. The hydrogen supply component further more comprises 0.1-100 volume portion of hydrogenated aromatic compound(s), with respect to 100 volume portion of 1-methyl decalin and decalin.Preferred Medium: The hydrogen storage supply medium performs storage and/or supply of hydrogen, using aromatic using hydrogenated storage component containing aromatic compound, and dehydrogenated hydrogen storage component containing hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The hydrogen storage supply medium contains raw material storage unit (2) which stores hydrogen storage component and/or hydrogen supply component, reactor (4) which stores a metal supported catalyst (41) by which hydrogenation of hydrogen storage component and/or dehydrogenation of hydrogen supply component are performed, a heater (43) to heat the metal supported catalyst, raw material supply unit (3) which supplies raw material to reactor, vapor liquid separation unit and reaction material recovering unit.Preferred Composition: The metal supported catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron. The supporting metal of the metal supported catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecule sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina, metallised porous component, honey comb metal and/or reticulate metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The group VIII metal is rhodium or iron. Preferred Support: The support contains alumina, ceria, zirconia and oxide of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal such as barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Anatase-type titanium oxide sol aqueous solution is used as titanium oxide sol solution. The titanium compound dissolved in nitric acid aqueous solution and titania sol solution are mixed and used as raw material solution. The titanium compound precipitates and forms neck between anatase-type titania microparticles. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The titanium compound is titanium isopropoxide or amorphous titania.    EXAMPLE - Ammonium fluoride aqueous solution (8 mol) and tin salt ((C4H9)2Sn(OCOCH3)2) (0.25 mol) were added to ethanol solution and mixed. The solution was intermittently sprayed on glass substrate maintained at 510 degrees C. A transparent electrically conductive film of fluorine-doped tin oxide having thickness of 600 nm and visible light permeability of 80% was formed. Then, titanium oxy acetyl acetonate ethanol solution was intermittently sprayed and dried to form titanium oxide buffer layer. Titanium sol was dissolved in ion exchange water to form solution (S1). Titanium isopropoxide was dropped to nitric acid aqueous solution to form solution (S2). Solutions (S1,S2) were mixed to form a raw material solution. The raw material solution was intermittently sprayed on titanium oxide buffer layer and dried to form titanium oxide porous layer. The obtained electrode was used for pigment sensitizing solar cell. The solar cell had excellent conversion efficiency and reduced short-circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of palladium and nickel with respect to total amount of catalyst, is 5-90 wt.%, preferably 30-60 wt.%.The mole ratio of palladium and nickel is 20/1-1/50. Preferably, the mole ratio of palladium and nickel is 3/1-1/50 and 20/1-1/20, when carrier is silica and carbon nanofiber, respectively.Preferred Process: The carrier dried in presence of air, is further baked, and reduction process of baked carrier is carried out using reducing gas, when carrier is silica or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fiber: The carbon nanofiber is obtained by decomposing a hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate aqueous solution containing nickel (5 wt.%), was added to Cab-O-Sil(TM) (silica). Then palladium chloride aqueous solution containing 0.91 wt.% of palladium, was added and impregnated. The molar ratio of palladium and nickel was 1/10. The resulting solution was stirred and dried by evaporation. The dried solution was baked at 350 degreesC in presence of air for 10 hours. Then hydrogen gas was supplied and reduction processing was carried out at 300 degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain palladium-nickel/silica catalyst. The obtained catalyst (40 mg) supplied and packed in fixed bed flow through type reactor. Methane was circulated at 530 degreesC, 101 kPa and flow amount of 40 ml/minute. Methane was decomposed, and hydrogen was manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is cobalt, copper or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The solid superstrong-acid support is solid superstrong-acid which supports sulfate radical or tungstic acid compound, on oxide or hydroxide of zirconium. Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide selective-removal process comprises water gas reaction process and carbon monoxide selective-oxidation process. EXAMPLE - 0.1M ammonium metatungstate aqueous solution was added to gamma-alumina having surface area of 165 g/cm. Zirconium hydroxide (in mass%) (15) was precipitated by adding aqueous ammonia to oxy zirconyl chloride. The mixture was then dried at 120 degreesC for 3 hours and bake-processed at 850 degreesC in air for 12 hours, to obtain superstrong-acid support (WOx-ZrO2). A 0.1M cobalt nitrate aqueous solution was added and impregnated on the obtained support as cobalt metal. Hydrogen reduction process is carried out by drying at 100c for 12 hours and then at 700 degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain the catalyst. The catalyst (2.27 g) having particle size distribution of 250-500 mum was packed in a fixed-bed flow through-type reactor. Water vapor modification reaction was performed at 700 degreesC and 750 degreesC, using n-dodecane and steam mixed gas as raw material, to produce hydrogen. The steam/carbon ratio of the raw material was 3. The n-dodecane conversion ratio at both conditions were 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and cerium oxide, and/or complex oxide of titanium, zirconium and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation polymerizable initiator is an iodonium salt. The electrolyte pair contains a halogen compound and a halogen molecule comprising halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine compound and the halogen molecule is iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The insulator is chosen from silicone rubber, fluororubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, polyurethane rubber, polypropylene, nylon and polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive material consists of electroconductive carbon or an electroconductive metal which is copper, gold-plating copper or solder plating copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The shock absorbing material may include a silicone or an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of the hard-coat layer is measured according to JIS standard
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sulfonyl fluoride group of fluorine-containing polymer is copolymer of tetrafluoro ethylene and perfluoro vinyl ether having sulfonyl fluoride group, and has ion exchange capacity of 0.8-1.3 meq/g.Preferred Method: Drying of the fluorine-containing polymer is performed after removing the wash water having pH of 3 through the exit of flow-through-type reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The alkali salt type processing agent contains hydroxide of alkali metal, carbonate or their mixtures, and water miscible organic solvent. The acid type-processing agent contains sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and water miscible organic solvent. The wash water is ion exchange water or distilled water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: A flow-through-type reactor has porous dispersing plate at the bottom portion and jacket, which is heated or cooled, at the periphery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is formed as a rigid glass substrate. The metal film is made from molybdenum, the chalcogenide semiconductor layer from copper-gallium diselenide, and the separating layer from molybdenum diselenide. A flexible copper foil is applied as rear contact on the chalcogenide semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The formation of porous film includes forming porous film on semiconductor substrate to cover a surface at a ratio of 40-99%, screen-printing the paste on the semiconductor substrate, and burning or heat hardening the paste. Preferred Component: The paste contains particles having alkali resistance and acid resistance. It comprises a mixture of glass particles and organic binder. The semiconductor substrate comprises monocrystalline substrate, polycrystalline substrate, or glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic binder comprises ethyl cellulose or terpineol. The paste comprises a mixture of low-density polyethylene particles and organic binder. Preferred Property: The glass particles have a particle diameter of at most 10 microns. The low-density polyethylene particles have a particle diameter of 4-10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The contamination source is a lubricant (42) comprising silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The seal-leak detection system comprises a sensor (45a, 45b) positioned downstream of an internal seal of the air moving equipment. The sensor is constructed and arranged to sense contamination by reflection.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell or a solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: At least a portion of the sheet is implanted in the polymer matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The sheet is a woven or non-woven cloth consisting of inorganic fiber, preferably glass fiber. EXAMPLE - An alcoholic solution of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid resin was prepared as an ingredient of the proton-conducting polymer matrix. Glass cloth with a fiber width of 100 mum, opening of 200 mum, 75 per mm warp and 75 per mm weft glass yarns, and a weight of 16.7 g/m2 was cut into a circle with a diameter of approximately 85 mm to prepare the sheet. 2 g of the polymer solution was placed in a Teflon Petri dish for 10 minute at room temperature. The sheet was placed in the Petri dish, and another 2 g of the polymer solution was added. At this time, the amount of the polymer solution used was adjusted so that the total amount of the perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid resin in the Petri dish would be 0.006-0.1 g/cm2. Ultrasonic wave oscillation was applied for 3 minutes so that the polymer solution would better impregnate the sheet, and drying under reduced pressure was applied for 30 minutes and 150degreesC under humidity of 100% to obtain an electrolyte membrane having a thickness of 60 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The assembly further comprises a layer of the peroxide decomposition catalyst between the membrane and the cathode. The layer further comprises a portion of the hydrogen oxidation catalyst. The membrane has an anode surface and a cathode surface and the peroxide decomposition catalyst is disposed in the membrane at the anode surface and the cathode surface where peroxide generated at the anode and the cathode is decomposed in the presence of the peroxide decomposition catalyst.Preferred Property: The layer has a porosity of at most 20%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, iridium, carbon, silver, gold, rhodium, ruthenium (Ru), tin (Sn), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and/or cerium (Ce).The peroxide decomposition catalyst is supported on a support from oxides of Ru, Sn, Si, Ti, Zr, Al, Hf, Ta, Nb or Ce, zeolites, and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The perfluoroamine is perfluorotriamylamine or perfluorotributylamine.Preferred Composition: The perfluoroamine is greater than 1 (preferably 9) wt.%.Preferred Parameter: The operating step is at temperatures greater than 100 degrees C or less than 0 degrees C, at low relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each heat exchanger further comprises a secondary fluid delivery system (55) to deliver a secondary fluid (70) for thermal exchange with the primary fluid.Preferred Material: Each fuel cell is solid oxide, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, alkaline, direct methanol, regenerative, zinc air, or protonic ceramic fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Borate: The alkali metal borate is a sodium borate of formula: Na2O.xB2O3.yH2O, where x is 1-5 and y is 0-10, and the lower alcohol is straight or branched chain 1-6C alkyl alcohol, preferably straight or branched chain 1-4C alkyl alcohol, most preferably methanol or n-butanol. Preferred Material: The water absorbing material is a molecular sieve of type 3A or 4A or particulate alumina. Preferred Method: The reaction is performed in a continuous manner by passing the carbon dioxide and lower alcohol over a particulate mixture of alkali metal borate and water absorbing material. The trialkyl borate is isolated by distillation. Alternatively, the trialkyl borate is produced from of solution of alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide, by drying the solution to form particulate mixture of alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide and reacting the particulate mixture with carbon dioxide and lower alcohol, in the presence of porous particulate water-absorbing material. The unreacted lower alcohol is recovered and reused in the process. The solution containing alkali metal borate and alkali metal hydroxide is discharged fuel from a hydrogen generator. The trialkyl borate is converted to alkali metal borohydride by reaction with an alkali metal hydride. The alkali metal is sodium. EXAMPLE - A sealed glass reactor was charged with sodium metaborate (in g) (2) and methanol (15). The reactor contained water absorbing material comprising porous alumina (2) having partial size of 3.2 mm. The reactor was filled with carbon dioxide and maintained at 80 degreesC under pressure of 20 psig for 4 hours. The resulting trialkyl borate and residual alcohol were removed by distillation from the reactor. The yield of the trialkyl borate was 43%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen separation membrane is comprised of alloy such as palladium (Pd), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The vapor deposition material is chosen from 1,3,4,5 and 7 group elements or oxides.
Preferred Definitions:    X2 = carboxyl;    n = 1 or 2; and    R11 = H.    EXAMPLE - m-Aminophenol (in g) (5) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (16 ml) and added to calcium carbonate (2.29). 1-chloro-3-methylbutene-1 (9.58) was dropped to the resulting solution and stirred at 65 degrees C. The resulting mixture was heat-stirred at 80 degrees C for 40 minutes. The heated mixture was cooled using water (16 ml), and crystal was precipitated. The precipitated crystal was filtered, suspended and washed by methyl acetate and dried, to obtain compound (a) (4.5) of formula (1). The compound (a) (4.5) was added to methyl sulfate (5.23 ml), and heat-stirred at 100 degrees C for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was cooled in ice water (20 ml), and crystal was precipitated. The precipitated crystal was filtered and dried, to obtain compound (b) (4.6) of formula (2). The compound (b) (2), phthalic anhydride (1.21) and toluene (4.9 ml) were mixed, and refluxed for 6 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled, and crystal was precipitated. The precipitated crystal was filtered, removed and dried, to obtain compound (c) (2.34) of formula (3). The compound (c) (1) and resorcinol (0.39) were added to 50% sulfuric acid (12.5 ml) and stirred at 120 degrees C for 5 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled, and crystal was precipitated. The precipitated crystal was filtered, washed, and purified in silica-gel column using methanol, to obtain pigment compound of formula (4). An optoelectric transducer using the obtained pigment, had favorable sensitivity and photoelectric conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred hydride: The hydride is Lithium aluminum hydride, potassium borohydride lithium, hydrogenation aluminum sodium, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation aluminum potassium, potassium borohydride potassium, potassium borohydride magnesium, potassium borohydride calcium, potassium borohydride barium, potassium borohydride strontium, potassium borohydride iron, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, hydrogenation barium, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred transparent material: The transparent material is synthetic resin selected from polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, fluororesin, silicone resin, acetal resin, acrylic resin, melamine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fully dense magnesium oxide-magnesium aluminum oxide (MgO-MgAl2O4) has a composition (100-A) mol.% Mg to A mol% MgAl2O4. The component comprises boron oxide in the form of boric acid.A = 14-64
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The first forming step includes the deposit of the material by sol-gel technique, the anodic oxidation, the chemical or physical vapor deposition processes, the electron, ion, atom or laser beam processes. The second forming step includes the deposit of the silicon by chemical vapor deposition methods or physical vapor deposition methods. The deposited silicon is crystallized by laser annealing techniques, microwave annealing, furnace annealing or lamp annealing. It is annealed using an excimer laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is metal. The refractory material is a carbide, nitride or boride. The refractory material is an oxide, a carbide, nitride or boride of an element from aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, yttrium, calcium, molybdenum, cerium, hafnium, tantalum, boron and/or vanadium. It is polycrystalline zirconia. It also contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A water gas auxiliary reactor (14) is arranged in the flow direction of the residual gas stream before the further hydrogen separation module. The first hydrogen separation module, the further hydrogen separation module and the auxiliary reactor are formed as one integrated component. A hydrogen conveying unit (12) is arranged in the flow direction of the hydrogen after the further hydrogen separation module. The hydrogen conveying unit is a membrane piston pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method : The metal halide compound is iron halide which is at least one halide selected from FeCl3, FeI3, FeBr3, FeCl2, FeI2 and FeBr2. The thioamide compound is thioacetamide. In this method a triadine compound is produced as a byproduct. WIDER DISCLOSURE - A metal thin film is produced by the invented method.    EXAMPLE - A metal sulfide thin film was produced by using FeCl3 (1) as a first material, thioacetamide (2) as a second material and glass as a substrate in the apparatus shown in the drawing. FeCl3 was evaporated in first material vaporization part (11) at 180 degreesC and thioacetamide was evaporated in the second material vaporization part (12) at 70 degreesC. A metal sulfide thin film was formed on the glass (3) at 400 degreesC using an N2 carrier gas (1200 ml/min). By X-ray analysis it was shown that a single pylite FeS2 thin film was formed on the glass. The reaction mechanism was shown as follows. (Structures (lines 3 - 5), page 7)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each half-cell nanoporous material is composed of single wall carbon nanotubes or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on nanoparticles of platinum (105) or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on platinum ruthenium nanoparticles or other metal or non-metal particles. The electrodic thin film (103) material is platinum metal, platinum ruthenium metal, or other metallic material. The carbon nanotubes are synthesized by laser, anti-reflection coating, or chemical vapor deposition. The fuel cell includes any carbon nanotubes materials with post synthesis incorporation of catalyst materials by various chemical and mechanical processes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The application integrated specific circuit mechanism for controlling the cell is to control voltage and/or current and or reliability of the cell. The mechanism for delivering fuel and oxygen to the two half-cells are formed through photolithography in thick photoresist type materials or alternately the pattern is formed in the photoresist type materials and the pattern is wet or dry etched into the substrate. It is sealed to the substrate material through hot isostatic pressing or through hot isostatic pressing with a thin film of rubber based photoresist disposed onto the channel plate to form a hermetic seal. The electrodes and cell design are constructed on the substrate using lithographic, microwriting, or other microprocessing technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cell also includes a substrate, nucleation layer above the substrate, window layer above the second compound layer, and metal contact below the substrate. The buffer layers and compound layers comprise respective material consisting of single crystal. The first compound layer comprises a first monocrystalline material. The second compound layer comprises a second monocrystalline material.Preferred Property: The first compound layer comprises a similar energy bandgap as the second compound layer. The second buffer layer comprises a secondary thickness, while the first buffer layer comprises a primary thickness thicker than the secondary thickness. The buffer layers permit boron content in the compound layers 3-7.6%. The first buffer layer has a thickness of 2000 Angstrom to 1mum. The second buffer layer has a thickness of 2000-5000 Angstrom . The first buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.42 eV. The second buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.83 eV. The first compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV. The second compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs) or GaAs nucleated with germanium (Ge). The first buffer layer comprises GaAs. The second buffer layer comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2). The monocrystalline materials comprise boron gallium arsenide (BGaAs), boron indium arsenide (BInAs), boron gallium indium arsenide (BGaInAs), boron gallium arsenide antimony (BGaAsSb), boron gallium indium phosphide (BGaInP), or boron gallium phosphorus antimony (BGaPSb). The substrate is germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic element is selected from a group containing aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr) or ferrous (Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The active metal is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron and/or antimony.Preferred Support: The support is crystalline silicate, Y-type zeolite, A-type zeolite, mordenite or ferrierite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The Ia group element is sodium or lithium. The insulating substrate is a metal plate containing stainless steel or aluminum alloy. The compound semiconductor contains copper, indium and/or gallium, and selenium and/or sulfur.Preferred Components: The layer (19) contains sodium sulfide, sodium selenide, sodium chloride, sodium fluoride and/or soda-lime glass. The layer further comprises molybdenum, titanium, aluminum and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon containing sulfur is contacted with catalyst (A) and then with catalyst (B). The hydrocarbon containing 0.1 mass ppm or less of sulfur is obtained.Preferred Material: The rare earth element is lanthanum or yttrium. Y-type zeolite has lydian stone ratio of 4-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternatively, the hydrocarbon containing sulfur is contacted with catalysts (A-C) in order. The sulfur concentration of hydrocarbon is less than 0.1 mass ppm.Preferred Compound: The zeolite of catalyst (B) is Y-type zeolite or dealuminated Y-type zeolite. 50 mass% or more of clay compound contains silicon and manganese as main component. The rare earth element of catalyst (A) is lanthanum or yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and/or deuterium oxide are mixed during film formation. The electrically conductive film contains indium, tin, zinc and/or aluminum and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder comprises a powder of a metal compound such as metal oxide, metal silicide, metal nitride, or metal boride, or carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Resistivity: The surface resistivity of the coating film is measured as per JIS-C-2141 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The aromatic polyamide film has a thickness of 2-30 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of hydrogen chloride in the gas is 10 wt.% or less. EXAMPLE - 2-chloro para phenylene diamine (mol.%) (85) and 4,4'-diamino diphenylether (15) were dissolved in dehydrated N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). 2-chloro terephthalic acid chloride (98.5) was added to the mixture and polymerized by stirring for 2 hours. Hydrogen chloride produced was neutralized with lithium carbonate (95) and triethanolamine (5), and an aromatic polyamide solution having 11 wt.% of polymer was obtained. The obtained aromatic polyamide solution was applied on stainless steel mirror surface to set as a film having thickness of 4.4 microns. The film was heated at 160degreesC to evaporate the solvent, peeled for 1.04 times along longitudinal direction and introduced into 6 tanks having an NMP concentration of 11.2 wt.%, 3.3 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 0.4 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% and 0 wt.%, respectively. The film was taken out, and the solvent adhered to the surface of the nip roll was removed. The film was drawn and heat processed to obtain a polyamine film having h300 x t of 0.042 and ratio of h150/h300 of 0.99, where t was the film thickness (microns), h150 was 1 g of gas generated when heated at a rate of 10degreesC/minute from 23-150degreesC in helium atmosphere, and h300 was 1 g of gas generated when heated at a rate of 10degreesC/minute from 23-300degreesC in a helium atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The particle content is 1-10 pbw relative to 100 pbw of the aluminum (Al) powder. The paste comprises 60-80 wt% Al powder and 1-5 wt.% glass frit, and 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle. Preferred Parameter: The mean particle size of the particle is 0.5-10 mum. The Al has a particle size of 1-10 mum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic compound is polyolefin resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, acrylic resin or terephthalic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The rear electrode contains pores with a mean diameter of 1-8 mum, occupying 3-15% of the volume of the rear electrode. The rear electrode has a thickness of 20-100 mum. EXAMPLE - An Al power with a mean particle size of 3 mum, a silicon dioxide-lead oxide-boron oxide glass frit with a mean particle size of 1 mum, and an organic vehicle were prepared. The organic vehicle contained ethyl cellulose resin and an alkyd resin that were dissolved in alpha-terpineol. The organic compounds or carbon particles were prepared as the particles insoluble or slightly soluble in the organic vehicle. The mean particle sizes of these particles were measured with a laser diffraction-scattering size distribution measuring system, using a mixed solvent of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol as dispersion medium. The Al powder, the glass frit and the organic vehicle were weight to be 70 wt.% Al powder, 3 wt.% glass frit and 27 wt.% organic vehicle. The mixture was kneaded with a mill and thus conductive paste was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: An adjusting device is arranged between the waste gas flues by which the waste gas from the heat source is divided onto the waste gas flues. The adjusting device is formed by a flap arranged between the waste gas flues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The electrolyte composition contains (in g/l) copper, 5-50 tin, 0.05-5 bismuth, 10-200 potassium or sodium hydroxide, 10-200 complex forming agent, 5-50 cyanide compound, 0.1-10 brightening agent and 0.1-10 wetting agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A heat exchanger (5') is arranged in the region of the low temperature shift stage to heat one of the educts. The educt is transported in a transport gas stream between the reformer and the high temperature shift stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is xylene, toluene, butanone and/or chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic active layer is a polyalkylthiophene which is present in a mixture with an additive such as fullerene, especially a metallofullerene. The active layer is subjected to the solvent vapor at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide contains titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), strontium (Sr), niobium (Nb), indium (In), tin (Sn), or tungsten (W). The ITO substrate has a light permeation of 60% or higher in 400-900 nm region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The catalyst bed contains baffles in a form of washers and disks, or truncated disks. Preferred Dimension: The ratio of the surface area of the FDC chambers to the surface area of the membrane tubes is 0.1-20, preferably 1-3. The hydrogen-selective and hydrogen-permeable membrane has a ratio of length to diameter of less than 500, preferably less than 250, gaps between the membrane tubes are 0.25-2, preferably 0.5-1 inch, and gap between the membrane (8) and FDC tubes is 0.25-2, preferably 0.5-1 inches. The FDC chamber has an external tubular dimension such that the length to diameter ratio is higher than 4, preferably higher than 10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A sweep gas is used to promote the diffusion of hydrogen through the membrane tube. It comprises steam, CO2, nitrogen and condensable hydrocarbon and the vaporizable hydrocarbon from natural gas, methane, ethyl benzene, methanol, ethane, ethanol, propane, butane, light hydrocarbons having 1-4C, light petroleum fractions including naphtha, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel or gas oil, and/or hydrogen, CO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-selective and hydrogen-permeable membrane is made of a palladium (Pd)-alloy layer supported on a porous metal, particularly a Pd-alloy layer deposited by electroless plating on porous metal with an in-situ oxide protection layer. The porous metal is porous nickel-based alloy, porous Hastelloy, or porous Inconel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The CO2 produced from the steam reforming chamber is 80-99%, preferably 90-95 molar dry basis. Preferred Property: The CO2 produced from the steam reforming chamber is at 0.1-20 MPa, preferably 1-5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: Hydrocarbons of at least 2C contained in the raw material gas are modified to methane in the presence of hydrogen. The fuel electrode is supplied with a hydrogen-containing gas. The raw material gas and the oxygen-containing gas are passed through the catalyst part of the reformer, and the partial oxidation gas containing hydrogen produced by passing raw material gas and oxygen-containing gas through the reformer, is supplied to the fuel electrode as a partial oxidation gas to perform an initial operation, and a fuel gas containing methane is supplied to the fuel electrode to perform a normal operation. The system has a first heat exchanger which heat exchanges a raw material gas and an oxygen-containing gas before passing to a reformer, and a partial oxidation gas exhausted from the reformer. The system has a first combustion means which combusts the raw material gas and the oxygen-containing gas at the initial stage of the reformer and a first combusted gas supply means which heats the reformer. The system has a second combustion means which combusts the raw material gas and oxygen-containing gas before initiation of the electrode reaction, and a second combusted gas supply means which heats the oxygen electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The optionally substituted 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene structural units are of formula (III).X, Y = O;Z = -(CH2)mapproximatelyCR3R4-(CH2)n--;R3 = H or -(CH2)s-O-(CH2) p-SO3-M+;R4 = -(CH2)s-O-(CH2)p-SO3-M+;M = cation;m, n = 0-3;s = 0-10;p = 1-18.The polymer containing optionally substituted 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene structural units is a polythiophene of formula (IV).q = 2-10000.The polymer containing optionally substituted 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene structural units is poly(4-(2,3-dihydro-thieno (3,4-beta)(1,4)dioxin-2-ylmethoxy)-butane-1-sulfonic acid). It is poly(3,4-methylenedioxy-thiophene), poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) derivatives, poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene) derivatives or their copolymers (preferably PEDOT). The layer further contains a polyanion such as poly(styrene sulfonate). EXAMPLE - Layer configuration was prepared comprising (mg/m2): PEDOT (32.0); poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (47.3); 88% vinylidene chloride, 10% methyl acrylate, and 2% itaconic acid copolymer latex (100); 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (100); Zonyl (RTM) FSO 100 (8), polyphosphoric acid (20.7), and N-methylpyrrolidinone (2 ml/m2). The surface resistances of the coated layer were 1300 on fresh layer, 5200 on layer after 48 hours SUNTEST (RTM) exposure, and 19500 on layer after 96 hours SUNTEST (RTM) exposure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An adsorption mechanism is provided for adsorbing a medium which exists inside the container and propagates heat. The reformer is manufactured by accommodating the micro reactor in the container under a depressurized atmosphere and a heated atmosphere. A heater is provided for generating heat to heat the micro reactor. The micro reactor comprises a reactor which changes the fluid from a liquid phase to a gas phase. It also comprises a reforming reactor which produces hydrogen from the fluid or reforms carbon monoxide in the fluid into carbon dioxide. A temperature measurement mechanism is provided for measuring the temperature of the micro reactor.Preferred Condition: The atmosphere is at 1 Pa or less than 1 Pa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adsorption Mechanism: The adsorption means comprises a polyimide-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material film is a film including polyethylene terephthalates and/or polyethylene naphthalates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The mechanism for providing a fuel/air mixture to the reaction chamber includes a fuel line having first and second ends. The first end is in fluid communication with a fuel source and the second end is in fluid communication with a fuel injector. The mechanism for diverting airflow into the chamber includes an airflow diverter. The reformer further comprises an electrical power source. The plasma arc formed is used to carry out a fuel reforming reaction between air and fuel to form hydrogen-rich gas. The reformer has an exhaust manifold (14) to direct flow of hydrogen-rich gas to an exhaust outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laser light source is semiconductor laser consisting of ArCl, ArF, KrCl, KrF, XeBr, XeCl, XeF, ArO, nitrogen,helium neon, carbon dioxide,hydrogen or chromium. The solid state laser consists of GaInP, InP, GaAs, and GaN.
EXAMPLE - Allyl bromide (in g) (24.2) dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloro ethane (100 ml) and 1-ethyl imidazole (19.2) dissolved in 1,1,1-trichloro ethane were stirred vigorously for 1 hour and reacted. Liquid separation of the reaction solution was carried out and 1-ethyl-3-allyl imidazolium bromide (EAlmBr) was obtained. EAlmBr (21.7) dissolved in water (50 ml) was added to potassium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (KTFSI) (31.8) dissolved in water (100 ml), and stirred at 50degreesC. Double decomposition reaction of the solution was performed for 2 hours at 50degreesC and the aqueous layer was removed. 1-ethyl-3-allyl imidazolium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (EAlmTFSI) was obtained. EAlmTFSI (30), diallyl phthalate (0.98), vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoro propylene copolymer (10) and benzoyl peroxide (1.5) were dissolved in dimethyl aceto amide (100 ml). Subsequently, lithium bis-((trifluoro methyl)sulfonyl)amido (4.6) was added. The obtained solution was cast on a glass plate and heated at 100degreesC for 5 minutes and at 130degreesC for 30 minutes. The film was hardened and a self-supportive tough film with thickness of 28 mum was obtained. The obtained film had ionic conductivity of 3.9x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The activated carbon support has toluene adsorption property of 20-50 g/m2 and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 600-2000 m2/g. The fibrous polymer used as raw material of activated carbon knit fabric has size of 150 dtex or more. The support has toluene adsorption property of 10-45 g/m2 and BET specific surface area of 400-1600 m2/g after supporting the catalyst. EXAMPLE - A phenol type fiber with single fiber size of 2.2 dtex and filament-like size of 295 dtex was knit in 22 gauge double sided circular knitting machine, and knit fabric with fabric weight of 225 g/m2, thickness of 1.65 mm, apparent density of 0.14 g/cm3 and air permeability of 320 cm3/cm2.second was produced. The fabric was carbonized for 30 minutes in an inert atmosphere at 800degreesC and activated for 90 minutes at 800degreesC in atmosphere containing 12 mass% of water vapor. A fibrous activated carbon cloth having bone dry weight of 130 g/m2, thickness of 1.05 mm and air permeability of 330 cm3/cm2.second was obtained. The fibrous activated carbon cloth had toluene adsorption property of 43 g/m2 and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 1010 m2/g. The cloth was further heat processed for 45 minutes and the carbon cloth obtained had fully acidic radical weight of 0.22 meq/g, air permeability of 330 cm3/cm2.second, toluene adsorption property of 37 g/m2 and BET specific surface area of 980 m2/g. The cloth was then immersed in aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid and 5 mass% platinum catalyst supporting activated carbon was prepared. The support had toluene adsorption property of 30 g/m2, BET specific surface area of 820 m2/g and air permeability of 330 cm3/cm2.second. The catalyst was vacuum dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and reduced. The hydrogen production velocity was measured to be 5.3 L/minute after 30 minutes and 5.3 L/minute after 5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Filament: A fibrous polymeric filament having a size of 150 dtex or more, is used as a raw material of fibrous activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The activated carbon support has toluene adsorption property of more than 25 g/m2, and specific surface area of 800-3000 m2/g by Brunauer Emmett Teller method.Preferred Carbon: The catalyst supported activated carbon has toluene adsorption property of more than 15 g/m2, and specific surface area of 500-2400 m2/g by Brunauer Emmett Teller method. EXAMPLE - A phenol type-fiber having a single fiber size of 2.2 dtex and filament like size of 295 dtex, was knitted to produce knitted fabric having a fabric weight of 225 g/m2, thickness of 1.65 mm, apparent density of 0.14 g/m3 and air permeability of 330 cm3/cm2.second. The knitted fabric was carbonized for 30 minutes in an inert temperature from normal temperature to 890degreesC, and activated for 90 minutes at 890degreesC in an atmosphere containing 12 mass% of water vapor. The fabric had bone-dry fabric weight of 120 g/m2, thickness of 1.05 mm, toluene adsorption property of 54 g/m2, and specific surface area of 1380 m2/g by Brunauer Emmett Teller method. The fabric was heat-processed at 450degreesc for 5 minutes to obtain bone-dry fabric weight of 116 g/m2, thickness of 1.05 mm, toluene adsorption property of 52 g/m2, and specific surface area of 1380 m2/g. The fibrous activated carbon was immersed in aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid to obtain a 5 mass% of platinum catalyst supported activated carbon having toluene adsorption property of 42 g/m2, specific surface area of 1100 m2/g and air permeability of 330 cm3/cm2.second. The activated carbon was vacuum-dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours, and the activated carbon had hydrogen gas generating velocity of 5.1 L/minute after 30 minutes and 5 L/minute after 5 hours, and oxygen to carbon ratio of 12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Toluene adsorption rate and specific surface area, determined by Brunauer Emmett Teller method, of the activated carbon support is more than 25 g/m2 and 500-3000 m2/g, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The size of the fibrous polymer is 150 dtex or more. EXAMPLE - A knitted fabric having fabric weight of 225 g/m2, thickness of 1.65 mm, apparent density of 0.14 g/cm3 and air permeability of 320 cm3/cm2.second was obtained from phenol type fiber having single fiber size of 2.2 dtex and filament-like size of 295 dtex. The knitted fabric was carbonized in inert atmosphere from normal temperature to 800degreesC for 30 minutes, and activated at 800degreesC for 90 minutes, to obtain fibrous activated carbon cloth of shape of the knitted fabric. The bone-dry fabric-weight, thickness, apparent density, air permeability, toluene adsorption rate and specific surface area of the obtained activated carbon was found to be 130 g/m2, 1.1 mm, 0.1 g/cm3, 330 cm3/cm2.second, 43 g/m2 and 1010 m2/g, respectively. The platinum-catalyst supporting activated carbon was obtained by immersing the obtained activated carbon in aqueous solution of chloroplatinic acid. The toluene adsorption rate, specific surface area, air permeability and hydrogen generation velocity of the obtained catalyst were measured and found to be 29 g/m2, 710 m2/g, 330 cm3/cm2.second and 3.2 L/minute (after 30 minutes) and 3.1 L/minutes (after 5 hours), respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electromagnetic Wave: The electromagnetic wave used for irradiation is light, preferably ultraviolet visible light, infrared light or a laser. EXAMPLE - Hexane solution of pentyl phenyl telluride (10 wt.%) was coated on surface of glass substrate. Air at room temperature was sprayed for 1 minute and a solvent was evaporated and the substrate was dried. The surface of glass substrate was irradiated with 7 pulses of krypton fluorine excimer laser (100 mJ/cm2) at room temperature. The glass substrate was further washed and dried by hexane, and a tellurium thin film in the shape of silver mirror surface with film thickness of 0.05 mm or less was formed as chalcogenide element on the surface of the glass substrate. The tellurium film had excellent peeling resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Aluminum Compound: The aluminum compound having a hydroxyl group is a transient alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternatively, a microcapsule is formed using a resin complex by boundary-surface chemical method, which is subjected to melt-spinning to form a fibrous material. The microcapsule is adjusted by seed polymerization. The mean particle diameter of the catalyst substance is below 40 Angstrom . A polymerization initiator chosen from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, is provided. The catalyst is a platinum group metal or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon content of the thermal decomposition loss property polymer is 10 wt.% or less. The carbon content of the carbon-precursor polymer is 15 wt.% or more. The carbon-precursor polymer is a monomer having a radical polymerizable group, which contains 35% or more of monomer units of an acrylonitrile into a polymer. EXAMPLE - Acrylonitrile polymer as a carbon-precursor polymer and a polyester containing platinum ammonium chloride (Pt(NH3)4Cl2) catalyst as a thermal decomposition loss polymer were mixed to form a resin which was heated-melted in a copper crucible. The melt was wound around a hole and a motor rotated with a circumferential speed of 50 m/minute which formed a fiber having a diameter of 100-150 mum. Tensile strength of 0.1 MPa was applied into a thermostat of temperature 150degreesC and a thread was drawn, which resulted in the formation of a carbon fiber having uniformly distributed platinum. The catalyst bearing carbon fiber was used in hydrogen storage method. After one hour, the amount of hydrogen stored was evaluated and found to be 2.5 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ions: The metal ion in the polymer is Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+, B3+, Sc3+, Ga4+, Si4+, Ti4+ or P3+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (I) is substituted by carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy carbonyl, carbonamide, acyl, hydroxyl, sulfo and/or phosphoric acid groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The oxide semiconductor microparticle is sensitized by 3 or more types of pigments chosen from dye of formula (I), metal complex pigment and organic dye having different structure from that of (I).The oxide semiconductor microparticle comprises titanium dioxide as an essential component.The optoelectric transducer is a thin film of oxide semiconductor microparticle supporting a pigment, which is formed in presence of inclusion compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 27 compounds are disclosed for compound of formula (I), e.g. formula (II).    EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (III) and compound having formula (IV) were dissolved in ethanol to obtain a solution having concentration of 1x10 power -4 M. A semiconductor thin film electrode was immersed in the obtained solution. The electrode supporting the pigment was washed with solvent and dried. The semiconductor thin film was then subjected to pigment sensitizing to obtain an optoelectric transducer. The optoelectric transducer was then used to form a battery. The battery had short circuit current of 7.5 mA/cm2, releasing voltage of 0.53 V and conversion efficiency of 2%, measured by potentio-galvanostat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The storage devices comprise purifier for purifying hydrogen gas between the reformer and storage devices. The hydrogen gas stored in the second storage device is pressurized to 10-70 MPa. The unit comprises a hydrogen gas remaining amount detecting device, and a control for feedback controlling the amount of hydrogen gas generated by the reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first storage device stores hydrogen gas by use of hydrogen absorbing alloy, and releases hydrogen gas from hydrogen absorbing alloy by use of waste heat of the reformer or waste heat of the first fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The content x of aluminum in the AlxGa1-xAs is between 45 and 65 % by wt (claimed). The dopage of the emitter AlxGa1-xAs of the first elementary cell is 5.1017 to 5.1019 cm-3 where the emitter is of type p and 5.1017 to 5.1018 when it is type p (claimed). The dopage of germanium of the substrate (5) of the heterojunction (2) AlxGa1-xAs/Ge is 5.1016 to 5.1018 cm-3 (claimed). The second elementary cell is of GaAs (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The haze value of polyester film is 1.5% or less. The three-dimensional central line average roughness on the surface of film is 0.0001-0.02 mum. The highly transparent easily adhesive polyester film comprises acrylic resin (5-90 wt.%) and polyester resin (5-90 wt.%), oxazoline group and polyalkylene oxide chain in the application layer. The film further contains aliphatic waxes (0.5-30 wt.%) in the application layer. The application layer contains 0.1-20 wt.% of particle having average particle diameter of 0.005-0.5 mum. The polyester in the polyester film is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second polymer contains 4-vinylpyridine monomer units. The first polymer is a polythiophene of formula (II).q = 2-10000.Preferred Material: The second polymer is copolymer of acrylamide and 4-vinylpyridine, terpolymer of arylamide, 4-vinylpyridine and N-vinylimidazole, and poly(styrenesulfonic acid). The first polymer is poly (4-(2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b) (1,4) dioxin-2-ylmethoxy)-butane-1-sulfonic acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The epoxy group-containing copolymer of (A) is a melt kneaded material. The weight ratio of (A) and (B) in the resin composition is 100/20-50. (B) is a copolymer obtained by polymerizing (b1), (b2) and at least1 of a vinyl ester and alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester. The ring-opening degree of the acid anhydride group in (b2) is 1-50%, where the ring opening degree is a value shown by (1)/(2) x 100(%) where light absorption (1) is measured at 1850cm-1 in a sample (1) of 50 micronsm thickness obtained by 2 minutes heat treatment at normal pressure at 150degreesC and 2 minutes heat treatment at 150degreesC under 50kgf/cm3, and light absorption (2) is measured at 1850cm-1 on sample (2) of 50 micronsm thickness obtained by 2 minutes heat treatment at normal pressure at 230degreesC and 2 minutes heat treatment at 230degreesC under 50kgf/cm3. The resin composition also contains an oxidation inhibitor (C). The molding is obtained by extrusion molding. The acceleration voltage of the electron beam is 50-300kV and the irradiation amount of the electron beam is 10-300 kGy. EXAMPLE - (A) comprises the material obtained by dry blending an ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (100 weight parts) of 82% ethylene monomer and 18% glycidyl methacrylate monomer of MFR 350g/10 minutes, Irganox 1076 (0.1 weight parts), Irgafos 168 (0.1 weight parts) and Sumilizer TP-D (0.05 weight parts), supplying to an extruder and melt blending. (B) comprises an ethylene-maleic anhydride-ethyl acrylate copolymer of 91% ethylene monomer, 3% maleic anhydride and 6% ethyl acrylate of MFR 200g/10 minutes. (A) and (B) are mixed in a weight ratio of 75:25 to give the resin composition. The electron beam irradiation amount is 30kGy. The adhesive film contains no fisheyes and shows no resin component from the adherend. The film shows good solder resistance and storage stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane also comprises a block thermoplastic elastomer, which is a styrene block copolymer consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene, or polybutylene. The flexible connecting segment is styrene block copolymer.The covalently bonded group is an organic group consisting of alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl; or can be an inorganic group. Preferred Definition:    R6 = Me, Et, propyl, or butyl.    EXAMPLE - 10 g Block thermoplastic elastomer, e.g. polystyrene-block-polyethylene-ran-polybutylene-block-polystyrene (30%) styrene) and 3 g poly(alpha-methyl)styrene were dissolved in 200 ml 1,2-dichloroethane and 53 g cyclohexane. The solution was charged into a 500 ml flask maintained under nitrogen and heated to 50degreesC. Acetyl sulfate was slowly added to the polymer solution for over 15 minutes, and stirred for 3 hours at 50degreesC. After 3 hours, 10 ml isopropanol was added to stop the reaction. The resulting solution had a ratio of elastomer to plastic (polystyrene and poly(methylstyrene) of 53.4:46.6. Membrane preparation was achieved by adding 15 ml toluene to 30 g of sulfonated polymer solution and mixed for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered and the membrane was cast on a TEFLON (RTM; polytetrafluoroethylene) substrate and dried to evaporate the solvent. The membrane was finally dried in an oven at 110degreesC for 2 hours and was recovered as a flat sheet by stripping it from the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The indicator comprises a fluorescent pH indicator and a UV lamp aligned to illuminate the fluorescent pH indicator. The assembly comprises a catalyst. The apparatus further comprises a fluid permeable element in communication with the catalyst and comprising at least one of a gas diffusion layer, a gas diffusion substrate, or their combinations. The assembly further comprises a flow field plate, a gas diffusion layer, and/or a gas diffusion substrate. The indicator comprises a colorimetric dye, potentiometric dye, or a fluorescent pH indicator. The apparatus further comprises an electrical current measuring assembly comprising a pair of electrodes disposed in the indicator and a quantifying element connected to the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of flexible graphite, carbon fiber paper, cotton fiber, glass fiber, asbestos, inorganic fiber, cardboard, aluminum oxide membrane, zeolite substrate, polymer material, a composite of flexible graphite and a polymer, a composite of carbon and a polymer, a composite of carbon, flexible graphite, and/or a polymer. The component comprises a viscosity enhancer comprising glycerin, gel, oil, methyl cellulose, hydrous magnesium clay, guar gum, or their combinations. The host comprises organic solvent for the component, water, catalyst, and a perfluorinated sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The mixing zone is upstream of the fuel pump. It is in fluid flow between the fuel pump and the hydrogen generation catalyst. Sufficient condensed water is added to the mixing zone so that all of the metal hydride is in dilute solution when contacted with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution of metal hydride solution further comprises an alkaline stabilizing agent to provide a pH of at least 7. The alkaline stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide and the metal hydride is a sodium borohydride. The hydrogen generation catalyst comprises a transition metal consisting of ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, or their borides and/or alloys. The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, and/or ammonium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is hydrocarbon, ketone, ester, halogen-containing compound and/or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal complex has formula MAn.M = metal atom such as copper, cobalt, nickel or zinc;A = ligand (such as boron tetrafluoride, phosphorus hexafluoride, chlorine, bromine, CF3SO3, CH3C6H4SO3 or water) in which at least one is group of aromatic compound which has nitrogen atom; andn = coordination number of A.The aromatic compound is preferably pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine, trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl) ethylene, 1,4-dicyano benzene, 4,4-dicyano biphenyl, 1,2-dicyano ethylene or 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is at least 1 selected from hydrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen, or hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide-containing waste gas is further heated to produce carbon and water by catalytic action.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is solid oxide type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The material for the conductive layer is selected from gold, gold alloy, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten alloy, molybdenum alloy or tantalum alloy. The electrode layer is yttrium, aluminum and their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The temperature control layer is selected from tantalum, silicone, oxygen and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell: The saccharin derivative has the formula (I):X = alkali atom;R = 1-5C alkyl group, 2-5C unsaturated hydrocarbon group, halogen atom, silyl group, or alkyl silyl group; andm = 0-4.If m is 2-4, R may be same or different. The compound having the formula (I) is a saccharin, saccharin lithium, saccharin sodium, or saccharin potassium. The electrolyte comprises about 0.01-1 mol/l of additive. EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide was suspended into butyl carbitol to prepare a liquid. The prepared liquid was applied on a transparent electroconductive glass substrate. The titanium-oxide electrode was obtained by processing at 450degreesC for 30 minutes. A semiconductor electrode was prepared by adsorbing a sensitizing dye such as red dye to the titanium oxide electrode and the thickness of the obtained semiconductor electrode was 10 mum. A counter electrode was prepared by applying isopropanol solution of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate on a transparent electrically conductive glass and drying at 450degreesC for 30 minutes. A liquid electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 0.1 mol/l saccharin lithium in gamma-butyrolactone. The photoelectrode containing the semiconductor electrode and counter electrode were arranged opposite to each other through a spacer. The electrolyte was poured into the hole of the counter electrode and the hole was sealed and thus a pigment sensitizing-type solar cell was obtained. The energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell was tested by irradiating the solar cell with false sunlight using solar stimulator. The opening voltage, short-circuit current, energy-conversion efficiency and curved factor were calculated. The opening voltage was found to be 0.76 Voc/V and the energy-conversion efficiency was found to be 6.43%. Thus, the solar cell had high energy-conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The solution of a conjugated system polymer is a polymer solution which consists of a linear conjugated system polymer. The linear conjugated system polymer is a thiophene group polymer. The thiophene group polymer comprises poly 3-alkyl thiophene and/or poly 3-alkoxy thiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanotube: The bundle-like carbon nanotube consists of a monolayer carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluorine resin sheet comprises tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, hexafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoro ethylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The extraction electrode consists of alloys of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), silver (Ag), tin (Sn) and bismuth (Bi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen permeating thin film has composition of following formula: LaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO or LaxSr1-xGayFe1-yO, where x = 0-1 and y = 0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mobile hydrogen production system comprises a hydrogen production unit (2) comprising a membrane reformer (3), a hydrogen compressor (4), a hydrogen tank (5), a boiler (20), a carbon dioxide solvent tank (6), or a material tank (7). It includes an evaporator, desulfurizer, and reformer for decomposing higher hydrocarbon into lower hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low molecular weight hydrocarbon comprises methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Several regulating valves are connected to a regulating unit. The temperature sensor is a thermocouple.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is alumina. It consists of titania, zirconia, and/or silica. The rare earth metal compound is a cerium salt or gadolinium salt. The precious metal is rhodium, or ruthenium. Preferred Method: The dispersion of the precious metal or a mixture of precious metals is achieved by impregnating the impregnated support material with a soluble precious metal compound or with a soluble mixture of precious metal compounds. Preferred Composition: The amount of rare earth metal compound is 0.1-20, preferably 0.5-5 wt.% of the total weight of the catalyst. It is 0.01-10, preferably 0.05-5 wt.% of the total weight of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The support material is in the form suitable for fixed bed reactor applications, such as granules, spheres, extrudates, cylinders, tablets, rings or half-rings. The support is in the form of monoliths or other structured support packings, such as ceramic honeycomb bodies, stacks of juxtaposed metallic plate-type catalysts having the catalytic material coated on the surfaces of the metallic plates, for fixed bed applications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The etching medium contains ammonium hydrogen difluoride as etching component, ethyleneglycol monobutylether, triethyleneglycol monobutylether, propylene carbonate and water as solvent, formic acid as organic acid and PVP as thickening agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The fuel is conveyed by a conveying pump (5) and has a pressure lying just above the injection pressure of the gas injection unit. The sulfur-deficient fuel fraction is vaporized in a heat exchanger (7) fed by waste heat from the gas generating unit (2). The fuel is electrically heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A and B are atoms selected from Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn.Another aqueous solution whose pH is smaller than the metal hydride aqueous solution is added to the metal hydride aqueous solution.The solutions are mixed continuously in a fixed ratio, and reacted.The metal hydride aqueous solution is pH greater than 7, and the other liquid is pH less than 7.The other liquid is an acid or an aqueous solution of an acid.Specifically, the other solution is an acidic aqueous solution comprising an inorganic acid or organic acid. EXAMPLE - NaBH4 is introduced into an alkali solution in which NaOH is dissolved, to give a weight ratio of NaBH4 (1 weight%), NaOH (1 weight%) and H3O (98 weight%). Hydrochloric acid (0.5 ml) is added dropwise to the NaBH4 aqueous solution (30 ml), and the generated amount of hydrogen is measured against time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The light-reflecting coating comprises a metal film including aluminum or silver. The coating may be a dielectric mirror coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The light-reflecting coating comprises layers of inorganic films arranged to provide a mirror function. The back cover has parallel V-shaped grooves in one surface with the facets constituting the sides of the grooves. The front cover is a flat sheet. Each facet extends at 25-35degrees relative to the plane of the front cover. The grooves have a depth of 0.004 inch. The back cover has a thickness of 0.010 inch. Some of the grooves extend in a first direction. The other grooves extend in a second direction. The grooves form a herringbone pattern. The grooves have an enclosed angle of 110-130degrees. The back cover is opaque. Each of the front and rear covers has a front surface and a rear surface with the rear surfaces facing in the same direction. A frame surrounds the module. It has first portions extending over and bonded to the front surface of the front cover and second portions extending below and bonded to the rear surface of the back cover.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ionomer/nylon alloy has a tensile strength of 7720 psi; a tensile modulus (Young's) of 78800 psi; a Vicat value of 190degreesC; a specific gravity of 1.043; a mold shrinkage of 1.0%; a melt temperature of 235-250degreesC; a mold temperature of 40-80degreesC; and a dielectric strength of 1918 V/mil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The guard material is copper/zinc oxide, cesium oxides, metal-doped cesium oxides, manganese oxide, magnesium oxide, molybdenum oxide, zirconium oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, and/or zinc/tin oxide with cesium oxide-based support, or preferably zinc oxide, copper oxide on cesium oxide-based support, nickel oxide on cesium oxide-based support, or copper/zinc oxide. The active metal of the shift catalyst comprises a noble metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The FPS includes a desulfurizer and a reformer upstream of the guard bed. The desulfurizer is capable of removing high levels of sulfur from the hydrocarbon feedstock. The reformer is capable of reforming the hydrocarbon feedstock to a reformate comprising a hydrogen-rich fuel stream. The fuel cell power plant includes inlet conduit, outlet conduit, and multi-way valves for in situ regeneration of the guard material and connected to the guard bed. The inlet conduit admits oxygen-containing fluid to the guard bed to oxidize the adsorbed sulfur as sulfur dioxide. The outlet conduit discharges the sulfur dioxide from the guard bed. The shift reactor comprises a high and a low temperature shift reactors, each has active metal shift catalyst. The guard bed is upstream of the high temperature shift reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The integral heater element is disposed between the anode and cathode. It is provided with interstices for allowing ionic current to flow between the anode and cathode. The integral heater element may be spaced apart from or disposed adjacent to the anode and/or cathode. The integral heater element includes an integral temperature sensor (e.g. thermistor) or a current collector. The integral temperature sensor may be distinct from the integral heater element. The integral heater element may be formed by two dissimilar metallic portions joined at a single junction and the integral temperature sensor may be arranged as a thermocouple. The electrolyte has a projected area and the integral heater element extends over a minor portion of or centered with respect to electrolyte's projected area. The electrolyte has a thickness and the integral heater element is disposed or centered within the thickness of electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The integral heater element comprises a thin film of material having suitable resistivity. The thin film is made of refractory metal; nickel, palladium, platinum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium and/or alloy of these metals; conductive oxide; or ceramic material, e.g. lanthanum-strontium-chromium-manganese oxide (La(Sr)Cr(Mn)O3), lanthanum-strontium-chromium-titanium oxide (La(Sr)Cr(Ti)O3), samarium-strontium-cobalt oxide (Sm(Sr)CoO3) or lanthanum-strontium-cobalt-iron oxide (La(Sr)Co(Fe)O3), where Sr, Mn, Ti and Fe respectively denote dopants. A portion of thin film material is copper, silver, gold, and/or alloy of these metals. The thin film is a patterned thin film forming an elongated strip, serpentine pattern or boustrophedonic pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst consists of rhodium, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive film consists of complex oxide of indium and tin, complex oxide of indium and zinc, zinc oxide, or complex oxide of fluorine and indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organometallic compound consists of alkyl group, alkoxy group, and a group consisting of (beta)-diketone complex group, (beta)-ketocarboxylic acid ester complex group, (beta)-ketocarboxylic acid complex group, or keto oxy complex group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal is any one of iron, indium, tin, magnesium, cerium and its oxide. The first group metal consists of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel and copper. The second group metal consists of rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The oxide film material is bake processed at 400-600degreesC, preferably at 600-800degreesC, more preferably at 300-700degreesC.Preferred Material: The oxide film material is a compound of formula: X-OR X-OH.X = lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, cesium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, tellurium, lead, bismuth, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolnium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium;R = CnHm; andn, m = integers.Preferred Property: The thickness of the oxide film is given by: Th = lambda/4n, were Th is thickness of oxide film, lambda is wavelength (400-700) of sunlight and n is refractive index of the oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The optoelectric transducer further has a semiconductor microparticle layer (5), and a metal-microparticle layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: At least one layer of deposition film contains metal or metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Microparticles: The crack layer contains microparticles chosen from acrylic resin microparticles and styrene resin microparticles containing silicon-oxide microparticles, titanium oxide microparticles, indium/stannic acid compound microparticles, zinc oxide microparticles and antimony oxide microparticles. The electroconductive substance contains metal or metal oxide microparticles chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, aluminum, indium, zinc, palladium, antimony, tin, lead copper, platinum, silver and/or gold or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorbing polymer material is a carboxyl-methyl-cellulose group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: pi-conjugated polymer is poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conductive adhesive comprises conductive particles and a polymer resin; or a coupling agent, conductive particles and a polymer resin. The conductive adhesive constituting at least an outermost coating layer comprises a thermosetting polymer resin not hardened. The polymer resin is urethane, phenoxy, epoxy, butyral, phenol, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamideimide. Preferred Properties: The conductive adhesive constituting an inner coating layer other than an outermost coating layer comprises a polymer resin having a number average molecular weight of 500-50000 and having a gel fraction of 20-100%. Preferred Method: A temperature of the heating applied to the coated wire is not lower than the dissociation temperature of block isocyanate contained in the conductive adhesive. The coated wire is bonded at a softening temperature of at least the outermost coating layer among coating layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coupling agent is silane derivative coupling agent, titanate derivative coupling agents and/or aluminum derivative coupling agents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The collector electrode is provided on a transparent electrode provided at a light incident side of the semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: An adhesive layer (16) is applied to the base body, solar cells (30) are inserted into the adhesive layer, a further adhesive layer is applied to the solar cell layer (28), a covering layer is applied to the adhesive layers, and the adhesive layers are hardened.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive layer is made from a weather-resistant double adhesive material, a two component silicone adhesive or acrylic resin adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The nitrogen stripping is carried out in a pressure swing absorption unit for removing nitrogen or a membrane unit for removing nitrogen. The air to be stripped is compressed before or after being stripped. Components of the synthesis gas are converted into hydrogen in a one-step purification stage. Residual gas is converted with air in a gas motor (9) to produce mechanical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The temperature-regulated hot gas stream is introduced so that it heats the reactor (8) with contacting the catalyst material. The hot gas stream is introduced into the reaction chamber of the reactor via a mixture-forming chamber (6). The burner is operated with an excess of oxygen. The hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives are liquid at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The enclosure is formed as a pressing protective layer and the sensor element forms a layer together with the connecting elements and pressing protective layer to be applied on the bipolar plate. A heat conducting layer is applied on the side of the sensor element facing away from the bipolar plate. The bipolar plate is made from graphite, graphite composite and/or metal. The sensor element is a gas sensor and/or pressure sensor, preferably a PTC resistor, a PT-100, PT-10000, NTC or thermocouple.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: Each heating block can be heated up separately and/or evenly, or one or more blocks may comprise several blocks over their cross-section which can be heated separately. The foam consists of a ceramic or metallic material, preferably material which is catalytically active or functions as a support for catalytically active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The film is self-reliant. The polymer compound is a polyvinylidene fluoride polymeric compound (poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene)) having a peak top of melting by DSC measurement of at most150degreesC. The electrolyte liquid is a phosphate or a mixture of a phosphate and another solvent. EXAMPLE - Poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene) (2g) of peak top temperature 1350C, and LiBF4 (0.3g) are melted in triethyl phosphate (8g), to form a uniform solution. After cooling to room temperature, it is coated on a glass substrate and heat dried. Next, 50% of the triethyl phosphate is evaporated, and a 40mum thick uniform ion conductive film is obtained. The film has good transparency, and a peak top of melting of near 109degreesC. The film is easily peelable from a glass substrate, and has a tensile elasticity of 3 x 106N/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The air inlets feed into: first air chambers for the start-up mode, which induce recirculation to stabilize thermal partial oxidation within a volume before the autothermal reactor catalyst; second air chamber(s) for the normal operation mode, which add flow within the volume to offset velocity vectors and, eliminate or minimize recirculation; and third air chamber(s) for normal operation mode, which are separate from the first air chambers for start-up mode but use the same volume for vaporization and mixing as used for start-up thermal partial oxidation. The autothermal reformer comprises a valve for distributing the volume of air between the air inlets; a run air inlet (36) in communication with the thermal reforming portion, and including an inlet port in communication with the swirler (30, 38); and a pair of run fuel/steam inlets in communication with the thermal reforming portion, the run fuel/steam inlets each including an annular volume (26, 42) in communication with an annular ring of porous material (28, 44), and each including a swirler radially inward from the porous material. One of the fuel, steam, and/or air inlets is in thermal communication with a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel includes natural gas, coal gas, propane, naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol, or biogas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The energy supply station further comprises a fuel treatment element, vaporizers, evaporators, a mixer, a treatment stage, an inverter, a desulfurization unit, temperature shift reactor, and a hydrogen processor. The vaporizer comprises a steam boiler or a heat recovery steam generator. The treatment stage comprises de-ionizer and vaporizer. The chemical converter comprises reformer and fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A reforming agent is supplied to convert the fuel into hydrogen and carbon monoxide as products. The reforming agent is air, water, and steam. The fuel cell is solid oxide, alkaline, or proton exchange membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio of the co-production of electrical energy to hydrogen energy is 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is silica-alumina in the molar ratio (Si/Al) of 5-7. The carrier contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is kerosene, light oil, liquid petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline and/or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support (B) containing zirconia, further contains alkaline earth metal or transition element(s) as an alloying element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The coating process is carried out in a reduced pressure chamber with a silicone rubber check valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Oxide electrocrystallization equipment has a tension detection roller (2005) to keep the tension of a long substrate constant, and the stopper (2007, 2058) which dashes against a tension detection roller through the substrate. The stopper is covered by Teflon (RTM; polytetrafluoroethylene).
Preferred Definitions:    R = methyl;    X = methyl or methoxy;    m = 1; and    n and p = 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The organic group is chosen from alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The cell is a CIS (copper (Cu)-indium (In) diselenide)-, CIGS (Cu-In-gallium (Ga) selenide)-, CIGSS (Cu-In-Ga sulfide-selenide)-, CdTe (cadmium telluride)- or silicon (Si)-based thin film solar cell. The support preferably has a curved surface. Between the clear coat and thin film solar cell, the part may have an intermediate layer, especially of CdS or ZnSe, and/or a color coat, formed e.g. by the clear coat. The top electrode of the cell consists of indium-tin oxide (ITO) and the bottom electrode of copper, aluminum, Kovar (RTM), molybdenum or the support of metal, especially steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The part may have a coat or color coat of Tefzel (RTM; ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) between the clear coat and thin film solar cell; and/or a separating layer, especially of polyimide or room temperature-vulcanizing silicone, between the metal (especially steel) support and thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The catalyst disk is made from powders of 0.5-10% palladium and/or platinum load on activated carbon or alumina. It may be made from powders of transition metal oxides including a highly active copper oxide/manganese oxide (CuO/MnO2) mixture known as moleculite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The low impedance fuel has combined internal and external impedance lower than 100 ohms. The protection membrane (11) in front of the working electrode (12) has a thickness of 5-50 mum. The protection membrane in front of the counter electrode has a thickness of 20-100 mum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The protection membrane in front of the working electrode is made of dense polymer membrane of PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polypropylene (PP). The protection membrane in front of the counter electrode is made of dense polymer membrane of PTFE, polyethylene (PE) or PP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanoparticles are silicon nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Condition: The raised features or recessed features have a dimension in the plane of the lower surface of the perimeter seal flange of 5-30, preferably 10-25 mum. The raised features have a height above the plane of the lower surface of the perimeter seal flange of 5-25, preferably 10-20 mum. The recessed features have a depth below the plane of the lower surface of the perimeter seal flange of 5-25, preferably 10-20 mum. Preferred Device: The encapsulated organic optoelectronic device further comprises an adhesive bonding the lower surface of the perimeter seal flange to the substrate. Preferred Method: The method further comprises ultraviolet curing the adhesive. It is carried out in an inert atmosphere. The perimeter seal flange is processed using laser surface texturing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive comprises an ultraviolet curing epoxy adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The material is a PEDOT (poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene), such as PEDOT-PSS (where PSS is polystyrene sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The combustion catalyst is platinum. The reforming catalyst includes a catalyst where platinum having the function of a reforming catalyst and a combustion catalyst is supported on the surface of an alumina support. The external hydrogen supply means is a small hydrogen generator which has a small heater where the reforming catalyst is housed in a container smaller than the tubular reactor and the reforming catalyst is raised to the reforming temperature. An alternative hydrogen generator has a tubular container which houses the reforming catalyst, a heater in the container which houses the combustion catalyst which promotes the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, an external hydrogen supply means for catalytic combustion which supplies hydrogen to the heater, and an external air supply means for supplying air to the heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The conductive material is metallic foam, graphite foam, or carbon foam. It has low-density regions defining flow channels bounded by high-density regions within the coolant flow passage. The conductive material is diffusion bonded or brazed to the first and second metal foil layers.Preferred Dimensions: The first and second metal foil layers have a thickness of less than 0.005 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises the device having a second surface and second laminate layer. It further comprises a contact (1300) attached to the device, a via (1400) through the substrate (100) on the device, and a conductor electrically bonded to the contact on the device. It further comprises an outer encapsulant affixed to the first surface. The first laminate layer comprises a metal layer. The device comprises less than 50, preferably less than 1% encapsulated gas/volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from plastic. A cooper-coated polyimide element is tack-bonded to the contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate and the outer encapsulant are made from metal. The metal layer is made from aluminum, copper, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, chromium, silver, gold, barrier layer material, indium, magnesium or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic compound is poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyethylene oxide, polyurethanes or polyamides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal ion is a lithium ion. The gelling compound is a lithium salt comprising iodide, bromide, chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate or hexafluorophosphate Preferred Component: The electrolyte further comprises iodine at a concentration of at least0.05 M. It includes a compound of formula Mi-Xj.i, j = at least1;X = chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or hexafluorophosphate;M = LI, Cu, Ba, Zn, Ni, lanthanides, Co, Ca, Al or Mg.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition comprises (wt.%) imidazolium iodide (at least90), water (0-10), iodine, methyl-benzimidazole, and lithium chloride or lithium iodide (1-6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The conductive material comprises tungsten. The substrate is doped with boron within the first recess and with phosphorus or arsenic within the second recess. The first and second recesses comprise first and second slots. The solar cell further comprises first and second bonding padsPreferred Methods: The substrate is oxidized at greater than 450degreesC after a metallization step. Depositing tungsten comprises generating tungsten on silicon substrate by chemical reaction followed by thickening the tungsten by vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen feed is prepared by steam reforming, oxidation of methanol, oxidation of methane, oxidation of biomass, coal gasification or gasification of organic wastes, plastics wastes, farm wastes or wood chips. The exposing step is performed at 80-150 degrees C and at a pH of greater than 8. Formate is formed in a water-gas-shift reaction conducted in the presence of a base added in an amount to promote formate formation. The water-gas-shift reaction comprises producing formate from carbon monoxide and water, and decomposing formate in the presence of water to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is a hydroxide, alkoxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium and/or a 1-4C amine. The catalyst is a homogenous transition metal complex comprising e.g. ruthenium, nickel, rhodium, platinum, cobalt, copper, palladium, iridium or iron, coupled to N-donor ligand(s) e.g. 2,2'-dipyridyl, sodium salt of EDTA, ethylenediamine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4'-dipyridyl, 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and/or N,N-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine H4. The liquid phase is water, methanol, glyme, polyglycol, 2-10C alcohol and/or 2-10C ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: When the carbon nanotube is multilayered carbon nanotube, the heating temperature is 50-250degreesC, and when the carbon nanotube is monolayered carbon nanotube, the heating temperature is 50-200degreesC. Preferred Ratio: The mixing molar ratio of sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate is 80:20-95:5. EXAMPLE - Crude product containing multilayered carbon nanotube was produced by arc-discharge method as follows: Gap between electrodes, anode and cathode was set to 1-2 mm using carbon rod and sediment was formed at front end of cathode, under helium gas atmosphere. The outer covering portion of the sediment was polycrystal of graphite. The central portion and sediment were collected. The sediment was finely ground in isopropyl alcohol, passed through a polyethylene terephthalate filter, dried and crude product of multilayered carbon nanotube was obtained. The crude product of multilayered carbon nanotube containing amorphous carbon and graphite as impurities was treated with mixed solution containing sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate in the molar ratio of 9:1. The ratio of crude product to mixed solution was 1:1000. The crude product was immersed in the mixed solution for 45 minutes and processed at 250degreesC. The sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate components in the mixed solution oxidized and removed impurities in the crude product. Potassium further purified inner layer of graphite. The product was filtered, washed with ultra pure water, dried and multilayered carbon nanotube with high purity was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: The oxidizing agent is at least one selected from gas, liquid or a solid inorganic compound, and organic peroxy acid which has oxidiziability.Preferred Adsorption Agent: The silica gel, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, clay, diatomaceous earth, activated carbon or insoluble synthetic resin is used for an adsorption treatment as porous inorganic oxide adsorption agent at a temperature of -40 degrees C to 100 degrees C.Preferred Catalyst: A modification catalyst is a partial-oxidization modification catalyst, autothermal modification catalyst, or water vapor modification catalyst, preferably ruthenium type or nickel type catalyst. The carrier component of a modification catalyst contains one or more types chosen from manganese oxide, cerium oxide and a zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for solvent-extraction processing is the mixture of the organic solvent or the organic solvent and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The desulfurizing agent consists of a nickel type desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reformer: The reformer is equipped with a catalyst supported on a carrier having oxygen storage capacity.Preferred Process: Predetermined amount of hydrocarbon group fuel and predetermined amount of oxidizing agent are supplied into the reformer and partial pressure of oxidizing agent is relatively raised. The reactant supply process and partial pressure raising process are alternately performed at predetermined time density ratio. The operating temperature of the reformer is raised to a range at which the precipitated carbon is removable. Partial pressure of the oxidizing agent is relatively raised during removal. The partial pressure is raised by decreasing the supply amount or rate of the hydrocarbon group fuel or by increasing the supply amount or rate of oxidizing agent. Water vapor modification reaction of the water vapor contained in oxidizing agent is performed. The impurity contained in the fuel which carries out poisoning of the catalyst is intermittently removed during the process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon group fuel is gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulating layer is an oxide and/or nitride film, or soda-lime glass. The Ia group element is sodium, and Vb group element is phosphorus and/or antimony. The semiconductor thin film has Ib group, IIIb group and VIb group element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aminopyridine group compound has formula (I).R1-R5 = H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 3-6C cycloalkyl, benzyl, pyridyl or pyridyl methyl group.R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, and R4 and R5 may be combined with each other to form a cycle structure. At least one of the R1-R5 has group of formula (II-1) and (II-2).-(CH2)k-N(R6)R7 (II-1),R6-R8 = same as R1-R5;k and l = 0-6; andm and n = 1-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox system electrolyte containing halogen compound or halogen molecule which uses halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine or bromine compound and the halogen molecule is iodine or bromine. The iodine or bromine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine or bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carrier electron density of oxide transparent electroconductive film by Hall-effect measurement is less than 5.5x10 power 20 cm-3 and the mobility of carrier electron is more than 50 cm2/V second.The specific resistance of oxide of conductive film is less than 4.6x10 power -4 ohm cm.The oxide transparent electroconductive film is produced by sputtering method.The conductive film further contains tin.The atomic ratio of tin/indium is 0.012 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: In (I), the antioxidant is chosen from amine, phenolic, sulfur, nickel, phosphorus, lactone, vitamin-E and triazine antioxidant. The antioxidant is chosen from compounds having structural formulae (1-7) (selected from 11 disclosed formulae).(I) further comprises electrolyte, ultraviolet absorber, singlet quencher and at least 1 type of additive chosen from light-resistant stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-porous cases are made of titanium-oxide layer. The thermistor pairs are coated with an inorganic layer e.g. glass layer.
EXAMPLE - An electrolyte liquid was prepared by adding 0.5M compound (A) synthesized based on chemistry of heterocyclic compounds volume 32(6), 1996, page 672-681, 0.3M lithium iodide, 0.5M 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide and 0.05M iodine, to acetonitrile. The prepared titania board was as an optoelectronic transducer, and glass substrate spattered with platinum was used as a counter electrode. The electrode was inserted on both sides of spacer, leaving two injection holes and electrolyte liquid was poured after sealing around with an epoxy type adhesive. The injection hole after pouring was sealed with the epoxy type adhesive and lead wire was attached to the electrode and set as photogalvanic cell. The photogalvanic cell had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermistor comprises complex oxide of magnesium, cobalt, copper and vanadium.The electrode of the thermistor comprises alloy paste of silver, palladium and platinum.The terminal of the thermistor comprises 29% of nickel, 17% of cobalt-iron alloy or 42% of nickel-iron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - Preferred Features: The actuator is a valve or pump for controlling the throughput of a medium through the reactor. The sensor is connected to the control unit via a lock-in amplifier (6, 10) synchronized to the first component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material further comprises an organic compound having an onium cation. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) to a concentration of 1 mole/L, in a nonaqueous solvent composed of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1. Lithium dicyanamide was added to this electrolyte solution in a mass ratio of 1/34 to LiPF6 dissolved in the electrolyte solution. After complete dissolution, an ionic conductor was obtained. The ionic conductor was subjected to cyclic voltametry. The measurement cell used was stainless steel-made closed type one in which nickel was used as the working electrode and metallic lithium as the counter electrode and reference electrode. The working electrode potential was swept forth and back in -0.5 - 7 V against lithium (Li)/Li+ at 2 mV/sec, and the current data were collected in the potential range. The measurement results indicated that this ionic conductor was electrochemically stable without allowing any current to flow at high potentials from 4-7 V against Li/Li+.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The storage cell has filters situated between the micro-tubes and the reversible cooler. The heater and coolers are constituted by micro-channels filled with an electrical conducting liquid, preferably an aqueous solution of a salt.Preferred Parameter: The length of the cylinder is 4 times less than the diameter of the cylinder. The cylinder has a length of 0.75-1.5 cm and a diameter of 3-6 cm. The filters have a size of 0.5-5 (preferably 0.5-2) micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The constituting elements are made of metal or metal alloys, preferably aluminum alloys or INOX coated with aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least 80 (preferably 85-90%) of the free volume is filled with at least one light material with high storage capacity, with a high stability and with a good dynamic and/or with at least one metal hydride from (magnesium based) nano composite materials, such as magnesium hydride (MgH2)-Zr47Ni53, MgH2-vanadium-titanium, MgH2-oxide, chromium oxide, and/or metal hydride alloys, where the nano composite is capable to desorb hydrogen at less than 250 degreesC. The hydrogen contains less than 120, preferably 10-20 ppm impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The vulcanized rubber is produced using sulfur and/or an organic sulfur compound as a vulcanizing agent. The vulcanized rubber has an aromatic ring, e.g. benzene and/or pyridine ring, in the side chain. The redox material is supported by impregnating a solution of the redox material into the vulcanized rubber and drying. The supported amount of redox material is 5-50 weight% based on vulcanized rubber. The redox material can be supported on a porous material composed by a polymeric material a three-dimensional continuous network structure. The polymeric material is an ethylene-propylene copolymer with an ethylene content of at least60 weight%. The redox material can be supported on a linear phosphazene polymer of formula (R1)3P=N-X where R1 = monovalent organic group or halogen atom; X = an organic groups containing at least1 of C, Si, Ge, Sn, N, P, O or S. The electrolyte may comprise an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin film on which a redox material l is supported. EXAMPLE - The rubber composition comprises 100 weight parts vinyl pyridine rubber of 20 weight% styrene, 20 weight% vinyl pyridine and 60 weight% butadiene, 2 weight parts sulfur, 5 weight parts oil, 2 weight parts vulcanization accelerator, 3 weight parts zinc oxide and 20 weight parts carbon black. The redox material solution comprises 1L acetonitrile as solvent and 0.2 mol lithium iodide, 0.2 mol 1,2-dimethyl-3-propyl-imidazolium iodide, 0.1 mol iodine and 0.4 mol t-butyl-pyridine. This solution is impregnated into the vulcanized rubber to give the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The device has an exhaust indication information output part which outputs exhaust indication information for indicating exhaust of stored water to the outside.Based on the accumulation operation time of the apparatus, judgement of whether or not water should be discharged is decided.Based on the accumulation suspension time of the apparatus, judgement of whether or not water should be discharged is decided.The water supply part has a pump for transporting and a filter for purifying water is provided between the tank and the pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket has a base portion (26), and rib(s) (28, 30) supported by the base portion and extending axially of the fuel cell assembly for forming a seal with an adjacent bipolar plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gasket is formed from asbestos, plastic, polyisoprene rubber, silicone rubber, and/or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing injection of the water stream to a zero flow over a predetermined time period. It comprises preheating a source of the air stream; pressurizing the source of the air stream; and providing the preheated, pressurized air stream to the primary reactor inlet. It comprises introducing a volumetric flow of the preheated, pressurized air stream to increase the rate of heat generation by the primary reactor; preheating a source of the liquid water stream prior to injecting the liquid water stream into the superheated steam stream; injecting the liquid water stream at a pre-selected spaced location in the first inlet stream, the location spaced from the primary reactor to permit the superheated steam stream to superheat at least a majority of a liquid water in the steam stream mixture prior to the mixture reaching the primary reactor inlet; and preheating a source of the hydrocarbon fuel stream prior to introducing the fuel stream into the inlet of the primary reactor. It comprises adding a volumetric flow of the liquid water over a predetermined time period to increase a steam/carbon ratio.Preferred System: The fuel processor system comprises a vaporizer interconnectably joining the source of water to the superheater, and having a vaporizer inlet in fluid communication with the source of water, a vaporizer outlet in fluid communication with the first inlet, and a source of heat, the vaporizer receiving the source of water and utilizing the source of heat for generating a steam stream, which is introduced into the first inlet; and a second injector in fluid communication with the first inlet and the water source, and coupled to the controller for selectively injecting water into the steam stream, based on an operating state of the primary reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The steam reforming catalyst is rhodium or palladium. The water-gas shift catalyst is the same as the steam reforming catalyst. The steam reforming catalyst is impregnated into a washcoat of zirconia which is applied to a surface of the steam reforming channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - Preferred Method: The target fuel flow and current fuel flow are measured periodically and the difference is calculated to determine whether to increase, decrease or not change the ratios of water to fuel and air to fuel. After the hydrogen fuel passes through the preferential oxidation reactors, the hydrogen fuel contains not more than 50 ppmv carbon monoxide at any time during operation of the preferential oxidation reactors. Upon a change from the turning up mode or the turning down mode to the steady state mode, there is a delay for a preset period prior to commencement of the predetermined ratio for the steady state mode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxygen containing stream comprises air, stream and combination of air and stream. The catalyst comprises nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, magnesia, magnesium aluminate, alumina, silica, zirconia, potassium and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Stream: The fuel steam comprises hydrocarbon fuel, alcohols, and combination hydrocarbon fuel and alcohols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The applying of conductive inks to the flexible polymer substrate comprises producing three-dimensional microfluidic channels in the flexible polymer substrate and filling the three-dimensional microfluidic channels with the conductive ink. The conductive ink is cured to produce embedded conducting networks within the flexible polymer substrate. The filling of the three-dimensional microfluidic channels comprises injecting the conductive ink into the channels using a syringe, or using a vacuum to draw the conductive ink through the channels. The conductive inks are applied to the flexible polymer substrate by using a stamp to place the conductive ink in a desired pattern on the flexible polymer substrate. The applying of conductive inks to the flexible polymer substrate uses photolithography or screen printing that uses permeable screen mesh or mechanical stencil or photomechanical stencil. The conductive ink is spread into the substrate by spraying. The conductive ink is screen printed on a carrier backing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible polymer substrate is silicone. It may comprise poly(dimethylsiloxane). The screen mesh is made of monofilament polyester, or polyamide. The carrier backing material is Mylar or Kapton    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The screen mesh may be made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The wavelength conversion microparticle fluorescent material adds one or more ions selected from erbium (Er3+), ytterbium (Yb3+), thulium (Tm3+), holmium (Ho3+), and europium (Eu3+) to the microparticle of one or more compounds selected from yttrium fluoride (YF3), sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4), barium yttrium fluoride (BaY2F8) and sodium yttrium germanium oxide (Na3YGe2O7). The metal oxide is titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), tin oxide (SnO2) or strontium titanate (SrTiO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The indium compound has structure of formula (1), and tin compound has structure of formula (2).In(R'COCHCOR2)3 (1)(R3)2Sn(OR4)2(2)R1, R2 = 1-10C alkyl or phenyl;R3 = 1-10C alkyl; andR4 = 1-10C alkyl or acyl.Preferred Solvent: A beta-diketone compound, such as acetylacetone, is used for dissolving indium and tin compounds. Preferred Method: The indium compound and tin compound are decomposed by heat and deposited on base substrate or on intermediate film. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The indium compound is indium tris acetylacetonato, and tin compound is di-n-butyltin diacetate.    EXAMPLE - A transparent electrically conductive film formation liquid containing indium tris acetylacetonato and di-n-butyl tin diacetate dissolved in 0.2 mol/L of acetylacetone and having alkali metal content of 0.03 mass ppm, was prepared. The liquid contained tin/indium ratio of 5 mass%. The liquid was applied on a glass substrate and a colorless and transparent indium tin oxide film was formed. The content of alkali metal of the film was 0.1 mass ppm. The reliability of liquid crystal display device using the film was found to be improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The material is thermoplastic. All or portion of the thermoplastic has laser-radiation permeability. Hydrogen gas transmissive suppression film is formed on tank inner surface and/or outer surface. A particle shaped or acicular filler is contained in the plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The tank is sealed while completing the integration in the state in which hydrogen occlusion alloy powder is held. Inside of the tank permeates laser radiation through the region having permeability, and laser welding of the unit for tank is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The optoelectronic element has a layer which contains high molecular compound (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin Board: The transparent resin board surface is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) or acrylic resin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The titanium oxide aqueous solution contains an amorphous type titanium peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silsesquioxane has mixed structure of ladder type structure and cage type structure. A portion of the silicon of the silsesquioxane is substituted with transition metal element. The silsesquioxane comprises unit of formula (II).RO = alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The texture layer further comprises particles containing oxides of elements chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and silicon.Preferred Structure: The roughness of the texture layer has recess and convex portion, which are arranged regularly. The cross section of the texture cross section shows the depth of the recess (DD) of 0.05-5 microns, and ratio (WP/DD) of width of the convex portion (WP) and depth of recess (DD) of 0.5-6, and the ratio (WD/DD) of width of recess (WD) and depth of recess (DD) of 0.5-10. The diffuse reflection factor of the texture formation surface of the substrate is 60% or less at wavelength of 400 nm, and 75% or more at wavelength of 600 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimido amide, polyallylate, glass or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The linear conjugated system polymer is the polythiophene type polymer such as poly-3-hexyl thiophene and/or poly-3-alkoxy thiophene. Preferred Composition: The weight proportion of the mono-layer or multi-layer carbon nanotube with respect to the polymer is 100-900 wt.%. Preferred Form: The polymer composite is a film-like composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum or aluminum alloys. The electrically conductive coating consists of carbon, graphite, titanium nitride, (high-phosphorus) electroless nickel, electroplated nickel, copper, stainless steel, zinc, platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, silver or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The corrosion resistant coating is (hard coat) anodized aluminum coating. The hard coat anodized aluminum coating has pores and is treated to seal at least a portion of the pores. It has a thickness of 3-130 mum. The corrosion resistant coating is a conformal coating. The conformal coating is a polymer material consisting of silicone resins, acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, or poly para-xylene (preferably).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metal plate further comprises a central region adapted to collect and distribute electrons and an electrically conductive coating applied to at least a portion of the central region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The film forming process forms a palladium alloy film by electrolytic plating. A thin film of each element composing the alloy is laminated by plating and the Pd alloy film is formed by heating to cause component diffusion. The conductive substrate is a ferritic stainless steel plate and the metal plate is a ferritic stainless steel plate. The thin film support substrate has columnar projections of diameter 20-500 micron, formation pitch 40-700 micron and height 10-200 micron. The through holes have a pore diameter of 20-200 micron. EXAMPLE - A SUS 430 material of thickness 50 micron is used as a substrate. A photosensitive resist material is coated on both surfaces, and a photomask is applied. The film is exposed via the mask, and developed with Na carbonate solution to give a resist pattern having circular openings on both surfaces. The material is etched at 50 degreesC, an iron chloride concentration of 45 poise and a pressure of 3kg/cm2. After the etching, the resist pattern is removed, to give a conductive substrate having through holes. Copper plating and palladium alloy plating are then performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The desulfurization conditions satisfy Tcpe/T50 = 1.19 x Pcpe0.35 - 1.68 x Pcpe0.24 (II). Desulfurization is achieved without adding hydrogen. The metal desulfurization agent is a desulfurization agent formed by supporting a metal element containing at least nickel on a porous inorganic oxide, especially a nickel-copper desulfurization agent. The liquid hydrocarbon is gasoline, lamp oil distillate or light oil distillate. The reforming treatment is partial oxidation reforming, autothermal reforming or steam reforming. The catalyst for the reforming contains ruthenium or nickel. Reforming catalyst contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide or zirconium oxide. EXAMPLE - Ni sulfate hexahydrate (730.2g) and Cu sulfate pentahydrate (151.3g) are dissolved in deionized water (8l) heated to 80degreesC. Pseudoboehmite (16g) is mixed and the pH is adjusted to 2 by adding 1N H2SO4 (300ml) to give a liquid A. A liquid B is obtained by dissolving Na carbonate (600g) in deionized water heated to 80degreesC, and adding water glass (180.2g). These liquids are mixed and stirred for 1 hour. The precipitated cake is washed and filtered, and dried, then fired at 350degreesC for 3 hours to produce the desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen generating material is produced by hydrogenating aggregate of magnesium alloy particles comprising magnesium particles and several catalyst metal fine particles. The catalyst metal fine particles are nickel fine particles, nickel alloy fine particles, iron fine particles, iron alloy fine particles, vanadium fine particles, vanadium alloy fine particles, manganese fine particles, manganese alloy fine particles, titanium fine particles, titanium alloy fine particles, copper fine particles, copper alloy fine particles, silver fine particles, silver alloy fine particles, calcium fine particles, calcium alloy fine particles, zinc fine particles, zinc alloy fine particles, zirconium fine particles, zirconium alloy fine particles, aluminum fine particles and/or aluminum alloy fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Honeycomb Structure: The honeycomb structure is formed of ceramic material such as cordierite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal film is aluminum, titanium, zinc or alloy having indium.
Preferred Definitions:    (RredoxNR1R2R3)+ = group of formula (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIIa), (VIII), (VIIIa) or (IX);    n = 0 or 1;    M = transition metal;    R1-R3, R1b, R2b, R3b, R1A = alkyl, haloalkyl or alkoxy group or optionally substituted aralkyl or alkoxy alkyl group;    R = H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkoxy carbonyl, nitro, cyano, acetyl amino, phenyl, benzyl or perfluoroalkyl; and    Z1, Z2 = CH on one side and N+-R3 on another side two adjacent R groups form a benzene ring by coupling with carbon atom.    R1b and R2b together with nitrogen form a nitrogen containing cyclic group of 5-8 membered ring.    EXAMPLE - A bromine compound (BrCH2OCH3) (in g) (2.6) was added slowly to 100 ml of acetone solution containing ferrocene (5). The obtained reaction mixture was concentrated and dried. 15 ml of ethyl ether was added and the obtained solid substance was washed, filtered and dried, to obtain N,N-dimethyl-N-methoxymethylferrocenyl methyl ammonium bromide (5.3). The obtained bromide compound was purified by recrystallization with acetone-ethanol mixed solvent. The obtained bromide compound (5) was dissolved in 50 ml of water, and a solution of lithium salt of bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide acid (3.9) in 50 ml of water was added. Reaction was performed to obtain bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimide acid salt of N,N-dimethyl-N-methoxymethylferrocenyl methyl ammonium. The elemental analysis of the obtained fused salt at normal temperature showed favorable amount of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pot contains silicon carbide or graphite. The grain-shaped metallic crystal is silicon having particle diameter of 5-1000 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible organic substrate comprises polyethylenenaphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide or polyallylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate containing texture layer made of resin, is selected from polyethylenenaphthalate, polyether, sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide, polyallylate, glass and metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Membrane: The ion exchange membrane is plate with metal such as platinum, iridium, rhodium or iridium-rhodium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (I) can be produced by reacting kaolin with sodium borohydride under highly alkaline conditions. EXAMPLE - A mixture of kaolin (1 g), sodium borohydride (2 g) and 16 M sodium hydroxide (10 ml) was heated at 120degreesC in an autoclave under autogenous pressure for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is xylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating is conducted at 600-700degreesC for more than 10, preferably 12 hours. A metal salt is dissolved in an aqueous salt. A chalcogen is introduced and reacting the precipitated metal with the chalcogen by heating under inert atmosphere. The metal is precipitated by adding an alkali solution to the aqueous solution. Preferred Component: The inert atmosphere is nitrogen. The metal is ruthenium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or tungsten. The chalcogen is sulfur or selenium. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. The metal salt is ruthenium salt. The ruthenium salt is ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (III) nitrate or ruthenium (III) acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A catalytic coating (140) is deposited on the porous coating. The catalyst is deposited by electroplating, electroless plating, or by atomic layer deposition. The coating materials are mixed with a flux.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The open-structure substrate comprises ceramic, or glass. The coating material comprises ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate may comprise plastic film. The binder comprises glycol, or wax.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate may comprise carbon, or metal sheets. The coating material comprises metal particles. The coating material comprises silicon. The catalytic coating comprises platinum platinum-ruthenium, or platinum-ruthenium-osmium. The paste is sol gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The component is made of silicon or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The material of the component comprises an aluminum-chrome iron alloy. The catalytically coated surface of the material, comprises catalyst selected from the group VII metals of periodic table, such as iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), copper and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution is a solution including polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 400 AMU.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell includes a pressure controller for maintaining a positive pressure differential between the process oxidant stream passing through the fuel cell and the high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution passing through the porous water transport plate so that the process oxidant stream within the fuel cell is at a greater pressure than the antifreeze solution within the water transport plate. The wetproofed cathode support mechanism includes a wetproofed cathode diffusion layer secured between a wetproofed cathode substrate and the cathode catalyst. The wetproofed cathode support mechanism includes a wetproofed cathode diffusion layer secured between a cathode substrate and the cathode catalyst. The electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane. Preferred Property: Each member of the group of high molecular weight direct antifreeze solutions has a surface tension of greater than 45 dyne/cm at an operating temperature of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel electrode is made of amorphous carbon or carbon powder selected from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), Kish graphite, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon nanotube and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pressure of the reaction furnace is reduced below the atmospheric pressure, and gas in silicon melt solution is removed easily, while melting silicon crystals. The byproduct zinc chloride containing unreactive zinc and/or silicon tetrachloride is extracted from bypass, cooled liquefied and excluded from reaction system as electrolyte liquid, so that the pressure of the furnace is maintained at 5 atmospheric pressure or less. The molten electrolyte liquid is decomposed into chlorine and zinc, and the zinc obtained makes the chlorine react with raw material metallic silicon, and reuses obtained product as silicon tetrachloride. A silicon seed crystal is supplied to the reaction furnace before gas phase reaction, and silicon is crystallized on the seed crystal. Chemical vapor deposition silicon coating is formed on the reaction furnace, using the seed crystal. Preferred Material: The inner wall of the reaction furnace is formed using quartz glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode and cathode active materials of the thin-film solid rechargeable lithium-ion battery cell are LixMn2O4/V2O5, V2O5/LixV2O5, LiCoO2/V2O5, and LiNiO2/V2O5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is of formula (2).A1, A2, X, R1, R2, n, m, Y and Z = as defined above.The substituent Y in formulae (1) and (2) has general formula (3).Y1 = substituent; andR4 and R5 = same as R1.Two or more Y1 are mutually coupled to form a ring.Preferred Composition: The transducer contains oxide semiconductor microparticles sensitized by two or more pigments selected from an organic dye, and another metal complex pigment. The transducer contains oxide semiconductor microparticles supporting a pigment in the presence of an inclusion compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide semiconductor microparticles contain titanium dioxide. Preferred Definition:    n = 1-3; and    Z = halogen.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The methine group pigment of formula (1) is chosen from 107 disclosed compounds such as a compound of formula (57).    EXAMPLE - A pigment of formula (10) (with substituents as shown in table 1) was dissolved in ethanol to form a solution having concentration of 3x10-4 M. A porous substrate was immersed into the obtained solution at room temperature. The pigment was held in the substrate and washed with a solvent. The substrate was dried to obtain a pigment sensitized optoelectric transducer. The transducer has short circuit current value of 6.9 mA/cm2, releasing voltage of 0.49 V and conversion efficiency of 1.7%, measured by potentio-galvanostat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alloy contains impurities of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, 2 ppm or less of sodium and potassium, 1 ppm or less of radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium, aluminum, chromium, calcium and magnesium, and other impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel is selected from a group consisting of gaseous fuels such as methane, propane and butane, and liquid fuels such as waste oil and petroleum-refining type liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing gas is hydrogen. The transparent electroconductive film comprises indium-tin oxide (In2O3:Sn), zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide (In2O3:ZnO) or fluorine-tin oxide (F:Sn2O3)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin-film heater consists of tungsten alloy. The wiring layer is made of gold, copper or alloy containing gold and copper or alloy containing tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Transducer: The optoelectric transducer further contains redox-system electrolyte. Preferred Electrolyte: The redox-system electrolyte is halogen compound and halogen molecule. The halogen compound, which is an iodine compound, is the mineral salt of iodine. The halogen molecule, which converts halogen ion into a counter ion, is iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The epoxy resin contains 3-60 wt.% of bisphenol S-type structure. The epoxy resin layer alternately contains cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. A hard coat layer or a gas barrier layer is laminated on the resin sheet. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature and light transmittance of the resin sheet are 170degreesC or more and 88% or more, respectively. The breakage strength of resin sheet is more than 60 N and is determined by pinching the resin sheet having a damage of depth of about 1 mum in its reverse side, between flat plate (4) having hole and flat plate (5), fixing four corners of flat plate (4) having hole of diameter 20mm and applying a load to central portion of hole of plate (4) using a stainless steel ball (1) of 10 mm diameter. The resin sheet is damaged by rubbing its reverse side with 2000 paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Material: The carbon material is a porous-carbon which is an activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of (C) is 10-300 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of the total amount of (A) and (B). Preferred Polymer: (A) is formed by simultaneously hydrolyzing and condensing trifunctional alkoxysilane structure and bifunctional alkoxysilane structure. The main skeleton part of (B) has structure of formula (1), (2) or (3)n = integer 2-20.m = integer 0-10;Ar = 6-30C arylene.R1 and R2 = CH3, C2H5 or phenyl;p = integer 0-20;q = natural number of up to 20.(C) is heteropolyacid, particularly tungstophosphoric acid, molybdophosphoric acid or tungstosilicic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive Sheet: The adhesive sheet is obtained by performing laminate attachment of the akoxysilane coating, and the resin layer which contains ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer having shear modulus of 3x105 Pa at 80degreesC as main component. Preferred Resin: The modified ethylene group resin is polyethylene, ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylate copolymer, their mixture of 2 or more components, or their mixture and ethylene resin other than the modified ethylene group resin. EXAMPLE - (In mass parts) Hindered amine group optical stabilizer (0.5) and maleic anhydride (0.5 mass%) was added to unsaturated carboxylic acid modified low density grafted polyethylene (100) (having melting point of 104degreesC) and phenol group anti-oxidant (0.1). The contents were mixed and extruded into a sheet of thickness 300 mum at 160degreesC. The extruded sheet had shear modulus of 3x106 Pa at 80degreesC. The sheet was coated with ethanol solution of (gamma)-glycidoxy propylmethyl dimethoxysilane, and dried at 80degreesC for 20 seconds. Ethanol was volatilized and a coating film having thickness of 0.01 mum was formed on the surface of the sheet. An adhesive sheet was obtained. The adhesive sheet was laminated with aluminum foil in the order of polyvinylfluoride-aluminum foil laminating film/adhesive sheet/aluminum plate/adhesive sheet and heated in vacuum for 20 minutes at 130degreesC in a heat resistance rubber bag. The resulting laminate was used for solar cell module. The arrangement was left for 2000 hours at 85degreesC and 85% relative humidity, and at 23degreesC in 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. There were no exfoliation and yellowing or cracking of the sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The reformer is connected to a fuel cell arrangement (3), into which a reformer product produced by the reformer is fed. A burner (8) is connected to the fuel cell arrangement. A bypass feeder (5) is arranged parallel to the fuel cell arrangement and has switching valves (4, 6) at its inlet and outlet so that a gas stream flows from the reformer through the fuel cell arrangement or through the bypass feeder. A device for selectively oxidizing the reformer product to remove CO components from the product is arranged in or downstream of the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The compound (I') is a pyridinium compound of formula (II') or (III').The semiconductor is a dye-sensitized particulate semiconductor.R2' = a substituent;b' = 0-5;R3' = 4-10C unsubstituted alkyl;R4' = unsubstituted or cyano-substituted alkyl or alkoxycarbonyl.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte is present at at least 50 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Dye-sensitized titanium dioxide (TiO2) electrode substrate and platinum (Pt)-deposited glass substrate (counter electrode) of the same size were brought into contact with TiO2 electrode layer and the Pt-deposited layer facing each other. An electrolyte prepared by mixing electrolyte component and solvent were added to the mixture 2 mol.%, based on the electrolyte component, of iodine was penetrated into the sandwiched TiO2 electrode to form electrolyte layer. There were thus obtained photo-electrochemical cells composed of conductive glass substrate (1) having conductor layer (2), TiO2 electrode (3), dye layer (4), electrolyte layer (5), Pt layer (6), and glass (7) in this order. Where the compound (I') used as electrolyte component was solid at 25 degrees C, it was incorporated into the electrode in a molten state obtained by heating or as dissolved in a low-boiling solvent, which was removed later, to form an electrolyte layer consisting solely of the compound (I').
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: (A) is a naphthenate, specifically the cadmium, cobalt or zinc salt. Solvents for NP preparation are tri-octylphosphine or its oxide, hexadecylamine, or other amines, phosphine oxides or carboxylic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method is used to make II-IV semiconductor NP, especially CdSe, and the reaction is carried out at 60-300, preferably 150-250 degreesC.Preferred Products: NP have diameter 0.5-20, preferably 1-5, nm, with emission maximum at 490-700 nm. Particularly for Cd-containing NP the irradiation wavelength for maximum emission is between 380 and 450 nm. EXAMPLE - Cadmium naphthenate (261 mg; 17.2% Cd) were mixed with tri-octylphosphine oxide (to make 4 g) then heated to 200 degreesC, with application of vacuum and sparging with nitrogen. The mixture was then heated under inert gas to 250 degreesC and injected with a solution of selenium (41 mg) dissolved in triphenylphosphine (2.4 ml). The mixture was cooled to 220 degreesC and allowed to react for long enough to form nanoparticles (NP) of the required size e.g. 5 minutes for NP of 3 nm diameter. The mixture was cooled to 80 degreesC, the NP precipitated with methanol, centrifuged off, washed and resuspended in chloroform. The emission maximum depended on the reaction time at 220 degreesC e.g. 562, 584 and 598 nm, after reaction for 5, 10 and 30 minutes, respectively. All maxima had half-width about 50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The control unit is structured so that it sets the additional component in motion for 1-300, especially 2-15 seconds. The control unit stores an error in an error storage unit. The measuring parameter is the number of engine starts of a vehicle engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The moisture-sensitive metal alkoxide(s) comprise M(OR)2. The metal oxide comprises aluminum oxide, or titanium oxide.M = Al, Ce, Mg, Nb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, Zn, or Zr;OR = alkoxide group.Preferred Method: The coating step is performed, at room temperature, by dipping the substrate surface in the precursor solution for 1 minute to 1 hour, spraying the substrate surface with the precursor solution, or spin-coating the substrate surface with the precursor solution. The rinsing step is performed, at room temperature, by dipping the coated surface in water. The method further comprises drying the rinsed surface at less than 150degreesC.Preferred Compositions: The precursor solution has a concentration of less than 200 (preferably 5-20) mM.Preferred Dimensions: The metal oxide coating has a thickness of 0.2-10 (preferably 0.2-1) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate includes a temperature-sensitive element consisting of plastic or polymer. The temperature-sensitive element comprises temperature-sensitive molecules consisting of inorganic, organic and organometallic molecules. The molecules are polymers. They are at the surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The molecules are biomolecules or biological macromolecules consisting of proteins or nucleic acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ordered platinum intermetallic compound is platinum germanium (PtGe); platinum indium (PtIn2, PtIn3, or Pt3In7); platinum tin (PtSn or PtSn2, Pt3Sn, Pt2Sn3, or PtSn4); platinum antimony (PtSb or PtSb2); platinum gallium (PtGa); platinum cadmium (PtCd2); platinum manganese (PtMn); or preferably bismuth platinum (BiPt or Bi2Pt); platinum indium (PtIn); or platinum lead (PtPb). The ordered palladium intermetallic compound is palladium germanium (PdGe), palladium antimony (PdSb), or bismuth palladium (BiPd). The ordered intermetallic compound may comprise first and second elements at stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. It has an inter-atomic nearest neighbor distance of greater than at least3 Angstrom along at least one axis. It oxidizes carbon monoxide. The ordered intermetallic compound may be a ternary compound. The ordered intermetallic compound can be iridium bismuth (IrBi), nickel bismuth (NiBi), or rhodium bismuth (RhBi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The silicon precursor is silane, tetrachlorosilane, or other halogenated silanes (preferably trichlorosilane).Preferred Condition: The lower portion of the reactor is held at a temperature above the melting point of silicon (1410 degrees C), and the cold upper portion is held at temperature under 400 degrees C. The level of the molten silicon in the reactor is held constant by a constant level system for continuous removal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The porous active material layer and the porous gas diffusion layer each have built-in hydrophobic character. The active material layer contacts an electrolyte stream. The gas diffusion layer contacts the gaseous oxygen-containing stream. It comprises a carbon matrix. The oxygen electrode also comprises current collector grids (13) that sandwich the active material layer and the gas diffusion layer. The current collector grids comprise mesh, grid, matte, expanded metal, foil, foam, or plate.Preferred Property: The gas diffusion layer has greater hydrophobic character that the porous active material layer.Preferred Process: The carbon matrix is impregnated with the active catalyst material via chemical vapor deposition or plasma vapor deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous active material layer comprises 0-50 wt.% peroxide decomposition catalyst.Preferred Component: The peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum oxide, potassium manganate, cobalt oxides, nickel oxides, iron oxides, and/or transition metal oxides. The active material layer comprises a carbon matrix comprising polytetrafluoroethylene coated carbon particles. The carbon matrix is impregnated with an active catalyst consisting of silver nitrate, silver nitrate and gallium nitrate mixture, silver nitrate and lithium nitrate mixture, cobalt nitrate, cobalt amine complex, nickel nitrate, manganese nitrate, cyano complexes, organo-metallic complexes, amino complexes, citrate/tartrate/lactate/oxalate complexes, and/or transitive metal complexes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polytetrafluoroethylene particles in the active material layer contain 15-25 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene. The polytetrafluoroethylene particles in the porous gas diffusion layer contain 40-60 wt.% polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst- modified carbon is a preformed metal-modified carbon powder or nanoscale-platinum (Pt) modified carbon.Preferred Property: The Pt particle size is 2-3 nm.Preferred Process: The silica sol used is sufficient to penetrate and just cover the bed of catalyst-modified carbon. An argon atmosphere annealing step is used after forming the composite aerogel to increase Pt particle size at 900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The divalent metal is nickel. The porous defect type spinel crystal structure contains nickel and aluminum, in an atomic ratio of 0.01/2-0.5/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Support Metal : The metal is selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Carrier : The catalyst carrier is selected from zeolite, silica gel and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Carrier : The catalyst carrier is selected from activated carbon and carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of indium contained in the indium compound is more than the amount of tin contained in the tin compound. The amount of indium in the indium compound is 0.001-0.5 times more than the amount of tin in the tin compound. The total amount of tin and indium contained in the tin compound and indium compound is 0.07 or less, with respect to (beta)-diketone compound. Preferred Process: The tin compound and the indium compound in pyrolysis temperature, are decomposed by heating, and deposited on the substrate, or on the intermediate film. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a glass substrate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The indium compound is an indium tris(acetylacetonate). The tin compound is di-n-butyl tin acetate. The (beta)-diketone is acetylacetone.    EXAMPLE - Indium tris(acetylacetonate) (0.2 mol) was dissolved in acetylacetone (1 l), and a yellow transparent solution was obtained. Di-n-butyltin diacetate was added, and transparent electrically conductive film formation was obtained. The obtained liquid was applied on a glass substrate. A colorless transparent electrically conductive film with a thickness of 20 nm was obtained. The obtained film had excellent transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus:The catalyst apparatus also includes a carbon monoxide removal apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the separation-and-recovery of methane involves combining processing of the gas (G) containing methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, and recovering of calcium oxide by bake-processing calcium hydroxide powder to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed, with dehydrate of digestive organic waste. The calcium-hydroxide powder comprises moisture content of 0.5-50 mass%. Alternately, the separation-and-recovery method of methane involves contacting gas (G) with powder (P) of mixture of dehydrate of digestive organic waste, and calcium hydroxide, and recovering calcium oxide by bake processing the powder of mixture of digestive organic waste, and calcium hydroxide to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed. The moisture content of the powder (P), is 0.5-50 mass%. Alternately, the separation-and-recovery method involves contacting the gas (G) with a suspension containing calcium-hydroxide powder, and recovering calcium oxide by bake processing the calcium-hydroxide powder to which carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are fixed, with dehydrate of digestive organic waste. The amount of calcium-hydroxide powder in the suspension, is 0.5-50 mass%. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen-sulfide-containing gas with hydrogen-sulfide concentration of 700 mg/l, was taken in a plastic bag. Slaked lime (1000 g) with moisture content of 10 mass%, was put into the bag, and stirred for 5 minutes. Hydrogen-sulfide gas concentration in the bag was analyzed, and the hydrogen-sulfide gas concentration was undetectable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thin-film polycrystal photoelectric conversion layer is selected from silicon, silicon germanium, silicon carbide, silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6 = H, 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C alkoxy, halogen, cyano, or carboxyl; and    R7-R9 = H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 specific compounds of organic dye of formulae (3,4) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - P-25 (titanium oxide) (in g) (6), acetylacetone (0.2 ml), pure water (8 ml), and triton X-100 (surfactant) (0.2 ml), were mixed and a slurry was obtained. The obtained slurry was applied on clear glass provided with tin oxide electrode doped with fluorine dope, and a film was obtained. The obtained film was heat processed at 450degreesC for 30 minutes, and cooled to obtained at titanium oxide film having thickness of 7 microns. The obtained film was soaked in mixed solution of butanol and acetonitrile, and ScarletR-1 (pigment of formula (5)), for 24 hours. The obtained electrode adsorbed with pigment was washed with ethanol, and titanium oxide semiconductor electrode was obtained. The obtained electrode was used, and opto-electric transducer having excellent photoelectric-conversion ability was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The cycloolefin group addition copolymer is obtained by addition polymerization of the monomer of formula (1) and copolymerizable monomers such as cycloolefin group monomers other than the monomer of formula (1), preferably ethylene and compounds such as (alpha)-olefin compound, cyclic saturated hydrocarbon compound coupled with vinyl group, vinyl group-containing aromatic compounds, (meth)acrylic acid ester, acrylonitrile and/or acrylamide.Preferred Method: The cycloolefin group addition copolymer is obtained by addition polymerization reaction in presence of transition-metal-complex compound of formula (2).M = transition-metal atom of Group IV, VIII, IX or X of periodic table;A1 and A2 = H, halogen, 1-20C linear or branched saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, silyl group substituted by hydrocarbon group, alkoxyl, allyloxy, ester, amide, amino, sulfonamide, nitrile or nitro group, of which several groups mutually bonded to form a ring;X = H or L, of which several groups mutually bonded to form a ring;L = halogen, halogenated hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic residue, oxygen-containing group, nitrogen-containing group, boron-containing group, sulfur-containing group, phosphorus-containing group, silicon-containing group, germanium-containing group or tin-containing group;Y = hetero atom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen; andA3 = 1-20C linear or branched saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon or optionally substituted 6-20C aryl group,provided when Y is oxygen or sulfur atom, A3 does not exist and Y is nitrogen atom, A3 exist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The barrier layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic hole transportation material is triphenyl diamine, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, phthalocyanine compounds or its derivatives. The organic hole transportation material is monomer, oligomer, prepolymer or polymer. The oligomer is preferably dimer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Concavities are disposed on a surface portion of the upper serpentine channel and disposed on a surface portion of the lower channel to cause hydrodynamic interactions and affect the heat transfer rate between the fluid and the concavities when the fluid is disposed over the concavities. They are depressions, indentations, dimples or pits.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cooling apparatus comprises a thin-formed metal, stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCrO3), cobalt (II) chromate (CoCrO4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X and/or Hastelloy 230.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell components are cathodes (200), anodes (220) or electrolytes (210). The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cells, solid polymer fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells or protonic ceramic fuel cells. The electrodes are cathodes or anodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid is gaseous fuels or oxidants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The porous semiconductor layer is a double layer of crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material including silicon germanium, III-V materials e.g. gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide and semiconducting polymers. The foreign substrate is a low cost substrate. The transfer and fabrication steps are performed twice, first on one side of the thin film and then on the other side. Fabrication of the device comprises depositing an active semiconductor layer on the thin film. Deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed by epitaxial chemical vapor deposition. The transferred device is a non-finished product that is further finished after attachment to the foreign substrate. The lift-off is achieved by immersing the substrate in a hydrofluoric acid solution in concentration 12-355 and using a current density of 50-250 mA per cm2 without changing any other parameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The porous semiconductor layer is a double layer of crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material including silicon germanium, III-V materials e.g. gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide and semiconducting polymers. The foreign substrate is a low cost substrate. Fabrication comprises transferring the thin film to a dummy support where the deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed, optionally followed by fabrication of a contacted device on the active layer obtained. The lift-off is achieved by immersing the substrate in a hydrofluoric acid solution at a concentration 12-355 and using a current density of 50-250 mA/cm2 without changing any other parameter. Deposition of the active semiconductor layer is performed by epitaxial chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The waste heat steam generator operates at 360-450 (preferably 385-400)degreesF. The catalyst bed is maintained at 370-550 (preferably 400-450)degreesF. The gas has hourly space velocity of 500-2000/hour. Preferred Property: An annular space defined by the outer region is 1-2 inches wide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is copper (Cu)/zinc (Zn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The molded part is made from an alloy containing at least 20 wt.% chromium and alloying additions of iron and further metallic components in an amount up to 40 wt.%.
ACTIVITY - Cardiant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given in source material.    EXAMPLE - The cardiac pacemakers were assembled as specified for use in cardiac pacing systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The fuel cell device further includes pull tab (106) for removing a portion of the sealed compartment, fuel cell activator having mechanism for breaking the first seal and exposing the MEA to air, and mechanism for breaking the second seal to allow flow of fuel to MEA. The barrier comprises a non-gas permeable substrate. The fuel comprises hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides, carbon nanotubes, hydrogen in gaseous form, or methanol released by reaction. The MEA has amount of water selected to provide optimum startup hydration for proper operation of the fuel cell device. The hydrated MEA has a membrane structure having water content of at least 20 wt.%. The fuel cell activator comprises a pull-tab for removing portion of the first seal, and puncture device for puncturing the second seal. The puncture device comprises a pin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxygen to carbon molar ratio is maintained at 0.5-2.3, steam to carbon molar ratio within 1.5-3 and pressure within the range of 1.5-3.0 bar-gauge. About 10 wt.% or less preferably 3-5 wt.% of hydrocarbon liquid is oxidized. The temperature range is based on a relationship between vaporizer outlet temperature and reformate hydrogen content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The neat fuel used in direct oxidation fuel cell is 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode comprises metal such as nickel, copper and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode comprises metal oxide chosen from nickel oxide, copper oxide and silver oxide. An electrolyte comprises conductive ceramic such as stabilized zirconium oxide and cerium oxide. The cathode consists of perovskite structured ceramic material comprises lanthanum strontium manganite, lanthanum calcium manganite, lanthanum strontium ferrite, lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite, lanthanum strontium manganese ferrite, praseodymium strontium manganite, and praseodymium strontium manganese ferrite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The MxOxNz nanoparticle includes a catalytic metal (Mcat). It includes a MO1-sNs, MO2-tNt, M2O3-uNu, M3O4-vNv, M2O5-w, TiO2-zN-z, or TiO2-zNz nanoparticle. It has an octahedrite crystal phase.s, t, u, v, w, z = 0.001-0.5;Mcat = palladium.Preferred Property: The MxOyNz nanoparticle has an optical absorption of 350-2000 nm. Preferred Definitions: (i)    z = 0.001-0.2;    (ii)    M = transition metals, metalloids, lanthanides, or actinides;    (iii)    M = titanium, zirconium, hafnium, silicon, or tin;    (iv)    Mcat = palladium, platinum, ruthenium, or rhodium    EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide nanoparticles prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide in water under deaerated conditions could vary in size between 3-11 nm and form a nearly transparent colloidal solution, which was stable for extended periods under refrigeration. Extended exposure to air at room temperature or controlled heating 50degreesC produced a mild agglomeration of the titanium oxide nanoparticles and resulted in the formation of a virtually opaque gel. Both the initial titanium oxide nanoparticle colloidal solution and the agglomerated gel solution were treated with an excess of triethylamine. The mixture was mixed with a Teflon coated magnetic stirrer in a closed glass container. A reaction was found to take place readily between the TiO2 nanoparticle colloidal solution and the triethylamine. Upon drying and exposure to a vacuum of 5x10-2 Torr for several hours, the treated initially transparent nanoparticle solution formed deep yellow crystallites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The modifying catalyst enables partial-oxidation modification and/or modification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The brittle material porous microparticle is formed by bake processing the brittle material ultrafine particle having average diameter of 0.1 mum.Preferred Method: The porous structure is formed in normal temperature environment, and aerosol is sprayed on the surface of the substrate, such that the aerosol collides with the aslant of the substrate. The brittle-material ultrafine particle is dispersed in solvent, or solvent and binder, and dried such that the particle sets in dense state. The formed microparticles have pores of mean particle diameter of 0.1-50 mum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal supported catalyst is contained in the shape of powder, pellet, granules, cloth, plate, and reticulate or honeycomb. The aromatic compound of liquid or gas is sprayed on the metal supported catalyst, and the aromatic compound is atomized or vaporized with the catalyst. Stirring is carried out in high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere, and hydrogen supply component is manufactured. The hydrogen supply component is used by hydrogen storage and supply system (1) which performs storage and supply of hydrogen using hydrogenation of hydrogen storage component consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon, and dehydrogenation of hydrogen supply component consisting of hydride of aromatic hydrocarbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic compound is 1-methyl naphthalene, or mixture of 1-methyl naphthalene and naphthalene, or mixture of 1-methyl naphthalene, naphthalene and benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, ethylbenzene and/or tetralin. The metal supported in the catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron. The support is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel, alumina and/or metal porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: 2,6-naphthalene diyl group and/or 2-naphthyl group has halogen group(s) as substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ligand (II) has structure of formula (A), and the ligand (I) is bidentate ligand, tridentate ligand, or tetra-dentate ligand:X1 = atom chosen from group of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen;Y1 = nitrogen;a = 2-7;b = 2-6;c = 0 or 1;Z1 = H, mercapto, or lower alkyl group; andd = 0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The indole derivative trimer has formula (1).R1-R24 = substituent chosen from H, 1-24C alkyl, 1-24C alkoxy, 2-24C acyl, aldehyde, carboxylic acid group, 2-24C carboxylate ester group, sulfonic acid group, 1-24C sulfonic acid ester group, cyano group, hydroxyl group, nitro group, amino group and halogen;Xa- = negative ion chosen from 1-trivalent negative ion group consisting of chloride ion, bromine ion, iodine ion, fluorine ion, nitride ion, sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfate ion, phosphate ion, tetrafluoro boric acid ion, perchlorate ion, thiocyanic acid ion, acetic acid ion, propionic acid ion, methane sulfonic acid ion, p-toluene sulfonic acid ion, trifluoroacetic acid ion, and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid ion; anda = 1-3 which is ionic valence of X;m = 0-3.Preferred Method: The damp powder of indole derivative trimer is obtained by solid-liquid separation from cleaning solvent of cleaning processing. The cleaning solvent is aprotic solvent, and the trimer is coupled by second and third position of indole derivative. The indole derivative trimer is manufactured by chemical oxidization of indole derivative. The indole derivative trimer is alternatively obtained from indole derivative of formula (3). The derivative is dropped into a reaction mixture containing oxidizing agent(s) and reaction solvent(s).R25-R28 = same as R1.Preferred Properties: The particle size of indole derivative trimer is 0.1-50 mum. The trimer has a layered structured having 0.1-0.6 nm of interlayer spacing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic-amine derivative is triphenyl diamine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains platinum, gold or carbon material (such as graphite, carbon tube or fullerene) or the catalyst layer contains a composite agent comprising carbon material, carbon fiber and resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The crystal size coarsening inhibitory substance is thiocyanic acid ion, the binder is cyanation material and the solvent is acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is chosen from platinum group, gold group and/or carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Products: The fluorine-based ion exchange membrane is produced by the method described above. A membrane electrode complex has the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane. A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell has the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The fibers are applied to the electrode and/or bipolar plate of the single fuel cell in the form of a paste or in a solvent. The fibers are produced by spinning a suitable powder bound with a binder and solvent, and driving off the solvent, or by melt spinning or solution spinning.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The foam-like foil is made from a contacting powder and/or contacting fibers with a binder produced by spinning a suitable powder or precursor material bound with a binder or solvent. The porosity of the foil is increased by adding pore formers during the production process and/or during joining.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact sections fixed to the contact electrodes are covers by a paste (25), preferably an adhesive. The electrical conductor is made from copper, tin, zinc or nickel and is preferably plated with a precious metal. The solar cells are covered on one side by a plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The casing is made from a bendable plastic, preferably polyester. The plate is made from a plastic, preferably polymethylmethacrylate. A filler, preferably made from a resin, is arranged between the plate and the solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quinoxaline derivative is of Formula I(a)-I(j) and I(k)-I(ag).Formula (II) is preferably of formula II(a)-II(m): Preferred Definitions:    R1 = optionally substituted phenylalkenyl, optionally substituted phenyl group (where at least one substituent is selected from F, Cl, Br, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups) or optionally substituted phenylalkynyl, preferably alkyl acetate or arylcarbonyl groups;    R2 = optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted pyridyl, preferably optionally substituted biphenylene, or optionally substituted bipyridylene;    R3 = aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, heteroalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, alkyl, heteroalkyl;    Q = hydrocarbon group with at least two points of attachment, selected from aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, alkylene, heteroalkylene, alkynylene, heteroalkynylene, single, multiple or fused ring (hetero)aromatic groups, arylamines, silanes, siloxanes or group of formula (IV(a)-IV(h));    EXAMPLE - An oven-dried flask was charged with 2,3-(bi-4-fluorophenyl)-6-bromoquinoxaline; para-tert-butystyrene; sodium carbonate; trans-di(mu-aceto)bis(o(di-o-tolyl-phosphino)benzyl)dipalladium (II); and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol and N,N-dimethylacetamide. The flask was sealed and the reaction mixture was heated, diluted, and filtered. The filtrate was washed. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage system has a compressor coupled to storage vessels structured to contain hydrogen. It has a storage vessel containing metal hydride coupled to the second system. The second system has a humidification module that receives hydrogen and oxidizer. The inventive apparatus has a water storage system coupled to the first and second systems. The electrical energy source has electrical converter coupled to an electrical load. The electrical load is comprised of a utility grid and electric storage devices. The first system is further comprised of a capacitive deionization (CDI) device. The second system is further comprised of a unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) device and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) device coupled to a proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME) device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system also comprises heater (36) for heating catalyst layer, heat application controller and varying mechanism, and mechanism for varying the application of heat to the catalyst layer and electroconductive support when measured polarization impedance differs from the reference value. The electroconductive support is tubular in shape. The catalyst extends portion(s) of the inner diameter of the tubular support. The first electrode is in contact with the electroconductive support. The second electrode and alternating current sensor are in contact with the catalyst layer at point opposite and across the tube from the first electrode. The electroconductive support is solid electrolytes, mixed conductive, or cermets. The electroconductive support is made of stabilized zirconia, stabilized bismuth oxide, yttria-stabilized bismuth oxide, niobium oxide stabilized bismuth oxide, sodium beta alumina, hydronium beta-alumina, Nafion, porous metal, cerium oxide-based solid solutions, calcium titanate solid solution, strontium titanate-based solid solution, lanthanum aluminate-based solid solution, or molybdenum silicide. The catalyst is metal or electrically conductive ceramic. The catalyst is made of platinum, palladium, or tin oxide-indium oxide mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The pressure of natural gas stream is 1-20 bars. The feed stream is heated to 1000-1800 K, and maintained at at least 1000 K for less than 100 milliseconds. The temperature of catalytic reactor is 300-1000 K.Preferred Compounds: The catalyst consists of nickel boride, metallic palladium, bimetallic catalyst or palladium with a group 1b metal. The olefin is ethylene.Preferred Method: Alternately, the natural gas is directly conveyed to the reactor, and then heated using electric power to form hydrogen and reactive products comprising acetylene portion. The natural gas is conveyed to a furnace where the hydrogen is burned and the natural gas is heated to form hydrogen and reactive products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Power Source: The electric power is produced using electrical arc, resistance heating plasma reactor, fuel cell or combined cycle gas turbine drive electrical generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is made of nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet, copper-YSZ cermet, nickel ceria, cermet and/or ceramics. The cathode is doped lanthanum manganate (LaMnO3), preferably strontium doped LaMnO3, tin doped indium oxide, perovskite, strontium doped praseodymium manganate (PrMnO3), ruthenium oxide-YSZ and/or lanthanum cobaltite. The interconnect structure comprises thin formed metal, stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, complex oxide of lanthanum and chromium (LaCrO3), complex oxide of cobalt and chromium (CoCr2O4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, and/or HA-230.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sacrificial material comprises salt, soluble material, polyurethane, paraffin or (low density foamed) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The substrate contains stainless steel, aluminum or titanium. The coating comprises noble metal(s) selected from rubidium, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, iridium, platinum and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The gas purification system further comprises a reactor heater, and a combustion catalyst in contact with the interior side of the conduit wall.A gap space of 0.05-1.0 inches exists between the reaction catalyst coating and the membrane.The space comprises a laminar flow disruptor, preferably selected from the group consisting of: packing, particulate, mesh wire, wool, granule, pellet and fluidized catalyst.The gas purification further comprises a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the heat conduit and/or membrane.The heat transfer element is a fin coated with a reaction catalyst.The fin has a gas communication aperture therethrough.The gas purification system further comprises a combustion catalyst on an exterior wall of a feed tube.The gas purification system further comprises a flow disruptor within the reactor selected from a dimple, a protrusion, packing, mesh wire, wool, granulate, pellet catalyst, fluidized catalyst, a baffle and a curved membrane.The heater has a sweep gas flowing through it.The gas purification system further comprises feed liquid compression means to convey the mixed gas flow through the portal into the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The membrane is hydrogen selective and the constituent gas is hydrogen.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst coating comprises a methanol reforming catalyst or an ammonia cracking catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst which promoter dehydrogenation of decalin mixture is supported by metal such as nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, iron, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of tin in tin compound is 0.001-0.5 times with respect to indium in indium compound.Preferred Process: The tin compound and indium compound in the transparent electrically conductive film formation liquid are decomposed by heating and the decomposed substance is deposited on substrate or intermediate film, by chemical thermal decomposition method such as pyrolysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a glass substrate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The indium compound is indium tris acetylacetonato. The tin compound is di-n-butyltin diacetate.    EXAMPLE - Indium tris acetylacetonato (0.2 mol) was dissolved in acetylacetone (1 l), and a yellow transparent solution was obtained. Di-n-butyltin diacetate was added to the obtained solution, to obtain a transparent electrically conductive film formation liquid (containing tin/indium of 5 mass%). The film formation liquid was applied on top surface of glass substrate, to obtain substrate with colorless and transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) film having thickness of 20 nm, by chemical thermal decomposition method. The obtained ITO film had favorable light transmittance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Silicon tetrachloride is initially supplied in excess, zinc mole fraction is then increased, and ratio of silicon tetrachloride is increased. Tantalum core or silicon core which supplies electricity to inside of the reactor, is installed. Space factor of reaction furnace interior is raised and reaction efficiency is improved by promoting precipitation of silicon on the core having temperature controlled to a value higher than that of furnace wall. EXAMPLE - Raw material zinc and silicon tetrachloride were continuously evaporated in separate evaporators, and were introduced to the reduction reactor by carrier gas. Silicon precipitated acicular and in the shape of flakes within the reduction reactor maintained at 900-1100degreesC of high temperature. The reactor, after reaction completion, was released, and washed with pure water. The acicular and flake-like silicon which produced, were dried, and supplied as silicon for solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The plasma is generated under electric field at discharge current of 0.5-50 A and voltage of more than 350 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Character Board: In (I), the transparent plastic board is polycarbonate board or acryl board. The light transmittance of (I) is 50% or less and more greater than 0%, preferably larger than 0% and it is 30% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Films: In (I), the metal films are to layer films of chromium (Cr) film (19) and gold film (21) or gold alloy film, or aluminum (Al) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The surface temperature of base material during plasma discharge processing, is set to 20-100 degreesC (preferably, 40-80 degreesC). The high-frequency voltage applied to the counter electrodes, is 150-200 kHz. The electric-power density applied to the counter electrodes, is 1.2-50 W/cm2. Preferred Composition: The thin-film formation gas contains reducing gas and organometallic compound of formula: R1xMR2yR3z, where R1 is alkyl group, R2 is alkoxy group, R3 is (beta)-diketone complex group, (beta)-ketocarboxylic acid ester complex group, (beta)-ketocarboxylic acid complex group or keto oxy complex group and M is metal chosen from indium, tin, zinc, zirconium, antimony and aluminum. When valence of metal is set to m, x+y+z is m, x is 0-m or 0-(m-1), and y and z are 0-m. The discharge gas contains helium, argon or nitrogen. Preferred Properties: The transparent electroconductive film has crystallinity degree of 1-85% and specific-resistance value of 1x10-3 OMEGAxcm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas phase reaction is performed in turning melting furnace in which a reactive gas and controlled atmosphere are flown such that spiral form is turned in reaction furnace interior. The reaction melting furnace-interior non-melted fine-crystal silicon or non-aggregated silicon is collected and melted in re-dissolution furnace (2) installed adjacent to the turning melting furnace lower portion. The melting silicon obtained from the re-dissolution furnace is clarified and subjected to gas removal in clarification furnace (3). The main material or linings of the turning melting furnace, re-dissolution furnace and clarification furnace contains quartz glass or magnesium oxide to prevent mixing of impurity from the furnace wall to the silicon during reaction, re-dissolution and clarification process. The controlled atmosphere of the furnaces is zinc chloride or mixed gas of zinc chloride and argon. The unreacted zinc and silicon tetrachloride or zinc chloride is cooled by reducing pressure in clarification furnace, liquefied and removed with cooler (4) installed after clarification furnace. The melting silicon in the clarification furnace is carried to containers such as melting pot and subjected to slow cooling to obtain a polycrystal or single crystal silicon. The zinc chloride, which was liquefied-separated from the reaction system is used as an electrolyte liquid and is decomposed into zinc and chlorine by molten salt electrolysis. The chlorine is reused as silicon tetrachloride by making to react with raw material metallic silicon and the zinc is circulated for reduction of silicon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The nitridation gas contains 5-50 volume% of ammonia gas and/or hydrogen gas, and 50-95 volume% of nitrogen gas. The gas contains floating particles of 1 mum or more, having concentration of 50 piece/liter or less. Preferred Composition: The total amount of metal impurities contained in silicon-nitride powder, is 10-100 mug/g. The total amount of phosphorus, boron and arsenic contained in silicon-nitride powder is 10 mug/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A pressure differential is formed between outer side and inner side of melting crucible so that silicon melt solution discharges from nozzle hole in linear shape.A predetermined pressure is applied on the upper surface of the silicon melt solution in the crucible.The crystal growth silicon spherule contains polycrystal or single crystal.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 pigments of formulae e.g.,(A-1), and (A-6) are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A gas-solid separation (2) tank of circulation gas is provided, and silicon is produced at reactor upper portion. Then the silicon granule accompanied with circulation gas is separated and returned to the reactor. The zinc chloride byproduct containing unreacted zinc and/or silicon tetrachloride is extracted followed by cooling-liquefying separation from reaction system so that the inner side system pressure is set at 5 or less atmospheric pressure. The zinc chloride in which liquefying separation is performed from the reaction system, is used as an electrolyte liquid. Molten salt electrolysis decomposes into chlorine and zinc. The chlorine is reacted with a raw material metallic silicon, and reused as silicon tetrachloride and circulated for reduction of silicon tetrachloride. The silicon coating is performed to the inner face of the reactor and/or circulation gas type-product extracting type equipment, by chemical vapor deposition.Preferred Reactor: The reactor is fluidized bed type (1) which moves the reaction furnace interior seed crystal by circulation gas or heat-tracing-type rotatory kiln or fixing floor type which does not move the reaction furnace interior seed crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The length of (A-R)- is longer than the length of -((CH2)alpha-B). (A-R)-bonds with the portion over which highest occupied molecular orbital of pigment molecule is distributed. -((CH2)alpha-B) bonds with the portion over which lowest occupied molecular orbital of pigment molecule is distributed. The sensitizing dye has at least one basic heterocyclic ring and at least one acidic heterocyclic ring. (A-R)- is bonded with the basic heterocyclic ring and -((CH2)alpha-B) is bonded with the acidic heterocyclic ring. The sensitizing dye has a methine group or polymethine structure. The sensitizing dye has an aromatic ring having at least one electron withdrawing group and an aromatic ring having at least one electron donor group. (A-R)- is bonded to the aromatic ring having electron donor group and -((CH2)alpha-B) is bonded with aromatic ring having electron withdrawing group. Preferably the sensitizing dye is an azo derivative of formula (II).A,B = interlock group;D = aromatic ring;z = 3 or more. Preferred Definitions:    interlock group = hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, sulfone group, phosphono group or mercapto group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material is made from ceramics.Preferred Filler: The filler is a metal oxide, preferably a silicon oxide. The filler has a mean particle diameter of 0.01-0.3 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The ionic conduction substance is sulfonated polyether ketone resin, sulfonated polyether sulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide resin, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polyamide resin, sulfonated epoxy resin and sulfonated polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton dissociative group is chosen from -OH, -OSO3H, -COOH, -SO3H, -OPO(OH)2 and -C6H4-SO3H. The proton dissociative group and an electron withdrawing group are introduced onto the cluster. The electron withdrawing group is nitro, carbonyl, carboxyl, nitrile, halogenated alkyl or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton conductor comprises the cluster derivative and a polymeric material. The polymeric material is at least one type chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The transparent support sheet is a lucite sheet containing polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyurethane or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wire: The lead wire contains carbon material and/or metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cryogenic liquid is nitrogen or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An underlayer (2) includes a buffer layer (3) of GaeAl1-eN and a high temperature grown layer (4) of undoped gallium nitride (GaN) or GaN doped with an n-type impurity. The p-type nitride semiconductor layers include a contact layer of AlfGa1-fN.e, f = 0-1.Preferred Property: The active layer has luminescence wavelength of at most380 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The substrate includes silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au) or platinum (Pt), and tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr) or nickel (Ni).Preferred Component: The device comprises a coating layer containing a phosphor substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a composite of metal and ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The intermediate layer has a thickness of 30-100 nm.Preferred Parameter: The rate of formation of the metal layer before increasing the formation rate is set at 0.5-4 nm/s. The rate of formation of the metal layer is increased to a point in time when the metal layer is formed to a thickness of 1-100 nm on the intermediate layer. The rate of formation of the metal oxide layer before increasing the formation rate is 0.05-3 nm/s. The rate of formation of the metal oxide layer is increased at a point in time when the metal oxide layer is formed to a thickness of 5-50 nm on the metal layer.Preferred Process: The method further comprises forming a metal oxide layer (101-4) on the metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Ambient air or pure oxygen or ambient air enriched with oxygen is used as the oxidant. Waste heat is used to pre-heat the oxidant and/or the hydrocarbon fuel. The step of reacting the fuel with the oxidant is carried out at a pressure of 0.3-20 bar. The fuel is a hydrocarbon or alcohol. Carbon monoxide (CO) produced when the fuel is reacted with the oxidant is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) in a further step using a catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The mixing unit has one or more openings for mixing the fuel. The mixing unit has a fuel injection valve for dosing fuel. The valve is a low pressure fuel injection valve operating at pressures of 20-150 bar. The tempered material stream flows through the receiving unit. The mixing unit is thermally insulated using an insulating body (6). The receiving unit consists of a housing (4), through which the material stream flows, and a housing upper part (5). The housing upper part is insulated from the housing by a gap (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the water vapor in the gaseous feed is greater than 50 vol.% based on the total volume of the gaseous feed. The concentration of the oxidizable component is less than the minimum concentration necessary to render the gaseous feed potentially explosive at the effective temperature. It is also less than the lower flammability limit of the oxidizable component. It is also effective to mitigate or prevent deteriorative oxidation of the anode. Preferred Component: The anode comprises nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizable component can be hydrogen, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, organic acids, ammonia, hydrazine or hydrocarbons. It can also be methanol. The concentration of methanol in the aqueous solution is less than 2.4 wt.% based on the total weight of the aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: An aqueous mixture of water and/or oxidizable component is evaporated to produce the gaseous feed. The effective temperature is 400degreesC. A second gaseous stream is flown through the second passage. It includes oxygen, while contemporaneously flowing the first gaseous stream through the first passage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: A nickel or nickel alloy layer (4) is provided between the outer surface of the clad layer and the diffusion layer. A zinc layer is provided as bonding layer (5) between the outer surface of the clad layer and the layer comprising nickel. The core sheet is made of aluminum alloy, preferably aluminum alloy consisting of AA3xxx, AA5xxx or AA6xxx-series aluminum alloys. The clad layer and all layers exterior to it form a metal filler for a brazing operation.Preferred Dimensions: The nickel or nickel alloy layer has a thickness of at most 0.4 microns. The diffusion layer has a thickness of 0.2-0.6 microns. The bonding layer has a thickness of not more than 0.5, preferably 0.01-0.15 microns. The aluminum base substrate is made of AA4000-series aluminum alloy. The other component comprises a material consisting of steel, aluminized steel, stainless steel, plated or coated steel, plated or coated stainless steel, bronze, brass, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, or plated or coated titanium.Preferred Compositions: The metal filler has mol. ratio of nickel:tin of 10:(0.5-9), preferably 10:(0.5-6). The metal filler has a composition comprising (wt.%): 5-14 silicon, 0.03-8 nickel, at most 0.3 bismuth, at most 0.3 antimony, 0.01-7 tin, at most 0.3 zinc, at most 5 magnesium, balance aluminum and removable impurities.Preferred Method: The metal layer comprising nickel or nickel alloy is applied using plating method, preferably electrolytic plating method. It may also be applied using thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. The diffusion annealing treatment is carried out in a protective atmosphere at 230-350 degreesC for a soaking time of 1-600, preferably 1-300 seconds. The components are joined by a brazing operation in an inert atmosphere in the absence of brazing flux material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: The mol-ratio of nickel:tin (Ni:Sn) is 10:(0.5-6). The metal filler has a composition comprising (wt.%): silicon (5-12), Ni (0.03-8), bismuth (at most 0.3), antimony (at most 0.3), Sn (0.01-7), zinc (at most 0.3), magnesium (at most 5), balance aluminum, and inevitable impurities. The aqueous plating bath further comprises 0.2-2 M/l pyrophosphate as complexing agent. The pyrophosphate is present at 65-650, preferably 100-350 g/l. Preferred Components: The Ni:Sn alloy layer is a plated layer. It is lead free. A zinc layer is provided as bonding layer between the outer surface of the aluminum silicon alloy clad layer and the Ni:Sn alloy layer. The core sheet is made of aluminum alloy, preferably aluminum alloy consisting of AA3xxx, AA5xxx or AA6xxx-series aluminum alloys. The other component comprises a material consisting of steel, aluminized steel, stainless steel, plated or coated steel, plated or coated stainless steel, bronze, brass, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, or plated or coated titanium. Preferred Method: The Ni:Sn alloy layer is applied by dipping, thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition, or physical vapor deposition. The components are joined by a brazing operation in an inert atmosphere in the absence of brazing flux material. Preferred Dimensions: The Ni:Sn alloy layer has a thickness of at most 2.0, preferably 0.1-0.8 mum. The bonding layer has a thickness of at most 0.5, preferably at most 0.3 mum. The aqueous plating bath further comprises a further complexing agent in the form of alpha-amino acid, preferably in the form of amino acetic acid. Preferred Properties: The aqueous plating bath has a pH of 6.5-9.0, preferably 7.5-8.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Packing Material: The packing material is chosen from magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina, zirconia and their mixtures.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chosen from noble metal components, group VIII and metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A heat exchange zone (7, 8) is located next to the reaction chamber. The periodic interruption is controlled by a flow controller comprising a measuring mechanism and an oxygen flow control mechanism to the reaction chamber in response to a signal received from the measuring mechanism. The measuring mechanism includes carbon monoxide level sensing element (9) and a temperature sensing element. The temperature sensing element signals the oxygen flow control mechanism and stops the flow of oxygen upon sensing a reduction in temperature below a predetermined level, or upon sensing an increase in carbon monoxide concentration above a predetermined level. The flow controller comprises a valve.The apparatus further includes a second reaction chamber containing a catalyst for promoting oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The outlet from the primary reaction chamber connects to a line that connects to an inlet of the second reaction chamber. The second reaction chamber also includes an inlet for an oxygen-rich stream to pass into the second reaction chamber, and an oxygen interrupting mechanism.Preferred Condition: The periodic interruption of the flow of the oxygen-containing stream is at preset intervals of time for desired periods of time, or for a sufficient period to result in reduced levels of carbon monoxide flowing out of the chamber and reduced levels of buildup of CO within the chamber. The fuel stream and the oxygen-rich stream are supplied to the reaction chamber through a single or separate supply line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises ruthenium metal dispersed on an alumina carrier. It has a bulk density of 0.2-0.4 g/cc, and a portion of the alumina carrier has an average pore size of 800-1500 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: A structures metallic layer is electrodeposited on the low emissivity surface. The electrodepositing comprises immersing the substrate and an anode into a deposition solution, and depositing the structures metallic layer by applying a positive direct current (DC) between the anode and the substrate. The deposition solution is held at 5-50degreesC during deposition. A sol-gel precursor overcoating is applied by dip-coating the substrate.Preferred Parameter: The DC is 10-100 amperes/ft2 of deposition area, or 100-1000 Coulombs/ft2 of deposition area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The deposition solution comprises nickel chloride and tin chloride to allow deposition of a desired nickel-tin alloy. It further comprises NH4HF2. The pH of the deposition solution is adjusted by adding ammonium hydroxide. The anode comprises nickel.Preferred Property: The deposition solution has a pH of 6-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The thickness of the oxidizing layer formed on the alloy surface layer portion having oxygen concentration of 1 mass% or more, is 0.001-0.03 mum. The hydrogen occlusion alloy contains 10 atomic% or less of manganese, iron, molybdenum, nickel, aluminum and/or cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline earth metal oxide is by produced when alkali metal salt of meta boric acid, alkaline earth metal hydride, or alkaline earth metal is hydrogenated by hydrogen. Hydrogen is reacted with the halogen obtained by electrolyzation, and a hydrohalide is produced. The meta sodium borate is dehydrated after the reaction of borax and aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and heat-dried. The residue produced after the conversion of alkali metal boron hydride into hydrogen generating agent, is dehydrated and heat-dried. The alkali metal salt of meta boric acid contained in the fuel cell is recovered. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Alkali metal boron hydride is sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride. The alkaline earth metal is magnesium or calcium. The alkali metal salt of meta boric acid is meta sodium borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic conductive material further comprises an organic compound. The organic compound is a polymer and/or an organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    M = lithium; and    X = nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber nonwoven fabric comprises 90 mass% or more of polyacrylonitrile group short fiber and polyacrylonitrile group fire resistance short fiber.The carbon fiber nonwoven fabric comprises 5 mass% or less of binder.The binder excludes high molecular organic compound.Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the polyacrylonitrile group short fiber has a fiber diameter of 5 microns or less.The fiber length of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is 15 mm or less.The average pore size of the nonwoven fabric is 50-500 microns.The hydraulic pressure of pillared high-pressure water is 0.5-10 MPa.The pore size of a nozzle which generates the pillared high-pressure water is 0.05-0.15 mm and the width of contiguity hole of the nozzle is 0.3-3 mm.The number of nozzles which generate the high-pressure water is 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The tubes extend out from the interconnect through a hot zone thermal insulation surrounding the stack, enabling ends of the tubes to remain near ambient temperature to allow connection of reactant supplies through metallic or polymer tubing. A porous bed of reforming agent may be incorporated in the interconnect tubes carrying fuel gases.Preferred Parameter: The tube ends are available at the ambient temperature with the hot zone for connecting electrical leads for removal of power from the cells and/or stack.Preferred Method: Individual cells that have failed may be electrically shorted out to allow continuous operation of the stack. The reactant supply streams to failed cells may be terminated by constriction of the reactant supply tubing. The reactant supply stream may be adjusted to optimize the electrical characteristics of each individual cell comprising the stack. Uniform reactant distribution across the faces of the cells is achieved by incorporating a fugitive mesh in the electrically conductive compliant cement used to join cell to interconnect.Preferred Property: The interconnect sheet material can withstand stack operating conditions to 850degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The partial gas stream free from carbon dioxide leaving the methanizing stage is fed back to the carbon dioxide adsorption unit and mixed with the carbon dioxide removed. The carbon dioxide adsorption unit is connected to the fuel cell on the anode inlet side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cathode enzyme comprises four copper ions per functional unit. It also comprises a laccase, ascorbate oxidase, a ceruloplasmin, or a bilirubin oxidase. The anode enzyme comprises an oxidase or a dehydrogenase of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. An additional enzyme is provided for breaking down a carbohydrate into a sugar, an alcohol, or a carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode is sufficient for electro-reduction of oxygen. The anode is sufficient for electro-oxidation of a sugar, an alcohol, or a carboxylic acid in a biological system. It is also sufficient for electro-oxidation of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate.Preferred Property: The fuel cell operates at greater than or equal to 0.52 V, and produces 0.1-10 mA/cm 2. It has a footprint of less than or equal to 3 mm 2, and volume of less than or equal to 1 mm 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An anode redox polymer is disposed on the anode. A cathode redox polymer is disposed on the cathode. The cathode or anode enzyme is immobilized via a redox polymer comprising an osmium-complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrochemical cell comprises a urethane spring disposed adjacent to the flow field support, to urge the flow field support against the membrane electrode assembly to maintain the flow field support and the membrane electrode assembly, in a compressive relationship; tabs (126) disposed at peripheral edges of the membrane electrode assembly and the flow field support, the tabs being engageable with holes (128) disposed in a side plate (122) to maintain the membrane electrode assembly and the flow field support in alignment; and a heater disposed at the flow field support adjacent to the membrane electrode assembly. The heater is an electrically resistive component. The membrane electrode assembly comprises a proton exchange membrane; a first electrode disposed at a first active area of the proton exchange membrane; and a second electrode disposed at a second active area of the proton exchange membrane. Preferred Parameter: Each of the temperature differentials is effected by the length to width ratio of the active areas being at least4-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The window layer comprises material selected from copper iodide (CuI), copper bromide (CuBr), copper cyanide (CuCN), copper sulfur cyanide (CuSCN), zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc tin dioxide (ZnSnO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The porous conductive sheet material is paper or cloth made from woven or non-woven carbon fiber. A microporous layer coating of carbon particles and a hydrophobic binder are included. The binder is unhydrolyzed perfluoro ionomer resin or polyvinylidene difluoride. The partially fluorinated polymer comprises fluorinated alkyl side chains with a length of 4-20C. It comprises at least60% of a fluorinated acrylate, methacrylate or urethane monomer. It is applied by dipping, spraying or padding. The fluorinated alkyl side chains are of structure CF3-(CF2)n-X-. A fluorinated solid polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer(s) in ionic conductive contact with the membrane are included. The fluorinated solid polymer electrolyte membrane is a per fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer membrane. It is also a reinforced per fluorinated ion exchange membrane from expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene with an ion exchange polymer. The ion exchange polymer is a per fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer. The two catalyst layers comprise a noble metal catalyst and an ionomeric resin binder.n = 3-17;X = bridging group, preferably -(CH2)p-, or -SO2-NR-;p = 1-6;R = CH3-, or CH3-CH2. EXAMPLE - Carbon cloth, Zoltek, was treated with a fluorinated polymeric surface treating agent in a pad-bath applicator, which passes the fabric through an aqueous bath, and through squeeze rolls to give uniform treatment. Isopropanol (10 wt.%) was used to improve wetting. 77% Wet pick-up was obtained. Thus, with 3.3 wt.% of a bath of Zonyl 7040, 2000 ppm fluorine on the fabric was obtained. After treatment, the fabrics were dried (and cured) for 2 minutes at 300degreesF in a forced air oven for forming a GDB (13). The GDB repelled water and isopropanol. The conductivity was measured to be 71.9+/-2.3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nanohorn having structural defect is produced by bake-processing carbon nanohorn in an oxidizing atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon is carried out at 550-1200degreesC. Carbon generated during the thermal decomposition is allowed to precipitate on the surface of carbon nanohorn, and hydrogen is produced continuously. EXAMPLE - A carbon material was irradiated with a laser, and a carbon nanohorn without any structural defect (1) was produced. The carbon nanohorn was formed into a aggregate, and diameter of each carbon nanohorn was 1.5-3 nm. The aggregate was bake-processed at 400-600degreesC for 10-60 minutes in an oxidizing atmosphere, and carbon nanohorn having a structural defect was obtained. Carbon nanohorn (20 mg) and quartz sand (1 g) having particle size of 0.3-0.5 mum were mixed, and packed to a reaction tube. A catalyst layer was formed, and a silica wool was packed at both ends of catalyst layer. The reaction tube was loaded into an electrical furnace, and the catalyst was kept from moving during reaction. A mixed gas of methane and nitrogen was thermally decomposed at 900degreesC, and the pressure was 0.1 MPa. The volume ratio of methane and nitrogen was 4:96. The gas produced from the reaction tube was analyzed, and the gas was found to contain methane, nitrogen and hydrogen. Hydrogen was produced, and the conversion ratio was improved due to the increase in number of unpaired electron (109) of carbon nanohorn by bake-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Alternatively, the hydrogen storage material contains hydrogen occlusion alloy powder and a hydride or magnesium powder, mutually joined in the mixed state. The hydrogen occlusion alloy is chosen from(1) rare earth-containing hydrogen occlusion alloy having hexagonal crystals containing rare earth elements, and nickel or cobalt in the atomic ratio of 1:5;(2) Laves-phase containing hydrogen occlusion alloy having Laves-phase containing transition metal, and titanium and/or zirconium in the atomic ratio of 1.5-2:1;(3) vanadium-containing hydrogen occlusion alloy comprising bcc phase as main phase;(4) titanium-iron phase;(5) titanium-cobalt phase; and(6) calcium-nickel (CaNi5) phase.The hydride is a compound having formula, AxByHz, where A is alkali or alkaline earth metal, B is boron or aluminum, H is hydrogen, x is 0-10, y is 0-20 and z is 1-30, provided that x and y are not simultaneously zero.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The shift reaction of the high temperature transformation process is carried out using catalyst containing sulfur. The catalyst contains iron, chromium and/or copper. After the desulfurization process, low temperature transformation process is carried out by performing shift reaction of carbon monoxide of the gas, at 160-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon structure has interlayer distance between each pyramid of 0.34 nm or more. The carbon structure having novel structure, has peak intensity larger than the peak intensity of the carbon structure having usual interlayer structure, when measured in powder X-ray diffraction apparatus.Preferred Method: The carbon structure is obtained by pulverizing an organic substance to a size of 1 mm or less, heating the substance preliminarily at 1000degreesC and then heating at high temperature of 2200degreesC. Preliminary heating and heating at high temperature, are both performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic substance is plant body such as kenaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): A halide of formula CH3-A-X (2) and 4,4'-biphenol (3), are reacted. The obtained phenol derivative of formula CH3-A-O-(p-C6H4)-(p-C6H4)-OH (4) and a halogenated sulfonate of formula X-B-SO2-OM (5) are reacted, to obtain a sulfonate of formula CH3-A-O-(p-C6H4)-(p-C6H4)-O-B-SO2-OM (6). The obtained sulfonate is reacted with an acid, to obtain the sulfonic-acid-type liquid-crystal of formula (1).A, B = as mentioned above;X = halogen atom; andM = alkali-metal atom. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 specific sulfonic-acid-type liquid crystal materials are disclosed. E.g. 3-(6-(heptyloxy) biphenyl oxy) propyl sulfonic acid, and 4-(6-(heptyloxy) biphenyl oxy) butyl sulfonic acid.    EXAMPLE - 1,8-diazabicyclo (5, 4, 0)-7-undecene (in g) (1.22), 4-decyloxy phenylphenol, and 3-bromo propane sodium sulfonate (1.8), were dissolved in dimethylformamide (25 ml). The contents were stirred at 60degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere for 48 hours. After reaction completion, the solvent was concentrated. The precipitate was washed with distilled water, filtered after stirring for 24 hours, and again filter. Subsequently, 3-(6-(decyloxy) biphenyl oxy) propyl sulfonic acid (0.18) was obtained after vacuum-drying. The obtained compound had excellent proton transportation ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition catalyst used for carbonyl sulfide comprises alumina, activated carbon, silica, titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The desulfurization adsorption agent comprises zeolite type absorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The high molecular compound is cellulose ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a conductive resin, especially cyanoethyl compound such as cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl sucrose and cyanoethyl pullulan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: 0.005-0.09 mol/L of a strong acid and 0.1-1 mol/L of a water-soluble carboxylic acid are used as acid catalyst and as an additive, respectively in the dehydrating step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is zirconia, titania, alumina or silica. The rare earth compound is a cerium-salt or gadolinium-salt. The precious metal is rhodium or ruthenium. The steam to carbon ratio is 1-10, preferably 2-5. The ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon in the feed and the oxygen required by stoichiometry is 0.5-1. The ratio of steam to hydrocarbon in the feed and the steam required by stoichiometry is 1-10, preferably 2-5.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.1-30, preferably 0.5-15 wt.% precious metal. The oxygen containing gas is air or enriched air such that the oxygen is 20-80 vol.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The support material is in the form of monoliths or other structure support packing, e.g. ceramic honeycomb bodies stacks of juxtaposed metallic plate-type catalysts having the catalytic material coated on the surfaces of the metallic plates for fixed bed applications.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon containing 1-10C atoms is derived from the classification paraffin, olefins, napthenes and aromatics or their isomers. It can be methane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane or their isomers, natural gas, naphthas, liquefied petroleum gas, isomerates, platformates or other blending components of the gasoline pool giving research octane number of 85-100.Preferred Process: The temperature is 200-700, preferably 450-600degreesC and the pressure is 1-20, preferably 1.5-8 bar. The gas hourly space velocity is 20000-200000/hour. The catalytic generation of hydrogen takes place at lower than 700degreesC after vaporizing a gasoline followed by a preferential oxidating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The unit for post treating the raffinate gas is a catalytic burner. A unit (24) for selectively connecting the compressed air source to the burner is also provided. The unit for selectively connecting the inlets of the membrane modules on the reformate side with a reformate gas source and/or compressed air source is formed by a three-way valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The inert gas is nitrogen and the fuel is hydrogen. The mixture contains less than 5.7 vol.% or mol.% hydrogen in nitrogen. The process is carried out in an environment with a normal air atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The mixing unit is a fuel injection valve, preferably a low pressure fuel injection valve operating with fuel pressures of up to 10 bar. The insulating body is made from a ceramic material and consists of several parts. The element containing the tempered material stream is a tubular transport line (10). The insulating body is held by an annular clamp (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The hydrocarbon chains of the emulsion are cracked into shorter chains in an electrochemical stage (16) and a thermo-catalytic process stage (3). Sulfur and/or hydrogen sulfide are removed from the emulsion in a catalytic stage (2). The emulsion starting products (8, 9) fuel and water (dirty water) are directly fed in front of an ultrasound oscillator (5). The emulsion process is continuously carried out. The reaction vessel (1) is light-permeable on at least two opposite-lying sides so that the emulsion process can be monitored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components:the amidinium group is an optionally substituted 5,6, or 7-ring compound or a combination of these. The units are selected from:optionally substituted imidazolinium, tetrahydropyrimidium, and tetrahydro-1,3-diazepinium groups and their combinations, are located in the polymer main chain and are linked to it via C- and N- atoms of the units (sic). The cationic polymer has a structural unit of formula (I) where:n = 2, 3, or 4,R2 = (CH2)m, CH=CH-CH2-, -CH=CH-CH2-CH2-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CH=CH-, or one or more alkyl or divalent polyethers of formula -(CH2)k-(O-(CH2)k)p-m = greater than 0 and less than 22,k = greater than 0 and less than 22,p = greater than 0 and less than 100The cyclic non-aromatic units are located in the polymer side chains, which have the structures (II): to (VI):u = 2, 3, or 4,R4 = (CH2)r,r = greater than 0 and less than 22,s = greater than 0 and less than 22,t = greater than 0 and less than 100, and CO-Y-(CH2)u,Y = O, NH,u = greater than 1 and less than 23,R5 = H, VIb: and can be the same or different inside a unit,R6 = optionally branched 1-18C alkyl and can be the same or different inside a unit,R7 = H or R6.The polymer contains a counter ion selected from: halide, phosphate, halophosphates, alkyl phosphates, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, alkyl and aryl sulfates, sulfonate, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, perfluorinated alkyl and aryl sulfonates, perchlorate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoro borate, alkyl borates, tosylate, saccharinate, alkyl carboxylates, bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide anions and mixtures of these. The counter ion is iodide. The polymer contains counter ions suitable for production of liquid crystal states. EXAMPLE - No specific examples given.
More Specifically:    R1-R24 = H, halo, SH, NH2, NO2, CN, COOH, OH or optionally substituted Alkyl, Aryl, O-Alkyl, O-Aryl, S-Alkyl, S-Aryl, NH-Alkyl, NH-Aryl, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amine, sulfonic acid ester, sulfonic acid amide, carbonyl, silyl or silyloxy;    M = Zn, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ti Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Th, U, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb or Bi.    EXAMPLE - A photoelectric conversion device containing a compound of formula (II; R1, R4, R10, R13 = 4-carboxyphenyl; M = Zn the rest = H) converted 11.1% of sunlight (100 mW/cm2) to electricity compared to 0.08% for a device containing a compound corresponding to (II; R1-R18 = H; M = Zn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Polymer comprises monomers containing a group of formula (i)-(v).X = heteroatom or divalent group containing a heteroatom, preferably S, O or SiRR1;A-G = aromatic rings optionally substituted by Alk, OAlk, SAlk, Ar, OAr, SAr, AlkAr, OAlkAr, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, halo, acyl, acyloxy, imino, amido, imido, heterocyclyl, CN or optionally substituted amino, silyl or carboxy;Alk = alkyl,Ar = aryl;R, R1 = H, halo, OH, Alk, OAlk, SAlk, Ar, OAr, SAr, AlkAr, OAlkAr, SAlkAr substituted amino or heterocylyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer comprises material consisting of electrically insulating polyimide, Upilex polyphenylene benzo bis oxazole, polyether ketone, or metallic foils coated with these polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive layer comprises material consisting of molybdenum, transparent conductive oxide, brass, titanium, nickel, or nickel-vanadium. The p-type absorber layer comprises a first material consisting of copper, copper-silver, or silver; second material consisting of indium, indium-gallium, indium-aluminum, or aluminum; and a third material consisting of selenide, selenide-sulfur, or sulfur. The n-type window layer comprises material consisting of cadmium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc-sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc-indium selenide, or indium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: The first, second, and third removing steps comprise chemical etching, laser etching, mechanical etching, or electronic etching. Applying the electrical insulator comprises inkjet deposition, bubble jet deposition, or screen printing. Applying the opaque layer comprises physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, evaporation, or chemical bath deposition.Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator comprises material consisting of resistive ink, dielectric, pottant, or encapsulant. The translucent conductor layer comprises metallic grid, conductive oxide, preferably indium tin oxide.Preferred Components: The mechanism for generating current comprises one-way path for the current in reverse bias to the direction when the apparatus is not generating electric current. It further comprises a flexible thin-film device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aromatic polysulfone- base polymer comprises 1-4 mmol/g of haloalkyl group. The anion exchange membrane has a film thickness of 0.1-50 micrometers. The polyamine has a formula: (R1)2N-(CH2)t-N(R2)2.R1, R2 = H, 1-5C alkyl or 1-5C hydroxyalkyl; andt = 1- 5. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-diphenol (in mols) (0.36) and 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (0.396) were reacted. A precursor (0.36) containing a unit of aromatic polysulfone was synthesized. The precursor, 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (0.324) and sodium sulfide (0.378), were reacted. Aromatic polysulfone-polythioether sulfone copolymer (220) of formula (4) was obtained.    The copolymer had an intrinsic viscosity of 0.55 dl/g. The copolymer (75 g) was dissolved in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1020 ml), chloromethyl methyl-ether (400 g) and anhydrous tin chloride were added. Chloromethylation was reacted for 4 hours at 110 degrees C. A reaction product was settled and was washed. 85 g of chloromethylated copolymer was obtained with 2.56 mmol/g of chloromethyl group. The chloromethylated copolymer (50) was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (300 ml) and then dropped to trimethyl amine (1 mol/l). The solution was stirred and 2-methoxy ethanol (10 g) was added. The solution had a ratio of chloromethyl group of 29.5 mol%. Cast filming was performed at 60 degrees C for 2 hours and a cast film of 15 micrometers thickness was obtained. The film had a sheet resistivity of 0.08 OMEGA.cm2 in 0.5 mol/l sulfuric acid at 25 degrees C, and was made into porous with a porosity of 80% and a film thickness of 140 mum. A multilayered film was prepared using the porous film. The multilayered film obtained had a specific resistance of 400 OMEGA.cm. The film performed recovery of acid in diffusion dialysis and recovery of sulfuric acid by electrodialysis, favorably, and had favorable durability in hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution and peroxovanadic-acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The terrestrial object is covered with the transmitting material only at intervals during which the object is not in direct sunlight. The thermal energy transmitting material is disposed within a pressure cell having a pressure less than ambient pressure.Preferred Property: The material has a normal spectral emissivity of 0.8-1 and an absorptivity of 0.3-0. The spectral band is 8-13 microns, 3-4 microns or 0.7-2.7 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material comprises a suspension of a spectral substance in a polymeric base. The material comprises a coating that reflects incoming thermal infrared electromagnetic energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spectral substance is carbon black acetylene soot, camphor soot, zinc sulfide, silver chloride, potassium chloride or zinc selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The starter burner is a pore burner. The starting materials are selected from water, an oxygen-containing medium and a hydrocarbon-containing compound. The fuel used in the starter burner is the same hydrocarbon-containing compound. At least a part of the starting material water is vaporized in the conditioning devices and a part of the oxygen-containing medium is heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water adsorbent particles are silica or alumina, preferably zeolite. The hydrogen oxidation catalyst is platinum, gold, palladium, rhodium, iridium and/or ruthenium, preferably platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The membrane film consists of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polysulfone, perfluorocarbonic acid or styrene-divinylbenzene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Definitions:Ar 1=optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted pyridyl, or optionally substituted bipyridyl;N(R 1) 2=carbazoles, bezodiazoles, or benzotriazoles;andR 1=1-12C alkyl, phenyl or benzyl. EXAMPLE - Under nitrogen, to a mixture of (1a), (1b), zinc, nitrogen dichloride, and bipyridine, was added with dimethylfluoride. The resulting mixture was heated, cooled, and diluted. After filtration, the solid was washed and the combined organic layer was washed. The solution was concentrated and the precipitated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The inert atmosphere is saturated with at least20 (preferably at least50)% zinc oxide vapor. The inert gas contains 0.5-10 mole% hydrogen gas. Preferred Parameters: The annealing temperature is 535-565degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The input pressure of the gas stream and/or the starting pressure of the retentate (8) is reduced and/or compressed at the height of the pressure loss on the retentate side (12) of the membrane separation device. The volume stream of the permeate (9) and/or the concentration of the enriched gas component is controlled by reducing the pressure level on the permeate side. The pressure difference between the gas stream and the retentate does not exceed 1, preferably 0.2-0.5 bar and the pressure difference is controlled by the concentration of the component to be enriched in the permeate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The conveying device maintains the conductive substrate and the conductive portion of the film-deposition suppression mechanism at the same potential. The film-deposition suppression mechanism comprises magnets that attract the substrate, foot members for supporting the conductive portion of the film-deposition suppression mechanism, first members disposed closer to a shorter-direction edge of the substrate, and second member disposed to block a gap between adjacent first members. A portion of the second member close to the shorter-direction edge of the substrate is conductive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrocatalytic layer further comprises particulates of conductive material. It contains 5-60 (preferably 20-50) wt.% refractory oxide. The refractory oxide is predominantly mixed with the ionomer or the catalytic material. The catalytic material is predominantly supported by the electrically conductive material, or not supported by the electrically conductive materials. The refractory oxide enhances the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell that provides continuously available power of 1 mW to 50 W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic material is made at least in part of platinum. It comprises platinum and ruthenium. Preferred Component: The refractory oxide is silica (preferably), ceria, yttria, zirconia, titania, and/or rare earth oxides. It is preferably silica, ceria, yttria, titania, or rare earth oxide. The electrical conductor is carbon. The refractory oxide is 50-150 wt.% relative to the weight of the catalytic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ionomer is a proton-conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Component (E) is 1-20 parts by wt. of (A). The reinforcing layer comprises aramid fibers. Components (C) and (D) are in wt. ratio (C)/(D) of 1/0.5 - 1/2.n Component (C) is 0.1-10 parts by wt. of (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cathode capillarity material and anode capillarity material are selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, non-woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure material is selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, polyvinyl alcohol foam, non-woven felts of polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, cellulose, polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The wicking structure is made of material selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, nonwoven felts of polyamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile. The polyurethane foam is felted, reticulated polyurethane foam. The polyamide is nylon and the polyester is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pressure Medium: The pressure medium contains sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr), calcium fluoride (CaF2), strontium fluoride (SrF2), graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, ammonia, hydrazine, methylamine, melamine, talc, pyrophyllite, molybdenum disulfide, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, merylinite clay, bentonite clay, sodium silicate, boric oxide (B2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and/or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or their compounds, argon, helium, and/or nitrogen, lithium oxide (Li2O), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide (BaO), boron oxide (B2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), gallium oxide (Ga2O3), indium oxide (In2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), germanium oxide (GeO2), tin oxide (SnOx), lead oxide (PbOx), phosphate glass, fluoride glass and/or nitride glass, or their compounds, and/or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layers: The layers contain two layers of pure aluminum and one layer of pure nickel, or contain two layers of pure aluminum and one layer of pure titanium.The lamina(e) comprises metals such as aluminum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, copper, gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, antimony, magnesium, manganese, bismuth, germanium, tungsten, their alloys and/or their intermetallics, preferably iron-aluminum foil (Fe3Al), nickel-aluminum foil (Ni3Al) and/or titanium-aluminum foil (Ti3Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The telluric acid compound is telluric acid cadmium, telluric acid zinc or telluric acid copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: When the metallic compound is a non-hydrated material, water is added to polyol solution during hydrolysis. When the metallic compound is a hydrate, hydrolysis is performed by irradiating microwaves whose output is higher than the output of the microwave irradiated after hydrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The inorganic gas having at least a oxygen atom in the molecule, is oxygen. The mixed gas containing inorganic gas (0.0001-5 vol.%), contains inert gas such as argon or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic metallic compound having at least a oxygen atom in the molecule, is of formula (1) or M(OR3)n (2).M = indium, tin and/or zinc;R = hydrogen atom or substituent, optionally couples with R1 and R2 and forms a ring;R1 and R2 = optionally substituted alkyl, aryl and/or alkoxy;R3 = alkyl and/or optionally substituted aryl; andn1 and n2 = integer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The reactive gas is discharged between the electrodes by applying a high frequency electric field in a continuous sine wave. The electric power and frequency of the electric field, are more than 1 W/cm2 and 100 kHz or more, respectively. The electrically conductive film is formed on a base material with a surface temperature of 300degreesC or less of a base material.Preferred Electrode: The electrode is covered with a dielectric. The dielectric is an inorganic substance of dielectric constant 6-45. The surface roughness (Rmax) of the electrode is 10 mum or less.Preferred Properties: The frequency of electric field applied between electrodes, is preferably 150 MHz or less, more preferably 200 kHz or more, and most preferably 800 kHz or more. The electric power of the electric field applied between electrodes is preferably more than 1.2 W/cm2, more preferably below 50 W/cm2, and most preferably 20 W/cm2.
Preferred Definitions:    R1 = joint group chosen from tetramethyl ammonium, tetraethyl ammonium, tetrapropyl ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium, tetrapentyl ammonium, tetrahexyl ammonium, tetraoctyl ammonium, tetraocta decyl ammonium, tetradecyl trihexyl ammonium and tetrakis decyl ammonium;    R2,R3 = 1-30C alkyl, perfluoro alkyl, alkoxy alkyl, amino alkyl, aryl or aryl alkyl, preferably 1-30C alkyl;    R4 = 1-30C alkyl, alkoxy alkyl, amino alkyl, aryl, aryl alkyl or H, preferably H; and    X = monodentate ligand of cyano group or thiocyano group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Several collecting channels (11) are arranged parallel to both sides of the stack so that all channels open into one collecting channel. A gas or a liquid is passed through the channels for cooling purposes. The cooling channels are 20-200 mm long.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A solution of the sodium borohydride and water (16) is encapsulated and supported on a flexible substrate (10). It is encapsulated in rupturing-type microspheres. The substrate includes the catalyst and rupturing structure (22, 18, 20) to rupture the microspheres to allow the solution to contact the catalyst. The solution is encapsulated in penetrative compartment(s). A catalyst-containing structure is used for penetrating the compartment to allow the catalyst to contact the solution. The sodium borohydride in solid form is supported on a flexible substrate for contact with catalyst-coated element(s). A structure is used for supplying water to contact the sodium borohydride and catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The greenhouse gas stream is carbon dioxide. The gasification unit is a rotary kiln.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A portion of the synthesis gas is converted in a chemical reactor into useful hydrocarbon products. The chemical reactor is a Fischer-Tropsch reactor (30). A major portion of the water is condensed from half-cell (I) exit gas using a condenser. Carbon dioxide and at least the portion of the condensed water is passed to the gasification unit in an amount to adjust the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the combined carbonaceous feedstock and greenhouse gas stream is sufficient to result in a synthesis gas having an optimum ratio for the Fischer-Tropsch reactor. The synthesis gas has hydrogen to carbon ratio of 1.2-1.75. The oxygen-containing gas is air and the nitrogen portion as a result of the electrical reduction is exited into the atmosphere.Preferred Fuel Cell: The half-cell (I) of the fuel cell contains an electrolyte surrounding a porous catalytic anode electrode. The half-cell (II) of the fuel cell contains an electronically conducting electrolyte surrounding a catalytic cathode electrode. The half-cells (I) and (II) are separated by an ionically conducting membrane which does not allow passage of components from the respective half-cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell Design: The waste is introduced into a bipolar biofuel cell in which two or more pairs of electrodes are present. Each pair of electrodes are interconnected by electronically conductive and non-ionic-conductive wall. The partition wall is of compartmented design such that at least two types of channels are formed, with the open space of type (I) of channel in electrically conductive contact with cathode, and open space of type (II) of channel in electrically conductive contact with anode. The partitions are placed transverse to the electrodes. The non-ion-selective partition wall comprises non-woven plastic fibers or glass fibers.Preferred Electrode: The electrode(s) are three-dimensional electrodes, comprising carbon, preferably graphite and active carbon. The electrodes are provided with a catalyst, preferably a precious metal catalyst. The electrodes are also provided with humic acid and/or anthraquinone disulfonic acid.Preferred Method: The oxidizer, preferably oxygen is introduced in the form of air and/or dissolved in water. No separators are used for creating anaerobic zone (3) and aerobic zones (4). The conversion is carried out at 30-100 degreesC, preferably 40-60 degreesC. Iron (Fe) ions are introduced in the space around the cathode. The waste is supplied in the space around cathode where it is partially decomposed under anaerobic conditions to form an effluent comprising organic decomposition products. The effluent is then led to space around cathode where the effluent is decomposed under aerobic conditions. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxidizer is oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The columnar structure is made of organic polymer material comprising polyaromatic compound in columnar liquid crystalline phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proportion of binder contained in the semiconductor layer is 0.2-10 weight% based on all components which form the semiconductor layer. The binder is at least1 selected from cellulose derivatives, rubber elastic polymer, N-vinyl acetamide homo- or co-polymer, polyethylene oxide, Na alginate, polyacrylic acid and its salts, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, poly-hydroxy-(meth)acrylate, polyvinyl acetal, styrene-maleic acid copolymer, polyethylene glycol, oxidized starch, phosphated starch, casein and polyolefin. The first electrode is composed by adhering an electrode part on a synthetic resin film selected from polyethylene terephthalate film, polyethylene naphthalate film, polyether sulfone film, polyarylate film, polyimide film, cyclo-olefin polymer film and/or norbornene resin film. EXAMPLE - Carboxymethyl cellulose (2.5g) is dissolved in water (497.5g) to form a CMC aqueous solution. Titanium oxide (4.5g) is introduced to this solution (25.5g) to produce a dispersion of titanium oxide. This dispersion is coated on a PET film on which indium tin oxide is adhered, and dried to form a titanium oxide film. The ITO/PET film having a titanium oxide film is impregnated with an acetonitrile/4-tert-butanol mixed solution of (Ru(4,4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine)2(NCS)2)bis-tetrabutyl ammonium sensitizing dye. The photoelectric transducer is composed by contacting the semiconductor electrode and opposing electrode in an electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The Pc with a halogenated central metal(III) is shown by formula (II). The Pc with a central oxy metal(IV) is shown by formula (III). The obtained (I) is washed using aq. ammonia. X = halogen. Preferred Definitions: M1 = Gp. 3A or 3B metal.; M1 = scandium, yttrium, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium (esp. aluminum or gallium). M2 = gp. 4A-7A, 8 or 4B-6B metal. M2 = titanium, vanadium or molybdenum (esp. titanium).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7 compounds (I) are specifically disclosed, e.g. ((I); M1 = Ga; M2 = Ti; A = OH-; n/m = 1).    EXAMPLE - To 182 g concentrated H2SO4 at 5degreesC or below was added a mixture of 3.1 g chloroGa Pc and 2.9 g vanadyl Pc, stirred 2h at 5degreesC, added dropwise to 0.3 l water and 1.0 l ice at 10degreesC or below, dispersed 2 h, stood, vacuum filtered, washed by shaking with 2.0 l water, the cake dispersed 2 h in 0.2 l water, vacuum filtered, washed with 2.0 l water, dispersed 6 h in 0.2 l water and 0.15 l of aq. 25% ammonia, vacuum filtered, washed with ion exchanged water, and dried at 70degreesC, to give 5.3 g (yield = 90.0%) blue colored solid of ((I); M1 = Ga; M2 = V; A = OH-; n/m = 1) with 1178.72 mol. wt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The support comprises a graphitic carbon having a spacing of at most 3.5 Angstrom and a BET surface area of at most 80 m2/g. The ratio of the first to second catalyst composition is 1.8:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The precious metal comprises precious metal containing-compound such as platinum, ruthenium, or their alloys.Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of platinum to ruthenium in the alloy is 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support is Shawinigan acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide can be solid solution of ruthenium (Ru) oxide and iridium (Ir) oxide in metal atomic ratio of (Rn:Ir) of 90:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The system includes a vessel disposed around the membrane electrode assembly, and a compartmentalized storage tank (42) having a first fluid storage section and a second fluid storage section separated by a movable divider (48). The compartmentalized storage tank is connected with the cell. The vessel has portion(s) of the hydrogen storage connected with the hydrogen electrode and portion(s) of oxygen storage area connected with the oxygen electrode. The hydrogen storage has a tank disposed connected with the vessel and the hydrogen electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The structure comprises stainless steel, titanium, carbon, graphite, graphite-polymer composite, and/or carbon-graphite composite. The graphite comprises flexible graphite. The structure further comprises a polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The combination of the structure and the catalyst comprises anode and/or cathode. The structure comprises an opposing major surface (40). The cross-sectional area of at least one perforation of the structure increases from major surface (30) to major surface (40). The structure comprises two or more perforated flexible graphite layers. The ratio of the cross-sectional areas of perforation of major surface (30) to major surface (40), is 150:1. The fluid permeability of the structure is 1 micro-l/cm2.second. The cell is devoid of an internal support element, a gas diffusion layer element, and a field flow plate element, separate from the structure. The fuel cell consists of electrolyte, another catalyst, and another fluid permeable structure. The fuel cell further comprises an interior passage along a longitudinal axis of the cell, a fluid distribution element positioned along the interior passage of structure, and a polyvinyl difluoride coating between the structure and the catalyst. The gas diffusion layer has a coating of carbon particles on a surface. The fuel cell is cylindrical. At least one perforation has a circular cross-section on major surface (30) and rectangular cross-section on major surface (40) of flexible graphite sheet (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Coating: The coating further comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and/or sulfonated polyfluoroaliphatic hydrogel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Battery: In battery (I), the hydrogen occlusion material is chosen from hydrogen occlusion alloy and a carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal hydride is one or more chosen from sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride and potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The fuel oil manufactures hydrogen with an auto-thermal reforming system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A hydrogen permeable film contains palladium, vanadium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, platinum, ruthenium, niobium, tantalum, calcium, lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred alkoxide: The alkoxyl group of the metal alkoxide is 1-6C tri or a tetra alkoxy group. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a diketone compound. Preferred Surfactant: The surfactant is cationic and is an aliphatic amine salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The etchant paste is a caustic etching paste, preferably basic or alkaline, or natural or synthetic etching paste. The etchant paste comprises a solvent, and a caustic etching agent and further comprises a thickener.Preferred Components: The solvent is water, and the caustic etching agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide.Preferred Method: The etchant paste is applied by selective deposition method preferably screen printing, to form pattern of the applied paste. The process further involves doping portion of substrate before applying the paste, and forming metal contacts on base region and emitter region of the substrate. The thermal processing provides an insulating region between the emitter region and the base region to isolate metal contact from the emitter region.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is portion of solar cell and the doped region is the emitter region of the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thickener of the etchant paste is metal carboxy alkyl cellulose salt, hydro-colloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives, or physically or chemically modified hydro-colloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives, or a strongly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The etchant paste which is a caustic etching paste, comprises a solvent, a caustic etching agent and a thickener.Preferred Components: The solvent is water, the caustic etching agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide, and the thickener is metal carboxy alkyl cellulose salt, hydrocolloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives or physically or chemically modified hydrocolloid forming cellulose or starch products or derivatives and a strongly hydrolyzed polyacrylamide gel.Preferred Method: The substrate, which is a portion of a solar cell, is subjected to metal contacts. The major surface of the substrate i.e. edges are doped. The doped region, which is the emitter region of solar cell, is selectively coated by screen printing using etchant paste to form a pattern of applied paste. The obtained pattern is then subjected to thermal process to provide an insulating region between emitter region and metal contact. The insulating region isolates metal contact and emitter region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of the column is constant along the length of the column. The diameter of the column enables nano-whisker to exhibit quantum confinement effects. The diameter of the column is constant along the column. Preferred Components: The nano-whisker is tapered to allow diameter changes in a controlled manner along the length of the column. The nano-whisker also comprises a catalytic particle at one end. The composition boundary between the crystalline materials of the two portions extends over an axial interval of less than or equal to 7 diametral lattice planes. The materials of the first and second segments are semiconductor III-V materials. The first segment has a stoichiometric composition in the form of A1-xBxC. The second segment has stoichiometric composition in the form of A1-yByC.A, B and C=elements;andx and y=O-1.. The composition boundary is disposed between first and second segments exhibiting a change from the variable x to the variable y over a number of diametral lattice planes. The lattice mismatch at the composition boundary is accommodated by lateral outward atomic displacement. The nano-whisker is hetero-structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compounds (I) are of formula (II)-(XI).X = C(Ar), CR or N;R = H, F, CN, 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy optionally having non-neighboring CH2 groups replaced by -O-, -S-, -NR1 - or -CONR2- and optionally substituted by F;Ar = 3-30C aromatic or heterocyclic group which may be substituted by groups R, which may join together to form a polycyclic ring systemR1, R2 = H or 1-20C alkyl or aryl group;n = 1-10, especially 1-3;m = 0-4;o = 1-3;p = 1-3; EXAMPLE - A degassed mixture of bis-4,7-(2'-bromo-5'-thienyl)-2,1,3- benzothadiazole (4.53 g), benzene boronic acid (3.66 g), K3PO4 (8.92 g) and Pd(PPh3)4 (1.16 g) in dioxane (400 ml) and water (400 ml) was heated for 7 hours at 80 degreesC. The mixture was then cooled and mixed with NaCN (0.49 g) and following stirring for 15 minutes the aqueous phase was separated. The organic phase was washed twice with water and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent was removed and the product recrystallized twice from DMF to yield bis-4,7-(5'-phenyl-2'-thienyl)-2,13-benzothiadiazole (4.31 g, 95.2 % yield) in the form of red needles having a purity of greater than 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method : In the method, the iron or the iron oxide also contains and at least one metal selected from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium and copper. The iron or the iron oxide containing these metals is produced by a coprecipitation method. A H2-generating apparatus comprises a transportable cassette, which is capable of containing a H2-generating medium inside and is furnished with two means for jointing/fixing pipes, where the H2-generating medium is the iron or the iron oxide containing the above-mentioned metals and H2O or steam is supplied thought one jointing means and the H2 produced by decomposition of H2O is supplied to a H2-consumption system through the other jointing means. EXAMPLE - (NO3)3.9H2O (0.194 mol), RhCl3.3H2O (0.006 mol) and urea (10 mol) were dissolved in degassed water (5 liter), and the solution was heated at 90 degreesC while stirring for 3 hours and then subjected to coprecipitation for 16 hours. The precipitated solid was separated by succession-filtering, and dried at 80 degreesC for 24 hours, and baked at 100 degreesC for 5 hours, at 300 degreesC for 5 hours and at 500 degreesC for 10 hours so as to obtain an iron compound containing 30 mol% of Rh. The Fe- compound was purged with Ar and reduced with H2 at 550 degreesC. H2O was decomposed by bringing steam into contact with the Fe compound at 550 degreesC. Decomposition of H2O occurred at a temperature as low as 220 - 400 degreesC using a H2-generating medium of Fe-compound containing elements of the Pt group, in comparison with which H2O decomposition occurred at a temperature of 310 - 590 degreesC using a H2-generating medium of an Fe-compound containing no elements of the Pt group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst contains copper oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide and calcium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic is selected from group consisting of semicrystalline polyamide-6, polyamide-66, polyamide-11, polyamide-12 such as nylon-12, semi-aromatic amides, syndiodactic polystyrene/polyamide blends, polyacetal, polytetrafluoroethylene and amorphous polyethersulfones, polyetherimides and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: At least in one operating phase, the heating current (6) flows to the converters completely in counterflow to the flow of matter (4). At least one second heating element that is flowed-through by the heating element is provided for heating one converter in a start phase. It is disposed between the converters.An inlet opening (12) and/or an outlet opening (11) of the first and/or second heating elements can have apportioning element(s) for apportioning the heating current. At least one control unit is provided for controlling the apportioning element. The converters and/or heating elements are arranged approximately coaxial to one another. The heating apparatus (5) is arranged approximately coaxial to the converters (2, 3) and/or heating elements (8, 9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method also includes positioning 1 or 2 patterning plates (20, 21) bearing a negative relief of a raised-ridge microstructured contact pattern (22, 23) between platens of the press and gasket material.Preferred Components: The raised-ridge microstructured contact pattern comprises ridges meeting at joining points. No more than three ridges meet at any one joining point. The raised-ridge contact pattern is hexagonal pattern or degenerate hexagonal pattern.Preferred Parameters: The pressing pressure Pp is 95-105% of Pt. The average thickness of each gasket under its contact face is 110-90% (preferably 105-95%) of (Tf x (100% - Ct%)), where Tf is the average thickness of fluid transport layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gasket material is ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber), butyl rubber or preferably silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The membrane contains palladium, vanadium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, platinum, ruthenium, niobium, tantalum, magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Microparticle: The semiconductor microparticle is titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. Preferred Definitions:    M = ruthenium, osmium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor electrode contains adsorbed dye other than monomethine styryl dye. Alternately, the semiconductor electrode contains adsorbed dimethine styryl dye of formula (3) and (4) with quaternary nitrogen atom (N+) and carbon which connects carboxyl group anchor (X2), and dye other than dimethine styryl dye.Ring A = benzene ring or complex aromatic ring with optional substituent and may be condensed or bonded with another ring E;R11 and R12 = R1 as defined above;R13-R16 = R4 as defined above;R17 = R7 as defined above;R18-R20 = R8 as defined above;R21 and R22 = R9 as defined above;X- and Y = as defined above;X2 = X1 as defined above; andZ11 and Z12 = Z1 as defined above, and R11 and R14 and R12 and R16 may mutually bond together to form a ring.The semiconductor electrode has a semiconductor film formed on electrically conductive glass. Preferred Definitions:    At least one of R1 and R2 and at least one of R11 and R12 = 4-20C alkyl.    EXAMPLE - A photoelectric chemical solar cell was produced using a semiconductor electrode containing organic dye (compound No.1) adsorbed on a 12 micronsm thick porous thin titanium dioxide film. Photoelectric transfer characteristics of the solar cell were determined. The solar cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conjugate combinable group contains pyrrolyl group, thienyl group, ethenyl group and/or diacetylene group. The terminal combinable group is a halogenated silyl group, alkoxy silyl group or isocyanate silyl group. The organic molecule contains polar property functional group chosen from ester group, oxycarbonyl group, carbonyl group and/or carbonate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The distribution foil includes an array of channels forming a pressure distribution gallery, and a series of channels (53) extending to the second edge of the foil. The distribution foil channels terminate at the second edge of the foil at convergence structures to focus water flow into a respective channel in the fluid flow field plate. Each convergence structure comprises a recess in the second edge of the distribution foil. The recess comprises an arcuate cut out in the second edge of the distribution foil. The distribution foil channels terminate at the first edge of the foil at a supply manifold aperture (25) in the fluid flow field plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The distribution foil is formed from stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalytic layer comprises iron, nickel, cobalt and/or molybdenum, preferably iron. The electro-conductive component comprises titanium, gold, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or tantalum. The inert gas is helium or argon.Preferred Conditions: The catalytic layer is heated at 0.49-0.59 Tm, preferably at 700 degrees C, where Tm is melting point of metal or alloy of the catalytic layer in Kelvin.Preferred Property: The small particles of metal or alloy have particle size of 0.5-50 nm.Preferred Process: The formation of carbon nanotube involves supplying mixed gas containing hydrocarbon gas and inert gas at a ratio of 1:2-1:50, at a flow rate of 1-100 cm/minute, preferably 30 cm/minute. The formation of carbon nanotube further involves placing the electroconductive component in a tube having an inner diameter of 30 mm, and flowing mixed gas along the length of a tube at a flow rate of 200-300 standard cubic centimeter/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: the fuel reforming device further comprises a heater (4) which heats the fuel-air fuel mixture and a controller (30) functioning to control the heater (4) to heat the fuel-air mixture when the fuel reforming device starts operation (S1), and control an air supply amount of the first air distribution valve (10) to the fuel mixing chamber (24) to maintain an excess air factor of the air-fuel mixture in a predetermined lean state (S4).The controller (30) further functions to determine whether or not the temperature of the reformer (5) is less than a predetermined temperature (S6), to increase a fuel injection amount of the fuel injector (1) with a preset increment (S4), to increase the air supply amount, to determine whether or not an ascending rate of the temperature of the reformer (5) exceeds a predetermined rate in a state where the temperature of the reformer (5) exceeds a predetermined rate in a state where the predetermined rate in a state of the temperature of the reformer is less than the predetermined temperature (S10).The device also comprises an air supply mechanism which supplies air to the first air distribution valve (10) and the second air distribution valve (11), and a heat exchanger (6) which heats the air between the air supply mechanism (9) and the first air distribution valve (10) by performing heat exchange between the air and a gas discharged from the reformer (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: Functional layers with a thickness of 5 nm to 500 microns. Preferred Material: Material (I) containing a third solvent (S3) and essentially free from S1 and/or S2. Preferred Polymers: PEDOT or polyaniline (PANI), preferably as copolymers or mixtures with polystyrene-sulfonate. Preferred Method: M1 involves mixing a dispersion of (II) and a solution of (II) with equal volumes of high-boiling solvent (S3) and then removing the low-boiling solvents so that the different fractions of (II) (without their original solvents) form material (I) in solvent (S3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: Solvent (S1) is water or another solvent with high polarity in which (II) is essentially insoluble; solvent (S2) is ethanol or another low-boiling polar solvent, preferably a polar, protic solvent which can form hydrogen bonds. Solvent (S3) is different from S1 and/or S2; preferred S3 comprises ethylene glycol or another alcohol, especially mixtures of several alcohols, and/or linear or branched 4-10C alcohols, or polyhydric alcohols or mixtures thereof, or mixtures with water, preferably glycol and glycerol. EXAMPLE - Tests were carried out with poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen) (PEDOT) which was mixed with (a) water to form a fraction (WPEDOT) with a resistivity of 102 ohm.cm and (b) ethanol to form a solution (EPEDOT) with a resistivity of 107 ohm.cm. These fractions were mixed with equal volumes of ethylene glycol and the original solvents were then removed on a rotary evaporator, giving a WPEDOT solution with drastically reduced conductivity and an EPEDOT solution with unchanged conductivity, i.e. two glycolic PEDOT materials with conductivities differing by 5 orders of magnitude. Intermediate conductivities were obtained by blending these two materials as required.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The step of maintaining the stream of water as two phase stream, comprises the step of controlling the flow rate of the water stream. The pressure of the stream of water is controlled by creating pressures in the range of 1-10 atm. The step of flowing the stream of water further comprises flowing the stream through a heat exchanger wash coated in catalyst. Preferred Components: The preferential oxidation catalyst is in the form of monolith, foam, pellets, powder or wash coat. Preferred Parameters: The temperature profile is 75-300 (preferably 100-250)degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger is helical tube having contiguous fins or plates and frame type heat exchanger. It comprises cooling jacket located near the exterior wall of the reactor. The portion of the reformate flow path that is in heat exchange with liquid water or two-phase water is equal to the portion of the reformate flow path that contains catalyst. The reactor further comprises a core that is hollow, and a unit for processing hydrocarbon fuel located within the core. The unit comprises a low temperature shift unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Temperature within selected portion of the formation is controlled. The treatment method further involves controlling pressure of the selected portion of the formation and controlling heat such that an average heating rate of the selected portion is less than 1 degree C per day during pyrolysis. The heat is transferred by conduction. The oxidizing fluid is transferred to the heater zone by diffusion. A portion of the oxidizing fluid is directed into openings through orifices of the conduit. An oxidation product is removed from the formation. The composition of the produced synthesis gas is monitored. Water is introduced to the first portion of the formation. The heater of desired length is uncoiled while placing it in the opening.Preferred Components: The heaters comprise flameless distributed combustors. The system comprises an overburden casing coupled to the opening. A heat exchanger is disposed external to the formation. The fuel cell is a molten carbonate cell or a solid oxide fuel cell. The wellbore comprises production well, heater well, and monitoring well.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Methods: The process characteristic is assessed as a function of time. The simulation method is a body-fitted or space-fitted finite difference simulation method. It simulates heat transfer by conduction, convection, or radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having 0.1-15 wt.% olefins. The mixture further comprises hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Less than 0.3 wt.% of condensable hydrocarbons is asphaltenes. Greater than 20 wt.% of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. About 5-30 wt.% of this hydrocarbon is cycloalkanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The carbon monoxide removal system further comprises a carbon monoxide sensor that detects the carbon monoxide concentration of the reformate gas flowing into the first preferential reactor. The controller further functions, when the temperature of the first preferential oxidation reactor is lower than the first predetermined temperature, to calculate a target supply flow rate to the first preferential oxidation reactor from the carbon monoxide concentration of the reformate gas and a pretest target carbon monoxide conversion rate of the first preferential oxidation reactor, and to control the air supply mechanism so that the target air supply flow rate to the first preferential oxidation reactor is realized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The metal layer contains aluminum, silver, copper, gold, platinum, titanium, cobalt, nickel, iron and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The heat resistant substrate consists of tungsten, tungsten group alloy, molybdenum or molybdenum group alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distance between the layers consisting of carbon six membered ring is 0.336 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The non-gas smell substance is di tertiary butyl disulfide and/or dimethyl sulfide. The substance having catalytic action is palladium or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particle diameter of the ruthenium and/or platinum is at most200 Angstrom . EXAMPLE - A selective oxidation catalyst is prepared by supporting 0.2% Ru on ultrahigh purity alpha-alumina. To this catalyst, a test gas in which 2 vol% oxygen is introduced to a reformed gas including 1 vol% CO, is flowed into the catalyst at SV=30000h-1. The catalyst layer temperature is 100-250degreesC and the CO concentration is reduced to at most100 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fuel composition includes additional compound(s). The auxiliary fuel includes hydride, formate, thiosulfate, sulfite, phosphate or hypophosphite. The auxiliary fuel may include lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), sodium cyano borohydride (NaCNBH3), calcium hydride (CaH2), lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), sodium hydrogen phosphite (Na2HPO3), sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), potassium thiosulfate (K2S2O3), potassium sulfite (K2SO3), potassium hydrogen phosphite (K2HPO3) or potassium hypophosphite (K2HPO2).Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel composition further includes an electrolyte (16). It has a pH above 7 (preferably above 8). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of 3-12 M alkali metal hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: At least one of the surface active compounds is a compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. The primary fuel includes methanol (CH4O), ethanol (C2H6O), propanol (C3H8O), butanol (C4H10O), pentanol (C5H12O), hexanol (C6H14O), ethylene glycol or glycerine. The auxiliary fuel may include trimethylamino borohydride ((CH3)3NHBH3), sodium formate (NaCOOH) or potassium formate (KCOOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The integrated liquid/gas separator comprises a porous wall of the chemical reactor with a hydrophobic membrane comprising Goretex (RTM) or Celgard (RTM) permeable to gas. It further comprises a hydrophilic membrane impermeable to hydrogen gas covering an outlet and an inlet to the chemical reactor. The integrated liquid/gas separator comprises a hydrophobic gas-permeable membrane (116) wrapped around a catalyst (104). The catalyst is contained in a distribution structure for maintaining a high surface area of the catalyst. The temperature in the chemical reactor does not exceed 90 degrees C. The electrolyte comprises a proton exchange membrane (PEM).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The continuous stream of aqueous solution comprises a metal hydride, preferably sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer(s) is at least one of styrene, alkylacrylate, polyalkyleneglycol acrylate, acrylic acid or vinyl carbazole (all optionally substituted). The compound selected from spirobenzopyran, formazan, naphthopyran, fulgide, azobenzene, disperse red, disperse orange, spirooxazine, phthalocyanine, pigment, dye or drug is added in addition to the diarylethene compound. The diarylethylene compound is of formula (I).R1 = optional bond, 1-3C alkylene (optionally mono- - tri-substituted by fluoride);Ar1, Ar2 = a group of formulae (Ia) or (IIb);Z' = CH2, CF2, CN or CO;R2, R5 = 1-3C alkyl (optionally substituted by F or H);R3 = R2, H or F;R4, R6 = R3, phenyl isoxazole group, hydroxymethyl isoxazole group, alkyleneoxy alkyl ester group, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, -(CH=CH)r-(C(=O))m(CH2)n-(CH=CH)o-C(R7)p(R8)q or -C triple bond C-R9;R7 - R9 = H, 1-22C alkyl or phenyl;r, n, o = 0 - 10;m = 0 or 1;p, q = 0 - 3;p+q = 3; andX , Y = O, N or S.Preferred Method: The initiator is used for polymerization by adding before or after the emulsification. EXAMPLE - 1,2-Bis(2-Methylbenzo(b)thiophene-3-yl)hexafluorocyclopentene (BTF6) (1.5 g) was dissolved in purified styrene (4.5 g), added with N,N'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) (250 mg) was dissolved in water (30 g) and added with the mixture and stirred for 30 minutes to obtain an emulsion solution. The solution was treated with ultrasonification for 120 seconds to prevent polymerization of styrene. The reaction mixture was slowly heated to 70 degrees C and polymerized for 18 hours at 70 degrees C to produce nanocapsules. Upon completion of the reaction, the temperature was slowly lowered to room temperature to produce nanocapsules with 70 nm in diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The second gasket is adapted to seal off an air manifold passageway and a hydrogen manifold passageway or to seal off flow channels (120, 122, 138) communicating a reactant with the reactant manifold passageway. One of the adjacent plates comprises a cooler plate and the other plate comprises a bipolar plate. The seal comprises a bonding agent permanently securing the plates together. The plates include a recessed surface for receiving the bonding agent. The fuel cell plate comprises tubes that form the internal passageways.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first gasket comprises Viton, fluorocarbon, or fluorosilicone material. The second material comprises a material from a nitrile, buna-n, or silicone. The bonding agent comprises a brazing compound or an epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid fuel is hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine or ammonia. The liquid oxidizer is di nitrogen tetra oxide, nitrous oxide or hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide (2) titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The titanium compound is titanium tetrachloride, oxy titanium sulfate and/or titanium alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon cluster or carbon nano tube derivative has aziridine functional group of formula (2 or 3).R = optionally substituted aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group or optionally substituted heterocyclic group;Ar = optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group or optionally substituted heterocyclic group; andn = one or more.The carbon cluster or carbon nano tube derivative is a 60C fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electromagnetic Wave: The electromagnetic wave is light, UV visible light, infrared light, or laser.
EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Dihydroxy benzidine (1.86 g), monosodium 3,5-dicarboxy benzene sulfonic acid (1.522 g), terephthalic acid (0.486 g), polyphosphoric acid (24.98 g) and phosphorus pentoxide (20.02 g) were taken in a polymerization container, temperature was raised to 100 degreesC, the contents were slowly stirred and maintained for 1 hour. Temperature was raised to 150 degreesC, maintained for 1 hour and then to 200 degreesC, and polymerized for 4 hours. The obtained polymer was cooled, water was added and the polymer was removed. The polymer had a logarithmic viscosity of 0.82. Methane sulfonic acid (1.8 g) was added to the polymer (0.12 g), stirred and the polymer was dissolved. 1 weight% methane sulfonic acid dope of poly((benzo(1,2-d:5,4-d')bis oxazole-2,6-diyl)-1,4-phenylene) (3 g) was further added and a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solution was spread on a glass plate, left for 1 hour at room temperature and soaked in water. Water immersion was performed for several days and a film was removed. The obtained film had an ionic conductivity of 0.048 S/cm, at 80 degreesC and 95% relative humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: An electrolyte may comprise an aqueous solution containing 0.1 mol/l sulfuric acid, 9.65 mmol/l H2(PtCl6).6H2O, 24.1 mmol/l RuCl.xH2O ; and the substrate may be carbon fiber paper, impregnated with PTFE to reduce its porosity. The initial electrode pulse amplitude does not exceed approximately 25mV above the deposition potential of the first metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Typically an electrolyte may comprise an aqueous solution containing 0.1 mol/l sulfuric acid, 5g/l H2(PtCl6).6H2O, 100mg/l tetraethylammoniumperfluoroctylsulfonate; and the electrode substrate may be graphite paper. Electrolysis conditions : electrolyte temperature 25degreesC; deposition EMF pulse amplitude 1.3 volt ; offset 1.5 volt; frequency 6Hz. A range of other phase transfer agents may be used e.g. crown ethers; onium -, halonium- , anilinium-, pyridinium- compounds; quaternary ammonium compounds, as well as soaps, sulfonated and alkoxylated products, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The product gases pass through a heat exchanger (3) after the autothermal reforming stage to heat, vaporize and super-heat a part of the educt, water. The temperature of the product gases leaving the heat exchanger are regulated by adding water to the heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The transport medium is a part of the products from the hydrogen generating units.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: An opening is provided for a reactive gas, especially oxygen, nitrogen or a hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The acid groups contain sulfonic acid groups and/or carboxylic acid groups. Preferred Ionomer: The ionomer of the membrane is the fluorinated ionomer. Preferred Base: The Lewis base is an organic compound such as imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, aziridine, azetidine, imidazole, pyrazol, pyridine and/or its substituted forms,. The concentration of the Lewis base is 0.001 M or more. Preferred Fuel: The methanol fuel contains water and 0.1-99 wt.% of methanol. Preferred Membrane: The membrane is a multilayer membrane comprising layer of ionomer having sulfonic acid group and a layer of ionomer having carboxylic acid group. The membrane is oriented in the cell with the layer of ionomer having carboxylic acid towards the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell has anode, cathode, membrane comprising ionomer having acid groups and fuel supply for supplying liquid methanol fuel comprising Lewis base in protonated form having pKa greater than the pKa of acid groups. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The Lewis base is imidazoline and/or piperidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ionomer: The ionomer membrane is a multi layered membrane comprising fluorinated ionomer. The ionomer membrane further comprises layer of sulfonic acid ionomer and a layer of ionomer containing carboxylic acid groups, and is oriented towards the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The Lewis base is an organic compound chosen from (un)substituted (imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, aziridine, azetidine, imidazole, pyrazole and pyridine), preferably chosen from imidazoline and piperidine. The fuel cell is direct methanol fuel cell. The fuel cell further comprises fuel supply for supplying methanol fuel to the anode. The methanol fuel comprises methanol (0.1-99 wt.%), water and Lewis base. The concentration of Lewis base in the methanol fuel is 0.001 M or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In other embodiment, the method includes:(i) passing a controlled mixture of light hydrocarbon gases (preferably methane) and oxygen through a bed irradiated with microwaves and comprising oxidation catalyst energized by carbonaceous material; or(ii) passing light alcohols through a bed irradiated with microwaves.The bed is further exposed to water vapor in an amount required for steam reforming reaction with the light hydrocarbon. The water vapor enters the bed in the form of liquid water.Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is activated carbon, char, soot, pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, activated charcoal or metal carbide. The oxidation catalyst comprises a fine mixture of metal carbide and catalyst material, or a conventional substrate impregnated with metal carbide. The metal carbide is silicon carbide. The bed is fluidized, fixed, semi-fluidized, suspended or moving bed.Preferred Parameters: The temperature of gases exiting the bed does not exceed 400 degreesF. The microwaves have radio frequency energy of 500-5000 MHz. The molar ratio of oxygen to carbon from light hydrocarbon gases does not exceed unity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light hydrocarbon comprises not more than 6C per molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cell circuits comprise plastic sheets and silicon cells.Preferred Material: A laminating capsule comprises a plastic sheet. A transparent cover may comprise a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The power module comprises a glass front plate and an aluminum frame (9). Preferred Material: A transparent cover may comprise a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The base comprises a back panel (preferably a metal plate).Preferred Material: The metal back plate is alloy 42 comprising iron (58%) and nickel (42%), or a carbon steel back plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic species comprises lithium, hydrogen and/or ammonium ion. The ligand is silica, silane, siloxane, metal oxide, metal alkoxide or cyan moiety. Preferred Method: The method involves forming an evaporating solution which comprises the combination of the composition with a solvent, and introducing the solution onto the substrate by spray coating, spinning or dip coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Network: The polyoxometalate network comprises a bridge ligand (130) containing diimido moieties, or silane or metal alkoxide moieties, or polyurethane or polystyrene moieties. The polyoxometalate network comprises an anionic species of a keggin-type polyoxometalate or of a polyoxomolybdate. The ligand is coupled to a lacunary polyoxometalate. The composition and the apparatus comprises polyoxometalate anionic species coupled through bridge ligands. EXAMPLE - A lithium polyoxometalate salt (POM) (Li3(PW12O40)) clusters were dissolved in a solvent comprising water, ethanol (EtOH) and/or isopropanol (IPA). The lithium polyoxometalate solution was filtered and the ratio of water:EtOH:IPA in the final solution of lithium polyoxometalate (in wt.%) was 1:4:4. Subsequently, a gas flow was controlled such that the gas did not blow or dissolve the solution coating, and the solution was spray coated on a heated substrate at a controlled rate by controlling the distance between the substrate and spray gun. The temperature of the substrate was adjusted to 250degreesC, preferably 180-200degreesC, to obtain a coating film having a thickness of up to 30 mum. The ion conductivity of the POM was calculated and found to be 7.9x10-9 S/cm at room temperature. The mixed solvent showed better film formability. Alcohol evaporated easily as less water was used and the cluster was less soluble in alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxygen ion conducting/oxygen storage material contains zirconium (mol.%) (0.5-90, preferably 50-85), cerium (0.5-35, preferably 10-30), component (R) (1-12, preferably 2-11) and niobium (1-12, preferably 2-11), or their reaction product. Component (R) and niobium are present in equimolar amounts. Component (R) is yttrium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, lanthanum, praseodymium and/or neodymium. The material has pure cubic crystal structure under reducing conditions, and pure tetragonal crystal structure under oxidizing conditions. The material comprises precious metal selected from platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium and its mixture. The material has support comprising high surface area alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon fiber of the sheet includes polyacrylonitrile-type, phenol-type, pitch-type or rayon-type carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide is titania, tantalum pentoxide, zirconia, lanthanum oxide, antimony trioxide or neodymium oxide. The metal sulfide is zinc sulfide. The binding material is a condensate of polyelectrolyte and metal alkoxide, or metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: In film (I), the porous base material contains microparticles and/or fibrous material. The porous base material has the function which neutralizes the surface charge of the microparticles of the metal and/or a metal oxide. The porous base material consists of multiple layers. Porous electrically conductive film forms the electroconductive porous layer which has air-hole structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The combustion catalyst provided in the combustion unit, consists of noble metals such as palladium. platinum, alumina, silica, silica alumina, zirconia and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Casting Mold: 0.04-0.6 g/m2 of release material is applied on the inner surface of the casting mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner and outer pipes are connected at the bottom portion of the reforming pipe. The ratio of cross-sectional area of catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to that of the outer pipe, is 1:9-8:2. The ratio of length of the catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer of inner pipe, is set to 0.5-50 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred semiconductor: The semiconductor is a metal oxide or sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compound: the semiconductor is sensitized further by including a compound (II) which has maximum absorption wavelength at shorter wavelength than (I). (I) and (II) are adsorbed onto the semiconductor. EXAMPLE - A semiconductor element was produced by forming a film of titanium-oxide on a transparent conductive glass plate coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide, and immersing this into a solution of 5g of the compound of formula 1 -1 in 200 ml of methanol, adding 1g of trifluoroacetic acid, ultrasonicating and drying. This element was incorporated into an optoelectric transducer with a counter electrode of transparent conductive glass coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide and with platinum on this; and an electrolyte of 0.46 mol/l tetrapropyl ammonium iodide and 0.06 mol/l iodine dissolved in a mixed solvent of the acetonitrile/ethylene carbonate in volume ratio 1:4, sealed by the resin. A solar-cell was obtained by attaching lead wires to the optoelectric transducer: a short circuit current value was 0.17 Jsc and the opening voltage value was 0.552 Voc when irradiating with 100 mW / m2 light. high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Moreover, by using together with the pigment which has a sensitivity to a short wavelength area rather than the compound shown by General formula 1-4 showed that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of a solar cell was able to be improved more. (0091) A reduction of a photoelectric conversion efficiency was not further recognized passing through light-irradiation 100 hours of 100 mW / m2 according ( the solar cell of this invention ) to a solar simulator. These showed that the solar cell of this invention was excellent in durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The heating box is equipped with an anti-vibration device. The plastics sheets are given by polymerizing and curing a composition which contains polymerizing monomers having at least two polymerizing functional groups. The composition comprises 70-99 pts.wt. of an alicyclic ring containing bis(meth)acrylate of formula (I), 1-30 pts.wt. of an alicyclic ring containing mono(meth)acrylate of formula (II), and 1-10 pts.wt. of a mercapto compound at least bi-functional.R1, R2, R3 = hydrogen atom or methyl group;m = 1 or 2;n = 0 or 1;p, q, r, s = 0, 1, or 2The gas barrier layer is an inorganic oxide one. The thickness of the plastics sheets is 0.05-3 mm. The sheets have a double refraction of up to 5 nm. The sheets are used for liquid crystal display panels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxide microparticle is chosen from titania, zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), indium-tin oxide (ITO), zirconia (ZrO2), silicon oxide (SiOx), magnesium oxide (MgO), alumina (Al2O3), cerium oxide (CeO2), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), manganese oxide (Mn3O4), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), tungsten oxide (WO3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and lanthanum oxide (La2)3). The pigment sensitizer is ruthenium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: (II) is prepared in a perfluorinated organic solvent and is used at 0.003-0.06 wt. % of the reaction liquid. The dispersion contains (II) at 10-20 wt. % based on the solvent. The PFVE is perfluoro-(1-fluorosulfonyl-4-methyl-3,6-dioxa-7-octene) (FC-141). The organic solvent is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (freon-113) and the radical initiator is a perfluorinated peroxide, especially perfluorocyclohexanoyl peroxide (in which case copolymerization is carried out at 30-35degreesC and 0.31-0.25 MPa) or perfluoropropionoyl peroxide (in which case copolymerization is carried out at 70-80degreesC and 9-14 MPa) EXAMPLE - No examples relevant to the claims are given in the source material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers - The number-average molecular weight of the polyester is 400 - 1,000,000. In the polyester, the distance between fluorine residue groups is 4 - 20 Angstrom. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester is 30 - 300 degreesC. A composition comprises this polyester and an electron accepting compound or an electron-donating compound. In the composition, an electron- transporting complex is formed. EXAMPLE - A 1.6 M n-Butyl-Li hexane solution (41.0 ml) was added to a mixture of 9- fluorene carboxylic acid (4.98 g) and THF anhydride (300 ml) at -78 degreesC. After the mixture was stirred at -78 degreesC for 30 minutes, paraformaldehyde (2.30 g) was added at - 78 degreesC. The mixture was reacted at RT while stirring for 13 hours so as to obtain 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid monomer. The obtained 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid monomer (50.4 mg) and (CF3SO3)2Sn (0.90 mg) were mixed and heated at 180 degreesC for 3 hours while blowing N2 so as to obtain a 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid polymer. The obtained 9-hydroxymethyl-9-fluorene carboxylic acid polymer (2.98 mg) and m- dinitrobenzene (1.80 mg) were dissolved in THF of a UV absorption spectrum-use grade so as to form a D-A complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The template removal process involves contacting the template with an acid or base. The acid is hydrofluoric acid, and the base is sodium hydroxide, and the acid and base are provided in aqueous or alcoholic solutions. The heating of polymeric material is performed at 400-1400degreesC.Preferred Template: The template comprises mesoporous silica molecular sieve comprising aluminum. The pores contained in the template are 1-dimensional pores, which are interconnected with each other and have size of 1-50 nm, preferably 2-20 nm. The template comprises SBA-15, Aluminum SBA-15, SBA-3 or Aluminum SBA-3.Preferred Material: The carbons atom of the carbon molecular sieve forms nano-lines or nano-tubes having uniform hexagonal structure, and pores having two uniform diameters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable compound comprises carbohydrate, and non-carbohydrate precursor of polymer. The composition further comprises an acid chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfonic acid and methyl sulfonic acid.Preferred Components: The carbohydrate is chosen from sucrose, xylose and glucose. The non-carbohydrate precursor of polymer is chosen from group of furfuryl alcohol, aniline, acetylene and propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Metals: The catalyst metals are selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrogen Storage Element: The aromatic compounds are selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, phenanthrene. Preferred Hydrogen Supply Element: The hydrogenative derivative of the hydrogen supply element is selected from the group consists of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Inorganic Type Catalyst Material: The inorganic type catalyst material is selected from zeolite, silica gel and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Type Catalyst Material: The carbon type catalyst material is selected from carbon nanotube, activated carbon and graphite. Preferred Aromatic Compound: The aromatic compound is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, phenanthrene, ethylbenzene, tetrahydronaphthalene and alkyl derivatives. Preferred Hydrogenated Derivative of Aromatic compound: The hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound is selected from cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, 1,3- dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene and alkyl derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Support Metal: The catalyst support metal is selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, iron, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The absorbed solution is heated to 70degreesC or more, and magnesium bicarbonate is decomposed to magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The precipitated MgCO3 is separated by filtration and recycled back for absorption. CO2 is collected and reused. The residual filtrate after removing MgCO3, is reacted with ammonium carbonate and a portion of acidic gas is precipitated, filtered and collected as ammonium salt. The refining process uses acidic gas as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide or nitrogen dioxide. The rough hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas, coal or heavy oil are refined. The natural gas has methane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution further contains crown ether such as 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, di-cyclohexyl-18-crown-6, 15-crown-5, dibenzo-15-crown-5, di-cyclohexyl-15-crown-5, aza-18-crown-6, aza-15-crown-5, (3,2,2)-cryptand and/or (2,2,1)-cryptand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyanide compound is potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal used in the oxidation catalyst is scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn). The oxide metal is made of zeolite. The transformation catalyst is made of the metal oxide of Al, Fe, Zr or cerium (Ce) or of noble metal with Pt or Pd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): (1) is prepared by polymerizing a corresponding 5-aminoquinoxaline. Preferred Definitions:    R 1, R 2=groups of formulae (2)-(5);    T=halo, cyano, amino, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxyl, nitro, optionally substituted Ph, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted thienyl, epoxy, or vinyl;    R 7-R 11=T, 1-4C cyanoalkyl or 1-4C haloalkyl;    Any one of R 12-R 19 or R 20-R 23=coupled to quinoxaline ring, and the others are H or T;    A=NH, O, or S;    R 24=halo or cyano;    R 25-R 28=halo, cyano, amino, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxyl, nitro, optionally substituted Ph, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted thienyl, epoxy, or vinyl;    R 5=groups of formulae (7)-(9);    R 34-R 46=H or T;    Z, Q=A.    EXAMPLE - Hydrochloric acid (1.1698 g) was added to 2,3-diphenyl-5-aminoquinoxaline (0.1490 g) where 2,3-diphenyl-5-aminoquinoxaline was dissolved as hydrochloride. Electrolytic polymerization was conducted potentiostatically at 1300 mV for 1000 seconds. The resulting polymer, poly(2,3-diphenyl-5-aminoquinoxaline), had a number average molecular weight of 1230, weight average molecular weight of 1923, and average molecular weight of 1656. When subjected to measurement of electrical conductivity, the polymer showed a conductivity of 100 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous matrix is e.g. of Teflon (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The tubes are coated in a common container. The plasma spraying process is an LPPS thin film process. The functional layers are sintered onto the tubes. Impregnation of the first layer is carried out in the vacuum slip casting process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: At least three fuel cells are arranged in series. The evaporative cooler is arranged in an anode circulation with a pump (1), an educt mixing tank (2) and an anode chamber of the fuel cell(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxidizing agent is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is an aluminum spinel, preferably of formula (II), and contains 0-5 wt.% free oxides in crystalline form: MxAl2O4 (II)M = copper (Cu), optionally mixed with zinc (Zn) or magnesium (Mg);x = 0.8-1.5    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbons: Preferred hydrocarbons are aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures, e.g. petrol or diesel oil, especially gaseous methane or natural gas. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of rhodium as sub-group VIII element is specifically claimed.    EXAMPLE - The catalysts used were (A) a copper spinel honeycomb impregnated with 2 wt.% rhodium before calcination (2 hours at 900degreesC) and, as control, (B) a catalyst of 5 wt.% rhodium and 95 wt.% alumina (Al2O3). 510 l methane and 1210 l air, each heated to 500degreesC, were passed over 28 ml catalyst to preheat it to the partial oxidation operating temperature (gas outlet temperature 670-710degreesC). Then, in stationary operation, the reactor was charged with 510 l/hour methane, 1210 l/hour air and 1020 l/hour steam. The dry reformate contained (A) 47, (B) 39 vol.% hydrogen, (A) 5, (B) 14 vol.% carbon monoxide, (A) 13, (B) 7 vol.% carbon dioxide, (A) 35, (B) 37 vol.% nitrogen and (A) 0, (B) 3 vol.% methane. The methane conversion (%)/hydrogen productivity (Nm2/catalystasteriskhour) was (A) 100/48, (B) 93/36 after 250 hours, (A) 99/47, (B) 88/32 after 1000 hours and (A) 98/47, (B) 81/25 after 1500 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric source is a silicon-based polymer from polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, polycarbosilazanes, polysiloxanes, or polysiloxazanes. It is also a boron nitride polymer or a carbon nitride polymer. It comprises silicon, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen substituents. Preferred Method: The method further comprises a second annealing with a gaseous reactant where at least one of the crystallinity or the degree of reticulation is increased. Heating the precursor is performed by electrical heating, UV irradiation, infrared irradiation, microwave power, X-ray irradiation, electronic beams, or laser beams. Preferred Property: The film has a thickness of at least100 Angstrom . The film produced is a semiconductor film with a donor of less than 1015 cm-3 in the depletion zone prior to doping. Preferred Condition: The first temperature is a maximum of 1000degreesC, preferably a maximum of 450degreesC and the second temperature is at least100, preferably at least200degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gaseous atmosphere is an inert atmosphere or the inert atmosphere in a mixture including a gaseous reactant. The gaseous reactant is borane, diborone, ammonia, phosphine, arsine, boron chloride (BCl3), B2Cl6, nitrogen trichloride, phosphorus (III) chloride, arsenic (III) chloride, carbon monoxide, oxygen, ozone, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen pure or in a mixture with the inert atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, quartz, graphite, electronic-grade ceramic material, refractive ceramic material, metal, alumina, sintered oxides, sintered nitrides, or sintered phosphides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Each of the first and second gas passages includes at least one convoluted element (47) for supporting the respective catalysts. The convoluted element is foam, fins or corrugated sheet. The control mechanism comprises two coolant passages respectively associated with the two reactor sections and in respective heat transfer relationship with the two gas passages. Respective densities of the first, second, and third catalysts decrease in a flow path direction of the gas stream. The preferential oxidation reactor comprises a single reactor chamber having the two reactor sections.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The first catalyst has a composition different from the second. The reactor further comprises a third reactor section having a third gas passage through which gas stream flows, and having a surface supporting a third catalyst having a different composition from at least one of the first and second catalysts. The first catalyst is ruthenium, gold or their mixtures. The second catalyst is iridium, platinum and/or palladium. The third catalyst is ruthenium and/or gold. At least one of the catalysts further comprises a promoter to promote the oxidation of the CO at a temperature different from that at which oxidation would occur without the promoter. The promoter is tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of sizing a first CO reduction reactor comprises sizing the first CO reduction reactor to reduce CO to 0.5-1 mol%, or estimating a CO output concentration for the primary reactor operated at the most-used power range. The step of maximizing water availability comprises computing a sensitivity factor as a function of a steam quantity and steam input locations within the fuel processor, and adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations based on the sensitivity factor. Adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations comprises maintaining a water-neutral condition in the fuel processor. The fuel cell system provides power to a motor vehicle, and the most-used power range is not greater than one-half the desired maximum power.Preferred Components: The fuel processor comprises a ratio of first CO reduction reactor volume to total fuel processor volume of 35-55%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The low molecular weight alcohol is methanol (0.1-25, preferably 0.5-15, more preferably 0.5-10 wt.%). The proton conducting membrane is a solid polymer electrolyte.Preferred Methods: A high concentration low molecular weight alcohol solution is added when the concentration of the low molecular weight alcohol is below predetermined level. Water is added when the concentration is above predetermined maximum level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heater comprises power electronic device (14), electric resistance heater and fuel cooling fluid. The water supply system comprises water source distributed for direct contact with portion(s) of the first foam. The first foam is solid, corrugated, blind holes, straight fin or pin fin. The humidifier also comprises a preheater used in preheating air stream prior to entering the first foam. The preheater comprises air-to-air heat exchanger containing second carbon foam (18). The heat source of the heat exchanger is fuel cell exhaust. The fuel cell exhaust is condensed inside the heat exchanger, thus generating portion(s) of the water supply system.Preferred Properties: The first and second carbon foams have bulk thermal conductivity of 58-187 W/m.K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electrically conductive film is tin-oxide transparent electrically conductive film. The metal oxide thin film is a porous titanium oxide thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reaction unit uses a catalyst consisting of copper as the main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst Layer: The catalyst filled in the front stage catalyst layer is an oxidation catalyst. The front stage catalyst layer has higher heat accumulation property than the honeycomb type catalyst layer. The volume ratio of the front stage catalyst layer and the honeycomb type catalyst layer is 0.1:9.9-3:7. The reformation raw material is kerosene. Preferred Component: A burner, preferably a surface burner which is ignited at least during starting, is provided at the upstream side of the front stage catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from group (i) comprising metal oxide of single element such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum trioxide, titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, nickel oxide, chrome oxide, scandium oxide, cadmium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon oxide, group (ii) comprising the complex oxide of two or more types of metal chosen from zinc, copper, iron, lanthanum, titanium, cobalt, zirconium, magnesium, beryllium, nickel, chromium, scandium, cadmium, indium, tin, manganese, vanadium, cerium, aluminum, and silicon, and group (iii) comprising mixture of (i) and/or (ii). Preferably the metal chosen from group A is platinum and metal chosen from group B is gold. The metal oxide is titanium oxide and/or cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The main supported metal (M1) is metallic element(s) chosen from nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt or iron. The sub-supported metal (M2) is metallic element(s) chosen from palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium or cobalt. The support used for supporting metal catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina. The atomic ratio of metal (M2) to metal (M1), in the supported metal catalyst, i.e.,(M2/M1) is 0.01-1. The aqueous solution (I) used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is aqueous solution of chloroplatinic-acid hexahydrate. The aqueous solution (II) used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is aqueous solution of rhodium-chloride trihydrate. The hydrogenated alkali metal compound used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is chosen from lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, aluminum lithium-hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride or potassium hydride. The hydrogen-storing substance is chosen from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, (methyl)naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, aromatic hydrocarbon compound consisting of phenanthrene or alkyl derivative. The hydrogen-supplying substance is chosen from cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene or their alkyl derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The porous membrane is an anodized film that adheres to a catalyst. The substrate is a silicon substrate, and the metal film is an aluminum film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Coke oven generation gas is used as gas containing methane. The gas containing methane is blown into tuyere after adding water vapor to the gas and heating in a thermal storage-type heat exchange device (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The recirculation passage is provided with a tank storing the heat transmitting medium. The vapor supply mechanism has a function of supplying heat transmitting medium in a liquid state to the heat exchange portion to absorb a heat of the catalyst in the heat exchange portion. It includes a pre-heater (10) that preheats water. The warm-up device comprises a radiator that radiates heat from the heat transmitting medium. It includes sensors (13, 16) detecting a power generation load on the stack, a temperature of the catalyst, and an oxygen concentration of the atmosphere; and a controller to calculate a heat amount for generating steam, calculate a reaction heat amount, and control the pre-heater. The catalytic reactor comprises a carbon monoxide removal device used in a fuel cell power plant for producing a hydrogen-rich gas by removing carbon monoxide from a reformate gas. The fuel cell power plant comprises a fuel cell stack that generates electric power using hydrogen-rich gas, and a reformer producing the reformate gas by reforming a hydrocarbon fuel. A pump (9) supplies the heat transmitting medium to a heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat transmitting medium comprises an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The skeletal structure containing pores has ratio (Vp/Vs) of pore volume per unit mass (Vp) and structural volume per unit mass (Vs) of less than 2.5. Preferred Composition: The mixed metal oxide comprises 60 atomic% or more of sum of cerium and substituent chosen from lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), and 40 atomic% or less of zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and titanium (Ti) comprising 30 atomic% or more of Zr and Hf, and 10 atomic% or less of Nb, Ta and Ti. The oxide further comprises at least 20 atomic% of bismuth.Preferred Properties: The metal oxide has surface area of 180 m2/g or more, average crystallite size of at most 3.6 nm, and average pore diameter of at least 4.5 nm preferably average crystallite size is less than 3.5 nm, and the average pore diameter is at least 5 nm.Preferred Oxide: The bulk mixed metal oxide comprises 40-85 atomic% preferably 40-70 atomic% of cerium, 15-60 atomic% preferably 25-60 atomic% more preferably more than 45 atomic% of Zr and/or Hf, and 0-10 atomic% of Ti, Re, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Rh, Sb, Bi, V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Ca, Sr, or Ba, and 0-10 atomic% of yttrium (Y), La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu. The bulk mixed metal oxide exists in cubic phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst bed comprises particulates of copper, zinc oxide and alumina. The hydrogen permeable membrane is made of a palladium-silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The tubular membrane bodies define a length, and the interspace element extends over the length. The interspace element has the shape of a contour of the adjacent membrane bodies. The outside of the interspace element includes a structure to induce turbulence in the fluid. The interspace element is a tubular hollow body having supplemental membrane body for second component, inlet openings, and catalytically active component. It feeds a second fluid into the tubular jacket through the interspace element. The tubular jacket includes a geometry compatible with the outside contour of the bundle and to induce turbulence in the fluid. The gas generating system includes a system to generate a hydrogen-containing gas. The tubular membrane module forms a part of a gas generating system for fuel cell systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The manifold body comprises a single plate. At least one of the cathode inlet port and the anode inlet port has a water separation chamber formed within the manifold body so that water in at least one of the reactant streams of the fuel cell is collected in the water separation chamber. The manifold body further comprises a water drain passage formed within the body to provide communication between the water separation chamber and the exterior of the body for directing water collected in the water separation chamber out of the manifold body. The manifold further comprises a coolant passage formed within the body and in communication with the coolant outlet port for directing coolant out of the body. It further comprises mounting holes for mounting the fuel cell and fuel cell peripherals. Sealing mechanisms are provided around the ports. The manifold is formed by molding or casting. Fluid passages are formed by melting, etching or milling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The manifold is formed of polymers or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nozzle of the burner used for burning the generated hydrogen, is made of metal catalyst containing palladium. The burner is connected to the hydrogen generation unit, by back-fire prevention unit. The storage battery is charged by the electric power obtained from a wind mill or a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst carrier is made of metal chosen from nickel, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, chromium, cobalt, tungsten, vanadium or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier base is chosen from activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen containing raw material is an aromatic compound is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, anthrocene phenyl, phenanthrene or its alkyl derivatives. The alkyl derivative is a compound chosen from cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, 1-2, methyl cyclohexane 1,3 dimethyl cyclohexane decahydro naphthalene (decalin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: Ruthenium is used as group 6-9 element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 4-7C isomonoolefin monomer(s) is isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene. The 4-14C multiolefin monomer(s) is isoprene, butadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,4-dimethylbutadiene, piperyline, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and/or 1-vinyl-cyclohexadiene. The multiolefin cross-linking agent(s) is norbornadiene, 2-isopropenylnorbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, 1,3,5-hexatriene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, divinylbenzene, diisopropenylbenzene, divinyltoluene, divinylxylene, or their 1-20C alkyl-substituted derivatives. The chain transfer agent(s) is piperylene, 1-methyl-cycloheptene, 1-methyl-1-cyclopentene, 2-ethyl-1-hexene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, and/or indene. The peroxide system is organic peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (B) is a perfluorohydrocarbon type sulfonic acid polymer. (C) is a sulfonated conjugated diene type polymer (preferably at least one from sulfonated polybutadienes, sulfonated polyisoprenes, sulfonated styrene-butadiene copolymers and sulfonated styrene-isoprene copolymers) or a sulfonated aromatic polymer. EXAMPLE - 3.0 g Pt-containing carbon powder (Pt = 20 wt.%), 50 g 10 wt.% Nafion water-alcohol solution (water:alcohol = 15:85 wt. ratio), 10 g 30 wt.% styrene-isoprene block copolymer sulfonate (styrene:isoprene = 80:20 wt. ratio; number average mol. wt. = 20,000; wt. average mol. wt. = 30,000; sulfonic acid gps. = 2.16 mg equiv./g) and 37.0 g distilled water were mixed by stirring with 300 g zirconia balls for 1 hr, to give a catalyst paste composition for electrodes. The paste had good dispersion uniformity, good stability and good coatability onto carbon paper, compared to poor, poor and poor, respectively, for a comparative example prepared without the styrene-isoprene block copolymer sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The merocyanine dye is represented by general formula (1), (2) or (3).Z1- Z9 = heterocyclic rings ;X1 - X6 = C atom or hetero atom ;Y1 - Y9 = hetero atoms ;R1 - R27 = H atom or substituting group ;m = 0 or integerIn (1), (2) and (3), when X1 - X6 are hetero atoms, R5, R6, R11 - R16 and T22 - R27 can be absent, and when m = 0, R2, R4, R10, R11, R20 and R21 are absent.The coumarin due is represented by general formula (4).R28 - R38 = H atoms or substituting groups WIDER DISCLOSURE - A semiconductor electrode is photosensitized using the invented photosensitizing composition. A photoelectric conversion device comprises the invented composition. A solar cell comprises the invented photosensitizing composition.    EXAMPLE - A photosensitizing composition was prepared by mixing a merocyanine dye represented by general formula (4) having a maximum absorption wavelength at 525 nm and an absorption of 97000, and a coumarin dye represented by general formula (72) having a maximum absorption wavelength at 421 nm and an absorption of 38100, with the mole ratio of the meroxyanine to the coumarin being 38:62. This composition had photosensitivity over the visible region and was useful as a photosensitizing material for semiconductor electrodes in photoelectric conversion devices such as solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The porous portion formed in the bottom of the concave portion includes fine pores, and a sum of opening areas of the fine pores is smaller than an area of the concave portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal support is metal containing iron, nickel, or copper. Preferred Dimension: A thickness of the metal support is 10-500 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Source: The source of oxygen gas is air. The aqueous electrolytic alkaline solution includes potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The screening mechanism includes a porous membrane. The cathode includes a plate formed with a layer of hydrophilic material forming the first surface of the cathode, a layer of gas permeable hydrophobic material forming the second surface of the cathode, and the cathode collector providing catalytic surfaces within the layer of hydrophobic material.Preferred Condition: The pores are sized to provide passage of the hydroxyl ions to the fuel; sized to provide passage of the gallium hydroxide to the solution; or are sized to form menisci in the solution at the pores to provide the electrochemically reactive contact between the solution and the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode further comprises a first catalyst capable of interacting with oxygen and protons to form water, and a second catalyst capable of interacting with peroxide to form water and oxygen. The electrolytic material and the non-electrolytic material form a homogeneous mixture. The non-electrolytic polymer is present in the cathode at a higher concentration at a first cathode surface adjacent to the first flow plate than at a second cathode surface adjacent to the first flow plate than at a second cathode surface opposite the first cathode surface. The fuel cell further comprises an anode (54) between the second flow plate and the electrolyte layer, a first gas diffusion layer, and a second diffusion layer. The first gas diffusion layer is between the cathode and the first flow plate. The second gas diffusion layer is between the anode and the second flow plate.Preferred Compositions: The cathode comprises 30-70 wt.% first catalyst, 5-30 wt.% second catalyst, 10-40 wt.% electrolytic polymer, and less than 30 wt.% non-electrolytic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first catalyst comprises carbon-supported platinum. The second catalyst comprises platinum black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrolytic polymer comprises sulfonate fluorocarbon polymer. It is sulfonated fluorocarbon polymer. The non-electrolytic polymer comprises fluorine-containing polymer, e.g. PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The first surface is an interior surface and the second surface is an exterior surface. The second surface is exposed to the fuel cell's external environment. The barrier has a geometry comprising sphere, spheroid, ovoid, toroid, cylinder, cone, conic section, regular solid, irregular solid, polyhedron, polyhedroid, or corrugate surface. The contact between the solution and the first surface comprises laminar flow field, linear flow field, non-linear flow field, curvilinear flow field, or convoluted flow field. The barrier is self-gasketing. It is disposed on a gasket, clamp, press-fit clip, heat-melted seal, vacuum seal, magnetic seal, screw, bolt, nut, rivet, pin, adhesive, solder, aligning element, peripheral skirt, mesh, or screen cap.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The gaseous compound comprises carbon dioxide, methanol, CHOOH, H2CO, hydrogen gas, oxygen gas, water, or hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer membrane comprises Teflon, Zitex A, or Zitex G.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second protective layer comprises weatherproof sheets sandwiching a metal foil. The resin sheet is a single material from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, fiber reinforced plastic and polycarbonate, or composite sheet of materials. The solar cell module further includes metal frame body having aperture portion where first protective layer, second protective layer, solar cells, and resin sheet are present. The second protective layer has an area larger than area where solar cells are present, and smaller than aperture area of frame body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel contains methanol, methanol aqueous solution, chemical halide, gasoline, cyclohexanone, sodium borohydride or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The raw material gas contains methane, ethane, propane, butane, natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether and at least one gas selected from partial reformed gas. The oxidation gas is selected from oxygen. oxygen-enriched air and/or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compound: The hydrogen separation membrane consists of palladium or palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen occlusion material is lithium, titanium, lanthanum and/or magnesium. The inorganic support is silica gel or silica-alumina group inorganic support. The silica alumina group inorganic support is zeolite or mesoporous silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide support contains zinc oxide, alumina, indium and/or gallium oxide. Preferred Compound: Group XV and XVI elements are sulfur, tellurium, selenium, bismuth and/or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: 200-10000 mass parts of liquid fluoro oligoether is contained with respect to 100 mass parts of perfluoro copolymer. The copolymer is dispersed in the oligoether. The average particle diameter of the copolymer is 100 mum or less. Preferred Definitions:    -(Rf-O)- = -(CF(CF3)-CF2-O)-, -(CF2CF2CF2-O) or -(CF2-O), -(CF2-CFY-O)-; and    Y = F or CF3.    EXAMPLE - CF2Cl-CFCl2 (in g) (580), monomer (280) of formula (18), monomer (2) of formula (19), and methanol (0.02) were taken in an autoclave and purged with nitrogen and then with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). The temperature was maintained at 25degreesC, and the pressure at 0.165 MPa-G. The monomer mixture was polymerized by adding CF2Cl-CFCl2 solution (7) containing (n-C3F7COO-)2 (5 mass%). TFE was fed intermittently to the autoclave, and polymerization was carried out for 6 hours. After purging TFE with nitrogen, a polymerization liquid composition was obtained. An oligomer (400) of hexafluoro propene oxide having -(CF(CF3)-CF2-O)- repeating unit was added and stirred at room temperature. The polymerization degree composition became cloudy. N-hexane was added to the dispersion liquid and stirred at room temperature. The colorless and transparent upper layer and cloudy lower layer were separated. The lower layer was washed with n-hexane and dried at 90degreesC for 60 hours. Composition (460) of paste-form was obtained. After allowing the composition to stand for 1 week, the upper layer was removed. The paste-form composition with concentrated perfluoro copolymer, was removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic polymers is a mixture of liquid fluorine, silicon resin, acrylic type resin. The adhesive resin sealing agent is made up of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) co- polymer resin. The surface protection layer comprises acrylic resin and polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pollution protection layer consists of perfluoro polyether group containing silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The impedance may be measured at two different frequencies, and may be measured for the material transport process at the boundaries between electrodes (5,6;17,18) and the ion conductor (9:16).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process : The carbon is in the form of highly-pure graphite or carbon black and the oxygen-free atmosphere is obtained by sweeping with argon. The indirect heating is by electron beam or inductive heating. EXAMPLE - Gaseous silicon monoxide (SiO) and solid graphite were brought together at 1,900 degrees C and a graphite electrode was projected into a reaction chamber which was sealed and swept with argon. 1 Mol. silicon carbide was reacted with 2.8 mols. SiO and the liquid silicon dropped from the electrode into a collector vessel, while the resulting carbon monoxide plus SiO gas reaction gas was passed to a condensation chamber where the excess of the SiO was removed and recycled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Laminator: The area of the hot plate taking the laminate has concave curvature. The under side (16) of this area has steps (4) to suit the curvature, preferably to give the plate approximately uniform thickness, and is accessible from the outside. The sides (12) of the hot plate extend beyond this area and preferably are flat, with a stepped recess (17) to take a seal (6). The hot plate, which may be stiffened, e.g. with ribs, forms the lower part of the lower chamber. The hot plate and cover are bound by a seal and together form the housing of the laminator. The heaters (5), preferably flat heating modules, and/or temperature sensors (18) are attached to the under side of the hot plate and preferably fitted to it e.g. with screws. The hot plate may also have means of cooling the under side with a cooling stream (13), preferably of gas, especially air. It is free from vacuum ports between its under side and the lower chamber. The diaphragm has a Shore hardness at least 60, preferably 70. A high vacuum can be formed in the lower chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hot plate is made in one piece from a metal, preferably aluminum, or metal with a nonmetallic lining, preferably of a thermally conductive material, e.g. epoxide resin or silicon on the relevant area. This material preferably is black. The seal (6) between the hot plate and cover consists of silicone, preferably silicone foam, and especially is a rectangular seal of silicone foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrolyzer splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. At least one fuel cell is provided for introducing hydrogen for energy conversion. Oxygen is fed to the fuel cell for energy conversion.A strip-like membrane fuel cell, preferably a proton exchange fuel cell, is supplied with oxygen or gas mixtures.A hybrid storage unit is fixed to the sunshade. A direct methanol fuel cell converts methanol into electricity.The sunshade is an organic or polymeric screen made from an electroluminescent foil. The sunshade has an emitting and/or receiving device, preferably a GPRS, UMTS, GMS or HSCS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel is liquid. The pre-mixer is operative to achieve diffusion combustion between the fuel and air for warming up the porous medium and to interrupt the diffusion combustion. The pre-mixer includes a first igniter source that allows diffusion combustion between the fuel and air. The mixer includes a second igniter source that allows combustion between the fuel and heating gas. The heating gas is a gas resulting from combustion of the fuel. The combustor further includes a reformer downstream of the first combustor for generating hydrogen-rich gas, a water supply unit supplying water to the porous medium, a fuel cell downstream of the reformer, and a second combustor downstream of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The de-foaming agent is selected from 15 specific compounds including e.g. fatty acid, fatty acid ester, amine, metal soap, amide, silicone, polypropylene glycol and nonylphenolethylene oxide low molar adduct.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The lattice constant transition material is grown epitaxially on the first sub-cell with a gradually increasing value for y. The second sub-cell is grown epitaxially on the lattice constant transition material. The first sub-cell is lattice-matched, double-heterostructure comprising homojunction layers of GaInAs(P) clad by InAsyP1-y cladding layers, where the InAsyP1-y cladding has a value for y of 0 to less than 1, such that the InAsyP1-y cladding layers of the first sub-cell have a lattice constant equal to the first lattice constant. The second sub-cell is lattice-matched, double-heterostructure comprising homojunction layers of GaInAs(P) clad by InAsyP1-y cladding layers, where the InAsyP1-y cladding has a value for y of 0 to less than 1, such that the InAsyP1-y cladding layer of the second sub-cell have a lattice constant equal to the second lattice constant. A tunnel junction is positioned between the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell or between the first sub-cell and the lattice constant transition layer. The lattice constant of the lattice constant transition material is graded. The lattice constant of the lattice constant transition material changes in steps of multiple, discrete increments. The first bandgap is 0.74 eV. The InP substrate is doped with deep acceptor atoms to make the substrate more electrically insulating than InP, which is not doped with deep acceptor atoms. An isolation layer is positioned between the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell or between the first sub-cell and the lattice constant transition material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (a) also contains at least one from oxides of magnesium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, zirconium and cerium. The catalyst (b) also contains at least one from oxides of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, zirconium and cerium. The catalyst is supported on a carrier (especially. at least one from alumina, silica, alumina-silica, cordierite, zirconia, cerium oxide, zeolite and titanium oxide metal oxide-based carriers and stainless steel, iron, copper and aluminum metal-based carriers).The content of gold is 0.05-30 (especially. 0.1-10; more especially. 0.1-3) wt.% (based on total catalyst). The content of palladium is 0.1-30 (especially. 0.1-10; more especially. 0.1-3) wt.% (based on total catalyst). EXAMPLE - 0.250 g HAuCl4.4H2O, 4.83 g Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and 16.2 g Fe(NO3)3.9H2O were dissolved in 600 ml distilled water, added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 9.47 g Na2CO3 in 400 ml water, the obtained precipitate washed with water, dried, and baked in air at 400degreesC for 5 h, to give an ultrafine powder of Au solidified Cu-Fe oxide catalyst (Au/CuFe2O4; Au:Cu:Fe atomic ratio = 1:33:66; particle dia. = 2-3 nm. The catalyst gave 4.2% and 58.2% hydrogen production yield after 3 hours at 50 degrees C and 150 degrees C, respectively, compared to 0% and 18.1%, respectively, for a comparative example using a commercial Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 catalyst (Cu = 38 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: The heating mechanism comprises electrical resistive heating or a fluid heating medium. The second channels comprise an oxidation catalyst and the heating medium comprises oxidation products. The heating mechanism comprises a hot flowing fluid. The reactor is a reformer and the reaction product comprises hydrogen. The system comprises pressure controller to maintain the upstream heat exchange section at a higher pressure than the downstream heat exchange sections. The heating medium has a flow path to and through the third heat exchange section and through the second heat exchange section. The system further comprises a source of pressurized gas and mixing mechanism upstream of the inlet for combining the pressurized gas with the fluid stream entering the vaporizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The heating medium comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the catalyst is selective for oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen, and the oxidation products comprise carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reformer further comprises first metering device through which the first oxidant flow travels before entering the first stage; and a second metering device through which the second oxidant flow travels before entering the second stage. The first metering device controls a flow rate of the first oxidant flow received by the first stage. The second metering device controls a flow rate of the second oxidant flow received by the second stage. The reformer further comprises a distribution rack extending across a portion of a cross section of the second portion of the catalyst bed. It also comprises a temperature-measuring device located within each of the first and second stages to measure its temperature. The distribution rack receives the second oxidant flow and distributing the second oxidant flow across an upstream face of the second catalytic element.An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a method of starting-up an autothermal reformer comprising forming a first stage flow having a fuel flow and a first oxidant flow; passing the first stage flow through a first stage of a catalyst bed and catalytically reacting the first stage flow within the first stage to form a first stage effluent; forming a second stage flow having the first stage effluent and a second oxidant flow; passing the second stage flow through a second stage of the catalyst bed and catalytically reacting the second stage flow within the second stage to form a reformate flow which is exhausted from the second stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is chosen from silica, alumina and/or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicone type coating material comprises 5-30 mass% of inorganic filler having mean particle diameter of 3-300 nm, blended with silicone group resin having siloxane bonding with principal chain structure -(SiR1R2-O)m-(SiR3R4-O)n- (I).R1 and R2=alkyl, alkenyl or phenyl group;R3 and R4=phenyl group; andm and n=integers, and m is always less than n.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The compound is supported by platinum group element such as platinum and rubidium, and rare earth elements such as yttrium, lanthanum or cerium elements (M1 and M2) are nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The heat exchanger is near the discharge opening for the combustion unit. The operating substance and the heating fluid is metered into through at least one metering element. The operating substance includes at least some of the hydrocarbon feed mixture, air and water. A catalytically active exhaust gas treatment device is downstream of the heat exchanger, relative to the exhaust gas flow direction. The hydrogen-enriched production fluid is stored in at least one storage device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The fine jet of fluid and vacuum suction force are tuned in a way that the fluid is allowed to interact with the local area of a substrate, when interaction is completed, the fluid and possible products of the interaction (8) are completely or partially removed from the substrate by the action of the vacuum suction force. The fluid is capable of dissolving undesirable compounds (5) on the local area of a substrate resulting in local cleaning by dissolution or mixing. It dissolves material of the surface layer of the local area resulting in local etching, changes chemical properties of surface of the local area resulting in local pre-treatment, and forms an additional layer on the local area (8, 10) surface. Some areas of the substrate have been coated by layer(s) where at least one of which is nanoporous layer of titanium dioxide or other semiconducting material. The whole are of the substrate has been coated by dye. The local areas of the substrate are those that are coated with the dye but not coated by other layers. Preferred Component: The fluid comprises liquid, vapor, and/or gas phase. It can be a dye removing solution. The size of the fine jet of fluid is smaller than that of the local area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The solvent is water and/or water-miscible organic solvent or water-immiscible organic solvent. The ratio of water-soluble to water-insoluble monomers is 0.1:9.9-9.9-0.1. The water-insoluble monomer contains fluorine. The gel has a double network structure. EXAMPLE - A mixture of aqueous solutions of 2M 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (25ml), 2M N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (1 ml) as crosslinking agent, and 0.1M 2-oxoglutaric acid (1 ml) as initiator was diluted with water to 50 ml, deoxygenated using N2, poured into a frame held between glass sheets and irradiated with UV of 365nm for 6 hours to produce a gel containing 4 mol% of crosslinking agent. A mixture of aqueous solutions of 5M acrylamide (40 ml), 0.2M crosslinking agent (1 ml) and 0.1M initiator (1 ml) was diluted with water to 200 ml and deoxygenated. A piece of the gel (4 g) was immersed in the solution in a sealed vessel, and stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours, and gently shaken, to impregnate the components of the solution into the gel. The gel was removed and cut to a suitable size. The cut piece was held between two glass plates and irradiated with UV of 365 nm for 6 hours. The content of crosslinking agent in the double network gel was 0.1 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass also contains 0.005-1, preferably 0.01-0.5 wt.% cerium oxide. The colorant portion comprises 0.01-0.15, preferably 0.02-0.1 wt.% iron (III) oxide, 0.3-10, preferably 0.3-5 ppm cobalt oxide and 0.0001-0.01, preferably 0.0001-0.05 wt.% iron II oxide . The glass is free of chromium, selenium, erbium and nickel. The glass is colored as a(asterisk): -1 - +1, preferably -0.5 - +0.5 and b(asterisk): -1 - +1, preferably -0.5 - +0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The direct current is transformed to alternating current that is utilized within a transformer to produce alternating current of voltage for a powder grid. The vessel is maintained at 500-1000degreesC. The fuel cells are operated at 500-1000degreesC and generate exothermic heat and transport heat by thermal conduction to the vessel or by a metal. They are stacked in layers enclosed by metal layers. The municipal sludge is subjected to dewatering to remove water from the sludge. The vessel is pressurized at 5-10 atm. The supply of municipal sludge is subjected to pyrolysis.Preferred Component: The alternating current is of the same electrical phase as the power grid. The stack of fuel cells is molten carbonate fuel cells and/or solid oxide fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The municipal sludge contains sulfur compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The municipal sludge contains organic compounds that are converted within the fuel cells to form hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises depositing a layer of non-oxide, metal based conductive material on electrode material before the depositing of the thin film catalyst on the layer of conductive layer. After the annealing step, the hillocks are subjected to oxygen plasma process or anodizing process to oxidize a surface of exposed non-oxide, metal based conductive material to corresponding metal oxide. The silicon oxide is deposited on the electrode material by reactive sputtering. The method further includes subjecting the hillocks to an oxygen plasma process to oxidize a surface of exposed silicon oxide (SiOx) to silicon dioxide (SiO2). The catalyst may be deposited on the conductive oxide by electron beam evaporation, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, or chemical vapor deposition. A thin layer of conductive material is deposited on the electrode material prior to the deposition of the conductive oxide. The conductive material is deposited onto the electrode material by electron beam evaporation, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, or chemical vapor deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a noble metal, an alloy of noble metals, or an alloy of noble and non-noble metals. The conductive material is a metal or an alloy. The metal is titanium, chromium or tantalum. The electrode material is porous metal, porous metal-ceramics, and carbon composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-oxide, metal based conductive material is TiN, TiC, TaN, WC and stellite. The non-oxide, metal-based conductive material is TiN. The conductive oxide is SiOx, RuO2, ZnO2, SnO2, ZnInO and SrRuO, where x= 0-2. The conductive oxide is an oxygen deficient silicon oxide of formula SiOx, x = 0-2. The conductive oxide is an oxygen deficient silicon oxide of formula SiOx, where x = 1-1.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The hydrophilic coating is bonded to both sides of the fin and is metal/ceramic powder (69-82 wt.%) or nickel-based braze alloy (18-31 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has a coolant circuit, the coolant serving as the heat exchange medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The body comprises a silicon (Si) substrate (10). The temperature adjusting layer comprises a heating resistor, which is thin film layer of a compound containing tantalum, Si, oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). The apparatus further comprises a power supply unit which supplies electric power to the heating resistor, and a measuring unit which measures an electrical resistance of the resistor by measuring at least one of an electrical current flowing through the heating resistor and a voltage applied to the heating resistor by the electric power supplied from the power supply unit to the resistor. A temperature detector is provided for detecting a temperature of the resistor on the basis to the electrical resistance of the resistor measured by the measuring unit. The apparatus has a vaporizer that vaporizes the fluid material in the reaction flow path by heating an interior of the reaction flow path. A catalyst layer having a selective oxidation catalyst is provided in at least a portion of the reaction flow path. The chemical reaction apparatus also includes a converting unit which converts carbon monoxide in the fluid material supplied to the reaction flow path into carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the reaction flow path, by heating an interior of the flow path. Preferred Composition: A total content of O and N in the compound is set at not more than 56% (preferably 35-56%). Preferred Parameter: A sheet resistance of the thin film is set at 10-100 OMEGA/square. The density of the compound is set at not less than 7x10power22/cm3. The temperature of the resistor rises by 100 degreesC. A change in the electrical resistance of the resistor is -2 - -7 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Suitable film precursor materials contain binders (especially rubbers, preferably acrylate rubbers) in amounts of ca. 2-30 (preferably 3-5) wt%, plus solvent (ester, ketone and/or alcohol), plasticiser (phthalate ester, preferably dioctyl and/or dibutyl phthalate) and electrically-conductive material (preferably metallic material).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The carrier (100) consists of ceramic material with an essentially smooth, flat surface (104) and a non-stick coating, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene (optionally modified). The carrier is heat-resistant at temperatures of at least 800 (preferably at least 1100) degreesC. Preferred Method: Layer (108) and the carrier (100) are sintered together, or layer (108) may be sintered after separation from the carrier. Coating (108) is formed on the carrier surface (104) by spraying, roller coating, casting, spreading and/or screen printing; this may involve two applications with intermediate drying, after which the substrate (110) is bonded with the second part-coating. After drying layer (108), the binder is removed by heating and the layer is sintered, preferably under vacuum at a temperature of at least 800degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrates: Knitted, woven or braided metal fabric, or non-woven metal fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lower electrode layer consists of molybdenum and the substrate is a stainless steel substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The envelope is primarily composed of glass-like material collection including at least all transparent materials based upon fused silicates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: At least one of the double-sided reflective panels is further comprised of a solar cell providing electrical power to the tracking system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Each of the double-sided reflective panels is comprised of a first reflective face and a second reflective face reflecting light in a direction opposite light reflected from the first reflective face. The rigid frame approximates the shape of the light tunnel projected at the mounting angle. The rigid frame approximates a polygon projected at the mounting angle whenever the light tunnel shape approximates the polygon; a circle projected at the mounting angle whenever the light tunnel shape approximates the circle; and an oval projected at the mounting angle whenever the light tunnel shape approximates the oval. The rigid frame is mounted to a mounting infrastructure (50, 52) at the mounting angle with respect to the light tunnel. An envelope encloses the rigid frame and supports the created sky view. The envelope provides ultraviolet transmission suppression and/or infra-red transmission suppression.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The envelope is primarily composed of transparent plastic collection including at least all transparent material composed of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical connecting unit is integrated in the module frame. Electrical connecting lines (8) are integrated between the solar cell unit and the connecting unit and between the connecting unit and the coupling unit in the frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective layer is made from PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles for increasing heat conductivity is selected from one of the alumina and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The image sensor further comprises an interlayer dielectric layer (214) on the gate dielectric layer and covering the first and second transparent electrodes, the interlayer dielectric layer having an opening; a first metal electrode (218) that fills the first opening and is coupled to the gate dielectric layer; a passivation layer (216) on the interlayer dielectric layer and covering the first metal electrode, the passivation layer having second and third openings above the source and drain, respectively; and second and third metal electrodes (220, 222) on part of the passivation layer and formed in the second and third openings, respectively to be connected with a part of the interlayer dielectric layer at 2 sides of the second gate electrode.Preferred Process: Forming the source and drain comprises defining a top surface of the polysilicon layer to form 2 pre-doping regions, and doping these regions to form the source and drain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first and second transparent gate electrodes are made of indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first and second transparent gate electrodes are made of indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The thin-film layer is a thin-film solar cell, and the electrical contact is a silver current collect bus of the thin-film solar cell. The electrical contact is reflective. The spreader is made of copper and is sized to the electrical contact. The spreader is a power bus bar for conveying power from the solar cell to the electronic device. The cover layer comprises a cover glass layer, and an adhesive layer bonding the cover glass layer to the thin-film layer. The cover layer may comprise a polyimide layer. The circuit layer comprises polyimide layers, and conductor traces and feedthrough traces for interconnecting the electronic device to the electrical contact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ball like structure is coated with Teflon, polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent-electrode layer consist of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate comprises a surface misoriented from the plane by 14-18, preferably 15.8degrees toward the nearest (111) plane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate is a Ge or gallium arsenide substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor growth substrate is a Ge or gallium arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module comprises connection tabs for interconnecting the surface electrode on the light-receiving surface and the back surface electrode on the non-light receiving surface of the solar cell elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elements are silver and the other elements are titanium, phosphorus and/or its compounds. Preferred Composition: The other elements are included in the first solder layer at 10-100 ppm. The other elements in the surface electrode at 0.05-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The elements are silver and the other elements are titanium, phosphorus and/or its compounds. Preferred Composition: The other elements are included in the first solder layer at 10-100 ppm. The other elements in the surface electrode at 0.05-5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The mesh electrode is a cathode (120) or an anode (160). The mesh comprises an electrically conductive material. The wires comprise a coating including an electrically conductive material. The photovoltaic cell further comprises a hole blocking layer (150) between the active layer (140) and the first electrode. It further comprises a hole carrier layer (130) between the active layer and the mesh electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole-blocking layer is made from lithium fluoride and/or metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole-blocking layer is made from lithium fluoride and/or metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrically conductive material is metals, alloys and/or polymers. The electron acceptor material comprises a material from fullerenes, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazoles, discotic liquid crystals, carbon nanorods, inorganic nanorods, polymers containing cyanide groups and/or polymers containing CF3 (sic) groups. The electron acceptor material comprises a substituted fullerene. The electron donor material comprises a material from discotic liquid crystals, polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylvinylenes or polyisothianaphthalenes. The electron donor material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene). The hole carrier layer is made from polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, and/or polyisothianaphthanenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Thin Metal Oxide Film: The metal oxide film consists of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium-oxide, tin oxide or strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The trace material comprises nickel material and is coated with gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pad consists of silicone rubber, polyepoxide, polyimide or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material also comprises dopant (less than or equal to5 mol%). The dopant is manganese, dysprosium, bismuth, yttrium, holmium, cesium, gadolinium, gallium, cadmium, and/or iron. The ferroelectric material comprises lead calcium titanium-tin oxide (Pb1-xCaxTi1-ySny)O3.x+y = greater than 0.15-less than 0.4;andy/x = greater than 0.1-less than 4The ferroelectric material preferably comprise lead calcium titanate (Pb1-xCax)TiO3, and dopant made of dysprosium, holmium, bismuth, cesium and/or iron (less than or equal to1%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material also comprises dopant (less than or equal to5 mol%). The dopant is manganese, dysprosium, bismuth, yttrium, holmium, cesium, gadolinium, gallium, cadmium, and/or iron. The ferroelectric material comprises lead calcium titanium-tin oxide (Pb1-xCaxTi1-ySny)O3.x+y = greater than 0.15-less than 0.4;andy/x = greater than 0.1-less than 4The ferroelectric material preferably comprise lead calcium titanate (Pb1-xCax)TiO3, and dopant made of dysprosium, holmium, bismuth, cesium and/or iron (less than or equal to1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The chimney is built using different material including plastic or polymeric material e.g. Kevlar, polymer, polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polycarbonate. The heat collector is constructed in plastic or polymeric material e.g. KEVLAR polymer, and polyvinylchloride (PVC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The reflection layer has sheet resistance of at least 100kOhm/square-at most50MOhm/square, preferably at least 5-at most50MOhm/square. The reflection layer has conductivity thickness direction of a film greater than the conductivity in an in-plane direction of the film.Preferred Components: The first photovoltaic device has pin-type junction and/or i-type layers. The first photovoltaic device comprises silicon:hydrogen or silicon with crystallinity. The second photovoltaic device has pn-type junction or p-type semiconductor; and n-type semiconductor. The junction and semiconductor comprises mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or silicon with crystallinity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reflection layer comprises deposited film made of metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The first and second plates of glass are of different types or a single type from sheet glass, white glass (low-iron glass), figured glass, tempered glass, heat-strengthened glass, or wired glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first plate member of resin is a film containing fluororesin as a source material, stack of a film containing fluororesin as a source material, or film containing polyethylene terephthalate as a source material. The second plate member of resin is translucent. The first or second plate member of resin is colored and transparent. It contains an ultraviolet absorber. The filler layer contains as a source material a resin from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) resin, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resin, or silicon resin. The subassembly is arranged to cooperate with first or second plates of glass to form an air layer (14) between the subassembly and first or second plate of glass. The spacer member has butyl rubber. It is fitted between the first and second plates of glass at their respective ends to pose the butyl rubber between the spacer member and first and second plates of glass and silicon resin applied and allowed to set outer than the spacer member between the first and second plates' respective ends to allow the space to be watertight. The subassembly is detachably attached to a frame (10) formed of the first and second plates of glass and spacer member.ELECTRICAL POWERAND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cells are sealed in the filler layer as the cells undergo a lamination process employing a pouching lamination apparatus. The photovoltaic cells have a light-receiving surface unbonded to the filler layer. The conductive wire electrically connecting the photovoltaic cells and allowing an external and electrical output is provided with an output terminal electrically connected to the conductive wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The filter layer comprises metal or dielectric multilayer filter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The filter layer comprises metal or dielectric multilayer filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode is coated with high surface area material e.g. carbon black, platinum black, iridium oxide or silver chloride to increase double layer capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: A back surface field is formed by a second layer comprising aluminum alloyed with the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The surface coating comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resilient panel is made out of rigid polyurethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The stay vane comprises a connector(s) for affixing the second structure to the trailing edge of the first structure. The connector(s) is a bolt threadably connected to a tapered borehole provided in the first structure, as component(s) of the turbine configuration. The second structure is affixed to the trailing edge of the first structure by welding, soldering, mechanically bonding, and/or chemically bonding. It is permitted to touch the wicket gate(s) (201) in a position(s) of the wicket gate(s) relative to the second structure, preferably in the region of the leading edge of the wicket gate, eliminating the gap between the second structure and wicket gate. It is also affixed to the leading edge of the wicket gate(s). Preferred Material: The second structure is fabricated from a material consisting of durable elastic material, durable flexible material, durable pliable material, durable material formed in a telescoping arrangement, and/or durable material formed in an accordion arrangement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The borehole is countersunk, and the portion above the bolt as installed is filled with a sealant from an auto body filler, room temperature vulcanizable sealant, and/or epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The components of the system communicate using the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN protocol via radio links.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shaft comprises ferrous metal. The sleeve fitted with respect to the shaft comprises cobalt alloy, nickel alloy, tungsten-carbide alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ferromagnetic material is selected from the group containing iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is provided between light guide plate and reverse side material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The photoactive layer may be formed by mixing the electron donating material and the fullerene derivative with a liquid and then drying to form the photo-active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron donating material is conjugated polymers, conjugated oligomers, conjugated molecules that are free of repeating units, or quantum dots and well. The conjugated oligomer or polymer is oligomers respectively polymers of thiophenes, phenylenes, fluorenes, polyacetylenes, isothionaphtenes, benzthiaziazoles, and/or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon cluster is formed of 70-960 (preferably 76-240) atoms. The electron donating material can be inorganic semi-conductive nano-particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The degree of derivatization of the fullerene derivative is 1-3 fullerene-addend bonds per fullerene. Part of the addend is an aliphatic hydrocarbon with 1-12C. The addend comprises an aryl-(carboxylic acid alkyl)ester group.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of fullerene/electron donating material in the photo-active layer is 10:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is stacked with a material layer chosen from molybdenum layer, silicon dioxide layer, aluminum oxide layer, titanium oxide layer, soda lime glass layer and stainless steel thin plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foil: The shading foil is polyethylene terephthalate film or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The frame of the mounting structure is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The frame includes two spaced apart vertical columns mounted on a foot plate (3) and the mounting can be moved up and down these columns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The partially hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxysilane is chelated with beta-diketone, beta-keto acid ester, bivalent alcohol and/or ethanolamine. EXAMPLE - Aluminum-zinc alloy plated steel plate was subjected to chromate treatment and applied with epoxy primer coating material. A primer coating film having dry film thickness of 5 mum was formed after baking the applied film at 200degreesC. 5 weight parts of methyl silicate 51 was blended with 100 wt.pts of polyvinylidene fluoride group fluorine plastic paint, and coating material was prepared. The coating material was applied on the primer coating film and baked at 250degreesC for 60 seconds to form a coating film having dry film thickness of 22 mum. The surface of the coating film was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the ratio of silicon, fluorine, carbon atoms was 21.87%, 21.06% and 6.76% respectively. The obtained test material was subjected to accelerated weathering test in a sunshine weather meter test device whose black panel temperature was set to 80degreesC. The color tone change (DELTAE) and glossiness retention (GR%) were found to be 0.61 and 87% respectively. The coating film had partial hydrolyzed condensate of tetra alkoxy silane on the surface. A solar cell panel was produced using the test material as base material. The initial stage adhesive power of the adhesive agent in the panel measured based on JIS K 6854 was found to be favorable (5.1 kg/inch). Weather resistance of the panel based on JIS B 7753 was found to be good, and exfoliation and whitening of the panel were not observed. Heat cycle test of the panel was performed for 200 cycles based on JIS C 8917, and exterior change of the coating film was not observed. Temperature/humidity cycle test and damp-proof test were performed according to JIS C 8917, and exfoliation, whitening or swelling of the EVA/coating film surface was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A glass fiber non-woven fabric (103) is embedded in one portion of the incombustible sealing agent. The total thickness of the incombustible sealing agent is 0.6-2 mm. Alkylated silicone compound is alkylated alkoxy silane compound of formula (1).R = 1-2C alkyl;R2,R3 = 3-8C alkyl group or alkyl group modified by vinyl, ether, ketone or carboxyl group;X = alkyl or alkoxy group; andm, n, p = 1-100.The protection component in the reverse side of the solar cell module is steel sheet, and the protection component in the surface side is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The main component of adhesive resin sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or grafted polyethylene. The substrate of solar cell is polyimide, crystalline aromatic polyamide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal is selected from a group of copper, nickel, iron, tin, copper-nickel alloy and iron-nickel-cobalt alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode plate is formed with platinum, nickel as main component and at least one sort of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: At least one thin film transistor is used for active control. A buffer layer (4), a poly-Si layer and/or an Si oxide layer (6) can be used for active control
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The frame comprises at least one support partially comprising an electrically conductive material and electrically connectable to at least one module in order to act as a conductor. The support comprises at least two aluminum bars (3, 4) which are electrically insulated from each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - At least one electrical contact point for each module is formed by a flexible electrically conductive material, preferably in the form of a strip, and most preferably by a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The supports comprise parallel aluminum or steel bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second electrical contact points are formed by a strip of flexible electrically conductive material preferably comprising a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: An external connector is provided and is of a material chosen from copper, stainless steel, iron-nickel alloys and titanium, preferably an iron-nickel alloy containing 48% nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The connector (11) comprises copper, stainless steel, iron-nickel alloys or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material used for the insulating block is a polymer (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cardiovascular exercise unit is integrated with C-SAFE protocol standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film material is a semiconductor material such as doped or undoped titania, zinc oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film material has mixed slurries of inorganic oxides/oxide precursors with an organic polymer/small oligomer and a dispersing agent. The substrate is a transparent, structural performance polymeric material or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Thickener: The cellulosic thickener is methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxy-propyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The oxide is titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The transparent resin layer which is positioned directly under the dry film, is a thermosetting property hard coat resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A light-diffusing component is contained in at least one portion of transparent resin layer. The light-diffusing component is formed by inorganic particle which is capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation. The inorganic particle is a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in wt.pts) (356), tetra ethoxysilane (208), water (126) and 0.01N hydrochloric acid (18) were mixed, and a liquid mixture was prepared. The liquid mixture was stirred in 25degreesC thermostat for 2 hours, and a silicone resin with weight average molecular weight of 4000 was obtained. OSCAL1432 dispersion of colloidal silica in isopropyl alcohol which had solid content of 30% was mixed with the silicone resin in weight ratio of 40:60, and a coating-material composition was prepared by diluting isopropyl alcohol such that the total solid content was 1%. The coating material composition was applied on surface of acryl resin film of a composite film consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride resin film and acryl resin film, and a dry coated film with thickness of 100 nm was formed. The dry film was heated at 80degreesC in oxygen atmosphere for 10 minutes, and a fluorine-type composite resin film was obtained. The polyvinylidene fluoride resin film had thickness of 4 mum and refractive index of 1.42. The acryl resin film had thickness of 46 mum and refractive index of 1.47. The fluorine-type composite resin film had total light transmittance of 93%, haze value of 0.4% and excellent stain resistance in outdoor for longer duration. The dry film had refractive index of 1.43 and the surface of dry film had water droplet contact angle of 15 degree.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Elongated strips are covered by a transparent and electrical insulating layer (claimed) that is made of silica or from a group chosen from Si3N4, SixNy and MgF2 (claimed). The semiconductor material of the elongated strips is chosen from silicon, germanium or SixGe1-x (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Olefin: The alpha-olefin is ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutylene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene and/or 1-decene. Preferred Thermostabilizer: The thermostabilizer is phosphorus-type thermostabilizer, phenol-type thermostabilizer or lactone-type thermostabilizer. Preferred Ultraviolet Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, triazole group ultraviolet absorber, salicylic acid derivative ultraviolet absorber or acrylonitrile derivative ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylenically unsaturated silane compound is vinyl trimethoxy silane, vinyl triethoxy silane, vinyl tripropoxy silane, vinyl triisopropoxy silane, vinyl tributoxy silane, vinyl tripentyloxy silane, vinyl triphenoxy silane, vinyl tribenzyloxy silane, vinyl trimethylene dioxy silane, vinyl triethylene dioxy silane, vinyl propionyloxy silane, vinyl triacetoxy silane, and vinyl tricarboxy silane. Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer of alpha-olefin and ethylenically unsaturated silane compound further contains vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and/or vinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sealing agent comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: A tube (6) for removing gases is arranged along the run-off pipe within the thermal insulation (2) and protrudes with its lower end into the Dewar vessel. The thermal insulation of the storage vessel is made from a foamed polymerized sleeve. The thermally insulated storage vessel has a storage volume for the coolant of at least 1 liter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar module further comprises a cover for protecting the module against atmospheric humidity, while leaving an air cavity about the cells; and means for fixing the cover to the substrate, while leaving an as large stripped peripheral zone as possible. It also includes an isolated strip of material of the same composition as the cathodes, provided around the perimeter of the second area, where the negative bus bar contacts the isolated strip to connect the same to the cathode of the first cell. The air cavity is connected into an air circuit to actively circulate dry air along the back of the cells, for extracting the thermal energy generated by the cells when the module is exposed to solar radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is soda-lime glass and the cathode is tin oxide (SnO2) film (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metallic sheet has a major surface area larger than a surface area of the opposite surfaces of the solar cell, and includes opposite end portions which extend from respective opposite ends of the solar cell in respective opposite directions in which the second lead electrode extends. The electrically conductive members in the form of metallic foils extend outwardly from a periphery of the solar cell in a plane parallel to the light-receiving surface. The solar cell assemblies further include a sealing layer which is formed of a transparent resin and which covers the light-receiving surface. The sealing layer has a light-receiving surface, and each solar cell assembly further includes transparent glass plate, which covers the light-receiving surface of the sealing layer. The electrodes are formed on the light-receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat dissipating layer is formed of a material thermoplastic material; or non-thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal cathode and metal anode of solar cell contains aluminum, aluminum/lithium fluorine calcium, magnesium/silver alloy or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent anode of the OEL display indium tin oxide or indium zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The housing comprises a C-shaped connector (35a-305c) having an opening to receive a bar inserted transversely into the opening when the cover is at the release angle with respect to the housing. It may comprise a cavity (330) to receive a chargeable cell and to conform to the shape of the chargeable cell. The cavity receives a repeater. The unit also includes a mount having a back and supports to engage the housing and extend perpendicularly from the back. The further has braces extending from one support to the other support. The housing comprises a mounting protrusion to pivotally engage the supports of the mount. The mounting protrusion and supports of the mount comprise friction points to prevent pivotal movement between the mount and mounting protrusion (320). A locking mechanism (350a-350d) secures the cover to the housing. The cover comprises a bar extending from one side of the cover and parallel to the one side of the cover. The bar engages an opening in a C-shaped recess. It has a cross-section defined by a circular outer circumference having two opposing flattened portions separated by a distance approximately equal to the opening on the C-shaped recess (310a-310c). The cover comprises a concavity to receive a solar panel, a groove to receive a gasket to provide a seal between the cover to the housing when the cover and housing are securely engaged. A circuit board receives electricity from the solar panel and is located internal to the solar panel unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: At least one of the cover and housing is made from a polyvinyl-chloride material from Lexan 503R (RTM) or Lexan 143 (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The exterior part of the DC-DC converters can be made of plastics such as resin e.g. polycarbonate. The exterior part of an inverter is made up of plastics such as resin e.g. polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The endless belt is made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The strength of the solar cell panel is evaluated by hailstorm test as specified by industrial JISC 8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: A nucleation of dislocation loops in the buffer region is slowed down. The isoelectronic surfactant mediates a manner in which relaxation occurs in the buffer region. A concentration of an element in the material concentration is increased from lowermost to uppermost portion. The first surfactant is introduced in the absence of changing a free-electron concentration in the buffer region. A first buffer layer lattice is grown matched to a device layer immediately adjacent a top buffer layer. Preferred Components: The device includes tensile strained epitaxial layers and compressively strained epitaxial layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first surfactant comprises antimony. The material system comprises gallium-indium-phosphide. The substrate comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conversion layer and carrier prevention layer consists of II-VI group materials. The conversion layer comprises cadmium selenide (CdS) or cadmium sulfur selenide (CdSSe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The panel is made of Tedlar (RTM; polyvinyl fluoride), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), Capton (RTM; Polyimide resin film), GHE or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer contains copper and at least one element selected from indium and gallium, and one element selected from selenium and sulfur. The substrate is made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The securing profiles for photovoltaic elements consist, in particular, of synthetic caoutchouc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composite: Both the top and under side of CS have FS such that, open, infinitesimal cavities having a depth of less than 100 microns are provided. A first and second TS each having a thickness of less than 0.3 mm are releasably bound to the top side and under side of CS respectively. FS comprises a statistically defined surface roughness and is obtained using energy beam processing, abrasive, or hot shaping procedure. FS comprises a translation lattice. FS is such that it can be aerated and deaerated so that a TS on the top and/or on the under side of CS can be held by vacuum. CS has a device for aeration and deaeration. CS comprises a non-structured smooth glass at the edge of TS .Preferred Process: The method comprises: (1) releasably binding the underside of TS to the top side and/or the under side of CS to give (I); (2) treating and/or processing and/or transporting (I); and (3) releasing TS from CS. The release of TS is conducted by mechanical removal of TS, by aeration, and/or by breaking along an initial crack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ester is full ester. The alcohol is a polyhydric alcohol such as pentaerythritol. Ratio (Ss/Sp) of ester is 1.3-30. Preferred Molded Product: The surface of molded product is hard-coat processed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Alcohol of component (B) is polyhydric alcohol which is pentaerythritol. Preferred Property: The polycarbonate resin composition has area ratio of 1.3-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ester of component (B) is full ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The shock absorbing material may include a silicone or an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cell also includes a substrate, nucleation layer above the substrate, window layer above the second compound layer, and metal contact below the substrate. The buffer layers and compound layers comprise respective material consisting of single crystal. The first compound layer comprises a first monocrystalline material. The second compound layer comprises a second monocrystalline material.Preferred Property: The first compound layer comprises a similar energy bandgap as the second compound layer. The second buffer layer comprises a secondary thickness, while the first buffer layer comprises a primary thickness thicker than the secondary thickness. The buffer layers permit boron content in the compound layers 3-7.6%. The first buffer layer has a thickness of 2000 Angstrom to 1mum. The second buffer layer has a thickness of 2000-5000 Angstrom . The first buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.42 eV. The second buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.83 eV. The first compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV. The second compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs) or GaAs nucleated with germanium (Ge). The first buffer layer comprises GaAs. The second buffer layer comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2). The monocrystalline materials comprise boron gallium arsenide (BGaAs), boron indium arsenide (BInAs), boron gallium indium arsenide (BGaInAs), boron gallium arsenide antimony (BGaAsSb), boron gallium indium phosphide (BGaInP), or boron gallium phosphorus antimony (BGaPSb). The substrate is germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high molecular compound further contains repeating unit of formula (2).Ar = arylene group or bivalent heterocyclic group.The repeating unit (1 and 2) of high molecular compound, are bonded alternately. The optoelectronic element has a layer containing high molecular compound having repeating unit (1). Preferred Definitions:    L = carbonyl ligand, acetate ligand, carboxyl ligand, alkyl ligand, alkene ligand, alkyne ligand, alkoxy ligand, amine ligand, imine ligand, nitrile ligand, isonitrile ligand, phosphine ligand, phosphine-oxide ligand, phosphite ligand, ether ligand, sulfone ligand, sulfoxide ligand, sulfide ligand or heterocyclic ligand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: An adhesive layer (16) is applied to the base body, solar cells (30) are inserted into the adhesive layer, a further adhesive layer is applied to the solar cell layer (28), a covering layer is applied to the adhesive layers, and the adhesive layers are hardened.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive layer is made from a weather-resistant double adhesive material, a two component silicone adhesive or acrylic resin adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal oxide is oxides of titanium, tin, niobium, tantalum, or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nano-porous metal oxide further contains a triazole or diazole compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The contact with a solution of metal ions occurs before the contacting step with a solution of chalcogenide ions. The metal chalcogenide-forming cycle is repeated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide nanoparticles comprise a chemical structure MxOy.x, y = 1 or more;M = Ti, Zr, Sn, W, Nb, Ta or Tb.Preferred Process: The temperature is below 200 degrees C (preferably room temperature). The nanoparticles have average size of 5-80 nm.Preferred Material: The cell further comprises a catalytic media layer comprising platinum, and an electrical conductor material comprising indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric linking agent comprises a backbone structure similar to a chemical structure (300) of the metal oxide nanoparticles, and reactive groups.Preferred Material: The polymeric linking agent comprises poly(n-butyl titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent is n-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: In (I), the antioxidant is chosen from amine, phenolic, sulfur, nickel, phosphorus, lactone, vitamin-E and triazine antioxidant. The antioxidant is chosen from compounds having structural formulae (1-7) (selected from 11 disclosed formulae).(I) further comprises electrolyte, ultraviolet absorber, singlet quencher and at least 1 type of additive chosen from light-resistant stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar panel comprises a laminate panel with no frame and pads (26, 30) of rubber, especially ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubber, are positioned between the plates and the panel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode and cathode active materials of the thin-film solid rechargeable lithium-ion battery cell are LixMn2O4/V2O5, V2O5/LixV2O5, LiCoO2/V2O5, and LiNiO2/V2O5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer has weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 14000 or less measured by polystyrene conversion, measured by gel permeation chromatography when the alkyl group is a hexyl group. Preferred Definitions:    R = linear alkyl, preferably hexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The MxOxNz nanoparticle includes a catalytic metal (Mcat). It includes a MO1-sNs, MO2-tNt, M2O3-uNu, M3O4-vNv, M2O5-w, TiO2-zN-z, or TiO2-zNz nanoparticle. It has an octahedrite crystal phase.s, t, u, v, w, z = 0.001-0.5;Mcat = palladium.Preferred Property: The MxOyNz nanoparticle has an optical absorption of 350-2000 nm. Preferred Definitions: (i)    z = 0.001-0.2;    (ii)    M = transition metals, metalloids, lanthanides, or actinides;    (iii)    M = titanium, zirconium, hafnium, silicon, or tin;    (iv)    Mcat = palladium, platinum, ruthenium, or rhodium    EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide nanoparticles prepared by the controlled hydrolysis of titanium (IV) tetraisopropoxide in water under deaerated conditions could vary in size between 3-11 nm and form a nearly transparent colloidal solution, which was stable for extended periods under refrigeration. Extended exposure to air at room temperature or controlled heating 50degreesC produced a mild agglomeration of the titanium oxide nanoparticles and resulted in the formation of a virtually opaque gel. Both the initial titanium oxide nanoparticle colloidal solution and the agglomerated gel solution were treated with an excess of triethylamine. The mixture was mixed with a Teflon coated magnetic stirrer in a closed glass container. A reaction was found to take place readily between the TiO2 nanoparticle colloidal solution and the triethylamine. Upon drying and exposure to a vacuum of 5x10-2 Torr for several hours, the treated initially transparent nanoparticle solution formed deep yellow crystallites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact sections fixed to the contact electrodes are covers by a paste (25), preferably an adhesive. The electrical conductor is made from copper, tin, zinc or nickel and is preferably plated with a precious metal. The solar cells are covered on one side by a plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The casing is made from a bendable plastic, preferably polyester. The plate is made from a plastic, preferably polymethylmethacrylate. A filler, preferably made from a resin, is arranged between the plate and the solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The area of the contact tip of the tappet is 2-6 cm2. No portion of the fixed housing is closer to the rotor than the contact tips of the tappets. The outwards-facing surface of the ring is cylindrical and of diameter D cm. The number of tappets is N, where N exceeds 15xD/70. The shaft and rotor comprise the shaft and turbine runner of a Francis turbine. Each tappet is adjustable independently of the other tappets. The tappets are adjustable simultaneously, upon activation of a central adjustment station. There is no spring or resilience in the mounting of the tappets within their tappet housings. The rubbing speed of the outwards-facing surface of the ring of the rotor, relative to the contact tip of the tappet, during normal operation of the shaft and rotor is at least20 m/s.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material of the tappets is plastic, preferably polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Manufacture of aromatic methylidene compound involves reacting:(1) compound of formula (2) with compound of formula (3);(2) compound of formula (4) with compound of formula (5); or(3) compound of formula (6) with compound of formula (7).Z = -PO(OR)2 or -PA3+;R = optionally substituted alkyl;A = optionally substituted aryl;R12-R14 = R11;n12,n13,n14 = 0-4; andR22,R23,R24,R32,R33,R34 = R21. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 specific aromatic methylidene compounds are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Terephthaldehyde (in g) (0.537) and 2-(2,2'-diphenyl vinyl) benzyl diethyl phosphonic acid (3.25) were dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (16 ml). Potassium-t-butoxide (1.04) was added for 10 minutes at 5-10degreesC. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 60 hours and ethanol (30 ml) was added to obtain a precipitate. The precipitate was washed using ethanol, dried, filtered and washed using water to obtain a pale yellow color crystal. The crystal was recrystallized from toluene to obtain compound of formula (1-02) (1.56) as yellow crystal with a yield of 61%. The compound had a melting point of 247-252degreesC, and comprised 94% of carbon and 6% of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: On the belt support board, light hydrodesulfurized and dearomatized petroleum naphtha or a solvent having similar chemical characteristics is applied, together with diluted paraffin and/or similar products. If necessary, diluted fluorinated compounds are added to the petroleum naphtha with diluted paraffin and/or similar products. The petroleum naphtha is applied in the form of a spray, with a brush, or with mechanical pressures, in such a way to ensure its penetration into the pores of the wood of the belt support board, and the belt support board is successively polished with brushes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The light emitting polymeric segments represent the backbone of the copolymer, and the charge transporting polymeric segments represent the pendant chains. The charge transporting polymeric segments are arylamine monomer units, optionally conjugated electron-deficient monomer units, or electron-rich monomer units. The monomer units are aryl sulfones, aryl sulfoxides, fluorinated aryls, biphenyls, diaryl phosphine oxides, benzophenones, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole, 3,4-diaryl-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 2,5-diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,4-oxazine, 1,2,5-oxathiazine, benzothiophenone, 2,5-diaryl oxadiazoles, thiophene, benzothiophene, pyridines, quinolines, quinoxalines, or pyrimidines. The light emitting polymer segment comprises polycyclic aromatic monomer units, each comprising 9,9-dialkylfluorene moiety. Each 9,9-dialkylfluorene moiety is bound through its 2-position to a first adjacent monomer unit and through its 7-position to a second adjacent monomer unit. EXAMPLE - Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (0) (632 mg), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (248 mg), and bipyridyl (359 mg) in a mixture of 10 ml toluene and 5 ml N,N-dimethyl formamide were contained in a Schlenk tube. The solution was heated to 80degreesC for 0.5 hours and a degassed mixture of p-bromophenyl substituted poly(vinyltriphenylamine) (190 mg), 2,7-dibromo-9,9-di-n-hexylfluorene (541 mg), 9,10-dibromoanthracene (51 mg) were added. The reaction mixture was heated for 24 hours, and the hot polymer solution precipitated into 105 ml of an equivolume mixture of conc. hydrochloric acid, methanol and ethanol. Reprecipitation yielded ABA blocks copolymer of 85/15 poly(9,9-di-n-hexyl fluorene-co-9,10-anthracene) endcapped with poly(vinyl triphenylamine) (489 mg, 85%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The first and/or second fibers comprise a metal wire, a flexible longish plastic substrate, or a glass fiber, and are coated with conductive layer, e.g. indium tin oxide, metal, or conductive organic material. The active layer is Alq3, NPB, or alpha-NPB, BDOF-PF, PPV, TPD, MEH-PPV, PEDOT, m-MTDATA, or zinc-sulfur alloys. The first electrode comprises a material with high work function, e.g. gold, platinum, or indium tin oxide, or an organic conductive material with hole-injection properties into adjacent optically active layer. The second electrode comprises a material with a low work function, e.g. magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminum, magnesium:silver alloy, or indium tin oxide, or an organic conductor with electron-injection properties into the adjacent optically active layer. At least one of the fibers has a rectangular cross-section. The device is encapsulated in a protection coating that is a diffusion barrier for water and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The cowling is constructed from a low-porosity fabric that is a rip-stop nylon having denier of 100-250; or a semi-rigid plastic.Preferred Components: The directing device further comprises 2 channel welts having narrow strip of fabric. The attachment mechanism is a pair of elastic cord.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cell circuits comprise plastic sheets and silicon cells.Preferred Material: A laminating capsule comprises a plastic sheet. A transparent cover may comprise a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The power module comprises a glass front plate and an aluminum frame (9). Preferred Material: A transparent cover may comprise a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The base comprises a back panel (preferably a metal plate).Preferred Material: The metal back plate is alloy 42 comprising iron (58%) and nickel (42%), or a carbon steel back plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pollution protection layer consists of perfluoro polyether group containing silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrolyzer splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. At least one fuel cell is provided for introducing hydrogen for energy conversion. Oxygen is fed to the fuel cell for energy conversion.A strip-like membrane fuel cell, preferably a proton exchange fuel cell, is supplied with oxygen or gas mixtures.A hybrid storage unit is fixed to the sunshade. A direct methanol fuel cell converts methanol into electricity.The sunshade is an organic or polymeric screen made from an electroluminescent foil. The sunshade has an emitting and/or receiving device, preferably a GPRS, UMTS, GMS or HSCS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The lattice constant transition material is grown epitaxially on the first sub-cell with a gradually increasing value for y. The second sub-cell is grown epitaxially on the lattice constant transition material. The first sub-cell is lattice-matched, double-heterostructure comprising homojunction layers of GaInAs(P) clad by InAsyP1-y cladding layers, where the InAsyP1-y cladding has a value for y of 0 to less than 1, such that the InAsyP1-y cladding layers of the first sub-cell have a lattice constant equal to the first lattice constant. The second sub-cell is lattice-matched, double-heterostructure comprising homojunction layers of GaInAs(P) clad by InAsyP1-y cladding layers, where the InAsyP1-y cladding has a value for y of 0 to less than 1, such that the InAsyP1-y cladding layer of the second sub-cell have a lattice constant equal to the second lattice constant. A tunnel junction is positioned between the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell or between the first sub-cell and the lattice constant transition layer. The lattice constant of the lattice constant transition material is graded. The lattice constant of the lattice constant transition material changes in steps of multiple, discrete increments. The first bandgap is 0.74 eV. The InP substrate is doped with deep acceptor atoms to make the substrate more electrically insulating than InP, which is not doped with deep acceptor atoms. An isolation layer is positioned between the first sub-cell and the second sub-cell or between the first sub-cell and the lattice constant transition material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The tunable bandpass filter has an etalon, which is a Micro Electro Optical Mechanical System etalon. The detector is an aluminum gallium nitride diode. The sacrificial layer comprises first and second sacrificial layers. The first sacrificial layer is alumina passivation.Preferred Method: The incoming light beam enters the tunable bandpass filter and subsequently passes through the first substrate and subsequently enters the detector through the second substrate. The first sacrificial layer is removed by wet etch; while the second is removed by dry etch.Preferred Function: The bypass filter is adapted to allow only a single band of wavelengths from a predetermined spectral range of wavelengths for each separation gap in the predetermined range of separation gaps.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is Pyrex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second sacrificial layer is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The volume ratio of invar to copper is in range of 1:0.25 - 1:5, and weight ratio of invar to copper is in range of 1:0.2 - 1:6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical connecting unit is integrated in the module frame. Electrical connecting lines (8) are integrated between the solar cell unit and the connecting unit and between the connecting unit and the coupling unit in the frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective layer is made from PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The crosslinkable polymer is preferably a hydrogenated nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene/vinyl acetate rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, fluorosilicone rubber or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The generator and turbine are in a turbine generator module (20) included in a housing. The pneumatic line provides purge and pressurization to said housing. The turbine is a miniature or dental turbine. The system further comprises a communication line to couple signals between a field device and the control intelligence. It also comprises a compressed air source coupled to each the pneumatic line and sensors for monitoring compressed air consumption and compressed air pressure. The communication line comprises analog transmission cable (32), wireless link or a digital communication line. It also comprises a field device(s) coupled to the turbine generator module. The field device comprises a transducer providing a direct current as a function of sensed level within a range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The system comprises a device to add a controlled amount of a nitrogen-free diluent gas to oxygen in the combustion chamber and to moderate the burning temperatures to prevent overheating of the refractory and boiler components.Preferred Components: The diluent gas is carbon dioxide from the separator. The amount of the diluent and addition is controlled by the firetube and boiler temperature, respectively. (D2) is for feeding oxygen from the supply in progressively increasing proportions along the length of the first traveling conveyor firebelt. (D3) is for feeding oxygen from the supply in progressively decreasing amount along the length of the second traveling conveyor firebelt. The nitrogen-free diluent gas is carbon dioxide and/or argon.Preferred Method: (m1) Involves collecting and passing combustion gas from the combustion chamber through a firetube and adding more oxygen and diluent gas to control the burning of the combustion gas to produce heat, supplying the heat to a boiler to convert the heat to steam, passing residual gases through a cyclone to remove or collect coarse fly-ash, supplying any residual exhaust gas to a baghouse to an acid gas scrubber to collect or remove the gas salts, and feeding gases to a carbon dioxide scrubber to remove carbon dioxide from it and feeding the carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide scrubber to a liquefier to liquefy carbon dioxide and feeding the carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide scrubber to the first combustion stage to as a diluent gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal electrode(s) include a base metal and a metal deposited on the surface of the base metal, where the deposited metal causes the metal electrode to have a work function that is lower than the work function of the base metal. The base metal includes gold, platinum, palladium, silver, silicon, tungsten and/or chromium. The deposited metal includes cesium and/or cesium oxide. The thermal tunneling units are formed within two bonded glass substrates. The thermal tunneling units are formed in two silicon substrates with a removed inter-device silicon material. The effective gap is generated by applying a voltage greater than a threshold voltage across the mated electrodes, or by applying a current greater than a threshold current across the mated electrodes. Etched wells are located between thermal tunneling units. A metal plating is located adjacent to each metal electrode. It includes chromium, copper or gold. A conductive material is located adjacent to the metal plating. The metal electrodes include an alkali. The effective gap is generated by annealing the metal electrodes thus forming silicide. A metal protective layer is applied over the metal plating. It includes chromium or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first and second wafers include glass, silicon dioxide, or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The anode includes an electroconductive polymer made selected from polyaniline, polymethylene blue, etc. or their halogenated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The semiconductive material has Seebeck coefficient of greater than or equal to 240micronsV/K. Preferred Components: The ternary compound (0.05-1 wt.%) is replaced by p- or n-dopants. The p- or n-dopants are sodium, potassium, antimony (-halides), bismuth (-halides), manganese, magnesium, thallium, selenium, and/or silicon. Preferred Parameters: The metal is cooled at greater than or equal to 20degreesC.s to less than or equal to 25degreesC. The semiconductor material is annealed at greater than or equal to 150degreesC lower than the melting point of the semiconductor material for greater than or equal to 5 hours. A pressure is applied to the mixture upon cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The valuables contained in the concentrate of the fermentation residual liquor is collected. The residual liquor is concentrated using a multipurpose system concentration apparatus and concentrated under reduced pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent-electrode layer consist of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Iron sulfate compound is schwertmannite. Magnesium-carbonate compound is hydrotalcite.Preferred Process: The arsenic adsorption agent in which arsenic is adsorbed, is treated with alkali, and arsenic is eluted and recovered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The guidebase assembly or similar structure comprises a subsea wellhead guidebase assembly. The support portion comprises openings located on its supporting frame (26). Connectors (32) releasably connect the portions together and connect the support portion to the wellhead guidebase assembly. The support portion includes a ballast to assist in retaining the apparatus on the seabed. Spacer portions or buoyancy members are provided for raising the effective height of the turbine portion. The turbine portion comprises a helical vertical rotor.Preferred Process: The support portion is deployed to anchor and engage with a portion of a Christmas tree which is engaged with the guidebase assembly secured to the seabed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The reflection layer has sheet resistance of at least 100kOhm/square-at most50MOhm/square, preferably at least 5-at most50MOhm/square. The reflection layer has conductivity thickness direction of a film greater than the conductivity in an in-plane direction of the film.Preferred Components: The first photovoltaic device has pin-type junction and/or i-type layers. The first photovoltaic device comprises silicon:hydrogen or silicon with crystallinity. The second photovoltaic device has pn-type junction or p-type semiconductor; and n-type semiconductor. The junction and semiconductor comprises mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or silicon with crystallinity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reflection layer comprises deposited film made of metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide of the zinc oxide layer on a side that is contact with p-layer of pn- or pin-junction has higher resistivity than on a side in contact with an n-layer of pn- or pin-junction. A resistivity of zinc oxide decreases in zinc oxide layer from a side of the zinc oxide layer in contact with p-layer towards a side of the zinc oxide layer in contact with the n-layer. A resistivity of zinc oxide of the zinc oxide layer is at least 2 x 100-at most 5 x 10 to the power 3 ohm cm. A high resistant portion of zinc oxide of the zinc oxide layer has at least 5 x 10 to the power 2-at most 5 x 10 to the power 3. The second layer is made to be thicker than the first layer. The first layer is at least 1 nm-at most 50 nm. The second layer has higher transmittance than the first layer at 800 nm wavelengths.Preferred Components: The unit photovoltaic oxide layer(s) has pin junction containing i-type layer made of amorphous silicon:hydrogen, single-crystalline, poly-crystalline, or microcrystalline silicon.Preferred Methods: The second layer is made at rate higher than the first layer and at lower temperature than the first layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The first and second plates of glass are of different types or a single type from sheet glass, white glass (low-iron glass), figured glass, tempered glass, heat-strengthened glass, or wired glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first plate member of resin is a film containing fluororesin as a source material, stack of a film containing fluororesin as a source material, or film containing polyethylene terephthalate as a source material. The second plate member of resin is translucent. The first or second plate member of resin is colored and transparent. It contains an ultraviolet absorber. The filler layer contains as a source material a resin from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) resin, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resin, or silicon resin. The subassembly is arranged to cooperate with first or second plates of glass to form an air layer (14) between the subassembly and first or second plate of glass. The spacer member has butyl rubber. It is fitted between the first and second plates of glass at their respective ends to pose the butyl rubber between the spacer member and first and second plates of glass and silicon resin applied and allowed to set outer than the spacer member between the first and second plates' respective ends to allow the space to be watertight. The subassembly is detachably attached to a frame (10) formed of the first and second plates of glass and spacer member.ELECTRICAL POWERAND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cells are sealed in the filler layer as the cells undergo a lamination process employing a pouching lamination apparatus. The photovoltaic cells have a light-receiving surface unbonded to the filler layer. The conductive wire electrically connecting the photovoltaic cells and allowing an external and electrical output is provided with an output terminal electrically connected to the conductive wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The biomass liquefying system further has a system (S1) for generating electricity from waste material and a frozen gas manufacturing system (S2). The electric power generating system (1) has a steam-generating apparatus (5). The ethanol manufacturing system (4) has a separation apparatus (19), a fermentation apparatus (17) and a concentration apparatus (20). The air separation system (3) has a cryogenically cooling-air liquefaction and separation carbon dioxide liquefier (12) and a cooling-heat storage converter (15). The electric power generating system (2) has a low boiling point medium recuperator (8) and a refrigerating unit (11).Preferred Process: Hyperbaric oxygen gas and high pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) are induced from the system (3) to the steam generating apparatus. The sludge of biomass chip separated with the separation apparatus is burnt with oxygen in presence of carbon dioxide atmosphere. Combustion exhaust gas of the steam generating apparatus is then induced to the carbon dioxide liquefier, to obtain pure water and liquid CO2 gas. The waste material system (S1) equipped with a steam generating apparatus generates electric power by burning the sludge, and exhaust gas of the system (S1) is induced to the fermentation apparatus. The heat exchange of liquid nitrogen and a heat carrier is transferred to the cooling-heat storage converter and recuperator (8). The converter and the recuperator respectively recover the cooling-heat of separation apparatus and heat of vapor supplied from system (1) with a low boiling point medium. Ocean deep water is used for cooling of the recuperator. The frozen gas manufacturing system cools air and manufactures frozen air, frozen ethane or frozen nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - One region of the substrate (10) contains an anti-adhesion layer (4), for decreasing or preventing the adhesion of the material of layer (1), where layer (4) = a Ti-W alloy or SiO2. At least one region of substrate (10) contains a mechanical and/or chemical trough as a stress lowering material, of depth up to 100 micron.
EXAMPLE - An ethylene acid copolymer ionomer/polyamide blend was cast extruded at a melt temperature of approximately 255degreesC with the addition of 4 wt.% white color concentrate (TiO2) in a thick sheet for use as a backing in solar cell modules. The backing was laminated to the exposed ionomer encapsulating layer of a solar module having the components, in order from the top (glass/ionomer/silicon voltage generating layer/ionomer). Adhesion of the backing to the ionomer was improved by corona treatment. The solar cell met the end use requirement standards, with acceptable performance in accelerated weathering tests.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflection coating comprises metal oxide, preferably titanium; or non-oxide composition, preferably silicon nitride. The metal alkoxide comprises titanium isopropoxide and/or titanium ethoxide. The source gases comprise (chloro)silane, and/or fluoro silane. Preferred Methods: The bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding each semiconductor to the perforated aluminum foil, dissolving the anti-reflection coating at a bond line of each semiconductor, and forming an aluminum-silicon bond between the foil and each semiconductor. The thermo-compression bonding is carried out at temperature less than the eutectic temperature for aluminum silicide formation, preferably less than 577degreesC. The removing of anti-reflection coating comprises exposing portion of the semiconductor to hydrofluoric acid, or by mechanical polishing and/or chemical-mechanical polishing. The metal oxide is deposited on the outer surface of each semiconductor by decomposing alkoxide(s) in chemical vapor deposition reactor or source gases using reactive plasma, or hydrolyzing a metal alkoxide in sol-gel process and condensing the metal alkoxide on the outer surface of each semiconductor during continuous moving. The exposing of semiconductor portion to hydrofluoric acid comprises spraying backside with hydrofluoric acid, immersing the backside in hydrofluoric acid, and applying paste comprising hydrofluoric acid and inert carrier to the back side. The depositing of anti-reflective coating is carried out by vibrating in trays, vibratory bowl tumbling, bowl tumbling, fluidized bed reacting, and/or mechanical stirring. Preferred Properties: The deposited anti-reflection coating is 600-900 Angstrom thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system is a composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system which thermally decomposes ammonia by heating to 184degreesC or more, and hydrogen sulfide by heating to 1100degreesC or more using super heated steam.Preferred Components: The composite-type methane fermentation carbonization system further has electric power generating unit (8), hydrogen fuel cell (12), gas converter (7,11) and melting furnace. The electric power generating unit supplies electric power generated using methane gas to all other units of the system. The hydrogen fuel cell produces high concentration of hydrogen gas along with high-temperature carbonization unit. The gas converter thermally decomposes ammonia and hydrogen sulfide contained in the gas along with methane, and recovers hydrogen gas. The melting furnace makes residue produced by high-temperature carbonization unit, harmless by high temperature melting process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The methane gas produced in the methane-fermentation unit is used as fuel gas for carbonization in low-temperature carbonization unit and high-temperature carbonization unit. The residue produced in the methane-fermentation unit is dried using the exhaust heat of high-temperature carbonization unit. The high temperature gas and exhaust heat produced in the melting furnace are used as heat source and gas fuel for each unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The agitator is held in a downward direction from the floating-roof-type gasholder top wall. The agitator is moved up and down along with the up-down direction of gasholder, and the stirring efficiency is improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electro conductive particle is metal particle, carbon nano fiber or carbon nanotube. The polymer is sulfur containing nitrile butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber or phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hybrid material contains organic material including silicon-oxide and other metal-oxide groups and aromatic group, and inorganic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ferromagnetic material is selected from the group containing iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Foil: The shading foil is polyethylene terephthalate film or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A glass fiber non-woven fabric (103) is embedded in one portion of the incombustible sealing agent. The total thickness of the incombustible sealing agent is 0.6-2 mm. Alkylated silicone compound is alkylated alkoxy silane compound of formula (1).R = 1-2C alkyl;R2,R3 = 3-8C alkyl group or alkyl group modified by vinyl, ether, ketone or carboxyl group;X = alkyl or alkoxy group; andm, n, p = 1-100.The protection component in the reverse side of the solar cell module is steel sheet, and the protection component in the surface side is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The main component of adhesive resin sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or grafted polyethylene. The substrate of solar cell is polyimide, crystalline aromatic polyamide or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode plate is formed with platinum, nickel as main component and at least one sort of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The supports comprise parallel aluminum or steel bars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second electrical contact points are formed by a strip of flexible electrically conductive material preferably comprising a layer of aluminum supported on a synthetic film essentially comprising polyethylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support layer has a layer made from a self-adhering adhesive (6) formed on the rear side facing away from the solar cell layer. The solar cell layer is covered with a light-permeable protective layer (8). The protective layer is a clear lacquer layer or a plastic film. The solar cell layer is sprayed onto the support layer using a PVD process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support layer is a polyvinylbutyral film having a layer thickness of maximum 1.0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat exchange unit is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The superconducting material magnet is multi-filamentary composite wire of bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper oxide (BSCCO-2223) or a coated conductive composite incorporating yttrium-barium-copper oxide (YBCO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each thermo-electric conversion element (2) is based on indium antimonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Elongated strips are covered by a transparent and electrical insulating layer (claimed) that is made of silica or from a group chosen from Si3N4, SixNy and MgF2 (claimed). The semiconductor material of the elongated strips is chosen from silicon, germanium or SixGe1-x (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The binder contains an inorganic substance and/or an organic polymer. The inorganic substance is silicon oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, boron oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, niobium oxide, yttrium oxide, barium oxide, cerium oxide, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer is cellulosic polymer and vinyl-type polymer, polyester-type polymer, polyamide-type polymer, and/or polyurethane-type polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, butyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and/or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The heat engine is steam Rankine engine, an organic Rankine engine, a Stirling engine, and a Brayton cycle engine. The additional thermal capacitance can be added to the hot fluid reservoir to increase thermal storage capability. The power demand condition can occur during periods without sunlight. The receiving cavity is coated with graphite or highly absorptive paint to increase solar absorption. The dish concentrator reflects the sunlight into a point focus. The point focus is aligned with the aperture in the absorber.Preferred Parameters: The aperture is sized to reduce heat loss from the absorber. The concentrator is a dish-shaped parabolic. The fluid resides in the hot fluid reservoir at 600degreesC, and resides in the cold fluid reservoir at 550degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The heat exchanger is constructed of Inconel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is a mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate. The fluid is lithium, sodium, and potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transducers comprise inductive conductor loops housed within insulating, magnetic ferrite troughs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second element comprises an externally shouldered tool joint for connection to a mating tool joint.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The elements comprise electronic equipment for aiding transmission of signal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar module further comprises a cover for protecting the module against atmospheric humidity, while leaving an air cavity about the cells; and means for fixing the cover to the substrate, while leaving an as large stripped peripheral zone as possible. It also includes an isolated strip of material of the same composition as the cathodes, provided around the perimeter of the second area, where the negative bus bar contacts the isolated strip to connect the same to the cathode of the first cell. The air cavity is connected into an air circuit to actively circulate dry air along the back of the cells, for extracting the thermal energy generated by the cells when the module is exposed to solar radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is soda-lime glass and the cathode is tin oxide (SnO2) film (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The magnetic-field power converter can cause second unit, when placed proximate to the first unit, to operate and generate alternating current and rotate an integral drive shaft to provide torque, even though the second unit is not connected to the battery. The permanent magnets are provided in a frame mounted on an integral drive shaft so that the magnets can be located perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the air-solenoid/electromagnet and be free to rotate in repelling reaction to the electromagnetic field created by the air-solenoid/electromagnet when it's coils are electrically energized. The air-solenoid/electromagnet is made from a simple length of polyvinyl chloride pipe with coils of magnet wire wrapped around it's exterior periphery energizing and creating a classic electromagnetic field both inside and outside the pipe when the magnet wire coils are intermittently fed brief pulses of direct current from a standard automotive battery through custom-designed pulser. The pulser comprises a custom-made cam mounted on the drive shaft that activates either an electro-mechanical roller/lever switch or a custom-built proximity switch at the precise moment the permanent magnet is physically oriented to gain maximum repelling force from the electromagnetic field and by delivering only a brief pulse of current to minimize the rate of depletion of the battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The airtight container is made of alumina. The inorganic material for thermoelectric element is selected from quartz, mullite, titania and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The P-type and N-type thermoelectric elements are made of bismuth (Bi) and tellurium (Te). The cementing material is selected from metals like aluminum, cadmium, zinc and alloy of tin and antimony, copper and lead, and copper and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metallic sheet has a major surface area larger than a surface area of the opposite surfaces of the solar cell, and includes opposite end portions which extend from respective opposite ends of the solar cell in respective opposite directions in which the second lead electrode extends. The electrically conductive members in the form of metallic foils extend outwardly from a periphery of the solar cell in a plane parallel to the light-receiving surface. The solar cell assemblies further include a sealing layer which is formed of a transparent resin and which covers the light-receiving surface. The sealing layer has a light-receiving surface, and each solar cell assembly further includes transparent glass plate, which covers the light-receiving surface of the sealing layer. The electrodes are formed on the light-receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat dissipating layer is formed of a material thermoplastic material; or non-thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal cathode and metal anode of solar cell contains aluminum, aluminum/lithium fluorine calcium, magnesium/silver alloy or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent anode of the OEL display indium tin oxide or indium zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The thermoelectric module (10) is provided between a cooled fluid passageway and a reformate passage of the heat exchanger. It has thermoelectric elements (12) connected to form a first end surface and a second end surface, a first electrical insulator (20) having a front side adjacent to the first end surface of the thermoelectric elements, and a second electrical insulator (22) having a front side adjacent to the second end surface of the thermoelectric elements. The first electrical insulator has a rear side adjacent to a heat conduction wall (24, 26) of the heat exchanger. The heat conduction wall faces a hot fluid passageway for the exhaust gas to form a hot side of the heat exchanger. The second electrical insulator has a rear side which faces a cold fluid passageway to form a cold side of the heat exchanger. A fluid return passageway communicates with the cold fluid passageway to permit cold fluid heated from an exchange of heat in the heat exchanger to be used in the fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric module comprises filled skuderite materials, bismuth telluride, silicon germanium, lead telluride, zinc cadmium antimony, and/or nanostructured (thin-film layered) thermoelectric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The alkoxide of metal is selected from each alkoxide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zirconium and/or tungsten. The catalyst is formed after hydrolyzing the alkoxide in the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluorine: The fluoride is chosen from lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current collection layer is formed by baking the paste comprising magnesium aluminate and magnesium iron oxide, molybdenic-acid magnesium, indium acid magnesium, stannic acid magnesium, magnesium titanate, magnesium tungstate and zirconic-acid magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: A firing unit (15), a vapor producing boiler (16), a vapor turbine (19) and an electrical generator (20) are used to produce electrical energy from the feed fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bed material is a granule, which contains calcium carbonate and/or calcium oxide. The organic-component gasification catalysts are alkalinities, such as potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The acoustic generator is further defined as an array of sound sources mounted along the duct to produce acoustic fields in the fluid passageway of the duct.The acoustic field is further defined as having a peak sound pressure level referenced to 20 microPa of 130-170 dB and frequencies of 5 Hz to 30 kHz. It is further defined as having a sinusoidal, modulated or periodic waveform.A second collection device is upstream of the sorbent injector.The collection device is a baghouse.The second collection device is an electrostatic precipitator.A second acoustic generator is adapted to generate a modulated acoustic field in the fluid passageway of the duct upstream of the sorbent injector to promote agglomeration of at least a portion of the constituent in the fluid stream.A second collection device may be coupled downstream of a point of application of the modulated acoustic field.The collection device is in communication with the fluid passageway to promote removal of the agglomerated constituent.The modulated acoustic field is further defined as frequency modulated or amplitude modulated.A hopper is operably positioned to accumulate at least a portion of the constituent removed from the fluid stream.The collection device may also be a cyclone separator or a gravitational settling chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: An emission analyzer is operable to receive information concerning the fluid stream. The frequency of the sound field is selected based upon information received from the emissions analyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sorbent for removing mercury as constituent in fluid stream is activated carbon. The sorbent for removing sulfur oxide or nitrogen oxide as constituent is a limestone slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The base material contains elements selected from the group consisting of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, tantalum, iridium, calcium, strontium, barium, lithium, sodium, potassium and rubidium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The panel is made of Tedlar (RTM; polyvinyl fluoride), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), Capton (RTM; Polyimide resin film), GHE or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The decrease in the molecular weight of the organic waste is preferably carried out by using subcritical water at 440-553 K under a pressure of 0.8-6.4 MPa. The process is carried out for 1-20 minutes or continuously. The method further contains a step for separating a water phase from the molecular weight-decreased waste, and then subjecting the waste to methane fermentation. The water phase separated from the molecular weight decreased waste contains an organic acid which is acetic acid. The methane fermentation of lower molecular weight organic compounds contained in the water phase is carried out for 5-48 hours. The digestion yield of carbon atoms of the organic waste in the method is 90% or higher. The organic waste is an activated sludge. The method further contains a step for collecting the produced useful substances, which are phosphoric acid, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids and sugar. In the method, a useful substance is selectively produced by controlling either the treating temperature or the treating duration. EXAMPLE - A batch method for producing methane from sludge was carried out using the apparatus shown in the figure. The temperature of the reaction vessel (4) and the reaction duration were controlled by immersing the reaction vessel into a salt bath (heating medium = KNO3 and NaNO2, weight ratio = 1:1) and cooling with cooling water immediately after taking it out from the bath. After subjecting the sludge to reaction with critical water, the reaction product was subjected to soil/liquid phase separation. The water phase was concentrated so as to obtain water containing 25 wt.% of acetic acid, 58 wt.% of lower fatty acids and 17 wt.% of formic acid. This water phase was subjected to methane fermentation with microorganisms so as to obtain a gas containing 52 vol% of methane with an average carbon digestion yield of 91.7 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A heat storage unit (24) leads to a solar collector (56).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Silicon wafer of high purity is obtained by immersing the recovered or regenerated substance in mixed solution of phosphoric acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid, mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid, or mixed solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid and sulfuric acid. The recovered tempered glass is regenerated by washing with an alkali solution. The recovered silicon wafer is regenerated by washing with an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The reflector is shaped by strings (15) extending within the tubular housing. A solar energy receiver (16) extends along a portion of the line focus. The housing comprises opposed endplates comprising an axially flexible material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The housing is internally pressurized above external atmospheric pressure by a gas within the housing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reflector is shaped by constrained elongated fibers intimate with the reflector and the fibers are subjected to tension to constrain the reflector in the parabolic cross-section. The reflector comprises metallized Mylar and the strings comprise carbon fiber. The endplates comprise an axially flexible material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process : The carbon dioxide fixation is effected using (i) a photosynthesis bacterium, especially a cyanobacterium such as Synechocystis aquatilis or mixture or wild type; (ii) a microalga, especially a Chlorophyceae such as Cyanidium caldarium, Chlamydomonas noctigama, Nostoce, Chlorella kessleri or Chlamydomonas moewusii or mixture or wild type; (iii) a mixture of algae and bacteria; or (iv) microorganisms under the influence of natural and/or artificial light. The operation of the block heating and generating plant involves addition of impure gas containing hydrocarbons (40-95 volume %) and carbon dioxide (2-60 volume %) to the biogas just before the combustion of the latter.Preferred Apparatus : The apparatus includes a block heating and generating plant (7) and also components for the production of biogas, sewer gas or purification plant gas by anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. The initial gas containing hydrocarbons (40-95 volume %) and carbon dioxide (2-60 volume %) can be fed directly through the photobio-reactor (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The process further comprises mixing the residual material produced in the biogas installation with the pyrolysate, and drying the solid as part of the residual material with the waste heat from the reactor and/or power station. The biogenic residual material is agricultural residual material, preferably liquid manure or straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The electric film applied between electrodes is continuous sine wave. One of the electrodes is a dielectric which is an inorganic substance of dielectric constant 6-45. The heat processing is performed at atmospheric condition, in a reduced or oxidized atmospheric condition, in a vacuum condition or in inert gas atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Conductive Film: The transparent electrically conductive film formed are indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped tin oxide and alloys of indium oxide and tin oxide (ITO), preferably ITO film comprising indium and tin at an atomic ratio of 100/0.1-100/15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactive Gas: The reactive gas is an organo metallic compound, argon or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cell also includes a substrate, nucleation layer above the substrate, window layer above the second compound layer, and metal contact below the substrate. The buffer layers and compound layers comprise respective material consisting of single crystal. The first compound layer comprises a first monocrystalline material. The second compound layer comprises a second monocrystalline material.Preferred Property: The first compound layer comprises a similar energy bandgap as the second compound layer. The second buffer layer comprises a secondary thickness, while the first buffer layer comprises a primary thickness thicker than the secondary thickness. The buffer layers permit boron content in the compound layers 3-7.6%. The first buffer layer has a thickness of 2000 Angstrom to 1mum. The second buffer layer has a thickness of 2000-5000 Angstrom . The first buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.42 eV. The second buffer layer has a bandgap width of 1.83 eV. The first compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV. The second compound layer has a bandgap width of 1-1.1 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs) or GaAs nucleated with germanium (Ge). The first buffer layer comprises GaAs. The second buffer layer comprises gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2). The monocrystalline materials comprise boron gallium arsenide (BGaAs), boron indium arsenide (BInAs), boron gallium indium arsenide (BGaInAs), boron gallium arsenide antimony (BGaAsSb), boron gallium indium phosphide (BGaInP), or boron gallium phosphorus antimony (BGaPSb). The substrate is germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - More than two condensation tubes can be connected together in a serpentine arrangement by joining their ends. The cylinders can be made from metal and/or plastic instead of crystal. The thermometer can be replaced by a variable thermometer-thermostat in order to restrict cooling by connecting and disconnecting the power supply to the plates. Thermal potential can be modified by using a device to control the level of power supplied to the plates. Multi-step plates or a cascade arrangement of these plates can be used to increase cooling potential. The radiators are cooled via an internal liquid coolant circuit and using air. The pumps are arranged on each side of the metal block. The metal block can be replaced by two sub-blocks representing half-length sections. A thermostat-regulated heating system for the respiration circuit is designed to prevent condensation in the latter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second polymer contains 4-vinylpyridine monomer units. The first polymer is a polythiophene of formula (II).q = 2-10000.Preferred Material: The second polymer is copolymer of acrylamide and 4-vinylpyridine, terpolymer of arylamide, 4-vinylpyridine and N-vinylimidazole, and poly(styrenesulfonic acid). The first polymer is poly (4-(2,3-dihydro-thieno(3,4-b) (1,4) dioxin-2-ylmethoxy)-butane-1-sulfonic acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent contains alumina as main component, and is an activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The P-type thermoelectric element is selected from a group consisting of bismuth. The N-type thermoelectric element is selected from a group consisting of tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluorine resin sheet comprises tetrafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, hexafluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoro ethylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Each cell has a topmost side disposed closest to body of semiconductor material and bottommost side disposed farthest from the body of semiconductor material. Each cells includes an electrically insulating body having electrically insulating member with adhesive coating on its upper and lower surfaces. The substrate includes light reflective coating. The module includes a third photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic body includes Group IV semiconductor material comprising hydrogenated alloy of silicon, germanium, or silicon-germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The cell is a CIS (copper (Cu)-indium (In) diselenide)-, CIGS (Cu-In-gallium (Ga) selenide)-, CIGSS (Cu-In-Ga sulfide-selenide)-, CdTe (cadmium telluride)- or silicon (Si)-based thin film solar cell. The support preferably has a curved surface. Between the clear coat and thin film solar cell, the part may have an intermediate layer, especially of CdS or ZnSe, and/or a color coat, formed e.g. by the clear coat. The top electrode of the cell consists of indium-tin oxide (ITO) and the bottom electrode of copper, aluminum, Kovar (RTM), molybdenum or the support of metal, especially steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The part may have a coat or color coat of Tefzel (RTM; ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) between the clear coat and thin film solar cell; and/or a separating layer, especially of polyimide or room temperature-vulcanizing silicone, between the metal (especially steel) support and thin film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The sun's energy is seamlessly transformed to numerous by-products with water and hydrogen fuel as the basic interfacing elements for their redundancy, indicative of seamless hydrogen power lines mega technology, for energy and food self-sufficient microcosms, inland and offshore in a new abundant hydrogen age. The operation of the individual propeller modules is optionally controlled independently of current speed according to automatic computer control electrical and hydraulic interfaces provisions to function as servo-generators or servo-motors on either mode of operation, to provide an alternative propulsion. The apparatus further includes a shuttle that includes a platform for offshore submersible explorations adapted with robotic cranes and provisions for mineral processing to pellets, e.g. mineral mining, recuperation of sunken ships and airplanes. This may further include an ocean floor oil rig shuttle that is a complementary adaptation of the basic ocean space shuttles for oil and gas exploration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Microorganism is an anaerobic bacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The solid fraction is dried and burnt to obtain a gas. The gas is purified before use, by reducing the hydrogen sulfide content. The reduction of hydrogen sulfide is by 60 - 85% (preferably 85%) using a full digestion cycle. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The transfer chamber is in the form of transfer tube (30) mounted to extend at least upright. The accumulation chamber is sized to fit down a bore hole while the transfer tube extends up such bore hole. It forms part of a bore hole water collecting cylinder along which the transfer tube fits reciprocatably. The inner end of the transfer tube incorporates a lift cylinder (22) at the free bottom end. The lift cylinder is snugly reciprocatably mounted along an annularly extending seal and accumulation chamber charging non-return valve carrier (42) extending intermediate the ends of collecting cylinder (12).Preferred Method: The method comprises appropriately changing over the flow connections between the accumulation chamber and the transfer chamber, on one hand, and the accumulation chamber and the source, on the other hand, at least simultaneous with the moment of changer over from accumulation chamber size reduction to expansion, on one hand, and expansion to reduction, on the other hand, if not being arranged to occur automatically. It includes re-expandably reducing the volumetric size of the accumulation chamber in response to causing the transfer chamber defining-mechanism, to perform ingress action into the accumulation chamber and vice versa by way of at least partly retracting action thus performing reciprocating routine during a liquid transfer session. It includes passing the liquid through a particulate material removal prior to entering the accumulation chamber, and performing reciprocation action by way of a tube as suitably supported along a sleeve and as providing the transfer chamber defining mechanism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The introducing step includes injecting the vapor (212) into the working fluid (218); producing the vapor via electrolysis; introducing at least some of the vapor into the working fluid below or above ground level; and injecting a low-boiling-point liquid (LBPL) in liquid phase into the working fluid. At least some of the LBPL (220) absorb heat from the working fluid and vaporize to form the vapor. The method further comprises heating the working fluid with heat from a geothermal well; and circulating the working fluid through a closed loop comprising the energy conversion device and at least first and second fluid columns in fluid communication with one another, where the introducing step includes introducing the vapor into the working fluid flowing upwardly within the first fluid column. The introduced vapor creates a mass imbalance between the first and second fluid columns to promote the circulation step. The heating step includes circulating the working fluid through the geothermal well in a closed loop. The method may comprise pumping the LBPL into a hot liquid, at least some of the LBPL vaporize in response to a transfer of heat from the hot liquid to form lifting gas; and driving the energy conversion device with the lifting gas and the lifted hot liquid to produce power. It may further comprise condensing the lifting gas to a liquid phase. The condensing step includes rejecting heat from the lifting gas. The pumping step includes pumping the condensed lifting gas into the hot liquid in a closed cycle.Preferred Component: The energy conversion device is a turbine (preferably a jet turbine (202)), or a power piston.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The LBPL comprises a refrigerant, propane, natural gas, or an anhydrous fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The working fluid is a liquid phase working fluid (preferably water).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat source is electrically powered heater(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The panel also includes a reflective material fixed to the backing material, a laminate of reflective material, a core, and a veneer of protective material. It comprises a composite of 2-4 sub-panels (2, 3). It has an aperture or fitting at the apex for mounting to a solar dish frame. The core is an insulating material. Preferred Material: The backing material is a composite material consisting of fiberglass, plastic material, wood, metal, or aluminum. The reflective material is a veneer of sheet metal, or veneer of plastics or acrylic material. The veneer of sheet metal is polished aluminum or stainless steel. Preferred Property: The concavity of the panel is the complement of the surface of a sphere having a radius the same as the focal length at the axis of the paraboloid comprising the solar dish. It concavity is +/-2% of the radius. The equilateral triangle has sides of 1.2-2.2 m. Preferred Method: The method involves forming a backing having a surface with desired degree of concavity, and fixing a reflective material to the backing. The backing is formed by molding or machining.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: In (I), ceramic board is a substantially circular board which was made to join a ceramic ball and was formed. The shell of an oyster is accommodated in the reproduction water tank of the purification water tank. The raising water tank equips sea water with the ocean current generator which mixes air or oxygen while generating an artificial ocean current. The raising water tank is equipped with a thermostat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biomass material is incinerated in a firebox of a boiler to generate steam for powering a first turbine to create electricity. Excess oxygen (5-7%) is introduced in the firebox to increase nitrous oxides production. The flue gas is maintained in a high temperature environment of the boiler. An oxidation area of the boiler is operated at exceeding 2000 degrees F or exceeding 2800 degrees F. The flue gases exhausted from the boiler are passed through a heat exchanger to further cool the gases and power a second turbine to create electricity. They are passed through a separator to split a nitrogen oxide component of the gas mixture from a carbon dioxide component. The nitrous oxides are captured by bubbling the gases through an aqueous solution of nitric acid and excess reacted trivalent nitric oxides to produce nitric acid. The nitric acid is blended with a fertilizer base to produce the nitrogen-based fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The biomass is a grain from corn, wheat, milo, or soybeans.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The prism wedge can be used for concentrating solar radiation onto a photovoltaic module converting the incident solar radiation into electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The stacked photovoltaic mechanism is made such that a light with wavelength of lambdam-50-lambdam+100 nm resonates in the first photovoltaic mechanism. The reflectance of selectively reflective layer is high in wavelength region shorter tan lambdam and is low in wavelength region longer than lambdam.The first photovoltaic mechanism comprises pin-type junction and i-type layer comprises amorphous silicon:hydrogen.The second photovoltaic mechanism comprises pin type junction and i-type layer comprises microcrystalline silicon. The second photovoltaic mechanism comprises pn type junction and the p-type and n-type semiconductors comprise monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate layer comprises material consisting of electrically insulating polyimide, Upilex polyphenylene benzo bis oxazole, polyether ketone, or metallic foils coated with these polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive layer comprises material consisting of molybdenum, transparent conductive oxide, brass, titanium, nickel, or nickel-vanadium. The p-type absorber layer comprises a first material consisting of copper, copper-silver, or silver; second material consisting of indium, indium-gallium, indium-aluminum, or aluminum; and a third material consisting of selenide, selenide-sulfur, or sulfur. The n-type window layer comprises material consisting of cadmium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc-sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, zinc-indium selenide, or indium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: The first, second, and third removing steps comprise chemical etching, laser etching, mechanical etching, or electronic etching. Applying the electrical insulator comprises inkjet deposition, bubble jet deposition, or screen printing. Applying the opaque layer comprises physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, evaporation, or chemical bath deposition.Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator comprises material consisting of resistive ink, dielectric, pottant, or encapsulant. The translucent conductor layer comprises metallic grid, conductive oxide, preferably indium tin oxide.Preferred Components: The mechanism for generating current comprises one-way path for the current in reverse bias to the direction when the apparatus is not generating electric current. It further comprises a flexible thin-film device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The tubular sleeve comprises internal (18) and external flanges. Preferred Process: The tubular members are coupled to the tubular sleeve by inserting the end of each tubular member into the ends of the tubular sleeve into abutment with the internal flange; inserting the ends of the tubular sleeve into the end of each tubular member until it abuts the external flange; or inserting a retaining ring between the end of each tubular member and the ends of the tubular sleeve. The coupling process further comprises deforming or heating the end of the tubular sleeve, or latching the end of each tubular member to the ends of the sleeve. The tubular members and tubular sleeve are expanded and deformed by displacing an expansion cone within and relative to the tubular members, or applying a radial pressure to the interior surfaces of the tubular members using a rotating member. Preferred Property: The retaining ring is resilient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The tubular sleeve can be metallic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The tubular sleeve can be plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The tubular sleeve can be ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The terrestrial object is covered with the transmitting material only at intervals during which the object is not in direct sunlight. The thermal energy transmitting material is disposed within a pressure cell having a pressure less than ambient pressure.Preferred Property: The material has a normal spectral emissivity of 0.8-1 and an absorptivity of 0.3-0. The spectral band is 8-13 microns, 3-4 microns or 0.7-2.7 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material comprises a suspension of a spectral substance in a polymeric base. The material comprises a coating that reflects incoming thermal infrared electromagnetic energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spectral substance is carbon black acetylene soot, camphor soot, zinc sulfide, silver chloride, potassium chloride or zinc selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - A conduit system is provided for a fluid connected to a cold and/or heat source, the temperature sides of the thermocouples being connected to a part of the conduit system and to a part of the road surface above these thermocouples.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell Design: The waste is introduced into a bipolar biofuel cell in which two or more pairs of electrodes are present. Each pair of electrodes are interconnected by electronically conductive and non-ionic-conductive wall. The partition wall is of compartmented design such that at least two types of channels are formed, with the open space of type (I) of channel in electrically conductive contact with cathode, and open space of type (II) of channel in electrically conductive contact with anode. The partitions are placed transverse to the electrodes. The non-ion-selective partition wall comprises non-woven plastic fibers or glass fibers.Preferred Electrode: The electrode(s) are three-dimensional electrodes, comprising carbon, preferably graphite and active carbon. The electrodes are provided with a catalyst, preferably a precious metal catalyst. The electrodes are also provided with humic acid and/or anthraquinone disulfonic acid.Preferred Method: The oxidizer, preferably oxygen is introduced in the form of air and/or dissolved in water. No separators are used for creating anaerobic zone (3) and aerobic zones (4). The conversion is carried out at 30-100 degreesC, preferably 40-60 degreesC. Iron (Fe) ions are introduced in the space around the cathode. The waste is supplied in the space around cathode where it is partially decomposed under anaerobic conditions to form an effluent comprising organic decomposition products. The effluent is then led to space around cathode where the effluent is decomposed under aerobic conditions. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxidizer is oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible support is made from a weather-resistant material, e.g. a fluoropolymer or a material coated with polytetrafluoro ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrical connection layers are free of cut-outs. The first electrical connection layer comprises an anode of one of the photovoltaic cells, and a cathode of another photovoltaic cell. The electrical connection layer(s) comprises conductive region(s) (152) and insulating region(s) (180). The conductive region comprises light transmitting material or adhesive material. The insulating region comprises non-light transmitting material or catalytic media layer (170). The catalytic media layer comprises platinum. It further comprises titanium. The charge carrier media comprises an electrolyte redox system, or a polymeric electrolyte. The first and second electrical connection layers may be disposed between two flexible light-transmitting substrates (100, 102).Preferred Parameters: At least one of the light transmitting electrical connection layers and the charge carrier media transmit at least 60% of incident visible light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized nanomatrix layer comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles; particles of materials consisting of zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, sulfides, selenides, and/or tellurides; photosensitizing agent; or heterojunction composite material. The photosensitized nanomatrix layer comprises particles with an average size of 5-300, preferably 10-40 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitizing agent comprises xanthenes, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles, or a ruthenium, osmium, or iron complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrates comprise polyethylene terephthalate. The first and second substrates have a glass transition temperature of less than 300, preferably 40-150 degreesC. The charge carrier media comprises a polymeric electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A compound having reactivity in R4 group among the compounds of (1) is reacted more than once with a compound of the formula (4): R4OH or R4Z, thus obtaining a modified spirobenzopyran compound derivative.R4, Z = as defined in compound (1). Preferred Definition:    Z (of formula (1a)) = a group having unsaturated linkage.    EXAMPLE - A prepared 5-((p-hydroxyphenyl)carbonyl) salicyl aldehyde (4 g) and a commercially available 2-methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline (2.92 ml) were dissolved in methyl alcohol (50 ml) and then stirred at 50degreesC for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a crude product, which was then purified by a column chromatography (ethyl acetate:hexane = 1:4) to give 3.6 g of 6-((p-hydroxyphenyl)carbonyl))-1',3',3'-trimethylspiro-(2H)-1-benzopyran-2,2'-indoline in a solid state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Co-solute: The co-solute contains an organic solvent, a halide, a monomer, a polymer of monomer, or a surface-active agent. The organic solvent is alcohol, lower alcohol, ethanol, higher alcohol, or hexanol. The organic solvent is used at a concentration of 10% or less, as volume ratio to the electrolytic solvent.Preferred Agent: The surface-active agent is a cationic surface-active agent, preferably a quaternary ammonium salt of formula (A).N+(R1)(R3)3 X- (A)R1 = long-chain alkyl having 13 or less carbon atoms;R2 = methyl or ethyl; andX- = anion.The surface-active agent is added in an amount of 1 mmol/L-0.1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halide: The halide is a salt of halide of formula KX or NaX.X = chlorine, bromine or iodine.The halide is used at a concentration of 0.001-1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer is a water-soluble polymer, preferably polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol. The monomer or polymer has a vinyl group, and is used at a concentration of 0.01-100 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cell circuits comprise plastic sheets and silicon cells.Preferred Material: A laminating capsule comprises a plastic sheet. A transparent cover may comprise a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The power module comprises a glass front plate and an aluminum frame (9). Preferred Material: A transparent cover may comprise a glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The base comprises a back panel (preferably a metal plate).Preferred Material: The metal back plate is alloy 42 comprising iron (58%) and nickel (42%), or a carbon steel back plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The output of each wind turbine does not comply with the harmonic requirements of IEEE 519.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The blade is made of aluminum alloy, titanium, magnesium, silicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Treatment Apparatuses: The liquid container is equipped with various valve-operated inlets and outlets for supplying, spraying and washing with e.g. clean water, and filters for removing dust and other impurities. Such inlet and outlets as well as discharge pipes are suitably installed to prevent e.g. suck-back, inappropriate mixing of liquids or solutions, and loss. The liquid container is particularly provided with (partially) transparent control units, which can be any type of tanks. The liquid is saline or fresh water free from materials to be removed. Such apparatus can be installed into various equipment or facilities like engines, factories, refineries, incinerators etc. Units for collecting water, purified gas etc. and for condensing steam and storage of the condensate are available, with an automatic system for their collection and discharge. All the units have doors for opening and cleaning their interior. EXAMPLE - A apparatus was constructed as specified and tested.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery further comprises an electrochemical cell (26) disposed relative to the septic tank, and adapted to convert a selected ion into electricity. A biological cell (28) is providing including a quantity of bacteria selected to digest a selected portion of the waste stream. A biological module is adapted to digest a selected portion of the waste stream. A thermal module is adapted to convert a thermal gradient between an interior of the septic tank and an exterior of the septic tank into electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electricity generating device comprises at least one of the above rotary devices, a frame for supporting the rotary device on the water surface, at least one arm pivotally connected to the frame and at least one float mounted on the arm. The first drive cord is secured to the arm on one side of the hinge point and the second drive cord is secured to the arm on the other side of the hinge point., so that wave motion is converted into a rotation of the drive shaft. A means is provided for converting the rotary motion of the drive shaft into electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pollution protection layer consists of perfluoro polyether group containing silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The body has a density of 0.8-1.2 (preferably 0.9-1.1) times that of the liquid. It has neutral buoyancy in the liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The liquid used for driving the generator is water supplied from a river, a stream, or a lake.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The body comprises a water-filled, solid walled shell of a plastic material having a density of 0.95-1.05 g/cm3 (preferably polypropylene having a density of 1 g/cm3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nonwoven layer is composed of polyethylene terephthalate or acrylic fibers. The injected resin is of polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy or phenol resin on one side of the elastomer sheet, and polyurethane on the other side of it. The elastomer sheet can be of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), chloroprene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) or isoprene rubber (IR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy also comprises additional element. The additional element comprises (weight %) silver (0.005-0.07), bismuth (0.01-0.10), and thallium (0.001-0.05). The lead based alloy contains in (greater than or equal to 12 times as much in weight as calcium). The ratio of tin content in grain to tin content in grain boundaries is 0.3-0.8. Preferred Methods: The grid is made by casting or pressure-working the lead based alloy, and applying heat treatment to lead based alloy at 80-150 degrees C for 1-10 hours. Preferred Properties: The grid has surface roughness of greater than or equal to 15 microns. The effectiveness of mesh of lattice representing the value obtained by dividing 4 times the area of polygon by the circumference length of the polygon is greater than or equal to 2, preferably 2-10 times as much as the thickness of the grid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode catalyst is made of metals such as platinum, iridium (, rhodium, palladium, silver and gold and the metal particle is made of metals e.g. nickel, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The collectors are positioned on both end surfaces of the stacked body function as terminal plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer material includes olefin copolymer. The polarizing electrode further comprises activated carbon, and/or polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material further contains an oxide of cerium, zirconium and/or aluminum. The carbon type material is mono-layered or multi-layered carbon nano tube, or fullerene. The carbon type material contains metal or an alloy (0.12-30 wt.%). The average particle diameter of metal or alloy is 1-100 nm and that of oxide is 1-500 nm. Preferred Property: The temperature range of absorption and discharge of hydrogen at pressure of 0.1-50 MPa, is 25-500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Tetrafluorinated borate is tetrafluorinated lithium borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silyl ester compound is phosphoric acid trimethyl silyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen purification apparatus has water gas (gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide) shift portion containing a platinum catalyst in the upstream of the oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The fused salt is pyridinium salt, imidazolium salt and/or trimethyl hexyl ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains layered rock-salt-type lithium nickelate having LiNO2 as basic structure, and graphite. The battery contains an electrolyte liquid (2) having lithium hexafluoro phosphate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The complex oxide particle is mono-dispersed particle. The molar ratio of lithium and manganese during mixing of manganese compound aqueous solution and lithium compound aqueous solution is 1-10. The hydrothermal process is performed at 70-160 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes or more. EXAMPLE - 1M manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2) aqueous solution (in ml) (30) and 1M lithium hydroxide/3 wt.% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) aqueous solution (150), were mixed to obtain complex oxide precursor. The obtained precursor was precipitated and irradiated with electromagnetic wave. Hydrothermal process of the precursor was carried out at 80 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. The precursor was then filtered, water washed and dried to obtain spinel-type lithium manganese complex oxide particle. The obtained complex oxide particle had primary particle diameter of 0.5 mum and secondary particle diameter of 10 mum. The obtained particle, carbon black and Teflon were mixed in a weight ratio of 70/25/5. The obtained mixture was molded and vacuum dried to obtain anode active material. The obtained anode active material was used for coin-type battery. The obtained battery had improved charging and discharging property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The base sheet is provided with elongate rib-like spacer formations (3a). The spacer formations can be spaced electrode plates with opposite polarity in a condition where plates are assembled inside a battery. The welding regions are arranged on the spacer ribs. The spacer formations are arranged transversely relative to the folding line of the base sheet. At least two of the space formations define the welding regions. The spacer formations are arranged parallel with each other to form a row of ribs arranged in the direction of the folding line, end spacer formation of the row defining the welding regions.Preferred Properties: The width of the sheet of matting is more than the width of the electrode plate.Preferred Methods: The base sheet and sheet of matting are ultrasonically welded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second insert is positioned so that a radial passage (15) for fluid flow is formed between the first and second inserts. The sum of the areas of the openings in the third insert is 15-115% (45-85%) of the area of the central opening. Preferred Property: The area of the central opening is in 50-150% (80-120%) of the effective area of the excentric passage. The effective area of the radial passage measured along the periphery of the central opening within the second insert is in 50-150% (80-120%) of the area of the excentric passage. At least two of the openings in the third inset are provided with deflectors (18) having the same outlines as the openings in the third insert and extending radially from the third insert. The fourth insert comprises at least two radially extending second deflectors (22) that are steeper than the first deflectors. At least two deflectors are in register with the openings in the third insert. A perforated plate (25) is positioned in the hollow element downstream the third insert. The fourth insert is formed out of one piece and the first and second deflectors are staggered and adjacent to each other and kept in position with respect to each other by plug-and-socket connections (24) along the adjacent edges of the deflectors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The transducing platform comprises micro-hotplate structure (500), microcantilever structure, or diaphragm structure. It comprises heater (530) to heat the sensing material. The sensor can be used in combination with a controller coupled to the transducing platform to sense a relative volume of the sensing material to identify whether a target particle is near the sensing material.The sensor may includes a heat distribution layer; a third layer to heat the second layer when current is induced to flow through the third layer; contact layer conductively coupled to the second layer; deflectable platform to support the first and second layers over a hollowed portion of a substrate; and membrane layer to support the first and second layers over a hollowed portion of a substrate. The first layer has two electrical leads (531, 533). The controller includes a source to energize the piezoresistive layer to heat the sensing material; a detector to sense a resistance of the piezoresistive layer; and control circuitry to control the source and to identify a presence of a target particle near the sensing material based on the sensed resistance of the piezoresistive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The target particle is hydrogen. The first layer comprises, barium titanate, silicon, lead zirconium titanate, or chromium nitride, preferably polycrystalline silicon. The second layer comprises rare earth element, Group II element, lithium, a Group VB element, palladium, titanium, or zirconium, preferably yttrium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first layer may comprise polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The piezoelectric device comprises at least one piezoelectric element comprising a material selected from lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, quartz, cadmium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The piezoelectric device comprises at least one piezoelectric element comprising a material selected from lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, quartz, cadmium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The piezoelectric device comprises at least one piezoelectric element comprising polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The piezoelectric device comprises a fiber composite structure with piezoelectric fibers embedded in an epoxy matrix. Conductive layers of stainlesss steel or aluminum are bonded together with thermoplastic polyimide adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier has an evaporation portion (31) for vaporizing original fuel to original fuel gas, a modification portion (32) for modifying original fuel gas to hydrogen-rich fuel gas, and carbon monoxide decreasing portion (33) for decreasing the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in fuel gas. The pressurized air from air-conditioner presser is supplied to modification portion and/or carbon monoxide decreasing portion, as oxidized air. The fuel reforming system further has a thermal-type flow meter (17) for measuring the amount of air flowing through airflow path provided between vapor-liquid separation unit and modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion species of the electrolyte is same as the anion species of the ammonium salt. The electrolyte is tetraalkyl ammonium tetrafluoro borate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ammonium salt is ammonium tetrafluoro borate.    EXAMPLE - Electrolyte liquid containing propylene carbonate solution of triethyl methyl ammonium tetrafluoro borate (1.8 mol/l) and ammonium borofluoride (in wt.%) (1) was prepared. Mixture consisting of active charcoal powder (80) having specific surface area of 1200 m2/g, acetylene black (10) and polytetrafluoro ethylene (10) was used for forming pressurized sheet used as activated carbon electrode. The electrode was mutually opposed through a separator and accommodated in a stainless steel case. The electrolyte liquid was impregnated under reduced pressure, and capacitor cell was produced. The obtained electrical double layer capacitor had decomposition voltage of 3.1 V, withstand voltage of 12.5 F/cc and internal resistance of 11.8 ohm.F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: An electrolyzer is formed using the anode and cathode. The voltage is applied between anode and cathode via an electrolyte film (3), and water is electrolyzed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is graphite material which is an expanded graphite. The battery further has an intrinsic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Oxygen or air of high pressure is introduced in the device (3), and preliminary modification is performed. The fuel is made to contain an oxygen-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The manufacturing apparatus has heat exchangers between devices (3,6), and between the device (6) and combustor (7). A combustion catalyst is provided in the combustor (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The heat obtained by burning one portion of recovered methane gas is utilized as heat source of warm water and methane gas. The electric power required for each unit of base is supplied from ground or marine, or from fuel cell, which uses hydrogen gas supplied from base. The supply unit supplies warm water to methane hydrate using a pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Multiple electrodes (37) may be arranged in the fuel gas conduit and/or the oxidizing gas conduit. They are covered with an insulator layer. A voltage application module applies voltage to the electrodes to make apparent positive-negative variation in voltage toward outlet or inlet of gas conduit(s). The fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly that includes the anode and the cathode arranged across the electrolyte membrane, and a pair of electrically conductive separators (40) that are placed across the membrane electrode assembly. The oxidizing gas conduit is defined by the cathode and a groove (36b) formed in one of the pair of electrically conductive separators. The fuel gas conduit is defined by the anode and a groove formed in the other of the pair of the pair of electrically conductive separators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises preheating the reactant before the step of contacting. The step of preheating comprises a heat exchanger (50). The heat exchanger comprises a counter-flow recirculator, where the reaction products flow across vessels contained within the recirculator through which the aqueous methanol solution pass, and where the reaction products flow in a direction opposite of that of the aqueous methanol solution.Preferred Parameters: The pressure is preferably at least 27.6 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glassy polymer interface comprises hollow fibers comprising a polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-alloy further comprises molybdenum. The nickel alloy comprises a composition of at least 58 wt. % nickel, 20-23 wt.% chromium, 8-10 wt.% molybdenum, and 3-4 wt.% niobium plus tantalum.Preferred Parameters: The metal surface comprises a long tube having a small inside diameter and a wall thickness equal to one half to one quarter the diameter. The inside diameter is 2 mm and the wall thickness is 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution of methanol comprises 15-35 wt.% methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises heat exchanger for preheating the aqueous methanol solution. The heat exchanger comprises a counter-flow recirculator, wherein the reaction products flow across vessels contained within the recirculator through which the aqueous methanol solution pass, and where the reaction products flow in a direction opposite of that of the aqueous methanol solution. The mechanism for restricting a flow of reaction products comprises an inlet check valve and an outlet valve comprising a back pressure regulator valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte salt is an alkali metal salt, a quat. ammonium salt, or a quat. phosphonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte salt is an alkali metal salt, a quat. ammonium salt, or a quat. phosphonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte further comprises organic solvent(s) such as carbonates, aliphatic esters, ethers, lactones, sulfoxides, or amides. Preferred Definition:    R1=H.    EXAMPLE - Mixture (101.0 g) of compound (5) and compound (6), propylene carbonate (9.0 g), triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (2.0 g), polymerization retarder (20 mg) and thermopolymerization initiator (50 mg) were thoroughly mixed in an argon atmosphere to obtain polymerizable composition. This composition had an initial viscosity of 6.3 mPa.s (at 25o C.). A solid polymer electrolyte comprised of the above composition was used in a solid electric double-layer capacitor. This capacitor was charged and discharged at 25degreesC and -20degreesC, a working voltage of 0-2.5 V and an electric current of 7 mA, and showed a maximum capacitance of 9.1 F and 6.6 F, respectively. Repeated charge and discharge scarcely changed the capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Iron compound contains oxide, and group IVB element, group VB element and group VIB element, such as carbon, phosphorus and sulfur. Oxide is iron oxide. Iron oxide is iron oxide (FeO), ferrous oxide and/or ferric oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains calcium salt and glyme. Calcium salt contains sulfonate and/or imide salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The zinc aluminum complex oxide is of formula ZnAlnOx, where n is 0.5-4 and x is 1.5n+1, and has spinel crystal structure. The zinc aluminum complex oxide is preferably ZnAl2O4.Preferred Co-catalyst: The co-catalyst element is potassium, sodium, calcium and/or magnesium.Preferred Properties: The contents of copper and co-catalyst element with respect to 100 wt.% of catalyst are 2-20 wt.% and 0.4-4 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (in g) (149) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (375) were dissolved in ion exchange water (1 l). The solution was mixed with two equivalents of 28% ammonia aqueous solution and precipitated. The co-precipitate was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 400 degrees C for 5 hours. The baked product was ground to obtain powder-form zinc aluminum complex oxide having secondary particle diameter of 0.15 mm or less and average crystalline diameter of 7 nm.    The zinc aluminum complex oxide was dispersed in a mixed aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium nitrate (0.778) and copper nitrate trihydrate (5.7) in ion exchange water (1 l), and stirred. The mixture was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 300 degrees C for 3 hours. The baked product was ground and cut to pellet form, to obtain a catalyst (K-Cu/ZnAl2O4). The catalyst had large specific surface area and improved catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photocatalyst layer is a semiconductor material, preferably titanium oxide or its mixture.Preferred Cell: The solar cell is formed using silicon or IIIV group compound semiconductor as a base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The wet non-woven fabric layer further contains ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer fiber and/or vinylon as binder fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The thermoplastic resin fiber is polyarylene sulfide resin fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first metal compound is an oxide or its halide, preferably oxide. The second metal hydride comprises sodium hydride, sodium borohydride, or lithium aluminum hydride. The solid metal hydride material comprises at least 2 solid metal hydrides, one of which comprises gallium (Ga3+), vanadium (V3+), Ytterbium (Yb3+), zinc (Zn2+), cadmium (Cd2+), titanium (Ti3+), titanium (Ti4+), iron (Fe2+), or iron (Fe3+). One of the solid metal hydrides is sodium zinc borohydride and the other is sodium borohydride, magnesium hydride, or aluminum hydride. The solid metal hydrides undergoing reversible decomposition include sodium hydride or lithium hydride.Preferred Composition: The active hydrogen content of the solid metal hydride is at least 6.5 wt.%.Preferred Property: The reacting particles comprise smaller grains or domains having a size of 1-65 nm.Preferred Condition: The mechanical grinding or milling is conducted such that all reacting particles have a particle size of at most 50, preferably 5-40 mum. The mechanically grinding or milling comprises a ball-milling process. The process proceeds without the addition of energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen fuel cell is a polymeric-electrolyte-membrane cell or an alkaline fuel cell. The operating range of the hydrogen fuel cell is 60-120 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide (81.4 g) and sodium borohydride (75.6 g) was high-energy ball-milled at room temperature in a laboratory planetary miller for 1-20 hours at a rotation speed of 100-300 rpm to yield predominantly zinc diborohydride and sodium oxide with a small proportion of unreacted starting materials remaining. Alternatively, the zinc oxide can be replaced by 136.3 g zinc chloride to yield zinc diborohydride and sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulator comprises resin material selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber or isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidant group-containing layer, contains functional group containing phosphorus as phosphonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas storage system has a switching unit, which switches heat-exchangers (16-36, 4-6). Numbers of tanks are provided in the gas storage system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner volume of the small container is set to 30-40 % of the range of the inner volume of the large container. A heat carrier is circulated in the inner space of a casing (2) storing the containers. An auxiliary container (10) for storing hydrogen, is arranged in the joining portion of the pipelines and the main line. The large containers have equal length and are separated by a preset space. The small containers have equal length and are separated by a preset space. The containers are arranged in a parallel state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate of composite board is selected from copper, iron and nickel.POLYMEROne or more surfaces of the composite board are coated with a modified polyolefin containing a carboxylic acid-, acid anhydride-, hydroxyl-, amino-, imide-, glycidyl-, oxazonyl-, mercapto- or silyl group or functional group on the metal surface. Especially, the composite board is coated with a polypropylene modified with 0.01-10 weight% of maleic acid anhydride. A thermoplastic resin layer may be laminated to the composite board and is chosen from an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene or resin composition comprising: (a) (i) polypropylene matrix and (ii) polyphenylene sulfide, hydrogenated block copolymer or polyethylene disperse phase; or (b) (i) polyphenylene sulfide matrix and (ii) elastomer, or polyphenylene ether disperse phase. The thermoplastic resin walls are of polyolefin, polyphenylene ether or polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode material contains silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from LiClO4, LiBF4, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2) and LiC(CF3SO2)3. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains at least one type of salt chosen from tetrafluoro borate, difluoro phosphate, carbonate and nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-6C ring compound-containing molecule is subjected to thermal reaction, in fluorine gas airflow. Solvent processing is performed by immersing in organic solvent and washing. The organic solvent is alcohol, ketone, ether, hexane, toluene, xylene, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran or dimethoxy ethane. The molecule is a mono-layer or multi-layer carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen occluding component is sealed in a pressure resistant tank (13) of the hydrogen storage apparatus, which has a heat exchanger. EXAMPLE - Fluorinated mono-layer carbon nanotube (0.7 g) was stirred in ethanol (200 ml), at room temperature for 6 hours, at 800 rpm. Distribution processing was performed for 5 hours by an ultrasonic disperser and the obtained solution was filtered and the sample was washed with purified water. The sample was dried, to obtain a hydrogen occlusion material. The material had a hydrogen occlusion ability of 0.6 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Unit Manufacture: Manufacturing method comprises:(1) winding resin impregnation fiber bundle around the outer surface of the hollow liner;(2) thermosetting the resin impregnation fiber bundle wound around the outer surface of the liner; and(3) assembling the hydrogen occlusion units around the tank body.Preferred Unit: Both ends of the heat-medium pipe of each unit for hydrogen occlusion are provided at one end of the hydrogen occlusion unit. Optionally one end of each heat-medium pipe is provided at one end of the hydrogen occlusion unit and the other end of each unit is provided at the other end of the hydrogen occlusion unit. Heat-medium pipe of all the units for hydrogen occlusion is connected to the connection pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The spacers comprise nickel, nickel alloys, metals coated with the yttria stabilized zirconia, or lanthanum strontium gallium, magnesium oxides, glass, ceramics, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, liquid crystalline polymers, ceramics containing glass fibers, metal fibers, glass particles, metal particles and/or polymeric fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The seal component is made of fluororubber, silicone rubber, phlorosilicone rubber, butyl rubber, natural rubber, stylene rubber, and chloroprene or acrylic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous membrane is formed by creating a mold master by micromachining or photopatterning an epoxy, pouring PDMS liquid precursor to cure, and removing the PDMS porous membrane from the mold master. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous membrane is formed by extruding a sheet of PDMS with a thickness of 25-100 microns. A metal layer is formed on the PDMS sheet by photolithography. Holes are patterned in the metal layer. Attaching the PDMS to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) further comprises performing a surface preparation on a surface of the microfluidic molded structure prior to binding the porous membrane to the structure. Surface preparation comprises cleaning with a solvent (ethanol) and irradiating with oxygen plasma. Preferably the organic material is heated to 120 degreesC for 10 minutes in a boat then submerged in a surface binding agent. Removing the cured material from the mold master is by submerging the mold and the attached PDMS in an acetone bath to remove photoresist comprising the mold master. Patterning of the metal layer uses shadow mask. A capillary tubing is embedded in the porous membrane by boring holes in the membrane.Preferred Materials: The liquid precursors are consisting of those used with product SYLGARD 184 or SYGARD 186. The mold master comprises silicon or a photoresist. The microfluidic molded structure comprises silicon, PDMS, ceramic or plastic, more preferably it is an organic material that is an acrylic. The boat is made of plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer is consisting of gold, nickel, copper, titanium, aluminum, or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel contains sulfur, 13C or more normal paraffin and naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel comprises sulfur, naphthalene and 13C or more paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The 4B group element is chosen from silicon and tin. The alloy is composite particle consisting of surface layer coated on portion(s) of nuclear particle. The nuclear particle contains silicon and tin and the surface layer contains solid solution or intermetallic compound consisting of titanium, nickel, copper and iron, and tin or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carboxylate-ester (e) having at least 1 type carbon-carbon unsaturated bond. Preferred Compounds: The compound (e) is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and/or divinyl ethylene carbonate. The compound (b) is dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate, preferably mixture of ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) (1 mol/L) was dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (in vol.%) (25) and ethyl methyl carbonate (75). Vinylene carbonate (1), gamma-butyrolactone (1) and lithium tetrakis(pentafluoro propanoate)borate (1), were added to the obtained solution, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte, was formed. The obtained battery had capacitance maintenance factor of 90.5%, cycle maintenance factor of 89%, high rate maintenance factor of 91%, and gas generation volume of 8.5 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The cyclic hydrocarbon is decalin. The dehydrogenation product is naphthalene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The coagulation unit has cooling pipe (42) to circulate the cooling medium. The storage tank has a discharge port to eject hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas produced in a reaction tank (10) is supplied to the storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A cathode is arranged in the reactor, and an anode is arranged at the hydrogen separation chamber (4) separated from the reactor. The cathode and anode are connected by a proton conductive material. An electricity is supplied to the cathode and anode by a fuel cell (13) which generates electric power with oxygen, hydrogen obtained from the reactor, or hydrocarbon group fuel. Water produced in the fuel cell is supplied to the reactor, while hydrogen is moved from the reactor to the hydrogen separation chamber electrochemically. The fuel cell is a single cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The thermal storage component has gas permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Mast: The mast preferably comprises a rigid external structure (3) and a flexible internal structure constituting the hydrogen storage reservoir.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred solder The hard solder is nickel-based, being especially MBF 80. Preferred contacting unit This is a ferritic steel with high chromium- and low aluminum content, optionally with a small quantity of rare earth elements e.g. yttrium or lanthanum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred electrolyte layer This is ceramic, e.g. yttriu oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide. Preferred cathode layer Lanthanum-strontium-manganese oxide (LSM) with embedded metallic particles (50). If appropriate this is mixed with yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide (YSZ).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process : The halogenation step is effected thermally and catalytically using a transition metal (especially iron) catalyst. The anchoring compound is such that the basic group B is an amino, ether, keto and/or hydroxy group (especially a primary amino group). The anchoring group A is a triazinylene (especially preferred) , pyrimidinylene, oxyethylene, sulfonethylene and/or propionamidylene group. The degree of substitution is 20-200 (especially 100-120) mol.%. EXAMPLE - A 74% yield (32.2 g) of functionalized polyarylethersulfone was obtained by:    (1) dissolving high vacuum-dried Udel (RTM : polyarylethersulfone) (50 g) in CHCl3 (500 ml), treating with iron powder (225 g), dripping into this within 1 hour with stirring bromine (6.15 cm3) at room temperature and stirring for a further 2 hours at room temperature to give a 75% yield (41.3 g) of a recrystallized nucleus-brominated polyarylethersulfone;    (2) stirring magnesium shavings (0.079 mol.) in THF (50 ml) with 2 g of the brominated polyarylethersulfone while dissolving the remainder in THF (100 ml) and then dripping the brominated product solution into the stirred reaction mixture and refluxing the mixture for 1 hour; and    (3) dripping a solution of 2-bromo-4,6-diamino- 1,3,5-triazine (15 g) in THF (50 ml) into the reaction mixture with stirring, followed by refluxing for 3 hours and working-up and recrystallizing the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred alloy The contact unit is a ferritic steel with high chromium and low aluminum content and may contain a small proportion of rare earth elements, e.g. yttrium or lanthanum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred layers The cathode layer is ceramic strontium-manganese oxide. This may be mixed with yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide. Yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide forms the electrolyte layer. The anode layer is a ceramic metal composite, e.g. of nickel and zirconium oxide. The ceramic bonding layer (40) is a perovskite, similar to the cathode ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material of electrode of electric double layer capacitor is porous carbon such as activated charcoal.Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains compound having phosphorus and nitrogen in the molecule, and aprotic organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The jacket has a device for removal of the inert gas and connected to a device for analysis. The reactor block comprises monolithic modules arranged directly or at a distance by a sealing element one above the other or side by side and the channels are arranged so that a gaseous medium is fed in the modules and emerges on the opposite side of the reactor block. The modules are arranged sealing elements of an electrically insulating material. The channel exits of a first module lie opposite the channel entries of adjacent modules and the sealing elements have channel openings. Each heated module has two electrodes for passing a current. The thermally insulating casing comprises thermally insulating layer(s) and a gas diffusion barrier. The gas diffusion barrier is a gas-tight coating or a densely fired ceramic or vitreous material. The channels at least partly have a catalytically active coating. A radiation shielding device (7, 7') is arranged on both sides of the reactor block at which the channels enter or exit.Preferred Property: The modules are made of conductive material with a specific resistance of greater than 1 (15-50) microOhm.m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The modules are made of insulating graphite and the electrodes are made of electrode graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas reaction is the formation of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen from ammonia and a lower hydrocarbon, in particular methane (BMA process). The hydrogen is separated off from the reaction gas and is burned with air in a fuel cell. The obtained electrical energy is used for heating the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of the graphite powder is 40-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition ratio of the thermosetting resin in the complex is 4-9 wt.%. Preferred Parameter: The dimensions of the preliminary molded member before final molding and in a direction of the molding pressure are 1-2 times the dimensions of the final molded member. Preferred Condition: A final molding temperature of the complex is 150-170degreesC. EXAMPLE - A bondcarbon compound having composition ratios of 85 wt.% of SN-100C natural graphite having an average particle diameter of 40-100 microns, and 15 wt.% phenol resin was prepared. The compound was charged into a mold and a molding pressure of 10-100 MPa was applied to the compound for 2 minutes at 160degreesC thus producing a separator of a predetermined shape. The separator had volume resistivity of 5.8x10-3 Omega.cm and bending strength of 400 kgf/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The copolymer contains tetraethylene fluoride and/or hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The anode includes an electroconductive polymer made selected from polyaniline, polymethylene blue, etc. or their halogenated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous sheet consists of PTFE, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkoxy ethylene copolymer, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyallylate, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyether imide, polyether amide, polypropylene or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The strong acid contains sulfate and/or phosphate.Preferred Property: The support containing the compound having solid acid site has specific surface area of 40-200 m2/g. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound having solid acid site is zirconia, alumina and/or titania.    EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride (2 kg) was dissolved in pure water (15 l) and aqueous ammonia was added. Zirconium hydroxide produced was filtered, washed and vacuum dried at 110 degrees C. White powder support (650 g) of zirconium hydroxide was obtained. The obtained support was immersed in phosphoric acid, dried and baked at 650 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain catalyst containing phosphate and zirconium oxide, for dimethyl carbonate synthesis. The obtained catalyst had specific surface area of 55 m2/g. Dimethyl carbonate was synthesized with high conversion rate using the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aprotic organic solvent is chloroform or 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. The strong acid donor is chlorosulfonic acid, acetyl sulfonate or fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The proton conducting polymer has a number average molecular weight of 5000-1000000 and an equivalent weight of 250-2500.Preferred Composition: The proton conducting polymer membrane comprises silicon dioxide in 1-10 wt.% based on the total weight of a mixture of the proton conducting polymer and silicon dioxide. The molar ratio of the proton conducting polymer to the strong acid group donor in the sulfonation is 1:10-1:30.Preferred Method: During sulfonating, a degree of sulfonation is adjusted by changing a reaction time and an amount of the strong acid group donor. The reaction time in the sulfonation is 1-4 hours. EXAMPLE - A 2 ml tetraethyl orthosilicate solution, 4.7 ml distilled water, and 100 ml hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) were stirred for 3 hours at room temperature to prepare a silicon dioxide solution. A 1 g sulfonated base polymer was dried in vacuum oven for 24 hours and the dried polymers were dissolved in 20 g acetone. The silicon dioxide solution was added to the polymer solution in 4% by mass and stirred. The solution was dried at room temperature for 24 hours to provide a proton conducting polymer membrane including 4 wt.% silicon dioxide. The proton conducting polymer had a water uptake of 94.23% and an ionic conductivity of 1.13x10-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte separator is made up of propylene carbonate, 1-2-dimethoyethane and their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nitrogen-containing organic anion is of formula (I):N(CnF2n+1SO2) (CmF2m+1SO2)- (I)m,n = 1-4.The cyclic quaternary ammonium organic cation is chosen from imidazolium ion of formula (1), pyrrolium cation of formula (2), pyrazolium cation of formula (3) and/or pyridinium cation of formula (4).R1, R3 in formula (1), R1, R2 in formulae (2,3), R1 in formula (4) = 1-6C alkyl group;andR2, R4, R5 in formula (1), R3-R6 in formula (2), R3-R5 in formula (3) and R2-R6 in formula (4) = H or 1-6C alkyl group.Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains organic solvent with dielectric constant of 35 or more, preferably ethylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate (in wt.%) (10) having dielectric constant of 89.6 at 40 degrees C was mixed with lithium trifluoro methane sulfonyl amide dissolved in solution containing 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion, and non-aqueous electrolyte was obtained. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced using the obtained electrolyte. The battery had excellent initial stage charging and discharging efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carboxylate-ester (e). Preferred Compounds: The compound (c) is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and/or divinyl ethylene carbonate. The compound (b) is dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate, preferably mixture of ethylmethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The compound (e) is gamma-butyrolactone, alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone and/or beta-vinyl-gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Separator: The separator is a paper and/or non-woven fabric, both containing cellulose and rayon. Preferred Electrode: The anode comprises lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide of formula: LiaNibMncMdO2, where M is cobalt, aluminum and/or iron, a is 1-1.1, b, c is at least 0.3 and less than 0.5, d is greater than 0 and at least 0.4, bat least c, and sum of b, c and d is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode and cathode contain substance capable of doping and de-doping lithium. The anode consists of lithium manganese oxide composite and/or lithium nickel manganese oxide complex of formula: LiaNibMncMdO2 as active material.M = cobalt, aluminum and/or iron;a = 1-1.1;b and c = 0.3 or more and less than 0.5;andd = more than 0 and 0.4 or less, where b is greater than or equal to c, and b+c+d=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred resin: The adhesive resin is selected from a group consisting of olefin, acrylic, epoxy, urethane or silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is selected from the group consisting of and alloy of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt/aluminum/iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The double-structured graphite particle is obtained by mixing and baking natural graphite and pitch having softening point of 100-300 degrees C and toluene insoluble content of 10-50 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The shape of front and back surfaces of battery is rectangular. The thickness of battery container is 0.2-1 mm. EXAMPLE - Natural graphite having high specific surface area of 250 g/m2, acetylene black and lithium nickel manganese group complex (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2), were dry-mixed. Mixture (M) obtained by dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, was uniformly dispersed in the resulting mixture to obtain slurry (1). The slurry (1) was applied on both surfaces of aluminum foil, dried and pressed to obtain an anode. Natural graphite having average particle diameter of 25 micrometer and tap-density of 0.86 g/cm3, and petroleum pitch having softening point of 250 degrees C and toluene insoluble content of 30 %, were mixed and baked to obtain double-structure graphite particle. The graphite particle having face distance (d002) of surface (002) of less than 0.34 nm, and electroconductive material were dry-mixed. Mixture (M) and the resulting mixture were dispersed to obtain slurry (2). The slurry (2) was applied on both surfaces of copper foil, dried and pressed to obtain a cathode. A non-aqueous electrolyte comprising ethylene carbonate (in parts weight) (30), ethyl methyl carbonate (70) and vinylene carbonate (2), was prepared. A non-aqueous secondary battery comprising anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte was obtained. The battery had energy capacity of 30 Wh or more and volume energy of 180 Wh/I or more. The non-aqueous secondary battery had excellent cycle life property and safety. The capacity of battery was maintained at high value, even when the battery was repeatedly charged and discharged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The trimanganese trioxide particles obtained in first order reaction is introduced into a non-oxidizing atmosphere, manganese salt aqueous solution is added, and the solution is aged for less than 3 hours in the second order reaction. The growth reaction of trimanganese tetroxide particles is performed by adding 0.5 mol% or less of organic reducer during the reaction. Further, An excess alkali concentration of 1-5 mol/L is added. EXAMPLE - Sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (mol/L) (18.2) and manganese sulfide aqueous solution (2) were mixed to obtain water suspension containing hydrated manganese particle. The particles contained manganese (0.8) and excess alkali (2.5). The water suspension was heated at 90degreesC in the presence of nitrogen and oxidized at 90degreesC, and aged for 1 hour. Subsequently, manganese sulfate aqueous solution (0.4) was added and oxidized at 60degreesC to obtain manganese oxide particles having average particle diameter of 6 mum, specific surface area of 0.5 m2/g, and comprising sodium (in weight%) (0.005) and sulfur (0.001).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Reaction : The halogenation is effected photochemically, thermally or catalytically, the catalyst being a transition metal, especially iron.Preferred Product : The product (polymer (I)) has a degree of substitution of 20-200 (especially 100-120) mol.%. EXAMPLE - A 70% yield (30.6 g) of functionalized polyarylethersulfone was obtained by:    (1) dissolving high vacuum-dried Udel (RTM : polyarylethersulfone) (50 g) in CHCl3 (500 ml), boiling the mixture and dripping into this bromine (6.15 cm3) with stirring while irradiating with a 500 watt lamp to give a 75% yield (44.2 g) of a recrystallized side chain-brominated polyarylethersulfone;    (2) stirring magnesium shavings (0.084 mol.) in THF (50 ml) with 2 g of the brominated polyarylethersulfone while dissolving the remainder in THF (100 ml) and then dripping this solution into the stirred reaction mixture and refluxing the mixture for 1 hour; and    (3) dripping a solution of bromobenzene (0.084 mol.) in THF (50 ml) into the refluxed mixture at room temperature with stirring, followed by refluxing for 3 hours, replacing the THF by diethyl ether, hydrolyzing with ice, neutralizing with semi-concentrated hydrochloric acid, extracting with Et2O, washing the ether phase with water, drying with sodium sulfate, crystallizing by cooling and recrystallizing once to give a colorless microcrystalline powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforcing member comprises a sheet having a permeability to gases and electronic conductivity. The sheet comprises a porous carbon sheet, felt or film paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforcing member comprises a sheet having a permeability to gases and electronic conductivity. The sheet comprises a porous carbon sheet, felt or film paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode layer has a polymer electrolyte and catalyst particles formed on a surface of carbon particles. Preferred Material: The sealing member is made from chloroprene rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, fluororubber, isobutylene rubber, acrylonitrile rubber or acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The hydrogen storage alloy exhibits a hexagonal 14C Laves phase crystalline structure. It is in powder form physically bonded to a support by compaction and/or sintering, and spirally wound into a coil.Preferred Component: The alloy comprises Ti0.9Zr0.1Mn1.3V0.45Ni0.26; Ti0.8Zr0.2Mn1.25V0.4Fe0.36; Ti0.8Zr0.2Mn1.3V0.45Ni0.26; Ti0.95Zr0.05Mn1.3V0.45Ni0.26; Ti0.84Zr0.15Mn1.28V0.255Cr0.18Fe0.25Al0.0 6; Ti0.85Zr0.15Mn1.5V0.3Fe0.23Al0.06; Ti0.87Zr0.13Mn1.29V0.17Cr0.18Fe0.24Al0.06; or Ti0.87Zr0.13Mn1.23V0.16Cr0.17Fe0.23Al0.06.The support mechanism comprises mesh, grid, matte, foil, foam, or plate.Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage alloy is a single-phase material. The support is formed from nickel, aluminum, copper, iron, and their mixtures or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Two of the coaxial electrodes form coils, which are wound in opposite or same direction. The apparatus further comprises encapsulating mechanism for encapsulating at least one of the electrodes in a material impervious to gas bubbles but conductive to electron flow. The voltage is applied to two ends of each electrode or to one end of at least one of the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The medium is water. It further includes a catalyst, which is potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ligands are carboxylate, phosphinate or diphenylphosphinate ligands. EXAMPLE - A cubane core complex of Mn4O4(O2P(Ph)2)6 was done by fusing two pre-formed Mn2O23+ units. The cubane core complex was formed after addition of diphenylphosphinate salts to a solution of (Mn2O2(bpy)4)(ClO4)3) in acetonitrile. The initial yield was greater than 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pull has a pair of legs connecting the first end to an opposite distal end, such that the configuration of the legs does not permit the opposite distal end to be moved across the second opposite end of the handle. The handle has a concave side and a convex side, and the pull extends from the handle on the concave side. The handle has a longitudinal axis and a boss upon each of the parallel wings extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis on the concave side of the handle. The fasteners and the seat have an integrally formed spacer. Preferred Parameters: The diameter of the connecting rod is no greater than 0.275 inches. The lever moves in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the post section pivots greater than or equal to10degrees from the perpendicular.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The handles, the fastener and the seat is manufactured from a non-corrosive material such as glass filled nylon.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ammonium salt is trimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium tetra fluoro borate.    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte (trimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate) was dissolved in propylene carbonate, to obtain electrolyte liquid (1.8 mol/l). An electrical-double layer capacitor was produced using the electrolyte liquid. The capacitor had initial-stage electrostatic capacitance density of 15.9 F/cc when discharged to 0V using constant current of 5 mA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin is an adhesive resin having thermoplasticity. The adhesive resin is chosen from olefin, acrylic, epoxy, urethane and/or silicon group resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Terminals: Anode and/or cathode terminals are insulated by the adhesive resin through the upper cover and bottom container through, and attached to the hole.Preferred Hole: The hole is provided at two places of the bottom container side portion, and is formed by deep drawing. The hole has a burr length of 1 mm or more from the outer portion of bottom container.Preferred Process: The circumference of upper cover and bottom container are sealed by welding. Anode and cathode terminals are connected or welded to a collector. The anode and cathode contains a substance which (de)dopes lithium.Preferred Battery: The front and back surfaces of battery are rectangle shaped. The battery container has board thickness of 0.2-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The upper cover and bottom container contains (aluminum)alloy as main component.Preferred Material: The anode electrode contains an active material of lithium composite manganese oxide and/or lithium nickel complex oxide of formula: LiaNibMncMdO2, where M is cobalt, aluminum and/or iron, a is 1-1.1, b,c are 0.3-0.5, d is 0.4-0.5, bat leastc and b+c+d is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Modifier: The conductive support agent modifier is an imine-type polymer such as polyethylene imine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The conductive support agent is carbon fiber or carbon nano tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The normal-temperature fused salt is LiB((OCO)2)2. The fused salt further contains quaternary ammonium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the decarboxylation apparatus, carbon dioxide and calcium oxide adsorption agent are made to react.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The substituent of formula (2 or 3) is introduced to aromatic hydrocarbon type compound having molecular weight of 100-1000, and the hydrocarbon type compound is polymerized to obtain solid polymer electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=aromatic compound selected from o-, m- or p-phenylene, or a group of formula (4)    EXAMPLE - Dry polyphenylene sulfide (in g) (10.8), dry chloroform (100 ml) and 1,3-propane sultone (3.6), were added to a 500 ml four neck round bottom flask. Anhydrous aluminum chloride (4) was added for 30 minutes at 60 degrees C and stirred. Reflux stirring was performed at 60 degrees C for 5 hours. The produced deposit was washed with deionized water, collected by suction filtration and the operation was repeated until the filtrate was neutral. The obtained produced was dried at 120 degrees C overnight under reduced pressure and propyl sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide was obtained. The sulfide compound was added to oxidation liquid consisting of Oxon (160), water (500) and acetic acid (37) and stirred at 80 degrees C for 8 hours. The produced deposit was washed with deionized water, collected by suction filtration and the operation was repeated until the filtrate was neutral. The product was dried at 120 degrees C overnight under reduced pressure and propyl sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide with ion exchange group equivalent weight of 590 g/mol and oxidation degree (x) of sulfur atom of 1.9 was obtained. The product was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone so that the concentration was 10 wt.%. The solution was developed on a glass, dried and an electrolyte film with thickness of 40 microns was obtained. The film/electrolyte laminate produced using the electrolyte film had output of 40 mW when fuel cell performance was evaluated. The solid polymer electrolyte film had favorable oxidation resistance, moist- and heat-resistance and ion conductometry property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Microparticles: The microparticle is crosslinked polyacrylonitrile and/or crosslinked polymethyl-methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The radiating structure is made of material selected from a group comprising aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, silver paste or stainless material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode further comprises layers including a first electrode layer at the major surface of the membrane and a second electrode layer overlying the first electrode layer. The first and second groups of particles comprise metallic catalyst particles supported on support particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic catalyst of the first group is PtM, where M = non-noble metals and/or alloys. It can be platinum (Pt)-iron, Pt-tin, Pt-molybdenum and/or their alloys. It comprises silver and the support particles comprise metal oxide. The metallic catalyst of the second group is Pt, Pt-rubidium, Pt-palladium (Pd), Pd, iridium, rhodium, osmium, gold, silver and/or their alloys. The support particles are electrically conductive and from carbon, graphite and/or silicon carbide. The PtM is an electrically conductive black metal.Preferred Method: An air bleed of 0.5-2 vol.% of the fuel stream is used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material contains granular graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The roughness of internal peripheral surface of battery can is measured in accordance with JISB 0601-1994 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The cylindrical molecule has one or more parting portions with edge portion as starting point.The length of parting portion is more than the cross-section average diameter of cylindrical molecule.Preferred Material: The atomic binding substance is graphene sheet having carbon atom as main constituent.The cylindrical molecule is mono-layer carbon nanotube (11) and/or multilayer carbon nanotube.Preferred Method: The load is made to act on the cylindrical molecule during fragmenting process.The fragmenting process is wet fragmenting process performed using a solvent and/or dry fragmenting process without using solvent.During the manufacture of hydrogen occlusion material dry fragmenting process is performed after wet fragmenting process.A solid-like substance having hardness higher than the cylindrical molecule is mixed during fragmenting process.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is ethanol, acetone, hexane, dimethylformamide or tetrahydrofuran. EXAMPLE - Monolayer carbon nanotube (0.7 g) having diameter of 1 nm and purity of 90% was subjected to wet ball mill processing using ethanol (150 ml) as solvent for 50 hours. The obtained solution was dried and portion of ethanol was removed. Subsequently, fragmenting processing was performed for 5 hours to obtain hydrogen occlusion material. The material had hydrogen occlusion ability of 0.87 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal component (C) comprises one, or two or more metals (M) chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, lithium, boron, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iridium, neodymium, lanthanum, calcium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium and silver, and/or their alloy. The metal component (C) is oxide, nitride or chloride of at least one metal (M). The hydrogen storage functional material is graphite, amorphous carbon, activated carbon, carbon nanotube or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The composite has thickness of 15-95 mum. The polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole fiber sheet is obtained by sheet forming polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole fiber and/or polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole pulp by wet forming method. The composite is formed by impregnating proton conductive cation exchange resin liquid into polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole fiber sheet. The polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole fiber sheet is washed between pressurization process and conjugation process. The impregnated sheet is vacuum degassed and heat pressed to thickness of 15-95 mum.Preferred Properties: The composite has ion exchange capacity of 0.7-1.3 mol/kg dry weight. The composite has tensile yield stress of 12 MPa or more in both horizontal and vertical directions. The ratio of the tensile yield stress in vertical direction to tensile yield stress in horizontal direction is 2.0 or less.Preferred Resin: The proton conductive cation exchange resin is perfluorocarbon group ion exchange resin which has a sulfone group. EXAMPLE - Polyparaphenylene benzobis oxazole (PBO) pulp was dispersed in water and paper making raw material was produced. The raw material was supplied into cylinder machine and wet sheet forming was carried out to obtain PBO fiber primary sheet of basic weight 25 g/m2. The primary sheet was pressurized and PBO sheet of thickness 50 mum and porosity 61.2 % was obtained. The sheet was impregnated with Nafion (TM) perfluoro carbon group cation exchange resin liquid and vacuum degassed for 10 minutes, and left for two days at 25 degrees C. The solvent was evaporated and impregnated sheet was vacuum degassed and heat pressed, and electrolyte film of thickness 50 mum was produced. The electrolyte film had tensile yield stress of 21.4 MPa and 20.8 MPa along vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The ion exchange capacity of the film was 0.90 mol/kg dry weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Misch metal comprises 30-80 wt.% of lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The asperities are uniformly shaped and dimensioned, are arranged in a uniform pattern, and are spaced apart by a uniform spacing dimension. The cross-sectional dimension of the asperities to the spacing dimension of the asperities is less than or equal to0.1. The component is a bipolar plate or a manifold. The asperities are projections or cavities formed in the substrate. They are polyhedrally shaped, or cylindrical or cylindroidally shaped. They have a uniform asperity height relative to the substrate, and where the asperity height is greater than a critical asperity height value "Zc" in meters determined according to formula: Zc = d(1-cos(thetaa,0+omega-180degrees))/2sin(thetaa,0+omega-180degrees).d=least distance in meters between adjacent asperities.Preferred Method: The asperities are disposed on the surface by nanomachining, microstamping, microcontact printing, self-assembling metal colloid monolayers, atomic force microscopy nanomachining, sol-gel molding, self-assembled monolayer directed patterning, chemical etching, sol-gel stamping, printing with colloidal inks, or disposing a layer of carbon nanotubes on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gas distribution regions are grooves in the surface of the separator plate. The grooves are interspersed between lands. Preferred Method: The passivating step is conducted by passivating the entire surface of the separator plate, and then removing the passivation layer from areas between the gas distribution regions. Before the passivating step, a step of applying a mask to the lands protects the lands from passivation during the passivating step, where the passivating step passivates the grooves. Directly after the passivating step that passivates the grooves, the mask is removed from the lands, prior to the step of applying the coating. After the step of applying the coating, any areas of the coated surface are passivated where any pinholes exist in the coating, thus passivating areas of the separator plate underlying the pinholes. The treatment method may comprise cleaning the substrate surface to remove a portion of any oxides present; coating the substrate with electrically conductive corrosion-resistant layer; and treating the substrate to passivate any areas of the underlying substrate exposed by pinhole openings in the applied coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is fluororesin, epoxy resin, polypropylene resin and/or polyethylene-terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The grease composition contains 3-35 mass% of a urea compound as thickening agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene copolymerized rubber and styrene-methacrylic ester-acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The crystal structure of lithium transition metal complex oxide is spinel structure. The carbonaceous material is an amorphous-type carbonaceous material or natural-type material of high graphitized carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The cyclic organic compound having sulfur-oxygen bonding, has formula (1-4).Preferred Battery: The main component of the anode material is graphite. A metal-resin composite material is used for the battery casing. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The cyclic organic compound is ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, sulfolane, 1,3-propane sulfone, 1,4-butane sulfone and/or their derivatives. The cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon pi-bonding, is vinylene carbonate, styrene carbonate, catechol carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1-phenyl vinylene carbonate and/or 1,2-diphenyl vinylene carbonate. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl butyl carbonate and/or methyl benzyl carbonate. The cyclic carbonate which does not have carbon-carbon pi-bonding and having a boiling point of 240 degreesC or more, is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate.    EXAMPLE - 1 mole of lithium phosphorus hexafluoride was dissolved in 1 liter of mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate of boiling point 243 degreesC and cyclic carbonate at a volume ratio 6:4. 2 wt.% of 1,3-propane sulfone and 2 wt.% of vinylene carbonate having pi-bonding, were added to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte. Using the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte, a non aqueous-electrolyte battery was obtained. The obtained battery had excellent charging and discharging efficiency and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: This may also include a POS (B) that contains motifs similar to (I) but containing, per molecule, at least two motifs containing Epx and optionally also an Eth. Typical Epx include epoxycyclohexylmethyl or epoxynorbornylmethyl, or they also include Eth, e.g. 2-(epoxymethoxy)-ethyl or -propyl. Poa is particularly a polyoxyethylene and/or polyoxypropylene group. The composition may also included a photosensitizer (E).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: This contains inorganic or organic salts (D) and the anode is specifically of lithium, or its alloys, or inorganic materials/carbonates that include lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cation of (D) is amidinium or guanidinium, and the anion is styrenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, octylsulfonate, dodecylbenzenesufonate or anions of formula (II), (III) or (IV). Typical (E), 16 specified, are 4,4'-dimethoxybenzoin; 2-ethylanthraquinone and 2-isopropylthioxanthone. (C) is particularly (a) a boron onium salt or (b) compound containing borate anion. Typical of many specified compounds are (phenyl)2I+ tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate and (phenyl)3S+ tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate.R4SO3- (II)(R4SO2)2N- (III)(R4SO2)3C- (IV)each R4 = an electron-attracting group, preferably perfluoroaryl or 1-6C perfluoroalkyl    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cation of (D) is a metal or ammonium ion and the anion is chloride, bromide, iodide, perchlorate, thiocyanate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoro-phosphate or -arsenate. The cation is especially lithium or a transition metal, e.g. iron, manganese or copper, and the most preferred (D) are lithium perchlorate; tetrafluoroborate; hexafluoro-phosphate or -arsenate; trifluoromethylsulfonate; LiN(CF3SO2)2 or Li(C2F5SO2)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Elements: Multi-layer tubes, feeder tanks, connectors, adapters, filters, pump components and valve components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polyesters: Polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate, polypropylene 2,6-naphthalate, polybutylene 2,6-naphtalate, poly-(1,4-dimethylene-cyclohexane) terephthalate and poly-(1,4-dimethylenecyclohexane) 2,6-naphthalate. The polyester moulding material is preferably antistatically-treated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (I) involves(a) treating N,N-dimethyl-phosgeniminium salt of formula (CH3)2N+=C(Cl)2 with an amine of formula HNR1R2 triethyl amine in solvent;(b) treating a dialkylamine having general structure same as that of (I) optionally containing at least one ester, ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic group with a desired anion; or(c) treating a chiral-di-alkylamine with a desired anion. Preferred Definitions:    X- = ZnCl3-, ZnBr3-, SnCl5-, SnBr5-, FeCl4-, FeBr4-, NiCl3-, AuCl4-, AuBr4-, GaCl4-, AlCl4-, Al2Cl7-, Al3Cl10-, AsF6-, H2AsO3-, H2AsO4-, AsO2-, SbF6-, SbO3-, HcrO4-, HteO3-, HteO4-, HseO3-, SeCN-, NbO3-, TaO3-, RuO4-, MnO4-, ReO4-, BiO3-, VO4- or (Ag(CN)2) -.    EXAMPLE - To a suspension of phosgene iminium chloride (2.14 g) in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.3 M) at 0 degrees Centigrade, a mixture of dibutylamine (3.58 g) and triethylamine (2.93 g) in dichloromethane was added. After 30 minutes at 0 degrees Centigrade, vigorous stirring was maintained at room temperature during 3.5 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum, water (50 ml) and aqueous solution of NaOH (1.31 g) were added, with vigorous stirring. The mixture was then worked up to give (bis-(dibutylamino)-dimethylguanidinium)chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon black has dibutyl phthalate adsorption amount of not less than 50 ml/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon black is present in 20-140 pbw based on 100 pbw of ethylene-propylene copolymer. EXAMPLE - A hose material comprising (pbw) ethylene propylene diene monomer (100), SRF carbon black (100) with toluene discoloration of 40%, process oil (50), peroxide vulcanizing agent (5), co-crosslinking agent (3) and anti-aging agent (0.5) was prepared and evaluated. The results showed tensile strength of 12.1 MPa, elongation of 250%, volume resistivity of 1x106 OMEGA.cm, electrical conductivity of extracted solution of 2.8 micro A/cm and low extraction indicated by electrical conductivity of less than 3 micro S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The resistors are made of a copper alloy e.g. Manganin (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is made of Raney nickel
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The unit structure of the layered clay mineral is crosslinked with a tetrafunctional alkoxide or trifunctional alkoxide, preferably bis-alkoxysilane. EXAMPLE - Sodium montmorillonite (8 g) was added to pure water (400 ml), and stirred for 24 hours. To this, 10% orthophosphoric acid (10 g) was added and stirred for 1 hour. An amount was cast onto a plastic plate, then dried at 25degreesC and 50% RH for 12 hours for few days. After drying, a thin membrane was obtained, which was then heat treated for 24 hours in a 70degreesC kiln. The obtained thin membrane was immersed in pure water and dried at room temperature. After this immersion and drying was repeated several times, the membrane was dried in 50degreesC kiln to obtain a thin membrane. After immersing this thin membrane for 3 hours in 1.2 mol/L of aqueous aluminum nitrate (III), the thin membrane was removed and dried for 24 hours. After immersing thin membrane for 1 minute in pure water, it was dried for 24 hours and heat treated for 24 hours in a 70degreesC kiln, to give a phosphoric acid crosslinked clay thin membrane substituted with aluminum ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing system further has a control apparatus and a flow-path switching unit in which the gas for desorption-regeneration is flowing. The control apparatus enables continuous hydrogen manufacture by switching the adsorber which adsorbs, and the adsorber which performs the desorption regeneration. The switching unit is provided, when the inflow of reformed gas in the adsorber is interrupted. The decomposed residual component is adsorbed to a portion of the adsorber by the flowing reformed gas, and simultaneously, the desorption-regeneration is performed in the remaining portion of adsorber.Preferred Modifier: The modifier is water vapor modifier, self-thermal-reforming device or a partial oxidation modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is activated carbon and/or zeolite.Preferred Gas: The gas for the desorption-regeneration is a fuel cell anode off gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a line for inducing the fuel cell anode off gas to the modifier equipped with a combustion unit, and a heat exchanger (8) provided at downstream side of fuel cell anode and upstream side of adsorber. The heat exchanger heats the fuel cell anode off gas by heat exchange with another gas in a fuel cell system, to a temperature more than the desorption-regeneration temperature of the adsorber.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The rust-proof performance test of the bearing is performed as per ASTMD1743 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The hydrogen occlusion alloy has a compositional formula (Ti1-xZrx) (Cr1-y-zFeyMz)n, where M is molybdenum and/or vanadium, 0at mostx less than 0.7, 0.1at mosty less than 0.8, 0at mostzat most0.3 and 1.5 less than n less than 2.5. EXAMPLE - Predetermined amount of titanium and chromium were mixed and heated in argon gas atmosphere. The obtained metal raw material had a purity of 99% or more. Dissolution was performed by performing cooling operation repeatedly for 3 times. The alloy was heat-sealed in a quartz tube. Homogeneous heat-processing was performed for 10 hours at 1000degreesC in a tubular-shape furnace, to obtain a hydrogen occlusion alloy consisting of a Laves phase having a hexagonal system 14C type crystal structure ((Ti0.2Zr0.8)(Cr0.5Fe0.5M)2). The alloy had excellent hydrogen occlusion-discharging characteristics at -40degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic molecule comprises aromatic compound (preferably aldehyde, ketone, ester having low odor thresholds (preferably butyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, methyl butyrate and/or ethyl 2-methylbutyrate) and/or pyrazine), furanone or diene.Preferred Method: The addition of organic molecules involves injecting the organic molecule into a contained fuel supply prior to fuel cell operation or injecting the organic molecule to a fuel stream during fuel system operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solubility control comprises heat treatment control performed before the development step for controlling amount of heat-treatment of the lower resist layer (2) and the upper resist layer. The resist forming step comprises performing heat-treatment of the lower resist layer before exposure of the lower resist layer, and performing heat-treatment of the upper resist layer before or after exposure of the upper resist layer. Preferred Components: The resin molded product has a groove with a width of 2-500 mum, and an aspect ratio of at least1, and through-hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The arrangement of the crystal structure of the coating is such that electron diffraction on the coating leads to a diffraction image with point-like reflexes. The coating has a number of islands arranged on the substrate. The substrate is a metallic, semiconducting or insulating substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrocarbon gas comprises any gas selected from ethane, methane, methanol, propane, octane, formic acid and formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The metal coating is 1000-250000 Angstrom thick. Preferred Method: The thin metal coating is applied by physical vapor deposition coating. An additional metal coating is applied on the physical vapor deposition application by electroplating. After applying the coating to the composite rim, flywheel rotor is installed in the enclosure and air is evacuated in the enclosure to create a low-pressure atmosphere. A smooth epoxy layer is applied to the rim and cleaned or maintained in preparation for the applying of the metal coating. A protective coating is applied over the thin metal coating to protect the metal coating against mechanical damage during handling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Microparticle: The metal microparticle is selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The PCSM is a redox polymer, e.g. polythiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The PCSM is a metal oxide, e.g. metal oxide hydroxide, e.g. MnO2 or MnO-OH. The coating on the porous metal layer is obtained by a sol-gel process, and can be MnO2/MnOOH where the specific density of the MnO2/MnOOH = 0.8-5 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each fuel cell elements has an outer edge that engages the threads of the threaded casing. The outer edge comprises an additional sealing material. The outer edge of the fuel cell elements has square or rounded edge. The assembly includes a spacer between adjacent fuel cell elements, and gas ports in the fuel cell casing. The threads of the fuel cell casing comprise square or rounded grooves. The fuel cell elements are electrolyte or electrode supported. The fuel cell element is anode supported. The swelling of the anode during operation enhances sealing in the threads. The fuel cell element comprises an anode layer (310) on one side and a cathode layer (330) on the other side of the planar electrolyte layer. It has an anode support layer having an electrolyte layer and a cathode layer.Preferred Process: The process includes placing the spacers between adjacent fuel cell elements, using a lubricant to prevent binding during rotation of the fuel cell elements. The lubricant is placed into the threads of the threaded fuel cell casing. It bakes into the threads during operation of the fuel cell to enhance sealing of the fuel cell element, and burns out during operation of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sealing material is nickel or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sealing material is nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: Each of the anode and cathode is surrounded by a non-porous peripheral structure of a suitable material. Each second surface of the anode and cathode has an electrical contact. The pores of the electrolyte are filled with an ionic conductor.Preferred Parameter: The pores of the anode and cathode are on the order of two nm in diameter. The pores of the electrolyte are smaller than the pores of the anode or cathode. The metallized surface is to a depth of 500-2000 Angstrom. The anode pores may be of the same or different diameter than the cathode pores.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode, cathode, and electrolytes are made of silicon, or silicon carbide. The electrolyte structure is made of silicon. The metallic catalyst is platinum or titanium-platinum. The ionic conductor is phosphoric acid. The second surface of the anode is adapted to receive hydrogen gas or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode, cathode, and electrolytes are made of silicon, or silicon carbide. The electrolyte structure is made of silicon. The metallic catalyst is platinum or titanium-platinum. The ionic conductor is phosphoric acid. The second surface of the anode is adapted to receive hydrogen gas or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel cell uses a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. methane, ethane, acetylene, or butane to provide hydrogen to the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chemically active paste contains lead oxide, nickel hydroxide, cadmium hydroxide, lanthanum nickel, zinc hydroxide and/or iron hydroxide. The carbon foam current collector comprises graphite foam, carbonized wood or graphitized wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The molecule is a columnar or prismatic molecule having the planar sheet as its sidewall (2). The opening(s) is formed in end portion or sidewall of the molecule. The columnar or prismatic molecule comprises single-walled carbon nanotube (1) or multi-walled carbon nanotube.Preferred Properties: The opening formed in the molecule is larger than 6-membered carbon ring. The hydrogen storage material has R-value of 0.02-0.1, where R is ratio of spectral integrated intensity of D band to spectral integrated intensity of G band. The spectral integrated intensities are obtained by laser Raman spectroscopic analysis.Preferred Method: The opening(s) in the molecule is formed by oxidation process using oxidizing liquid or oxidizing gas.Preferred Compounds: The oxidizing liquid comprises nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or hydrogen peroxide solution. The oxidizing gas comprises air, oxygen, ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen oxide or sulfur oxide. EXAMPLE - Single-walled carbon nanotube (0.7 g) having diameter of 1 nm produced using HiPCO method was immersed in 200 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours to perform oxidation. The stirred mixture was filtered, rinsed with pure water, and dried to obtain hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material had excellent hydrogen storage capacity (1.14 wt.%), and R-value of 0.08, where R was ratio of spectral integrated intensity (Id) of D band to spectral integrated intensity (Ig) of G band. The spectral integrated intensities were obtained by laser Raman spectroscopic analysis. A hydrogen storage device consisting of hydrogen storage material was formed. The hydrogen storage device was mounted in fuel cell device. The hydrogen storage device required less installation space, and reduced weight and fuel consumption of the fuel cell vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid comprises alcohol, particularly methanol. The fluid may also comprise JP8 (sic) jet fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The rigid outer container may also comprise a polymer comprising poly(vinyl chloride), high density poly(ethylene), polycarbonate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(propylene), polyurethane, and their copolymers and mixtures. The flexible inner container comprises a polymer comprising poly(tetrafluoroethylene), perfluoroalkoxy tetrafluoroethylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol), poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidenefluoride), and their copolymers and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A seal material is provided between the first annular electrode and the tubular portion (28). A control circuit is provided for generating an output corresponding to a conductivity of a fluid between the electrodes (24, 26). It is an operational amplifier-based. A calibration circuit is provided. It comprises a zero adjustment circuit, and a gain adjustment circuit. A buffer circuit is coupled to the first electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The seal material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode is sintering-type nickel pole. The surface of the active material is covered with hydrated yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The stable radical compound of positive electrode is selected from nitroxyl radical compound, oxy radical compound and nitrogen radical compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The positive electrodes contains polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polyhexafluoroprophylene and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises quartz or borosilicate glass. It comprises oriented, boron doped, single side polished silicon wafer (10). A glass layer is disposed on the conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductor is metal or metal alloys, or implanted boron ions.Preferred Composition: The conductor comprises an aluminum alloy comprising 99% aluminum and silicon and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductor is composites of organic conducting polymers and metals and organic conducting polymers, or implanted ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The lamina is made from ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The device includes high-aspect-ratio microchannel(s) having a height-to-width ratio of at least 20:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The dissociating step comprises placing a first electrode on a first substructure to be dissociated; contacting a structure or substructure coupled to the first substructure with a second electrode; and applying a current through the first and second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes comprises a graphite tip. The method further comprises registering the laminae; and bonding the laminae one to another to form a monolithic device prior to or subsequent to eliminating the fixture bridge(s). The bonding step comprises diffusion bonding, diffusion soldering, thermal brazing, adhesive bonding, thermal adhesive bonding, curative adhesive bonding, electrostatic bonding, microprojection welding, and/or resistance welding. The method further comprises utilizing fabrication technologies consisting of additive freeform fabrication, rapid prototyping, microlamination, metal microlamination, or micromechanical fabrication. The lamina is formed by micromachining, laser photoablation, chemical micromachining, electrochemical micromachining, or through-mask electrochemical micromachining. The lamina forming step includes lamina preparation such as chemical etching, acid etching, electropolishing, and/or oxide-free coating.Preferred Materials: The lamina is made from metal, metal alloys, stainless steel, carbon steel or phosphor bronze.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The lamina is made from polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is naphthalene or naphthalene derivative. The hydrogenated aromatic compound is decalin. EXAMPLE - Pure naphthalene (32 g) having sulfur concentration of 10 ppm, desulfurized coke oven generated gas (COG) containing hydrogen (in vol%) (56), methane (28), ethylene (3), carbon monoxide (7), carbon dioxide (3), nitrogen (3) and sulfur (10 ppm) were reacted at 20 degrees C and 10 kg/cm2G in presence of Raney nickel catalyst (1.6 g). The pressure of effluent was reduced. The effluent was cooled to normal temperature, and decalin (34.5 g) was recovered. The obtained decalin was supplied to carbon-supported platinum group catalyst layer which was superheated at 210 degrees C, to obtain hydrogen (28 l) and naphthalene (solid) (32 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The porous component has holes of average diameter 5-200 Angstrom. The porous component is a metal oxide or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal ultrafine particles consists of metal chosen from potassium, calcium, lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, transition metal and platinum group metal. The film consists of noble metal, carbon or a polymer. EXAMPLE - Pure zeolite having porosity of 0.5 and diameter of 6 Angstrom, was immersed in solution (A) obtained by dissolving nickel sulfate crystal in ethylene glycol. Zeolite holes having average diameter of 9 Angstrom were filled by the solution (A) in reduced pressure atmosphere. The solution containing zeolite was heated at 200 degrees C, and refluxed for 3 hours. Water generated by reaction was removed using nitrogen. Zeolite was removed from the solution after refluxing, and dried in inert gas atmosphere under reduced pressure, to obtain zeolite uniformly holding nickel ultrafine particles of average particle diameter 5 nm.    A palladium film of 0.1 microm thickness was formed on the surface of zeolite, to obtain hydrogen storage material. The film interrupted oxygen and selectively permeated hydrogen. The hydrogen storage material had excellent hydrogen occlusion ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery conforms to JISD5301 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion or all of hydrogen is generated by catalytic reaction of lower hydrocarbon gas. EXAMPLE - Catalytic reaction of mixed gas containing hydrogen (3.6 vol%) and methane, was performed using molybdenum-supported catalyst for 10 hours, to obtain aromatic benzene at improved yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The alkali activation processing is carried out using a continuous-processing apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The continuous-processing apparatus is an activation-processing container, which accommodates the treated substance. The processing container is equipped with a belt-type continuous furnace conveyed continuously, preferably a rotary-kiln-type continuous furnace to which the treated substance is supplied. EXAMPLE - A petroleum group mesophase pitch was fiber-formed by melt blowing method. The fiber material was insolubilized at 300 degrees C in air, carbonized at 650 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere, and ground to obtain powder-form carbon fiber. The fiber and potassium hydroxide were supplied to a reaction container at a weight ratio of 1:2.5, and heated from room temperature to 400 degrees C at a rate of 5 degrees C/minute. The carbon fiber and potassium hydroxide were forcedly stirred to obtain an aggregated-form treated substance having a mean diameter of 15 mm. After reaching 400 degrees C, the treated substance was maintained for 1 hour with stirring. The grain-shape treated substance was conveyed and stored in an activation-processing container made of nickel. The treated substance was transferred to a belt-type continuous furnace having a zone heated to 750 degrees C, and alkali activation processing was carried out for 2 hours. Carbon fiber activated with potassium was obtained after cooling, washing and drying.    The activated carbon fiber had a BET specific surface area of 1150 m2/g. A capacitor electrode was produced using the fiber. A test cell was produced using the electrode. The test cell had a capacitance of 35 F/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composite Material: The porous edge portion of carbon material is supported with palladium and/or vanadium, and nickel. The hydrogen occlusion alloy absorption pressure at the pore edges of the carbon material support is higher than that of the hydrogen occlusion alloy filled in the pores. EXAMPLE - Magnesium group hydrogen occlusion alloy was held on the pores of carbon nanotube and the sample was put into an airtight container. The container was maintained at hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa at room temperature. The hydrogen storage capacity was calculated by measuring the amount of hydrogen not occluded. The hydrogen storage material had improved hydrogen storage capacity. The hydrogen storage capacity was further improved when the pore edge was made to support palladium or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The product of R and S is 6 - 25. The positive electrode active material is a compound oxide composed mainly of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn) with a molar ratio of Li/Mn of larger than 0.5. The material has the specific area of 0.1 - 2 (preferably 0.2 - 2) m2/g and average particle diameter of 5 - 30 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first annular frame has holes and channels adapted to provide and passages for an operating fluid inside the electrochemical reactor (1).Preferred Materials: The second annular frame is made of composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first annular frame is made of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer material. The polymer material contains reinforcement fillers and/or additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wiring carrier is formed from Al oxide, or directed bonded copper (DBC)-ceramic with pre-structured conduction paths, or from Al nitride ceramic carrier having heat conduction properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is a membrane for isolating the fuel and a fuel solvent. The membrane is only permeable to the fuel. It is a single-layered cross-linked membrane allowing the fuel to permeate in one direction. It further comprises a second cross-linked membrane formed on an outer layer of the single-layered cross-linked membrane to permeate only to the fuel under certain circumstances to form a multi-layered complex membrane. A porous substrate is provided between the single-layered cross-linked and the second cross-linked membrane. Preferred Process: The polymer is mixed with the fuel to form a gel-like structure. The second cross-linked membrane is moistened to permeate to the methanol. Preferred Material: The polymer is polyamide, cross-linked polyvinyl acetate, or preferably copolyamide. The cross-linked membrane is polyvinyl acetate, oligomers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, or polytetrafluoroethylene. The second cross-linked membrane is made of polyvinyl alcohol. EXAMPLE - Methanol (80 g) was mixed with nylon CM80000 (RTM: polyamide resin) (20 g) in a flask at 50degreesC. After the polyamide resin was fully dissolved, the resulting solution was maintained until it solidified. A colloidal fuel supplying apparatus was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat exchanger is a tube and fin heat exchanger, or a bar and plate heat exchanger. The first and second stage reactors are medium temperature water/gas shift reactors that operate 300-400degreesC. The first stage reactor is a high temperature reactor operating at 400-500degreesC and the second stage reactor is a low temperature reactor operating at 200-280degreesC. The WGS reactor system is positioned between a primary reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger is positioned between a primary reactor and a WGS reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger can be positioned between a WGS reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor in the fuel processing system. The heat exchanger is positioned within a WGS reactor assembly in the fuel processing system; or between a first stage reactor and a second stage reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is precious metals, iron oxide/chromium oxide or copper oxide/zinc oxide. The heat exchanger uses air to cool the reformate gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The main fluid is a reformate gas flowing in a hydrogen fuel processing system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The reformate gas enters the first stage reactor at 300degreesC and at a speed of 0.881 mole/s, enters the heat exchanger at 370degreesC, enters the second stage reactor at 310degreesC, and exits the second stage reactor at 315degreesC. The air enters the heat exchanger at 27degreesC and at a speed of 0.28 mole/s and exits the heat exchanger at 369degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wetting liquid is n-hexane, n-heptane and/or silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameters: The layer of impedance matching material has a thickness of at least one-half the radial thickness of the associated flywheel rotor fragments.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The impedance matching material layer is located adjacent a high toughness structural layer and composed of material such as carbon fiber composites, high density polyethylene or glass loaded polyethersulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gas-flow guiding component is supported with bellows (4) formed by shape memory alloy.Preferred Properties: The gas-flow guiding component is movable along axial direction of the hydrogen separating membrane according to temperature of hydrogen separating membrane. The bellows also moves according to temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen separating membrane comprises an alloy film containing palladium, niobium, vanadium and/or tantalum, and silver, iron and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cyclic carbonate is vinyl carbonate, styrene carbonate, catechol carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, 1-phenyl vinylene carbonate and/or 1,2-diphenyl vinylene carbonate. The cathode contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte comprises a mixture of inorganic lithium salt and organic lithium salt having perfluoro alkyl group. EXAMPLE - Acetylene black, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride and LiMn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2 were mixed, applied on the surface of a anode collector containing aluminum foil and dried, to obtain an anode. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride and graphite were mixed, applied on the surface of cathode collector having copper foil and dried, to obtain a cathode. A polyethylene micro-porous film having pore size of 0.1 mum and air permeability of 89 second/100 ml was used as separator. The anode, cathode and separator were arranged.    A non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium phosphorus fluoride (LiPF6) (1 ml), vinylidene carbonate (2 weight%), and mixed solvent (1 l) of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was impregnated in the arranged structure, to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte battery. The obtained battery had capacitance of 600 mAh and excellent preservability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Organic-type polymer is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyamide, aramid, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyether imide, polyamidoimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, polyether ether ketone, polymethyl pentene, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyallylate, polyacetal and polyphenylene ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen occlusion alloy is expressed by MmNiaCobAlcMndFee, where Mm is a mixture of rare earth elements which are misch-metals containing lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium, a is more than 3.5, b is less than 0.6 and more than 0.2, c is less than 0.4 and more than 0.2, d is less than 0.3, and e is less than 0.5 and more than 0.05.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - About 5 cations are disclosed such as 1,1,4-trimethyl piperazinium and 1,4-dimethyl piperazinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains transition metal element, preferably nickel catalyst.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is oxide or activated carbon. The substrate is diamond, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, cerium dioxide or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The overcoat agent contains inorganic type binding material chosen from clay, cement, silica sol, alumina sol and titania sol, and organic compound preferably a polymer compound.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is cellulose.Preferred Process: Alternatively, an overcoat layer containing an overcoat agent having hardenability, is coated on the catalyst layer and cured. The catalyst is peeled from catalyst layer formed on surface(s) of base material, by curing. The overcoat layer is heated for combusting the organic compound. The catalyst recovered from the recovery method is further ground.Preferred Condition: The catalyst recovery method is performed by heating, ventilating or maintaining at room temperature.Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains metal oxide preferably zirconium oxide, and a precious metal.Preferred Material: The base material contains a ceramic or metal. EXAMPLE - A catalyst layer containing 2% platinum/cerium0.5Zr0.5 Ox as catalyst and zirconium as binding material, was thinly formed on a cordierite honeycomb component surface to form a catalyst component. The formed component was impregnated into 5 wt.% zirconia sol (overcoat agent) and baked at 900degreesC. A catalyst layer of length 1-5 mm and width of 0.2-1 mm was peeled from the honeycomb component after cooling. The catalyst layer which remained in the honeycomb component, was removed by blowing air to the catalyst component. A cordierite honeycomb component without a catalyst layer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base substrate of strip is selected from stainless steel, stainless steel 316, nickel, ferrous-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (FeCrAlY) and Inconel 600, copper, aluminum and alumina. The catalyst support is selected from a group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia and ceria. The catalyst coating is selected from platinum, rhodium, palladium, copper, copper-zinc catalyst, gold, iron, molybdenum carbide.CERAMICS - The base substrate is also selected from ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The colloid used in the battery is lead oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The colloid used in the battery is lead oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The tape is 60-40 wt.% nickel oxide (NiO) and 40-60 wt.% zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)/yttrium oxide (Y2O3) (13 wt.% if Y2O3 in the blend). The electrolyte material includes ZrO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The first strip is heated to 80-100degreesC. Bonding of the strips is performed by sintering the tube body to 1400-1500degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The seal includes annular seal members formed of talc or mica. A cathode forming material is lanthanum-based perovskite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The seal includes annular seal members formed of talc or mica. A cathode forming material is lanthanum-based perovskite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The separated hydrogen is introduced into the pressure swing reactor as a fuel source. The hydrocarbon synthesis reactor is cooled with water to produce steam. The steam is introduced into the pressure swing reformer for reforming hydrocarbons. Portion of the steam is used to power a compressor for compressing another portion of the steam to provide steam at a higher pressure than in the absence of compression. An unreacted synthesis gas and by products are recovered from the hydrocarbon synthesis reactor and recycled to the pressure swing reformer. Preferred Condition: The pressure swing reformer is regenerated using a fuel and compressed air provided from a gas turbine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali is an alkaline earth metal oxide and the substance containing copper is synthetic methanol catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The fibrous carbon is a mesophase pitch based carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride is an aromatic hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fibers of electric conducting material are either carbon fibers or stainless steel fibers (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fibers of insulating material may be of a polymer (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The fibers of insulating material may be of inert glass (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The components include passages for flow of gas, a fuel cell sub-assembly (32), a manifold (12), and a hydrocarbon reformer (38). The joint is formed for the purpose of joining adjacent passages. The fuel-cell sub-assembly includes a solid-oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorophlogopite mica is of the formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)F2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An intermediate synthetic plastic layer is applied to the base layer before deposition of the carrier layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carrier layer is a metal powder including ferritic steel or a chromium-based alloy. An extra component for the formation of a second layer of completely stabilized zirconium oxide and nickel or nickel oxide, and also third, fourth, and fifth layers can be introduced, where the fifth layer comprises perovskite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The metal powder can contain an organic component, e.g. a polyester or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Formation of electrochemical device comprises electrospraying a second polymer electrode layer onto the side of the electrolyte layer opposite the first polymer electrode layer and electrospinning a first polymer backing layer onto the opposite side of the first polymer electrode layer from the electrolyte layer.Preferred Component: The first polymer electrode layer comprises a catalyst comprising platinum and a perfluorinated polymer with sulfonic acid groups. It is a cathode or an anode layer.Preferred Parameter: The concentration of catalyst in the first polymer electrode layer decreases as the distance from the electrolyte layer interface increases. The porosity of the first polymer electrode layer increases as the distance from the electrolyte layer interface increases. EXAMPLE - A solution of Nafion (2.5 wt.%) was prepared and loaded platinum/carbon particles (20%) were added to the solution. The composite solution was sonicated for 30 minutes to disperse the particles. The resulting solution was electrosprayed onto a flat piece of Nafion 117 film. A custom two-axis computer controlled stage was developed to position the target during electrospraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The straight-chain perfluoropolyether compound has an alkenyl content of 0.002-0.3 mol/100 g, and is of formula (I).X1, X2 = H, methyl, phenyl or allyl;Y1-Y6 = alkenyl, or optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups;r = 2-6;m, n = 0-200; andm+n = 0-400.At least two of Y1-Y6 are alkenyl and the remainder are optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reinforcing filler is carbon black, fumed silica or fumed silica treated with a surface treating agent containing silicon in a molecule. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Fluid flow channels are patterned in the first section. A fluid distribution header is patterned in the second section. The first and second sections are joined by application of heat. They are cast by molding or extrusion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive material comprises conductive filler material consisting of expanded graphite, gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, niobium, titanium, chromium, rare earth metals, graphite, carbon, and/or their compounds and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymeric material consists of epoxy vinyl ester, vinyl ester, epoxy, polyamides, polyimides, polyamide-imides, and/or polypropylene. The non-conductive, non-metallic filler material consists of polyester, polypropylene, acrylics, quartz, glass, and/or cotton flock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reforming is carried out at a higher pressure than regenerating the heat of the first zone. The cyclic process has a characteristic DELTAT-HT of 0.1-500degreesC, preferably 0.5-40degreesC. The space velocity is 1000-100000/hour, preferably 2000-50000/hour. The reforming conditions comprise a reforming catalyst having at least a portion heated to 700-2000degreesC. The reform product is reacted over a water-gas shift catalyst to produce a synthesis gas having increased hydrogen concentration. The reform product or synthesis gas is supplied to a hydrogen separator to produce a fuel cell feed gas having increased hydrogen concentration and a purge stream having depleted hydrogen concentration.Preferred Properties: The reactor bed packing material has a volumetric heat transfer coefficient of greater than 0.05 cal/cm3sdegreesC. The packing material is a honeycomb monolith having channel densities of 15-500 channels/cm2. It provides a wetted area greater than 6 cm2/cm3.Preferred Components: The catalyst consists of noble metal components, Group VIII metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium, or zinc. The packing materials of the first and/or second zones are stabilized or unstabilized magnesium aluminum silicates, aluminum silicate clays, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The connector is made of copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, and mild steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The connector is made of copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, and mild steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mixing zone comprises a reforming catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pre-reforming catalyst is a supported metal from nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and/or iridium on a refractory support. It comprises nickel supported on an alumina promoted with potassium.The tie inner vessel and pre-reforming zones are cylindrical.The layer of insulation is effective to minimize heat transfer from the secondary reforming zone to the pre-reforming catalyst zone.The effluent outlet is located adjacent to the inner feed plenum.The terminal end of each pre-reforming catalyst is disposed farther distance from the inner feed plenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component has a heat source for heating the cathode off-gas. An oxidation catalyst is provided at the supply portion vicinity. The apparatus has several supply portions provided with respect to the gas passageway.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separation component has palladium or palladium alloy layers laminated on the surface(s) of a base material containing a V group metal or its alloy. The supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen-separation component is formed such that the amount of lamination of palladium or palladium alloy is gradually increased. The hydrogen separation component has a diffusion suppression layer for suppressing diffusion of dissimilar metals, provided between the alloys. Alternately, the supply portion vicinity of the hydrogen separation component is made of palladium or vanadium alloy with a V group-metal content less than that of other region. The supply portion vicinity has good water-resistant material brittleness property, and hydrogen permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of monomer containing 2-methacrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid or its salt is 30 mass% or more.Preferred Polymer: The crosslinking electrolyte polymer is filled in the pores of a porous base material.Preferred Process: The monomer solution or its dispersion liquid which forms the cross-linking electrolyte polymer, is filled in the pores of porous base material and polymerized to obtain electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - A cross-linked polyethylene film (porous base material) having thickness of 16 microns and porosity of 37% was immersed in a monomer solution consisting of 2-methacrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (in mass parts) (25), N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (5), Ftergent 251 (non-ionic surfactant) (0.01), Darocure 1173 (photoinitiator) (0.005) and water (50). The aqueous solution was filled in the pores of the porous base material, removed from the solution and irradiated with ultraviolet radiation using high pressure mercury lamp for 2 minutes and the monomer in the pores was polymerized to obtain electrolyte film. The electrolyte film had proton conductivity of 67 mS/cm, methanol permeability of 9.9 (micro m.kg)/(square m.hour) and high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery can and one metal plate are made of iron, stainless steel, nickel, copper or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The internal circumference edge of the contact surface of the metal plates, is covered with fluororesin or polyethylene-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The membrane comprises a proton-conducting glass. The cathode can be made of ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode comprises indium nickel tantalates, tungsten oxides, and/or titanium oxides, with tungsten oxides, molybdenum oxides, and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode can be made of noble metals or catalytic alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode active material contains complex oxide of carbon or lithium, and transition metal. The anode active material contains complex oxide of lithium and transition metal. The electrolyte is polyelectrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external manifold is machined from a resin, ceramic or metal, cast or molded from a thermoplastic or thermoset resin, or manufactured from plastic/rubber tubing. The thermoplastic material is thermoplastic olefin elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, plastomer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated polypropylene or polystyrene. The thermoset material is epoxy resins, urethanes, silicones, fluorosilicones or vinyl esters. The tubing is of silicone, Tygon, butyl, rubber, poly(isoprene) or copolymers of styrene and isoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is introduced into both sub-chambers of the electrolyte chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorbent material comprises pellets packed between layers of supported catalyst. The catalyst is disposed in baskets having screens in its bottom to allow flow of feedstock. It is wash-coated on a support of monolith netted mesh or foam. The catalyst contains platinum. The adsorbent material is zinc oxide-pellets. The hydrogen desulfurizer further includes mechanism for heating the catalyst between 442-932, preferably 660-842 degrees FPreferred Process: The heating of catalyst includes heating the catalyst between 660-842 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The storage system is disposed in a confined area at the facility. It includes a valve for releasing hydrogen from the storage system to a location outside the confined area in response to an unsafe condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A second inlet is provided in the vessel for adding water to the vessel. A return line is provided for returning a portion of a hydrocarbon stream which has been humidified to the cavity. A mixer is provided for mixing the humidified hydrocarbon stream with an unhumidified hydrocarbon stream to form a combined stream. A sensor is provided for detecting a moisture content of the unhumidified hydrocarbon stream and the combined stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The packing material comprises particles, and porcelain.Preferred Composition: The humidified hydrocarbon stream includes 200 ppm water.Preferred Property: The particles in the bottom layer have an average diameter of approximately 0.2-0.5 cm and the particles in the top layer have an average diameter of approximately 1-1.5 cm.Preferred Method: After the step of passing the hydrocarbon stream through the bed, liquid water is allowed to fall out of the humidified hydrocarbon stream in a head space (22) above the bed so that the humidified hydrocarbon stream is free of undissolved water. The humidified hydrocarbon stream is combined with a second portion of a hydrocarbon stream to achieve a desired moisture content. The step of combining the humidified hydrocarbon stream with a second portion of a hydrocarbon stream results in a humidified hydrocarbon stream having a moisture content of 10-150 ppm. A portion of the humidified stream is recycled through the bed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon stream includes at least one hydrocarbon from mono-unsaturated alkanes and conjugated dienes. It further includes a solvent in which the hydrocarbon is soluble. The solvent comprises hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The lithium metal is lithium powder. The host material comprises carbonaceous material, silicon, antimony, tin, oxides, composite tin alloys, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides, or lithium metal oxides. The lithium metal is present in the anode at at most the maximum amount to intercalate in alloy with or be absorbed by the host material in the anode when the anode is recharged. The active material in the positive electrode comprises manganese dioxide or lithium manganate. The carbonaceous material is graphite. The host material also comprises carbon black. The active material in the positive electrode accepts the removable lithium metal present in the negative electrode. The secondary battery is fully charged state.Preferred Properties: The lithium powder has mean particle size of less than 20mum. The anode is capable of reversibly lithiating and delithiating at an electrochemical potential relative to the lithium metal or greater than 0.0-at most1.5V.Preferred Methods: The dispersing step comprises mixing the lithium metal, host material, and non-aqueous liquid to form a slurry; or immersing the host material in suspension containing lithium metal and non-aqueous liquid or in suspension of lithium metal in hydrocarbon. The forming step comprises applying the slurry to current collector (20, 22) and drying the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The benzo diimidazole compound is reacted with halogenating agent and at least the third or sixth position of the benzene ring is halogenated to obtain benzo diimidazole compound of formula (IV).X1,X2 = H, chlorine, bromine or iodine, either of X1 and X2 is halogen.Alternatively, the carboxyl group-containing compound is reacted with halogenated 1,2,4,5-tetraamino benzene derivative to obtain benzo diimidazole compound. Alternatively, benzo diimidazole compounds of formula (I) are reacted to obtain polymer of formula (VIII).The benzo diimidazole compound of formula (IX) is obtained by reacting phenyl boronic acid with the compound of formula (I). EXAMPLE - Benzo diimidazole compound (in g) (2.9) of formula (1a), sodium acetate trihydrate (3.6), acetic acid (40 ml) and bromine (3.3) were reacted for 2 days at room temperature to obtain brominated benzo diimidazole compound of formula (3a) with yield of 50%. The obtained compound was reacted with dimethyl amino pyridine to obtain benzo diimidazole derivative of formula (4a) with yield of 60%. Tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine)palladium (30.7 mg), 9,9-dioctyl fluorine-2,7-di(propylene boronate) (0.495), toluene (16.6 ml) and the benzo diimidazole derivative (0.632) were charged in a flask. Subsequently, degassed potassium carbonate aqueous solution (8.9 ml) and phase transfer catalyst (0.07) were added and the contents were polymerized at 85degreesC for 79 hours. The polymerization was stopped and polymer (0.835) containing repeating unit of formula (5) was obtained with yield of more than 99%. The obtained polymer was dissolved in chloroform and spin-coated to form uniform thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition may contain organic peroxide (0.5-5 pbw) and polyfunctional unsaturated compound (0.5-10 pbw). An alternative fluoroelastomer composition comprises vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer (100 pbw), liquid fluoroelastomer (10-50 pbw), organic peroxide (0.5-5 pbw), polyfunctional unsaturated compound (0.5-10 pbw), polyol-based vulcanizing agent (0.5-10 pbw).Preferred Components: The terpolymer is vinylidene fluoride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer containing iodine and/or bromine group. The copolymer is vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer containing iodine and/or bromine group. EXAMPLE - Vinylidene fluoride-perfluoromethyl vinyl ether-tetrafluoroethylene (100 pbw), liquid fluoroelastomer (25 pbw), carbon black (1 pbw), calcium hydroxide (1.5 pbw), magnesium oxide (1.5 pbw), aliphatic wax (1 pbw), and triallyl isocyanurate (2 pbw) were kneaded and mixed with 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butyl peroxyhexane (2 pbw) to make a rubber sheet. The rubber sheet was subjected to press molding at 170degreesC for 10 minutes and to oven cross-linking at 200degreesC for 24 hours to mold a slab sheet. Separately, a test piece for compression set test was molded. The moldings had good kneadability, moldability, and mold releasability; hardness (Durometer A) of 38; tensile strength of 7.2 MPa; elongation of 720%; low-temperature characteristic of -30; and compression set of 8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar molecular layers are made of carbon. Preferred Component: The alkaline metal atom is potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium. A planar molecule constituting the planar molecular layer contains a metal element. The metal element is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, aluminum, potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The particle is an atom and/or molecule. The interlayer distance between the planar molecular layers, on a condition that hydrogen is stored, is 0.8-1.2 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar molecular layers are made of carbon. Preferred Component: The alkaline metal atom is potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium. A planar molecule constituting the planar molecular layer contains a metal element. The metal element is scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, aluminum, potassium, rubidium, and/or cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The phenol resin fiber is novolak-type phenol resin fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: At least a portion of the steam produced by combustion is converted to hydrogen by the corrosion of a metal(s). Hydrogen is at least partially used as fuel in the combustion system. The production of hydrogen is increased by an electrical current in the metal(s). At least a portion of hydrogen and/or oxygen is used as fuel in the combustion system. Argon is removed from oxygen. Nitrogen from air separation is used to cool any portion of the cryogenic distillation system, storage of oxygen, storage of hydrogen, electrolysis, and/or coolant for the combustion system. Air is separated into enriched oxygen, pure oxygen, and/or very pure oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metal layer is less than 10 microns thick, the lead/lead alloy is less than 100 microns thick, and the protective layer is less than 15 microns thick    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material comprises a polymer comprising plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The oxide of metal (A) is rhodium, and the oxide of metal (B) is cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Each cell arranged at peripheral portion has enlarged opening area than the opening area of each cell arranged at center portion.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is reforming catalyst, shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst. The reforming catalyst reforms original fuel gas containing hydrocarbon into hydrogen-rich gas. The shift conversion catalyst or carbon monoxide removing catalyst converts carbon monoxide contained in reactive gas to carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer (I) is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, ethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer and/or their cross-linked compounds. Polymer (II) is of formula: -(CFZ1-CFZ5)- or -(CF2-CFZ5)-.Z1, Z5, Rf1-Rf4, Rf17 = same as defined above. EXAMPLE - Potassium sulfide (in g) (11), sulfur (7) and cesium fluoride (3) were dissolved in dimethylacetamide (850), to obtain a solution. Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene-graft polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin film having graft ratio of 40%, was immersed in the obtained solution at 100degreesC for 4 hours, reacted and water washed. The obtained film was further immersed in 10% aqueous solution of nitric acid at room temperature, and water washed to obtain sulfonic-acid film. The obtained film had electrical conductivity of 0.116 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further comprises 0.1-40 wt.% nickel, 0.01-40 wt.% copper, 0.1-10 wt.% silver, and 0.1-40 wt.% cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic compounds in water is passed through the catalyst under pressure of 5-35 MPa and elevated temperature of 300-450degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The alloying additive is made from manganese, magnesium or vanadium. The spinel-forming element is made from cobalt, nickel, iron, copper or vanadium. The second layer is present as an oxide ceramic, preferably as a binary transition oxide, especially V2O5, Co3O4 or CuO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A gas-tight chromium-free spinel layer with the composition Co3-x-yCuxMnyO4 (where x = 0-1.5, y = 0-3 and x + y 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The partition is made of a flexible material that has an intrinsic tension to create a pressure on the reactant material contained within the fuel storage chamber. The movable partition is biased toward the fuel storage chamber to force the fuel material outwardly toward the catalyst chamber. A spring is located within the housing to bias the movable partition. The throttle valve comprises a valve body having a passageway for the fuel material, a movable valve operator to vary the cross-sectional area of the passageway, and a pressure chamber that receives the hydrogen gas from the hydrogen gas outlet. The movement of the valve operator is responsive to the hydrogen gas passing through the hydrogen gas outlet. The pressure chamber has a movable wall affixed to the valve operator. The position of the valve operator, is determined by the pressure within the pressure chamber. The fuel storage chamber further includes the hydrogen gas outlet to allow hydrogen gas from the gas permeable membrane to pass directly out of the container. The fuel container has an upper surface, side surface and a bottom surface and the portion of the fuel container comprising the flexible material is the upper surface. The space is located intermediate the gas permeable membrane and the upper surface. The hydrogen separation chamber receives the discharged fuel, and has the hydrogen gas outlet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage chamber and the hydrogen separation chambers are in the form of flexible bags constructed from a plastic material including nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material capable of trapping anion or cation is organic or inorganic ion exchanger, or adsorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Separator: The battery separator further contains a binder fiber which is ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer fiber and/or vinylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The microorganisms comprise partially luminous bacteria and partially bacteria produced by photosynthesis, which have a slime-like extracellular protective layer, and are immobilized by drying before introduction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode is lead and the anode lead dioxide, and the electrolyte is an acid, e.g. dilute sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The ambient atmospheric pressure includes atmospheric and near atmospheric pressure.Preferred Dimension: The gap is less than approximately 1 cm, preferably approximately less than or equal to 1 mm. The coating is approximately 0.04 mg/cm2.Preferred Component: The pulsed laser is on the opposite side of the first layer from the layer of catalyst and gap. It is an excimer laser. The coating includes a finely divided weblike network of particles, which are approximately less than or equal to 3 nm in diameter.Preferred Parameter: The fluence of the beam pulse is 0.5-1.5 J/cm2. The beam pulse duration is less than or equal to 0.5 seconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is a noble metal. It is a metal from copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium.Preferred Component: The gap contains a gas including air or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is a noble metal. It is a metal from copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, or iridium.Preferred Component: The gap contains a gas including air or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first medium is a polymer. The second medium includes carbon and perfluorosulfomate polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Methane-fermentation of liquid containing primary slurry and/or secondary slurry, is performed by arranging granule shape methane bacterium and bio-film support (11), which consists of fiber and/or its processed material, in the processing apparatus. 6-7 wt.% of residue solid substance, 65-68 wt.% of sawdust and 25-28 wt.% of charcoal are used for methane fermentation. The apparatus of mechanism, which performs methane-fermentation primary slurry and/or secondary slurry in the presence methane bacterium and produces methane gas, is a tank which has bio-film support which consists of fiber and/or its processed product, and granule shape methane bacterium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material (14) contains particle-form aggregate consisting of carbon particle having graphite structure. The carbon nano fiber contains metal chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, manganese and/or copper, or metal oxide.Preferred Material: The carbon material (11) is graphitized material of organic compound, graphite fiber of coal, coke, polyacrylonitrile-type carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, carbonized material of organic compound, natural graphite, artificial graphite, synthetic graphite and mesocarbon micro bead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The battery has positive electrode made of lithium-manganese complex oxide and negative electrode made of crystalline carbon material or amorphous carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator support contains material chosen from a group consisting of polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: The housing is under high pressure and is a pressure cylinder. The electrolyte supplies are formed as catholyte supply (6a) and an anolyte supply (6b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: Each sheet comprises a nonwoven fabric of inorganic fibers.Preferred Material: The inorganic fibers are alumina fibers, aluminosilicate fibers, glass fibers, graphite fibers, boron fibers, alumina borosilicate fibers, calcia-magnesium silicate fibers, silicon carbide fibers, annealed ceramic fibers, and/or quartz fibers. They are glass fibers and/or refractory ceramic fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The attaching component comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. It comprises a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and a hot melt adhesive layer between the sheet and the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. The sheet(s) comprises an intermediate layer between the hot melt adhesive layer and the pressure sensitive adhesive layer. The intermediate layer comprises a polymeric scrim, a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, foam, and/or a film. The sheets are portions of a single sheet. They are molded sheets. EXAMPLE - An insulator in the form of a sheet or mat was prepared by dispersing 90 parts of bulk aluminosilicate fibers having an approximate composition of 50% alumina and 50% CERAFIBER (RTM; silica), in water to form a dilute slurry ( approximately 1% solids). 18.2 parts of 55% solids ethylene vinyl acetate latex were added, and mixed to the slurry. A solution containing alum (10 g) in water (3000 ml) was added during mixing. The slurry was formed into a sheet on a screen, dewatered, and dried to form a ceramic fiber mat. To form an adhesive coated mat, Bostik Polyester 105 (RTM; hot melt adhesive) was placed over a portion of the ceramic fiber mat and heated, so that the adhesive was between 110-140degreesC. A 0.1 mm thick CEREX (RTM; spunbonded nylon nonwoven scrim) (29 g/m2) was laminated to the adhesive. A pressure-sensitive adhesive transfer tape was adhered to the nylon scrim to provide an insulating mat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The production of hydrogen-rich reformate includes producing hydrogen-rich reformate from the hydrocarbon feed and humidified air.Preferred Component: The hydrogen-rich reformate gas generator further includes source of hydrocarbon feed, small hydrogen generator receiving the hydrocarbon feed from the source and providing hydrogen-containing reformate gas, and source of humidifier. The small hydrogen generator is a mini-catalytic partial oxidizer (CPO), mini-non-catalytic partial oxidizer (POX), or mini-autothermal reformer (ATR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The mesoporous precursor material comprises gels prepared with surfactants. The surfactants are pluronic P-123, pluronic F-127, pluronic F-77, pluronic P-104, pluronic F-38, pluronic L-121, Vitamin E TPGS, Tergitols, Triton-X, polyethylene glycol, alkyl ammonium halides, and/or alkyl amines. The mesoporous precursor material comprises metal oxide. The metal oxide is silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, vanadium pent oxide, indium tin oxide, and/or calcium aluminate. The fiber has a diameter of 10-1000 nanometers. The conducting fluid introduction device is a metal needle with a flat tip and a glass pipette. The target is a metal screen, mechanical reel, aerodynamic current, or an aqueous liquid. The flow characteristics of the jet stream are electrically controlled by electrode(s). The electrode is disposed adjacent to each conducting solution introduction device. The apparatus comprises a pressure source for supplying conducting solution to the solution introduction device at a pressure. The pressure source is adapted to control the supply rate of conductive fluid at a constant flow rate. Preferred Parameters: The electric field is 5-100, preferably 20 kilovolts. The conducting solution is fed to the conducting solution introduction device at 0.1-1000 micro liters/minute. The rate is controlled by maintaining the conducting fluid at a constant pressure or flow rate. Preferred Methods: The electro spinning a fiber from a conducting solution in the presence of an electric field established between a conducting solution introduction device and a target comprises forming an electro spinning jet stream of the conducting solution, and electrically controlling the flow characteristics of the jet stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains (i) a complex oxide containing active ingredients (I and II), or (ii) zinc and active ingredients (I and II). Preferred Property: The temperature of generated gas, is 500degreesC or less. MECHANICAL AND ENGINEERING - Preferred Modifier: The alcohol modifier has shift-reaction device and selection oxidation-reaction device. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate (in g) (100), molybdenum chloride (127) and ion-exchange water (320 ml), were mixed and stirred. The obtained solution was impregnated into zinc oxide powder (43), dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 2 hours. The baked powder (128), ion-exchange water (400 ml) and nitric acid (3 ml) were mixed. The obtained slurry was supported to ceramic honey-comb having cell density of 400 cells/cubic inch, diameter of 3.5 cm and length of 12 cm, to obtain catalyst containing zinc oxide (43), molybdenum (51) and copper (33). The catalyst generated gas having hydrogen concentration of 70% and carbon monoxide concentration of 3%, and had reduced amount of by-products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solid content of the compound having the anion (I), is 10-100 wt.%. EXAMPLE - n-Butyl bromide (in g) (205.5), methyl-pyrrolidine (85) and 2-butanone (MEK) (400) were mixed and stirred at 50 degrees Celsius under nitrogen stream. The temperature was maintained at 80 degrees Celsius for 2 hours, and reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was filtered to obtain yellowish white crystals of 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidinium bromide (MBPyBr). The crystals were washed twice with MEK, and white MBPyBr was obtained with 90% yield.    Sodium dicyanamide (89) was dissolved in ion exchange water, and filtered to remove the insoluble content. The filtrate was mixed with a solution containing silver nitrate (169) and ion exchange water (360), maintained at 40 degrees Celsius, and filtered, to obtain white powder. The white powder was washed with methanol and vacuum dried at 50 degrees Celsius for 20 hours, to obtain dicyanamide silver (AgDCA) (170) with a yield of 98%. The AgDCA (78.8) and ion exchange water (200) were mixed.    The mixture was mixed with a solution containing the MBPyBr (62.4) and ion exchange water (300), and maintained at 30 degrees Celsius or less for 24 hours. The solution was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 60 degrees Celsius for 3 days, to obtain 1-methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidinium dicyanamide (MBPyDCA) (62) with yield of 93%. The MBPyDCA had viscosity of 30 mPa.s, moisture content of 30 ppm or less, chloride ion concentration of 200 ppm or less, silver ion concentration of 150 ppm or less and nitrate ion concentration of 50 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: During welding with the foil support, the foil is moved directly on the support element relative to the roller electrode. The foil contains palladium and copper. The foil is annealed in a vacuum after welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is made of material selected from copper, aluminum and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus also includes a second outlet for removing the larger constituent components from irradiation chamber; an electrical connection between the irradiation chamber and the reaction chamber for conveying electrons from the irradiation chamber to the reaction chamber; electrical device connected to the electrical connection and driven by the electrons; proton conducting device for extracting protons from the irradiation chamber; first collection unit connected to the first outlet for collecting the smaller constituent components; a second collection unit connected to the second outlet for collecting the larger constituent components; recirculating passageway for recirculating some components back into the irradiation chamber; recirculating pump for recirculating the components; and gas source connected to the reaction chamber by an inlet passageway. The irradiation device is an electron beam device for irradiating the gas with an electron beam. The separation arrangement includes a rotary member for rotating about an axis. It also includes a waveform generator for separating the smaller constituent components from the larger constituent components, and a reaction chamber connected to first outlet for reacting the hydrogen ion with oxygen. The rotation of the rotary member causes the larger constituent components to move outwardly relative to the axis of the rotary member and the smaller constituent components. The second outlet is positioned outwardly from the rotary member for removing the larger constituent components. The rotary member includes radially extending partitions (14). The waveform generator provides cyclic bi-directional time variant electric field. The cyclic bi-directional time variant electric field extends between first and second regions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The smaller constituent components comprise hydrogen ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cylinder comprises a valve at the bottom end to control the flow of the water. The container is made of mild steel or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal of the metal hydride is sodium, boron, lithium, potassium or magnesium with aluminum, or any metal hydride capable of releasing hydrogen. The aluminum that is used in powder form is 5-50% to increase the density of the metal hydride and to produce more hydrogen per unit volume by reacting with an alkali, preferably sodium. The byproducts comprise sodium hydroxide and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The encapsulation of metal hydrides is done using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with less plasticizer, high density polyethylene (HDPE), brittle polyolefins or (preferably) polystyrene or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode may comprise oxides, sulfides, selenides, LixMn2O4, LixMnO2, LixCO2, V2O5, V6O13, V5S8, TiS2, LixV3O8, V2S5, NbSe3, LixNiO2, LixNiyCoz02, LixNiyMn2O2, LixCoyMnzO2, MoS2, chromium oxides, molybdenum oxides, or niobium oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal layer comprises aluminum or copper. Preferred Property: The metal layers has a thickness ranging upward from 0.01 microns, depending on required conductivity, with a resistivity less than or equal to 0.1 ohm/square, to enable incorporating a greater number of active components in a battery package of given size, to enhance higher energy density, and to maintain low resistance loss during current drain from the metallized substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode may comprise oxides, sulfides, selenides, LixMn2O4, LixMnO2, LixCO2, V2O5, V6O13, V5S8, TiS2, LixV3O8, V2S5, NbSe3, LixNiO2, LixNiyCoz02, LixNiyMn2O2, LixCoyMnzO2, MoS2, chromium oxides, molybdenum oxides, or niobium oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A redox shuttle comprises n-butyl ferrocene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a solvent, a solid polymer, or gel polymer. The anode and cathode comprise a metallized plastic substrate. Preferred Material: The cathode may comprise electronically conductive polymers including polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyacetylene, or polyorganodisulfides including poly-2,5-dimercaptol,3,4-thiadiazole. The metallized plastic substrate comprises an ultra thin metal layer adhered to a polymer substrate comprising polyethylene terphthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and/or polyethylene (PE). Preferred Property: The polymer substrate comprises a layer having a thickness 0.5-50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The endless belt is heated with combustion heat produced by supplying hydrocarbon-type fuel to the heater, and burning the supplied hydrocarbon-type fuel. The heating roller heats while the heater suspends and supports the endless belt. The heating driving roller serves both as driving device and the heater. The hydrogen gas producing apparatus is further equipped with discharge port, and regulator (35) for controlling quantity of hydrocarbon-type fuel provided to endless belt. The discharge port ejects hydrogen gas, while the mixed gas containing hydrogen gas produced by dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon-type fuel is supplied into the stored hydrocarbon-type fuel. The regulator (35) is provided in the conveyance direction downstream side of the storage tank of the conveyance path of the endless belt, and in conveyance direction upstream side of the heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The endless belt comprises an absorptive material capable of holding hydrocarbon-type fuel. The absorptive material is activated carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen generating material further comprises a water-retention agent containing alumina powder, silica powder, alumina group porous material, silica type porous material, vermiculite, pearlite, wood meal, silica gel, zeolite, activated carbon and/or water absorptive polymer. The amount of water-retention agent contained in hydrogen generating material is 10-300 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of total of aluminum powder and calcium oxide powder. Preferred Condition: The hydrogen is generated at normal temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator has opening-closing units which exchanges stored hydrogen generating material in container. Single piping is provided for both piping of water introduction and piping of hydrogen ejection. EXAMPLE - Aluminum powder (in g) (2.55) and calcium oxide powder (0.45) were mixed and packed in a test tube. Water (3 mL) was introduced to the tube, and reaction is initiated, to generate hydrogen. The total amount of generated hydrogen was 541 mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid hydrogen-containing powder-form ceramic is solidified, and preserved as metallic hydrogen with a high melting point.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The liquid hydrogen solution is preserved in a vacuum container made from styrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cured resin material is activated using activation gas such as water vapor and/or carbon dioxide, or inorganic chemicals such as metal chloride, metal hydroxide, metal sulfide, metal carbonate, metal borate, metal phosphate, metal sulfate, metal hydrochloride or thiocyanic acid salt. The activated carbon has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 300-3000 m2/g. EXAMPLE - 3,5-xylenol (in g) (400) and 50% formalin (157) were added to a flask along with oxalic acid (2) as catalyst and refluxed for 5 hours at 100degreesC. Dehydration concentration of the reaction mixture was performed over 3 hours after reaction completion, and solid resin was obtained. Mixed solution of 15 wt.% hydrochloric acid and 12 wt.% formaldehyde was impregnated into the resin and temperature was raised to 95degreesC in 4 hours. The resin was further maintained at 95degreesC or more for 24 hours and cured resin was obtained. The obtained cured resin was ground and temperature was raised to 1000degreesC in nitrogen gas atmosphere. Nitrogen gas was introduced into warm water at 80degreesC and mixed gas of nitrogen and water vapor was introduced for 150 minutes, and activated carbon was obtained. The obtained activated carbon had Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1006 m2/g. An electrode was produced using the composition and electrical double layer capacitor was formed using the electrode. The capacitor had electrostatic capacitance of 71.3 F/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The open-hole rate of surface(s) of the support film is 40% or more. Preferred Process: An isotropy solution containing 0.5-2% of polybenzazole-type polymer, is molded in the shape of film, and the resulting film is solidified, to obtain support film. EXAMPLE - Polyether ether ketone of formula (1) (in g) (20), was added to 98.5% of sulfuric acid (100), stirred and dissolved at 25degreesC. The resulting solution was reacted at 40degreesC for 1 hour. The reaction solution was poured into pure water (5 L), and polymer was reprecipitated. The resulting precipitate was washed and dried, to obtain ion exchange resin having intrinsic viscosity of 0.6 dL/g, ion exchange equivalent of 1.6 meq/g. The obtained resin (10) and dimethyl acrylate (40) were mixed to obtain an ion exchange resin solution. Methane sulfonic acid was added and diluted with dope containing polyparaphenylene cis benzo bis oxazole polymer having intrinsic viscosity of 25 dL/g, to obtain 1 wt.% isotropy solution of polyparaphenylene cis benzo bis oxazole. The resulting solution was heated at 90degreesC and formed into a film. The resulting film was solidified for 1 hour and washed with water, to obtain a support film having open-hole-rate of 69% and porosity of 98%. The support film was immersed in the obtained ion-exchange resin solution at 25degreesC for 15 hours. The resulting film was dried by hot air. The dried film was further dried at 120degreesC under reduced pressure. The resulting film was processed with 1 mol/L sulfuric acid at 80degreesC for 1 hour, and washed with water, to obtain a composite ion-exchange membrane. The obtained membrane had ionic conductivity of 0.032 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive resin composition contains 20-50 wt.% of polymethyl pentene and 50-80 wt.% of electroconductive filler, with respect to the total quantity of composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler is a mixture of graphite and ketchen black, acetylene black, furnace carbon black or thermal carbon black, in a ratio of 1:1-4:1. EXAMPLE - A conductive resin composition containing (in wt.%) polymethyl pentene (30) of mean molecular weight 500000, expanded graphite (44) and carbon black (26), was prepared. The composition was compression molded and a molded sheet of 0.7 mm was obtained. The product had fluidity coefficient of 4%, resistance of 15 mohms.cm and specific gravity of 1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the surface layer is 1-50 mum, and not more than half of the whole thickness of the composite ion-exchange membrane. The open hole rate of surface(s) of support film is 40% or more. Preferred Process: An isotropy solution containing 0.3-3 weight% of polybenzazole type polymer, is molded in the shape of a film. The obtained film is solidified to obtain a support film. EXAMPLE - Methane sulfonic acid was added and diluted with a dope which contained 14 weight% of polyparaphenylene cis benzobis oxazole dissolved in polyphosphoric acid. An isotropy solution having polyparaphenylene cis benzobis oxazole concentration of 0.9 weight%, was obtained. The obtained solution was applied on a glass plate, to obtain a dope film. The obtained film was solidified and washed with water, to obtain a support film having a surface open porosity of 70%. An ion-exchange resin solution was prepared using ion-exchange resin of formula (35-1) having logarithmic viscosity of 1.7 dl/g, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The prepared solution had a resin density of 3 weight%. The prepared support film was immersed in the prepared ion-exchange resin solution and maintained at 60degreesC for 1 day. The support film impregnated with ion-exchange resin, was removed and dried under reduced pressure for 3 days at 70degreesC, to obtain a composite ion-exchange membrane. The obtained composite ion-exchange membrane had ion-exchange resin content of 72 weight%, ionic conductivity of 0.29 S/cm, excellent heat resistance and swelling of 50%. The film thickness of composite ion-exchange membrane, surface layer (A), surface layer (B) and composite layer, were 20 mum, 6 mum, 4 mum and 10 mum respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalytic combustion reacts the fuel with the oxidizer before the fuel flows to the cathode and before the oxidizer flows to the anode. The catalytic combustor contains alumina, cesium dioxide, or titanium dioxide; and solid oxide electrolyte. The catalytic combustion contains platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, copper, manganese or gold. The catalytic combustion is attached to anode or cathode. The catalytic combustor collects electrostatic charge from a gas flow passing over a surface of the catalytic combustor and transfers electrons to anode or cathode. The catalytic combustor heats electrolyte(s) of the fuel cell, anode and cathode. The combustor comprises catalyst and support for catalyst. The combustor occupies a space in the fuel cell to cause back pressure while oxidizing the fuel stream using oxidizer stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The M divalent cations are partially replaced with divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent cation to provide an electrode having M1-xAxLi2Ti6O14, MLi2-yByTi6O14, MLi2Ti6-zCzO14, M1-xAxLi2-yByTi6-zCzO14, or M1Li2AyTi6O14-tQt. The negative electrode is coated with a material from all conductive materials, and/or carbon. The negative electrode material is a lithium insertion material having the formula strontium-dilithium-hexatitanium-oxide (SrLi2Ti6O14). The negative electrode material further includes coating of a material from conductive metals, metal oxide, and/or carbonaceous compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The M divalent cations are partially replaced with divalent, trivalent, or tetravalent cation to provide an electrode having M1-xAxLi2Ti6O14, MLi2-yByTi6O14, MLi2Ti6-zCzO14, M1-xAxLi2-yByTi6-zCzO14, or M1Li2AyTi6O14-tQt. The negative electrode is coated with a material from all conductive materials, and/or carbon. The negative electrode material is a lithium insertion material having the formula strontium-dilithium-hexatitanium-oxide (SrLi2Ti6O14). The negative electrode material further includes coating of a material from conductive metals, metal oxide, and/or carbonaceous compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alcohol based solvent is a forming aid agent which is used during a kneading process of the activated carbon, the conductive carbon, and the binder.Preferred Method: The alcohol based solvent is added in the electrode forming sheet after rolling process of the electrode forming sheet.Preferred Composition: The conductive adhesive contains carbon particles of large diameter and small diameter at a ratio of 30:70-70:30 as a conductive filler. The collector sheet has not less than 100000 pittings having a diameter of 4-10 microns and a depth of 4-15 microns exists per 1 cm2, and the total area of the pittings occupies not greater than 50% of the entire surface of the collector sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The support material further contains oxides of yttrium and ytterbium. The iron-group metal is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The manufacturing apparatus of low carbon monoxide reformed gas further has a unit for removing moisture content of reformed gas. The fuel reforming system further has carbon dioxide removal unit. Preferred Method: The manufactured reformed gas from modification reaction device is cooled. Pressure, temperature, liquid space velocity and water/fuel ratio are controlled in supercritical modification reaction device during reaction of fuel and water, according to the component concentration of reformed gas. The moisture content removed from the removal device is supplied to supercritical modification reaction device. Preferred Conditions: The molar ratio of water/(carbon in fuel) is set to 1-4. The hydrocarbon-type fuel contains oxygen-containing fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains rhodium, cerium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, platinum, nickel, iron and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen acceptable component is 5C or less hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide.Preferred Gas: The gas containing gas of oxygen acceptable component and hydrogen gas, is coke oven gas.Preferred Process: The tetrahydro borate is formed by mixing a hydrogenation catalyst to the raw material.Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenation catalyst contains nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, copper, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium.Preferred Borate: The borate is meta-borate of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal. The borate is separated from used fuel of fuel cell. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The tetrahydro borate is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal foil band consists of nickel-base alloy, preferably electro-deposited nickel-base alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic substance foil band consists of rubber-type such as urethane type resins such as silicone type resin, fluorine type resin, acrylic type resin, styrene-butadiene rubber and natural polybutadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing transition metal oxide (11) is preferably lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nitrogen oxide (LiNiO2) and/or lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4). The carbon nano fiber contains graphite fiber of coal, coke, polyacrylonitrile type carbon fiber, carbonized material of organic substance, natural graphite, artificial graphite, synthetic graphite and/or mesocarbon micro bead. The positive electrode active material further contains iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The electroconductive gas-flowing material is non-woven fabric and/or foam, or metal porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transition metal group porous material is foamed nickel group porous material. The catalyst is platinum/carbon type catalyst. The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises at least one layer of noble metal supported activated carbon fiber between transition metal group porous layers.Preferred Properties: The transition metal group porous material has thickness of 1-20 mm and porosity of 50-98%. The mass ratio of transition metal group porous material to catalyst is 4:1-1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Separator: The separator contains lamination of Manila hemp, craft, hemp and/or esparto in rayon fiber or cotton linter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solute: The solute is ammonia salt of inorganic acid and organic acid, primary amine salt, secondary amine salt, tertiary amine salt and/or amidine salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode plate is formed with platinum, nickel as main component and at least one sort of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electricity generating device further includes a cryogenic oxygen separation device (11) that supplies oxygen to the third compartment. It has fuel cell.Preferred Methods: The generation of electricity comprises cooling air to a temperature at which oxygen condenses, separating the condensed oxygen, and supplying the condensed oxygen to the third compartment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen occlusion alloy contains erbium, yttrium and/or ytterbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper-tin alloy layer contains silicon, zinc, aluminum, nickel, iron, chromium, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, magnesium, carbon, oxygen and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separation membrane comprises alloy of palladium, vanadium, niobium or vanadium, vanadium or niobium and/or other metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Partial oxidation reaction and water vapor modification of natural gas are performed at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of natural gas by adjusting oxygen/carbon ratio and sulfur/carbon ratio. The methane-rich gas is reacted at temperature lower than pyrolysis temperature of methane-rich gas in autothermal reforming process during which partial oxidation and water vapor modification are simultaneously carried out. The oxygen to carbon ratio is changed for adjusting the reaction temperature in the later stage of the modification reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The natural gas modification is performed using nickel- or ruthenium-type catalyst which has activity with respect to partial oxidation and water vapor modification reactions.Preferred Gases: The oxygen-containing gas is air. The modified gas produced contains hydrogen as main component, and nitrogen for ammonia synthesis. EXAMPLE - A catalyst containing ruthenium and aluminum was filled into the front stage modifier of a modification reaction device. Partial oxidation and water vapor modification of natural gas containing 88% of methane, 6% of ethane, 4% of propane and 2% of butane was performed. Pure oxygen was supplied into the modifier. The oxygen to carbon ratio was adjusted to 0.1 and the sulfur to carbon ratio was adjusted to 1.0. The modified gas contained 34.1% of hydrogen, 4.5 of carbon monoxide, 11.0% of carbon dioxide and 50.4% of methane. Carbon precipitation inside the reactor was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydride Powder: The content of ultrafine particle (Gp) in the hydride powder satisfies the relation: 0.1 M % at most Gp at most 7 M %. The alkali-metal aluminum hydride is selected from sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), sodium aluminum hydride (Na3AlH6), sodium-lithium-aluminum hydride (NaLi2AlH6), Na2LiAlH6), lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6), magnesium aluminum hydride (Mg(AlH4)2) and calcium aluminum hydride (Ca(AlH4)2). The alkali-metal boron hydride is lithium boron hydride (LiBH4) and/or sodium boron hydride (NaBH4). The hydrogen occlusion metal is nickel salt of rare earth metal (REMNi5), TiFe, TiCo, TiMn1.5, TiCr1.8, Zr(Fe0.7Mn0.3)2, Mg2Ni and/or magnesium. The metal hydride is a hydride of copper, titanium, vanadium, niobium, magnesium, palladium, zirconium, calcium, lithium, sodium, praseodymium, neodymium and/or lanthanum. The metal hydroxide is hydroxide of lithium, aluminum, yttrium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, copper, nickel, magnesium, manganese, ruthenium, vanadium and/or titanium. EXAMPLE - A mixed powder (in g) (6.28) consisting of an aggregate of lithium aluminum hydride particle (4.25), aggregate of lithium hydride (LiAlH4) particle (1.79), aggregate of titanium hydride ultrafine particle of particle size 50-700 nm, and aggregate of lanthanum hydride ultrafine particle, was introduced into a ball mill. Milling was performed for 60 minutes at 120 rpm, in argon atmosphere. The obtained hydride powder contained 96 M % of lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6) particle, 2 M % of titanium hydride ultrafine particle and 2 M% of lanthanum hydride ultrafine particle, dispersed in a matrix. The particle size of lithium aluminum hydride (Li3AlH6) particle was found to be 5-400 micrometers. Hydrogen storage capacity of the obtained hydride particle was found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel in the fuel cell is hydrogen, hydrocarbon-based or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hydrogen occlusion amount is 0.4-0.6. The ratio ((Rbeta-0.4)/(Rapproximatelyb-0.6)) of phase ratio (Rbeta0.4) in 0.4 hydrogen occlusion amount (H/M) and phase ratio (Rbeta-0.6) in 0.6 hydrogen occlusion amount, is 0.6 or more. EXAMPLE - Nickel, manganese, aluminum and cobalt were mixed and alloy composition comprising Ni4.07Mn0.36Al0.32Co0.4 was obtained. The obtained mixture was added to a crucible and fixed to a high frequency smelting furnace. After heat dissolving in vacuum to 4-10 Torr under organ gas atmosphere, the resulting mixture was poured into a casting mold and casted at 1430 degrees Celsius and alloy was obtained. The resulting alloy was heat processed at 1080 degrees Celsius for 3 hours under organ gas atmosphere and hydrogen occlusion alloy was obtained. The obtained alloy had phase ratio (Rbeta0.4 in H/M of 0.4) of 0.47, Rbeta 0.6 (in H/M of 0.6) of 1, Rbeta0.4/ Rbeta 0.6 ratio of 0.47, pulse/V (pulse discharge property) of 1.1, reactivity of 36% and persistence of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium ion secondary battery further includes a laminate film case as a casing for the secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode protecting component is from sultones of formula (1), or vinylene carbonates of formula (2). The non-graphitizable carbon is carbon obtained from charcoal, sugar, cellulose, bakelite, glassy carbon, polyvinylidene chloride, pitch derived from petroleum or coal, or coke. The anode comprises a coating film from anode protecting component.R1-R6 = H, alkyl having 1-12C, cycloalkyl having 3-6C, or aryl;andn = 0-2.Preferred Composition: The content of the anode-protecting component to the non-aqueous solvent is 0.1-4 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The vinyl ether is divinyl ether (preferred), divinyl ether, or tetravinyl ether. The epoxide is di epoxide (preferred), triepoxide, or tetraepoxide. The nonaqueous solvent is 1-10C alkyl cyclic carbonates, 1-10C carbonates, 1-10C alkyl cyclic esters, 1-10C alkyl esters, and/or glymes. The electrolyte salt is lithium salt, i.e. lithium hexa fluoro phosphate, lithium hexa fluoro arsenate, lithium hexa fluoro boride, lithium chlorate, lithium nitro-di-(trifluoromethyl sulfoxide), or lithium perfluoro-sulfonates. The vinyl ether or epoxide is present at 1-10%. The polymerizable electrolyte has viscosity of less than or equal to 10 centipoise. The vinyl ether or epoxide has molecular weight of less than or equal to 1000, preferably less than or equal to 300. The divinyl ether has formula (I). The di epoxide has formulae (II)-(III).R=1-10 alkyl with ester, ketone, carbonate; or 1-10 alkyl with ethylene oxide group in main or side chain;R1-R6=H, (fluorinated) 1-10C alkyl, ethylene oxide of formula -(CH2CH2O)n-;n=1-10;andR1', R2'=2-6C (fluorinated) alkyl groupsPreferred Methods: The gel polymer electrolyte is prepared by thermal cationic polymerization of polymerizable electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen gas evolution catalyst is iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, compounds of ruthenium and titanium oxide, ruthenium and tantalum oxide, ternary compounds of ruthenium, iridium and tantalum oxide and/or alloys of material with platinum. The poor oxygen catalyst is iridium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, gold, silver, nickel and/or alloys of these materials or members of the group or with platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen gas evolution catalyst is iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, compounds of ruthenium and titanium oxide, ruthenium and tantalum oxide, ternary compounds of ruthenium, iridium and tantalum oxide and/or alloys of material with platinum. The poor oxygen catalyst is iridium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, gold, silver, nickel and/or alloys of these materials or members of the group or with platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The temporary dilute surfactant water solution is directed to flow through at least of the flow fields prior to a break-in period that is until the fuel cell has achieved 100% of its rated power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant added to water to make a temporary dilute surfactant solution is linear alcohols, branched alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and/or organic acids. It can be methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, and/or propylamine. Preferred Property: The surfactant has a solubility in water that is greater than 25 g/100 g water, a surface tension of not greater than 35 dynes/cm, and a boiling point of not greater than 120degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The noble metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum and/or gold. The transition metals are titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum and/or tungsten.Preferred Salt: The partial salt is a partial salt of alkaline earth metal and alkali metal, partial salt of organic ammonium ion, or partial salt insolubilized in water by salt formation with a general cation.Preferred Properties: The particles has a space having pore size of 3 nm or more and specific surface area of more than 100 m2/g. The particles are periodically arranged and coupled in 3-20 nm. The hetero polyacid is enclosed in the space.Preferred Heteropolyacid: The hetero-polyacid has Keggin structure, Anderson structure and/or Dawson structure.Preferred Electrode: The electrode is obtained by mixing the hetero polyacid particle with a molecular template, applying the obtained mixture on a substrate, drying and bake-processing the substrate.Preferred Battery: The battery has electrolyte ion chosen from proton, lithium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, sodium ion, calcium ion, barium ion, yttrium ion, lanthanum ion, ammonium ion and/or organic ammonium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Template: The molecular template is obtained by copolymerizing a block copolymer of hydrophilic group and a block copolymer of hydrophobic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbonaceous material has average cross-section diameter of 100 nm or less.The ratio of axial length of the fiber and average cross section diameter of the fibrous carbonaceous material is 500 or more.Preferred Composition: The powder-form carbonaceous material is graphite, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene.The fibrous carbonaceous material is carbon nano-tube, carbon nano-fiber, activated carbon, amorphous carbon and/or fullerene aggregate.Preferred Process: The fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed in a solvent, and the powder-form carbonaceous material is supplied to solution in which fibrous carbonaceous material is dispersed, in the manufacture of the hydrogen storage component.The solvent is solution, which contains surfactant. EXAMPLE - A carbon nanotube having ratio (2R/L) of cross section average diameter (2R) and longitudinal direction length (L) of 1000 or more and cross section average diameter of 1 nm, was immersed in 10% aqueous solution of polyoxyethylene (10) octyl phenyl ether for 2 hours. The carbon nanotube dispersed solution was obtained. powder-form activated carbon average powder particle size of 30 micrometer was added to the solution. Ultrasonic distributed processing was performed for 8 hours after 2 hours immersion. Suction filtration was performed with respect to carbon nanotube/activated carbon solution. The solvent was removed, and carbon material was compressed. A hydrogen storage component was formed. The obtained hydrogen storage component had apparent density of 0.83 g/cm3 and excellent hydrogen occlusion ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The water vapor-electric power generating unit (1) comprises a steam generating unit which produces electric power and water vapor, carbon dioxide liquefier which liquefies carbon dioxide generated by combustion of fossil fuel, biomass fuel or waste material fuel in the presence of oxygen, and liquid carbon dioxide storage tank for storing liquefied carbon dioxide.The hydrogen-oxygen system comprises heat generator which heat pure water of unit (10), using steam from the steam turbine.The oxygen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (11) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing oxygen gas with a compressor.The nitrogen re-liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger (15) which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing nitrogen gas with a compressor.The hydrogen liquefier is equipped with a heat exchanger which recovers heat from the coolant for compressing hydrogen gas with a compressor.Preferred Process: The ultra-low warming-cooling medium supplying cycle in the hydrogen-oxygen system pressurizes and cools liquid hydrogen.The oxygen liquefier pressurizes one portion of liquid oxygen and produces liquefied oxygen gas. The nitrogen re-liquefier pressurizes composition of liquid nitrogen and produces liquefied nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The antimony compound is chosen from antimony trioxide, antimony tetra oxide, antimony pentoxide and/or antimony sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Activated carbon has specific surface area of 500-3000 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The stacked cell battery has an anode active material layer containing complex oxide of lithium and transition metal and a cathode active material layer containing complex oxide of carbon or lithium and transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealing material is silicone, epoxy, urethane, polybutadiene, polypropylene, polyethylene or resin chosen from paraffin wax group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sensor has a temperature detection unit made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Rubber: The rubber is blend of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and/or acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, isobutylene isoprene rubber and halogenated isobutylene isoprene rubber. Halogenated isobutylene-isoprene rubber contains halide of copolymer having isobutylene as main component.Preferred Composition: The rubber composition contains layered clay mineral filler dispersed in mixture of rubber latex and water-soluble amino silane coupling agent which is N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl methyl-di methoxysilane, N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(beta) (amino ethyl) (gamma)-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, (gamma)-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane and/or (gamma)-aminopropyl triethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Halide: The halide is chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler is mica processed with alkyl ammonium salt or clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material of the adhesion layer is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, and resin selected from group of polyamide synthetic fiber. The adhesive is made of synthetic rubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, synthetic resin and solvent selected from acryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The positive-electrode-active-material layer comprises complex oxide of lithium and a transition metal. The negative electrode material layer comprises complex oxide of carbon or lithium and a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support layer has a layer made from a self-adhering adhesive (6) formed on the rear side facing away from the solar cell layer. The solar cell layer is covered with a light-permeable protective layer (8). The protective layer is a clear lacquer layer or a plastic film. The solar cell layer is sprayed onto the support layer using a PVD process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support layer is a polyvinylbutyral film having a layer thickness of maximum 1.0 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat exchange unit is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode plate has high-graphitized carbon fiber as cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The porous membrane is a polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The ammonia decomposition catalyst contains components (I,II) supported on a metal oxide support such as alumina, silica, titania or zirconia. The component (I) is nickel or its oxide. The component (II) is alkaline-earth metal, lanthanide, or their oxides. The weight ratio of component (I) and the support is 1-40% and the weight ratio of component (II) and the support is 1-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic waste is processed by gasification process, liquefying process or digestive process.Preferred Apparatus: The electric power generating apparatus is a fuel cell, a gas engine generator or a gas turbine generator. The fuel cell is a proton exchange film-type fuel cell or a phosphoric acid fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin composition is thermosetting plasticized polyvinyl alcohol-type resin composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A lithium-containing multiple oxide is lithium-transition metal multiple oxide having spinel crystal structure or layered crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The waste disposal system has an electric power generation unit which generates electric power using high temperature gas produced in a reduction gasified melting furnace, and the electric power is supplied to at least one portion of reduction gasified melting furnace and bio-diesel oil manufacturing apparatus. The fats and oils is transesterified in bio-diesel oil apparatus to produce bio-diesel oil and rough glycerol. A hydrogen gas generator (9) heats and vaporizes the rough glycerol, separates and refines to form glycerine and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is collected and used as hydrogen fuel cell (10). The exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in reduction gasified melting furnace is used as heat source until it is converted into fuel oil of bio-diesel engine. The heat source for heating the rough glycerol is exhaust gas such as high temperature gas produced in furnace (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (6) is sulfide group lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte layer. The electrolyte is amorphous and/or crystalline. The layer (3) comprises lithium nitride, lithium iodide, lithium fluoride, thionyl chloride lithium, lithium nitrite, lithium fluorinated phosphorus or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The naphthene compound comprises a hydrogenated aromatic compound having single ring, and is preferably methylcyclohexane and/or cyclohexane. The aromatic compound (dehydrogenated compound) obtained after manufacturing hydrogen, is further hydrogenated, and collected as naphthene compound which is recycled.Preferred Properties: The reaction pressure during manufacture of hydrogen varies from normal pressure to 2 MPa. The conversion ratio of naphthene compound to aromatic compound dehydrogenated product is 60% or more. EXAMPLE - 0.3% platinum/alumina pellets (4.3 g) and quartz beads having size of 2 mm were packed in a reactor, which formed a catalyst layer. The catalyst layer was heated to 400 degrees Celsius. Methylcyclohexane having purity of 98.5% or more was introduced into the reactor through the catalyst layer such that liquid hourly space velocity was 2 hour-1. The reaction pressure was adjusted to 0.3 MPa, and methylcyclohexane was dehydrogenated by maintaining the mean temperature of the catalyst at 365 degrees Celsius. The reaction product was separated into gas phase and liquid phase, and the gas phase was found to contain hydrogen and impurities such as methane (400 weight ppm). The conversion ratio of methylcyclohexane was 98%. The selectivity of conversion of methylcyclohexane to toluene was 99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The polarizing electrode is activated-charcoal electrode, formed by alkali activation of raw-material pitch having softening point of 150-350 degrees Celsius and having hydrogen/carbon atomic ratio of 0.50-0.90. The weight ratio of electrolyte liquid and polarizing electrode is 0.5-2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The dialkyl dimethyl-ammonium salt is diethyl dimethyl-ammonium tetrafluoro borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide and/or lithium iron-oxide manganese oxide.
EXAMPLE - Crude graphite powder was manufactured from coke powder, tar pitch, silicon carbide and coal tar. The crude powder was taken in an alumina melting pot and heat processed in a muffle furnace at 700degreesC for 30 minutes. The alumina pot was cooled for 1 hour and the weight reduction percentage of the powder was 6.5%. The heat processed powder was subjected to mechanical surface reforming process, and graphite particles were obtained. The average particle diameter, true density, specific surface area of graphite particle were 20 microns, 2252 kg/m3 and 3590 m2/kg, respectively. The graphite particles were blended with polyvinylidene fluoride in the weight ratio of 90:1, and then with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form graphite paste. The total amount of graphite particles and polyvinylidene fluoride in the graphite paste was 42 wt.%. The viscosity of the paste was 2 Pa.second. The graphite particles were used to form cathode of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The battery formed using the cathode was found to have excellent cycle property and high volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium compound is selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the electrolyte film has vinyl chloride or fluororesin as a base material. The electrolyte film uses sulfonic type resins such as perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid type resin, poly trifluoro styrene sulfonic acid type resin, polystyrene sulfonic acid type resin and phenolsulfonic acid resin, as base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalyst is as above and is used at 0-50 degrees C and 0.8-1.5 bar. EXAMPLE - Methane containing 1000 ppm carbon oxysulfide (COS) was contacted with a catalyst comprising 52.5 wt.% copper(II) oxide, 30 wt.% zinc oxide and 17.5 wt.% alumina at 25 degrees C and a gas hourly space velocity of 1000. The run was stopped when the COS content of the exit gas exceeded 1 ppm, at which point the sulfur content of the catalyst was 8.8 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric module defines hot and cold sides, and comprises P- and N-type thermoelectric elements arranged in an array and insulated from each other with self adhering polyimide film; and contacts on the cold and hot sides connecting the elements in an electric circuit. The contacts comprise a thin sputtered layer of gold and a gold tab welded over the sputtered layer. The module comprises at least 324 N and P legs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel contains at least one type of methanol, ethanol and dimethyl ether. The liquid fuel alternately contains a polyhydric alcohol and an aqueous alkali solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The ionic conductive substance is an inorganic solid acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The proton exchange capacitance of the film containing acidic polyelectrolyte, is more than 1 meq/g. The proton conduction film has proton density (equivalent weight) of 1000 or less. Proton conduction film consists of a polymeric electrolyte film whose polymeric acidic group is coupled with phosphoric acid group or sulfone group. The phosphoric acid group or sulfone group is coupled with the principal chain of the acidic polymer having a molecular weight of 10000 or more. The polymer has a hydrocarbon chain and a substituent chosen from imidazole, pyrazole, benzimidazole and amine. The polymeric electrolyte film is formed by mixing acidic polymer and basic polymer as proton conduction medium. The basic molecule of the proton conduction medium is a nitrogen-containing compound having a boiling point of 100degreesC or more. EXAMPLE - A polyvinyl phosphate having acidic polymeric phosphoric acid groups coupled with hydrocarbon molecule, was mixed with mono-dodecyl phosphate. To the mixture, imidazole of boiling point 90degreesC and melting point 255degreesC, pyrazole of boiling point 69degreesC and melting point 184degreesC, benzimidazole of boiling point 170degreesC and melting point 360degreesC, and 1-methyl imidazole of boiling point -60degreesC and melting point 198degreesC were added. Using the obtained mixture, a composite polymeric electrolyte film was formed. The mix ratio of the acidic polymer and basic molecule was varied, and the temperature of the film was raised to 100degreesC or more from room temperature.    The proton conductivity of the composite polymeric electrolyte film was evaluated by changing the amount of imidazole with respect to polyvinyl phosphate, and found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Polyanion polymer has -COOR group (where R is H or alkyl group), and -SO3H group, and polycation polymer has -NHR group (where R is H or alkyl group). Polycation and polyanion are laminated alternately in the anode active material, or polycation and polyanion are formed as film on the anode active material. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate and manganese dioxide were mixed and baked at 800degreesC for 24 hours and slowly cooled to form Li1.08Mn1.92O4 as anode active material. Anode active material (30 wt.pts) was dispersed in acetone solution (70 wt.pts) containing polybutyl acrylate. The obtained dispersion liquid was left for 6 hours. The anode active material precipitated within the dispersion liquid. Supernatant liquid (40 wt.pts) was removed. The sediment was removed and dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours. The obtained anode active material was coated with polyaniline. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Anode active material (60 wt.pts) was mixed with the above solution (40 wt.pts). Further, NMP was added and mixed to form slurry. The slurry was applied on an aluminum foil and dried to form an anode. PVDF was dissolved in NMP. Amorphous carbon and carbon material were mixed with the above solution to form slurry. The slurry was coated on copper foil and dried to form a cathode. The lithium secondary battery having anode, cathode and mixed solvent of dimethyl carbamate, methyl ethyl carbamate and diethyl carbamate as electrolyte was formed. The battery was charged and discharged. The capacity retention of the battery after 1 month was 90%. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is a cyclic polyisoprene in solution in xylene (claimed). The negative resin is of the epoxy type (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is made up of a material chosen from silicon, glass or plastic materials (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalysts (I) contain copper and/or molybdenum. The process is carried out at 0-80degreesC and 0.8-4.5 bars. EXAMPLE - A mixture of solutions of 420 g copper (II) oxide, 240 g zinc nitrate and 140 g aluminum nitrate nonahydrate in nitric acid was contacted with a solution of 474 g sodium carbonate in 2 l demineralized water to cause precipitation at a pH of ca. 6. After stirring for a further 3 hours, the precipitate was filtered off, washed free of sodium and nitrate ions with water, dried at 120degreesC, calcined at 400degreesC for 1 hour, giving 272 g of mixed oxide, containing 52.5 wt. % copper (II) oxide, 30 wt. % zinc oxide and 17.5 wt. % aluminum oxide. The product was mixed with 1 wt. % graphite, compressed to 20 mm tablets, mechanically pressed through a 1.6 mm sieve, mixed with 2 wt. % graphite and pressed to 5 mm diameter, 3 mm high tablets having a lateral compressive strength of 66 N. The obtained catalyst (Ia) was contacted with a stream of methane containing 1000 ppm carbon oxysulfide or 1000 ppm hydrogen sulfide, at a space velocity of 1000 h-1 and a temperature of 25degreesC, until the sulfur content of the exhaust gas reached 1 ppm. The sulfur contents of (Ia) at this point were 8.8 wt. % and 8.6 wt. % respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The binder contains an inorganic substance and/or an organic polymer. The inorganic substance is silicon oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, boron oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, niobium oxide, yttrium oxide, barium oxide, cerium oxide, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer is cellulosic polymer and vinyl-type polymer, polyester-type polymer, polyamide-type polymer, and/or polyurethane-type polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, butyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and/or toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The dispersion contains 10-20 wt.% of the hydrolyzes copolymer. Either the initiator is (IIa) and the process is carried out at 20-25degreesC and 0.25-0.6 MPa, or the initiator is (IIb) and the process is carried out at 25-30degreesC and 0.26-0.6 MPa, or the initiator is (IIa) and the process is carried out at 30-35degreesC and 0.28-0.6 MPa, or the initiator is a mixture of (IIa) and (IIb) in a weight ratio of 1:6 and the process is carried out at 23-28degreesC and 0.25-0.6 MPa, or the initiator is a mixture of (IIb) and (IIc) in a weight ratio of 1:5 and the process is carried out at 28-35degreesC and 0.27-0.6 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises removing the protective layer by the raising of the temperature; and exposing the catalyst directly to the chemical solution by the removing of the protective layer. The method further comprises generating hydrogen gas from the aqueous sodium borohydride exposed to the catalyst. Each compartment of the chemical solution opens at an initiation point comprising a hydrophobic membrane. Each fuel pellet is independently operable by selectively activating the heating elements. Preferred Material: The chemical solution is an amino borane or metal borohydride (preferably aqueous sodium borohydride). The metal borohydride comprises a gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The protective layer comprises wax, polymers, or copolymers of olefins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen fuel source is separated into individual cells, each individual cell comprising a catalyst insulated from the hydrogen fuel source by a protective coating, and each of the individual cells comprising a heating element. Each of the individual cells comprises a cover layer with an initiator predisposed to open at above-ambient temperatures or pressures to release hydrogen gas produced in the individual cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is platinum, platinum-ruthenium complex or platinum-ruthenium type alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction container is filled with iron carbide. Water or water vapor is supplied as heating gas to container, and hydrogen is generated. Electric power is generated by supplying obtained hydrogen fuel to fuel cell. The exhaust heat generated by burning waste gas produced in the fuel cell, is supplied to reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pitch is obtained by polymerizing a substance containing condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon or condensed polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one alkyl substituent, in the presence hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride. EXAMPLE - Dimethyl naphthalene (in mol) (1.5), hydrogen fluoride (0.72) and boron trifluoride (0.33) were reacted at 270 degrees Celsius for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was blown into nitrogen atmosphere at normal pressure and whole quantity of unreacted hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride were removed, to obtain 60% yield of dimethyl naphthalene pitch. The obtained pitch had softening point of 278 degrees Celsius and micro crystal thickness of 14.5 nm. The pitch (5 g) was dissolved in quinoline (100 g), the obtained solution was added to 30% nitric acid aqueous solution (400 g) and stirred for 1 hour. The pitch particle precipitated was filtered, water-washed and vacuum-dried at 80 degrees Celsius. The dried pitch particle was made insoluble by increasing temperature at a rate of 1 degrees Celsius/minute, and oxidizing at 280 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Further, the temperature was raised by 5 degrees Celsius/minute under nitrogen atmosphere, carbonized at 700 degrees Celsius for 1 hour, and activated using potassium hydroxide (2 weight parts (wt.pts)) with respect to carbonized particle (1 wt.pts) at 800 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. The activated particle was water-washed and filtered repeatedly, after cooling to room temperature, to obtain porous carbon particle having mean particle diameter of 12 mum. An electrode was produced using the porous carbon particle. The electrical double layer capacitor using the electrode had electrostatic capacitance of 45 F/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heavy oil or pitch is obtained by polymerizing a substance containing a fused polycyclic hydrocarbon in presence of hydrogen fluoride-boron trifluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for dissolving fluorine-containing polymer is methanol or mixed solvent of methanol and water.Preferred Salt: The salt used for recovering fluorine-containing polymer is lithium salt or sodium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The linear fluoro polyether compound is of formula (1).X = -CH2-, -CH2O-, or -Y-NR-CO-;Y = dimethylphenyl silylene group of formula (2);R = H, methyl, phenyl, or allyl;p = 0 or 1;L = 2-6; andm and n = 0-200.Preferred Properties: The composition has a viscosity of 50-2000 Pa.second at 25 degrees C. EXAMPLE - A base was prepared by mixing silica (in weight parts) (25) surface-treated with dimethyldichlorosilane, and having a specific surface area of 110 m2/g and a bulk density of 53 g/l, and a polymer (100) of formula (II), having a viscosity of 4.4 Pa.second and a mean molecular weight of 16500, at 170 degrees C for 2 hours. An organosilicon compound (3.35) of formula (IV), containing silicon hydride group, toluene solution (0.4) of ethynyl cyclohexanol, and toluene solution (0.2) of a catalyst were added and mixed uniformly to obtain a hardenable fluoro polyether-type rubber composition. The obtained composition provided cured material having favorable adhesion prevention property with respect to metal plates.    Rf1 = group of formula (a); and    Me = methyl.    x+y = 97.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Donor: The organic-type hydrogen donor is heterocyclic compound, amine-type compound, alcohol-type compound, ketone-type compound and/or alicyclic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkalinization combination is caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium alkoxide, potassium alkoxide and/or calcium hydroxide. The inorganic-type catalyst is a metal supporting composite metal oxide, a carbon crystallization combination, a metal supporting carbon compound, and/or a metal oxide. Preferred Process: The reactor equipped with the organic-type hydrogen donor, alkalinization combination and inorganic-type catalyst is irradiated with the microwave, and hydrogen is generated. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide flakes (in g) (3.43) as alkalinization combination, and cyclohexanol (30.59) as organic-type hydrogen donor, and 5 wt.% platinum supported on activated carbon (50 mg) of 150-180 mum of particle diameter as inorganic-type catalyst, were introduced into a flask. The flask was substituted with nitrogen gas, and irradiated with microwave having frequency of 2.45 GHz and irradiation energy of 325 W, for 80 minutes, and stirred. 50 ml/minute of nitrogen gas was poured into the flask during reaction, and was alternately irradiated for 13.5 seconds and left for 13.5 seconds, such that the irradiation time was half the reaction time. Cyclohexanol was refluxed, and the flask was maintained at boiling point vicinity, to generate hydrogen at a rate of 33.46%. The total amount of hydrogen generated in 80 minutes was 669.2 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive complex oxide particles are cerium group complex oxide particles expressed with formula, (CeO2)1-x(LnO1.5)x, where Ln = samarium, gadolinium, praseodymium, neodymium and/or yttrium, and x = 0.1-0.3. The metal particles are chosen from nickel, cobalt or copper particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The inner bipolar plate region contains metallic sheets having the structures for gas distribution and cooling. The inner bipolar plate region contains an electrically conducting polymer. The membrane-electrode unit is connected to the frame by laser welding.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrically non-conducting material is made from a polymer selected from PPS, LCP, POM, PAEK, PA, PBT, PPO, PP or PES.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first electrical connection element comprises a tab extending beyond an edge of the first and/or second carbon foam structure. The tab is electrically coupled with both foam structures. The intermediate bonding structure comprises an insulating material. The current collector has a second electrical connection element disposed between the intermediate bonding structure and the second carbon foam structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The intermediate bonding structure comprises a polymer (preferably polypropylene). The first or second carbon foam structure is graphite foam. Preferred Property: The first and/or second carbon foam structure has a total porosity value of at least60% and an open porosity value of at least90%. Preferred Parameter: The intermediate bonding structure permeates the pores of the foam structures by a depth equal to or greater than an average pore size of the foam structures. Each carbon foam structure has an average pore size of 0.25-2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The intermediate bonding structure comprises a metal or an electrically conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has an oxidation device with a control means which adds oxygen to the inflow side of the CO oxidation device or oxygen-containing gas to decrease the amount of coolant currents of the heat exchanger according to the levels of the upper limit of the setting flow amount.The catalyst layer of the hydrocarbonized device uses the same catalyst as the CO oxidation device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thickener is selected from the group consisting of salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, carboxymethycellulose and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support material is made from carbon fiber fabric, carbon fiber fleece, carbon paper, carbon paper net, conducting plastic net or conducting polymer net.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst particles are fixed to the surface of the support material. The particles have an average particle size of 1-100 nm and consist of Pt, Pd, Ru, Au, Ag, Ir, Os and/or their oxides and mixtures or alloys. The support material is made conducting glass fibers, conducting foams or metal fiber fabric or metal wire net.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The ENM consists of polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polyester, polyoxymethylene, polyarylether ketone, polyamide, polybutylene terephthalate, polyphenylene oxide, polypropylene or polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method of manufacturing the non-aqueous electrolyte second battery includes applying a paste of the active material to an electrode plate to make an electrode; drying the electrode; and pressing and installing the electrode in a battery. EXAMPLE - Spherical composite nickel hydroxide (170 g) containing a nickel grade of 50.5 wt.%, a cobalt grade of 8.5 wt.% and an aluminum grade of 1 wt.%, was blended with commercially available powdered lithium hydroxide monohydrate (80 g), fired at 250 degrees Celsius for 4 hours, at 450 degrees Celsius for 9 hours and at 730 degrees Celsius for 22 hours, and then cooled at room temperature. The resulting fired product was crushed in a pin mill in a nitrogen atmosphere, and sieved in the same nitrogen atmosphere using a 25-mum ultrasonic vibrating strainer to remove plush-mesh particles.    Further, particles (at least1 mum) were removed from the obtained minus-mesh particles using a wind classifier in a dehumidified air (15 degrees Celsius, humidity 30%), and dried in a vacuum for 24 hours at 150 degrees Celsius. Analysis of the obtained lithium-metal composite oxide using X-ray diffraction verified that it was the desired active material for the positive electrode with a hexagonal crystal layer structure. .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The boron nitride nanotube is heat-processed at 1400-1600degreesC for 3-10 hours. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal plate is platinum, tungsten, molybdenum or niobium.    EXAMPLE - Boron and magnesium oxide are added in the molar ratio of 1:1, into a reaction tube made from boron nitride. The reaction tube is heated to 1300degreesC. Boron oxide vapor and magnesium vapor generated by reaction of boron and magnesium oxide, were introduced to a reaction chamber with argon as carrier gas. The temperature of the reaction chamber was kept at 1100degreesC, and ammonia gas was introduced into the reaction chamber. Boron oxide and ammonia were reacted to obtain white boron nitride nanotube. The boron nitride nanotube deposited on the wall surface of the reaction chamber, had length of 10 mum and diameter of 5-50 nm. The obtained boron nitride nanotube (508 mg) was interposed between two platinum boards, and the platinum board was arranged into a boron nitride boat. The arranged platinum board was heated to 1500degreesC in argon atmosphere, for 6 hours, to obtain boron nitride nanotube having improved hydrogen storage capacity. The graph is drawn showing relationship between hydrogen storage capacity of the nanotube and pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The n-type transition metal oxide is titanium dioxide or strontium titanate. The p-type transition metal oxide is ruthenium dioxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide, chromium dioxide, perovskite-type oxide (ABO3:A, where A is simple substance or solid solution of yttrium, rare earth element, thallium, lead, bismuth, barium, strontium or calcium, and B is manganese, iron, cobalt or nickel) or copper oxide (AxCuOy:A, where A is simple substance or solid solution of lanthanum, yttrium, bismuth, thallium, lead, praseodymium, neodymium, barium, strontium or calcium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sealant contains aluminum, tantalum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium or their alloys, ceramic or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible material is rubber, fluororesin, shrinking tube, polyethylene, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, nylon, polyamidoimide, silicone resin, silicone rubber, poly-4-methyl pentene-1 (crystalline polyolefin), or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. The sealant contains fluororesin, polyphenylene sulfide, nylon, phenol, epoxy, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamidoimide, polyoxy, benzylene polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate or hard rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic fiber is polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, rayon, vinylon, nylon, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, acryl, polyvinyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fiber: The organic fiber consists of at least a natural fiber chosen from hemp, cotton, coconut fiber, bamboo fiber, sheep wool and silk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel tank is arranged completely within the shell (2) of the hearing device. The fuel tank and/or fuel cell is arranged detachable from the hearing device. The fuel tank is made of flexible material allowing the shape and/or volume of the fuel tank to alter. The shape of the fuel tank is irregular, preferably formed to fill out the spare spaces or volumes respectively of the shell of the hearing device. The membrane comprises a nanomechanical coating, achieving other fluids than the fluid to be filled into the fuel tank to repel. The micro openings are realized by a woven fabric. The membrane and/or areas with micro openings are arranged at least partly on the outer surface of the hearing device shell. Preferred Method: Filling the fuel tank comprises: applying over-pressure; applying a voltage difference across the membrane or micro openings; or applying ionization of the fuel. Cleaning the outside of the hearing device comprises: drowning the hearing device at least partially or completely into the fuel fluid; and applying the output of an ultrasound generator within the fuel fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The hearing device comprises additionally electrical, mechanical, optical, or electromechanical sensor to monitor the filling state of the fuel in the fuel tank.Preferred Material: The fuel tank is made of a transparent or semi-transparent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The odorant material and the hydrogen storage material are randomly mixed in the interior volume of the container. The odorant material is in a first layer and the hydrogen storage material is in a second layer adjacent to the first layer. The portion of the odorant material released is a predetermined quantity, which is detectable by a sense of smell of a living being. The conduit transmits the hydrogen gas from the container to a storage vessel or an end user.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The odorant material is derivatives of acrylic acid, alkyl esters of 4-7C, and/or carboxylic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The odorant material is encapsulated by a polymer of rubbery polymer, and/or a glassy polymer. The rubbery polymer is polydimethyl siloxanes, and/or polyphasphazenes. The glassy polymer is polyimides, polysulfones, polyamides, polyarylates, polyolefins, polyetherketones, and/or polycarbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Hydrogen absorbing alloy comprising titanium, zirconium, manganese, chromium and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal is a transition metal consisting of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, and/or hafnium, preferably manganese, cobalt, and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The channel contains solution consisting of alcohol and/or its mixtures. The solution contains surfactant(s) consisting of alkyl or 10-20C alkylaryl, preferably cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, monododecyl ether of tetraethylene glycol, or cetylpyridinium chloride. The resin precursor is consisting of methyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, 1,4-bis(trimethoxysilylethyl) benzene, tetraethoxysilane, and/or tetramethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The walls of the pores comprise continuous opposing silicate layers, spaced from each other, to define a channel contained within the walls. Preferred Compounds: The surfactant comprises a polar end which itself comprises quat. ammonium, ethylene oxide oligomeric units, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate, or phosphonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The annular layer of the thermoplastic is placed between the fluid transport layer and polymer electrolyte membrane. The fluid transport layer is not in contact with the polymer electrolyte membrane. The thermoplastic is thermoplastic with melting point or glass transition temperature at most70degreesC greater than the heat distortion temperature of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The thermoplastic is terpolymers of tetra fluoroethylene, hexa fluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride; copolymers of hexa fluoro propylene and vinylidene fluoride; or polyvinylidene fluoride. The outer perimeters of the cathode-side fluid transport layer beyond the outer perimeter of the polymer electrolyte membrane at two diametrically opposite locations designate North and South. The assembly lay-up also comprises annular scrim layer.Preferred Methods: The positioning step includes positioning annular layer of thermoplastic adjacent to or between the anode- and cathode-side fluid transport layers. The method also comprises placing annular shim on fluid transport layer adjacent to the annular layer of thermoplastic prior to the applying of pressure and heat. The applying of heat and pressure is repeated twice.Preferred Parameters: The pressure and heat is at least1 MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute. The first application of pressure and heat is carried out at 0.4-1MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute. The second application of pressure and heat is at least1 MPa at at least100degreesC for at least1 minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The thermoelectric module (10) is provided between a cooled fluid passageway and a reformate passage of the heat exchanger. It has thermoelectric elements (12) connected to form a first end surface and a second end surface, a first electrical insulator (20) having a front side adjacent to the first end surface of the thermoelectric elements, and a second electrical insulator (22) having a front side adjacent to the second end surface of the thermoelectric elements. The first electrical insulator has a rear side adjacent to a heat conduction wall (24, 26) of the heat exchanger. The heat conduction wall faces a hot fluid passageway for the exhaust gas to form a hot side of the heat exchanger. The second electrical insulator has a rear side which faces a cold fluid passageway to form a cold side of the heat exchanger. A fluid return passageway communicates with the cold fluid passageway to permit cold fluid heated from an exchange of heat in the heat exchanger to be used in the fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric module comprises filled skuderite materials, bismuth telluride, silicon germanium, lead telluride, zinc cadmium antimony, and/or nanostructured (thin-film layered) thermoelectric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The powdered metallic particles are nickel-based alloys, chromium-based alloy, and/or carbide-based alloy.The carbide-based alloys comprise a combination of nickel-based and carbide-based alloys.The metal substrate is made from aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, magnesium, and/or magnesium alloys.Preferred Component: The metal substrate has opposite sides provided with the corrosion resistant metallic boundary regions, each of which has gas conveying channels that preferably have V cross-sections.One of the opposite sides of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding oxygen and extending vertically between horizontally extending conduits so that water formed as a byproduct is drained under gravity. The other side of the bipolar plate has the gas conveying channels guiding hydrogen and arranged in a horizontal zig-zag configuration.Each channel is provided with at least one projection blocking the channel fully or partially and configured to obstruct gas flow.Any source of heat including a hot or heated plate (36) can be used as the heated component thermally treating a side of the substrate which is opposite to the one impinged by the particles.Preferred Dimension: The corrosion-resistant layer is 0.0080-0.010 inch thick.Preferred Method: The corrosion resistant metallic boundary region is provided by using a thermal spray technique or a cold gas dynamic technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component ratio of titanium and chromium in the hydrogen occlusion alloy is 1:1.6-1.9. The component ratio of sum total of titanium and chromium, and sum total of vanadium and molybdenum, is 85:15-80:20. Preferred Structure: The hydrogen occlusion alloy has a body centered cube (BCC) crystal structure. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of hydrogen occlusion alloy, further involves heat-processing the alloy at 1100-1400 degrees Celsius, after rapid solidification process. EXAMPLE - Titanium, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum powder, which have a purity of 99% or more, were uniformly mixed at an atomic ratio of 30%, 50%, 15% and 5%, respectively in argon atmosphere. The obtained alloy was subjected to water quenching at a cooling rate of 110-150 degrees Celsius/minute. After quenching, the alloy was subjected to heat-processing at 250 degrees Celsius, so that the distortion and microseggregation due to solidification shrinkage were eliminated, and cooled slowly. The obtained hydrogen occlusion alloy had uniform structure. The obtained alloy was used for hydrogen storage system. The obtained alloy had hydrogen storage capacity of 3.698 at 10 MPa, residual hydrogen storage capacity of 0.85 at 0.1 MPa and rechargeable hydrogen storage capacity of 2.848.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photocatalyst consists of a semiconductor oxide of alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, transition metal, noble metal, and/or rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The alkali metal salt and/or alkaline earth metal salt, is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The ionic substance (B) having cyano group, has anion expressed with formula (I).X = element chosen from boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic and selenium;M1, M2 = organic connection group;Q = organic group;a = integer greater than 0; andb-e = 0 or more. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate was dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent containing mixture of ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate in the capacitance ratio of 1:1. An electrolytic solution (1) was obtained. Lithium dicyano amide was added to the obtained electrolytic solution, in the mass ratio of 1:34. An ionic conductive material was obtained. The cyclic-voltammetric measurement of the obtained material was analyzed, and the material was found to be electrochemically stable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The layer of stable foam is applied to the surface portion of the substrate at 0.5-25 g ionomer/m2 by blade coating, die coating, comma bar coating, screen printing or dip coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The surface portion is one major planar surface of a sheet of porous, electrically conductive material comprising a catalyst layer. The ionomer-containing fluid further comprises a catalyst powder. The gas is chemically inert, preferably nitrogen, oxygen or air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The sheet of porous, electrically conductive material is a sheet of woven or non-woven carbon fiber paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionomer of the ionomer-containing fluid is sulfonated perfluorocarbon ionomer. The ionomer-containing fluid further comprises water and an alcohol, preferably isopropyl alcohol.Preferred Composition: The concentration of isopropyl alcohol is 0-30 (preferably 7-10) wt.% of the ionomer-containing fluid. The ratio of air to ionomer-containing fluid is 2:1-20:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ion exchange resin is selected from copolymer of perfluoro vinyl compound, tetra fluoro ethylene.
EXAMPLE - Sodium ethyl mercaptide (in g) (200), dimethyl carbonate (90) and tetrahydrofuran (300 cc) were taken in an autoclave. The pressure in the reaction system was reduced to 40-60 mmHg. Tetrafluoro ethylene was blown into the autoclave under reduced pressure at 10-30 degrees Celsius. The content was stirred vigorously. The consumption velocity of tetrafluoroethylene reduced, with advance of the reaction. After reaction completion, the hydrochloric acid gas was blown into the reaction mixture. The content was neutralized. The salt produced was separated by filtration. Tetrahydrofuran and methanol were removed from the filtrate using evaporator. Vacuum distillation of residue was carried out to obtain fluorinated ketone compound as main fraction (172). The fluorinated ketone compound was represented by formula: (C2H5SCF2CF2)2CO.    The obtained compound was stirred vigorously with sulfuryl chloride (200 cc) using chlorine gas. The content reacted for 10 hours and vacuum distilled to obtain sulfanyl chloride compound represented by formula: (ClSCF2CF2)2CO as main fraction.    Sulfuryl chloride (300 cc) was mixed with obtained sulfanyl chloride (360). The content was stirred vigorously using air containing 20% of ozone. The content was reacted for 30 hours and vacuum distilled to obtain fluorinated ketone compound of formula: (ClSO2CF2CF2)2CO as main fraction.    Polyether sulfone resin (10) was dissolved in dichloromethane (100). Obtained ketone compound (5) and CF3SO3H (0.1) were added. The content was reacted at 80 degrees Celsius in a micro-cylinder overnight. Obtained solution was cast on a glass plate to form a polyether sulfone film. The ketone compound was added to the aromatic ring of polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The band comprises aromatic polyamide fibers and is made from a metal or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic electrolyte is a solution of acid(s) in water. The acid is phosphoric acid, perchloric acid, and/or sulfuric acid. An inert porous matrix is included. One of the two electrolytes is an alkaline electrolyte in contact with the anode. The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and/or potassium hydroxide. The fuel cell is metal, hydrogen-containing species, or carbon-containing species. It is also hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acidic electrolyte can also be an organic solution comprising acetic acid and/or carboxylic acid. The organic solution also contains alkyl amines. The fuel cell is also methanol, ethanol, alcohols, methane, and/or sugars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alkaline electrolyte is a solid polymer electrolyte capable of hydroxide anion exchange.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The emulsion further comprises at least 20 wt.% alcohol from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, n-pentanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or butyleneglycol. In the alkoxylated alkyl alcohols, alkoxylated alkyl monoesters, alkoxylated alkyl esters, the alkoxylated groups are an ethoxylated group.Preferred Property: The emulsion has conductivity of 20-40 mhos at 25degreesC. It is stable to freeze thaw cycles in -54 to +50degreesC. EXAMPLE - 0.6 g polyethylene glycol 600 monolaurate (structure 1b) and 0.4 g polyethylene glycol 200 dilaurate, Type-A surfactants were added 61 g isooctane and 39 g water and mixed for 5 minutes at 25degreesC. The mixture was allowed to stand for 30 minutes. A water-in-oil emulsion with excess water splitting out was observed. To this mixture was added 0.5 g alkyl ethoxylated amid, and the mixture was mixed again. A milky white emulsion was observed with no phase separation even after 6 hours of standing. The conductivity of water was 47 mumho, naphtha was 0.1 mumho, and the emulsion was 30 mumho confirming the water continuity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The emulsion further comprises up to 20 wt.% alcohol, preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, n-pentanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and/or butylene glycol.Preferred Materials: The hydrocarbon is in the boiling range of -1degreesC to 260degreesC. The water is free of salts of halides, sulfates and carbonates of Group I and Group II elements of the Periodic Table. The alkoxylated alkyl alcohols, alkoxylated alkyl monoesters, alkoxylated alkyl diesters, alkyl polyglycerol monoesters, and alkyl polyglycerol diesters thermally decompose at 250-700degreesC. The alkyl alcohols, alkyl monoesters and alkyl diesters are ethoxylated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The seal element is formed as a crosslinked polymer or as a layer of low-viscosity fluid composition coated on the edge portion or bipolar plate surface by screen-printing.Preferred Thickness: The thickness of seal element is 0.001-0.005 inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises organopolysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has volume of fine air-hole having radius of 0.5 microns or less, of 0.1 cc/g or more, when measured by mercury intrusion technique. The volume of fine air-hole having radius of 0.8 microns or more is 10% or less of the volume of air-hole having radius of 0.01 microns or more. EXAMPLE - Raw coke was ground to obtain a carbon raw material. The raw material was classified such that the mean particle diameter of raw material was 10 microns. The obtained raw material was filled in a rubber die, and pressurized at 1000 kgf/cm2 to obtain cylinder-shaped compact. The obtained compact was bake-processed at 1000degreesC and at speed of 5 degrees C/hour. The baked material was subjected to machining to obtain cylinder-shaped carbon material having diameter of 200 mm and height of 200 mm. The air-hole radius of the obtained carbon material was measured by mercury intrusion technique. The air-hole had large accumulated volume, and the carbon material had high porosity. The volume of fine air-hole having radius of 0.5 microns or less, was 0.1 cc/g or more. The volume of air-hole having radius of 0.8 microns or more occupied 2% of volume of air-hole having radius of 0.01 microns or more. The average air-hole radius of the carbon material was 0.38 microns. The dispersion in air-hole radius was +/- 7.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zirconium oxide contains not less than 0.5 wt.% to not more than 5 wt.% solids.Preferred Property: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of the catalyst carrier is not less than 70 % of BET specific surface area of powder obtained by grinding the catalyst carrier such that the average particle diameter of the resulting particles is 4 mum. The average particle diameter of the particulate cerium-zirconium composite oxide is not less than 1 mum to not more than 15 mum. The average particle diameter of the particulate zirconium oxide is (0.01 mum to not more than 0.5 mum. The average particle diameter of the predetermined particulate noble metal is not less than 0.5 nm to not more than 8 nm. The catalyst carrier is in spherical form, and has a core having a diameter of not less than 0.2 to not more than 0.5 times the diameter of the sphere and a shell formed outside the core. The volume of pores in the catalyst carrier is not less than 0.10 mL/g to not more than 0.20 mL/g. The diameter of pores in the catalyst carrier the distribution of which takes maximum value is not less than 3 nm to not more than 10 nm. The packing density of the CO removal catalyst is not less than 1.1 g/cm3 to not more than 2 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type semiconductor can be formed using a known material enabling n-type semiconductor e.g. zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and nickel oxide. The p-type semiconductor can be formed using a known material enabling p-type semiconductor e.g. cobalt oxide, iron oxide black and copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The device includes a second inductor supplied from a second high-frequency generator, and an injection device for injecting powder and/or liquid or gas inside the inductor. The electromagnetic field generated from the second inductor produces another plasma with the inert gas and graphite vapor that made the previous plasma. A collection device for nanotubes, fullerene, and their derivatives is installed at the exit of evacuation port. The graphite element is formed from rods (5, 7) alternatively shaped in such way to stack up and support themselves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The graphite element is made of graphite with a purity of not less than 90 %. It is doped or added with other solid and/or liquid substances. It comprises metal catalyst containing cobalt, nickel, scandium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, tantalum, tungsten, gold, thorium, uranium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and/or lutetium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The oxide film is formed by allowing the substrate to stand in air or in an oxidizing atmosphere. The electrically conducting thin film is a metal film, preferably a precious metal film or carbon thin film. To improve adhesion an intermediate layer (13) is arranged between the oxide film and the electrically conducting thin film. The intermediate layer is a metal layer made from Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo or W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The injection section is supplied with the material from a material storage container provided outside the pair of substrates. The material includes an oxidizing agent, and the oxygen is produced from the injected oxidizing agent in the flow path. Oxygen produced from the oxidizing agent and carbon monoxide contained in a differently supplied fluid react in the flow path to produce carbon dioxide. The material includes an oxidizing agent, and is mixed with a combustion fuel in the flow path to combust the combustion fuel, thus generating heat energy. The material is a liquid oxidizing agent. It includes hydrogen peroxide or its solution or a dinitrogen monoxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The injection section includes an inkjet head and an injection mechanism which injects the liquid material in a nozzle in a particle form by pressure due to air bubbles that are produced in the nozzle by film boiling through heating the material in the nozzle. The chemical reactor comprises a heat source for heating the flow path. The heat source has a thin film heater (14) and a thermal fluid to be supplied in a flow path provided in a surface of one of the pair of substrates which is opposite to a surface facing the other substrate. The heat source has a combustion reaction furnace which achieves heating by combusting the combustion fuel. The chemical reactor further comprises an injection section which injects and supplies the combustion fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is anode or cathode. The spacer is a first spacer and is attached to a first surface of the plate to form an interconnect assembly (38). The interconnect assembly includes a second spacer identical with the first spacer and attached to a second surface of the interconnect plate. A portion of fuel cell may be considered a fuel cell module (74).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal mesh is woven of metal wires which are woven in a pattern.Preferred Material: The metal is Hastelloy C, Haynes 230, a stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, molybdenum, tantalum, or tungsten.Preferred Property: The weave pattern is simple lock weave, twill weave, plain Dutch weave, twill Dutch weave, or twill Dutch double weave. The three-dimensional pattern is linear, starburst radial, wavy, zig-zag, circular, tapered linear, spiral, cross-hatched, or dimpled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The yarn is twisted after being stretched and spun. It is held with a serving yarn after being stretch broken and spun. It is woven into a fabric. It is stitch bonded into a multiaxial fabric. It is in layers, and mechanically secured together by needle punching into a felt. The fabric is subject to heat to convert the yarn of pitch precursor material into graphitic yarn. It is coated with a carbonaceous mixture. It is incorporated in a composite comprising a thermoplastic or thermoset resin.Preferred Parameter: The ratio of the first filament count to the second filament count is between 5-20.Preferred Component: The hybrid yarn comprises pitch precursor fibers and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen storage material consists of magnesium or titanium group storage material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode catalyst layer includes noble metals selected from platinum or platinum alloy including ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The raw material solution is obtained by reacting or mixing a metal oxide precursor raw material comprising organometallic salt and a metal oxide precursor raw material solution comprising hydrolyzable organometallic compound. Alternately, a raw material solution is obtained by reacting metal oxide precursor raw material solution containing organometallic salt and aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic acid or lower carboxylate salt or aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic acid or lower carboxylate salt dissolved in hydrophobic organic solvent. Carboxylic acid produced during hydrolysis of carboxylate salt, has neutralization value of 250-500.Preferred Metal: Metal in organometallic compound is zirconium, indium, tin, zinc, yttrium or copper, preferably zirconium, indium, zinc or tin. EXAMPLE - Tetra-n-butoxy zirconium (in moles) (0.095) and toluene (0.9) were added to a reaction container. 2-propanol (360 ml) was refluxed at 100 degrees C. Water (0.19) was added at 25 degrees C. Subsequently, the solution was hydrolyzed and polycondensed to form zirconia precursor raw material. Acetic acid, octanoic acid, yttrium acetate tetrahydrate and toluene were added to a reaction container and refluxed at 120 degrees C for 50 hours to form yttria precursor raw material solution. Zirconia precursor raw material solution and yttria precursor raw material solution were mixed in a reaction container and refluxed at 120 degrees C for 50 hours to form complex of organometallic compound. The obtained complex was mixed with toluene. The solution was stably preserved in cool environment for 1 year. A silicon substrate was dip-coated with the obtained solution and calcined at 200 degrees C to form transparent zirconia thin film. The thickness of the film was 205 nm. No crack was observed on the film surface. The film had hardness of 12 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ring compound (I) contains 3-10 carbon atoms.Preferred Method: The ring compound (I) is dissolved in acetonitrile, and then contacted with fluorine gas to manufacture fluorine-containing ring compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine gas contacted with the ring compound (I) comprises diluted fluorine gas. The fluorine gas is diluted by one or more types of gas chosen from nitrogen, helium, hydrogen fluoride and 4C or less perfluoro alkane. Preferred Definitions:    X and R = alkyl group in which a portion of hydrogen atoms or all hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atom; and    n = 2-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 ring compounds (I) such as ethylene carbonate, (gamma)-butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolane-2-one and N-methyl-(delta)-valerolactam, are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (gamma)-Butyrolactone (in g) (21.5) was dissolved in acetonitrile (30.8), and the solution was contacted with fluorine gas diluted to 20-volume % with nitrogen gas. The contents were reacted at 20 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure for 6 hours, and (gamma)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone was obtained as fluorine-containing ring compound. The yield, conversion ratio and selectivity of (gamma)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone were 16.5%, 11.2% and 67.8%, respectively. The production of (alpha)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone and (beta)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone were less when compared with the production of (gamma)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone. Acetonitrile was easily removed from (gamma)-fluoro-(gamma)-butyrolactone after reaction completion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fluorine gas is diluted by nitrogen, helium, hydrogen fluoride and/or 4C or less perfluoroalkane.Preferred Method: The ring compound (I) and fluorine gas are contacted in the presence of a solvent e.g. acetonitrile Preferred Definitions:    X = alkyl group or alkyl group in which one or all of hydrogen atom is substituted with fluorine; and    n = 2 or 3.    The total carbon number in the ring compound (I) is 4-10.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The fluorine-containing ring compound is 4,5-difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone or 4,4'-difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 3-Methyl-2-oxazolidinone (in g) (25.3) was added to a 250 ml Teflon (RTM) container and acetonitrile (30.8) was added. Fluorine gas diluted to 20 volume% with nitrogen was introduced at a speed of 0.045 mol/hour and maintained at 20 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. The mixture was reacted for 6 hours and liquid phase was analyzed after reaction completion. 4,4'-Difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone with yield of 11.8% and conversion rate of 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone of 26.5%, and 4,5-difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone with yield of 12.5% and 8% of monofluoro product and trifluoro product were obtained. The utilization efficiency of fluorine was 50%. Production of 4,4'-difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone and 4,5-difluoro-3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The products were separated by superfractionation or column chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred materials: The metal phosphoric acid compound in anode and cathode is zirconia. The anode and cathode catalyst supports noble metals such as platinum or platinum alloy containing ruthenium to the carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode and cathode catalyst layer has fluoroalkyl ether side chain containing sulphonic acid group and fluoroalkyl sulphonic chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The (co)polymer (B-1) is styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber or their hydrogenated products. The functional group contained in the (co)polymer (B-1) is chosen from carboxyl, alkoxy silyl, epoxy, amino, hydroxyl, sulfonic, halogen, oxazoline, isocyanate and thiol group. The cross-linked material is obtained by heat mixing 0.05-5 mass parts of metallic compounds (B-2) with respect to 100 mass parts of functional group content (co)polymers (B-1). The obtained cross-linked material is subsequently mixed with (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hexaaluminate includes a cation comprising iron, barium, strontium, cerium, hafnium, scandium, zirconium, yttrium, praseodymium, neodymium, magnesium, lanthanum, barium-lanthanum and/or strontium-lanthanum. The alkali(ne earth) metal hydroxide comprises lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and/or barium hydroxide. The precious metal comprises iridium, ruthenium and/or platinum. EXAMPLE - A stainless steel plate was coated with slurry containing barium hexaaluminate, potassium hydroxide and ruthenium hydroxide and platinum hydroxide, then was calcined at 500 degrees C for 4 hours. The resulting catalytic element had a wash coat consisting of 3.76 g/in3 barium hexaaluminate, 0.16 g/in3 potassium hydroxide, 0.04 g/in3 platinum and 0.04 g/in3 ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The non-passivated regions define lands (64), and the passivated regions define grooves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The coating comprises a first polymer composition on the lands, and a second polymer composition on the grooves. The first polymer composition comprises corrosion resistant filter particles. The polymer consists of epoxies, silicones, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The contact element comprises aluminum. The filter particles are gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, niobium, titanium, chromium, rare earth metals, graphite, carbon, their compounds, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane Material - The membrane at fuel inlet is made of material selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, polypropylene, bis-1,4-polybutadiene, natural rubber, cross linked polybutadiene, cis-polyisoprene, polysilicone(dimethyl silicone), copolymers of silicone, silicone carbonates, cellulose-tridecanote. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for fuel cell method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material is expressed with formula, LiaMnxNiyXzO2, whereX= cobalt or aluminum,a= 1-1.2,x= 0-0.65,y= 0.35-1,z= 0-0.65, andx+y+z= 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluorine: The fluoride is chosen from lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base is mixed solution containing glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin for Muffler Shells: The muffler shells are made of polymeric resin selected from fluororesin and high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode is a bipolar electrode comprising positive electrode active material layer containing complex oxide of lithium and transition metal, and negative electrode active material layer comprising complex oxide of carbon or lithium and transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Separator: The separator (B) is adjoined to a portion of anode collector or cathode collector at the thermal fuse, and the heat generation temperature of the collector provided a to-be-detected portion (22) detected by the thermal fuse. Preferred Property: The discharge capacitance of the non-aqueous secondary battery is 5-50 AH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The support for the network of magnets is of a non-magnetic material. The magnets have an anti-corrosion coating of platinum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises an impurity or an additive. The atomic proportion of the metal to the carbon atoms in the pillared carbon material is 1:3 - 1:24 (preferably 1:3 - 1:8, especially 1:3 - 1:6). The pillared carbon material has an interlayer or intertube distance of 6 - 12 Angstrom .Preferred Components: The metal is alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal (preferably Li, Na, K, Be, Mg and/or Ca). The carbon material is graphite, graphene and/or carbon nanostructures (preferably graphite, graphene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanocell, carbon nanobarrel, multi-wall carbon nanotube and/or single-wall carbon nanotube). The impurity or additive is B and/or N. The alkali metal of the solvated alkali metal cation is Li, Na and/or K.Preferred Method: The doping includes intercalation of the metal and ball milling of the pillared carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic ligand solvated alkali metal cation comprises an organic solvent selected from heterocyclic solvents (e.g. a cyclic ether compound (preferably 2,5-dihydrofuran)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The body is an open cell ceramic foam or open cell metallic foam. The burner further includes porous ceramic distribution plate or porous metallic distribution plate to evenly distribute the anode exhaust gas into the burner. The porous catalyst-coated body is coated with catalyst from platinum, rhodium, and/or palladium. The burner operates at ambient pressure.Preferred Process: The combustion of anode exhaust gas further includes providing a porous ceramic distribution plate or porous metallic distribution plate to evenly distribute the anode exhaust gas into the burner.Preferred Property: The porous body has an open porosity of 70-90% of the volume of the porous body. The burner has inlet to outlet pressure drop of 2-3 inches water at operating conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The electrolyte layer comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia, samaria-doped ceria, partially stabilized zirconia, stabilized bismuth sesquioxide, tantalum pentoxide or lanthanum strontium gallium magnesium (LSGM) oxide. The anode layer comprises nickel (Ni), Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cermet, copper-doped ceria, gadolinium-doped ceria, strontium-doped ceria, yttria-doped ceria, copper-YSZ cermet, cobalt-stabilized zirconia cermet, ruthenium-stabilized zirconia cermet and/or LSGM-Ni oxide. The cathode comprises lanthanum strontium manganate, lanthanum strontium ferrite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite, lanthanum ferric oxide/lanthanum cobalt (III) oxide, ytterbium manganese oxide, calcium manganese oxide and/or ytterbium ferric oxide or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the preparation of the fuel cell, a well and a counter-well are produced by etching. The plasma anisotropic etchant is sulfur hexafluoride alternated with octafluorobutene (C4F8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hard stop defines a unitary hard stop structure. The thermoplastic material extends from the FTLs to the hard stop arrangement. An adhesive is provided between the hard stop arrangement and the flow field plates respectively. A sealing arrangement is provided between the flow field plates and peripheral to the MEA. The sealing arrangement comprises an elastomeric gasket. The hard stop arrangement comprises a protruding surface of a peripheral edge of the flow field plates; a recessed surface of the peripheral edge; and an electrically insulating material provided between the respective protruding and recessed surfaces. The hard stop arrangement comprises a channel between the flow field plates, an annular hard stop core and a curved recessed surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic material comprises thermoplastic films. The hard stop arrangement comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, fiberglass, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, Delrin, Mylar, Kapton, Lexan or Teflon. The thermoplastic material comprises polyethylene or fluoroplastic material.Preferred Property: The thermoplastic material has a melting temperature of 50-180 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The yarn further comprises elastomeric fibers containing Spandex (RTM). The collapsible container comprises one or more panels of Mylar (RTM) film and an aluminum coating on the panels. The hydrogen storage medium comprises one or more filaments comprising a hydrogen absorbing material embedded in a hydrogen permeable polymeric matrix. The yarn comprises an organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage device further comprises a heater thermally coupled to the storage medium; an electrical coupling coupled to the yarn; and a fabric that includes the yarn. The hydrogen storage device comprises a vessel; and a roll of fabric disposed within the vessel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The heater includes one or more metal traces on interior surfaces of one or more of the panels of Mylar film. The hydrogen absorbing material includes metal forming metal hydrides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen absorbing material includes carbon nanofibers and/or carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal includes alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal, or aluminum. The alkali metal is lithium or sodium. The alkaline-earth metal is magnesium. The active oxygen species is coupled to a metal. The metal to which the active oxygen species is coupled is lithium that forms lithium peroxide with the active oxygen. The active oxygen species is covalently coupled to an organic material. The metal comprises lithium, magnesium, cesium, or aluminum. The lithium peroxide is dispersed in a carrier carbon-containing carrier comprising a carbon nanotube or carbon black.Preferred Material: The anode is lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material comprises acetyl acetone peroxide, acetyl benzoyl peroxide, acetyl cyclohexanesulfonyl peroxide, tert-amyl hydroperoxide, tert-amyl peroxyacetate, tert-amyl peroxybenzoate, tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethyihexanoate, or tert-amyl peroxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate. The electrolyte comprises lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, or a mixture of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or triethylphosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises a solid polymer electrolyte. EXAMPLE - 2.4 g lithium hydroxide was dissolved in boiling 95% ethanol/5% water (700-800 ml). Single wall carbon nanotubes (0.523 g) were added to the solution. The boiling mixture was added with 1.81 of 30% hydrogen peroxide. The resulting precipitate was washed with hot 95% ethanol to remove any trace of lithium oxide. After each washing, the solid was isolated by centrifugation. The resulting brownish-black solid was dried at room temperature in a desiccator under active vacuum for few days. A 50 wt.% lithium peroxide in the solid was determined by iodometric titration. The preparation was performed under inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A jet mill is used to colloid the activated carbon in later-stage grinding process. A first-stage grinding process for grinding the activated carbon precursor is performed between carbonization and activation process. The later-stage grinding process is performed by dry grinding by colliding the activated carbon (to particle size of 8 microns). EXAMPLE - A chemi-synthesized mesophase pitch (easily graphitizable material) was carbonized by heating at 700 degrees Celsius for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere and an activated carbon precursor was obtained. The precursor was supplied into the ball mill and ground at 60 rpm for 24 hours, and activated carbon precursor with particle size of 13 microns was obtained. Activated carbon precursor powder (1 kg) and 95% potassium hydroxide flakes (1.7 kg) were mixed and stirred at room temperature. Alkyl activation of the mixture was performed at 730 degrees Celsius for 120 minutes and a mesophase activated carbon was obtained. The obtained carbon was water washed and pickled for several times. A portion of potassium was removed, dried at 150 degrees Celsius for 120 minutes and mesophase activated carbon having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 800 m2/g. The obtained carbon was supplied into a jet mill and ground with injection of gas. The mesophase activated charcoal powder of 3 types (10 microns, 7 microns and 4 microns) was obtained. The obtained powder was mixed with poly tetrafluoro ethylene, then thinned into a film and set as a carbon electrode. The electric double layer capacitor was produced using the carbon electrode. The electrostatic capacitance of the capacitor was not reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The electroconductive organic polymer is polyaniline, polyalkyl aniline, polypyridine, polyindole, polyphenyl quinoxaline, poly-1,5-diamino anthraquinone or polyamino diphenyl. The electroconductive organic polymer contains polymer containing sulfonic acid as dopant. The polymer containing sulfonic acid is polyvinyl sulfonic acid, phenol sulfonic acid-novolac resin and/or naphthol sulfonic acid-novolac resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic-oxidation reduction catalyst is at least one type of transition metal chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt and molybdenum or its oxide. The oxidizing agent is oxygen and reducer is hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The aqueous liquid is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic element is selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene rubber, fluororesin, silicone rubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group is phenol lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group, carboxylic acid lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group and/or sulfonic acid lithium salt monomer having polymerizable functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Electrolyzer: The water vapor electrolyzer comprises pressure regulation unit (19), temperature control unit (23), water vapor generator (18) having safety valve (22), and electrolytic cell (12). The electrolytic cell comprises compartment (3), compartment (8) and compartment (11). The compartment (3) has water vapor inflow port (2), fluorine resin-based ion exchange membrane. The compartment (8) has hydrogen discharge port (6) and sponge-like cathode. The compartment (11) has oxygen discharge port (10), anode comprising platinum plated on porous titanium and fluorine resin-based ion exchange membrane plated with platinum, iridium, rhodium or iridium-rhodium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant fluid comprises 1-60 (preferably 20-45) wt.% trimethyl glycine as an anhydrate or monohydrate, and/or salts or derivatives of trimethyl glycine. The coolant may comprise additives. EXAMPLE - An engine coolant comprising 40 wt.% trimethyl glycine and 3 wt.% commercial inhibitor was subjected to corrosion tests in glassware according to ASTM D 1384 using a cast aluminum specimen. Before treatment, the specimen weighed 13.0 mg and the coolant had pH 10.86, alkalinity reserve of 1.81 ml 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (ASTM D 1121) and water content of 55% (ASTM D 1744). After treatment, the specimen weighed 10.1 mg and the coolant had pH 8.11, alkalinity reserve of 1.14 ml 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (ASTM D 1121) and water content of 56% (ASTM D 1744).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming catalyst is selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver and combinations. The crystal stabilizer is selected from barium, strontium, lanthanum, praseodymium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and combinations. The support comprises a substrate selected from cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum, ferrous material, glass and combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Insulated substrate consists of yttria (Y2O3), calcia (CaO), magnesia (MgO) or ceria (CeO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-occluding component consists of composite of nano-class diamond and binder. Preferred Binder: The hydrogen occlusion component contains 0-90% of binder. The binder contains organic compound, resin and/or metal material. The binder is a powder consisting of aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, lanthanum nitride, cast iron, silver, polyimide, epoxy resin and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - A cluster diamond was stored in a gas bottle filled with vacuum. Drying was carried out at 120degreesC for 3 hours. Hydrogen was introduced into the container. The specific surface area of the clustered diamond was 302 mm2/g. The weight change of the cluster diamond was observed. The cluster diamond had high hydrogen storage capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A solid polymeric electrolytic (SPE) unit containing an anode and a cathode is used.An electric power unit is provided for electrolysis.A mixture of methanol and water is supplied to the anode of the electrolytic unit.The hydrogen generated in the electrolytic unit is sent to the fuel cell.The electrolytic unit and the fuel cell are connected in series.A cavity is provided for storing hydrogen gas, between the electrolytic unit and the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent peeling type resist is an organic solvent peeling type resist, and the resist is peeled off by an organic solvent. The palladium activating process uses acidic chemicals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic substrate contains alumina, aluminum nitride or silicon nitride. Degreasing and chemical-polishing agents used at the pretreatment step by the palladium activating process are acidic and do not contain nitric acid.Preferred Method: The metal plate is bonded to the ceramic substrate by a molten metal bonding method or a brazing filler metal bonding method. The zincate conversion process is carried out by steps of removing an oxide film from the surface of the metal plate and of causing the metal plate and the substrate to be washed, dipped in nitric acid, washed, zincate-converted and washed. The palladium activating process is carried out by steps of causing the metal plate and the substrate to be degreased, washed, chemical-polished, washed, palladium-activated and washed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The aluminum alloy is aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-magnesium alloys or aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell, regenerative fuel cell, zinc air fuel cell, or protonic ceramic fuel cell. The fuel cell has a planar configuration, or a tubular configuration. The thermal shield defines an insulating layer on an inner surface of the thermal shield, and another insulating layer on an inner surface of the container. The thermal shield further comprises a second shield wall to define an inner surface of the container, and fluid conduits configured to flow the cooling fluid. The fluid conduits further comprises fluid distribution manifold to distribute the cooling fluid. The cooling fluid comprises an oxidant. The thermal shield comprises a cylindrical shield assembly. The cylindrical shield assembly further comprises a base and a seal configured to separate the cooling fluid from the oxidant; the base being configured to receive the seal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The insulating layer is made of ceramic oxides, and/or cellular ceramic foam materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The distance-defining component comprises a resin material. The resin material is a porous sheet which is obtained by processing a resin fabric or a metallic wire. The electrolyte of polymer electrolyte layer contains a solid polymer electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The layer (3) comprises composite oxide of lithium and transition metal. The layer (2) comprises carbon or composite oxide of lithium and transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrical insulator is chosen from polyester resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin, vinyl resin, urethane resin, epoxy resins, acrylic resin and/or chlorinated rubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from carbon steel, alloyed steel, cemented carbide alloy, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, titanium alloy, and/or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition does not include a metal-containing compound. The component (A) contains 0.001 mols or more of a component containing a carbon double bond having reactivity with a SiH group w.r.t to 1 g of (A) component. The component (A) does not include elements other than carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen as constituent element. The component (A) has a molecular weight of 900 or less, has a vinyl group content of 1-6 and a viscosity of 100 Pa.s at 23 degrees C. The component (A) is an organic compound of formula (I).R1 = 1-50C monovalent organic group.The component (B) has a molecular weight of 500-700 and is an alpha organic compound, preferably an alpha aliphatic compound having an annular polyorgano siloxane with 3 or more SiH groups in one molecule and has a structure of formula (II).R2 = 1-6C organic group; andn = 3-10.The component (D) is epoxy silane. The component (D) or (E) further contains carbon-carbon double bond and/or SiH group having reactivity with SiH group. The ionic element content in the composition is 500 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The pores are dimensioned to inhibit fuel solution from passing from the fuel holding chamber to the hydrogen chamber. The pores have a cross section as a function of the fuel solution and material forming the divider. The pores may have varying cross section. The pores are dimensioned based upon the equation stating that the break through pressure is equal to twice the product of the interfacial tension between the two phases in the pore and cosine of the contact angle measured from the pore wall to the tangent of the 2 phase interface drawn from the three phase contact point at the pore wall into the pore fluid divided by the pore radius. The pores are oriented parallel to each other. The first exterior surface is hydrophilic. The second surface is hydrophobic. The housing comprises a structure capable of raising the pressure within the fuel holding chamber. The structure capable of raising the pressure comprises a movable wall of the fuel holding chamber used to move inwardly exert a force against the fuel solution within the fuel holding chamber. The movable wall comprises a spring biased plate. The pore has conical cross section. The divider comprises hollow fiber (18) or set(s) of flat plates. The set(s) of flat plates comprise hydrophilic plate, catalyst containing plate with pores containing the catalyst, and hydrophobic sheet held together.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium or zinc. The reducing agent is chemical hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer further comprises an electron conductor, preferably carbon (52). The catalyst layer is the mixture of the catalyst particles and the other particles.Preferred Properties: The molecule has a mean molecular weight of 40-10000. The porous film has a porosity of 5-95%, and a mean pore diameter of 0.1-10 microns. The catalyst layer has a thickness of 0.1-10000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecule comprises fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon. The ion-conducting functional group is a proton dissociating functional group, or a hydrogen bondable functional group. The proton dissociating functional group is functional group(s) from a phosphonyl, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinic, sulfonic, or carboxyl. The hydrogen bondable functional group is functional group(s) from a mercapto, ether linkage group, nitro, hydroxyl, quaternary ammonium base, or amino. The chemical bond is bond(s) from a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a coordinate bond, or a metallic bond. It is preferably a covalent bond formed by an elimination reaction, or a bond via an oxygen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst particles comprise platinum, gold, palladium, nickel, rhodium, cobalt, iridium, osmium, or iron. The other particles are an inorganic substance comprising silica, alumina, quartz, glass, ceramics, or mica.Preferred Property: The inorganic substance particles have a mean particle diameter of 0.1-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte also contains tetra alkyl ammonium salt(s) of formula (2).R1-R4 = 1-6C alkyl group; andX- = as defined above.The diethyl dimethyl ammonium salt is tetrafluoroborate salt. EXAMPLE - 94.6 mol% of diethyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoro borate and 5.4 mol% of ethyl trimethyl ammonium tetrafluoro borate were dissolved in propylene carbonate to form an electrolyte liquid having moisture content of 20 ppm. An electrolyte double layer capacitor formed using the electrolyte liquid was found to have initial stage electrostatic capacitance of 13 F/cc and favorable constant current charging and discharging property.
EXAMPLE - Lithium cobaltate (anode active material) (in weight parts) (100), acetylene black carbon powder (3) and polytetrafluoro ethylene resin dispersion (4) were mixed to obtain a paste-form mixture. The obtained mixture was painted on aluminum foil anode collector, dried and rolled to obtain an anode. Scale like graphite (cathode active material) (100) and water-soluble dispersion (4) of styrene butadiene rubber were mixed to form a paste form mixture. The obtained mixture was painted on strip-shaped copper foil cathode collector, dried and rolled to obtain a cathode. The anode and cathode were elliptically wound via a polypropylene separator to form an electrode group.    A non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium hexafluoro phosphite dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate was injected into the battery case to obtain a lithium secondary battery. Weight ratio of anode active material respect to cathode active material was 5. Capacity of the obtained battery was 700 mAh. Swelling of the battery after 500 cycles was found to be reduced. Charging and discharging property of the obtained battery was found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nano size carbon is obtained by supporting metal having boiling point below carbonaceous boiling point, metal oxide and/or acidic gas in carbon. Alternately, nano size carbon is obtained by dehydrohalogenating a portion of raw material containing polyhalogenated vinylidene or its copolymer using a specific carbon precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The lithium transition metal complex oxide is lithium manganese complex oxide having spinel crystal structure or layered crystal structure, lithium manganese nickel complex oxide, lithium manganese nickel copper complex oxide or lithium manganese nickel cobalt manganese oxide. The lithium transition metal complex oxide has chemical formula (I). LiaMnxNiyCo1-x-yO2 (I)a is 0-1.1; andx and y is 0-0.50.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyvinyl alcohol type resin composition contains resin component (I) which consists of thermosetting polyvinyl alcohol type resin obtained by reacting cyclic anhydride with polyvinyl alcohol type resin and resin component (II) which consists of acrylic resin group plasticizer obtained by reacting lauryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer with bifunctional type epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The heat resistant resin layer is formed from resin such as 4-methyl-1-pentene resin, cross-linked polyolefin resin, annular polyolefin resin, and polyethylenenaphthalate resin, with film such as biaxial-extension polypropylene film, biaxial-extension polyester film and biaxial-extension polyamide film. The metal bonding resin layer comprises resin selected from a group of alpha olefin polymer, alpha olefin copolymer, ethylene, acrylic acid or copolymer with acrylic-acid derivative, methacrylic acid or copolymer with methacrylic acid derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene terephthalate resin contains 1-6 mol% of diethylene glycol with respect to total amount of entire diol components. The resin composition further contains organic lubricating agent (in weight parts) (0.02-4) and/or inorganic lubricating agent (0.02-4) with respect to thermoplastic resin (100). EXAMPLE - A resin composition containing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin (in wt.%) (100), inorganic lubricating agent (in weight parts) (0.2) and organic lubricating agent (0.2), was prepared. The PET resin contained terephthalic acid (in mol%) (100), ethylene glycol (96.6) and diethylene glycol (3.4). The resin composition was extruded, and a non-expanding tube was obtained. The non-expanding tube had outer diameter of 12.2 mm, and thickness of 162 mum. The non-expanding tube was drawn at 98 degrees Celsius, with drawing ratio of 1.74, and a drawn heat-shrinking tube was obtained. The drawn heat-shrinking tube had outer diameter of 18.8 mm and thickness of 100 mum. The heat-shrinking tube had excellent heat resistance, moisture resistance, cutting property and opening property. The heat-shrinking tube had shrinkage of 35% in radial direction and 8% in length direction, and time dependent embrittlement of 360% before processing and 340% after processing. The density of terminal carboxyl group of PET resin was 17.5 eq/106 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The alkali earth metal is magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixture contains hydrogenating catalyst to adsorb hydrogen. It is in form of fine powder. Preferred Methods: The borate and alkali earth metal are pulverized of an average particle diameter of maximum 100 mum. Coke oven gas is used as a source of hydrogen. The mixture is provided with hydrogen atmosphere at 450degreesC and heated to 500-650degreesC. Preferred Compounds: The tetrahydroborate produced includes sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The circulating unit is arranged in the cell and is a displacement pump, especially a membrane pump. The circulating unit has an electric motor connected to it. A control unit (22) controls the circulating unit. The circulating unit is formed as one-piece with the housing (24) of the accumulator. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid. The electrodes are lead electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The active material is subjected to a washing process.Preferred Parameters: The difference in specific surface area between before and after the washing process is at most1 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate crystals were mixed with cobalt sulfate crystals such that nickel/cobalt mole ratio was 0.83/0.17, and the mixture was dissolved in water to obtain in aqueous solution. An ammonia aqueous solution was added a drop at a time and a reaction was carried out at pH of 11-13 and a temperature of 40-50 degrees Celsius to obtain the spherical particles having average particle size of 5-15 mum, expressed as Ni0.89Co0.17(OH)2. By controlling the concentration of the nickel during crystallization, the spherical secondary particles (average particle size of 4.8-16 mum) of comparative examples, expressed as Ni0.89Co0.17(OH)2, were obtained. The spherical secondary particles were mixed with lithium hydroxide and worked up to obtain sintered products useful as the active materials having composition of Li0.04(Ni0.89Co0.17)0.09O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The bipolar plate has separate passages (6, 7) for operating medium. The plate elements each have two, four or eight passages. The bipolar plate has feed channels and/or removal channels on two or four coolant passage openings. The plate elements are made from high grade steel, titanium, nickel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plate has ribbed structure and holes (14) having a diameter of 0.020-0.100 inch.Preferred Properties: The plate has an overall active area of 5 cm2 and a recessed active area of 5 cm2. The recessed active area had a depth to a surface of the plate of 0.020-0.080 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The closed-cell foam rubber comprises silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrode assembly comprises no hard stop layer. It comprises a peripheral sealing zone in which the gasketed fuel cell membrane electrode assembly consists of an ion conducting membrane and a closed-cell foam rubber gasket.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises removing the remaining alkali to obtain a nonporous carbon; and treating the obtained nonporous carbon at 500-900 degrees Celsius within a reducing atmosphere.Preferred Condition: The carbon has a specific surface area of less than 100 m2/g.Preferred Compound: The caustic alkali comprises potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, and/or rubidium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - Petroleum-based needle coke A was pulverized, metered, and put into a crucible. The carbon was dry distilled at 750 degrees Celsius for 4 hours within a stream of nitrogen. The carbon left in the crucible was put into a crucible of high-purity aluminum. Fine particles of potassium hydroxide (20 parts by weight) was added to carbon (10 parts by weight) and mixed well. The mixture was thermally treated at 800 degrees Celsius for 4 hours within a stream of nitrogen to activate the mixture. The mixture was allowed to cool. A carbon containing a large amount of potassium carbonate of potassium oxide and metal potassium was put into a beaker together with the crucible. The mixture was washed with water, obtaining slurried carbon suspended in strong alkali water. The liquid was filtered and the carbon was recovered and loaded to a liquid chromatography column. Distilled water was pumped through the column, and temperature was maintained at 150 degrees Celsius. Argon gas was passed through after washing to dry the carbon. The resulting nonporous carbon was thermally treated in a crucible at 500-900 degrees Celsius within a stream of hydrogen or hydrogen-nitrogen mixture gas for 2-6 hours, producing a hydrogenated nonporous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar organic solvent (50-500 pbw) is tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetone, ethylacetate, diethylether, or chloroform. The alcohol solvent (1000-5000 pbw) is isopropyl alcohol, methanol, or ethanol.Preferred Property: The polar organic solvent has a compatibility with a polymer, which is included in the polymer electrolyte membrane, and a limited solubility characteristics with respect to the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane such that the solvent required to dissolve 1 g of the polymer in the polymer electrolyte membrane is 10-2000 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal catalyst is platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium, nickel, osmium, manganese, titanium, zirconium, tungsten, iron, molybdenum, iridium, or tin.Preferred Method: The catalyst composition is coated by a spray coating method, a tape casting method, a screen printing, or a spin coating method.Preferred Condition: The catalyst composition is coated and dried at 20-90 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte membrane is formed of perfluoropolymer, sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenyleneoxide, polyamide, polyphosphazene, polyethylenenaphthalate, or polyester. The polymer ionomer (5-30 pbw) is Nafion ionomer, sulfonated polytrifluorostyrene, sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyamide, or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The surface roughness of the support is planarized by the catalyst portion. The catalyst portion is arranged at a region in which pinhole (104) in the separation membrane exists. The carbon monoxide (CO) modified catalyst contained in the catalyst portion is methanation catalyst which transforms CO to methane, a shift catalyst which transforms CO to carbon dioxide and water, or CO selective oxidation catalyst which selectively oxidizes CO.Preferred Properties: The mean particle diameter of the particle which comprises the support is 5 times or more of the mean particle diameter of the particle which comprises the catalyst portion. The thickness of the support is more than the thickness of the separation membrane. The catalyst portion is thinner than the thickness of the support, and thinner than the thickness of the separation membrane. The thickness of the separation membrane is 2 micrometers or less.Preferred Material: The support consists of alumina, silica or their composite ceramic material. The support consists of water-resistant metal which are SUS, enameling iron or their composites. The separation membrane is an alloy of palladium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, simple substances of zirconium or their composites, simple substance or composite of silver or copper.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing apparatus has modification portion which performs modification reaction from hydrocarbon type heating gas to hydrogen-rich gas, combustion portion, hydrogen separation membrane which selectively passes through the hydrogen gas produced in the combustion portion for supplying heat required for modification reaction, and a hydrogen route for hydrogen gas which passed through the hydrogen separation membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyvinyl alcohol type resin composition contains resin component (I) which consists of thermosetting polyvinyl alcohol type resin obtained by reacting cyclic anhydride with polyvinyl alcohol type resin and resin component (II) which consists of acrylic resin group plasticizer obtained by reacting lauryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer with bifunctional type epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinyl compound, which has aromatic group in side chain, is benzyl (meth)acrylate and/or styrene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The alkali metal salt is lithium per chlorate (LiCIO4), lithium tetrafluoro borate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) and/or bis (trifluoro methyl sulfonyl) lithium nitride (LiN(CF3SO2)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt has a quaternary ammonium organic substance cation such as imidazolium ion having structure of formula (1). The lithium salt and fused salt comprises anion of non-metallic element.R1, R3 = 1-6C alkyl; andR = H or 1-6C alkyl. EXAMPLE - The non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 0.75 mol of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) in 41 l of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The melting point and glass transition point of the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte were calculated by DSC analysis at -150 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius. The result showed that the non-aqueous electrolyte does not have melting point but had glass transition point of -82 degrees Celsius. The non-aqueous electrolyte had favorable lithium ionic conductivity at 60 degrees Celsius. An electrochemical device such as non-aqueous electrolyte battery was produced using the obtained electrolyte. The battery had favorable initial-stage discharge property, high discharge property and low temperature discharge property. The obtained battery was safe to use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The impurity content of ionic substance is 300 ppm or less.The ionic substance is stable at an oxidation potential of 4.5 V vs.Li/Li+, and in the potential area of -0.5-4.5 V vs.Li/Li+.Preferred Composition: The ion conductor material further contains an alkali metal salt and/or an alkaline earth metal salt. The ionic substance contains cation of formula L+Rs (2).L = carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or oxygen;R = organic group; ands = 3, 4 or 5, and is decided by the valency of L. EXAMPLE - N-butyl bromide (in g) (205.5) was dropped into a reactor containing methyl pyrrolidine (85) and 2-butanone (400). The components were reacted at 80 degrees C for 2 hours, and the reaction solution was filtered. 1-Methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium bromide (MBPyBr) was formed in the form of yellow white crystals. The crystals were washed with methyl ethyl ketone, and white MBPyBr crystals (187) were obtained with a yield of 90%. Dicyanamide ammonium (37.8) and acetonitrile (100) were taken in a separate flask and kept at room temperature. The MBPyBr (62.4) dissolved in acetonitrile (300), was dropped into the flask. The reaction system was kept at 30 degrees C with stirring for 24 hours. The formed precipitate was removed by suction filtration. The volatile matter was removed at 50 degrees C and 1.3-26.6 kPa. The concentrate was dissolved in dichloromethane, filtered using a membrane filter having pore size of 0.2 microns, evaporated to remove dichloromethane and dried under reduced pressure at 60 degrees C for 3 days. 1-Methyl-3-butyl pyrrolidium dicyanamide (MBPyDCA)(60) was obtained with a yield of 90%. The MBPyDCA was a colorless transparent liquid with a silver ion concentration of 20 ppm, water content of 30 ppm, nitrate ion concentration of 10 ppm and viscosity of 35 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The alloy contains (in wt.%) 2.5- 5.0 Al, 13-21 Cr, more than 0.01-0.1 Y and more than 0.01-0.1 Hf., preferably 2.5-5.0 Al, 13-21 Cr, 0.05-0.8 Si, more than 0.01-0.1 Y, more than 0.01-0.1 Hf, and more than 0.01-0.2 Zr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each metallic bridging group is linked to organic nodes at two cites. It is a paddle-wheel complex. It is a compound of the formula (Cu(O2CR)(L)2). It is (Cu(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2), (Cu(O2CCH=CH2)2(H20)2), (Cu(O2CC(CH3)=CH2)2(H2O)2), (Cu(O2CCtriple bondCH)2(H2O)2), or (Cu(O2CCH2Ctriple bondCH)2(H2O)2). Each organic node is 1,2,3-tris(4-pyridyl)cyclopropane, bis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane, tetrakis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane (preferred), pentakis(4-pyridyl)cyclopentane, hexakis(4-pyridyl)cyclohexane, or hexakis(4-pyridyl)benzene. The metal-organic framework includes organic functional groups directed into, or lining the cavities of the metal-organic framework. The organic groups comprise carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds. The storage gas is methane, ethane, propane, butane, or related hydrocarbon.R = 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, aryl, OH, 1-6C alkanoyl, or amino;L = H2O, RaOH, amino, or pyridyl;Ra = H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkenyl, 2-6C alkynyl, aryl, or 1-6C alkanoyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each metallic bridging group comprises a first row transition metal. It comprises copper. A metal lining the cavities is provided that reacts with the storage gas to fix the gas within the cavity. The storage gas is helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, or radon. It is hydrogen (preferred), oxygen, or nitrogen.Preferred Property: Each cavity is 20-2000, preferably 50-1000 Angstrom 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The vehicle further comprises a fuel processor that delivers pure hydrogen to the fuel cell, outlets for delivering heated air derived from the fuel cell to areas alongside the vehicle, heat exchanger mechanism for extracting heat from the heat output of the fuel cell and for entraining the heat in air for delivery to the vehicle, a separator linked to the water outlet of the fuel cell for extracting water from the air-water mixture from the fuel cell, a reformer in the fuel processor, and storage for pure hydrogen mounted on the vehicle and linked to the fuel cell for delivery of pure hydrogen to the fuel cell. The fuel cell is a direct-fuel fuel cell. The vehicle includes a storage system for the direct-fuel mounted on the vehicle or a storage facility for storing liquefied propane aboard the vehicle. The fuel processor includes a hydrogen purifier. The vehicle further comprises a gas accumulation reservoir that receives rejected flammable gases from the hydrogen purifier and rejected hydrogen and other flammable gases from the fuel cell, for use in a burner device for producing heat. The vehicle further comprises a path from the fuel cell to a converter for changing the voltage and/or amperage of electrical power from the fuel cell, and from the converter, a path to power-consuming mechanism within or outside of the vehicle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vehicle further comprises a fuel cell including polymer electrolyte membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The vehicle further comprises a fuel cell including phosphoric acid, alkaline, solid oxides, or molten carbonate fuel cells; or in the absence of a fuel processor, the vehicle comprises pure hydrogen, metal hydrides, or a nanotube storage system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel rods are aluminum.Preferred Compound: The hydroxide solution comprises potassium hydroxide (25 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The temperature of the holding tank hydroxide solution is approximately 180 degrees F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyvinyl alcohol type resin composition contains resin component (I) consisting of thermosetting property polyvinyl alcohol type resin, and resin component (II) consisting of acrylic resin type plasticizer. Preferred Resin: The polyvinyl alcohol type resin is obtained by reacting cyclic anhydride with polyvinyl alcohol type resin. Preferred Plasticizers: The acrylic resin type plasticizer is obtained by reacting lauryl acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer with a bifunctional type epoxy resin. The cathode active material is a graphite carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive substance is titanium, stainless steel and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The MFI type zeolite is a proton-type or sodium-type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The tungsten compound is tungstic trioxide or tungsten dioxide, and tantalum compound is ditantalum pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic high molecular compound (A) is polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole, poly benzimidazole, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polyaryl ether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone, polyparaphenylene, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone and/or polyimide. The proton conductive substituent is sulfonic acid. Preferred Method: Alternately, high polymer film containing compound (A) and fluorine inducing agent are contacted, and proton conductive substituent is introduced. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) film was immersed in mixed solution of 1-chloro butane and chlorosulfonic acid at room temperature for 2 hours. The additional amount of chlorosulfonic acid was set such that the quantity of acid was 8 equivalent with respect to the aromatic unit of the film. The chlorosulfonic acid concentration in the mixed solution was 2 weight%. The PPS film was washed, hydrolyzed and dried at 23degreesC. A proton conductivity property polymer film was obtained. The film was subjected to fluorinated processing by introducing fluorine gas as fluorine inducing agent in a reaction tank at room temperature for 0.5 hours. A fluorinated proton conductive polymer film was obtained. The obtained film had ion exchange capacity of 0.97 milliequiv/g, proton conductivity of 1.3x10-2 S/cm and excellent oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The temperature is maintained at 0 degrees C or more, after completion of irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The pulse discharge can be performed in a raw material gas containing gaseous alcohol to induce the reaction. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. The reaction is performed in the absence of a catalyst. The method is performed by supplying the raw material gas continuously. EXAMPLE - Ethanol and steam are supplied in a 1:1 ratio to produce a mixed gas. This is supplied to a quartz tube heated to 120 degrees C at 30 ml/minute. A voltage of 1.5 kV is supplied to the electrodes on the hydrogen production device and a pulse discharge is produced. Hydrogen is produced and collected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system further comprises a second plasma reactor between the anode and the fuel source. The plasma reactors create an electric field of approximately 106 V/cm, and generate non-thermal plasma or thermal plasmas. The plasma reactors further comprise cylindrical electrodes and a dielectric barrier between the electrodes. The electrodes and dielectric barrier are arranged in a support structure comprising micro-size holes for allowing gas passage through the holes. The electrolyte further comprises a solid oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Particles of the layered clay mineral powder have an acid site of a surface. The layered clay mineral powder in the proton conductive membrane has been applied by a modifying agent which contains sulfuric acid and metal sulfates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The separator has a thickness of 10-60 microns, a porosity of 40-85% and the maximum pore size of at most 1 micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode (31) comprises a metal current collector and an electrode sheet (37A-B) containing a carbonaceous material and having a thickness of 80-400 microns. The electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a quaternary onium salt as a solute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode sheet is bonded with an adhesive layer (35) to each side of the metal current collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode sheet contains 5-30 mass% carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameters: The aluminum alloy crystals have a grain size of not more than 100 nm. The catalyst comprises not more than 5 bulk weight percent of particles.Preferred Method: The catalyst is intercalated by impact milling the nanocrystalline alloy powder with a powder comprising the catalyst. It may be intercalated by placing the nanocrystalline alloy powder and an electrode comprising the catalyst in an electrolyte and applying an electrical potential between the catalyst electrode and the nanocrystalline alloy powder to electrodeposit the catalyst on the powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is carbon. It may comprise fullerene structure consisting of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material is selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as alkynes such as 1-hexyne, alkene such as benzene, toluene, xylene, alkanes such as n-hexane, ketones such as acetone, aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid, alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal catalyst is made of material selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and alloy of iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, iridium, osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The functional group containing (co)polymer is styrene-butadiene, butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber or their hydrogenated material. The functional group which comprises the functional group containing (co)polymer is carboxyl group, alkoxy silyl, epoxy group, amino group, hydroxyl group, sulfone group, oxazoline group, isocyanate group, thiol group and/or halogen.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains an amine compound. EXAMPLE - Amine modified styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene hydrogenated block copolymer (in weight parts) (20) and Nipsil VN3 (RTM: silica) (30), were blended at 150degreesC. The obtained mixture was blended with T7501EF (RTM:ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber) (112), Degussa Si69 (2.4) (RTM: coupling agent), zinc white (5), Lunac S30 (RTM: stearic acid) (0.5), Seast S (RTM: carbon black) (5) and softener (8) at 100degreesC for 5 minutes. Per cumyl D-40 (RTM: crosslinker) (6.75) and cross-linking adjuvant (0.2) were added to the above mixture and mixed at 50-70degreesC for 5 minutes and a rubber composition was obtained. A test material was produced using the composition and cured by heating for 10 minutes. The test material had tensile strength of 18.1 MPa and tensile elongation of 590% at 23degreesC, and tensile strength of 3.8 MPa and tensile elongation of 260% at 120degreesC, measured based on JIS K6251, spring hardness of 53 measured based on JIS K6253, static dynamic ratio of 1.30 measured based on JIS K6394, and excellent heat resistance after aging in an oven at 140degreesC for 200 hours, as the change in elongation was -48% and change in tensile strength was -47%, measured according to JIS K6257.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The cooling unit is formed as an endothermic reaction unit and the heating unit is formed as an exothermic reaction unit. The cooling and the heating unit are formed as a catalyst of the fuel cell unit. The fuel for the system is gaseous methane. The exothermic reaction is the conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to water and/or the conversion of carbon monoxide and water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The endothermic reaction is the conversion of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The system further comprises an oxygen feeding unit (38) and a control or regulating unit (52).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The firing includes a first process from room temperature to 300-450 degrees Celsius and a second process from room temperature to the firing completion temperature. A material which can produce conductive carbon by thermal decomposition is added after the first process and before the second process. Conductive carbon can be added before the first process. The compound which can form conductive carbon is a bitumen which is a petroleum pitch whose softening temperature is 80-350 degrees Celsius, weight loss initiation temperature is 350-450 degrees C and can produce conductive carbon at 500-800 degrees Celsius. A material which can produce conductive carbon by thermal decomposition is a saccharide. At least one selected from hydrogen, water and water vapor is added at a temperature of at least 500 degrees Celsius in the firing process. EXAMPLE - Iron powder (4.5g), and 85% H3PO4 (9.2901g) are mixed, and dissolution reaction is performed for 2 hours. After grinding the reaction product, LiOH.H2O (3.381g) is added, and grinding is carried out for 1 hour. After drying, petroleum pitch (0.6630g) is added to give the primary reaction product. This is heated at 400 degrees Celsius for 5 hours under nitrogen, cooled then heated to 300 degrees Celsius for 5 hours, and 725 degrees Celsius for 10 hours to give the positive electrode material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of external energy varies with respect to the particle diameter of the gas made into occluding material. The bond distance between molecule or atom of aggregate is 0.5-4 nm.Preferred Aggregate: The aggregate is carbon material, such as carbon nanotube or graphite.Preferred Method: The external energy is added by vibration, preferably ultrasonic oscillation. Alternatively, external energy is added by heat or mechanical methods.Preferred Material: The external energy is added to material consisting of Van der Waals molecule, Van der Waals cluster and/or molecular crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Storage: A hydrogen source supplied hydrogen to the storage tank. The compound is hydrogen molecule clathrate compound produced by reaction between polymolecule-type compound and hydrogen molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precipitate is micro metal iron and/or micro iron carbide.Preferred Process: The carbon fiber is obtained by supplying mixed gas of high temperature carbon compound gas and hydrogen gas to kish graphite.Preferred Gas: The carbon compound gas is carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas are mixed at a ratio of 3-1 to 5-1. EXAMPLE - Kish graphite (100 mg) having carbon concentration of 88 % was charged to a container. The temperature of the container was maintained at 500 degrees C, and the pressure was maintained at atmospheric pressure. Then hydrogen gas was supplied. The iron which was precipitated in the kish graphite was reduced. Carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas were supplied for 1 hour. The temperature and pressure of the reaction container was adjusted to 500 degrees C and atmospheric pressure. A carbon nano fiber (86 mg) having diameter of 2-300 micrometer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The three steps of alkali activation process is performed at 250-500 degrees C, 400-800 degrees C and 600-1000 degrees C, respectively such that the temperature increases from one step to another step. The inert gas containing 5-100 vol% of carbon dioxide is introduced to alkali activation processing inside system, during second step. EXAMPLE - A carbon fiber ground material and potassium hydroxide were supplied to a reaction container in a weight ratio of 1:2. Nitrogen gas was supplied and maintained for 3 hours. The temperature was raised to 450 degrees C in 2 hours and 15 minutes and maintained at that temperature for 3 hours. Then, the temperature was raised to 650 degrees C over 1 hour and 20 vol% carbon dioxide was introduced. The temperature was maintained for 3 hours and then raised to 730 degrees C in 0.5 hours. The temperature was maintained at 730 degrees C for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then washed to form activated carbon fiber having BET specific surface area of 610 m2/g. An electrical-double layer capacitor was formed using the activated carbon fiber. The electrostatic capacitance per unit volume of the capacitor was 36 F/cc and electrode density of 0.93 g/cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The preferred material for damping material is selected from the group of rubber, elastomers. The thin battery has synthetic resin layer whose material is selected from the group consisting of ionomer, polypropylene, modified polypropylene, polyethylene, modification polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The preferred material of positive electrode terminal containing lithium-manganese type complex oxide as active substance, is selected from the group of aluminum, iron and nickel. The preferred material of negative electrode terminal containing amorphous carbon material as active substance, is selected from the group of iron, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 55-75 vol.% of (II), 12-30 vol.% of (I) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The fuel contains less than 5 vol.% cycloparaffins with 5-8 carbon atoms. The lead content is 0.14-0.26 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: (I) comprise at least 90 vol.% isopentane and no more than 10 vol.% isobutane. (II) comprise at least 90 vol.% C8 isoparaffins including at least 75 vol.% isooctane. (III) comprise at least 85 vol.% alkylaromatics including at least 50 vol.% toluene. The fuel contains 50-82 vol.% of (II) and has a (I)/(II) volume ratio of 0.15-0.45 and a (III)/(II) volume ratio of 0-0.55. The lead content is no more than 0.28 g/l. The F4 octane number is at least 130. The net heat of combustion is at least 43.5 MJ/kg. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 21.2 vol.% C4-5 isoparaffins (95.47% isopentane), 50.8 vol.% C5-11 isoparaffins (82.87% isooctane) and 28 vol.% aromatics (51.72% toluene, 26.36% C8 aromatics), with a lead content of 0.54 g/l, had an F4 octane number of 150 and a motor octane number of 105.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Surfactant: The surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant preferably fluorine content surfactant having hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 10 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support, which is an inorganic porous support, is silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, diatomaceous earth, clay and/or zinc oxide. Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains 5-90 mass% of nickel oxide and 0-85 mass% of copper oxide. The total amount of nickel oxide and copper oxide in the desulfurizing agent, is 60-90 mass%. Preferred Conditions: Desulfurization is performed at 20-100degreesC. Preferred Process: The modification is partial-oxidation modification, auto-thermal modification or steel reforming. The catalyst used in the modification process, is a ruthenium type catalyst or a nickel type catalyst, using manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconia as support. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (in g) (360.1) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (85.2) were dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. C-AP (pseudo-boehmite) (7.2) was added to obtain liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (300) was dissolved in ion exchange water (4 L). The solution was heated at 80degreesC. Further, water glass (93.6) having silicon (29 mass%) was added to obtain liquid (B). The obtained liquids (A and B) were mixed with ion exchange water (60 L), stirred at 90degreesC for 1 hour. The precipitate was washed and filtrated. The filtrate was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours. The dried product was bake processed at 350degreesC for 3 hours. A desulfurizing agent containing copper oxide (16 mass%), nickel oxide (64 mass%) and silicon oxide-aluminum oxide (20 mass%), was obtained. The obtained desulfurizing agent efficiently removes sulfur from hydrocarbon containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The connecting group in resin aromatic thermoplastic resin (B) is ester bond, amide bond, imide bond, urethane bond, carbonate bond and/or ketone bond. The principal chain of resin (B) is polyarylene sulfide or polyarylene sulfide sulfone. The ion exchange property group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, or phosphonic acid group. The resin A is polyamide resin, non-liquid crystal property polyester resin, and/or liquid crystal property resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The channel comprises a first input adjacent to the first electrode, and a second input adjacent to the second electrode. The fuel cell comprises a support having a surface with two recessed portions. The fuel cell further comprises a fuel sensor. A spacer forms a partial enclosure around a portion of the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first liquid comprises a fuel comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, formaldehyde, or formic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel may comprise ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, or sulfur. The second liquid comprises oxidants comprised of oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate salts, manganese oxide, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.Preferred Material: The electrodes comprise platinum, or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The actuator moves the catalyst chamber with respect to the chamber or the chamber with respect to the catalyst chamber. It includes a spring, a motor or a pump. The chamber is double-walled. It includes a material (105) with a high specific heat between the walls (102, 103). The chamber includes fins (104) for enhancing heat dissipation from the chamber. Outlet apparatus conducts the generated hydrogen from the chamber. It includes a separator (112) which removes moisture from the generated hydrogen. The catalyst chamber provides a linear change in the rate of hydrogen generation as more of the chamber is exposed to the fuel solution. The catalyst chamber has a cylindrical shape, rectilinear shape or cube shape. It may be a disk. Alternatively, the catalyst chamber provides a nonlinear change in the rate of hydrogen generation as more of the chamber is exposed to the fuel solution. The catalyst chamber has a frusto-conical shape, cone shape, pyramid shape, or triangular prism shape. The actuator spins the catalyst chamber or chamber as it provides the relative movement. The actuator can be locked to keep the catalyst chamber and the fuel solution away from one another.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline earth compound comprises a magnesium compound. The magnesium compound comprises magnesium oxide. The nickel compound comprises a nickel carbonate, a nickel hydroxy carbonate, or a nickel oxide. Preferred Composition: The nickel or nickel compound comprises 30-90 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The silica carrier comprises 5-25 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alumina promoter comprises 1-10 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The alkaline earth compound promoter comprises 0.01-15 wt.% catalyst adsorbent. The nickel dispersion is 8-16%. A pore volume is 1-2.2 cc/g. Preferred Dimension: A nickel surface area of the catalyst adsorbent is 40-60 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The cyclic quaternary ammonium cation is pyrrolinium cation having structural formulae (1) or (2), pyrazolinium cation having structural formula (3) or pyrrolidinium cation having structural formula (4).R1 = 1-6C alkyl; andR2-R8 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.R1,R2 = 1-6C alkyl; andR3-R6 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.R1 = 1-6C alkyl; andR2-R5 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.R1, R2 = 1-6C alkyl; andR3-R10 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Electrolyte: The normal temperature fused-salt type electrolyte contains both cyclic quaternary ammonium cation having aromatic ring and quaternary ammonium organic substance cation, which does not have aromatic ring. The cyclic quaternary ammonium cation having aromatic ring is imidazolium ion having structural formula (5), pyrrolinium cation having structural formula (2), pyroazolinium cation having structural formula (3) or pyridinium cation having structural formula (6).R1,R3 = 1-6C alkyl; andR2, R4, R5 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.R1 = 1-6C alkyl; andR2-R6 = H atom or 1-6C alkyl.The normal temperature fused-salt type electrolyte further comprises anion consisting only of non-metallic element, preferably lithium ion. EXAMPLE - The normal temperature fused-salt type electrolyte was obtained by mixing 1 mol of LiN(CF3SO2)2 to 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide, which had structural formula (4). The normal temperature fused-salt type electrolyte had excellent reduction resistance, and provided lithium cell having self-discharge rate of 13.5 % and initial stage discharge capacitance of 9.5 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ester: The ester (d) is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate and/or divinyl ethylene carbonate. The ester (b) is dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate, preferably a mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. EXAMPLE - Hexafluoro lithium phosphide (LiPF6) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (in wt.pts) (25) and ethyl methyl carbonate (75), to have a concentration of 1 mol/l. The volume ratio of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate was 1:3. Vinylene carbonate (1) and alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone (10) were added to the obtained solution, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery was obtained using the prepared non-aqueous electrolyte. The battery was further equipped with an anode, a cathode and a separator. The battery had a capacitance maintenance factor of 93% and cyclic maintenance factor of 89%. The volume of generated gas inside the battery was found to be 9.5 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The cathode has a cathode release potential of 20-100 mV during charging, with respect to a lithium potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode catalyst further consists of electroconductive powder which supported an inorganic redox catalyst. The transition metal of inorganic redox catalyst is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and/or their oxides. The oxidizing agent is oxygen and the reducer is hydrogen. Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder is a type of carbon material chosen from carbon black, activated carbon, graphite, carbon nano tube or fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electroconductive organic polymer is polyaniline, polyalkyl aniline, poly pyridine, polyindole, polyphenyl quinoxaline, poly-1,5-diamino anthraquinone or polyamino diphenyl, and contains dopant such as polymer sulfonate. The polymer sulfonate is polyvinyl sulfonate or phenyl sulfonate novolak resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The internal filling resin is selected from epoxy resin, urethane-type resin, nylon-type resin and olefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the fuel cell comprises: forming an anode layer (208); forming a cathode layer (214); and forming an electrolyte layer between the anode and cathode layers. The sacrificial layer has at least one sloped edge having an angle of 30-60 degrees, and the step of connecting the fuel cell to the substrate comprises forming at least one connector connecting the fuel cell to the substrate, the connector being integral with the fuel cell, at least a portion of the connector being formed on the sacrificial layer sloped edge.Preferred Properties: The sacrificial layer has a thickness of 0.1-500 microns, preferably 0.1-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial layer is made of titanium, copper, aluminum, polysilicon, silicon-germanium, or oxides of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The perovskite was subjected to a sintering operation to increase the ion conductivity and reduce the quantity of second phases zirconium oxide and lanthanum niobate. Preferred Component: Potassium, strontium, lanthanum, or barium is used to increase lattice parameters, create A-sub-lattice vacancies, and stabilize the structure of the electrolytic perovskite. At least a portion of the ions was replaced by protons to form a solid proton conductor. The perovskite has a structure (1). It comprises second phases zirconium oxide and lanthanum niobate that increases as m is increased. It can be L1/8Na3/8La1/6NbO3, L1/8K1/2L1/8NbO3, Li1/8K3/8La1/4Zr1/4Nb3/4O3, L1/8Na3/8La1/6Zr1/4Nb3/4O3, or L1/8Na7/6La3/6Zr1/8LaNbO4. At least a portion of the ions is replaced by protons to form a solid proton conductor.E = Li+, H+, Cu+, Ag+, Na30 or Mg2+;m = 0.0-2.2;A' = Na30 or K+;A = Sr2+, Ba2+, or La3+;B', B = Zr4+, Sn4+, Ti4+, Ce4+, Hf4+, Nb5+, or Ta5+;m = z-z;6-m = y'-y;x = greater than 0 but less than 3/4;x+v = 3/4;v = greater than 0 but less than 3/4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent contains zeolite, silica gel or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The reactive functional group is an isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The anode terminal is made of iron, copper, nickel and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The synthetic resin used as sealant consists of polypropylene, modified polypropylene, polyethylene,or modified polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Operation: Air is drawn into the first housing from the outside environment, transferred from the first to the second housing, and vented from the second housing. Also air is drawn into the second housing from the outside environment, transferred from the second to the first housing, and vented from the first housing.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell is of type whose waste material includes water vapor and whose feed material includes hydrogen. Movable attachment of the first housing to the second housing is provided by means of a hinge (25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The vehicle further comprises an ammonia remover comprising a membrane for residual ammonia from the output gas, and a nitrogen remover comprising a membrane for nitrogen. The ultraviolet light source generates electromagnetic radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The vehicle further comprises an ultracapacitor, supercapacitor, hypercapacitor, chemical battery, or flywheel battery as a secondary energy storage system. EXAMPLE - The fuel-cell stack consisted of alkaline fuel cells, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct ammonia fuel cells, ammonia-air fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, or reversible fuel cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a reaction vessel, a return mechanism, a reformation reaction bed (42) in the first reaction chamber, and a removal reaction bed (50) in the second reaction chamber. The transport mechanism includes a track, a locomotive device, and a motor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reaction cooperator includes calcium to hold the product from the reformation production.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The volume of fuel includes hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The first reaction chamber is maintained at 625-725degreesC, and the second reaction chamber is maintained at 900-1000degreesC. Both reaction chambers are maintained at the same pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles comprise a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride. The hydrogen storage material further comprises hydrogen. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage material is formed by melting a metal that is capable of combining with hydrogen to form a metal hydride, atomizing and spraying the melted metal, and condensing the sprayed metal to form a nanomaterial containing nanoparticles. Preferred Device: The composition is contained within a cassette or a rail car.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal is lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The cooling-heat cycle of water is performed at 0-120degreesC of water, and at a cooling rate of 10degreesC/minute or more. Preferred Process: Oxygen currently dissolved in water, is removed from the pressure container, before forming high temperature pressurization state. EXAMPLE - Water (50 ml) was sealed into a pressure container. Water was heated to 120degreesC, and the internal pressure was adjusted to 1.34 atmospheric pressure, to attain high temperature pressurization state. Cooling-heat cycle of the water was repeated 3 times at low temperature pressure reduction state by reducing the pressure to 0.93 atmospheric pressure, and temperature to 0degreesC. Water was decomposed, and hydrogen was manufactured. The concentration of gas in the pressure container was analyzed by gas chromatography. The gas had 3.7 wt.% of hydrogen, 18.3 wt.% of oxygen and 78 wt.% of nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rare earth elements which are selected from a group consisting of magnesium, calcium, zinc, germanium, titanium, strontium, germanium, barium, scandium, yttrium, aluminum, gallium, indium, silicon and boron, are also reacted with the fluid along with the lithium, phosphorus and specified components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carbon materials such as activated carbon, carbon fiber and/or carbon nanotube is mixed in the composite-metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material used for anode and cathode electrode of cell is carbon or lithium transistor metal. The electrolyte is gel electrolyte or intrinsic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation oxides are doped with dopant oxides selected from oxides of lanthanum (La), gadolinium (Gd), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo) or tungsten (W).Preferred Composition: The anode composition comprises oxide ZnO doped with indium oxide or gallium oxide.The anode composition comprises Zn2In2O5.The anode composition comprises Ga-In-Sn oxide, Ga-In-Zn oxide or In-Sn-Zn oxide or a quaternary oxide system In-Sn-Zn-Ga.The anode composition comprises Ga3In5Sn2O16, Ga3In5ZrO16 or Ga3In5Ce2O16.The anode composition comprises Sn or Zn doped with LnInO3 perovskite oxides, e.g. lanthanum indium oxide or gadolinium indium oxide.The anode composition comprises zinc oxide doped with Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo or W.The anode composition comprises composite Cu-zinc oxide or silver-zinc oxide anodes.The anode composition comprises doped indium oxide single-phase anodes where the dopant can be tin oxide, zirconium oxide, cesium oxide or niobium oxide or zinc oxide.The anode composition comprises zinc oxide doped with indium oxide or gallium oxide, e.g. Zn5In2Os (sic).The anode composition comprises Ga3-xIn5++xSn2O16 as a single-phase anode, where Sn can be replaced by Zr, cesium (Ce) or mixtures of Sn, Zr or Ce.The anode composition comprises Ga3-xIn5+xM2O16.M = Sn, Zr and/or CeThe anode composition comprises LnInO3 (e.g. LaInO3, GdInO3) compositions doped with SnO2 or ZnO.The anode composition comprises a metal-zinc oxide (doped or pure) composite anode where the metal is Ni, Cu or Ag.The anode composition comprises metal (e.g. Ni, Cu, Ag)-oxide (II) composite anode where a second oxide is a zinc oxide ternary phase, e.g. CuZn2O4 to promote the catalytic oxidation of a relevant fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Claimed preparation of (I)-(VI) involves reacting a compound of formula R5T(R8)R7 (VII) with a di(hetero)aryl-ethylene compound of formula (VIII) (or an analogous precursor for (II)-(VI)) at -80 to 300 (preferably 25-200) degrees C in presence of an inert solvent or in bulk, followed by conventional work-up and purification. EXAMPLE - A stirred mixture of 1071 mg 1,2-bis-(2-methyl-5-hydroxymethyl)-thien-3-yl)-hexafluorocyclopentene and 420 mg hexamethylene was slowly heated under nitrogen. The mixture melted at 100-110 degrees C, then on heating to 160 degrees C over 15 minutes became more viscous. The temperature was held at 180-190 degrees C to complete the reaction. The obtained polyurethane was cooled and granulated. When a solution of 1 mg of the product in 5 ml dichloromethane was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation of maximum wavelength, the color intensified as the irradiation proceeded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred composition: the electromagnetic radiation is in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region of the spectrum. The process optionally comprises removing residual ammonia and/or residual nitrogen from the gaseous mixture. The endothermic reaction of the ammonia vaporizer provides cooling for the electromagnetic wave source. The wave source is a dielectric barrier discharge lamp, excimer lamp, electronic control gear for pulsed operation, radio-frequency exciter, high-efficiency ultraviolet light-emitting diode, or high-efficiency ultraviolet semiconductor laser diode. EXAMPLE - The electromagnetic wave source generated radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 254 nm. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp was used, each including a noble gas such as xenon, krypton or argon. A high-efficiency ultraviolet light-emitting diode was made of semiconductors with wide band-gap energy, e.g. gallium nitride or aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The device further comprises a heating element embedded in (b) to increase the rate of dissociation using thermal energy, or an ultrasonic transducer acoustically connected to (b) to increase this rate by acoustical energy. Heating comprises combustion or resistive heating. The transducer is made of a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric material. The catalyst is a photocatalyst or thermocatalyst, and comprises a noble metal, transition metal, alloy, titanium dioxide, indium tantalum oxide, nickel, molybdenum, mixture of indium, nickel and tantalum, mixture of titanium dioxide and platinum, or an inorganic oxide semiconductor. The light source generates light in the vacuum ultraviolet region, and comprises a dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp. The porous membrane is circular, cylindrical, comprises a mesh, honeycomb, or is corrugated. The flow-through channel is cylindrical. EXAMPLE - The electromagnetic wave source generated radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 254 nm. A dielectric barrier discharge lamp or excimer lamp was used, each including a noble gas such as xenon, krypton or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon fuel and iodine are in a ratio of 1:0.001 - 1:2 (preferably 1:0.01 -1:0.25, especially 1:0.05 - 1:0.2) moles/moles.In (P1), the mixture is heated at 60 - 500 (preferably greater than 80 - 100, especially greater than 80) degrees C.The method further involves exposing the mixture to increased pressure, which is greater than 1 (preferably 2) atmosphere and less than 250 atmospheres, and recovering the hydrogen gas.In (S1), the hydrogen gas is generated by first increasing the temperature and then increasing the pressure or vice versa.Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fuel is cycloalkane (e.g. cyclohexane) and/or aryl (e.g. benzene). EXAMPLE - Solid iodine (0.002 mol) and cyclohexane (0.09 mol) was placed into the reaction vessel. The mixture was heated to 80 degrees C, thereby increasing the pressure within the reaction vessel. The temperature was maintained at 80 - 100 degrees C, and the pressure was maintained at 2 - 2.5 atmospheres by periodically venting the gases. The hydrogen produced was collected by opening the valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The perfluorinated polymer comprises a carbon backbone and at least one side chain represented by the formula:-(OCF2CFRf)a-OCF2CFR'fSO3YRf and R'f = independently F, Cl or 1-10C perfluorinated 1-10C alkyl groupa = 0, 1, 2Y = H, an alkali metal or NH4The perfluorinated polymer preferably comprises a carbon backbone and at least one side chain represented by the formula -O-CF2CF2SO3H or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises steam purge lines in fluid communication with the two solids transfer lines. The first fluidized bed reactor is a bubbling reactor or entrained flow reactor. The second fluidized bed reactor is a counterflow reactor. A mechanism, e.g. a cyclone or other device for separating solids from fluids, is provided at the outlet of the first fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The injected water is present at 1-1.5 or 1-1.5 pbw per 1 part of lithium or sodium borohydride particles, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The borohydride particles are hydrolyzed at at least 120 degrees Celsius. The method includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to an unheated by-products storage vessel (50), and conveying hydrogen gas from the by-products storage vessel to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device. It includes conveying the reaction products from the reactor to a grinding vessel, and further mixing and grinding the borohydride particles and the solid by-products in the grinding vessel before conveying the hydrogen gas to the hydrogen fueled device or to a hydrogen buffer container for the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The motive mechanism is a motor attached to the power shaft so as to rotate the power shaft and the associated turbine assemblies at a high revolution per minute (RPM) to deliver high mechanical impact energy to the water molecules within the cavitation chamber to accelerate the breakdown into covalent diatomic molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen molecules are separated and the hydrogen molecules are introduced into the hydrogen storage tank where they are stored for use as fuel. Any remaining water molecules are transported through the gas mixture recycling conduit, thus passing through the heat exchanger to cool the mixture prior to reintroduction into the cavitation chamber. The inside of the inner wall is coated with fiber to preclude the passage of the hydrogen outside of the unit.
EXAMPLE - A strontium-aluminum alloy was obtained by solution process using strontium and aluminum at atomic ratio 1:2. The alloy was introduced into an autoclave and the temperature was raised gradually. Hydrogen pressure was set to 3 MPa, to obtain a strontium aluminum hydride (SrAl2H2), followed by the formation of Sr2AlH7. The crystal structure of the strontium aluminum hydride (Sr2AlH7) was confirmed by neutron diffraction method. Hydrogen storage capacity of the metal hydride was evaluated and found to be excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mean value of secondary particle diameter of active material is 100 mum or less preferably 50 mum or less and the maximum value of secondary particle diameter is 200 mum or less. The positive electrode active material has specific surface area below 1 m2/g. The concentration of sodium in the active material is 5000 ppm or less preferably 1000 ppm or less. Preferred Method: The mixture of complex oxide and V and/or B compound, is baked at 700-850 degrees Celsius in oxidizing atmosphere for 5-30 hours. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The vanadium compound is vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and boron compound is boron oxide (B2O3) and/or boric acid (H3BO3).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of lithium manganese spinel (LiMn2O4) and vanadium pentoxide, was bake processed in oxidizing atmosphere at 800 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. The V2O5 had microcrystal size of 687 Angstrom , lattice strain of 0.00% and primary particle diameter of 2 mum. The ratio of V/Mn was 0.005 and value X/Y was 0.50 and delta/Z was 0.03. A coin cell was manufactured using the prepared positive electrode active material and evaluated for internal resistance and high temperature cycle characteristics. The elution rate of Mn was 23%. The battery had low internal resistance ratio (15%) and high temperature charging-discharging cycle. The discharge capacitance of the battery was 96%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode is selected from a group consisting of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). The anode is selected form a group consisting of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The burner is arranged near the water vaporization part. Product gas discharged from the hydrogen generator is mixed with fuel supplied from the fuel supply part and fed into the burner. The combustion catalyst is in contact with the water vaporization part. The combustion gas in the combustion gas flow path has a temperature of 100-200degreesC. A second air supply part for supplying air to the combustion catalyst in the combustion gas flow path is provided between the burner and the combustion catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The combustion catalyst is supported by a carrier formed of a corrugated thin metal plate and/or a flat thin metal plate. It is in the honeycomb form and/or the pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The determination of operating range includes determining an optimal cell voltage, and limiting the operating range in 20% of the optimal cell voltage. The operation of electrolyzer further includes immersing an electrolyzer into electrolyte solution, applying direct current (DC) voltage to the electrolyzer to produce metal particles on the cathode surface, removing metal particles from the electrolyzer when particles achieve a desired size, reducing the applied voltage below 1.65 volts, and reversing polarity of the applied voltage to dissolve unremoved metal particles from the cathode surface. The reversing of polarity includes reversing polarity a first time for a time period, reversing polarity a second time, and repeating steps.Preferred Component: The dissolved metal is in a form of oxide(s) of the metal. The solution is a reaction product electrochemical reaction in metal/air fuel cell. The dissolved metal is zinc.Preferred Condition: The operating range is selected to produce a current density in the cathode greater than 5 kA/square m. The operating range can produce a current density in the cathode between 10-40 kA/square m. The time period is between 60-300 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first electrically conductive structure comprises a protuberance (152) that passes through the polymer layer and that comprises a rod having an elongated major axis relative to a minor axis. The rod further comprises a head portion located on at least one end of the rod. The electrochemical cell further comprises a current collector (164, 170) held against at least one surface of the polymer layer by the head portion, and sealing elements that seal the protuberance to the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer layer further comprises an air plenum on one side of the polymer layer for supplying air to the cathode. The conductive sheet is sealed to the polymer layer by a thermoplastic polymeric material to prevent fluid flow through the polymer layer. The polymer layer comprises polyethylene, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylchloride), polyurethane, or their blends and copolymers. The conductive structure comprises a metal, a metal alloy, a conductive polymer, or their combinations. The bipolar plate comprises a second electrically conductive structure passing through the polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first and second stage catalytic reformers comprise a catalytic partial oxidization section or a catalytic steam reforming section. The second stage catalytic reformer is nested within the first stage catalytic reformer, for establishing heat exchange relationship between them. Endothermal components of the first and second stage catalytic reformers are in heat exchange relation with exothermic components of the second and first stage catalytic reformer, respectively. The autothermal reactor comprises an outer shell having a passage that is in fluid communication with the premix chamber, and in heat exchange communication with other components of the autothermal reactor; and a vaporizer in fluid communication with the premix chamber and heat exchange communication with the reformate stream exiting the second stage catalytic reformer, where heat from the reformate stream enables the vaporizer to vaporize fuel and/or water to be supplied to the premix chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium soluble material are selected from the group consisting of magnesium, silver, silicon, tin, copper and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte is obtained using a non-aqueous solvent, lithium salt and silicon-compound-containing electrolyte liquid containing the silicon compound of formula (1). Preferred Composition: The amount of silicon compound in the silicon-compound-containing electrolyte liquid is 0.0001-1 mol/kg. Preferred Properties: Boiling point of the silicon compound under normal pressure is 50 degrees Celsius or more. EXAMPLE - An anode was obtained using lithium nickelates (anode active material), acetylene black, polyvinylidene fluorides and N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent. A cathode was obtained from KS-44 (artificial graphite powder) and styrene butadiene rubber. Hexafluoro phosphate lithium and triphenyl fluorosilane were dissolved in a mixed solvent of refined ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate to obtain an electrolyte liquid (A). The amount of triphenyl fluorosilane is 0.02 mol/kg with respect to total weight of non-aqueous mixed solvent and lithium salt. The obtained anode and cathode, separator and electrolyte liquid (A) were assembled in a dry box to form a battery. Initial stage output (at -80 degrees Celsius) and output (at 60 degrees Celsius) of the obtained battery was calculated and found to be 4.3/mW and 3.8/mW, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The laminate is in the form of sheet or pipe. The machining process is performed by extrusion, wire drawing or strip processing. The heat processing of the laminate is performed at 500-800 degrees C. The ratio of thickness of magnesium layer to thickness of niobium layer is 2.7-8. A metal coating of copper, copper alloy, aluminum or aluminum alloy is formed on the laminate before machining process. Then, the metal coating is removed chemically or mechanically, after heat-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The machining process comprises extrusion, wire drawing and/or strip processing. The machined component is heated at 500-800 degrees C. Metal coating of the laminated component is performed before machining process, and chemical or mechanical removal of metal coating is performed after heating process.Preferred Properties: The ratio (R) between thickness of the magnesium layer and that of the titanium-iron layer of the laminated component is 2.6-8.Preferred Metal: The metal used in metal coating is copper, aluminum and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is mixed solvent of cyclic carbonate ester and chain-shaped carbonate ester, preferably mixture of cyclic carbonate ester and gamma-butyrolactone. The chain-shaped carbonate ester is diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate. The cyclic ester is propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The lithium salt electrolyte is lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Antioxidant: The sulfur type antioxidant is at least 1 type of sulfides chosen from formula (I): (R1SCH2CH2C(O)OCH2)4C, formula (II) and formula (III): (R5OC(O)CH2CH2)2S.R1-R5 = 1-30C alkyl group, 7-30C aralkyl group or 6-30C aryl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Support: The support in the polyelectrolyte composition film is a porous supporting lamella of aliphatic type-polymer of fluorine-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sulfonyl fluoride group of fluorine-containing polymer is copolymer of tetrafluoro ethylene and perfluoro vinyl ether having sulfonyl fluoride group, and has ion exchange capacity of 0.8-1.3 meq/g.Preferred Method: Drying of the fluorine-containing polymer is performed after removing the wash water having pH of 3 through the exit of flow-through-type reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The alkali salt type processing agent contains hydroxide of alkali metal, carbonate or their mixtures, and water miscible organic solvent. The acid type-processing agent contains sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and water miscible organic solvent. The wash water is ion exchange water or distilled water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: A flow-through-type reactor has porous dispersing plate at the bottom portion and jacket, which is heated or cooled, at the periphery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is a phenol resin or epoxy resin. The water repellent material is a fluorine resin having carboxyl group, epoxy group, acryl group, methacrylic group, phenolic hydroxyl group or fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each heat exchanger further comprises a secondary fluid delivery system (55) to deliver a secondary fluid (70) for thermal exchange with the primary fluid.Preferred Material: Each fuel cell is solid oxide, proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, alkaline, direct methanol, regenerative, zinc air, or protonic ceramic fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen separation membrane is comprised of alloy such as palladium (Pd), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The amorphous metal film material is an alloy of zirconium, hafnium, nickel or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred hydride: The hydride is Lithium aluminum hydride, potassium borohydride lithium, hydrogenation aluminum sodium, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation aluminum potassium, potassium borohydride potassium, potassium borohydride magnesium, potassium borohydride calcium, potassium borohydride barium, potassium borohydride strontium, potassium borohydride iron, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, hydrogenation barium, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred transparent material: The transparent material is synthetic resin selected from polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, fluororesin, silicone resin, acetal resin, acrylic resin, melamine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The SOFC comprises a catalyst including iron, the catalyst acting to improve the conversion of chemical energy in the fuel cell into electrical energy. The iron is in a form having a large surface area. Ammonia is supplied to the fuel cell or SOFC from a concentrated aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The iron catalyst is in the form of an iron alloy or a compound including iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A water gas auxiliary reactor (14) is arranged in the flow direction of the residual gas stream before the further hydrogen separation module. The first hydrogen separation module, the further hydrogen separation module and the auxiliary reactor are formed as one integrated component. A hydrogen conveying unit (12) is arranged in the flow direction of the hydrogen after the further hydrogen separation module. The hydrogen conveying unit is a membrane piston pump.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrolysis system comprises temperature-maintaining mechanism for maintaining a temperature of the second body within a predetermined range; a cooler for cooling the second body responsive to the sensed temperature; and a dump valve for returning the solution from the second to the first container. The cooler comprises a cooling coil at least partially immersed in the second body, and a heater for heating the temperature of the second body responsive to the sensed temperature. The exchanging mechanism comprises a pump (108) for circulating the solution between the fist and second containers. The pump has an outlet that delivers the solution to the electrolyzing mechanism, and an inlet in fluid communication with the first container. The pump inlet is coupled to a tempering valve having first and second valve inlets, the first valve inlet in fluid communication with the first container, and the second valve inlet in fluid communication with the second container. Preferred Parameter: The temperature range is between 25-65, preferably 40-55degreesC. Preferred Method: If the sensed concentration falls within a predetermined range, the ports are closed, and the second body is circulated through the electrolyzer. If the sensed concentration falls outside of the predetermined range, the ports are opened, and solution is circulated from the first container through the electrolyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The dissolved metal is in a form of oxide(s) of the metal. It is zinc. Preferred Solution: The aqueous solution is a reaction product of an electrochemical reaction in a metal/air fuel cell. It comprises dissolved electrolyte and a suspension of metal oxide. Preferred Parameter: The concentration is maintained between 0.5-4.0, preferably 1.0-2.5 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each half-cell nanoporous material is composed of single wall carbon nanotubes or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on nanoparticles of platinum (105) or alternatively single wall carbon nanotubes nucleated on platinum ruthenium nanoparticles or other metal or non-metal particles. The electrodic thin film (103) material is platinum metal, platinum ruthenium metal, or other metallic material. The carbon nanotubes are synthesized by laser, anti-reflection coating, or chemical vapor deposition. The fuel cell includes any carbon nanotubes materials with post synthesis incorporation of catalyst materials by various chemical and mechanical processes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The application integrated specific circuit mechanism for controlling the cell is to control voltage and/or current and or reliability of the cell. The mechanism for delivering fuel and oxygen to the two half-cells are formed through photolithography in thick photoresist type materials or alternately the pattern is formed in the photoresist type materials and the pattern is wet or dry etched into the substrate. It is sealed to the substrate material through hot isostatic pressing or through hot isostatic pressing with a thin film of rubber based photoresist disposed onto the channel plate to form a hermetic seal. The electrodes and cell design are constructed on the substrate using lithographic, microwriting, or other microprocessing technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is polyvinyl alcohol, an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyacrylonitrile and/or polyvinylidine chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal storage material consists of a hydrate of calcium chloride, calcium bromide, lithium bromide, or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A zinc gel filling is included.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - PTFE is used in the construction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The separator has been heat treated at 300-700degreesC in order to obtain a considerably greater rigidity. The battery is mounted with a pressure at its electrodes of at least100, preferably 150-250 kPa. Preferred Component: A pressure relieving grid is positioned in each negative electrode. The battery comprises a lead battery with sulfuric acid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The inorganic fibers comprise glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The inorganic fibers comprise mineral fiber or metal fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The binding agent includes silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or titanium oxide. Preferred Composition: The binding agent comprises 20-60% (preferably 25-45%) of the total separator weight. The binding agent has been supplied to the separator in such an amount that it is compressible to 80% of its thickness at an outside applied pressure of 80-250 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: An electrical generator (38) is coupled to the hydrogen conversion device such as internal combustion engine, expansion engine or sterling engine. The sterling engine includes an exhaust outlet and a heat collector adjacent its exhaust outlet. The heat collector transfers heat from the exhaust to another medium. A buffer tank (26) is connected to pressure relief valve (34) and the hydrogen conversion device. The pump is electrically connected to a utility electrical grid (32), and to the electrical generator to provide electricity to the pump in the event that utility grid electricity is interrupted.Preferred Properties: The hydrogen conversion device provides hydrogen gas at 2-400 (preferably 40) standard cubic feet/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid contains 0.001-1 mol/kg, preferably 0.01-0.2 mol/kg of cyclosiloxane. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2 = methyl, vinyl or phenyl; and    n = 3-10.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - About 15 cyclosiloxane compounds are claimed such as hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane, 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-trivinyl cyclotrisiloxane, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane and dodeca methyl cyclohexasiloxane.    EXAMPLE - Dry hexafluoro phosphate lithium (LiPF6) was dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate purified in dry argon atmosphere, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 3:3:4, to a concentration of 1 mol/l. Subsequently 0.02 mol/kg of hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane was added and electrolyte liquid was obtained. The electrolyte liquid was used for secondary battery. The input-output characteristics and high temperature cycle property of the battery, were found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The BET specific surface area is 700-900 m2/g and the pore volume is 0.3-0.4 ml/g. The molding density of activated carbon by electrolyzing process is 0.80-0.95 g/cm3, and the electrical double layer capacitor has capacitance of more than 30 F/cm3.Preferred Composition: The activated carbon contains 4 wt.% or less of oxygen, and at least one type of functional group with respect to surface functional groups containing 0.5 meq/g or less of carboxyl, quinone, hydroxyl and lactone groups by hydrochloric acid titrimetric method. The activated carbon may further comprise 20 ppm or less of nickel, 5 ppm or less of iron, 1 ppm of less of copper and silver, and 200 ppm or less of transition metal (compound).Preferred Carbon: The activated carbon is obtained by alkali activation processing a carbon material having graphite property.Preferred Precursor: The carbon precursor is a synthetic mesophase pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The storage devices comprise purifier for purifying hydrogen gas between the reformer and storage devices. The hydrogen gas stored in the second storage device is pressurized to 10-70 MPa. The unit comprises a hydrogen gas remaining amount detecting device, and a control for feedback controlling the amount of hydrogen gas generated by the reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first storage device stores hydrogen gas by use of hydrogen absorbing alloy, and releases hydrogen gas from hydrogen absorbing alloy by use of waste heat of the reformer or waste heat of the first fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane also comprises a block thermoplastic elastomer, which is a styrene block copolymer consisting of polystyrene, polyethylene, or polybutylene. The flexible connecting segment is styrene block copolymer.The covalently bonded group is an organic group consisting of alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl; or can be an inorganic group. Preferred Definition:    R6 = Me, Et, propyl, or butyl.    EXAMPLE - 10 g Block thermoplastic elastomer, e.g. polystyrene-block-polyethylene-ran-polybutylene-block-polystyrene (30%) styrene) and 3 g poly(alpha-methyl)styrene were dissolved in 200 ml 1,2-dichloroethane and 53 g cyclohexane. The solution was charged into a 500 ml flask maintained under nitrogen and heated to 50degreesC. Acetyl sulfate was slowly added to the polymer solution for over 15 minutes, and stirred for 3 hours at 50degreesC. After 3 hours, 10 ml isopropanol was added to stop the reaction. The resulting solution had a ratio of elastomer to plastic (polystyrene and poly(methylstyrene) of 53.4:46.6. Membrane preparation was achieved by adding 15 ml toluene to 30 g of sulfonated polymer solution and mixed for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered and the membrane was cast on a TEFLON (RTM; polytetrafluoroethylene) substrate and dried to evaporate the solvent. The membrane was finally dried in an oven at 110degreesC for 2 hours and was recovered as a flat sheet by stripping it from the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The indicator comprises a fluorescent pH indicator and a UV lamp aligned to illuminate the fluorescent pH indicator. The assembly comprises a catalyst. The apparatus further comprises a fluid permeable element in communication with the catalyst and comprising at least one of a gas diffusion layer, a gas diffusion substrate, or their combinations. The assembly further comprises a flow field plate, a gas diffusion layer, and/or a gas diffusion substrate. The indicator comprises a colorimetric dye, potentiometric dye, or a fluorescent pH indicator. The apparatus further comprises an electrical current measuring assembly comprising a pair of electrodes disposed in the indicator and a quantifying element connected to the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of flexible graphite, carbon fiber paper, cotton fiber, glass fiber, asbestos, inorganic fiber, cardboard, aluminum oxide membrane, zeolite substrate, polymer material, a composite of flexible graphite and a polymer, a composite of carbon and a polymer, a composite of carbon, flexible graphite, and/or a polymer. The component comprises a viscosity enhancer comprising glycerin, gel, oil, methyl cellulose, hydrous magnesium clay, guar gum, or their combinations. The host comprises organic solvent for the component, water, catalyst, and a perfluorinated sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is hydrocarbon, ketone, ester, halogen-containing compound and/or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide-containing waste gas is further heated to produce carbon and water by catalytic action.Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is solid oxide type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separator has polyolefin-type microporous separator material consisting polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The mobile hydrogen production system comprises a hydrogen production unit (2) comprising a membrane reformer (3), a hydrogen compressor (4), a hydrogen tank (5), a boiler (20), a carbon dioxide solvent tank (6), or a material tank (7). It includes an evaporator, desulfurizer, and reformer for decomposing higher hydrocarbon into lower hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low molecular weight hydrocarbon comprises methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Several regulating valves are connected to a regulating unit. The temperature sensor is a thermocouple.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is an anode. The fuel cell comprises a cathode (7) and an electrolyte (6), wherein the anode and cathode are immediately adjacent the electrolyte. The electrolyte is an ion exchange membrane. There is at least one intermediate layer between the electrocatalyst and the mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalyst is a metal, metal alloy, metal oxide or metal hydride. The mesh is made of a conductive material from metal (preferably titanium (Ti)), metal alloy (preferably Ti alloy) or metal composite.Preferred Parameter: The mesh has a minimum pore size of 5 (preferably 50) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A and B are atoms selected from Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca and Zn.Another aqueous solution whose pH is smaller than the metal hydride aqueous solution is added to the metal hydride aqueous solution.The solutions are mixed continuously in a fixed ratio, and reacted.The metal hydride aqueous solution is pH greater than 7, and the other liquid is pH less than 7.The other liquid is an acid or an aqueous solution of an acid.Specifically, the other solution is an acidic aqueous solution comprising an inorganic acid or organic acid. EXAMPLE - NaBH4 is introduced into an alkali solution in which NaOH is dissolved, to give a weight ratio of NaBH4 (1 weight%), NaOH (1 weight%) and H3O (98 weight%). Hydrochloric acid (0.5 ml) is added dropwise to the NaBH4 aqueous solution (30 ml), and the generated amount of hydrogen is measured against time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The stack type battery includes a bipolar electrode (30) composed of a positive electrode active material layer (32), a current collector (31) and a negative electrode active material layer (33) laminated in this order, and an electrolyte layer (40) formed adjacent the bipolar electrode. The stack type battery includes a lithium ion secondary battery. A unit cell controller is connected to the unit cells for controlling charging voltages of the unit cells. A socket having shared voltage tab connection electrodes is connected to the shared voltage measurement tab electrodes for allowing the unit cell controller to be connected.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte layer includes a polymer solid electrolyte layer and at least one of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer contains polymer solid electrolyte contained in the polymer solid electrolyte layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer includes at least one of metal oxide and composite oxides composed of metal and lithium. The negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer includes hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A resin having a larger heat capacity per unit weight than that of the positive tab and the negative tab is provided on the portion of the positive tab, into which the positive leads are joined, and the portion of the negative tab, into which the negative leads are joined.Preferred Material: The resin contains at least polyolefin. It is also formed of a composite material made by mixing metal particles or ceramic particles into polyolefin. It is also formed of a composite material made by mixing a phase change material, which absorbs heat by a phase change, into polyolefin, the phase change material being mixed in a state of at least microparticles or microcapsules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains imidazolium ion having a structure of formula (2) and/or pyridinium cation having a structure of formula (3).R1 = CaH2a+1;R2 = CbH2b+1;R3 = H or CcH2c+1;R4 = CdH2d+1;R5 = H or CeH2e+1;R6 = H or CfH2f+1; anda-f = 1-6.The anion (A) is a tetra fluoroboric acid anion.Preferred Material: A complex metal oxide material or carbonaceous material is used as a cathode active material. A metal resin composite material (5) is used for exterior portion of the battery. EXAMPLE - An anode was obtained using acetylene black as electroconductive agent, complex oxide of lithium and cobalt as anode active material and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride as binder. A cathode was obtained using ketchen black as electroconductive agent, graphite as cathode active material and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride as binder. A polyethylene microporous film having an organic polymer layer was used as separator. The non-aqueous electrolyte was obtained by dissolving 1 mol of lithium boro fluoride (LiBF4) in 1 liter of liquid containing normal temperature fused salt consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion (EMI+) and tetra fluoroboric acid ion (BF4-), and trifluoro ethylmethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 90:10. The obtained non-aqueous electrolyte was impregnated into the polar group which consisted of the anode, cathode and separator, by immersing the polar group into the electrolyte. The polar group was covered by the metal resin composite material, and was sealed in every direction by heat welding, to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte battery. The obtained battery had a design capacity of 10 mAh, initial stage discharge capacitance of 9.8 mAh, self discharge rate of 10.2% and battery thickness change of 6%. The battery had excellent heat resistance, initial stage charging-and-discharging efficiency and battery property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Electrode Poles: The anode and cathode poles are made of metal that is chosen from the group containing nickel, iron and gadolinium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode Poles: The anode and cathode poles are made of metal oxide that is chosen from the group containing nickel oxide, iron oxide and gadolinium oxide. The cathode pole is made of lanthanum strontium manganic acid compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorbing polymer material is a carboxyl-methyl-cellulose group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The nitrogen stripping is carried out in a pressure swing absorption unit for removing nitrogen or a membrane unit for removing nitrogen. The air to be stripped is compressed before or after being stripped. Components of the synthesis gas are converted into hydrogen in a one-step purification stage. Residual gas is converted with air in a gas motor (9) to produce mechanical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The temperature-regulated hot gas stream is introduced so that it heats the reactor (8) with contacting the catalyst material. The hot gas stream is introduced into the reaction chamber of the reactor via a mixture-forming chamber (6). The burner is operated with an excess of oxygen. The hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives are liquid at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Continuous electrolysis of water is performed by heating in the presence of a catalyst obtained by supporting an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound on a porous support containing aluminosilicic acid or an aluminosilicate, or under voltage application conditions to the same catalyst. The water introduced to the reaction system is steam. The support is aluminosilicic acid. The reaction temperature is at least 130 degreesC, the steam pressure is at least 0.2 atmospheres. The metal of the alkali metal compound is lithium, sodium, potassium or rubidium. The metal of the alkaline earth metal compound is magnesium, calcium or strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The air inlets feed into: first air chambers for the start-up mode, which induce recirculation to stabilize thermal partial oxidation within a volume before the autothermal reactor catalyst; second air chamber(s) for the normal operation mode, which add flow within the volume to offset velocity vectors and, eliminate or minimize recirculation; and third air chamber(s) for normal operation mode, which are separate from the first air chambers for start-up mode but use the same volume for vaporization and mixing as used for start-up thermal partial oxidation. The autothermal reformer comprises a valve for distributing the volume of air between the air inlets; a run air inlet (36) in communication with the thermal reforming portion, and including an inlet port in communication with the swirler (30, 38); and a pair of run fuel/steam inlets in communication with the thermal reforming portion, the run fuel/steam inlets each including an annular volume (26, 42) in communication with an annular ring of porous material (28, 44), and each including a swirler radially inward from the porous material. One of the fuel, steam, and/or air inlets is in thermal communication with a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel includes natural gas, coal gas, propane, naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol, or biogas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The energy supply station further comprises a fuel treatment element, vaporizers, evaporators, a mixer, a treatment stage, an inverter, a desulfurization unit, temperature shift reactor, and a hydrogen processor. The vaporizer comprises a steam boiler or a heat recovery steam generator. The treatment stage comprises de-ionizer and vaporizer. The chemical converter comprises reformer and fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A reforming agent is supplied to convert the fuel into hydrogen and carbon monoxide as products. The reforming agent is air, water, and steam. The fuel cell is solid oxide, alkaline, or proton exchange membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio of the co-production of electrical energy to hydrogen energy is 2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is silica-alumina in the molar ratio (Si/Al) of 5-7. The carrier contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is kerosene, light oil, liquid petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline and/or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode active material in the layer contains metal oxide or complex oxide of lithium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The quaternary ammonium salt is of formula: R4'Nx, where R is alkyl chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and/or pentyl, and X is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, phospho hexa fluoride, boron tetrafluoride and tris(trifluoro methyl) sulfonyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The collector is a foam metal and/or fibrous metal sintered compact. The foam metal and fibrous metal sintered compact, contain nickel or copper. Preferred Element: The element which forms alloy is selected from silicon, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, antimony and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal lead of the battery is made of nickel, copper, gold, iron, or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support (B) containing zirconia, further contains alkaline earth metal or transition element(s) as an alloying element.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The lithium bis(dicarboxylic acid)borate is lithium bis(citraconic acid)borate of formula (2) or lithium bis(maleic acid)borate of formula (3).    EXAMPLE - Lithium tetramethoxy borate (in g) (28.6) and citraconic acid (53.3) were added to the mixed solvent (200 ml) containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1. The resulting mixture was refluxed at 90-100degreesC for 22 hours. Mixed solvent was then removed from the mixture after completion of reaction by vacuum distillation to obtain solid matter. The solid matter was then vacuum-dried at 100degreesC for 24hours to obtain lithium bis(citraconic acid) borate. A lithium secondary battery obtained using the lithium bis(citraconic acid) borate was found to have excellent charging and discharging properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixed material comprises 14-20 weight% resin and 80-86 weight% carbon particles. Ketjen black is 3-20 weight% of the carbon particles. A separator is obtained by molding a mixture of 10-34 weight% polyphenylene sulfide, 65-80 weight% graphite and 1-10 weight% ketjen black. This mixture also contains 5-15 weight% chopped carbon fibers, and graphite contained in the mixture is 60-80 weight%. The polyphenylene sulfide has a viscosity of 20-80psi. EXAMPLE - A blend composition for the separator comprises 33.25 weight% polyphenylene sulfide of viscosity 45psi, 60 weight% graphite of average particle diameter 100mum, 2.85 weight% ketjen black and 5 weight% chopped carbon fiber derived from polyacrylonitrile. The fluidity of the blend composition is 40 (spiral flow ratio). The volume resistance is 72mOMEGA.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: At least one selected from ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and their salts, is used directly as a fuel. At least one selected from sulfurous acid, thiosulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid, phosphorous acid, phosphinic acid and/or their salts is used directly as a fuel. A metal is used as the anode electrode. Specific fuel cell uses ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, sulfurous acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid and/or their salts as a fuel and carbon material, e.g. carbon black, as the anode catalyst. Another fuel cell uses ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, sulfurous acid, hydrogen sulfurous acid, dithionous acid and/or their salts as a fuel and a collector comprising carbon paper or carbon cloth, contacts with a solid polymer film and is directly used in the absence of an electrode catalyst. EXAMPLE - Platinum-ruthenium black is used in the anode catalyst and platinum black made water repellent with polytetrafluoroethylene is used in the cathode catalyst. The catalysts are mixed with a polymeric electrolyte to form catalyst inks. After forming thin film electrode sheets, polymer electrolyte films (Nafion-117) are hot pressed to both surfaces to form a film-electrode assembly. Both surfaces of the assembly are sandwiched by carbon cloth to form a fuel cell. An aqueous solution of the fuel is supplied to the anode. Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 1.0M gives a voltage of 0.586V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The bipolar plate (14) is a graphite plate. The alloy further comprises carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, molybdenum, niobium, or copper.Preferred Composition: The nickel comprises at least 32 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The conductive material is metallic foam, graphite foam, or carbon foam. It has low-density regions defining flow channels bounded by high-density regions within the coolant flow passage. The conductive material is diffusion bonded or brazed to the first and second metal foil layers.Preferred Dimensions: The first and second metal foil layers have a thickness of less than 0.005 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The flow path is defined by a groove (12) provided in the first substrate and by a surface of the second substrate opposite to the groove. The thin film heater is provided on the opposite surface of the second substrate. A catalyst layer is provided in the flow path. The thin film heater has an electrical resistive element which heats by an applied voltage.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: A load activates with electrical power generated by power generation section. It is a computer, a telephone, or image pickup device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: When the carbon nanotube is multilayered carbon nanotube, the heating temperature is 50-250degreesC, and when the carbon nanotube is monolayered carbon nanotube, the heating temperature is 50-200degreesC. Preferred Ratio: The mixing molar ratio of sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate is 80:20-95:5. EXAMPLE - Crude product containing multilayered carbon nanotube was produced by arc-discharge method as follows: Gap between electrodes, anode and cathode was set to 1-2 mm using carbon rod and sediment was formed at front end of cathode, under helium gas atmosphere. The outer covering portion of the sediment was polycrystal of graphite. The central portion and sediment were collected. The sediment was finely ground in isopropyl alcohol, passed through a polyethylene terephthalate filter, dried and crude product of multilayered carbon nanotube was obtained. The crude product of multilayered carbon nanotube containing amorphous carbon and graphite as impurities was treated with mixed solution containing sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate in the molar ratio of 9:1. The ratio of crude product to mixed solution was 1:1000. The crude product was immersed in the mixed solution for 45 minutes and processed at 250degreesC. The sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate components in the mixed solution oxidized and removed impurities in the crude product. Potassium further purified inner layer of graphite. The product was filtered, washed with ultra pure water, dried and multilayered carbon nanotube with high purity was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: The oxidizing agent is at least one selected from gas, liquid or a solid inorganic compound, and organic peroxy acid which has oxidiziability.Preferred Adsorption Agent: The silica gel, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, clay, diatomaceous earth, activated carbon or insoluble synthetic resin is used for an adsorption treatment as porous inorganic oxide adsorption agent at a temperature of -40 degrees C to 100 degrees C.Preferred Catalyst: A modification catalyst is a partial-oxidization modification catalyst, autothermal modification catalyst, or water vapor modification catalyst, preferably ruthenium type or nickel type catalyst. The carrier component of a modification catalyst contains one or more types chosen from manganese oxide, cerium oxide and a zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for solvent-extraction processing is the mixture of the organic solvent or the organic solvent and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrode surface film formation agent contains at least one type of compound of formula (II) or (III).R3-(CX1X2-CX3X4)n-CH2OR4 (II)R5-(CX1X2-CX3X4)n-CH2O-CX5X6-CX7X8-R6 (III)R3, R5 and X1-X8 = H or F;R4 = R1;n = 1, 2, 3 or 4; andR6 = H or CF3.X1-X8 are not H simultaneously. At least one of X1-X8 is F and remaining are H. Preferred Agent: The electrode surface film formation agent acts on electrode material surface as protective coat during battery formation and/or battery use.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode is negative electrode containing lithium metal, lithium intercalation compound or lithium alloy. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The electrode surface film formation agent contains HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, H(CF2CF2)2CH2OCF2CF2H, H(CF2CF2)2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, CF3CFHCF2CH2OCF2H, (CF3)2CHCF2OCH3, HCF2CF2CH2OCF2H, CF3CFHCF2OCH2CH3, HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, H(CF2CF2)2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, H(CF2CF2)3CH2OCH2CH2OCH3 and/or CF3CF2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent has propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate, as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is quaternary ammonium salt and/or quaternary phosphonium salt of formula: Q+X-, where Q+ is quaternary-ammonium group and/or quaternary phosphonium group, and X- is surface of counter ion chosen from PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3- and RfSO3-, where Rf is a 1-12C fluoro alkyl group. Preferred Solvent: The nonaqueous solvent is propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate. The glycol is propylene glycol or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidizing agent is chosen from non-aqueous electrolyte, preferably vanadium compound or lithium perchlorate. The vanadium compound is vanadium pentoxide.Preferred Properties: The oxidizing agent is a powder with mean particle diameter of 0.05-10 micrometers. The oxidizing agent is unevenly distributed in the surface of anode and/or cathode. The battery has capacity of 2 Ah or more.Preferred Composition: The amount of vanadium compound contained with respect to the anode active material or cathode active material is 0.1-20 mass%. The amount of perchlorate contained is 0.1-20 mol%.Preferred Material: The anode active material is lithium manganate having cubic spinel structure. The cathode active material is graphitized carbon material or hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further comprises 1-50 weight parts of hydrogenated block copolymers of polymer block (A) containing vinyl aromatic compound as a main component and block (B) containing conjugated diene compound and/or its block copolymer. The composition further comprises 1-200 weight parts of inorganic fillers with respect to total weight part of composition. The inorganic filler is selected from mineral salt, glass fiber, glass filament, chopped-stranded glass fiber, glass flakes, glass bead, carbon fiber, whisker, kaolin, mica, talc, carbon black, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, potassium titanate, wollastonite, thermally conductive substance such as graphite, aluminum nitrate, boron nitride, alumina, beryllium oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum nitride, barium sulfide, electroconductive metal fiber, electroconductive metal plates, electroconductive carbon black and carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material is activated charcoal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermistor comprises complex oxide of magnesium, cobalt, copper and vanadium.The electrode of the thermistor comprises alloy paste of silver, palladium and platinum.The terminal of the thermistor comprises 29% of nickel, 17% of cobalt-iron alloy or 42% of nickel-iron alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalytic reformer is made of silicon or silicon carbide.Preferred Component: The catalytically coated surface of the reformer includes a catalyst including metal from Group VIII metals of iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalytic reformer is made of aluminum-chrome-iron alloy formed as a wire mesh formed into a roll.Preferred Property: The material of the reformer has a porosity of 20-80, preferably 40-70%, an electrical resistance of 0.001-10 M-ohm-cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises electrocatalytic reformer elements (20), vessel enclosing the elements, first port and first manifold providing communication to annular chamber (14) of the electrocatalytic reformer elements, second port and second manifold providing communication to the interior of the inner pipes (10, 12) of the electrocatalytic reformer elements, chamber around the elements, and third and fourth ports providing an inlet and outlet (18) for anodized exhaust gases around the elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A mixture of water with air or oxygen is supplied. The resistance of the electrocatalytic reformer element is measured and the temperature from the measured resistance is determined. The electric current is adjusted to maintain the reformer element at a desired temperature and adjusting the temperature in dependence upon anticipated changes in demand for converted hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket has a base portion (26), and rib(s) (28, 30) supported by the base portion and extending axially of the fuel cell assembly for forming a seal with an adjacent bipolar plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gasket is formed from asbestos, plastic, polyisoprene rubber, silicone rubber, and/or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing injection of the water stream to a zero flow over a predetermined time period. It comprises preheating a source of the air stream; pressurizing the source of the air stream; and providing the preheated, pressurized air stream to the primary reactor inlet. It comprises introducing a volumetric flow of the preheated, pressurized air stream to increase the rate of heat generation by the primary reactor; preheating a source of the liquid water stream prior to injecting the liquid water stream into the superheated steam stream; injecting the liquid water stream at a pre-selected spaced location in the first inlet stream, the location spaced from the primary reactor to permit the superheated steam stream to superheat at least a majority of a liquid water in the steam stream mixture prior to the mixture reaching the primary reactor inlet; and preheating a source of the hydrocarbon fuel stream prior to introducing the fuel stream into the inlet of the primary reactor. It comprises adding a volumetric flow of the liquid water over a predetermined time period to increase a steam/carbon ratio.Preferred System: The fuel processor system comprises a vaporizer interconnectably joining the source of water to the superheater, and having a vaporizer inlet in fluid communication with the source of water, a vaporizer outlet in fluid communication with the first inlet, and a source of heat, the vaporizer receiving the source of water and utilizing the source of heat for generating a steam stream, which is introduced into the first inlet; and a second injector in fluid communication with the first inlet and the water source, and coupled to the controller for selectively injecting water into the steam stream, based on an operating state of the primary reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The steam reforming catalyst is rhodium or palladium. The water-gas shift catalyst is the same as the steam reforming catalyst. The steam reforming catalyst is impregnated into a washcoat of zirconia which is applied to a surface of the steam reforming channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxygen containing stream comprises air, stream and combination of air and stream. The catalyst comprises nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, magnesia, magnesium aluminate, alumina, silica, zirconia, potassium and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Stream: The fuel steam comprises hydrocarbon fuel, alcohols, and combination hydrocarbon fuel and alcohols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: (A) is a compound of formula (1).CH2=CH-(X)a-C(CF3)F(OCF2C(CF3)F)b-O-(CF2)-L-O-(C(CF3)FCF2O)c C(CF3)F-(X')a-CH=CH2 (1)X = -CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2-, or -Y-NR-CO-;Y = -CH2-, or a group of formula (Z) (o, m, or p-position);R = H, Me, Ph, or allyl;X' = -CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2-, or -CO-NR-Y';Y' = -CH2-, or a group of formula (Z') (o, m, or p-position);a = 0 or 1;L = 2-6;andb, c = 0-200.The compound (C) in powder form is a compound of formula (I) or (II).R1-R4, R5-R8 = H, a (substituted)monovalent hydrocarbon group of 1-12C, in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. EXAMPLE - The base compound (100 pbw) was added with 2,2-bis(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-hexafluoropropane (2 pbw). The resulting composition exhibited a very smooth mold release and compression set of 20%, compared to the control without the additive of very difficult mold release and 18% compression set.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The membrane frame contains bars (28) which are directed onto an opening (32) in the feed frame. The bars extend in a radial distribution from the opening in the feed frame onto a membrane edge. The membrane frame consists of an embossed metal sheet. The feed frame has annular closed strips which are narrower than the edges of the membrane frame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel-generating treatment device comprises a reactor in which the waste gas is to be decomposed into a gas mixture containing the fuel. The abatement system comprises a separator downstream of the reactor for separation of the fuel from other components of the gas mixture. It is arranged to recover hydrogen from an ammonia-containing waste gas, and comprises an ammonia cracking device for decomposing ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen, and a hydrogen separator arranged to receive the decomposed gaseous decomposition product and separate hydrogen from the product. It comprises a purifier for purifying hydrogen gas separated by the hydrogen separator before use of the hydrogen gas in the fuel cell. It also comprises fuel cells arranged to receive the fuel, a control device for monitoring the electrical current generated by the fuel cell and determining in dependence on an additional power requirement to be devised from an external power source. It is arranged to receive waste gas from a semiconductor processing step. The hydrogen separator is a pressure swing adsorption system. The electrically powered devices comprise pump (17) and/or heating device that is powered by the fuel cell or cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen generating material is produced by hydrogenating aggregate of magnesium alloy particles comprising magnesium particles and several catalyst metal fine particles. The catalyst metal fine particles are nickel fine particles, nickel alloy fine particles, iron fine particles, iron alloy fine particles, vanadium fine particles, vanadium alloy fine particles, manganese fine particles, manganese alloy fine particles, titanium fine particles, titanium alloy fine particles, copper fine particles, copper alloy fine particles, silver fine particles, silver alloy fine particles, calcium fine particles, calcium alloy fine particles, zinc fine particles, zinc alloy fine particles, zirconium fine particles, zirconium alloy fine particles, aluminum fine particles and/or aluminum alloy fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The single cells are arranged to be approximately symmetrical to each other with respect to the circuit board and the electrode terminals of each of the symmetrical single cells are connected to the respectively corresponding voltage detection lines. The laminate films cover both surfaces of a power generation element of each of the single cells. A housing portion for the power generation element is provided in the laminate film which covers one of its surface while the laminate film which covers the other surface is formed flat and covers an opening portion of the housing portion. Peripheral portions of the laminate films are joined to each other by thermowelding. The side of flat-formed laminate film of the single cell is attached onto the circuit board. The circuit board comprises connection terminals (31a-e) which interconnect the electrode terminals. The voltage detection lines are connected to the connection terminals. Busbars are coupled onto the connection terminals which interconnect the single cells in an overlapping manner. The voltage detection lines are wired to avoid the single cells attached onto the circuit board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Honeycomb Structure: The honeycomb structure is formed of ceramic material such as cordierite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The temperature in which the half life of the organic peroxide becomes 10 hours is 60degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Organic Electrode: The organic peroxide is percarbonate, which is bis (4-t-butyl cyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate. Further additional amount of the organic peroxide is added with respect to an electrolyte liquid, preferably 0.5-5 mass% with respect to electrolyte-liquid mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous-electrolyte contains 0.003-0.3 mol/kg of difluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carbonate in the electrolyte has endocyclic or exocyclic pi-bond. The cyclic carbonate having endocyclic pi-bond is of formula (I) and the cyclic carbonate having exocyclic pi-bond is of formula (II).R1-R6 = H, X or CnHmX(2n-m+1)X = halogen atom;n = 4 or less; andm = 0 to 2n+1.The cyclic carbonate having endocyclic pi-bond is preferably vinylene carbonate and the cyclic carbonate having exocyclic pi-bond is vinyl ethylene carbonate. The acid anhydride is cyclic anhydride. Alternatively, the non-aqueous electrolyte contains cyclic carbonate which does not have pi-bond, chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cathode: The cathode contains graphite as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The electrolyte battery has metal resin composite as exterior material. EXAMPLE - Mixture of lithium cobalt oxide, acetylene black and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride was applied on the surface of an aluminum foil and dried to obtain an anode. Mixture of graphite and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride was applied on the surface of a copper foil and dried to obtain a cathode. The anode and cathode were arranged to obtain a polar group and a polyethylene film was provided between the anode and cathode as separator. Non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium phosphorus hexafluoride, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, succinic anhydride and diethyl carbonate was prepared. The polar group was impregnated with the prepared electrolyte and covered with the metal resin composite film and sealed to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte battery. The battery had excellent charging and discharging efficiency, high energy density and preservability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aqueous solution of lignin is acidified using nitric acid aqueous solution (9). The alkaline aqueous solution is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Membrane: The ion exchange membrane is plate with metal such as platinum, iridium, rhodium or iridium-rhodium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (I) can be produced by reacting kaolin with sodium borohydride under highly alkaline conditions. EXAMPLE - A mixture of kaolin (1 g), sodium borohydride (2 g) and 16 M sodium hydroxide (10 ml) was heated at 120degreesC in an autoclave under autogenous pressure for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is xylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating is conducted at 600-700degreesC for more than 10, preferably 12 hours. A metal salt is dissolved in an aqueous salt. A chalcogen is introduced and reacting the precipitated metal with the chalcogen by heating under inert atmosphere. The metal is precipitated by adding an alkali solution to the aqueous solution. Preferred Component: The inert atmosphere is nitrogen. The metal is ruthenium, molybdenum, iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel or tungsten. The chalcogen is sulfur or selenium. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. The metal salt is ruthenium salt. The ruthenium salt is ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (III) nitrate or ruthenium (III) acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A catalytic coating (140) is deposited on the porous coating. The catalyst is deposited by electroplating, electroless plating, or by atomic layer deposition. The coating materials are mixed with a flux.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The open-structure substrate comprises ceramic, or glass. The coating material comprises ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate may comprise plastic film. The binder comprises glycol, or wax.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate may comprise carbon, or metal sheets. The coating material comprises metal particles. The coating material comprises silicon. The catalytic coating comprises platinum platinum-ruthenium, or platinum-ruthenium-osmium. The paste is sol gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The component is made of silicon or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The material of the component comprises an aluminum-chrome iron alloy. The catalytically coated surface of the material, comprises catalyst selected from the group VII metals of periodic table, such as iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), copper and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution is a solution including polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 400 AMU.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell includes a pressure controller for maintaining a positive pressure differential between the process oxidant stream passing through the fuel cell and the high molecular weight direct antifreeze solution passing through the porous water transport plate so that the process oxidant stream within the fuel cell is at a greater pressure than the antifreeze solution within the water transport plate. The wetproofed cathode support mechanism includes a wetproofed cathode diffusion layer secured between a wetproofed cathode substrate and the cathode catalyst. The wetproofed cathode support mechanism includes a wetproofed cathode diffusion layer secured between a cathode substrate and the cathode catalyst. The electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane. Preferred Property: Each member of the group of high molecular weight direct antifreeze solutions has a surface tension of greater than 45 dyne/cm at an operating temperature of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: One of the resin layers consists of polypropylene, optionally modified polyethylene or a material chosen from an ionomer. The other resin layer consisting of crosslinked optionally modified polypropylene, crosslinked optionally modified polyethylene or a material chosen from an ionomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred materials: The cathode in the battery is made of iron, nickel or copper. The anode in the battery is made of aluminum, iron or nickel. The anode and cathode active substances in the battery, consist of lithium-manganese type complex oxide and amorphous carbon material, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Material: The carbon material is a porous-carbon which is an activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The control unit is structured so that it sets the additional component in motion for 1-300, especially 2-15 seconds. The control unit stores an error in an error storage unit. The measuring parameter is the number of engine starts of a vehicle engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The metal-air converter comprises a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a magnesium-air battery, a lithium-air battery, a calcium-air battery, or an iron-air battery. It is adapted to operate as a rechargeable battery for receiving electricity from the generator; as a rechargeable battery for receiving electricity from an off-board electric source; and as a fuel cell with replenished metal fuel. The generator is a fuel cell, a combustion engine, and/or a gas turbine. It comprises a hybrid power source including a gas turbine and a fuel cell. The fuel cell is from solid oxide, solid state, molten carbonate, or phosphoric acid and alkaline and proton electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The generator produces power in excess of the needs for metal-air converter recharging or on board use and can offer power for off board use. The metal-air converter powers the electric motor on the electrically-powered vehicle. The on-board energy source comprises the generator and the fuel supply. Preferred Properties: The metal-air converter has an energy density greater than 200 Wh/kg or 500 Wh/l and power density greater than 100 W/kg or 500 W/l. Preferred Method: The electricity producing step includes electrochemically converting a generator fuel to electricity. The charging method further includes supplying the generator fuel to the generator; and receiving a supply of the metal fuel from an off-board source. The propelling method further includes supplying the generator fuel to the on-board generator, where the generator converts the generator fuel to the electric charge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal fuel comprises zinc, aluminum, magnesium, lithium, calcium, or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The vehicle can travel a distance of more than 300 miles before requiring recharging of the battery from the off-board source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst- modified carbon is a preformed metal-modified carbon powder or nanoscale-platinum (Pt) modified carbon.Preferred Property: The Pt particle size is 2-3 nm.Preferred Process: The silica sol used is sufficient to penetrate and just cover the bed of catalyst-modified carbon. An argon atmosphere annealing step is used after forming the composite aerogel to increase Pt particle size at 900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The divalent metal is nickel. The porous defect type spinel crystal structure contains nickel and aluminum, in an atomic ratio of 0.01/2-0.5/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid satisfies the relations:y' at most -0.025x' + 30, andy' at most -0.8x' + 160.x' = weight content (in ppm) of hydrolysed substance of tetrafluoroborate in electrolyte liquid, andy' = weight content (in ppm) of hydrogen fluoride in the electrolyte liquid.Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is quaternary ammonium salt and/or phosphonium salt of formula Q+BF4-.Q+ = quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressurization processing is carried out under a press pressure of 50-2000 Kgf/cm2.Preferred Property: The interlayer distance d(002) of a crystal carrying out isotropic pressurization processing of graphite powder is 3.38 Angstrom or less and aspect ratio is 1.1-5.The microcrystal size Lc(002) of the powder along C axial direction, by carrying out isotropic pressurization processing of graphite powder is 500 Angstrom.The powder has mean particle diameter of 10-100 microns, specific surface area of 8 m2/g or less and bulk density of 0.3 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material contains lithium nickel complex oxide (LiNiO2). The cathode active material contains artificial graphite.Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is lithium hexa fluoride phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The intermediate plate is formed as a flat seal and is less than 0.4 mm, especially less than 0.3 mm thick. The covering plate has a channel parallel to a manifold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The middle plate is made from metal. The covering plate is made from metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The middle plate is made from graphite. The covering plate is made from plastic or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred process: An energy cell process puts aluminum or zinc plates in water and citric acid to produce hydrogen and wattage, and also to produce electroplating with no energy. EXAMPLE - Not given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The molded part is made from an alloy containing at least 20 wt.% chromium and alloying additions of iron and further metallic components in an amount up to 40 wt.%.
ACTIVITY - Cardiant.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given in source material.    EXAMPLE - The cardiac pacemakers were assembled as specified for use in cardiac pacing systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The pressure during compression molding is 4.9-14.7 MPa. The porous molded body has a porosity of 1-50%. The impregnation with the binder is carried out at a temperature of 0-200 degreesC and pressure of -0.1-2 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The powdered material charged for dense areas, and powdered material charged for the porous areas are the same material but in differ in amount, and flow properties and/or cure rates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The fuel cell device further includes pull tab (106) for removing a portion of the sealed compartment, fuel cell activator having mechanism for breaking the first seal and exposing the MEA to air, and mechanism for breaking the second seal to allow flow of fuel to MEA. The barrier comprises a non-gas permeable substrate. The fuel comprises hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides, carbon nanotubes, hydrogen in gaseous form, or methanol released by reaction. The MEA has amount of water selected to provide optimum startup hydration for proper operation of the fuel cell device. The hydrated MEA has a membrane structure having water content of at least 20 wt.%. The fuel cell activator comprises a pull-tab for removing portion of the first seal, and puncture device for puncturing the second seal. The puncture device comprises a pin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxygen to carbon molar ratio is maintained at 0.5-2.3, steam to carbon molar ratio within 1.5-3 and pressure within the range of 1.5-3.0 bar-gauge. About 10 wt.% or less preferably 3-5 wt.% of hydrocarbon liquid is oxidized. The temperature range is based on a relationship between vaporizer outlet temperature and reformate hydrogen content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The housing material comprises plastic, metal, metal-alloys, rubber, fiberglass, epoxy, synthetic rubber compounds, latex compounds, polyurethane or fiber resin composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal supported catalyst is contained in the shape of powder, pellet, granules, cloth, plate, and reticulate or honeycomb. The aromatic compound of liquid or gas is sprayed on the metal supported catalyst, and the aromatic compound is atomized or vaporized with the catalyst. Stirring is carried out in high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere, and hydrogen supply component is manufactured. The hydrogen supply component is used by hydrogen storage and supply system (1) which performs storage and supply of hydrogen using hydrogenation of hydrogen storage component consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon, and dehydrogenation of hydrogen supply component consisting of hydride of aromatic hydrocarbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic compound is 1-methyl naphthalene, or mixture of 1-methyl naphthalene and naphthalene, or mixture of 1-methyl naphthalene, naphthalene and benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, ethylbenzene and/or tetralin. The metal supported in the catalyst is nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and/or iron. The support is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel, alumina and/or metal porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material also includes a sulfate radical selected from sulfate of alkali metal, sulfate of alkaline earth metal, sulfate of transition metal and sulfate of organic compound. The amount of sulfate radical in the positive electrode active material is 1 wt.% or less. When M1 is cobalt, M2 is selected from a combination of (Mn and Hf), (Ce and Mn), (Mn and Pr), (Ti and Hf), (Ti and Ce), (Ti and Pr), (Zr and Hf), (Zr and Ce), (Zr and Pr), (Hf and Ce) and (Hf and Pr). Alternately, when M1 is Ni, M2 is selected from combination of (Mn and Zr), (Mn and Hf), (Mn and Ce), (Mn and Pr), (Ti and Hf), (Ti and Ce), (Ti and Pr), (Zr and Hf), (Zr and Ce), (Zr and Pr), (Hf and Ce), (Hf and Pr) and (Ce and Pr). Alternately, When M1 is Co and Ni, M2 is selected from combination of (Mn and Ce), (Mn and Pr), (Ti and Ce), (Ti and Pr), (Zr and Pr), (Hf and Ce), (Hf and Pr) and (Ce and Pr). The active material is obtained by mixing lithium compound with the chosen metallic elements and bake processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mounting plate is made from a mixture of nylon 66 and polyphenylene ether. The upper casing is made from a mixture of polypropylene and a flexible plastic and the lower casing is made from a mixture of polypropylene and tallow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The foam-like foil is made from a contacting powder and/or contacting fibers with a binder produced by spinning a suitable powder or precursor material bound with a binder or solvent. The porosity of the foil is increased by adding pore formers during the production process and/or during joining.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system also comprises heater (36) for heating catalyst layer, heat application controller and varying mechanism, and mechanism for varying the application of heat to the catalyst layer and electroconductive support when measured polarization impedance differs from the reference value. The electroconductive support is tubular in shape. The catalyst extends portion(s) of the inner diameter of the tubular support. The first electrode is in contact with the electroconductive support. The second electrode and alternating current sensor are in contact with the catalyst layer at point opposite and across the tube from the first electrode. The electroconductive support is solid electrolytes, mixed conductive, or cermets. The electroconductive support is made of stabilized zirconia, stabilized bismuth oxide, yttria-stabilized bismuth oxide, niobium oxide stabilized bismuth oxide, sodium beta alumina, hydronium beta-alumina, Nafion, porous metal, cerium oxide-based solid solutions, calcium titanate solid solution, strontium titanate-based solid solution, lanthanum aluminate-based solid solution, or molybdenum silicide. The catalyst is metal or electrically conductive ceramic. The catalyst is made of platinum, palladium, or tin oxide-indium oxide mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The connector is stamped of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing calcium comprises at least one of multiple oxides of lead and calcium, multiple hydroxide of lead and calcium, multiple sulfate of lead and calcium, and hydrate of the compound.The compound containing calcium comprises at least one of calcium oxide, calcium silicate, calcium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium dihydrogen diphosphate, calcium diphosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, calcium hypophosphite, calcium sulfate, calcium sulfite, calcium acetate, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxalate, calcium alginate, calcium aminosalicylate, calcium salicylate, calcium ascorbate, calcium benzoate, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium mercapto-acetate (calcium thioglycolate), calcium naphthenate, calcium pantothenate, calcium citrate, calcium phytate, calcium propionate and calcium stearate, and/or hydrate of said compound.The amount of calcium contained in the anode is 0.001-2 wt.% per anode weight.Preferred Property: The X-ray diffraction pattern of the anode contains peak value d of 0.76+/-0.08 nm. The lead-acid storage battery is designed as a liquid type battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The substrate contains stainless steel, aluminum or titanium. The coating comprises noble metal(s) selected from rubidium, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, iridium, platinum and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The gas purification system further comprises a reactor heater, and a combustion catalyst in contact with the interior side of the conduit wall.A gap space of 0.05-1.0 inches exists between the reaction catalyst coating and the membrane.The space comprises a laminar flow disruptor, preferably selected from the group consisting of: packing, particulate, mesh wire, wool, granule, pellet and fluidized catalyst.The gas purification further comprises a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the heat conduit and/or membrane.The heat transfer element is a fin coated with a reaction catalyst.The fin has a gas communication aperture therethrough.The gas purification system further comprises a combustion catalyst on an exterior wall of a feed tube.The gas purification system further comprises a flow disruptor within the reactor selected from a dimple, a protrusion, packing, mesh wire, wool, granulate, pellet catalyst, fluidized catalyst, a baffle and a curved membrane.The heater has a sweep gas flowing through it.The gas purification system further comprises feed liquid compression means to convey the mixed gas flow through the portal into the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The membrane is hydrogen selective and the constituent gas is hydrogen.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst coating comprises a methanol reforming catalyst or an ammonia cracking catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The ionic conduction substance is sulfonated polyether ketone resin, sulfonated polyether sulfone resin, sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide resin, sulfonated polyimide resin, sulfonated polyamide resin, sulfonated epoxy resin and sulfonated polyolefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polypropylene resin is a copolymer of propylene and ethylene. The copolymer further consists of butene. The adhesive resin layer is a graft polyolefin modified by unsaturated carboxylic acid. The graft polyolefin is a copolymer of propylene and ethylene, or a copolymer of propylene, ethylene and butene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The porous membrane consists of ultra-molecule-polyolefin resin or fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The sulfonic acid type resin preferably contains groups of the following formulae:R = H or (up to 5) phenyl or 1-6C alkyl groups. EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate (6.6 g), p-phenol acid sodium salt (11.8 g), dimethylsulfoxide (150 ml) and toluene (60 ml) were mixed and heated at 165 degreesC for two hours to form AB2 type monomer. The obtained monomer (0.5 g) and PPMA (5 ml) were made to react at 120 degreesC for 45 hours and an anisole (0.5 ml) was added to the reaction solution and reacted at 120 degreesC for 3 hours to obtain a multi-branch sulfonic acid type resin. The yield of the resin was 49%. The resin had a weight average molecular weight of 1900, a molecular weight dispersion of 1.23, an intrinsic viscosity of 0.12 and a polymerization degree of 3.7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cryogenic liquid is nitrogen or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: A nickel or nickel alloy layer (4) is provided between the outer surface of the clad layer and the diffusion layer. A zinc layer is provided as bonding layer (5) between the outer surface of the clad layer and the layer comprising nickel. The core sheet is made of aluminum alloy, preferably aluminum alloy consisting of AA3xxx, AA5xxx or AA6xxx-series aluminum alloys. The clad layer and all layers exterior to it form a metal filler for a brazing operation.Preferred Dimensions: The nickel or nickel alloy layer has a thickness of at most 0.4 microns. The diffusion layer has a thickness of 0.2-0.6 microns. The bonding layer has a thickness of not more than 0.5, preferably 0.01-0.15 microns. The aluminum base substrate is made of AA4000-series aluminum alloy. The other component comprises a material consisting of steel, aluminized steel, stainless steel, plated or coated steel, plated or coated stainless steel, bronze, brass, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, or plated or coated titanium.Preferred Compositions: The metal filler has mol. ratio of nickel:tin of 10:(0.5-9), preferably 10:(0.5-6). The metal filler has a composition comprising (wt.%): 5-14 silicon, 0.03-8 nickel, at most 0.3 bismuth, at most 0.3 antimony, 0.01-7 tin, at most 0.3 zinc, at most 5 magnesium, balance aluminum and removable impurities.Preferred Method: The metal layer comprising nickel or nickel alloy is applied using plating method, preferably electrolytic plating method. It may also be applied using thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. The diffusion annealing treatment is carried out in a protective atmosphere at 230-350 degreesC for a soaking time of 1-600, preferably 1-300 seconds. The components are joined by a brazing operation in an inert atmosphere in the absence of brazing flux material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: The mol-ratio of nickel:tin (Ni:Sn) is 10:(0.5-6). The metal filler has a composition comprising (wt.%): silicon (5-12), Ni (0.03-8), bismuth (at most 0.3), antimony (at most 0.3), Sn (0.01-7), zinc (at most 0.3), magnesium (at most 5), balance aluminum, and inevitable impurities. The aqueous plating bath further comprises 0.2-2 M/l pyrophosphate as complexing agent. The pyrophosphate is present at 65-650, preferably 100-350 g/l. Preferred Components: The Ni:Sn alloy layer is a plated layer. It is lead free. A zinc layer is provided as bonding layer between the outer surface of the aluminum silicon alloy clad layer and the Ni:Sn alloy layer. The core sheet is made of aluminum alloy, preferably aluminum alloy consisting of AA3xxx, AA5xxx or AA6xxx-series aluminum alloys. The other component comprises a material consisting of steel, aluminized steel, stainless steel, plated or coated steel, plated or coated stainless steel, bronze, brass, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, or plated or coated titanium. Preferred Method: The Ni:Sn alloy layer is applied by dipping, thermal spraying, chemical vapor deposition, or physical vapor deposition. The components are joined by a brazing operation in an inert atmosphere in the absence of brazing flux material. Preferred Dimensions: The Ni:Sn alloy layer has a thickness of at most 2.0, preferably 0.1-0.8 mum. The bonding layer has a thickness of at most 0.5, preferably at most 0.3 mum. The aqueous plating bath further comprises a further complexing agent in the form of alpha-amino acid, preferably in the form of amino acetic acid. Preferred Properties: The aqueous plating bath has a pH of 6.5-9.0, preferably 7.5-8.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A heat exchange zone (7, 8) is located next to the reaction chamber. The periodic interruption is controlled by a flow controller comprising a measuring mechanism and an oxygen flow control mechanism to the reaction chamber in response to a signal received from the measuring mechanism. The measuring mechanism includes carbon monoxide level sensing element (9) and a temperature sensing element. The temperature sensing element signals the oxygen flow control mechanism and stops the flow of oxygen upon sensing a reduction in temperature below a predetermined level, or upon sensing an increase in carbon monoxide concentration above a predetermined level. The flow controller comprises a valve.The apparatus further includes a second reaction chamber containing a catalyst for promoting oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The outlet from the primary reaction chamber connects to a line that connects to an inlet of the second reaction chamber. The second reaction chamber also includes an inlet for an oxygen-rich stream to pass into the second reaction chamber, and an oxygen interrupting mechanism.Preferred Condition: The periodic interruption of the flow of the oxygen-containing stream is at preset intervals of time for desired periods of time, or for a sufficient period to result in reduced levels of carbon monoxide flowing out of the chamber and reduced levels of buildup of CO within the chamber. The fuel stream and the oxygen-rich stream are supplied to the reaction chamber through a single or separate supply line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises ruthenium metal dispersed on an alumina carrier. It has a bulk density of 0.2-0.4 g/cc, and a portion of the alumina carrier has an average pore size of 800-1500 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline earth metal oxide is by produced when alkali metal salt of meta boric acid, alkaline earth metal hydride, or alkaline earth metal is hydrogenated by hydrogen. Hydrogen is reacted with the halogen obtained by electrolyzation, and a hydrohalide is produced. The meta sodium borate is dehydrated after the reaction of borax and aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and heat-dried. The residue produced after the conversion of alkali metal boron hydride into hydrogen generating agent, is dehydrated and heat-dried. The alkali metal salt of meta boric acid contained in the fuel cell is recovered. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Alkali metal boron hydride is sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride. The alkaline earth metal is magnesium or calcium. The alkali metal salt of meta boric acid is meta sodium borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic conductive material further comprises an organic compound. The organic compound is a polymer and/or an organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    M = lithium; and    X = nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber nonwoven fabric comprises 90 mass% or more of polyacrylonitrile group short fiber and polyacrylonitrile group fire resistance short fiber.The carbon fiber nonwoven fabric comprises 5 mass% or less of binder.The binder excludes high molecular organic compound.Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the polyacrylonitrile group short fiber has a fiber diameter of 5 microns or less.The fiber length of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is 15 mm or less.The average pore size of the nonwoven fabric is 50-500 microns.The hydraulic pressure of pillared high-pressure water is 0.5-10 MPa.The pore size of a nozzle which generates the pillared high-pressure water is 0.05-0.15 mm and the width of contiguity hole of the nozzle is 0.3-3 mm.The number of nozzles which generate the high-pressure water is 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The tubes extend out from the interconnect through a hot zone thermal insulation surrounding the stack, enabling ends of the tubes to remain near ambient temperature to allow connection of reactant supplies through metallic or polymer tubing. A porous bed of reforming agent may be incorporated in the interconnect tubes carrying fuel gases.Preferred Parameter: The tube ends are available at the ambient temperature with the hot zone for connecting electrical leads for removal of power from the cells and/or stack.Preferred Method: Individual cells that have failed may be electrically shorted out to allow continuous operation of the stack. The reactant supply streams to failed cells may be terminated by constriction of the reactant supply tubing. The reactant supply stream may be adjusted to optimize the electrical characteristics of each individual cell comprising the stack. Uniform reactant distribution across the faces of the cells is achieved by incorporating a fugitive mesh in the electrically conductive compliant cement used to join cell to interconnect.Preferred Property: The interconnect sheet material can withstand stack operating conditions to 850degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water decomposition layer comprises a mixture of a precious metal catalyst and a water repellent resin. The precious metal catalyst comprises a carrier having precious metals from platinum, ruthenium, iridium or silver, or an alloy of at least two of the precious metals as a catalyst component. It may also comprise a support and platinum. The platinum is carried on the support as a catalyst component. The water decomposition layer further comprises an ion exchange resin. It is more porous than the reaction layer. The reaction layer is a mixture of the precious metal catalyst and the ion exchange resin. It further comprises the water repellent resin. The fuel introduced through the diffusion layer is pure hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process : In (I) and (II), the hydrophilic group is -COOM3, -OSO3M3, -SO3M3, -O2PM3, -O2PM3, - OP(OM3)2, -O2P(OM3), -OPO(OM3)2, -PO2(OM3), -PO(OM3)2, - COOM41/2, -SO3M41/2, -O2PM41/2, -O2PM41/2, - OP(OM41/2)2, -O2P(OM41/2), -OPO(OM41/2)2, - PO2(OM41/2), -PO(OM41/2)2 or an ammonio group substituted with 2 or 3 alkyl groups, which forms a salt with a conjugated base of a mineral acid or a fatty acidM3 = alkali metal, H atom or NR1R2R3R4 ;M4 = alkali earth metal ;R1-R4 = H atom or 1-4C alkyl groupPreferred Conditions: The pyrolysis is preferably carried out at a temperature between 50 degreesC and 150 degreesC (not including 150 degreesC). Preferred Solvent: The coordinating organic solvent comprises a non-protonic organic solvent, which is an ether, sulforan, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetic ethyl and/or trimethyl urea. The ether can be a grime-solvent, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, anisole and/or a crown ether. The grime-solvent is dimethoxy ethane, diethoxy ethane, monoethylene glycol dimethyl ether or one of 5 other ethers. The non-protonic organic solvent contains 250 ppm or less of water, and is preferably diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The fluorine-containing 2-alkoxypropionic acid derivative contains 0.1 wt% or less of water. EXAMPLE - NaOC(O)CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO3Na (6.4 kg) and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (5.3 kg) were slowly heated to 140 degreesC while stirring, and then heated at 140 degreesC for 180 minutes. Pure water was added to the reaction solution. The mixture was filtered so as to remove the solid and then the unreacted diethylene glycol dimethyl ether was removed by extraction with chloroform. The resulting aqueous solution was subjected to recrystallization so as to obtain CF2=CF- OCF2CF2-SO3Na.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The low-hydration membrane is a non-fluorinated ionomer membrane. It is an acid-doped polybenzimidazole membrane doped with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adsorption material which traps the alkali metal compound and/or alkali metal is at least one type chosen from granular active carbon, carbon fiber mat, grain-shaped charcoal and ceramic wool. 5 volume% or less of carbon dioxide is contained in controlled atmosphere of reaction furnace interior containing the alkali activation reaction container, during addition of alkali metal compound to carbon precursor and performing alkali activation process. EXAMPLE - 2.5 kg of petroleum group coke as carbon precursor and 5 kg of potassium hydroxide, were mixed uniformly. The mixture was introduced into an activation reaction container made of pure nickel. A trapping layer was provided to the upper portion of the reaction container. The trapping layer had 5 kg of grain-shaped coconut husk activated carbon with mean particle diameter of 5 mm, as adsorption material. The reaction container was installed in a hot-air circulation furnace interior of batch type. The container was maintained at 400degreesC for 3 hours in nitrogen atmosphere, and heated to 730degreesC. Subsequently, alkali activation process was performed for 3 hours. The amount of potassium trapped after alkali activation process was measured. The amount of potassium dispersed in the reaction container was 85 wt.%. The amount of potassium in upper trapping layer was 12 wt.%. The amount of potassium contained in the reaction furnace interior was 3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon nanohorn having structural defect is produced by bake-processing carbon nanohorn in an oxidizing atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon is carried out at 550-1200degreesC. Carbon generated during the thermal decomposition is allowed to precipitate on the surface of carbon nanohorn, and hydrogen is produced continuously. EXAMPLE - A carbon material was irradiated with a laser, and a carbon nanohorn without any structural defect (1) was produced. The carbon nanohorn was formed into a aggregate, and diameter of each carbon nanohorn was 1.5-3 nm. The aggregate was bake-processed at 400-600degreesC for 10-60 minutes in an oxidizing atmosphere, and carbon nanohorn having a structural defect was obtained. Carbon nanohorn (20 mg) and quartz sand (1 g) having particle size of 0.3-0.5 mum were mixed, and packed to a reaction tube. A catalyst layer was formed, and a silica wool was packed at both ends of catalyst layer. The reaction tube was loaded into an electrical furnace, and the catalyst was kept from moving during reaction. A mixed gas of methane and nitrogen was thermally decomposed at 900degreesC, and the pressure was 0.1 MPa. The volume ratio of methane and nitrogen was 4:96. The gas produced from the reaction tube was analyzed, and the gas was found to contain methane, nitrogen and hydrogen. Hydrogen was produced, and the conversion ratio was improved due to the increase in number of unpaired electron (109) of carbon nanohorn by bake-processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon structure has interlayer distance between each pyramid of 0.34 nm or more. The carbon structure having novel structure, has peak intensity larger than the peak intensity of the carbon structure having usual interlayer structure, when measured in powder X-ray diffraction apparatus.Preferred Method: The carbon structure is obtained by pulverizing an organic substance to a size of 1 mm or less, heating the substance preliminarily at 1000degreesC and then heating at high temperature of 2200degreesC. Preliminary heating and heating at high temperature, are both performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic substance is plant body such as kenaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent panel can be made from polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator plate is a porous membrane made of, for example, a polyolefine, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, having a thickness of approximately 25microns to 50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lanthanum metal oxide epitaxial buffer layer is selected from compounds having of formula (I).La1-xAxMO3 (I)A comprises compounds of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and calcium (Ca); andM comprises compounds of manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co).The electromagnetically active layer includes superconducting layer comprising oxides selected from rare earth element of thallium (Tl), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) and mercury (Hg). It has components of formula (II)-(IV).Tl1Ba2Can-1CunO2n+3 (II)Tl1Ba2Can-1CunO2n+4 (III)Hg1Ba2Can-1CunO2n+2 (IV).The textured metal surface comprises copper, copper-based alloys, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium, palladium, platinum, silver, aluminum, nickel, nickel-based alloys, chromium, vanadium and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The alkali electrolyte liquid is a three component type electrolyte liquid chosen from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The input pressure of the gas stream and/or the starting pressure of the retentate (8) is reduced and/or compressed at the height of the pressure loss on the retentate side (12) of the membrane separation device. The volume stream of the permeate (9) and/or the concentration of the enriched gas component is controlled by reducing the pressure level on the permeate side. The pressure difference between the gas stream and the retentate does not exceed 1, preferably 0.2-0.5 bar and the pressure difference is controlled by the concentration of the component to be enriched in the permeate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resistive material layer is selected from a group of polyaryletheretherketone, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene-copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy-copolymer and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Component (E) is 1-20 parts by wt. of (A). The reinforcing layer comprises aramid fibers. Components (C) and (D) are in wt. ratio (C)/(D) of 1/0.5 - 1/2.n Component (C) is 0.1-10 parts by wt. of (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cathode capillarity material and anode capillarity material are selected from polyurethane foam, melamine foam, cellulose foam, non-woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures, bundled, matted or woven fibers of cellulose, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: At least one of the manifold conduits conducts warmer gas away from the fuel cells and at least one of the conduits conducts cooler gas towards the fuel cells and the manifold is adapted to transfer heat from the warmer gas to the cooler gas. The manifold comprises thermal insulation to inhibit transfer of heat from the manifold to the surrounding environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layers: The layers contain two layers of pure aluminum and one layer of pure nickel, or contain two layers of pure aluminum and one layer of pure titanium.The lamina(e) comprises metals such as aluminum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, copper, gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, antimony, magnesium, manganese, bismuth, germanium, tungsten, their alloys and/or their intermetallics, preferably iron-aluminum foil (Fe3Al), nickel-aluminum foil (Ni3Al) and/or titanium-aluminum foil (Ti3Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The voltage source is a primary battery including an alkaline battery or a metal-air battery; or a secondary battery including a nickel-metal hydride battery, a lithium ion battery, a lithium polymer battery, a lead-acid battery, a metal-air battery, or a nickel-cadmium battery. It is a renewable energy produced using a resource including hydrogen, hydrocarbons alcohol, solar radiation, wind, or hydraulic waves.The capacitor is a supercapacitor (C1-C2), an ultracapacitor, or an electric double layer capacitor. It has a working voltage of at least 2.5 V, a capacitance of at least 1 F, and an equivalent series resistance of at most 100 m ohms. The power output sensor is a solenoid. The switching element is an electromagnetic relay (S1-S4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: A cell obtained by sequentially integrating at least one of cathode and an anode, the polymer film, and a remaining electrode of the cathode and an anode, are vacuum-packed in a case having a vacuum of about 30 seconds after drying. The drying is carried out at room temperature to 60degreesC for 1 minute to 1 hour. The impregnation is carried out for 30 seconds to 30 minutes under a lower pressure than atmospheric pressure after drying. The polymer electrolyte composition is coated on the substrate to a thickness of 20-100 mum. EXAMPLE - Kynar 2801 (polyvinylidene fluorine-based polymer) (in g) (3.5), Kynar 761 (polyvinylidene fluoride) (0.5), polymethylmethacrylate (1) and mixed solution (35) of ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (1/0.8/0.5 by weight) in which 1M of lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved, were mixed at room temperature for 24 hours. The obtained mixture was heated to 130degreesC and stirred for 2 hours. The obtained polymer electrolyte composition was cast onto a molded film. The thickness of the cast polymer film was 50 mum and the toughness of the film was good. A cathode and an anode were integrated on both sides of the polymer electrolyte. The mixed solution of ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (0.4/0.3/0.3 by weight) in which 1M of lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved, was additionally injected into the cell and the cell was vacuum-packaged to complete the cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane can be made of polypropene, polyethene, polytetrafluorethene, polyvinylidenefluoride, and polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The telluric acid compound is telluric acid cadmium, telluric acid zinc or telluric acid copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal in phase (II) is cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A solution of the sodium borohydride and water (16) is encapsulated and supported on a flexible substrate (10). It is encapsulated in rupturing-type microspheres. The substrate includes the catalyst and rupturing structure (22, 18, 20) to rupture the microspheres to allow the solution to contact the catalyst. The solution is encapsulated in penetrative compartment(s). A catalyst-containing structure is used for penetrating the compartment to allow the catalyst to contact the solution. The sodium borohydride in solid form is supported on a flexible substrate for contact with catalyst-coated element(s). A structure is used for supplying water to contact the sodium borohydride and catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - A gas sensor detects any interfering substances, and raises an alarm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical insulation is arranged on at least one part of the inner surface of the cell which is provided for heat transfer. The insulation is provided on the whole inner surfaces of the cell which are in contact with the cooling medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrical insulation is made from a polymer coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The greenhouse gas stream is carbon dioxide. The gasification unit is a rotary kiln.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A portion of the synthesis gas is converted in a chemical reactor into useful hydrocarbon products. The chemical reactor is a Fischer-Tropsch reactor (30). A major portion of the water is condensed from half-cell (I) exit gas using a condenser. Carbon dioxide and at least the portion of the condensed water is passed to the gasification unit in an amount to adjust the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the combined carbonaceous feedstock and greenhouse gas stream is sufficient to result in a synthesis gas having an optimum ratio for the Fischer-Tropsch reactor. The synthesis gas has hydrogen to carbon ratio of 1.2-1.75. The oxygen-containing gas is air and the nitrogen portion as a result of the electrical reduction is exited into the atmosphere.Preferred Fuel Cell: The half-cell (I) of the fuel cell contains an electrolyte surrounding a porous catalytic anode electrode. The half-cell (II) of the fuel cell contains an electronically conducting electrolyte surrounding a catalytic cathode electrode. The half-cells (I) and (II) are separated by an ionically conducting membrane which does not allow passage of components from the respective half-cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell Design: The waste is introduced into a bipolar biofuel cell in which two or more pairs of electrodes are present. Each pair of electrodes are interconnected by electronically conductive and non-ionic-conductive wall. The partition wall is of compartmented design such that at least two types of channels are formed, with the open space of type (I) of channel in electrically conductive contact with cathode, and open space of type (II) of channel in electrically conductive contact with anode. The partitions are placed transverse to the electrodes. The non-ion-selective partition wall comprises non-woven plastic fibers or glass fibers.Preferred Electrode: The electrode(s) are three-dimensional electrodes, comprising carbon, preferably graphite and active carbon. The electrodes are provided with a catalyst, preferably a precious metal catalyst. The electrodes are also provided with humic acid and/or anthraquinone disulfonic acid.Preferred Method: The oxidizer, preferably oxygen is introduced in the form of air and/or dissolved in water. No separators are used for creating anaerobic zone (3) and aerobic zones (4). The conversion is carried out at 30-100 degreesC, preferably 40-60 degreesC. Iron (Fe) ions are introduced in the space around the cathode. The waste is supplied in the space around cathode where it is partially decomposed under anaerobic conditions to form an effluent comprising organic decomposition products. The effluent is then led to space around cathode where the effluent is decomposed under aerobic conditions. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxidizer is oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Battery: In battery (I), the hydrogen occlusion material is chosen from hydrogen occlusion alloy and a carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal hydride is one or more chosen from sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride and potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The fuel oil manufactures hydrogen with an auto-thermal reforming system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The welding switching circuit has a compensation switch for increasing the voltage of the electrical energy source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel cells contain an organic supply medium or fuel. The supply medium is made from methanol, formaldehyde, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane and/or trioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The motor can run on liquid fuel (e.g. a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell) or gaseous fuel (e.g. hydrogen).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetic particles of the substrate are selected from cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), samarium cobalt, neodymium iron boron or its combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: At least in one operating phase, the heating current (6) flows to the converters completely in counterflow to the flow of matter (4). At least one second heating element that is flowed-through by the heating element is provided for heating one converter in a start phase. It is disposed between the converters.An inlet opening (12) and/or an outlet opening (11) of the first and/or second heating elements can have apportioning element(s) for apportioning the heating current. At least one control unit is provided for controlling the apportioning element. The converters and/or heating elements are arranged approximately coaxial to one another. The heating apparatus (5) is arranged approximately coaxial to the converters (2, 3) and/or heating elements (8, 9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The halogenated butyl rubber material is a chlorobutyl rubber material or a bromobutyl rubber material. The ethylene-propylene rubber material includes a ternary copolymer of ethylene-propylene-diene, a binary copolymer of ethylene-propylene, and a blend of the ternary copolymer of ethylene-propylene-diene and the binary copolymer of ethylene-propylene. Preferred Composition: The peroxide vulcanizing agent is 1-10, preferably 3-7 pbw. The resin vulcanizing agent is 1-20, preferably 3-18 pbw. Preferred Property: The vulcanized rubber has an ion extractability represented by an electric conductivity of not more than 50 muS/cm at 25degreesC in an extracted solution of the vulcanized rubber, the extracted solution being obtained by immersing, for 168 hours, 50 g of the vulcanized rubber in 250 ml of pure water kept at 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler (20-130, preferably 40-110 pbw) is clay, talc, kaolinite, or hydrotalcite. Preferred Property: The filler has an average particle size of 0.05-20, preferably 0.1-10 mum. EXAMPLE - An un-vulcanized rubber composition was prepared from (pbw) CI-IIR (100), peroxide vulcanizing agent (4.2), co-crosslinking agent (2), talc (70), carbon black (50), and paraffin softener (5). It was subjected to a press-molding and vulcanizing process at 160degreesC for 45 minutes to provide vulcanized rubber. The vulcanized rubber had hydrogen gas permeability of 6 (10-9-cm3-cm/cm2-sec-cmHg), ion extractability of 15 muS/cm, and electric resistivity of 5x1012 OMEGA-cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalytic layer comprises iron, nickel, cobalt and/or molybdenum, preferably iron. The electro-conductive component comprises titanium, gold, nickel, cobalt, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or tantalum. The inert gas is helium or argon.Preferred Conditions: The catalytic layer is heated at 0.49-0.59 Tm, preferably at 700 degrees C, where Tm is melting point of metal or alloy of the catalytic layer in Kelvin.Preferred Property: The small particles of metal or alloy have particle size of 0.5-50 nm.Preferred Process: The formation of carbon nanotube involves supplying mixed gas containing hydrocarbon gas and inert gas at a ratio of 1:2-1:50, at a flow rate of 1-100 cm/minute, preferably 30 cm/minute. The formation of carbon nanotube further involves placing the electroconductive component in a tube having an inner diameter of 30 mm, and flowing mixed gas along the length of a tube at a flow rate of 200-300 standard cubic centimeter/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Accumulator: S2 is in contact with the positive electrode or is separated from the positive electrode by another S1 layer. The positive electrode comprises carbon, the plasticizable polymer and optionally a plasticizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The plasticizable polymer is copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. The gellable polymer is polyethylene oxide. EXAMPLE - The negative electrode comprised a layer of lithium metal on a copper conductor. Next to the negative electrode was a layer of polyethylene oxide (PEO). Next to the PEO layer was a layer of vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-HFP) containing dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and silica. Next to the PVDF-HFP layer was a positive electrode layer comprising PVDF-HFP, DBP, lithium vanadate (LiV3O8) and carbon bonded to an aluminum conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrochemically reacting composition comprises (in wt.%) magnesium (15-50) with a particle size of 1-500 mum, aluminum (40-70) with a particle size of 2-100 mum, iron (7-12) with a particle size of 20-200 mum, potassium permanganate (5-20) and sodium silicate (0-10).Preferred Hydrogen Scavenger: The hydrogen scavenger is copper chloride, ferric chloride and/or potassium permanganate, preferably potassium permanganate.Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a salt of strong acid and strong/weak base such as potassium chloride, ferrous sulfate, and/or sodium chloride, preferably sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: Each beam comprises a layer of piezoelectric material between adjoining layers of electrically conductive material. Each pair of beams is formed by joining an inner adjoining electrically conductive layer of one beam to an inner adjoining electrically conductive layer of an alternate beam of each beam pair. Each weighted end has a weighted mass attached to an opposed pair of outer layers of electrically conductive material of each beam pair. The flexible sheath is an upper sheath and a lower sheath (24). An upper intermediate beam connects a first opposed pair of outer layers of conductive material of the upper sheath. A lower intermediate beam connects a second opposed pair of outer layers of electrically conductive material to the lower sheath. Both the upper and lower intermediate beams are joined to the sheath by an electrically conductive adhesive (22). The sheath provides a deflection limit for each adjacent weighted mass to prevent fracture of the piezoelectric material of each pair of beams by over-deflection of the piezoelectric material. It comprises perforations providing for flow of an etching solution. Each pair of beams is connected at its connecting end to a single flexible sheath forming a vertical array of beams.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion can also contain poly thiophene and polyanion of polystyrene sulfonic acid; and water. The poly thiophene is poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene). The weight ratio of dispersion to additive(s) is 2:1-1:100. The additive is preferably 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, cyclohexanone ethylene ketal, cyclo hexane-dione mono ethylene ketal and 2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl hydroxy-1,3-dioxolane, DELTA-valerolactone, epsilon-caprolactone and gamma-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, styrene oxide, glycidol, ninhydrin, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, acetic anhydride, 2-aminobutyric acid, 4-(di-methyl amino) butyric acid, acetic acid, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, phenol, 4-hydroxy phenol, 4-hydroxy benzene sulfonic acid, and/or phosphoric acid. The flexible substrate or article of manufacture comprises polymeric material. The polymeric material is polycarbonate or polyester. The rigid substance or article comprises glass. The electronic or opto electronic device is touch-screen, organic light emitting diode, polymer light emitting diode, electrochromic (smart) window, electrochromic display, back light, battery, sensor, anti-radiation coating, anti-static coating, catalyst, electromagnetic shielding, electromechanical actuator, electronic membrane, embedded array antenna, fuel cell, infrared reflector, photovoltaic junction device, non-corrosive paint, non-linear optical device, conductive paint, polymer electrolyte, capacitor, semiconductor circuit, thin film transistor, waveguide, or wire (low current).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode composition comprises 1-10 (preferably 3-5) wt.% binder fibers, 80-95 (preferably 87) wt.% particulate cathode active material and 2-15 (preferably 8-10) wt.% particulate conductive substance.Preferred Components: The cathode active material is lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel dioxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium vanadium oxide and/or preferably lithium-aluminum-manganese oxide. The anode is lithium metal. The particulate conductive substance is carbon, graphite or metal particle. It may be a mixture of acetylene black carbon and graphite in a weight ratio of 2:8-8:2 (preferably 1:1). The electrolyte comprises inorganic salt dissolved in organic liquid. The inorganic salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium perchlorate or lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic liquid is ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The particulate conductive substance may be conjugated conductive polymer doped with electron-donating or electron-attracting compound e.g. polyacetylene, poly-p-phenylene, polypyrrole or polyaniline. The binder fibers are made of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride copolymer, thermoplastic polyimide, polyvinylidene chloride or preferably PTFE.Preferred Dimensions: The binder fibers have a diameter of 0.01-0.5 microns and a length of 1-10,000 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Part of porous conductor and/or porous material extends continuously from the vicinity of the side face of pouchy tube to the top of protruded room.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The non-gas smell substance is di tertiary butyl disulfide and/or dimethyl sulfide. The substance having catalytic action is palladium or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fuel composition includes additional compound(s). The auxiliary fuel includes hydride, formate, thiosulfate, sulfite, phosphate or hypophosphite. The auxiliary fuel may include lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4), sodium cyano borohydride (NaCNBH3), calcium hydride (CaH2), lithium hydride (LiH), sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH), sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), sodium hydrogen phosphite (Na2HPO3), sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2), potassium thiosulfate (K2S2O3), potassium sulfite (K2SO3), potassium hydrogen phosphite (K2HPO3) or potassium hypophosphite (K2HPO2).Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel composition further includes an electrolyte (16). It has a pH above 7 (preferably above 8). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of 3-12 M alkali metal hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: At least one of the surface active compounds is a compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. The primary fuel includes methanol (CH4O), ethanol (C2H6O), propanol (C3H8O), butanol (C4H10O), pentanol (C5H12O), hexanol (C6H14O), ethylene glycol or glycerine. The auxiliary fuel may include trimethylamino borohydride ((CH3)3NHBH3), sodium formate (NaCOOH) or potassium formate (KCOOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The auxiliary energy generator is a strip-shaped polymer electrolyte fuel cell operated with hydrogen. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell with correlated hydrogen cartridge(s) is arranged in a hollow space of the vehicle. The solar cells and the contacts paths are embedded in the polyurethane elastomer. Preferred Material: The cover is made of polyurethane elastomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The auxiliary energy generator has a housing and a cover connected to the housing by a snap-on connection. The energy storing device is a thin layer element arranged on a support material(s) of the cover and a frame (6a) of the solar modules. A solar cell has a light transmissive, moisture-repellant and dirt-repellant protective layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The solar modules have contact paths connecting the solar modules where the solar cells and the contact paths are embedded in glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electromagnetic Wave: The electromagnetic wave is light, UV visible light, infrared light, or laser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The product gases pass through a heat exchanger (3) after the autothermal reforming stage to heat, vaporize and super-heat a part of the educt, water. The temperature of the product gases leaving the heat exchanger are regulated by adding water to the heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The transport medium is a part of the products from the hydrogen generating units.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: An opening is provided for a reactive gas, especially oxygen, nitrogen or a hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Metal core comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, brass, bronze, nickel, silver or its alloys. Metal core comprises metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, niobium, nickel, zirconium, gold, tantalum, platinum, palladium, silver or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In other embodiment, the method includes:(i) passing a controlled mixture of light hydrocarbon gases (preferably methane) and oxygen through a bed irradiated with microwaves and comprising oxidation catalyst energized by carbonaceous material; or(ii) passing light alcohols through a bed irradiated with microwaves.The bed is further exposed to water vapor in an amount required for steam reforming reaction with the light hydrocarbon. The water vapor enters the bed in the form of liquid water.Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is activated carbon, char, soot, pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, activated charcoal or metal carbide. The oxidation catalyst comprises a fine mixture of metal carbide and catalyst material, or a conventional substrate impregnated with metal carbide. The metal carbide is silicon carbide. The bed is fluidized, fixed, semi-fluidized, suspended or moving bed.Preferred Parameters: The temperature of gases exiting the bed does not exceed 400 degreesF. The microwaves have radio frequency energy of 500-5000 MHz. The molar ratio of oxygen to carbon from light hydrocarbon gases does not exceed unity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light hydrocarbon comprises not more than 6C per molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon fiber of the sheet includes polyacrylonitrile-type, phenol-type, pitch-type or rayon-type carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Collectors: The collectors and the gasket comprise a material having gas permeability coefficient of at least 4x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa). The material of the collectors and the gasket is an electrically conductive styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene co-polymer including dispersion of carbon. At least a portion of the collectors and/or gasket has a gas permeability coefficient of 9x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa).Preferred Gasket: The gasket comprises a triple layered structure containing side layers (14a,14c) and a center layer (14b) interposed between the side layers and surrounding a periphery of the separator. Each of side layers surrounds a periphery of the polarization electrode or respective peripheries of polarization electrode and collector. The package film comprises an electrically insulative thermoplastic resin film. The capacitor further comprises an outer case which contains the cell structures and having an outer surface coated with an electrically insulative resin film and inner surface coated with electrically insulated thermoplastic resin film. EXAMPLE - Several stacked cell structures were produced using collectors comprising a carbon-blended styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer having gas permeability coefficient of 4x10-12 m3/(m2.S.Pa). A voltage of 0.9 V/cell was applied for 1 hour at 60degreesC. Electrical double layer capacitors were obtained with 100% yield. The capacitors were non-defective and had no equivalent series resistance and leakage. The capacitors had reduced variation in electrostatic capacitance and hence had improved long-term reliability compared with conventional capacitors. The cell structure contained a triple layered gasket which prevented defective rate of the capacitors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: In film (I), the porous base material contains microparticles and/or fibrous material. The porous base material has the function which neutralizes the surface charge of the microparticles of the metal and/or a metal oxide. The porous base material consists of multiple layers. Porous electrically conductive film forms the electroconductive porous layer which has air-hole structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The combustion catalyst provided in the combustion unit, consists of noble metals such as palladium. platinum, alumina, silica, silica alumina, zirconia and titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner and outer pipes are connected at the bottom portion of the reforming pipe. The ratio of cross-sectional area of catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to that of the outer pipe, is 1:9-8:2. The ratio of length of the catalyst layer of the inner pipe, to cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer of inner pipe, is set to 0.5-50 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polyolefin: The ultra-molecule polyolefin is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.Preferred Property: The polyolefin has viscosity average molecular weight of 500000-16000000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery is an alkali secondary battery. EXAMPLE - Ultra high polyethylene (UHPE) powder (3 kg) having viscosity average molecular weight of 7500000 was packed into a cylindrical shape-retaining tool and put into a metal-heat-resistance pressure container having an inlet tube and a valve. The pressure inside the container was set to 1/3 KPa with a vacuum pump. Water vapor was introduced into the container, and the mixture was thermally sintered for one hour. A cylindrical UHPE porous material was obtained. The obtained porous material was cut and non-expanded porous sheet was obtained which was drawn 2.5 times at 130degreesC. The obtained battery separator was immersed in aqueous butyl naphthalene sulfonic acid solution for 10 minutes and hydrophilized. The battery separator having thickness of 178 microns, volume porosity of 55%, air-permeability of 5x10-4 cm3.cm/(cm2.Pa.sec) and winding rate of 1.8 was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ultra-molecule polyolefin is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene with viscosity average molecular weight of 500000-16000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: (II) is prepared in a perfluorinated organic solvent and is used at 0.003-0.06 wt. % of the reaction liquid. The dispersion contains (II) at 10-20 wt. % based on the solvent. The PFVE is perfluoro-(1-fluorosulfonyl-4-methyl-3,6-dioxa-7-octene) (FC-141). The organic solvent is 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (freon-113) and the radical initiator is a perfluorinated peroxide, especially perfluorocyclohexanoyl peroxide (in which case copolymerization is carried out at 30-35degreesC and 0.31-0.25 MPa) or perfluoropropionoyl peroxide (in which case copolymerization is carried out at 70-80degreesC and 9-14 MPa) EXAMPLE - No examples relevant to the claims are given in the source material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method comprises directing the air stream in the first step to the adsorbent(s), while heating other of the adsorbent(s) per second step. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The adsorbent material may be of a porous type such as activated carbon, zeolite or synthetic adsorbent resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The web is made of metal (preferably zinc, nickel, or stainless steel), activated carbon, or refractory fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The nylon in the foam furnish is in the form of nylon fiber. The nylon fiber is of a sheath/core structure with different nylon polymer. The sheath portion and the core portion are made of nylon 6 and nylon 66, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The electrochemical device comprises a secondary battery.Preferred Component: The electrolyte is non-volatile. The secondary battery further comprises a lithium metal oxide or lithium metal phosphate positive electrode, porous separator(s) and lithium-carbon, lithium alloy and/or lithium negative electrode.Preferred Condition: The electrolyte is chemically stable over 4.5V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous alkali metal salt is a lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dissolved alkali metal salt comprises quaternary ammonium salt(s) having an anion comprising ClO4-., BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)3C-, N(SO2C2F5)3-, PF3(CF3)3- and/or B(C2O4)2; lithium salt(s); and electrolyte salt(s). The lithium salt comprises LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3SO2)3C, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiPF3(C2F5)3, LiPF3(CF3)3 and/or LiB(C2O4). The lithium salt may also comprise lithium bis(chelato)borates having 5-7 rings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The poly(siloxane-g-ethylene oxide) has an average molecular weight of at most 20,000 g/mol; and a dynamic viscosity of at most 10,000, preferably at most 200 cPs. The non-aqueous liquid type polymeric electrolyte has an oxygen to lithium ratio, of 5:1 to 50:1; an ionic conductivity of at least 6x10-4 S/cm at room temperature and at least 8.4x10-4 S/cm at 37 degrees C; and a viscosity of at most 1,000 cPs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The template removal process involves contacting the template with an acid or base. The acid is hydrofluoric acid, and the base is sodium hydroxide, and the acid and base are provided in aqueous or alcoholic solutions. The heating of polymeric material is performed at 400-1400degreesC.Preferred Template: The template comprises mesoporous silica molecular sieve comprising aluminum. The pores contained in the template are 1-dimensional pores, which are interconnected with each other and have size of 1-50 nm, preferably 2-20 nm. The template comprises SBA-15, Aluminum SBA-15, SBA-3 or Aluminum SBA-3.Preferred Material: The carbons atom of the carbon molecular sieve forms nano-lines or nano-tubes having uniform hexagonal structure, and pores having two uniform diameters.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable compound comprises carbohydrate, and non-carbohydrate precursor of polymer. The composition further comprises an acid chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfonic acid and methyl sulfonic acid.Preferred Components: The carbohydrate is chosen from sucrose, xylose and glucose. The non-carbohydrate precursor of polymer is chosen from group of furfuryl alcohol, aniline, acetylene and propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is quaternary ammonium salt or quaternary phosphonium of formula Q+X-, where Q+ is quaternary ammonium ion or quaternary phosphonium ion, X- is counter ion of PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO2)2-, C(RfSO2)3-, RfCOO- or RfSO3- and Rf is 1-12C fluoro alkyl group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The non-aqueous solvent is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Metals: The catalyst metals are selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrogen Storage Element: The aromatic compounds are selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, phenanthrene. Preferred Hydrogen Supply Element: The hydrogenative derivative of the hydrogen supply element is selected from the group consists of cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Inorganic Type Catalyst Material: The inorganic type catalyst material is selected from zeolite, silica gel and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carbon Type Catalyst Material: The carbon type catalyst material is selected from carbon nanotube, activated carbon and graphite. Preferred Aromatic Compound: The aromatic compound is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, phenanthrene, ethylbenzene, tetrahydronaphthalene and alkyl derivatives. Preferred Hydrogenated Derivative of Aromatic compound: The hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound is selected from cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, 1,3- dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene and alkyl derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst Support Metal: The catalyst support metal is selected from nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, iron, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Derivative: The fluoride of ether derivative is diphenylether or its derivative(s).Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a cyclic carbonate which does not have pi-bond. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The negative electrode has negative electrode active material which consists of graphite. A metal resin composite film (5) is used for exterior material of battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ester: Ester (b1) is 2-20C aliphatic dicarboxylic acid diester and/or alicyclic dicarboxylic acid diester.Preferred Composition: The content of ester (b1) is 1-70 wt.%, with respect to mixed solvent (B). The electrolyte liquid has a moisture content of 3000 ppm or less.Preferred Anion: The anion (a2) is BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO2)2-, C(RfSO2)3-, and/or RfSO2-.Rf = 1-12C fluoroalkyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The non-aqueous solvent (b2) is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane, gamma-butyrolactone, and/or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxy Fluoride: The ratio of oxygen to fluorine is 1:2.3 to 1:4. The oxy fluoride is preferably:LaO1-xF1+2x (x = 0.3-0.5) orLa1-yMayO1-x-yF1+2x+y (Ma = alkaline earth metal; y = up to 0.2) orLa1-zMbzO1-x-2zF1+2x+2z (Mb = alkali metal; z = up to 0.1) orLa1-y-zMayMbzO1-x-y-2zF1+2x+y+2z
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organosilicon compound is of formula (Ms-Si(R3-s))a-Z-(Si(R3-t)-Mt)b (2).a, b=0 or 1;Z=H, -Q-M or -Q-Rf (when a or b is 0 and the other is 1); -Q-, -Rf'- or -Q-Rf'-Q- (when both a and b are 1);Q=group of 1-15C which may contain an ether bond;Rf=monovalent perfluoroalkyl or perflurooxyalkyl group;Rf'=divalent perfluroalkylene or perfluorooxyalkylene group;M=compound of formula -CH2-(R)Si(R)-H;R=monovalent HC of 1-20C;s=1-3;t=0-3.a and b are not 0 at the same time. EXAMPLE - To 100 parts of a polymer of formula CH2=CHSi(Me)2-(m-C6H4)-N(Me)-C(=O)-Rf-C(=O)-N(Me)-(m-C6H4)-Si(Me)2-CH=CH2 (A) (viscosity 8500 cs, average molecular weight 22000, and vinyl of 0.009 mol/100 g) were added 20 parts of dimethylsiloxy-treated fumed silica having a specific surface area of 200 m2/g and 0.5 part of carbon powder. They were mixed, heat treated and milled. To the mixture were added 2.64 parts of a fluorinated organosilicon compound of formula C8F17CH2CH2Si(CH2Si(Me)2H)3 (B), 0.2 part of a toluene solution of a catalyst in the form of chloroplatinic acid modified with CH2=CHSiMe2OSiMe2CH=CH2 (sic) (platinum of 1 wt.%), and 0.4 part of a 50% toluene solution of ethynyl cyclohexanol. They were mixed to give composition (I). It was deaerated in vacuum, placed in a rectangular frame of 2 mm deep, deaerated again, and press cured at 100 kg/cm2 and 150 degrees C for 10 minutes. From the cured sample, a specimen was cut out and measured for physical properties. The specimen had hardness of 41, elongation of 520%, tensile strength of 10.3 MPa, and good heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The tubes are coated in a common container. The plasma spraying process is an LPPS thin film process. The functional layers are sintered onto the tubes. Impregnation of the first layer is carried out in the vacuum slip casting process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of sizing a first CO reduction reactor comprises sizing the first CO reduction reactor to reduce CO to 0.5-1 mol%, or estimating a CO output concentration for the primary reactor operated at the most-used power range. The step of maximizing water availability comprises computing a sensitivity factor as a function of a steam quantity and steam input locations within the fuel processor, and adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations based on the sensitivity factor. Adjusting the steam to carbon ratio in at least one of the steam input locations comprises maintaining a water-neutral condition in the fuel processor. The fuel cell system provides power to a motor vehicle, and the most-used power range is not greater than one-half the desired maximum power.Preferred Components: The fuel processor comprises a ratio of first CO reduction reactor volume to total fuel processor volume of 35-55%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The low molecular weight alcohol is methanol (0.1-25, preferably 0.5-15, more preferably 0.5-10 wt.%). The proton conducting membrane is a solid polymer electrolyte.Preferred Methods: A high concentration low molecular weight alcohol solution is added when the concentration of the low molecular weight alcohol is below predetermined level. Water is added when the concentration is above predetermined maximum level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains a sulfonate which is trifluoromethane sulfonic acid ester. The electrolyte further contains fluorinated amide and a cyclic carbonate which does not have pi bond. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The cathode contains graphite as main structural component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The derivatives of benzo(1,4)dioxin and benzo(1,3)dioxole, are fluorides.The non-aqueous electrolyte contains a cyclic carbonate which does not have a pi bond, and is preferably chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode has a cathode active material containing graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A metal resin composite (5) is used for the exterior.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from group (i) comprising metal oxide of single element such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum trioxide, titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, nickel oxide, chrome oxide, scandium oxide, cadmium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon oxide, group (ii) comprising the complex oxide of two or more types of metal chosen from zinc, copper, iron, lanthanum, titanium, cobalt, zirconium, magnesium, beryllium, nickel, chromium, scandium, cadmium, indium, tin, manganese, vanadium, cerium, aluminum, and silicon, and group (iii) comprising mixture of (i) and/or (ii). Preferably the metal chosen from group A is platinum and metal chosen from group B is gold. The metal oxide is titanium oxide and/or cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The main supported metal (M1) is metallic element(s) chosen from nickel, palladium, platinum, vanadium, chromium, cobalt or iron. The sub-supported metal (M2) is metallic element(s) chosen from palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium or cobalt. The support used for supporting metal catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, molecular sieve, zeolite, silica gel or alumina. The atomic ratio of metal (M2) to metal (M1), in the supported metal catalyst, i.e.,(M2/M1) is 0.01-1. The aqueous solution (I) used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is aqueous solution of chloroplatinic-acid hexahydrate. The aqueous solution (II) used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is aqueous solution of rhodium-chloride trihydrate. The hydrogenated alkali metal compound used in the preparation of supported metal catalyst is chosen from lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, aluminum lithium-hydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride or potassium hydride. The hydrogen-storing substance is chosen from benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, (methyl)naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, aromatic hydrocarbon compound consisting of phenanthrene or alkyl derivative. The hydrogen-supplying substance is chosen from cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, 1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, 1,3-dimethyl cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene or their alkyl derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Coke oven generation gas is used as gas containing methane. The gas containing methane is blown into tuyere after adding water vapor to the gas and heating in a thermal storage-type heat exchange device (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator contains a compact containing an expanded graphite sheet pulverized powder and a powder resin. The separator has a flat portion, a rib portion and a hole portion. The fuel cell is a solid polymer type.Preferred Properties: The expanded graphite pulverized powder has a mean particle diameter of 25-500 microns and the powder resin has a mean particle diameter of 1-100 microns. The separator has a bulk density of 1.35 g/cm3 or more.Preferred Method: The resin carries out opening polymerization. A separator integrates a prepreg reinforcement sheet in order with the flat portion of the compact. The compact molds by compression molding. EXAMPLE - An expanded graphite sheet (0.7 kg) having number average particle size of 100 microns and a powder phenol resin (0.3 kg) of formulae (A,B) were mixed to obtain a mixed powder. The obtained mixed powder was molded using a sheet molding machine having a reduction roll to obtain a lower mold used for separator.    R1 = 1-3C alkyl and cyclohexyl, phenyl alkyl or alkoxyl.    A powder epoxy resin (100 g), dicyandiamide (3 g) and benzyl dimethylamine (0.15 g) were added to methyloxy torr (150 g) to obtain a resin composition. The obtained resin composition (40 weight parts) and WF230 100BS6 (RTM; glass cloth) (60 weight parts) were used to obtain glass cloth prepreg. The obtained prepreg was molded to obtain an upper mold used for a separator. The upper and lower molds were used to obtain a separator for fuel cells. The separator provided excellent board thickness precision property and had mean value dispersion of 0.1 mm in board thickness. The bulk density of rib and flat portions of the separator was 1.52 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin and acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A supporting structure supports the solid electrolyte and is made of a resin material. It supports a film body. A housing surrounds a cell including the electrodes together with a current collector. At least one of the separator, current collector, and housing is made of resin, carbon, or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The protonic oxide conductor can have a composition of BaCe1-yMyAlzO3-approximatelya or BaZr1-yMyAlzO3-approximatelya. The electrode is made of platinum supported on carbon, or a mixture of particulate platinum and a material having the same components as those of the protonic oxide conductor. One of the pair of electrodes is an electrode made of platinum and the other is a porous electrode made of a porous body carrying platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is stainless steel made of iron and containing at most20% chromium. Preferred Property: The stainless steel has a thermal expansion coefficient of 9x10-6-15x10-6/K. Preferred Definitions:    M = In, Gd, Y, or Yb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyphosphazene polymer has a molecular weight of 20000-1000000. Preferred Component: The polyphosphazene copolymer includes a singular sulfonated pendent group, which is p-oxyphenylsulfonic. It includes a singular non-ionic pendent group, present along the copolymer chain. The singular pendent group is for chemical cross-linking. EXAMPLE - 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt dehydrate (4.57 g) was dissolved in water (100 ml), and was titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution (18.6 ml). The mixture was added with a solution of dimethyldipalmitylammonium bromide (25.16 g) in aqueous methanol. The resultant 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, dimethyldipalmitylammonium salt precipitated out of solution and was dried under vacuum. 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, dimethyldipalmitylammonium salt (2.46 g) and chlorobenzene (44 ml) were placed in a 100 cm3 Teflon reaction tube. Under a stream of nitrogen, the reaction mixture was heated to 120degreesC and agitated for 5 minutes after which time, polydichlorophosphazene solution (2 ml) in diglyme (0.84 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated and agitated for 2 hours at 120degreesC. The yield was 113 mg, 66.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A base supporting the substrate has a base port (20) covered by the porous membrane. The base port is in fluid communication with the fluid between the substrate and membrane. A loose drainage layer is between the substrate and the porous membrane. The porous membrane is hydrophilic. The substrate is an electrode, a chemical reagent, a heater, a chiller, and/or a catalyst. The flow of fluid between the porous membrane and the substrate is controlled by a flow meter, a pump, a valve, or an orifice in fluid communication with the fluid between the porous membrane and the substrate. At least one electrical connection between the substrate and a power supply. A flexible convoluted component is sealed to the porous membrane. It forms a fluid tight seal with the base. The porous membrane and flexible convoluted component maintain the porous membrane to the substrate during fluid flow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous membrane may comprise polyethylene, polypropylene, PTFE, poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoro(alkyl vinylether)) (PFA), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The skeletal structure containing pores has ratio (Vp/Vs) of pore volume per unit mass (Vp) and structural volume per unit mass (Vs) of less than 2.5. Preferred Composition: The mixed metal oxide comprises 60 atomic% or more of sum of cerium and substituent chosen from lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and barium (Ba), and 40 atomic% or less of zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), and titanium (Ti) comprising 30 atomic% or more of Zr and Hf, and 10 atomic% or less of Nb, Ta and Ti. The oxide further comprises at least 20 atomic% of bismuth.Preferred Properties: The metal oxide has surface area of 180 m2/g or more, average crystallite size of at most 3.6 nm, and average pore diameter of at least 4.5 nm preferably average crystallite size is less than 3.5 nm, and the average pore diameter is at least 5 nm.Preferred Oxide: The bulk mixed metal oxide comprises 40-85 atomic% preferably 40-70 atomic% of cerium, 15-60 atomic% preferably 25-60 atomic% more preferably more than 45 atomic% of Zr and/or Hf, and 0-10 atomic% of Ti, Re, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Rh, Sb, Bi, V, Mn, Co, Cu, Ga, Ca, Sr, or Ba, and 0-10 atomic% of yttrium (Y), La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb or Lu. The bulk mixed metal oxide exists in cubic phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive and negative electrode tabs are composed of material selected from group consisting of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). The polymer layer is composed of material selected from group consisting of polypropyrene, modified polypropyrene, polyethylene, modified polyethylene and ionomer. Positive electrode material of positive electrode current collector is composed of lithium manganese series composite oxide. Negative electrode material of negative electrode current collector is composed of crystalline carbon material, non-crystalline carbon material or combination of both.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst bed comprises particulates of copper, zinc oxide and alumina. The hydrogen permeable membrane is made of a palladium-silver alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The tubular membrane bodies define a length, and the interspace element extends over the length. The interspace element has the shape of a contour of the adjacent membrane bodies. The outside of the interspace element includes a structure to induce turbulence in the fluid. The interspace element is a tubular hollow body having supplemental membrane body for second component, inlet openings, and catalytically active component. It feeds a second fluid into the tubular jacket through the interspace element. The tubular jacket includes a geometry compatible with the outside contour of the bundle and to induce turbulence in the fluid. The gas generating system includes a system to generate a hydrogen-containing gas. The tubular membrane module forms a part of a gas generating system for fuel cell systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide (CO) conversion of the catalyst according to a water gas shift reaction is at least 60% measured at a reaction temperature of 250 degrees C, with respect to a mixture gas obtained by mixing a hydrogen-rich gas containing 12% CO with water, such that the mole ratio of water/CO is 4.3, in the case that an amount of the hydrogen-rich gas treated/unit weight of supported platinum is 5000-5500 (cm3/(minute(g)(platinum))). Amounts of supported platinum and supported rhenium are 0.05-3 and 0.01-10%, respectively, with respect to catalyst weight. The weight ratio of supported platinum to supported rhenium is 3:1-1:1. EXAMPLE - Using a calcining furnace, rutile titania was subjected to a calcining treatment where it was heated to 500 degrees C in 1 hour in an air flow of 60 ml/minute, and kept at that temperature for 1 hour to prepare a rutile titania support. Supported platinum was 1 wt.% with respect to catalyst weight. The amount of supported rhenium was changed in 3:1-1:3 weight ratio of the amount of supported platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The manifold body comprises a single plate. At least one of the cathode inlet port and the anode inlet port has a water separation chamber formed within the manifold body so that water in at least one of the reactant streams of the fuel cell is collected in the water separation chamber. The manifold body further comprises a water drain passage formed within the body to provide communication between the water separation chamber and the exterior of the body for directing water collected in the water separation chamber out of the manifold body. The manifold further comprises a coolant passage formed within the body and in communication with the coolant outlet port for directing coolant out of the body. It further comprises mounting holes for mounting the fuel cell and fuel cell peripherals. Sealing mechanisms are provided around the ports. The manifold is formed by molding or casting. Fluid passages are formed by melting, etching or milling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The manifold is formed of polymers or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The extrusion compounds comprise ceramics or metal powder filled thermoplastics, respectively. They comprise an extrudable thermoplastic carrier material or thermoplastic polymer binder and form at least the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The electrolyte is formed as part of the controlled geometry feedrod and the cathode and anode are formed in subsequent steps. The electrolyte and one of the cathode and anode can be formed as part of the controlled geometry feedrod and the other of the cathode and anode is formed in subsequent step. At least one ancillary material comprising a rigidity enhancing material, a current collector, an electrical interconnection material to enhance electrical communication of the solid state electrochemical device, and/or reforming catalyst, is added to the controlled geometry feedrod. Theological behavior of the extrusion compounds is matched with a high shear mixer. The die is heated as the feedrod is reduced. The co-extruded article is sintered after the controlled geometry feedrod has passed through the reduction die. A fugitive material is co-extruded as part of the controlled geometry feedrod. At least one projection is formed in the co-extruded article by removing the fugitive material. A tubular bundle is enveloped in a gas permeable material that is made from non-electronically conducting ceramic fiber or non-electronically conducting open cell ceramic foam.Preferred Component: The anode comprises a first material forming an electrochemically active area and a second material forming a current collector. The cathode comprises a conductive material stable under oxidizing conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode comprises a material with nickel. The electrolyte comprises an oxygen ion conductive oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery further contains aluminum, cobalt and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nozzle of the burner used for burning the generated hydrogen, is made of metal catalyst containing palladium. The burner is connected to the hydrogen generation unit, by back-fire prevention unit. The storage battery is charged by the electric power obtained from a wind mill or a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The blade is made of aluminum alloy, titanium, magnesium, silicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: Ruthenium is used as group 6-9 element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 4-7C isomonoolefin monomer(s) is isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene. The 4-14C multiolefin monomer(s) is isoprene, butadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,4-dimethylbutadiene, piperyline, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and/or 1-vinyl-cyclohexadiene. The multiolefin cross-linking agent(s) is norbornadiene, 2-isopropenylnorbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, 1,3,5-hexatriene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, divinylbenzene, diisopropenylbenzene, divinyltoluene, divinylxylene, or their 1-20C alkyl-substituted derivatives. The chain transfer agent(s) is piperylene, 1-methyl-cycloheptene, 1-methyl-1-cyclopentene, 2-ethyl-1-hexene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, and/or indene. The peroxide system is organic peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The gradient in the curve falls in a range of 5-20 mV/% in region of at least50% of the depth of discharge. The cross sectional area of each terminal portion of the unit cells is greater than a value obtained by dividing a cross sectional area of a terminal portion of the battery by a number of pieces of the unit cells.Preferred Component: Each of the unit cells has a positive electrode portion, an electrolyte portion, and a negative electrode portion. The positive electrode portion, the electrolyte portion and the negative electrode portion are stacked in a stacking direction to allow a ratio of a surface area of the positive electrode portion or the negative electrode portion with respect to a sum of a thickness of the positive electrode portion, a thickness of the electrolyte portion and a thickness of the negative electrode portion in the stacking direction is at least8OO. Each of the unit cells includes a laminate battery.Preferred Configuration: The batteries are connected in series with one another to form a battery module (M).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode material of the positive electrode portion includes lithium manganese oxide. The positive electrode material of the positive electrode portion includes lithium nickel oxide. The negative electrode material of the negative electrode portion is amorphous carbon material.Preferred Condition: A part of manganese contained in the lithium manganese oxide is substituted with cobalt, nickel, magnesium, chromium, aluminum, and/or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cells are secondary cells comprising nickel metal hydrate cells, nickel cadmium cells or lithium ion cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The bearer surface protrudes from the first surface of the die. The cutting surface comprises continuous cutting edges (52). The cutting surface has oval and circular shape. The cutting surface is alighted with the die. The bearer surface comprises alignment arrangement located on the bearer surface to register with the alignment of the platen die station. The apparatus further comprises layers of compliant material in contact with the second surface of the die.Preferred Parameters: The height of the bearer and the cutting surfaces are 0.02-0.08 inches, respectively. the compliant material layer is 0.002-0.008 inches thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The compliant material comprises polymer material, preferably polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery further comprises an electrochemical cell (26) disposed relative to the septic tank, and adapted to convert a selected ion into electricity. A biological cell (28) is providing including a quantity of bacteria selected to digest a selected portion of the waste stream. A biological module is adapted to digest a selected portion of the waste stream. A thermal module is adapted to convert a thermal gradient between an interior of the septic tank and an exterior of the septic tank into electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen occlusion material is lithium, titanium, lanthanum and/or magnesium. The inorganic support is silica gel or silica-alumina group inorganic support. The silica alumina group inorganic support is zeolite or mesoporous silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide support contains zinc oxide, alumina, indium and/or gallium oxide. Preferred Compound: Group XV and XVI elements are sulfur, tellurium, selenium, bismuth and/or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The substance oxidized by the positive electrode in the cell is of formula (I)-(VI)R-CO-R (I)R-CO-OR (II)R-CO NRR' (III)RO-CO-OR (IV)RO-CO-X-CO-OR (V)RR'N-CO-NRR' (VI)R = (un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl group;R' = H or (un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbyl group;X = divalent organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic structure comprises polysiloxane. The polyelectrolyte comprises fluorine resin. The substrate comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Low pressure conditions downstream of a separator (1) may also be achieved with an ejector (7) using as motive fluid, recirculating water at 5-10 bar absolute, from a pump (9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber material can be glass fiber and/or chemically synthetic fiber. The chemically synthetic fiber can be polyester or other chemically synthetic fibers with acid-resistance capability. The polymers can be phenol polymer, epoxy resin polymer or other polymers with similar characteristics. The polymers can be added with water-absorbing additives to maintain the porosity of polymers and to absorb liquids.Preferred Property: The characteristics of the polymers include acid-resistance capability, ability to form porous polymer layer, and enough bonding strength so as to bind the fiber material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water-absorbing additives are silicon dioxide or other compounds with similar characteristics. The acid is sulfuric acid or other kinds of acid with similar chemical characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The cation is carbonate of zinc, copper, lead and/or nickel. Preferred Oxide: The lithium transition-metal multiple oxide is lithium-manganese multiple oxide having spinel crystal structure. Preferred Material: The cathode active material is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The heat exchanger is near the discharge opening for the combustion unit. The operating substance and the heating fluid is metered into through at least one metering element. The operating substance includes at least some of the hydrocarbon feed mixture, air and water. A catalytically active exhaust gas treatment device is downstream of the heat exchanger, relative to the exhaust gas flow direction. The hydrogen-enriched production fluid is stored in at least one storage device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred hydrogel: The charged monomers of (I) are acidic due to carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfonic acid groups, preferably 2-acylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, (meth)acrylic acid, and/or their salts. The neutral monomers of (II) are acrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylpyridine, styrene, methyl methacrylate, a fluoro monomer (such as trifluoroethyl acrylate), hydroxyethyl acrylate or vinyl acetate. EXAMPLE - A mixture of aqueous solutions of 2M 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (25ml), 2M N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (1ml) as crosslinking agent, and 0.1M 2-oxoglutaric acid (1ml) as initiator was diluted with water to 50 ml, deoxygenated using N2, poured into a frame held between glass sheets and irradiated with UV of 365nm for 6 hours to produce a gel containing 4 mol% of crosslinking agent. A mixture of aqueous solutions of 5M acrylamide (40ml), 0.2M crosslinking agent (1ml) and 0.1M initiator (1ml) was diluted with water to 200ml and deoxygenated. A piece of the gel (4g) was immersed in the solution in a sealed vessel, and stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours, and gently shaken, to impregnate the components of the solution into the gel. The gel was removed and cut to a suitable size. The cut piece was held between two glass plates and irradiated with UV of 365nm for6 hours. The content of crosslinking agent in the double network gel was 0.1 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The solvent is water and/or water-miscible organic solvent or water-immiscible organic solvent. The ratio of water-soluble to water-insoluble monomers is 0.1:9.9-9.9-0.1. The water-insoluble monomer contains fluorine. The gel has a double network structure. EXAMPLE - A mixture of aqueous solutions of 2M 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (25ml), 2M N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (1 ml) as crosslinking agent, and 0.1M 2-oxoglutaric acid (1 ml) as initiator was diluted with water to 50 ml, deoxygenated using N2, poured into a frame held between glass sheets and irradiated with UV of 365nm for 6 hours to produce a gel containing 4 mol% of crosslinking agent. A mixture of aqueous solutions of 5M acrylamide (40 ml), 0.2M crosslinking agent (1 ml) and 0.1M initiator (1 ml) was diluted with water to 200 ml and deoxygenated. A piece of the gel (4 g) was immersed in the solution in a sealed vessel, and stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours, and gently shaken, to impregnate the components of the solution into the gel. The gel was removed and cut to a suitable size. The cut piece was held between two glass plates and irradiated with UV of 365 nm for 6 hours. The content of crosslinking agent in the double network gel was 0.1 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The bipolar cell stack of multiple cells of bipolar lithium polymer cells wound together around the rigid core to produce active cell area having elliptical cylindrical shape. It has 3-15 cells wound together around the rigid core. A positive end plate assembly is mounted to the rigid core for providing the positive battery connection. A negative end plate assembly is mounted to the rigid core for providing the negative battery connection. The cell assemblies are contained in an insulated housing. Standoffs are included, each disposed between adjacent ones of the cell assemblies. A circulating blower and temperature controller provide cooling air flow between the cell assemblies. Compression bands provide pressure across the cell assemblies. Cables are connected between a state-of-charge controller and state-of-charge connector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The rigid core is made of polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The container is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrical power generation system is an oxygen/hydrogen fuel cell which also provides space heating. The tank contains liquid hydrogen delivered to the fuel cell via tubes. The tank may be contained for safety reasons inside a second enclosure containing liquid nitrogen. The tank contains liquid natural gas delivered to the fuel cell via tubes and a reformer. The motors use coils and windings made by high temperature superconducting materials. The motors are cryo-cooled via cold pipes connected to the cryo-tanks. The motor drive circuitry is housed in a hermetically sealed container immersed for cryo-cooling inside the cryo-cooled environment of a liquid natural gas tank. High temperature superconductor cables are used for power transmission as well as for supply of cooling fluid such as liquid nitrogen making use of the load shedding property of the liquid nitrogen. Cryo-fuels are also used to cool a cryo-light system based on high efficiency cryo-light emitting gallium arsenide-based diodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solution of alcohol (preferably methanol) and water is mixed in a volumetric ratio of approximately 2 parts alcohol to 1 part water. A pump (13) provides the solution of alcohol and water at 150-200 psi. The solution is heated to 270-300 degrees C before providing the solution to the reformer coil. A supplemental heater or burner (96) is provided to impart heat energy to the solution until reaching an operating temperature. At least a portion of the other constituents is supplied from the purifier assembly to the burner as a fuel for combustion to produce a heated flue gas. The solution is heated by providing an evaporator coil coupled in upstream fluid flowing relation relative to the reformer coil, and directing the heated flue gas to flow past the evaporator coil. The heated flue gas imparts heat energy to the solution by the evaporator coil. A cooling coil facilitates dissipation of heat energy from the hydrogen gas as it flows through the cooling coil (62).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The amount of NO2 gases is controlled as a function of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission from the nitrification step. The process is executed without or with sludge retention.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The ratio of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to ammonia in the media is 1:200-1:2000 (preferably 1:500) (v/v). The NO2 concentration in the media is regulated at 1-500 (preferably 75) ppm (v/v). The nitrogen monoxide (NO) concentration in the media is regulated at 1-100 (preferably 25) ppm (v/v). EXAMPLE - Biomass (activated sludge) was grown in laboratory scale reactors with 3.5 L medium without biomass retention. The reactor was aerated with compressed air, argon, NO2 (up to 500 ppm), and NO (up to 500 ppm) using four mass-flow controllers. Temperature was maintained at 22 degrees C, and dissolved oxygen at 0.04-6 mg/l. The pH-value was kept at 7.4. The medium contained 10-200 mM NH4+. The effluent was collected, stored and analyzed. Results showed a more compact or dense biomass with better settling characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The source of microbial nourishment is manure, compost, plant material or carbohydrate. The manure is cow, sheep, goat, horse, chicken or pig manure (preferably cow manure), the plant material is cotton trash (preferred), hay, grasses, milled crop materials, or compost type materials and the carbohydrate is a complex and/or a simple carbohydrate. The simple carbohydrate is sucrose (preferred), glucose, maltose, dextrose, or fructose. The source of microbial nourishment is a mixture of manure and plant material or a mixture of manure, plant material and carbohydrate. The mixture is about manure (preferably cow manure) (90%), plant material (preferably cotton trash) (8%) and carbohydrate (preferably sucrose) (2%) by weight. The microbe population is applied to the mixed soil by spraying. The microbe population comprises naturally occurring microorganisms and the microbe population comprises at least 102 different microorganisms. The microbe population is a hydrocarbon digesting population. The process further comprises applying a suspension fertilizer to the mixed soil and applying an oxygen-releasing compound on to the mixed soil. The suspension fertilizer and the oxygen-releasing compound are applied to the mixed soil by spraying. The oxygen-releasing compound is hydrogen peroxide. The process further comprises repeating the inoculation step for a sufficient number of times to reduce the level of contamination. The soil contaminant is a hydrocarbon contaminant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material further contains an oxide of cerium, zirconium and/or aluminum. The carbon type material is mono-layered or multi-layered carbon nano tube, or fullerene. The carbon type material contains metal or an alloy (0.12-30 wt.%). The average particle diameter of metal or alloy is 1-100 nm and that of oxide is 1-500 nm. Preferred Property: The temperature range of absorption and discharge of hydrogen at pressure of 0.1-50 MPa, is 25-500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen purification apparatus has water gas (gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide) shift portion containing a platinum catalyst in the upstream of the oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fermented material further contains natural organic material containing microorganisms for fermenting the plant waste material. The moisture content of plant waste material and fermented material is 40-65%. The fermented material is foodstuffs residue, foodstuffs sludge, rice bran and/or bean curd lees. The material for multi-use vegetable matter further contains fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: Photosynthetic bacteria are used for decomposing malodorous gas. Carbon dioxide is converted to oxygen by cyano bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen-containing compound is hydrocarbon, alcohol, aldehyde, ether, ester, water, hydrogen sulfide and/or hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preferably, the processed liquid (3) and the organic waste (2) are processed at temperature (T1) in the tank (7). The processed liquid (4) of the tank (7) is then processed with the easily decomposable organic waste, in the tank (8).Preferred Tank: The souring tanks (6,7) are deployed in methane-fermentation tank, or deployed in contact with the methane-fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: (I) has an unit for measuring oxygen concentration in the base material, and based on the measurement result, the processing in a particular course is adjusted. (I) Effects a normal mode in which the organic waste is decomposed and a manure mode which reduces the moisture content of the treated substance to convert it into an organic fertilizer. In the manure mode, the organic fertilizer is finally heat pasteurized. When the manure mode is effected and the organic waste is further added into the treatment tank, then the manure mode is released.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred support: The support contains activated carbon, silica gel or polymeric hydration gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Methane is decomposed to produce hydrogen in a modification process. The hydrogen produced modification and decomposition processes, is utilized as fuel in electric power generation process. An alkali is added to the fermented liquor produced in fermentation process, to remove ammonia in ammonia collection process. Ammonia obtained is processed in decomposition process to produce hydrogen. The thermal decomposition gas produced when thermally decomposing organic waste is collected in a thermal decomposition apparatus (11).Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is phosphate or solid polymer film-type fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second catalyst body is disposed in parallel with the first catalyst body in the flow of the mixture gas. The first catalyst body is formed in a shape of column to extend along the flow of the mixture gas. The fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell power generation portion (8) configured to generate an electric power using oxidization gas including oxygen and the reformed gas supplied from the hydrogen generator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The second catalyst body is made of a carrier containing cerium, iron, and/or platinum.Preferred Composition: The second catalyst has platinum in a weight ratio of 100:0.1-100:5.Preferred Component: A ratio between a cross-sectional area of the first catalyst body and a cross-sectional area of the second catalyst body is 20:1-5:1. The purifier is provided with a catalyst body containing ruthenium, rhodium, or nickel as an active component on a downstream side of the second catalyst body in the flow of the mixture gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A part of the residual gas is returned directly before the unit for selective removing hydrogen or is returned through the feedback into the region of the process materials entering the reformer. The reformer (3) is a steam reformer or an autothermal reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the oxidizing agent includes ozone, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorate and bromine. The hydrogen sulfide gas is produced from the tank when the concentration of the oxidizing agent added to the fermentation tank is 3% or less. (M1) involves adding oxidizing agent based on residual concentration of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, bromine or at least one instruction value of the oxidation-reduction potentials in wastewater, as a parameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (II) further comprises about 100 (preferably about 25) microgram/gram or less carbonyl compounds, 100 (preferably about 25) microgram/gram or less monofunctional alcohol compounds. (II) is at least 99.95% pure. (II) comprises biochemically-derived 1,3-propanediol (preferably from a fermentation process using a renewable biological source). (II) is produced from corn feed stock and has a color value of less than about 10 (preferably 5) APHA. (II) has a color value less than about 15 APHA when treated with 1 wt. % sulfuric acid at 170degreesC for 10 minutes. (I) has a color of less than about 50 (preferably 30) AHPA and (I) has a molecular weight of about 250-5000. (I) comprises a homopolymer or a copolymer. (I) comprises a copolymer of 1,3-propanediol with at least one other 6-12C diol. (II) has a 5O/5o pH of about 6.0-7.5 (preferably about 6-7).INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are also included for:(1) a composition comprising (II), carbonyl compounds (about 100 microgram/gram or less), peroxide compounds (about 10 microgram/gram or less) and monofunctional alcohol compounds (about 100 microgram/gram or less), based on the weight of (II); and(2) (I) derived from the polymerization of biochemically-derived (II). EXAMPLE - The 1,3-propanediol (PDO) (8392 g) was taken and mechanical stirring was done for about 15 minutes. After 15 minutes sulfuric acid (76.35 g) was slowly added drop-wise for at least 5 minutes. Again PDO (15 g) was added and the mixture was stirred and heated to 160 degreesC. The water of reaction was removed by distillation and was collected continuously during the polymerization reaction. The reaction was continued for 38.5 hours, after which it was allowed to cool to 45 degreesC to give (I) (average molecular weight of 2130 as and an APHA color of 59).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier has an evaporation portion (31) for vaporizing original fuel to original fuel gas, a modification portion (32) for modifying original fuel gas to hydrogen-rich fuel gas, and carbon monoxide decreasing portion (33) for decreasing the concentration of carbon monoxide contained in fuel gas. The pressurized air from air-conditioner presser is supplied to modification portion and/or carbon monoxide decreasing portion, as oxidized air. The fuel reforming system further has a thermal-type flow meter (17) for measuring the amount of air flowing through airflow path provided between vapor-liquid separation unit and modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus (2) has several raw material containers (5) containing the biomass as raw material. Sequential movement of containers is carried out such that repeated immersion and immersion releasing is performed with respect to methanogen containing material in a sealed tank. The apparatus (3) has rotating cylinder shaped fermenter (9) and a screw groove formation component carrying out sequential advance of moisture biomass. The component is arranged so as to extend to the inner surface of fermenter in spiral shape. The screw groove formation component has groove cross-section of variable component. The apparatus (1) further has excrement stirring apparatus (8). Alternately, the apparatus (1) has raw material moisture and gas extraction unit, sealed gas chamber and pressure sensor. The sensor detects the pressure of methane gas obtained by fermentation of moisture raw material fed between each unit of extraction unit. The optimal pressure of each unit is calculated from the pressure difference between the units. The produced gas is extracted from each unit using a component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Raw Material: The biomass contains fragmented biomass. The fragment of mushroom cultivation waste bed is mixed with raw material as pre-processing. The methanogen containing material comprises livestock excrements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Oxygen or air of high pressure is introduced in the device (3), and preliminary modification is performed. The fuel is made to contain an oxygen-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The manufacturing apparatus has heat exchangers between devices (3,6), and between the device (6) and combustor (7). A combustion catalyst is provided in the combustor (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises preheating the reactant before the step of contacting. The step of preheating comprises a heat exchanger (50). The heat exchanger comprises a counter-flow recirculator, where the reaction products flow across vessels contained within the recirculator through which the aqueous methanol solution pass, and where the reaction products flow in a direction opposite of that of the aqueous methanol solution.Preferred Parameters: The pressure is preferably at least 27.6 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glassy polymer interface comprises hollow fibers comprising a polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The nickel-alloy further comprises molybdenum. The nickel alloy comprises a composition of at least 58 wt. % nickel, 20-23 wt.% chromium, 8-10 wt.% molybdenum, and 3-4 wt.% niobium plus tantalum.Preferred Parameters: The metal surface comprises a long tube having a small inside diameter and a wall thickness equal to one half to one quarter the diameter. The inside diameter is 2 mm and the wall thickness is 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution of methanol comprises 15-35 wt.% methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises heat exchanger for preheating the aqueous methanol solution. The heat exchanger comprises a counter-flow recirculator, wherein the reaction products flow across vessels contained within the recirculator through which the aqueous methanol solution pass, and where the reaction products flow in a direction opposite of that of the aqueous methanol solution. The mechanism for restricting a flow of reaction products comprises an inlet check valve and an outlet valve comprising a back pressure regulator valve.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Container: The container has a double structure having an internal container arranged in an exterior container (100). Any one of the natural hydrogen generating compound (600) and the substance which promotes hydrogen generation (400) is contained in the exterior container, and the other is contained in the internal container. The exterior container has a gas-liquid separation filter (200) having Gurley value of 2000-30000.Preferred Material: The container and the dividing wall comprise a material having fracture elongation of 5% or less. The exterior container and the internal container comprise a material having fracture elongation of 5% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The natural of hydrogen generating compound is boron compound. The substance which promotes hydrogen generation is a metal chosen from groups (IA, 2A and 3B) of periodic table, preferably metal chloride of group (VIIIA) of periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The by-product continuously generated in the container is emitted and recovered.Preferred Properties: The catalyst, which is packed inside the container is a chip-shaped, granular, powder-form, cloth-shaped, non-defined form or honeycomb catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A hydrogen separation membrane is arranged at the catalyst vicinity of the reaction container. The hydrogen generated by dehydrogenation is recovered by passing through the hydrogen separation membrane. The heating unit is electric heater and/or hot-air supply device for heating the combustion catalyst and gas or liquid heat carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The zinc aluminum complex oxide is of formula ZnAlnOx, where n is 0.5-4 and x is 1.5n+1, and has spinel crystal structure. The zinc aluminum complex oxide is preferably ZnAl2O4.Preferred Co-catalyst: The co-catalyst element is potassium, sodium, calcium and/or magnesium.Preferred Properties: The contents of copper and co-catalyst element with respect to 100 wt.% of catalyst are 2-20 wt.% and 0.4-4 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (in g) (149) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (375) were dissolved in ion exchange water (1 l). The solution was mixed with two equivalents of 28% ammonia aqueous solution and precipitated. The co-precipitate was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 400 degrees C for 5 hours. The baked product was ground to obtain powder-form zinc aluminum complex oxide having secondary particle diameter of 0.15 mm or less and average crystalline diameter of 7 nm.    The zinc aluminum complex oxide was dispersed in a mixed aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium nitrate (0.778) and copper nitrate trihydrate (5.7) in ion exchange water (1 l), and stirred. The mixture was dried at 80 degrees C and 110 degrees C, and baked at 300 degrees C for 3 hours. The baked product was ground and cut to pellet form, to obtain a catalyst (K-Cu/ZnAl2O4). The catalyst had large specific surface area and improved catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: A hammer mill is arranged either downstream or upstream of (PE1, PE2). (SM) comprises magnetic-drum separator for separating ferrous metals. The screen is a vibrating screen (V). The granulator (GRN) is briquetting machine or pelletizing machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred features: The window is smaller than the diameter of the stirrer. The stirrer has two blades. The section (15) of the arm on which the stirrer is mounted is half the length of the remaining section (14). The diameter of the stirrer is at least 1 m and preferably more than 1.5 m. It operates at lower speeds than those of conventional electrically powered immersed stirrers (ca. 330 rpm). It is electrically, pneumatically or preferably hydraulically powered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system includes a water transfer assembly (11) separating water from anode exhaust gas. The water transfer assembly comprises a partial-pressure pressure swing water transfer wheel (12), and the partial-pressure pressure swing adsorption assembly comprises a carbon dioxide transfer wheel. The water transfer assembly comprises a water absorbing media that operates at or above the dew point of the anode exhaust gas. It comprises a condenser. It further a scrubbing unit and a blowdown unit for removal of water contaminated with electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas storage system has a switching unit, which switches heat-exchangers (16-36, 4-6). Numbers of tanks are provided in the gas storage system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inner volume of the small container is set to 30-40 % of the range of the inner volume of the large container. A heat carrier is circulated in the inner space of a casing (2) storing the containers. An auxiliary container (10) for storing hydrogen, is arranged in the joining portion of the pipelines and the main line. The large containers have equal length and are separated by a preset space. The small containers have equal length and are separated by a preset space. The containers are arranged in a parallel state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of dissolved oxygen in carbon dioxide solution is made into 1 mg/L or less.Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide solution is contacted with a deoxidation resin, and dissolved oxygen in the solution is subjected to concentration reduction process. The exhaust gas is ejected from aerobic organism processing apparatus (1). The carbon dioxide during exhaustion is separated and recovered with a carbon dioxide selection membrane. The carbon dioxide in separated and recovered gas is made into 5 volume% or more.Preferred Membrane: The carbon dioxide selection membrane is a ceramic separation membrane. EXAMPLE - Extract recovery of exhaust gas (component composition containing nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide in ratio of 80:18-19:1-2(V/V)) from aerobic organism processing apparatus was performed. The recovered exhaust gas was guided into solution recovery tank and dissolved in water of 40 degrees C. The obtained carbon dioxide solution was introduced into dissolved oxygen concentration decreasing tank containing deoxidation resin. The dissolved oxygen in the solution was reacted with hydrogen gas, and removed. 80% of carbon dioxide during exhaust gas ejection from aerobic organism processing apparatus was recovered. Subsequently, a mixed methanogen was added followed by the addition of hydrogen in a methane fermentation tank, and methane was produced. The methane conversion rate of the recovered carbon dioxide was 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Hydrogen supply apparatus further comprises an evaporator (5) at the exterior of liquid-hydrogen tank to promote vaporization of liquid hydrogen, and a cooling circuit (14) through which the coolant for cooling fuel cell is circulated. The waste heat of fuel cell is supplied to the evaporator through the cooling circuit.Preferred Process: Hydrogen feed-rate control unit is controlled according to the pressure of the hydrogen tank, so that the pressure of the pressure hydrogen tank is maintained at predetermined value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Compounds: The hydrogen derivative of the aromatic compound is, e.g., 1-methyldecalin, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, trimethylcyclohexane, or tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A flow of the fluid flows from the first vessel to the annulus, where the fluid has an annulus pressure, and where the flow of the fluid picks up and transmits a portion of the odorant material into an atmosphere surrounding the outer surface of the second vessel via the pressure relief device, when the annulus pressure reaches or exceeds a predetermined pressure.The detectable odor is detectable by a sense of smell of a living being.At least a portion of the fluid is a gas (15) stored and/or transported in the first vessel. It is at or above an ambient temperature.At least a portion of the odorant material is from mercaptans (tetrabutyl mercaptan, isopropyl mercaptan, normal propyl mercaptan, secondary butyl mercaptans, ethyl mercaptans, normal butyl mercaptan), thiophenes (tetrahydrothiophene), and/or sulfides (dimethyl sulfide, methyl ethyl sulfide), or odorants from derivatives of acrylic acid, alkyl ethers of 4-7C, and/or carboxylic acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The diluent gas, the temperature, and the first and second partial pressures are selected, such that hydrogen in the mixture has a fugacity that is greater than the fugacity of pure hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and partial pressure, or such that the fugacity of hydrogen in the mixture is at least twice, preferably at least 5 times as large as the fugacity of pure hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and partial pressure.Preferred Condition: The partial pressure of hydrogen in the mixture is less than 0.1, preferably less than 1 MPa. Hydrogen has a volume concentration of at most 4 %.Preferred Method: The pressure chamber is first pressurized with hydrogen, and the diluent gas(es) is added to form the mixture at a higher total pressure. It is pressurized with a premixed fluid consisting of hydrogen and diluent gas(es).The method comprises heating the gas mixture to at least 50, preferably at least 250 degrees C.Preferred Gas: The diluent gas(es) is carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, or propane. It is noble gases, nitrous oxide, partially hydrogenated hydrocarbons, completely halogenated hydrocarbons, or sulfur hexafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The recycle soil manufacturing apparatus further comprises a control unit inputted with a signal representing a supply rate of the paper/wood chips supplied into the fermenter to control a heating rate of the heater, a water spray rate of the water sprayer, a supply rate the leaf mold, a feed speed of the conveyor, and an opening of the ceiling portion. The controller controls the operation of the fermenter to realize predetermined set values corresponding to the supply rate of the paper/wood chips represented by the input signal. The apparatus further comprises a sensor detecting temperature and humidity in the fermenter, the supply rate of the leaf mold, the feed speed of the conveyor and the opening of the opening/closing type ceiling portion so that the temperature and humidity in the fermenter, the supply rate of the leaf mold, the feed speed of the conveyor and the opening of the opening/closing type ceiling portion are controlled to become the respective predetermined values by a closed circuit.The apparatus preferably further comprises a solar generator as an auxiliary electric source. It is preferably constructed so that soil discharged from the fermenter can be returned to be supplied into the supply port of the leaf mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The container wall is made from a polymeric material.