TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first compartment additionally contains a proton-donating fuel. The anode is comprised of a porous and electrically conductive substrate. The anode further comprises an ion-conducting polymer. The ion conducting membrane is NAFION. The cathode is comprised of metal, inorganic matrix, or metal containing organic compound, or enzyme that is capable of catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The cathode and/or anode contain a metal such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide or the oxidation of fuel, respectively. The cathode further comprises a conductive and porous substrate. It is comprised of an enzyme as an electrocatalyst. The enzyme is an enzyme from the peroxidase class of enzymes. The cathode further comprises a substrate attached to the enzyme, to facilitate either electron or proton transfer between the electrode and the electrocatalyst, or both. It also includes conductive binder that is porous, inert, and ion-conductive polymer. The cathode is comprised of an organometallic molecule. It is comprised of catalase. It further comprises a substrate attached to the organometallic molecule or enzyme. The fuel cell further comprises proton donor liquid reservoir flowably connected to the input orifice of the first compartment, for holding and supplying a proton donor liquid to the fuel cell via the input orifice; and a proton acceptor liquid reservoir flowably connected to the input orifice of the second compartment, for holding and supplying a proton acceptor liquid to the fuel cell via the input orifice. The anode comprises dehydrogenases. It comprises synthetic molecules, which display dehydrogenase-like catalytic activity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton acceptor fluid comprises hydrogen peroxide. The porous and electrically conductive substrate is selected from the group consisting of fritted carbon, carbon cloth, fritted metals, and woven metals. The metal containing organic compound is metallo-porphyins, chelated metal moieties, or organo-metallics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton-donating fuel is methanol, methane, or logistic fuel such as gasoline or kerosene, which is mixed with water.