TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The positive active material comprises a material selected from: LiAO2, LiMn2O4, LiaNibBcMdO2, LiaNibCocMneMdO2, LiaAMdO2, LiaMn2MdO4, DS2, LiDS2, V2O5, LiV2O5, LiEO2, LiNiVO4, Li(3-x)F2(PO4)3 and Li(3-y)Fe2(PO4)3. The negative active material is selected from carbonaceous material, which is capable of reversibly intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, a lithium metal, an alloy of lithium and a material which is capable of forming a compound with lithium. The negative material further comprises a protection layer containing polymer and/or inorganic material provided as a single layer or double layer. The carbonaceous material has a crystal size as given in the specification and an exothermal peak at greater than or equal to700degreesC. The carbonaceous material is a crystalline carbonaceous material prepared by carbonizing and graphitizing mesophase spherical particles, or a fibrous crystalline carbonaceous material prepared by carbonizing and graphitizing fibrous mesophase pitch.A = Co, No or MnB = Co or MnD = Ti or MoE = Cr, V, Fe, Sc or YF = V, Cr, M, Co, Ni or CuM = Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr and/or Va = 0.95-1.1b = 0-0.9c = 0-0.5d = 0.001-0.1e = 0-0.5x = 0-3y = 0-2    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiSbF6, LiN(CF3SO2)3, LiC4F9SO3, LiAlO4, LiAlCl4, LiN(CpF2p+1SO2)(CpF2q+1SO2), LiCl and/or Lil and have concentration of 0.1-2M. The protection layer comprises inorganic material selected from LiPON, Li2CO3, Li3N, Li3PO4 and Li5PO4 and has a thickness of 10-20000 Angstrom .p and q = natural numbers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is selected from Ni, Ti, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Co, Cr, W, Mo, Al, Mg, K, Na, Ca, Sr, Ba, Si, Ge, Sb, Pb, In and/or Zn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous organic solvent is selected from benzene, toluene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1,3-difluorobenzene, 1,4-difluorobenzene, 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trifluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, iodobenzene, 1,2-diiodobenzene, 1,3-diiodobenzene, 1,4-diiodobenzene, 1,2,3-triiodobenzene, 1,2,4-triiodobenzene, fluorotoluene, 1,2-difluorotoluene, 1,3-difluorotoluene, 1,4-difluorotoluene, 1,2,3-trifluorotoluene, 1,2,4-trifluorotoluene, chlorotoluene, 1,2-dichlorotoluene, 1,3-dichlorotoluene, 1,4-dichlorotoluene, 1,2,3-trichlorotoluene, 1,2,4-trichlorotoluene, iodotoluene, 1,2-diiodotoluene, 1,3-diiodotoluene, 1,4-diiodotoluene, 1,2,3-triiodotolune, 1,2,4-triiodotoluene, R-CN, dimethoxyformamide, methylacetate, xylene, cyclohexane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, cyclohexanone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, diglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, sulfolane, valerolactone, decanolide and/or mevalolactone.R=2-50C hydrocarbon (optionally containing double bonds, aromatic cycling or ether bonds).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiSbF6, LiN(CF3SO2)3, LiC4F9SO3, LiAlO4, LiAlCl4, LiN(CpF2p+1SO2)(CpF2q+1SO2), LiCl and/or Lil and have concentration of 0.1-2M. The protection layer comprises inorganic material selected from LiPON, Li2CO3, Li3N, Li3PO4 and Li5PO4 and has a thickness of 10-20000 Angstrom .p and q = natural numbers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rigid polymer film has thickness of 10 Angstrom -10 microns (preferably 50-10000) Angstrom or 1-30 (preferably 2-25, especially 3-20) microns and is selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene naphthalene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester and polysulfone and further comprises a silicon release layer. The protection layer of the negative electrode comprises polymer selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methylmethacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyolefin, polyurethane, polyvinyl ether, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, sulfonated styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene triblock polymer and/or polyethylene oxide and have thickness of 100 Angstrom -10 microns. EXAMPLE - A lithium cell comprising positive and negative electrode, and having height of 45 mm, a width of 37 mm, and a thickness of 4.0 mm, and having a capacity of 650 mAh, was fabricated. LiPF6 (1M) in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (3:3:4 volume ratio) was used as an electrolyte. 15 microns polyethylene terephthalate film deposited with aluminum at a thickness of 500 Angstrom on both sides was used as the positive current collector, and a 15 microns polyethylene terephthalate film deposited with copper at a thickness of 500 Angstrom on both sides was used as the negative current collector. Another cell (control) comprising 20 microns aluminum positive current collector coated with slurry of LiCoO2 positive active material, polyvinylidene fluoride binder and a Super-P conductive agent mixed in N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent at weight ratio of 94:3:3 and 15 microns copper negative current collector coated with slurry of a carbon negative active material and polyvinylidene fluoride binder mixed in an N-methyl pyrrolidone solvent at a weight ratio of 94:6 was fabricated. Both the cells were tested for capacity and energy capacity per weight. Test/control shows capacity (mAh) of 650/650 and energy capacity per weight (Wh/kg) of 184/152.