TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The second surface of the second electrode has a surface roughness with a root mean square of about 1 nm to 10 mu. The convexo-concave portions comprise: a stepped shape, a needle-like shape, a mesh shape, a scratch shape, or a scar shape. The dye comprises a metal complex of ruthenium and another metal iridium, aluminum, platinum, palladium, europium and/or lead. The porous layer comprises metallic oxide particles with a mean particle diameter of about 100 nm or less (preferably about 10-40 nm). The porous layer further comprises conductive particles and light scattering particles (that are comprised of the same material as the metallic oxide particles of the porous layer, and have a mean particle diameter of about 100 nm or more). The first electrode comprises a transparent substrate comprising a polymer (polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI) or triacetate cellulose (TAC)) and a conductive film coated on the substrate, where the conductive film comprises: indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide and gallium oxide (ZnO-Ga2O3), zinc oxide and aluminum oxide (ZnO-Al2O3), or tin oxide and antimony oxide (SnO2-Sb2O3)). The second electrode comprises a transparent substrate comprising a polymer (PET, PEN, PC, PP, PI or TAC) and a first conductive layer coated on the substrate comprising: ITO, FTO, ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3 or SnO2-Sb2O3, and a second conductive layer coated on the first conductive film. The second conductive layer comprises an ingredient (Pt, Ru, Pd, Rh, Ir, osmium (Os), tungsten oxide (WO3), titanium oxide (TiO2) and/or C). Preferred Method: The step of forming the convexo-concave portions at a surface of the second electrode comprises: rubbing the surface of the second electrode with an abrasive cloth, mechanically etching the surface, or chemically etching the surface. The convexo-concave portions are formed on a first conductive layer coated on a transparent substrate, and a second conductive layer that is coated on the first conductive layer. The convexo-concave portions are formed on a first conductive layer coated on a transparent substrate through scratching, and platinum is deposited on the first conductive layer to form the second conductive layer. The method of manufacturing (I) further comprises the step of sealing the solar cell after injecting the electrolyte. EXAMPLE - First and second transparent substrates were prepared with coated indium tin oxide (ITO) as a conductive film. A titanium oxide paste was bar-coated on the first substrate, and was fired at about 450 degrees C for about 30 minutes to form a porous layer. A metal complex of ruthenium was dissolved in ethanol to form a solution, and the substrate with the porous layer was dipped in the solution for about 12 hours to absorb the dye on the porous layer. The dye-absorbed porous layer was then cleaned, and dried to form the first electrode. The surface of the ITO coated on the second transparent substrate was then scratched and then cleaned. Platinum was deposited onto the ITO to form the second electrode. The second electrode was positioned with its convexo-concave portions facing the porous layer of the first electrode, and a thermoplastic polymer film was placed between the first and the second electrodes and the construct was pressed together at about 100 degrees C for about 9 seconds to attach the electrodes to each other. An electrolyte solution (where the electrolyte was made by dissolving tetrapropylammonium iodide (21.928 g) and iodine (1.931 g) in a solvent of about 80 % ethylene carbonate and about 20 % acetonitrile) was injected through the small hole formed in the second electrode, and after which the hole was sealed using a cover glass and a thermoplastic polymer film to make the dye-sensitized solar cell.