TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The device further comprises a base electrode, a top electrode, at least one plug of material at the tips of the elongated structures and an interfacial layer disposed between the first and second charge-transfer materials.The third charge-transfer material is in the form of at least one elongated structure that volumetrically interdigitate with the second charge transfer material.The nanostructured template is disposed between the base electrode and top electrode.The first charge-transfer material is in electrical contact with the base electrode and the third charge-transfer material is in contact with the top electrode.The plugs protect against undesired electrical contact between the third charge-transfer material and the template and/or base electrode.The second charge transfer material coats the template elements up to a level that is substantially even with an upper surface of the template.The third charge transfer material has a different light absorption range and/or a different highest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/LUMO level than the second charge transfer material.The interfacial layer includes at least one chemical that can covalently attach to the first charge-transfer material and change a surface energy and/or bonding trap-states and/or attach to dangling-bonds at an exposed surface of the first charge-transfer material and/or introduce a dipole layer that may increase the efficiency for charge extraction and/or reduce detrimental charge recombination.The second charge-transfer material includes at least two complementary charge-transfer materials that are blended together.The template elements are in the form of hollow tubes that protrude from the template with spaces between the sidewalls of the tubes.The third charge transfer material (e.g. transparent conducting material) conformally coats and interdigitate into the second charge transfer material.The second and third charge-transfer materials are the same material.Preferred Components: At least one of the base electrode and top is a transparent electrode.The first charge-transfer material is an electrically semiconductive or conductive material.The second charge-transfer material is a p-type semiconducting material.Preferred Method: Step (a) involves anodizing a layer of metal.The method further involves disposing an interfacial layer between the second and third charge transfer materials; and capping tips of the elongated structures with a short-proofing material. Step (b) involves depositing the second charge transfer material on the walls of the nanostructured template by techniques (M1) selected from electrochemical deposition, electroless (chemical bath) deposition, layer-by-layer deposition, evaporation, sputtering, plating, ion-plating, molecular beam epitaxy, and sol-gel based deposition, spray pyrolysis, vapor-phase deposition, solvent vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition, atomic vapor deposition, metal-organic vapor phase deposition, metal-organic-vapor-phase epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, self-assembly, electro-static self-assembly, melt-filling/coating electro-deposition, electro-plating, ion-plating, or liquid phase deposition. Step (c) involves depositing the third charge transfer material by (M1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first, second, or third charge-transfer material includes at least one material selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide, copper sulfide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide, indium oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconium oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, strontium oxide, sodium titanate, potassium niobate, silicon, tungsten oxide, cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride selenide (CdTeSe), CIS, CISe, CIGS (CuInGaSe2), copper-indium selenide, cadmium oxide, and/or their blends or alloys (preferably the first charge-transfer material includes a transparent conductive oxide, especially titanium oxide or zinc oxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second and third charge-transfer materials are organic materials (preferably a material selected from optionally substituted hetero-atom ring compounds, pigments, dyes and/or fullerenes, especially pigment, dye or small molecule selected from organic pigments or dyes, azo-dyes having azo chromophores (-N=N-) linking aromatic groups, phthalocyanines including metal-free phthalocyanine, (HPc), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), perylenes, naphthalocyanines, squaraines, merocyanines and their derivatives, 2,9-di(pent-3-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone, 2,9-bis-(1-hexyl-hept-1-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def-:6,5,10-d'e'f)diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone, pentacene and/or pentacene precursors or fullerenes, doped fullerenes, functionalized fullerenes, doped functionalized fullerenes, azafullerenes, carbon nanotubes, dyes, ruthenium dyes, pigments, organic monomers and/or oligomers).The third charge-transfer material includes an organic semiconducting material.The interfacial layer includes at least one material selected from fullerenes, doped fullerenes, functionalized fullerenes, 60C-COOH, doped functionalized fullerenes, azafullerenes, phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), carbon nanotubes, dyes, ruthenium dyes, pigments, organic monomers and/or oligomers (preferably 60C or other fullerenes functionalized with a carboxylic acid moiety).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The interfacial layer includes at least one material selected from polymerized fullerenes (doped or undoped), functionalized polymerized fullerenes (doped or undoped), polymers, tetra-hydro-thiophene precursor polymers and their derivatives, poly-phenylene-vinylene and its derivative, conjugated polymers and/or their blends.The second or third charge-transfer materials includes a material selected from thiophene-, fluorine- or aryl-vinyl-based polymers, copolymers or blends, poly(phenylene) or its derivative, poly(phenylene vinylene) or its derivative, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV), poly(para-phenylene vinylene), (PPV), PPV copolymer, poly(thiophene) and its derivative, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) regiorandom, poly(thienylenevinylene) or its derivative, poly(isothianaphthene) or its derivative, tetra-hydro-thiophene precursors or their derivatives, poly-phenylene-vinylene or its derivative, organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, poly(squaraines) or its derivative, discotic liquid crystals polyfluorenes, polyfluorene copolymers, polyfluorene-based copolymers and blends, polyfluorene-based copolymers co-polymerized and/or blended with charge transporting compounds, polyfluorene-based copolymers co-polymerized and/or blended with tri-phenyl-amines and/or derivatives, polyfluorene-based copolymers co-polymerized and/or blended with light-absorbing compounds and/or polyfluorene-based copolymers co-polymerized and/or blended with fused thiophene rings and derivatives, poly(silanes), poly(germinates), polymerized fullerenes (doped or undoped), functionalized polymerized fullerenes (doped or undoped), polymers, tetra-hydro-thiophene precursor polymers or their derivatives, poly-phenylene-vinylene or their derivatives and/or conjugated polymers.The third charge-transfer material is also a transparent conductive material (preferably poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), PEDOT doped with a dopant PEDOT doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS), doped 2,2'7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxy-phenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (doped spiro-MeOTAD), polyaniline doped with a dopant and/or polyaniline doped with a dopant polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS)).