TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The dye-sensitized solar cell further has an anti-reflection film (70) formed on an outer surface of the electrode (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The buffer layer has an energy level between an energy level of the electrode (10) and an energy level of the porous layer. The buffer layer is formed using an electrolysis method, deposition method or wet method. The buffer layer is denser than the porous layer. The porous layer comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2) and the buffer layer comprises a compound selected from TiO2, tungsten oxide (WO3), and/or complex oxide of titanium and tungsten (TiO2-WO3). The porous layer comprises nanometer-sized metal oxide particles. Preferably, the porous layer comprises oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium, zinc, indium, iridium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, samarium, and/or gallium. The porous layer further comprises light scattering particles formed with porous layer element, and conductive particles. Preferred Properties: The light scattering particles have a diameter of 100 nm or more. The nano-sized metal oxide particles of the porous layer have a diameter of 100 nm or less, preferably 5-40 nm, and the porous layer has surface roughness factor of 20 or more. Preferred Dye: The dye comprises a ruthenium complex.Preferred Electrodes: The electrode (10) has a transparent substrate (A1) and a conductive film (A2) coated on the transparent substrate. The electrode (20) has sequential lamination of conductive films (C1,C2) on a transparent substrate (B1). Preferred Film: The conductive films (A2,C1) comprise indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), zinc-gallium complex oxide (ZnO-Ga2O3), zinc-aluminum complex oxide (ZnO-Al2O3), and/or tin-antimony complex oxide (SnO2-Sb2O3). The conductive film (C2) comprises a compound selected from the group of platinum, carbon nanotube (CNT) and noble metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The buffer layer has an energy level between an energy level of the electrode (10) and an energy level of the porous layer. The buffer layer is formed using an electrolysis method, deposition method or wet method. The buffer layer is denser than the porous layer. The porous layer comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2) and the buffer layer comprises a compound selected from TiO2, tungsten oxide (WO3), and/or complex oxide of titanium and tungsten (TiO2-WO3). The porous layer comprises nanometer-sized metal oxide particles. Preferably, the porous layer comprises oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium, zinc, indium, iridium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, samarium, and/or gallium. The porous layer further comprises light scattering particles formed with porous layer element, and conductive particles. Preferred Properties: The light scattering particles have a diameter of 100 nm or more. The nano-sized metal oxide particles of the porous layer have a diameter of 100 nm or less, preferably 5-40 nm, and the porous layer has surface roughness factor of 20 or more. Preferred Dye: The dye comprises a ruthenium complex.Preferred Electrodes: The electrode (10) has a transparent substrate (A1) and a conductive film (A2) coated on the transparent substrate. The electrode (20) has sequential lamination of conductive films (C1,C2) on a transparent substrate (B1). Preferred Film: The conductive films (A2,C1) comprise indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), zinc-gallium complex oxide (ZnO-Ga2O3), zinc-aluminum complex oxide (ZnO-Al2O3), and/or tin-antimony complex oxide (SnO2-Sb2O3). The conductive film (C2) comprises a compound selected from the group of platinum, carbon nanotube (CNT) and noble metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous layer further comprises a high molecular compound selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), ethyl cellulose (EC), terpineol, and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate (BCA).Preferred Substrate: The transparent substrate (A1) comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), and triacetate cellulose (TAC).