TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The nanostructured template is disposed between a base electrode (110) and a top electrode (106), which are transparent. The charge transfer materials (108,109) are electrically contacted with the base electrode and top electrode, respectively. The materials (108,109) fill space between and/or within the template structures up to a level, which is even with upper surface of the template. The device further has a layer of an electrically conductive material coating one or more walls of the template elements, provided such that electrically conductive material is disposed between nanostructured template and material (108). The charge transfer material (108) is n-type or p-type semiconductor, preferably n-type semiconductor. The material (109) is p-type material. The template elements having one or more elongated structures are in the form of hollow tubes that protrude from the template with spaces between the sidewalls of the tubes. The template is made of aluminum oxide. The elongated structures include one or more tubes, pillars, needles, whiskers or elongated crystals protruding from surface, or one or more openings, pores, or channels formed into or through a layer of material. Materials (108,109) do not extend significantly above the surface of the nanostructured template. An interfacial layer is disposed between materials (108,109), and contains one or more chemicals that can covalently attach to material (108) and change a surface energy and/or bonding trap-state and/or attach to dangling-bonds at an exposed surface of material (108) and/or introduce a dipole layer that may increase the efficiency for charge extraction and/or reduce detrimental charge recombination. A conductive coating is provided on one or more walls of the template elements, such that it is disposed between material (108) and insulating nanostructured template.Preferred Properties: Material (109) has band gap of less than 2 eV. The dominant negative charge carrier energy of material (109) is less than 1 eV or 2 eV of LUMO or conduction band of material (108). The hole energy of material (109) is one or more valence band state of material (108).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material (108) is amorphous silicon or hydrogenated amorphous silicon, cadmium sulfide, cadmium oxide, or copper oxide. Amorphous silicon is thicker at upper portion of nanostructured template and thinner at lower portion of template, and has coating thickness of 1-100 nm. The amorphous silicon is n-doped. The electrically conductive material contains an inorganic or organic material. The inorganic material is copper sulfide and/or conductive oxide. The conductive oxide is tin oxide, indium oxide, fluorinated tin oxide, indium tin oxide, tungsten oxide, titania, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, copper oxide, niobium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide, vanadium oxide and/or molybdenum oxide. Material (109) is cadmium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc telluride, cadmium-tellurium selenide, copper-indium selenide, copper oxide and/or copper sulfide.Preferred Method: The coating of the walls of template elements with material (108) is carried out by atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition, atomic vapor deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), pulsed CVD, metal-organic- vapor-phase epitaxy, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) electrochemical deposition, electroless (chemical bath) deposition, evaporation, sputtering, plating, ion-plating, molecular beam epitaxy, sol-gel based deposition, spray pyrolysis, vapor-phase deposition, solvent vapor deposition, metal-organic vapor phase deposition, metal-organic-vapor-phase epitaxy, self-assembly, electro-static self-assembly, melt-filling/coating, electro-deposition, electro-plating, layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition, or liquid phase deposition. A layer of metal is anodized, and nano-structured template is formed. The template is coated with a layer of conductive material, by exposing the template to a reducing agent to reduce an oxide material of a sidewall and/or base of the template elements to provide electrical conduction to sidewall and/or base. Alternately, the layer of metal is partially anodized, such that anodized portion of the layer of metal becomes the template while an unanodized portion serves as electrode. The barrier layer at the bottom of one or more template structures, is then removed. A layer of conducting or semi-conducting material is formed at bottom of one or more template structures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A layer of functionalized 60C is covalently attached with material (108). The organic material of electrically conductive material contains poly-3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS), doped conjugated organic materials, or doped or functionalized fullerenes, e.g. doped 60C fullerene. Functionalized fullerene is 60C-COOH or phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Materials (108,109) are blended together, and are organic or inorganic materials. Materials (108 and/or 109) contain thiophene-, fluorine- and/or aryl-vinyl-based polymers, poly(phenylene) and its derivative, poly(phenylene vinylene) and its derivative, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), PPV copolymers, poly(thiophene) and its derivative, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl) regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5,-diyl) regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regiorandom, poly(thienylene vinylene) and its derivative, poly(isothianaphthene) and its derivative, tetra-hydro-thiophene precursor and its derivative, poly-phenylene-vinylene and its derivative, organometallic polymer, polymer containing perylene units, poly(squaraine) and its derivative, discotic liquid crystal polyfluorene, poly-fluorene copolymer, polyfluorene-based copolymer co-polymerized and/or blended with charge transporting compound, tri-phenyl-amine and its derivative, light-absorbing compound, fused thiophene rings and its derivative, or optionally substituted hetero-atom ring compound, pigment, dye, small molecule, or fullerene. The pigment, dye or small molecule is chosen from organic pigment or dye, azo-dye having azo chromophore (-N=N-) linking aromatic group, metal-free phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, zinc phthalocyanine, perylene and its derivative, pentacene and its derivative and precursor, naphthalocyanine, squaraine, merocyanine and their respective derivatives, poly(silane), poly(germinate), 2,9-di(pent-3-yl)-anthra(2,l,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-l,3,8,10-tetrone, or 2,9-bis-(1-hexyl-hept-1-yl)-anthra(2,l,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-l,3,8,10-tetrone. Material (109) is doped functionalized fullerene, azafullerene, polymerized fullerene (doped or undoped), functionalized polymerized fullerene (doped or undoped), carbon nano-tube, dye, ruthenium dye, pigment, organic monomer, oligomer, polymer, tetra-hydro-thiophene precursor polymer and its derivative, poly-phenylene-vinylene and its derivative, or conjugated polymer.Preferred Layer: The interfacial layer contains 60C, 60C-COOH, fullerene excluding 60C, PCBM, or 60C or other fullerene functionalized with a carboxylic acid moiety. Alternately, interface layer is disposed between material (109) and the transparent electrode, and has barrier layer, an organic material, or a conducting polymer.