US7803264-B2  Abreu et al., "Characterization of electrooxidized Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal," Fuel, vol. 86, pp. 573-587 (2007).;  Abreu et al., "Experimental and theoretical Investigation of the Electrolysis of Ethanol for Fuel Cell Applications," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Adanuvor et al., "Modeling the rotating disk electrode for studying the kinetics of electrochemical reactions," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 134, Issue 3, pp. 625-631, (1987).;  Andonoglou et al., "Preparation and electrocatalytic activity of rhodium modified pitch-based carbon fiber electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 44, pp. 1455-1465, (1998).;  Bergamaski et al., "Effect of alcohol concentration and electrode composition on the ethanol electrochemical oxidation," Ecletica Quimica, vol. 28, Issue 2, pp. 87-92, (2003).;  Bonnin et al., "Feasibility of Electrolyzing Ammonia Effluents for the Production of Hydrogen," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 4, 2004.;  Bonnin et al., "Feasibility of Electrolyzing Ammonia Effluents for the Production of Hydrogen," Abstract 70, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before the meeting.;  Bonnin et al., "Effect of catalyst on electrolysis of ammonia effluents," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 182, pp. 284-290, (2008).;  Botte et al., "Ammonia Electrolysis to Power a Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Case Study of an Integrated System," Power Point presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 6, 2004.;  Botte et al., "MRSST a new method to evaluate thermal stability of electrolytes for lithium ion batteries," Journal of Power Sources vol. 119-121, pp. 815-820, (2003).;  Botte et al., "Analysis of Electro-kinetics of Ammonia Oxidation in Alkaline Media by Mathematical Modeling," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 4, 2004.;  Botte et al., "Comparison of finite difference and control volume methods for solving differential equations," Computers and Chemical Eng., vol. 24, pp. 2633-2654, (2000).;  Botte et al., "Influence of some variables on the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion cell," Journal of Electrochemical Soc., vol. 146, (3), pp. 914-923, (1999).;  Botte et al., "Modeling lithium intercalation in a porous carbon electrode," Journal of Electrochemical Soc., vol. 148 (1), pp. A54-A66, (2001).;  Botte et al., "New approximate model for nonlinear adsorption and concentraton dependent surface diffusion in a single particle," Adsorption, vol. 5, pp. 373-380, (1999).;  Botte et al., "Thermal stability of LiPF6-EC:EMC electrolyte for lithium ion batteries," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 97-98, pp. 570-575, (2001).;  Botte, "Modeling volume changes due to lithium intercalation in a carbon fiber," Electrochimica Acta 50, pp. 5647-5658, (2005).;  Botte, "Modeling volume changes due to lithium intercalation," Abstract 314, 204th ECS Meeting, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Cairns et al., "Ammonia-oxygen fuel cell," Nature,vol. 217, pp. 780-781, (1968).;  Carrette, et al., "Fuel cells-fundamentals and applications," Fuel Cells, vol. 1, pp. 5-39, (2001).;  Choudhary et al., "CO-free fuel processing for fuel cell applications," Catalysis Today, vol. 77 (1-2), pp. 65-78, (2002).;  Cooper et al., "Hydrogen Production from the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia Catalyzed by Platinum and Rhodium on Raney Nickel Substrate," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 153, pp. A1894-A1901, (2006).;  Cooper et al., "Electrocatalysis of the Oxidation of Ammonia by Raney Nickel and Platinum," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 5, 2004.;  Cooper et al. , "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia by Raney Nickel and Platinum,"Abstract 517, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Cooper et al., "Optimization of the electrodeposition of Raney nickey on titanium substrate," J. Material Science, vol. 4, pp. 5608-5612, (2006).;  Despic, et al., "Kinetics of electrochemical oxidation of ammonia in alkaline solution," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 11, No. 8, pp. 997-1005, (1966).;  De Souza et al., "Electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt, Rh, and PtRh electrodes. A study using DEMS and in-situ FTIR techniques," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 106, pp. 9825-9830, (2002).;  De Souza et al., "Performance of a co-electrodeposited Pt-Ru electrode for the electro-oxidation of ethanol studied by an in-situ FTIR spectroscopy," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 420, pp. 17-20, (1997).;  De Vooys et al., "The role of adsorbates in electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on noble and transition metal electrodes," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 506, pp. 127-137, (2001).;  Fujiwara et al., "Ethanol oxidation of PtRu electrodes studied by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 472, pp. 120-125, (1999).;  Gerischer et al., "Untersuchungen zur anodischen oxidation von ammoniak an platin-elektroden," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 25, pp. 421-433, (1970). (English summary at the end of article.).;  Georgoliois et al., "Pt electrodeposition on PAN-based carbon fibres," J. Electroanal. Chem. vol. 264, pp. 235-245, (1989).;  Gonzalez et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia on Carbon Fibers," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Gonzalez et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia on Carbon Fibers," Abstract 566, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Gootzen, et al., "A DEMS and cyclic voltammetry study of NH3 oxidation on platinized platinum," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 43, pp. 1851-1861, (1998).;  Gueneau De Mussy, et al., Characterisation and behavior of Ti/TiO2/noble metal anodes, Electrochimica Acta 48, pp. 1131-1141, (2003).;  Hu et al., "Electro-oxidation of ammonia on different Ni alloy electrodes," Abs. 57, 204th Electrochemical Society Conference meeting held in Orlando, Florida, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Jin et al., "Feasibility of hydrogen production from coal electrolysis at intermediate temperaures," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 171, pp. 826-834, (2007).;  Katan et al., "Current efficiencies for the anodic oxidation of ammonia in potassium hydroxide solution," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 110(9), pp. 1022-1023, (1963).;  Kawase et al., "Effects of NH3 and NOx on the performance of MCFCs," J. Power Sources, vol. 104, pp. 265-271, (2002).;  Kim et al., "Electrolytic decompostion of ammonia to nitrogen in a multi-cell-stacked electrolyzer with a self-pH-adjustment function," J. Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 36, pp. 1415-1426, (2006).;  Krueter et al., "Electrolysis: the important energy transformer in a world of sustainable energy," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 661-666, (Aug. 1998).;  Lamy-Pitara et al., "Platinum modified by electrochemical deposition of adatoms," Applied Catalysis A, vol. 149, pp. 49-87, (1997).;  Liu, et al., "Array membrane electrode assemblies for high throughput screening of direct methanol fuel cell anode catalysts," J. Electroanalytical Chem., vol. 535, pp. 49-55, (2002).;  Lopez De Mishima, et al., "Electrochemical oxidation of ammonia in alkaline solutions: its application to an amperometric sensor," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 395-404, (1998).;  Mahe et al., Surface modification of titanium substrates for the preparation of nobel metal coated anodes, Electrochimica Acta 46, pp. 629-636, (2000).;  Marincic et al., "Electro-oxidation of ammonia in waste water," Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 8, pp. 333-345, (1978).;  Marquez et al., "Experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrolysis of ethanol for fuel cell applications," Abs. 993, 204th Electrochemical Society Conference Meeting held in Orlando, Florida Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of NIYSZ in the presence of H2S," Electrochemical and Solid State Ltrs, vol. 9 (3), pp. A163-A166, (2006).;  Marquez et al, "Theoretical Investigations of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode, " Abstract 1982, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting .;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia," PowerPoint presentation given at 206 ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia," Abstract 2000, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Marquez et al., "Investigation of the Electro-oxidation of Ethanol on Different Alloys," Abstract 567, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Marrese, "Preparation of Strongly Adherent Platinum Black Coatings," Anal. Chem. vol. 59, pp. 217-218, (1987).;  McKee et al., "Improved electrocatalysts for ammonia fuel cell anodes," J. Electrochem. Soc. vol. 116, pp. 562-568, (1969).;  Miles, et al., "The Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Platinum, Iridium, Ruthenium and Their Alloys At 80?o C. In Acid Solutions," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 23, pp. 521-526, (1978).;  Nart, et al, "Reactivity of ethanol on platinum and platinum-rhodium bimetallic electrodes," 225th ACS Nat'l. Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 23-27, 2003.;  Oswin et al., "The anodic oxidation of ammonia at platinum black electrodes in aqueous KOH electrolyte," Canadian J. Chem., vol. 41(7), pp. 1686-1694, (1963).;  Patil et al, "Investigation of Electrode kinetics of the Electro-oxidation of Coal Slurries," PowerPoint Presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Patil et al., "Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electorde materials," Abstract 565, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Patil et al., "Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electorde materials," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 158, pp. 368-377, (2006).;  Sasaki et al., "Oxidation and adsorption of ammonia on a platinized platinum electrode," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 117, pp. 758-762, (1970).;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 6, 2004.;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis," Abstract 559, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8 2004, published before meeting.;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis on carbon fiber electrodes," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 161, pp. 513-523 (2006).;  Schmidt et al., "Electrochemical reactivity of ethanol on porous Pt and PtRu: oxidation/reduction reactions in 1 M HCIO4," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 17901-17908, (1996).;  Simons et al., "The performance of direct ammonia fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 115, pp. 556-561, (1969).;  Ureta-Zanartu et al., "Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M NaOH solutions at a bimetallic deposited electrode," Jour. Electroanalytical Chem., vol. 405, pp. 159-167, (1996).;  Vidal-Iglesias et al., "Selective electrocatalysis of ammonia oxidation on Pt(100) sites in alkaline medium," Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 5(1), pp. 22-26, (2003).;  Vitse et al., "Electro-oxidation of ammonia for fuel cell application," Abs. 1027, 204th Electrochemical Society Conference Meeting, held in Orlando, Florida, (Oct. 12-16, 2003) published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia and its Applications," PowerPoint presentation given at 204th ECS Meeting Oct. 12-16, 2003.;  Vitse et al, "Ammonia Electrolysis to Power a Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Case Study of an Integrated System," Abstract 1469, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004; published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "Analysis of Electro-kinetics of Ammonia Oxidation in Alkaline Media by Mathematical Modeling," Abstract 2306, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "On the use of ammonia electrolysis for hydrogen production," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 142, pp. 18-26, (2005).;  Vitse et al. "Modeling Lithium Intercalation in a Manganese Dioxide Particle," Absract 383, 204th ECS Meeting, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Wasmus et al., "DEMS-cyclic voltammetry investigation of the electrochemistry of nitrogen compounds in 0.5 M potassium hydroxide," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 39, pp. 23-31, (1994).;  Wynveen, Chapter 12, "Preliminary appraisal of the ammonia fuel cell system," Fuel Cells, Young, Editor, vol. 2, pp. 153-167, (1963).;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US04/33552, dated Jan. 19, 2006.;  International Preliminary Report on Patentability in Application No. PCT/US04/33552, dated Apr. 20, 2006.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US06/40468, dated Apr. 29, 2008.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US06/17641, dated Jul. 16, 2008.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US08/62590, dated Feb. 13, 2009.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US08/62590, dated Apr. 8, 2009.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Dec. 13, 2006, 12 pp.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Aug. 16, 2007, 12 pp.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Mar. 20, 2008, 8 pp.US8216437-B2  International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT/US 08/62590, mailed Feb. 12, 2009 (#1 of 2 that were mailed).;  International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT/US 08/62590, mailed Apr. 8, 2009 (#2 of 2 that were mailed).;  Marquez et al, "Theoretical Investigations of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode,"PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode," Abstract 1982, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia," PowerPoint presentation given at 206 ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Marquez et al., "Theoretical Investigations of the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia," Abstract 2000, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Marquez et al., "Investigation of the Electro-oxidation of Ethanol on Different Alloys," Abstract 567, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Marrese, "Preparation of Strongly Adherent Platinum Black Coatings," Anal. Chem. vol. 59, pp. 217-218, (1987).;  McKee et al., "Improved electrocatalysts for ammonia fuel cell anodes," J. Electrochem. Soc. vol. 116, pp. 562-568, (1969).;  Miles, et al., "The Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Platinum, Iridium, Ruthenium and Their Alloys at 80?o C. in Acid Solutions," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 23, pp. 521-526, (1978).;  Nart, et al, "Reactivity of ethanol on platinum and platinum-rhodium bimetallic electrodes," 225th ACS Nat'l. Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 23-27, 2003.;  Oswin et al., "The anodic oxidation of ammonia at platinum black electrodes in aqueous KOH electrolyte," Canadian J. Chem., vol. 41(7), pp. 1686-1694, (1963).;  Patil et al, "Investigation of Electrode kinetics of the Electro-oxidation of Coal Slurries," PowerPoint Presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Patil et al., "Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electorde materials," Abstract 565, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Patil et al., "Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electorde materials," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 158, pp. 368-377, (2006).;  Sasaki et al., "Oxidation and adsorption of ammonia on a platinized platinum electrode," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 117, pp. 758-762, (1970).;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 6, 2004.;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis," Abstract 559, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Sathe et al., "Assessment of coal and graphite electrolysis on carbon fiber electrodes," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 161, pp. 513-523 (2006).;  Schmidt et al., "Electrochemical reactivity of ethanol on porous Pt and PtRu: oxidation/reduction reactions in 1 M HClO4," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 17901-17908, (1996).;  Simons et al., "The performance of direct ammonia fuel cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 115, pp. 556-561, (1969).;  Ureta-Zanartu et al., "Electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M NaOH solutions at a bimetallic deposited electrode," Jour. Electroanalytical Chem., vol. 405, pp. 159-167, (1996).;  Vidal-Iglesias et al., "Selective electrocatalysis of ammonia oxidation on Pt(100) sites in alkaline medium," Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 5(1), pp. 22-26, (2003).;  Vitse et al., "Electro-oxidation of ammonia for fuel cell application," Abs. 1027, 204th Electrochemical Society Conference Meeting, held in Orlando, Florida, (Oct. 12-16, 2003) published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia and its Applications," PowerPoint presentation given at 204th ECS Meeting Oct. 12-16, 2003.;  Vitse et al, "Ammonia Electrolysis to Power a Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Case Study of an Integrated System," Abstract 1469, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004; published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "Analysis of Electro-kinetics of Ammonia Oxidation in Alkaline Media by Mathematical Modeling," Abstract 2306, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Vitse et al., "On the use of ammonia electrolysis for hydrogen production," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 142, pp. 18-26, (2005).;  Vitse et al. "Modeling Lithium Intercalation in a Manganese Dioxide Particle," Absract 383, 204th ECS Meeting, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Wasmus et al., "DEMS-cyclic voltammetry investigation of the electrochemistry of nitrogen compounds in 0.5 M potassium hydroxide," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 39, pp. 23-31, (1994).;  Wynveen, Chapter 12, "Preliminary appraisal of the ammonia fuel cell system," Fuel Cells, Young, Editor, vol. 2, pp. 153-167, (1963).;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US04/33552, dated Jan. 19, 2006.;  International Preliminary Report on Patentability in Application No. PCT/US04/33552, dated Apr. 20, 2006.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US06/40468, dated Apr. 29, 2008.;  International Search Report&Written Opinion in Application No. PCT/US06/17641, dated Jul. 16, 2008.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Dec. 13, 2006, 12 pp.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Aug. 16, 2007, 12 pp.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 10/962,894, dated Mar. 20, 2008, 8 pp.;  U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action in related U.S. Appl. No. 12/335,581, dated Mar. 27, 2009, 9 pp.;  Abreu et al., "Characterization of electrooxidized Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal," Fuel, vol. 86, pp. 573-587 (2007).;  Abreu et al., "Experimental and theoretical Investigation of the Electrolysis of Ethanol for Fuel Cell Applications," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Adanuvor et al., "Modeling the rotating disk electrode for studying the kinetics of electrochemical reactions," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 134, Issue 3, pp. 625-631, (1987).;  Andonoglou et al., "Preparation and electrocatalytic activity of rhodium modified pitch-based carbon fiber electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 44, pp. 1455-1465, (1998).;  Bergamaski et al., "Effect of alcohol concentration and electrode composition on the ethanol electrochemical oxidation," Ecletica Quimica, vol. 28, Issue 2, pp. 87-92, (2003).;  Bonnin et al., "Feasibility of Electrolyzing Ammonia Effluents for the Production of Hydrogen," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 4, 2004.;  Bonnin et al., "Feasibility of Electrolyzing Ammonia Effluents for the Production of Hydrogen," Abstract 70, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before the meeting.;  Bonnin et al., "Effect of catalyst on electrolysis of ammonia effluents," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 182, pp. 284-290, (2008).;  Botte et al., "Ammonia Electrolysis to Power a Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Case Study of an Integrated System," Power Point presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 6, 2004.;  Botte et al., "MRSST a new method to evaluate thermal stability of electrolytes for lithium ion batteries," Journal of Power Sources vol. 119-121, pp. 815-820, (2003).;  Botte et al., "Analysis of Electro-kinetics of Ammonia Oxidation in Alkaline Media by Mathematical Modeling," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 4, 2004.;  Botte et al., "Comparison of finite difference and control volume methods for solving differential equations," Computers and Chemical Eng., vol. 24, pp. 2633-2654, (2000).;  Botte et al., "Influence of some variables on the thermal behavior of a lithium-ion cell," Journal of Electrochemical Soc., vol. 146, (3), pp. 914-923, (1999).;  Botte et al., "Modeling lithium intercalation in a porous carbon electrode," Journal of Electrochemical Soc., vol. 148 (1), pp. A54-A66, (2001).;  Botte et al., "New approximate model for nonlinear adsorption and concentraton dependent surface diffusion in a single particle," Adsorption, vol. 5, pp. 373-380, (1999).;  Botte et al., "Thermal stability of LiPF6-EC:EMC electrolyte for lithium ion batteries," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 97-98, pp. 570-575, (2001).;  Botte, "Modeling volume changes due to lithium intercalation in a carbon fiber," Electrochimica Acta 50, pp. 5647-5658, (2005).;  Botte, "Modeling volume changes due to lithium intercalation," Abstract 314, 204th ECS Meeting, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Cairns et al., "Ammonia-oxygen fuel cell," Nature,vol. 217, pp. 780-781, (1968).;  Carrette, et al., "Fuel cells_fundamentals and applications," Fuel Cells, vol. 1, pp. 5-39, (2001).;  Choudhary et al., "CO-free fuel processing for fuel cell applications," Catalysis Today, vol. 77 (1-2), pp. 65-78, (2002).;  Cooper et al., "Hydrogen Production from the Electro-oxidation of Ammonia Catalyzed by Platinum and Rhodium on Raney Nickel Substrate," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 153, pp. A1894-A1901, (2006).;  Cooper et al., "Electrocatalysis of the Oxidation of Ammonia by Raney Nickel and Platinum," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 5, 2004.;  Cooper et al. , "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia by Raney Nickel and Platinum,"Abstract 517, 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Cooper et al., "Optimization of the electrodeposition of Raney nickey on titanium substrate," J. Material Science, vol. 4, pp. 5608-5612, (2006).;  Despic, et al., "Kinetics of electrochemical oxidation of ammonia in alkaline solution," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 11, No. 8, pp. 997-1005, (1966).;  De Souza et al., "Electro-oxidation of ethanol on Pt, Rh, and PtRh electrodes. A study using DEMS and in-situ FTIR techniques," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 106, pp. 9825-9830, (2002).;  De Souza et al., "Performance of a co-electrodeposited Pt-Ru electrode for the electro-oxidation of ethanol studied by an in-situ FTIR spectroscopy," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 420, pp. 17-20, (1997).;  De Vooys et al., "The role of adsorbates in electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on noble and transition metal electrodes," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 506, pp. 127-137, (2001).;  Fujiwara et al., "Ethanol oxidation of PtRu electrodes studied by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 472, pp. 120-125, (1999).;  Gerischer et al., "Untersuchungen zur anodischen oxidation von ammoniak an platin-elektroden," J. Electroanal. Chemistry, vol. 25, pp. 421-433, (1970). (English summary at end of article.).;  Georgoliois et al., "Pt electrodeposition on PAN-based carbon fibres," J. Electroanal. Chem. vol. 264, pp. 235-245, (1989).;  Gonzalez et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia on Carbon Fibers," PowerPoint presentation given at 206th ECS Meeting Oct. 3-8, 2004, presented on Oct. 7, 2004.;  Gonzalez et al., "Electro-oxidation of Ammonia on Carbon Fibers," Abstract 566, 206th ECS Meeting, Oct. 3-8, 2004, published before meeting.;  Gootzen, et al., "A DEMS and cyclic voltammetry study of NH3 oxidation on platinized platinum," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 43, pp. 1851-1861, (1998).;  Gueneau De Mussy, et al., Characterisation and behavior of Ti/TiO2/noble metal anodes, Electrochimica Acta 48, pp. 1131-1141, (2003).;  Hu et al., "Electro-oxidation of ammonia on different Ni alloy electrodes," Abs. 57, 204th Electrochemical Society Conference meeting held in Orlando, Florida, Oct. 12-16, 2003, published before meeting.;  Jin et al., "Feasibility of hydrogen production from coal electrolysis at intermediate temperaures," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 171, pp. 826-834, (2007).;  Katan et al., "Current efficiencies for the anodic oxidation of ammonia in potassium hydroxide solution," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 110(9), pp. 1022-1023, (1963).;  Kawase et al., "Effects of NH3 and NOx on the performance of MCFCs," J. Power Sources, vol. 104, pp. 265-271, (2002).;  Kim et al., "Electrolytic decomposition of ammonia to nitrogen in a multi-cell-stacked electrolyzer with a self-pH-adjustment function," J. Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 36, pp. 1415-1426, (2006).;  Krueter et al., "Electrolysis: the important energy transformer in a world of sustainable energy," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 661-666, (Aug. 1998).;  Lamy-Pitara et al., "Platinum modified by electrochemical deposition of adatoms," Applied Catalysis A, vol. 149, pp. 49-87, (1997).;  Liu, et al., "Array membrane electrode assemblies for high throughput screening of direct methanol fuel cell anode catalysts," J. 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