TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective film is formed of a material having a density of less than or equal to3 g/cm3, an average light-transmittance of greater than or equal to80% with respect to sensible wavelengths of the cell, a refractive index of 1-1.6, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. It is formed of a material from polyvinylidene chloride, a fluorine-containing resin and an acryl-containing resin, or a multilayer film. The heat-insulating sheet is formed of a material having a heat-conductivity of less than or equal to0.1 W/m/K, a density of less than or equal to40 kg/m3, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. It is also formed of a phenol resin foam having a closed-cell structure. The adhesive layer is formed of a material having a density of less than or equal to3 g/cm3, an average light-transmittance of less than or equal to80% with respect to sensible wavelengths of the cell, a refractive index of 1-1.6, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. The transparent adhesive layer is formed of a silicon resin. Preferred Dimension: The protective film has a thickness of 5-30 microns. The heat-insulating sheet has a thickness of 5000-20000 microns. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer between the solar cell and each of the protective film and the heat-insulating sheet is 10-50 microns. Preferred Property: The module has a weight per unit electric output of less than or equal to3 g/W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The powder comprises SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, La2O3 or spinel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional group comprises a sulfonic acid group or a phosphoric acid group. The starting material for the sulfonic acid group or a phosphoric acid group comprises SO3 complex or phosphoryl chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The powder comprises SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, La2O3 or spinel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A modification group, to which the base group of the branched polymer is to be bonded, is previously bonded to the powder.Preferred Components: The branched polymer further comprises an additional branched group that is branched from the branched group. A repeating unit of the branched polymer comprises an AB2 type monomer (preferably 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid or 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) or AB3 type monomer. The branched polymer comprises trimethylolacetic acid or triethylolacetic acid. The porous body comprises a glass porous body or fluorocarbon resin. The fluorocarbon resin comprises PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermally crosslinkable resin contains polyacrylonitrile chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The ceramic heating element comprises a porous material. Air that is saturated with water vapor passes through the porous material of the ceramic heating element, such that the water vapor is heated by the ceramic heating element in order to evaporate water droplets associated with the water vapor to thus reduce RH to a measurable level. The porous material of the ceramic heating element comprises laser drilled holes to create porosity. The ceramic heating element is laminated by the resistive material. The sensor system (500) further comprises at least one other heating element bonded to a base of the RH sensor; and a filter material located slightly offset from the RH sensor to create a thin space of stagnant air adjacent to the RH sensor. The system further comprises a housing and filters formed from the filter material, where the housing surrounds and protects the heating element and the RH sensor. The filter material comprises a hydrophobic material to limit the size of water droplets associated with the humid air from passing through the heating element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The back sheet has several barrier sheets laminated through an adhesive layer (12) formed from adhesive agent such as polyurethane adhesive. The back sheet contains white pigment dispersed into base film forming using polyethylene terephthalate.Preferred Layer: A synthetic resin layer containing polyester-type resin is laminated on outer surface of the aluminum vapor deposition layer.Preferred Process: The back sheet is subjected to anchor coat processing performed using polyester anchor coat layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is formed using polyurethane adhesive as an adhesive agent. The base film is formed using polyethylene terephthalate and is dispersed with white pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage container is made of material such as polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, cellophane, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene and polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from LiPF6, LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiC2F5SO3, LiC4F9SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2 and LiC(CF3SO2)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyfunctional property monomer is a compound of formula (1).X-=anion;P1,P2=polymerizable functional group; andR1-R4=optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl or acyl oxy alkyl.The lithium ionic conductive electrolyte further contains a normal temperature fused salt and/or flame retardant electrolyte solubilizing agent. The salt monomer is given by formula (2). The ammonium cation is given by formula (3).P3,P4=polymerizable functional group;Y-=group having ionic functional group;R5-R8=same as R1; andR=hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl or acyloxy alkyl.The monomer having polymerizable functional group is N-alkylated (meth)acrylamide and/or (meth)acryl ester, preferably N-isopropyl (meth)acrylamide. The polymerizable functional group is a functional group having carbon-carbon double bond, chosen from (meth)acryloyl group, (meth)acryloyl oxy group, (meth)acrylamide group, allyl group, vinyl group, styrene group and/or unsaturated group. At least 1 type of monomer used for synthesizing the polymer is solid at normal temperature, and can be radical polymerized with actinic rays and/or heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from LiPF6, LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiC2F5SO3, LiC4F9SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2 and LiC(CF3SO2)3. Preferred Definition:    X-=anion from RSO3-, RCO2-, (RO2S)2N-, (RO2S)3C-, ClO4-, BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, F-, Cl-, Br- and I-;    R= optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl or acyl oxy alkyl and may contain a heterocycle;    Y-= sulfoxyl group, a carboxyl group, a phosphoxyl group, and a sulfonimide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The atmospheric pressure plasma process is carried out in gas atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen and/or argon, in a plasma irradiation amount of 100-5000 W.minute/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The atmospheric pressure plasma process is carried out in gas atmosphere of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen and/or argon, in a plasma irradiation amount of 100-5000 W.minute/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polymeric electrolyte film is a non-fluorine type polymer electrolyte film consisting of sulfonic acid group and polyphenylene sulfide. The polymeric electrolyte film has central line average roughness of 0.1-2000 nm and ion exchange capacity of 1.0-2.5 meq/g. EXAMPLE - 1-chlorobutane (in g) (578), and chlorosulfonic acid (8.67) were mixed, and chlorosulfonic acid solution was obtained. Torelina (polyphenylene sulfide film of thickness 25 microns) (1.34) was immersed to the chlorosulfonic acid solution and maintained at room temperature for 20 hours. The polyphenylene sulfide film was washed with ion exchange water and dried, and a polymeric electrolyte film having thickness of 42 microns was formed. The obtained polymeric electrolyte film was subjected to plasma processing in an atmosphere having argon, helium and nitrogen in a ratio of 8:2:0.2, by an plasma irradiation amount of 700 W.minute/m2. The polymeric electrolyte film having central line average roughness of 41 nm, ion exchange capacity of 1.5 meq/g and proton conductivity of 6x10-2 S/cm, was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor is cadmium, selenium, technetium, tin, and/or titanium. The inorganic semiconductor is present in the form of nanocrystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor is cadmium, selenium, technetium, tin, and/or titanium. The inorganic semiconductor is present in the form of nanocrystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of heating is conducted at 170-300degreesC. Preferred Composition: The polymer composition may have the formula (C) or (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first layer fuel feedthrough communicates with a fuel feedthrough of another bonded polyimide microfluidic fuel cell, the two bonded polyimide microfluidic fuel cells being connected in parallel. The system has a power output of 100 milliwatts to 20 Watts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector ink includes a conductive metal selected from silver, gold and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron donor ink is selected from poly(3-octylthiophene) and/or copper phthalocyanine. The conductor includes a semi-metal selected from pentacene, polythiophene and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donor ink is selected from a conjugated polymer and a dye. The substrate is a polymeric material selected from polyester, polycarbonate or acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersible carbon is vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) or a carbon nanotube. EXAMPLE - In a tumbling device, 5-7 wt.% of VGCF and 65-75 wt.% PTFE were tumbled 30-60 minutes. During tumbling 15-25 wt.% lubricant was sprayed into the blend. Alternatively, the lubricant may be sprayed to the mixture of VGCF and PTFE before tumbling. After tumbling, the premixed blend was sifted over a sieve to remove larger clumps. The premixed blend was then placed in plastic bags under ambient conditions for 24-48 hours before continuing the paste extrusion process. The premixed blend was then placed into a press under 400-900 psi to make the preform, which was then extruded under 900-1800 psi. The extruded sheet was calendared and introduced into a four heating zone evaporation oven (5). The calendaring speed was 11 foot/minute and the heating zones were 425, 465, 525 and 530degreesF respectively. A tape with a thickness of 4-8 mil was made. The surface resistivity of the tape was 105-103 ohm/square. The axial strength WAS 1000-3000 psi and the axial elongation was 100-300%; the transverse tensile strength was 600-1000 psi and the transverse elongation was 500-800%. To obtain a stronger tape, the tape produced can be sintered. During the sintering process, the tape was heated for long period above the m.pt. of 327degreesC for PTFE to pass the gel state. After sintering, the surface resistivity of the tape decreases up to 102 ohm/square. The axial tensile strength was 4000-7000 psi and the axial elongation was 100-250%; the transverse tensile strength was 3000-5000 psi and the transverse elongation was 200-400%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonating agent is chlorosulfonating acid. The organic solvent is 1-chlorobutane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The high polymer film contains polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The reflectance of reflexogenic-zone region has 80% or more. The number of layers (B) whose thickness ranges from XB1 to XB2 is more than 50x(XB2/XB1)2. The thickness of the layers (A) and layers (B) satisfies the relations: XB1=ZxXA1, and XB2=ZxXA1. The portion whose thickness changes gradually from XB1 to XB2 and/or portion whose thickness gradually changes from XA1 to XA2 move from the surface side to opposite surface side of the film. The thickness of layer (A) and/or layer (B) changes from surface side to opposite surface side and the shape becomes convex or concave. The ratio (Z) of thickness of adjacent layer (A) and layer (B) is 0.8-5. The number of wound with a width of 20 microns or more is less than 20/m2. Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin (A) or thermoplastic resin (B) is polyester copolymerized from aliphatic dicarboxylic acid or its derivative(s), or cyclohexyl dimethanol. Preferred Film: The laminated film further has polyethylene terephthalate layer of 3 microns or more thickness and easily bonding layer of 30-300 nm thickness at the outer surface. The layers excluding outer most layer does not contain particle of average particle diameter of 20 nm to 20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The copolymer has number average molecular weight of 100000-500000. The volume increasing rate of film formed by heat compression molding of copolymer after dipping in non-aqueous electrolyte at 60degreesC for 72 hours is less than 200 volume%. Preferred Compound: The anode active material is fluorinated carbon compound or manganese dioxide. Preferred Composition: The anode mix paste contains ketone (20 wt.% or more) as an organic solvent. Ketone is ketone group solvent having boiling point of 120degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Metalloxane polymer has M1-O-M2 bonding group, where M1 and M2 are metallic elements, preferably the bonding group is Si-O-Si. The polymer chain has three-dimensional cross-linked structure and is bonded to organic group (A) bonded with acidic radical group, and organic group (B). Preferred Layer: The electrolyte film is a laminate of layers comprising metalloxane polymer. The composition of metalloxane polymer in each layer of the laminate differs. EXAMPLE - Phenyl triethoxysilane (in g) (4.8), hexyl trimethoxysilane (0.8) and tetra ethoxysilane (0.8) were dissolved in ethanol (3.2 ml). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.6 ml) was added. Tetrafluoroethylene resin porous film of thickness 15 microns was immersed to the solution. The film was vacuum dried at 50degreesC and heated at 130degreesC. Metalloxane polymer was produced. Further, the film was immersed into fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature overnight. The phenyl group of the polymer was sulfonated. The obtained polymer had proton conductivity of 0.76 S/cm and excellent heat resistance and strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Isolation Layer: The isolation layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method comprises eliminating the electric charge in only a designated area of the electrostatically charged electrostatic carrier. The electrostatic carrier is an optical semiconductor device; and light is irradiated on the designated area of the electrostatically charged electrostatic carrier, so that the electric charge in only the designated area of the electrostatically charged electrostatic carrier is eliminated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The particle includes a material forming an ion and a compound, a material reacting with an ion, or a material being ionized by an electron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dispersion liquid includes a high-molecular compound having integrity; conductive agent, which is carbon.Preferred Material: The high-molecular compound is an ion conductive polymer, a fluorine group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphazene compound is polymerized by heating. The phosphazene compound is of formula (I) or formula (II): (NPR22)n. The tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide is of formula (III).R1,R2=monovalent substituent or halogen element;Y1=bivalent coupling group, bivalent element or single bond;X=substituent containing element(s) chosen from carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium;n=3-15;andR3=1-4C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The content of phosphazene compound in the electrolyte composition is 3-20 mass%. The content of tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide in the electrolyte composition is 1-3 mass%. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte composition was prepared using 86 mass parts of acetonitrile/t-methyl-2-oxazolidinone in mixed solution containing iodine and potassium iodide, tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide of formula (III) (2 mass parts) and phosphazene compound (12 mass parts). The electrolyte composition was heated, and a polymer electrolyte was formed. The polymer electrolyte had high safety. Subsequently, a dye-sensitized solar cell was produced using the polymer electrolyte. The solar cell had high safety.    R3=methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid. The halogenated hydrocarbon-type compound is 1-chloro butane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon-type polymer compound is at least one type chosen from polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene-sulfide sulfone and polyarylene ether or their derivatives. The aromatic polymer compound is hydrocarbon-type polymer compound.Preferred Property: The polymeric electrolyte film has ion exchange capacity of 1-3 meq/g. EXAMPLE - 1-chlorobutane (in g) (578) and chlorosulfonic acid (8.67) were prepared in a glassware, and chlorosulfonic acid solution was obtained. Subsequently, polyphenylene sulfide film (1.34) with thickness of 25 microns was immersed in the chlorosulfonic acid solution, and maintained at room temperature for 20 hours. The chlorosulfonic acid additional amount with respect to the aromatic unit of polyphenylene sulfide was 6 equivalent. The polyphenylene sulfide film was recovered after maintaining at room temperature for 20 hours, and washed with ion exchange water. The washed film was fixed to a frame and temperature controlled to 23degreesC. The film was dried, and a polymeric electrolyte film containing polyphenylene sulfide film with which sulfonic acid group was introduced was obtained. The polymeric electrolyte film had thickness of 42 microns, and excellent proton conductivity and methanol interruption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Naturally occurring polymer such as craft lignin and lignosulfonic acid are mixed with amino benzene sulfonate and formaldehyde. The obtained mixture is heated and pressurized under alkalinity to obtain lignin. The additional amount of lignin with respect to lead powder is 0.2-0.6 mass%.The amino group or amino sulfonic acid group of lignin, secondary or tertiary amine is introduced directly into benzene nucleus of 3-6C basic structure as shown in compound of formula (1). Additionally, the amino group of lignin is introduced to benzene nucleus of 3-6C basic structure as shown in compound of formula (3). Quinone structure of lignin is introduced by intervening methylene in benzene nucleus of 3-6C basic structure as shown in compound of formula (5).R1 = H, SO3H, compound of formulae (2a-2c), or COOH, each H of SO3H includes salt such as sodium;R2-R4=NH2, NHSO3H, NHR, NRSO3H or NRR', and position of amino group and sulfone group of amino benzene sulfonic acid coupled to 3-6C basic structure is not specified;andQ=benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, anthraquinone or their derivatives.When R2 is not NH2, NHSO3H, NHR, NRSO3H or NRR', it is H, SO3H or CH2SO3H. When R3 and R4 are not NH2, NHSO3H, NHR, NRSO3H or NRR', they are H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: Resin (C) is epoxy modified polyphenylene ether (E). Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte composition contains components (A-C) and an epoxy group-containing compound (F). Compound (F) is homopolymer or copolymer (G) of unsaturated monomer having epoxy group. Compound (F) is copolymer (G) containing unsaturated monomer having epoxy group, and styrene monomer. Compound (F) is preferably epoxy resin (H). The component (E) is formed by reacting resin (C) and epoxy resin (H). Component (A) is perfluoro carbon polymer compound having ion exchange group with structural unit of formula (I).-(CF2CX1X2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4))g (I)X1-X3=halogen element or 1-3C perfluoro alkyl group;a=greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1;g=greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1;a+g=1;b=0-8;c=0 or 1;d-f=0-6;R1,R2=halogen element, 1-10C perfluoro alkyl or fluorochloro alkyl;X4=COOZ, SO3Z, PO3Z2 or PO3HZ;Z=H, alkali metal atom, alkaline earth metal atom or amine of formula: NH4, NH3R1, NH2R1R2, NHR1R2R3 or NR1R2R3R4; andR1-R4=alkyl or arene group.The polyelectrolyte composition contains particle containing resin(s) chosen from components (B-D) dispersed in polymer compound (A). The circle conversion average particle diameter of the particle is 1 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyarylene polymer contains 90% or more of the repeating unit of formula (1) bonded with para-position. The polyarylene polymer further contains at least one repeating unit of formulae (2,3). The polyarylene polymer contains 90% or more of the repeating unit of formulae (2,3) bonded with para-position. The polymer is random copolymer or block polymer.Ar1,Ar2=bivalent aromatic group optionally substituted by sulfonic acid group, 1-10C alkyl, 6-18C optionally substituted aryl or 2-20C acyl;Z=-O-, -SO2- and/or -CO-;m=1 or more;n=0 or more;R4= sulfonic acid group, 1-10C alkyl, 6-18C optionally substituted aryl or 2-20C acyl;andp=0-4.Preferred Property: The polyarylene polymer has ion exchange capacity of 0.5-4 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first and second substrates comprise transparent plastic or glass substrates (11, 21), and conductive films (12,22) formed on the plastic or glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive film contains indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3, or SnO2-Sb2O3. The first electrode contains titanium oxide, niobium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide, promethium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, and/or strontium titanium oxide. The second electrode is formed with platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), WO3, TiO2, and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive film contains indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3, or SnO2-Sb2O3. The first electrode contains titanium oxide, niobium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide, promethium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, and/or strontium titanium oxide. The second electrode is formed with platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), WO3, TiO2, and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic substrate contains polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), or triacetate cellulose (TAC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal oxide particle is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal oxide particle is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material used in the formation of metal oxide film is polyether type polymer, which is polyethylene glycol methyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred materials: The reinforcing material provided between substrate and lead terminals, or thin film layer formed on substrate comprises metals selected from tin (Sn), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), indium (In) and nickel (Ni).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The pi-conjugated polymer is a conductive polymer. The catholyte and anode layer are electroconductive quantity molecular layer formed using doped polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyisothianaphthene and/or their derivatives, or polyethylene dioxy thiophene, polypropylene oxide and/or their derivatives. Preferred Element: The organic functional element further has a base material formed using polymeric resin film, which is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, polyether sulfone and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal-oxide microparticles are titanium-oxide microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal-oxide microparticles are titanium-oxide microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric microparticles consist of polystyrene, butadiene rubber, acrylo nitrilo butadiene copolymer rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acryl, polyurethane, polyolefin and vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coupling agent is a silane coupling agent which contains an epoxy silane or a silane coupling agent which contains an amino silane. The emulsion is urethane type or olefin type emulsion. The thermoplastic resin is a polyolefin type resin or polypropylene resin. The amino group-containing thermoplastic resin is an amino group-containing polypropylene resin. EXAMPLE - J-3000GP (propylene homopolymer having melt flow rate of 30 g/10 minutes and stereo regularity index of 94%) (in wt.%) (67), amino group-containing polypropylene (3) were blended. 03JA FT 17 (glass fiber surface treated by amino silane and urethane type emulsion, having fiber diameter of 10 microns) (30) was added. A glass fiber reinforced resin pellets were obtained. The molded product of the obtained resin composition had tension breaking stress of 110 MPa according to JIS K 7161-1994, bending strength of 165 MPa according to JIS K 717-1994, bending elastic modulus of 7350 MPa according to JIS K 717-1994, each at 23degreesC, shear ruby impact strength of 13 KJ/m2, at 23degreesC with notch according to JIS K 7111-1996 and shear ruby impact strength of 65 KJ/m2, at 23degreesC without notch according to JIS K 7111-1996.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The positive ion is alkali metal ion, preferably sodium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The positive ion is alkali metal ion, preferably sodium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Polyelectrolyte: The polyelectrolyte is polydisodium oxy benzo quinone of formula (2). Preferred method: A polydioxy benzoquinone is obtained by polymerizing 1,4-difluoro-3,6-dialkoxy benzene in presence of vanadium catalyst (dicarbonyl complex of vanadium such as VO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 or VO(CF3COCHCOCF3)2), using methyl sulfonyl ether as solvent. The obtained intermediate polymer is hydrolyzed in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Definitions:    A=hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains the nitrogen-containing compound in an amount of 0.0001-1 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The monomer which contains a substituent that forms a proton donating group, is a monomer which contains sulfur atom of oxidation number 1 or less. The mesogen is a silicon compound. The monomer containing mesogen, is a compound of formula (2). The monomer which contains a substituent that forms a proton donating group by reaction, is an organosilicon compound of formula 3 and/or 4.A1=organic molecule containing a mesogen;R11=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;R12=H, alkyl, aryl or silyl group;Y1=polymerizable group that forms a carbon-carbon bond or carbon-oxygen bond by polymerization;m1=1-3;n11=1-8;n12=0-4;B2,B3=coupling group, which contains aliphatic group and/or aromatic group;R21,R31=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;m2,m3=1-3;n2,n3=1-8;R22,R32=H, alkyl, aryl or silyl group; andn4=1 or 2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - About 19 compounds are disclosed such as N-(CH2COONa)3 and N-(CH2COOC2H5)3.    EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (7) (in g) (0.0001), compound of formula (T-4) (0.108), compound (S-13) (0.185), and oxalic acid (0.0028) were dissolved in ethanol (2 ml) and heated under reflux for 4 hours. The obtained sol liquid was concentrated and white solid was obtained. The white solid was dissolved in chloroform (0.7 ml) and poured into a frame on polyimide film and heated at 150degreesC and cooled. The film was peeled from polyimide film after water wash and drying. A semitransparent proton conductor of thickness 76 microns was obtained. The proton conductor was used for forming a membrane electrode assembly and used for fuel cell. Fuel cell characteristics, were excellent.
EXAMPLE - Xylene (in mul) (800) was added to a solvent in which compound of formula 1-6 (554 mg), compound of formula 2-1 (20.3 mg) having weight average molecular weight of 2750 (where n is an integer), compound of formula 5-5 (415 mg) and a plasticizer of formula 6-11 (45.3 mg), were dissolved at 65degreesC. 35% hydrogen peroxide solution (874) was added and stirred at 65degreesC for 5 hours. Filtration was performed, and the obtained solution was flow-spread on a polyimide film UPILEX-75S. Drying was performed at room temperature for 45 hours, and the obtained solid coating film was peeled from the polyimide film, to obtain a pale yellow proton conductor film of thickness 120 nm. The obtained proton conductor had excellent ionic conductivity and film strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The blocking agent is formed within side edges of one or both of the diffusion media layers a distance so that the blocking agent extends within outside edges of the catalyst layers. It may be provided through the entire thickness of one or both of the diffusion media layers, preferably through a portion of the thickness of one or both of the diffusion media layers. The blocking agent is uniformly dispersed throughout one or both of the diffusion media layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The blocking agent is a thermoplastic polymer, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride, polyaryl, or polyethylene. Preferred Method: The step of depositing a blocking agent includes depositing a blocking agent uniformly throughout the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers. It includes depositing a blocking agent in the anode diffusion media layer through the entire thickness of the anode diffusion media layer and/or depositing a blocking agent in the cathode diffusion media layer through the entire thickness of the cathode diffusion media layer. It includes melting the blocking agent, flowing the blocking agent into the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers, and hardening the blocking agent within the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from glass or fiberglass reinforced panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive in the adhesive material is ethylene vinyl acetate. It can be acrylic adhesive, silicone adhesives, urethane adhesive or epoxy adhesive. Preferred Property: The thickness of the adhesive material is 0.03-3 mm. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the protection film is greater than or equal to10 kV. Preferred Material: The insulating film is polyester, polyethylene terephthalate or nylon. The reinforcing sheet is made from plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The insulative member includes a first portion molded around the first portion of the peripheral edge of the cathode, and a second portion molded around a second portion of the peripheral edge of the cathode displaced from the first portion. The cathode is graspable by the first and second portions of the insert-molded insulative member. The first portion of the peripheral edge of the cathode includes a first corner of the cathode, and the second portion of the peripheral edge of the cathode includes a second corner of the cathode. The cathode includes a metal substrate (420) and a cathode material on the metal substrate. A portion of the metal substrate protrudes through the cathode material at the peripheral edge of the cathode. The protruding portion of the metal substrate is molded into the insulative member. The insert-molded insulative member aligns the anode with the cathode. The battery comprises anodes, cathodes, separators, and insulative members configured to form a flat stacked battery. The battery is an elliptically wound battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the thin plates is 3-50 (3-30) nm. Preferred Component: The separator contains clusters of the nano-graphite thin plates having a thickness of less than or equal to5 microns or 3 nm to 1 microns. Preferred Method: The thin plates are prepared by impregnating the pulverized particles with an acid solution and heating to 200-300degreesC, or impregnating the particles with a metal under an inert atmosphere and heating the particles, followed by adding water and alcohol solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An acid or a metal introduced during the preparation of nano-graphite thin plates. The acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid. The metal is alkali metal(s) from potassium, sodium, or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An acid or a metal introduced during the preparation of nano-graphite thin plates. The acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid. The metal is alkali metal(s) from potassium, sodium, or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of the resin and nano-graphite thin plates is 99:1-90:10 (99:1-95:5). Preferred Component: The resin comprises resin material(s) from epoxy-type resin materials, ester-type resin materials, vinylester-type resin materials, or urea-type resin materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The opening area of the fuel passing hole is 10-50% of the opening area of the fuel supplying manifold.Preferred Component: The fuel throttle member is provided at an exit section of the fuel supplying manifold. A resin-made separator fuel throttle member is provided at an entrance of the liquid fuel flow path of at least one separator, and has a fuel passing hole an opening area of which is smaller than a cross sectional area of the flow path at the entrance.The separator has a fuel supplying vertical hole communicating to the liquid fuel flow path and the liquid fuel inlet of the end separator. An end separator (10b) is stacked on an outermost layer of the cell stack unit (25a, 25b) that is located on an opposite side to the other outermost layer and having an oxidizer inlet. A resin-made manifold plate (21) includes an oxidizer supplying manifold joined to the oxidizer inlet of the end separator. A metal-made clamping plate (20) is stacked on the resin-made manifold plate having the oxidizer supplying manifold or fuel supplying manifold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel contains methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Each of the manifold plate and the fuel throttle member is made of at least one type of polymer resin from polyacetal, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylenesulfide, polybutyleneterephthalate, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, denatured polyphenyleneether, syndiotactic polystyrene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphthalamide, polycyclohexylenedimethyleneterephthalate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, fluorine-based resin, or silicon-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has a unit for discharging the water in the pure water channel to outside of the fuel cell when the fuel cell is shutdown. The fuel cell comprises unit for measuring at least one of either the flow rate of pure water flowing through the pure water channel of the fuel cell system or the pressure of the pure water, and unit for controlling the at least one of either the flow rate of the pure water or the pressure of the pure water to a level that does not exceed a predetermined range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A structure that the flow of pure water in the pure water channel is stopped when the fuel cell is shut down, and pure water flows in the pure water channel when the fuel cell is operated, and the polymer entanglement is broken up by the flow of pure water.Preferred Component: The polymer chain is hydrophilic. The polymer chain has a principal chain that is a continuous alkyl base, or a co-polymer whose principal chain is a continuous alkyl base. The polymers are a thermo-responsive and undergo a volume phase transition in accordance with the temperature of the pure water. The thermo-responsive polymers contract in water at greater than or equal to 40degreesC, and expand in water at less than or equal to 20degreesC.Preferred Material: The polymer chain is N-isopropyl acrylamide, or an N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The (meth)acrylate having 10-20C aliphatic hydrocarbon in molecule, is a monofunctional monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Additional amount of styrenic thermoplastic elastomer is 10-40 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Isostearyl acrylate (in weight parts) (100), isoboronyl acrylate (8), Tuftec M1913 (styrenic thermoplastic elastomer) (30) and Irgacure 184 (photoinitiator) (3) were stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a photocurable sealing compound. The photocurable sealing compound had solvent resistance of 19.8%, water vapor permeability of 20 g/m2.24 hours measured according to JIS Z 0208, and adhesive strength of 5 MPa measured according to JIS K 6850, without leakage of electrolyte liquid by peeling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric electrolyte film contains a polymer of compound having 2 or more double bonds and a polymer having acid generating groups. The polymer having acid generating group is sulfonated polyarylene ether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The methacrylic resin molded article contains methacryl resin (in mass parts) (100) having methyl acrylate unit (60-100 mass%) and vinyl monomer (0-40 mass%) which is copolymerizable, 2-(2,4-hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy phenyl)-4, 6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and/or 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy benzophenone (0.005-0.15) as ultraviolet absorber. The methacrylic resin molded article further contains hindered amine-type optical stabilizer (0.01-1). The methacrylic resin molded article contains ultraviolet absorber (0.04-0.07) with respect to methacryl resin (100). The content of ultraviolet absorber is given by the following relation: 0.04-0.07 mass parts/thickness (in mm) of methacrylic resin molded article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cathode further contains polyvinylidene fluoride as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The ion cluster has an orientation.Preferred Process: Control of the regularity of the diameter of an ion cluster comprises: homogenizing the reaction temperature; carrying out boiling processing; or annealing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material is carbon material. The epoxy resin is bisphenol type epoxy resin. It is coated and cured. A second coating of epoxy or phenol type resin with tin dioxide electroconductive agent is coated and cured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance (S) is organopolysiloxane containing fluoroalkyl group.Preferred Layer: The platinum-containing catalyst layer further contains a photocatalyst, and has hydrophilic area (3) and hydrophobic area (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The base material and laminate of water-soluble adhesion providing material layer, electrode forming layer and protective layer have flexibility.Preferred Component: The constituent material of fuel electrode consists of metal catalyst and/or zirconia group oxide, ceria group oxide or lanthanum-gallium group oxide and constituent material of the air electrode consists of perovskite-type metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The base material and laminate of water-soluble adhesion providing material layer, electrode forming layer and protective layer have flexibility.Preferred Component: The constituent material of fuel electrode consists of metal catalyst and/or zirconia group oxide, ceria group oxide or lanthanum-gallium group oxide and constituent material of the air electrode consists of perovskite-type metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesion providing material layer consists of sizing agents such as dextrin, polyvinyl alcohol, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The organic-type resin binder contained in the protective layer is chosen from acrylic-type resin, styrene resin, ethyl cellulose derivative and styrene acryl copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The base material is a paper having water absorptivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The adhesive agent is at least one type chosen from an epoxy, modified acrylate, a modified-silicone and a hydrocarbon type-adhesive is contained,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises oxide of silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, and magnesia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises oxide of silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, and magnesia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polythiophene or its derivative(s) and/or polyaniline or its derivative(s). Preferred Method: The irradiation process with a radiation is performed through a shadow mask pattern at humidity of 30% or more. The surface of layer (c) other than irradiated region is oxidized, after oxidizing the irradiated region. The conducting layer (b) is obtained by applying the solution containing conductive polymer, water and/or hydrophilic solvent, maintaining for 15 seconds or more, and irradiating with radiation after impregnating the conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least 80 wt.% of the halloysite rods has an aspect ratio of 1 - 10 (preferably 2 - 8) and surface to volume ratio of 1 - 10000 (preferably 10 - 1000). The substrate is a flexible substrate (preferably flexible stainless steel or flexible polymeric substrate). The halloysite is disposed on the substrate in such a way that the halloysite is present in a monolayer. The substrate is disposed within a sealed storage container. The molecular hydrogen is present in the apparatus in an amount of at least about 1 (preferably at least about 5) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least 80 wt.% of the halloysite rods has an aspect ratio of 1 - 10 (preferably 2 - 8) and surface to volume ratio of 1 - 10000 (preferably 10 - 1000). The substrate is a flexible substrate (preferably flexible stainless steel or flexible polymeric substrate). The halloysite is disposed on the substrate in such a way that the halloysite is present in a monolayer. The substrate is disposed within a sealed storage container. The molecular hydrogen is present in the apparatus in an amount of at least about 1 (preferably at least about 5) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric substrate is polyanionic polymer. The polyanionic polymer is poly(ethyleneimine), poly(dimethyl-diallyl ammonium chloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, and/or chitosan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Trans-axial pinholes are formed at opposite sidewalls. They have a circular shape or a semi-circular shape at their entrance. At least one trans-axial pinhole has a tapered portion inclined in the direction toward the protective circuit board at an insertable end. At least one supporting pin has a tapered portion at its end inserted in the mold in a trans-axial direction toward the protective circuit board. At least one supporting pin has a step at an insertable end such that the insertable end contacting the back surface of the protective circuit board proximal the bare cell is thinner than other parts of the pin. At least two supporting pins are formed at each longer side of the protective circuit board. Preferred Method: Contacting the surface of an input/output terminal further comprises inserting a post-shaped core into the opening formed in the mold at a position corresponding to the surface of the terminal to form the protective part; and advancing the insertable core through the axial opening so that the post-shaped core protrudes into the inner surface of the mold. Disposing supporting pins includes inserting the supporting pins from outside of the mold to inside of the mold through pinholes formed in a predetermined position of the mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The unit reactors are disposed parallel to each other horizontally or parallel around the central axis. At least one unit reactor is disposed at a different angle to an adjacent unit reactor. At least one of the reactors is oriented to form the back reactant plenum. The unit reactors surround the back reactant plenum and conform to the shape of the back reactant plenum. The compact chemical reactor comprises 2-500000 unit reactors, preferably 2-500, more preferably 2-100 unit reactors. At least one process layer comprises electrolyte, ion exchange membrane, electrolysis membrane, filtration membrane, separation membrane, micro-structured diffusion mixer, heater, catalyst, electrical conductor, and/or thermal conductor. The process layers comprise thin sheet(s). The thin sheet comprises a thickness of 1 nm-2 cm. The reactor forms a micro-structured fuel cell layer or electrolyzer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactant comprises fuel, oxidant, water, hydrogen, oxygen, air, liquid phase hydrocarbon, gas phase hydrocarbon, beverage, foodstuff, and/or byproduct from reaction of reactants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Each process layer comprises a filled metal composite, filled microstructure of polymer, filled epoxy composite, and/or graphite composite. Each perimeter barrier comprises a material that prevents reactant from one reactant plenum from moving into the other reactant plenum. The material comprises metal, silicone, rubber, polyamide, synthetic rubber, epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride, or their composites, laminates, and/or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte membrane includes a perfluorinated membrane or a hydrocarbon membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A total amount of CH, CH2, CF, and CF2 groups as main chain of the hydrocarbon electrolyte polymer, is 40-100 (preferably 70-100)%. Preferred Component: The electrolyte material of the catalyst layer for fuel includes a hydrocarbon electrolyte as a major component, and the electrolyte material of the catalyst layer for oxidants includes a fluorocarbon electrolyte as a major component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte material of the catalyst layer for fuel is made of a hydrocarbon electrolyte polymer, and the electrolyte material of the catalyst layer for oxidants is made of a fluorocarbon electrolyte polymer. The hydrocarbon electrolyte polymer is an ionomer based on a copolymer in which a vinyl group-containing monomer is polymerized. The copolymer that is a base material of the hydrocarbon electrolyte polymer is an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. The vinyl group-containing monomer is styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, methylstyrene, divinylbenzene, chloromethylstyrene, benzyl methacrylate, styrenesulfonic acid, p-styryltrimethoxysilane, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, succinate, phthalic acid, acrylic nitrile, vinyl acetate, trimethoxyvinylsilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, triethoxysopropylsilane, 2-acrylamide 2-methylpropanesulfonicacid, an ester derivative of acrylic acid, or an ester derivative of methacrylic acid. The fluorocarbon electrolyte material is formed based on a ionomer that includes a copolymer of perfluoroethylvinylether; perfluoropropylvinylether; tetrafluoroethylene; hexafluoropropylene; vinylidenefluorochloride; trifluoroethylenechloride; vinylfluoride, and 2-bromo-1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethyltrifluorovinylether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having basic functional group is multivalent basic compound, and contains reaction group having 1-10C alkyl or alkylene directly coupled to carbonyl group or aromatic ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer compound has alkyl group directly coupled to carbonyl group and aromatic ring. The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer compound contains a repeating structural unit (in mol%) (10-100) of formula (1) and a repeating structural unit (90-10) of formula (2) with respect to total amount of structural units. The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer compound is cross-linked compound.R1-R10=H or -CmH2m+1, and at least one of R1-R10 is -CmH2m+1;m=1-10;X1-X10=hydrogen or proton acid base, and at least one of X1-X10 is aromatic polyether, which is proton acid group;andA1-A3=direct bond, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-, -SO2-, or -CO-;andi-l=0 or 1.Hydrogen atom or aromatic ring of formula (1 and 2) is optionally substituted with -CmH2m+1, proton acid group, chlorine, fluorine, or CF3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solid electrolyte is obtained by reacting compounds (a,b), and then mixing with electrolyte (II).Preferred Composition: The compound (a) is cellulose and/or its derivative having hydroxyl group. The compound (b) is a compound containing isocyanate group. The amount of electrolyte (II) is 40 wt.% or more in the solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The ceramic particles are alumina particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The ceramic particles are alumina particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is vinyl type resin, urethane resin or epoxy resin. The polymerizable substance used for manufacture of electroconductive ceramic product, is vinyl group unsaturated monomer. A crosslinkable monomer is also used for manufacture of the electroconductive ceramic product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: Non-aqueous electrolyte of battery contains solute and organic solvent. The solute is chosen from lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium borofluoride (LiBf4), lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), trifluoro methanesulfonic acid lithium (LiCF3SO3), and lithium salt having imide bond of formula: (LiN(CnF2n+1SO2)2). The lithium salt having imide bond is lithium bis perfluoro methylsulfonic acid imide (LiN(CF2SO2)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: Non-aqueous electrolyte of battery contains solute and organic solvent. The solute is chosen from lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium borofluoride (LiBf4), lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), trifluoro methanesulfonic acid lithium (LiCF3SO3), and lithium salt having imide bond of formula: (LiN(CnF2n+1SO2)2). The lithium salt having imide bond is lithium bis perfluoro methylsulfonic acid imide (LiN(CF2SO2)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and (gamma)-butyl lactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A composition containing raw material of porous base material and a solvent, is melt-kneaded, extruded into a sheet and cooled. De-solvent process is carried out, and porous base material is formed. A polymer (IV) or a monomer (iv) which is polymerized into polymer (IV) having proton conductivity, is further filled into pores of the base material. Preferred Compounds: The polymer (I) is ultra high molecular polyethylene having weight average molecular weight of 500000 or more. Preferred Property: The transmittance peak ratio (gamma(-C=C-)/delta(-CH2-)) of the polymer (II) in -CH2- stretching vibration of 1470/cm and -C=C- deformation vibration of 965/cm, by infrared absorption spectrum before heat processing is 0.05 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The front and back covers are formed of polycarbonate, polyethylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid is water. The catalyst contains platinum. It also contains ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A catalyst has been applied to side(s) of the membrane of the fuel cell. The flow channels are formed such that liquid is directed away from the membrane. The substrate is placed in intimate contact with the protonically conductive membrane. The indentations are formed in a spiral pattern or a lattice pattern. They are formed in a geometric pattern to draw liquids away from an active electrode area of the membrane. A coupling is between an anode chamber and a cathode chamber of the fuel cell. Water collected from the cathode face of the membrane is recirculated to the anode chamber of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid is water. The catalyst contains platinum. It also contains ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive layer is hydrophobic. It includes polytetrafluoroethylene and high-surface area carbon particles. The membrane comprises polyperfluorosulfonic acid or Nafion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The substrate may be carbon cloth or sheet(s) of carbon paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The water holding layer is also arranged at an interface of anode diffusion layer and anode catalytic layer. The catalytic layer contains a graphitized support and catalyst. The separator is a metallic separator. At least one polymer electrolyte membrane or ion exchange resin contains sulfonated polyarylene of formula (I).Y = bivalent electron donating group;Z = single bond or bivalent organic group;W' = bivalent electron attracting group;T = bivalent organic group,R1 - R8 = H, F, alkyl, allyl, aryl or nitrile;x = 0.5 - 100;y = 99.5 - 0;m and n = 0 - 10;p = 1 - 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The carrier may be a substrate including glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The carrier comprises Nafion or Teflon latexes. The sulfonated-organosilica hybrid electrolyte particles are suspended in a 10-80 wt.% solution of Nafion. The Teflon latexes are present in an amount of 3-13 (preferably 5-6) wt.%. The carrier may be a substrate including polybenzimidazole or polybenzoxazole. The membrane further comprises a polymeric binder having a weight average molecular weight of 40000-500000. The binder comprises a polymer quaternizable to form a material of hydrogen sulfate, hydrogen phosphate, sulfonic acid salt of aromatic polyetheretherketone, or sulfonic acid salt of aromatic polyether sulfone. It is poly-4-vinyl pyridine hydrogen phosphate, poly-4-vinyl pyridine hydrogen sulfate, poly-2-methyl-5-vinyl pyridine hydrogen phosphate, poly-2-methyl-5-vinyl pyridine hydrogen sulfate, sulfonic acid salt of aromatic polyetheretherketone, or sulfonic acid salt of aromatic polyether sulfone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The carrier may be a substrate including paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface resistivity of glass substrate of photoelectrode, is measured according to JIS-W7202 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal plating layer is a composite sheet containing tin, chromium, zinc, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, gold, silver, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium and/or, nickel, copper, platinum and/or their alloys, preferably nickel-phosphorus, nickel-boron, nickel-copper-phosphorus, nickel-cobalt-phosphorus or nickel-copper-boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal plating layer is a composite sheet containing tin, chromium, zinc, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, gold, silver, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium and/or, nickel, copper, platinum and/or their alloys, preferably nickel-phosphorus, nickel-boron, nickel-copper-phosphorus, nickel-cobalt-phosphorus or nickel-copper-boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Microparticles: The metal plating layer contains microparticles such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin, polyamide, polysulfone, polystyrene, vinylidene chloride resin, vinylidene fluoride resin, polyphenylene ether, methyl pentene resin, methacrylic resin and/or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix raw materials (A,B) are polyvinyl chloride. The decomposition of matrix raw material is carried out in presence of a halogen compound. The mixing of raw materials (A,B) is carried out by grinding using a ball mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermoplastic resin is polyarylene sulfide resin.Preferred Properties: The ion elution amount of polyarylene sulfide resin molded product when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 cc) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. The ion elution amount of carbon fiber (0.5 g) when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 ml) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide resin (in wt.pts) (100) having melt viscosity of 400 Pa.second, Torayca TS12 (polyacrylonitrile group short fiber) (11) and KBM303 ((beta)-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane coupling agent) (0.55), were melt-kneaded by twin-screw extruder and pelletized to form pellets of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide resin composition. The obtained composition was injection molded, to form molded product. The obtained molded product had bending strength of 174 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 10.2 GPa, tensile strength of 120 MPa, and ion elution amount of less than 1 mg/l when immersed in pure water of 80degreesC and 100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The solid acid is cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4), cesium complex (Cs2(HSO4)(H2PO4)), rubidium-selenium oxide (Rb3H(SeO4)2), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)3H(SO4)2) and/or potassium sulfate (K3H(SO4)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer is a polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator between the cathode and anode can be in a triple-layer structure of polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous solid acid is CsHSO4, Cs2(HSO4)(H2PO4), Rb3H(SeO4)2, (NH4)3H(SO4)2 and/or K3H(SO4)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous solid acid is CsHSO4, Cs2(HSO4)(H2PO4), Rb3H(SeO4)2, (NH4)3H(SO4)2 and/or K3H(SO4)2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The silane coupling agent is 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane, 3-glycidoxy propyl triethoxy silane and/or 2-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxy silane.    EXAMPLE - 3-Glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (in g) (5.5) was added to aqueous solution having CsHSO4 (4.5) in water (4.3). Polydimethyl siloxane (5.0) having silanol group at terminals and weight average molecular weight of 550 g/mol, was added to the obtained sol solution, and composition for forming electrolyte film was obtained. The obtained composition was heated at 150degreesC for 3 hours, dried and cured. An electrolyte film having thickness of 100 microns was formed. The electrolyte film had proton conductivity of 1.1x10-6 S/cm, and provided fuel cell having high electric power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The monomer is re-crystallized with an organic solvent.Preferred Component: The monomer is a salt monomer comprising an acid component having radical polymerizable functional group and an ammonium component having radical polymerizable functional group. EXAMPLE - A salt monomer having melting point of 152degreesC and moisture content of 800 ppm, was prepared using 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonate (in g) (10.36), water, silver carbonate (13.8), methacrylic acid amidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride aqueous solution and tetrahydrofuran. The obtained salt monomer (20) was dissolved in dehydrated methanol (500 ml). The obtained solution was divided into two portion. A portion of the solution was concentrated, and concentration was stopped when crystals were seen. The resulting solution was left for 24 hours and re-crystallized. The obtained crystal was filtered, washed with dehydrated acetone, and dried. The obtained monomer (A) had moisture content of 190 ppm, sodium ion content of 25 ppm, potassium ion content of 10 ppm or less, and calcium ion content of 30 ppm. Monomer (A), benzoyl peroxide, lithium hexafluoro phosphate, diethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate were mixed to obtain a monomer electrolyte liquid. The monomer liquid was polymerized to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte. A secondary battery was obtained using the electrolyte, and had capacitance maintenance factor of 99% after 100 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is the copolymer containing vinylidenefluoride and hexafluropropylene, and further containing monoester having unsaturated dibasic acid, epoxy group-containing acrylic acid vinyl monomer, halogenated ethylene and/or cyclic carbonate ester of an unsaturated compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The particle size distribution by laser diffraction method is based on JISZ8825 .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte components contains polymer selected from perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride, trifluoro ethylene chloride, vinyl fluoride, 2-bromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethyl trifluoro vinyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The proton dissociation group is at least one group chosen from bis sulfonimide group (-SO2NHSO2-), sulfone carvone imide group (-SO2NHCO-) and bis carvone imide group (-CONHCO-). One portion of the perfluoro alkyl group is a high molecular weight or a low molecular weight perfluoro alkyl group. Alternately, all the perfluoro alkyl groups are high molecular weight perfluoro alkyl groups. The perfluoro alkyl group is contained in side chain. EXAMPLE - Perfluoro propyl disulfonyl fluoride (FO2S(CF2)3SO2F) (in mmol) (1), perfluoro propyl disulfonyl amide (H2NO2S(CF2)3SO2NH2) (1), potassium fluoride (4) and triethyl amine (4) were reacted at 100degreesC by using acetonitrile as a solvent for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed by ethanol, vacuum-dried, and a polymer (polyelectrolyte) was obtained. Subsequently, the polymer was hot-pressed at 200degreesC, and polymeric film was formed. The polyelectrolyte had excellent oxidation resistance, durability and high electrical conductivity. The polymeric film had excellent heat-resisting property and strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal board is made by aluminum, its alloy, or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material consists of acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer and a polyphenylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid. The organic solvent is 1-chlorobutane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer compound is a hydrocarbon-type polymer compound. The hydrocarbon-type polymer compound is polyphenylene sulfide. The proton conductive group of the polymer compound is sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component A is preferably zirconium oxide. Component B is a nickel oxide. Component C is platinum or ruthenium and component D is molybdenum.Preferred Catalyst: The primary particle diameter of the electrode catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells is 1 - 50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component A is preferably zirconium oxide. Component B is a nickel oxide. Component C is platinum or ruthenium and component D is molybdenum.Preferred Catalyst: The primary particle diameter of the electrode catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells is 1 - 50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The protective film consists of polymer which contains cellulose or its derivative(s). Ethyl cellulose (12) is used as cellulose or its derivative(s). EXAMPLE - Iron sulfide (FeS) and lithium sulfide (Li2S) were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1 by 300 rpm for 10 hours using epicyclic ball mill, and lithium-iron composite sulfide (Li2FeS2) was produced as anode active material. Ethyl cellulose (in g) (2.5) and polyethylene (2.5) were added to cyclohexane (500 ml) and heated at 50degreesC. The obtained composite sulfide (10) was added to the solution and maintained for 5 hours. The resulting solution was cooled to 25degreesC, and lithium-iron composite sulfide microcapsulated by ethyl cellulose was obtained after filtering. Acetylene black (5 mass%) was mixed to the obtained micro capsulated sulfide (90 mass%). Polyvinylidene fluoride (5 mass%) was added and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was mixed to the resulting mixture. The obtained slurry was applied on an aluminum foil, dried at 110degreesC, cut to preset size and anode was obtained. A battery was produced using the obtained anode as working electrode, cathode as counter electrode, non-aqueous electrolyte formed by dissolving lithium hexa fluoro phosphate dissolved in ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 30:70, and lithium metal as reference pole. The obtained battery had excellent initial stage discharge characteristic and cycle characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The supramolecular complex compound is of formula (1): R1(-N(-R2-N(-R3-N(-R4-NHCO-R5-CONH-R6-R7)2)2)2)2.R1-R5=alkylene, preferably -C3H6-;R6=porphyrin having transition metal bonded to central portion of each porphyrin; andR7=(un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido.Preferred Component: The (un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido is N-pyridyl-N'-alkyl-naphthalene diimido. The porphyrin has phenyl group, alkylated phenyl group or halogenated phenyl group in 5, 10, 15 and 20-positions, preferably phenyl group, 3,5-di-tert-butyl phenyl group or 2,6-dichlorophenyl phenyl group in 5, 10, 15 and 20-positions. The solvent is benzonitrile.Preferred Process: The porphyrin dendrimer of formula: R1(-N(-R2-N(-R3-N(-R4-NHCO-R5-CONH-R6)2)2)2)2, and (un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido are mixed in the solvent, to obtain supramolecular complex compound. EXAMPLE - 5-(amino-2-(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl phenyl)-porphyrinate)zinc (II))-5-oxo pentanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide (in mg) (259) and propylene imine dendrimer (5) were dissolved in dichloromethane (3 ml) and triethyl amine (20 mul). The reaction mixture was stirred in dark place under nitrogen atmosphere for 1.5 hours, and diluted by dichloromethane (30 ml). The resulting solution was washed with water, and dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in minimum quality of toluene, and passed through exclusion column to remove the solvent. Thus, dendrimer zinc (II) porphyrin was obtained. The obtained porphyrin and pyridyl naphthalene diimino were mixed in benzonitrile, to obtain a supramolecular complex having 16 reaction centers. The supramolecular complex had favorable light collection ability and charge separation ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting polymer comprise poly(3,4-dioxyethylenethiophene) or poly(aniline).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Extruding is carried out at 120-160degrees C. 20-40 weight %, preferably 25-35 weight % ethylene carbonate are added to the anode mass. 0.1-100 weight % ethylene carbonate are removed in the removal step. The anode mass and cathode mass are extruded between a polyethylene film. Laminating is carried out at 80-90degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium salts, imidazolium salts, pyridinium salts, and pyrrolidinium salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium salts, imidazolium salts, pyridinium salts, and pyrrolidinium salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electronic device is a memory chip, an anti-theft chip, an RF ID chip, a DC to AC converter, a battery and/or a DC-to-DC converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting board comprises a laminate of one or more conducting metals and one or more of a resin or polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The separators comprise metal plates. The sheet for reducing sliding resistance is placed in the casing, between at least one side as a bottom surface of the stack body and a bottom surface of the casing. The sheet for reducing sliding resistance is an insulating sheet.The casing further comprises an angle unit for coupling adjacent ends of the side plates; and a coupling pin for coupling the end plate and the side plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sheet for reducing sliding distance is a fluorocarbon resin sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The interface boundary of the organic-material layer and the transparent conductive layer is a rough surface. The organic-material layers a conductive polymer from polyethylene dioxythiphene: poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline, polythiophene, a polypyrrole or poly (p- phenylene vinylene). The interface boundary of the organic-material layer and the fine-particle conductive layer is substantially flat. The average thickness of the organic-material layer is 10 - 80 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Particle: The average particle diameter of metal particle is 1-100 nm. The metal particle contains platinum and/or palladium. The metal particle is distributed in the composition containing organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composite Material: The composite material is a polymer containing organic compound of formula (1) or (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Particle: The average particle diameter of metal particle is 1-100 nm. The metal particle contains platinum and/or palladium. The metal particle is distributed in the composition containing organic compound. EXAMPLE - Rubeanic acid was dissolved in ethanol to obtain 2.5M ethanol solution (A). On the other hand, 2.5M ethanol solution (B) of ethylene diamine was prepared. The solutions (A,B) were mixed and reacted by stirring for 30 minutes to obtain an orange solid. Filtration was performed, followed by washing with ethanol. The obtained product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran for over 30 minutes at 343 K. Filtration was performed and the obtained filtrate was concentrated, dispersed in ethanol and filtered again to obtain rubeanic acid polymer of melting point 406K at a yield of 74%. The structure of the obtained polymer was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. A palladium particle was coated using the obtained polymer, to form a composite material. The obtained composite material had excellent proton conductivity and hydrogen storage property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is processed with acid such as sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is processed with acid such as sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenylsulfone disodium salt (in g) (3.925), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (2.79), 4,4'-biphenol (4.509), potassium carbonate (3.848) and molecular sieve (2.61) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) (35 ml), and stirred at 150degreesC for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 195-200degreesC for 5 hours. The obtained reaction product was cooled and settled in water in the shape of a strand, excluding the molecular sieve, which was precipitated. The obtained polymer was cleaned in boiling water for 1 hour, and dried to obtain a polymer with logarithmic viscosity of 1.63. The obtained polymer was dissolved in NMP. The obtained polymer NMP solution was applied on a glass plate, and NMP was distilled off to obtain a film with thickness of 200 microns. The obtained film was immersed into 2 mol/L sulfuric acid at room temperature for 1 hour or more, washed with pure water, and dried to form an electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had ion exchange capacity of 1.6 and ionic conductivity of 0.15 S/cm. The content of hydrogen atom of a sulfonic acid group was 91 mol% with respect to the cation group.
Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R1-R4=C8H17.    EXAMPLE - 3,4-(2,2-dioctyl-1,3-propylene dioxy) thiophene (2.5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (in ml) (10), and stirred for 1 hour. Hexane solution (4.4) of n-butyl lithium, and trimethyltin chloride were added to the THF solution, and stirred for 16 hours. The obtained solution was refined through silica gel column, and dissolved in THF (10). Palladium dibenzylidene acetone, tri-2-furyl phosphine and thiophene were added to the resulting solution, and stirred at 70degreesC for 5 days. The obtained solution was refined, and bromo terthiophene was extracted.    Bromo terthiophene (340 mg) was dissolved in piperidine (50), and mixed with trimethyl silyl acetylene, triphenylphosphine palladium complex and copper iodide, and refluxed at 110degreesC for 4 days. The obtained solution was refined, and bromothiophene substituted trimethylsilyl acetylene was extracted. Thiophene (310 mg) and tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride THF solution (0.34) were added to the obtained substance, stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and purified. The obtained material (220 mg) was dissolved in THF (2.5), and mixed with normal butyl lithium (0.1). 60C fullerene (44 mg), lithium acetylide and ortho dichlorobenzene (5) were added to the resulting solution, and stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. Methyl iodide (1) was added, and further stirred for 3 hours, to obtain terthiophene fullerene connection compound having long chain alkyl group (CH2C(C8H17)2CH2) added to propylene dioxy structure.    A polymer was obtained using the connection compound, and had high solubility with respect to ortho dichlorobenzene, without precipitating on electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymers are of an aromatic polyketone, aromatic polyphosphine oxide or aromatic polysulfone, polycarbonic acid derivatives, main-chain polyester, side-chain polyester, poly(glycol acid), poly(lactic acid), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), polypeptide, polyacrylate, poly(hydroxy benzoic acid), poly(alkylene terephthalate), polycarbonic acid hydride, polyamide, poly(epsilon-caprolactam), polyaramide, polybenzamide, polyimide, poly(amide-imide), poly(esterimide), poly(etherimide), polycarbonate, poly(ester-co-carbonate),poly(isocyanurate), polyurethane, polyester polyurethane, poly(terephthalate), poly(acrylate), poly(phenylacrylate), poly(cyanoacrylate), poly(vinyl ester), poly(vinyl acetate), side-chain polyphosphine oxide, polyether ketone (PEK), polyether sulfone, polysulfonamide, polysulfonimide, poly(vinyl ketone), aromatic polyvinyl ketone, substituted or non-substituted poly(vinyl benzophenone), ketones like polystyrene, polycarbazene, poly-nitrile, poly-isonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a second additive containing vessel communicating with the conduit of (vii) for adding pollution reducing chemicals to the washed, intercalated graphite particles to the washed acid intercalated graphite particles; collecting vessel for collecting washed acid intercalated graphite particles admixed with pollution reducing chemicals and a second conduit extending from the drying chamber to the collecting vessel for passing acid intercalated graphite particles admixed with acid additives from the drying chamber to the collecting vessel; third additive containing vessel communicating with the second conduit for the introduction of ceramic fiber particles in the form of macerated quartz glass fibers, carbon and graphite fibers, zirconia, boron nitride, silicon carbide and magnesia fibers, naturally occurring mineral fibers such as calcium metasilicate fibers, calcium aluminum silicate fibers, aluminum oxide fibers and the like into the conduit and the admixing and entrainment thereof with acid intercalated graphite particles passing from the washing vessel to the drying chamber; and dryer disposed to receive the impregnated flexible graphite mat and heat and dry the mat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a flexible thermally non-conductive material. The solar cell includes a thermally conductive layer communicating with a black body radiating layer extending through a portion of the substrate. The solar cell has a first periphery having a first dimension, and the substrate has an aperture having a second periphery with a second dimension, where the first dimension is greater than the second dimension.A black body-radiating layer is disposed in the aperture and is thermally coupled to the solar cell. The solar cell and the substrate are configured to maintain a predetermined shape after being bent to the predetermined shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a polymeric substrate, such as polyimide.
Preferred Definitions:    X1-X4=sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonamide group, sulfonimide group, alkyl sulfonic acid group, alkyl phosphonic acid group or alkyl carboxylic acid group;and    R1,R2=aromatic group chosen from group of formulae (called 2-11), such as group of formula (2).    EXAMPLE - Polysulfone imide (in g) (21.5) was dissolved in 1 N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (200 ml). Butane sultone solution of 1,4-butane sultone (6.7) and ethanol (20 ml) was dropped. Sulfo butylated polysulfone imide precipitated by 1 N hydrochloric acid solution was dropped to the reaction solution at 70degreesC for 3 hours. The obtained filtrated was washed by deionized water, and sulfo butylated polysulfone imide having ion exchange group equivalent of 1250 g/mol was obtained. The obtained polysulfone imide was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and developed to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte film of thickness 40 microns. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte film had ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 75degreesC and excellent oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silicon-containing polymer compound further contains repeating units of formulae (2 and 3).R1,X=same as defined above;R5-R7=H, fluorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl;R8-R10=1-6C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, fluorinated alkyl or 6-10C aryl;m=3-10;a1/(a1+b),a2/(a2+b)=0-1;b/(a1+b),b/(a2+b)=0-1 (including 0);R11=single bond or bivalent coupling group of formula: -(Si(R19)(R20)-R21)c-;R12-R18=H, 1-10C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, ether, lactone, ester, hydroxyl group or cyano;R19,R20=1-10C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;R21=single bond, oxygen atom or 1-4C alkylene; andc=1-10.The solid polymer electrolyte film-forming composition further contains proton conductive improvement agent. EXAMPLE - Isopropyl alcohol (in g) (40), vinyl sulfonic acid sodium salt (18) and vinyl heptamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (30), were mixed. The resulting solution was cooled to -70degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere. 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) as polymerization initiator (3) was added to the resulting solution, and reacted at 65degreesC to room temperature for 25 hours. Hydrochloric acid (20 mL) was added to the reaction solution, and ion exchange of sodium was carried out. The resulting product was washed with water, and sodium chloride and unreacted vinyl sulfonic acid were removed. Azeotrope dehydration of isopropyl alcohol and water of the resulting product was performed, and dried under reduced pressure at 40degreesC or more, to obtain white polymer (38) containing vinyl sulfonic acid and vinyl hepta methyl cyclotetrasiloxane in a ratio of 55:45. The obtained polymer had weight average molecular weight of 18000 and molecular weight distribution of 1.88. A coating film obtained from the polymer, had proton conductivity of 1x10-3 s/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid polyelectrolyte further contains a filler which is siloxane resin, sulfonated pitch, sulfonated carbon, montmorillonite or acidic-type zeolite, a matrix polymer and a crosslinking agent. The matrix polymer contains polyolefin, halogenated polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, poly para vinyl phenol, polyethylene oxide, polyphenylene oxide and their derivatives. Preferred Components: The polymer (I) is poly perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid, polyacrylamide methyl propane sulfonic acid, polyacid phosphoxy ethyl methacrylate, poly(meth)acrylic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, or isobutylene maleic acid anhydride copolymer. The polymer (II) is polyacrylamide, polyallyl amine, polydimethyl amino ethyl (meth)acrylate, amino polyacrylamide, polyamino sulfone, polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl caprolactam, polyvinyl carbazole, polyvinyl diamino triazine, or polyethylene imine. The matrix polymer is polytetra fluoro ethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride copolymer, styrene acrylonitrile copolymer, vinyl acetate vinylpyridine copolymer, polyethylene and polyethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride or ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The fibers (64) comprise a glass material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The composite wires (61) comprises weft composite wires and warp composite wires woven together. The matrix comprises a material that softens and becomes flowable when heated. The material of the matrix is electrically and ionically non-conductive. It is resistant to acid corrosion. The metal coating is formed on the core (62) by solid-phase extrusion. The plates are battery plates. The energy storage device further comprises an electrolyte solution in communication with the plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal coating (63) comprises a corrosion-resistant metal from lead, zinc, cadmium, or nickel. The active material comprises at least one of lead and compounds containing lead. The electrolyte solution comprises acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal coating (63) comprises a corrosion-resistant metal from lead, zinc, cadmium, or nickel. The active material comprises at least one of lead and compounds containing lead. The electrolyte solution comprises acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The matrix (65) comprises polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gas diffusion media comprises a porous structure and the hydrophobic layer is defined by a region of the porous structure adjacent the separator plate having a hydrophobic coating to provide a hydrophobic stratum. The fuel cell further comprises water flow channel in the separator plate; and capillary element in fluid communication with the water flow channel. It further comprises a water source in fluid communication with the water flow channel to delivery water to the capillary element at a capillary delivery pressure. The capillary element extending through the hydrophobic layer and terminating in the hydrophilic layer. The separator plate has a second flow field formed in a face opposite the flow field.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic coating and hydrophobic lamina section comprise polymer from PTFE or fluorinated polyethylene-propylene. It comprises a hydrophobic lamina section defining the hydrophobic layer; and a hydrophilic lamina section defining the hydrophilic layer. The hydrophilic lamina section is in contact with the hydrophobic lamina section to provide fluid communication. The hydrophobic lamina section comprises a polymer from PTFE or fluorinated polyethylene-propylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The gas diffusion media comprises a porous structure from carbon paper, carbon cloth, graphite paper, graphite cloth, mesh noble metal screen or open-cell noble metal foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A gas transmitting metal material or a carbon material is used as the laser absorptive member of the MEA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A gas transmitting metal material or a carbon material is used as the laser absorptive member of the MEA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A thermoplastic plastic resin layer or a thermoplastic resin layer coated with silicone rubber is used as the laser transmitting resin layer. A thermoplastic resin layer impregnated with carbon or pigment is used as the laser absorptive resin layer. A thermoplastic resin layer or a thermoplastic resin layer impregnated with carbon or pigment is used as the heat absorptive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carboxylic acid dinitrile is preferably given by formula: MaF, where Ma is alkali metal.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is adiponitrile. EXAMPLE - Hexafluoropropene oxide and carboxylic acid dinitrile (M2CO3, where M = sodium or potassium) were reacted at 5-10degreesC, and potassium fluoride (5 mmol), adiponitrile (50 ml) and ICF2COF (50 mmol) were added and stirred for 30 minutes. omega-iodo perfluoro acid fluoride (CF3CF(COF)OCF2CF2I) was obtained with a selectivity of 80% during 80% conversion ratio of ICF2COF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste can contain: low melting glass alloys, boron or phosphosilicate glasses, metal oxides as sinter aids, adhesion agents. The carrier can be an Si-containing material with a surface layer of Si oxide. The organic components can contain metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste contains short chain organic molecules, e.g. molecules with strongly electronegative ends, e.g. organic components formed between resins and solvents, various solid or liquid binders and dispersing agents, and mixtures with metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride, carbon black. The organic components can be: binders such as acrylic and polyester resins, chloroprene, ethyl cellulose, polyurethane, butadiene melamine etc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste can contain: low melting glass alloys, boron or phosphosilicate glasses, metal oxides as sinter aids, adhesion agents. The carrier can be an Si-containing material with a surface layer of Si oxide. The organic components can contain metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paste can contain short chain organic molecules, acrylic and polyester resins, chloroprene, ethyl cellulose, polyurethane, melamine, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The barrier layer consists of titanium oxide, indium-tin oxide, titanium carbide or iron nitride. The positive electrode consists of a composite oxide having lithium, nickel or manganese as constituent elements. The electrolyte is a molten salt that is able to make the electric potential of the positive electrode at least 4.5 V higher than the electric potential of metallic lithium and that exhibits a liquid state in at least part of temperature range of 10 - 40degreesC. The electrolyte is a molten salt and the cation in the molten salt is at least one selected from imidazolium ion, ammonium ion or sulfonium ion. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte. The battery further comprises a negative electrode having an active material able to absorb and release lithium ions. The active material of the negative electrode is lithium titanate represented by Li4Ti5O12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A conductive protection layer is formed in the surface of the semiconductor particles. The insulator in the first region becomes thinner as the insulator is away from the second region. The second region is adjacent to both sides of the first region. The insulator has a curved surface that becomes depressed in the shape of a concave in the upper part. The most depressed portion of the curved surface is located at the center between one side adjoining part where the first region is adjacent to a second region and an other side adjoining part where the first region is adjacent to the other second region. The conductive protection layer is formed from a material with an optical transmittance of greater than or equal to70% at 400-1200 nm wavelength. It runs along the convex curved surface of the semiconductor particles.Preferred Dimension: The thickness of the insulator in the first region is greater than or equal to1 microns in the thinnest portion. The thickness of the insulator in the second region is greater than or equal to5 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulator is made of polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass or ceramics. The printed circuit board includes conductors from metal foil, tin-doped indium oxide, zinc/tin co-doped indium oxide, transition metal carbides, or transition metal nitrides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The direct-current source is a battery or a cell (404). It is laminar surface mounted, and attached to the back major surface. The direct-current source is laminar having electrolytes and electrodes that are printed on the back major surface. The electrical components are surface mounted to the printed circuit board. They include at least one light emitting diode (401) and flasher componentry for providing intermittent power to the light emitting diode. They include electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) in which sound data is stored in analog format and a speaker that receives sound data from the EEPROM. They include a liquid crystal display for playing a stored video message.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The printed circuit board includes a substrate from fiberglass reinforced epoxy, polyester or phenolic plastic, phenolic-impregnated paper, polyethylene terephthalate film, or sheet plastic unreinforced with fibers. It includes conductors from conductive epoxy. The direct-current source employs a dry solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is lithium transition metal complex oxide of formula: LixMyNzO2, where M is cobalt or nickel, N is cobalt, manganese, nickel, chromium, iron, vanadium, aluminum, boron and/or magnesium, x is 0.05-1.1, greater than 0 and y+z is 0.8-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is lithium transition metal complex oxide of formula: LixMyNzO2, where M is cobalt or nickel, N is cobalt, manganese, nickel, chromium, iron, vanadium, aluminum, boron and/or magnesium, x is 0.05-1.1, greater than 0 and y+z is 0.8-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode mix further contains binder. The adhesive layer used in the battery is polymeric film. The electrolyte of battery contains gelatinized polymeric matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material:Sealing member(260) consists of a fluorine-resin material. The sealing member is interposed between the portion(201) and the opposite wall(101).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The proton acceptor is a substance that has a salt structure comprising an anion and a cation derived from a basic organic compound. The acidic group is sulfonic acid, sulfonylimide, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, or carboxyl group. The cation is imidazolium cation, pyridium cation, pyrrolidium cation, cation derived from alicyclic amine, or cation derived from aliphatic amine. The basic organic compound is imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, amine, or their derivative with side chain. The side chain is alkyl, ether, carbonyl, ester, or hydroxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton acceptor is a dissociation-facilitating polymer that facilitates dissociation of the proton. The dissociation-facilitating polymer is polyethylene glycol, polyethylene carbonate, polyvinyl alcohol, or polyvinylacetamide. Preferred Property: An ion exchange capacity of the acidic group-containing polymer is greater than or equal to 3 mmol/g. A freezing point of the proton acceptor is less than 0degreesC. A retention ratio of the acidic group-containing polymer and the proton acceptor in the pores, which is obtained after being immersed in water for 3 hours, is greater than or equal to 50%. The group-containing polymer and the proton acceptor occupy greater than or equal to 20% of a total volume of the pores. The porosity of the porous member is 20-95 vol.%. Preferred Concentration: About 0.1-20 mol of the proton acceptor is provided with respect to 1 mol of the acidic group-containing polymer provided that a repeating unit, which contains one acidic group, is defined to represent 1 mol of the acidic group-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer comprises a first porous catalyst layer disposed on a first side of the membrane facing the substrate. A second porous catalyst layer is disposed on the membrane on the side opposite the substrate. A polymer layer is disposed on the side of the membrane opposite the substrate. Preferred Dimension: The membrane has a thickness of 0.1-5 microns. The membrane has an area resistivity of 1-100 ohms-cm2, preferably 1-10 ohms-cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The doped silicon dioxide is phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide, and/or boron doped silicon dioxide. The catalyst comprises platinum, platinum/ruthenium, nickel, tellurium, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The doped silicon dioxide is phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide, and/or boron doped silicon dioxide. The catalyst comprises platinum, platinum/ruthenium, nickel, tellurium, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer layer is perfluorosulfonic acid/polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyphenylene sulfonic acid, and/or modified polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The glass layers are made of lithium phosphorus oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The porous cathode contains a liquid electrolyte. The electrolyte comprises two separate electrolyte layer sandwiching the anode layer. The cathode comprises two cathode layers disposed upon opposite sides of the two electrolyte layers. The solid electrolyte comprises ion conductive glass layers and ion conductive polymer layers, alternating in series. The cathode includes an electrically conductive fiber matrix material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer layers are made of polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A discharge filter is provided downstream of the compressor and upstream of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The conductive materials comprise micron conductive fiber. They further comprise conductive powder. They are metal. They are non-conductive materials with metal plating. The terminals are molded into the case of the battery charging device. They further comprise ferromagnetic loading. They further comprise a metal layer overlying the conductive loaded resin-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive materials are 20-50 wt.% of the total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery contains a non-aqueous electrolyte containing organic solvent chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and/or (gamma)-butyl lactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is alcohol, carbonate, lactone, pyrrolidone or nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polythiophene or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The humidifier has filter which is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An alkali metal ion, preferably lithium ion is doped into the matrix of solid polymer electrolyte in the amount of 5-20 mol% with respect to ether oxygen contained in polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An alkali metal ion, preferably lithium ion is doped into the matrix of solid polymer electrolyte in the amount of 5-20 mol% with respect to ether oxygen contained in polymeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The solid polymer electrolyte contains a polymeric material having polyether bond, which is a linear macromolecular material and/or a branched polymeric material, or linear and/or branched polyethylene oxide. The blend ratio of linear macromolecular material and branched polymeric material contained in the electrolyte is 95:5-60:40.Preferred Condition: The expansion ratio of solid polymer electrolyte molded product is 1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A proton exchange membrane, a polymer catalyst layer and a carbon paper-carbon cloth composite are bonded together. The proton exchange membrane is Nafion (RTM; fluorocarbon polymer). An epoxy resin or prepreg is used as boundary adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal film of reward ring, consists of alloy of element selected from gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), indium (In), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhenium (Rh), tin (Sn) or titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-type monomer with respect to total of substrate monomer and fluorine-type monomer, is 0.1-30 mass%. The content of substrate monomer with respect to total of substrate monomer and non-aqueous electrolyte, is 0.01-20 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyelectrolyte material is obtained by grafting a monomer consisting of styrene to a polymeric material having a carbon type structure, and reacting the grafted polymeric material with a sulfonating agent and an aromatic compound of formula H-A2-B-A1-H, sequentially.A1,A2,B=same as defined above.The mass ratio of the grafting monomer and the polymeric material having a carbon type structure, is 0.2 or more. The carbon structure is a fluorinated polyolefin obtained by substituting at least one portion of hydrogen of polyolefin with fluorine atom, or is a copolymer of CH2CHR (where R is hydrogen or 1-3C alkyl group) and CF2CFR (where R is fluorine or 1-3C perfluoroalkyl group). Preferred Definitions:    n=1;    A1-A3=p-phenylene;and    B=-O-.    EXAMPLE - A film of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) was washed with acetone and irradiated with gamma-rays. The obtained film was introduced into a reaction tube substituted with nitrogen, and a styrene monomer (70 g) was added. The reaction tube was maintained at 70degreesC for 2 hours. The film was washed for 3 times using methanol and dried, such that the mass ratio of styrene with respect to ETFE film was 0.33. The grafted film was immersed in a reaction solution in which 500 mg of chloro sulfonic acid was dissolved in 100 mL of ethane dichloride. Reaction was performed at 60degreesC for 1.5 hours in inert-gas atmosphere. The film was then immersed in diphenyl ether (100 mL) in which 0.5 g of iron chloride (III) was dissolved. Reaction was performed at 130degreesC for 3 hours, such that the sulfo group was introduced into the phenyl group. The obtained film was immersed into 90degreesC hot water, and hydrolysis reaction was performed for 3 hours. Using the obtained polyelectrolyte material, an electrolyte composition was prepared. The obtained material had high oxidation resistance and reduced water absorptivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of residual solvent agent in the gel film and electrolyte film are 10-40 weight% and 5 weight% or less, respectively, with respect to polymer weight.Preferred Polymer: The acidic group-containing polymer contains sulfonic acid group and has ion exchange capacity of 0.3-3.5 meq/g. The polymer has polyarylene ether type compound containing structural component of formula (1) and (2).Ar,Ar' = bivalent aromatic group;Y = sulfone or ketone; andX = H or univalent cation. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in g) (884), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (505), 4,4'-biphenol (880), potassium carbonate (752) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5771) were mixed at 150degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to obtain polymer having logarithmic viscosity of 1.39. The polymer was washed with sulfuric acid to obtain polymer having ion exchange capacity of 1.82 meq/g. The polymer was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to obtain solution having polymer concentration of 24 weight%. The obtained solution was flow spread on polyethylene terephthalate support and dried at 130degreesC for 60 minutes. The obtained gel-form film was peeled from the support and dry heat processed at 250degreesC for 13 hours to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte film. The film had residual solvent content of 1.7 weight%, ionic conductivity of 0.16 S/cm and electric power generation voltage of 0.22 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film is made of polyolefin, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene ethyl-acrylate copolymer, ionomer and ethylene ethyl-methacrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The tape is made of material containing polyolefin, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and counter electrodes are made of indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, gold, platinum, aluminum or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin-film layer comprises an electron donor group selected from a group of thiophene, ferrocene and para phenylene, a photosensitization group selected from a group of ruthenium complex, coumarin, carbazole, phthalocyanine and thiophene, and an electron accepting group such as fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and counter electrodes are made of indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, gold, platinum, aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The light sensitive catalyst material layer comprises an n-type semiconductor or p-type semiconductor. The photovoltaic device is a p-i-n device. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a wide band gap semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises titanium dioxide and/or carbon black. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a catalyst selected from platinum, nickel, iron, titanium and/or light sensitive dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises titanium dioxide and/or carbon black. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a catalyst selected from platinum, nickel, iron, titanium and/or light sensitive dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte membrane layer is a proton exchange membrane. It comprises polyimide or perfluorosulfonate ionomers. The wide band gap semiconductor comprises perfluorosulfonate ionomer emulsion binder, an electrically conductive polymer, an electron conductive polymer, and/or proton conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The covering member partially encapsulates the circuit board to allow an external terminal (50) of the circuit board to be externally exposed. The case is formed to fit an exterior of the battery cell. The case has monolithic construction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The case comprises a strong and lightweight material, preferably aluminum and/or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The covering member comprises a nylon-based resin. The battery cell has a gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket has a planar form with a top surface, a bottom surface and a side perimeter surface, such that the sensor is coupled to at least one of the top surface and the bottom surface of the gasket and protrudes in a direction planar to the top surface of the gasket. The conductor projects out from the two dielectric films at a location distal from where the sensor couples to the gasket, thus forming a connection terminal for the sensor. The gasket is configured to mount against an ion-conducting, electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conductor is composed of carbon, gold or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sensor is coupled to the gasket by an adhesive. The dielectric layer is composed of polyester, polyimide, polyetherimide, or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalytic layers comprise an oxidation catalytic layer (25) to generate the thermal energy through oxidation reaction between the fuel and air, and a reformation catalytic layer (26) to generate hydrogen gas from the fuel through reformation reaction of steam by absorption of the thermal energy. A heat-insulating layer is arranged on an inner surface of the first pipe line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of zirconium. The second pipe line is made of aluminum, copper, or iron. The oxidation catalytic layer is made of platinum or ruthenium. The reformation catalytic layer is made of copper, nickel, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of steel use stainless.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of zirconium. The second pipe line is made of aluminum, copper, or iron. The oxidation catalytic layer is made of platinum or ruthenium. The reformation catalytic layer is made of copper, nickel, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat-insulating layer is made of polybenzoimidazole, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylenesufide, or polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The polarizer includes a closed circuit forming mechanism for forming an electrochemically closed circuit between the internal electrode (6), and the fuel electrode (3) or the oxidant electrode (4). The closed circuit forming mechanism includes a mechanism for providing a complex including a solid electrolyte (5) portion and an electron conducting solid electrolyte portion arranged between the internal electrode, and the fuel electrode or the oxidant electrode. The polarizer includes a mechanism for connecting the internal electrode, and the fuel electrode or the oxidant electrode, by an electronic conductor or an electronic-conductive resistor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron conducting electrolyte portion includes a mixture that is formed into a layer, and that includes a proton conducting electrolyte, and either a graphite particle or a carbon fiber. Hydrogen is used as a fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron conducting electrolyte portion includes a mixture that is formed into a layer, and that includes a proton conducting electrolyte, and either a graphite particle or a carbon fiber. Hydrogen is used as a fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A methanol is used as the fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The internal electrode includes an electrode obtained by forming into a layer a mixture including an electrode catalyst and a proton conducting polymer electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive adhesive consists of material selected from the group comprising silver, copper and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The board is made of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), cobalt (co), rubidium (Ru), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag). The electroconductive material is made of gold (Au), platinum (Pt) or palladium. GLASS AND CERAMICS - The fuel cell has low ion dissolution inorganic oxide material made of quartz board, borosilicate type glass and alkali free glass. in
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The fluororubber is ternary polymer of vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether) or binary copolymer of vinylidene fluoride/perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether). The gasket does not contains metallic compound. EXAMPLE - Viton VTR8500 (in wt.pts) (ternary polymer rubber of vinylidene-fluoride (VDF)-tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether (PAVE)) (100), carbon black (15), calcium hydroxide (2), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(3-butyl peroxy)hexane (1.5) and triaryl isocyanurate (2.5) were mixed, cross-linked and molded to obtain sheet-type material. The obtained material had tensile strength of 12 MPa, elongation of 270% and hardness of 55 at normal state based on JIS K-6253 and JIS K-6251, and tensile strength of 11 MPa, elongation of 250%, hardness of 56, after heating at 125degreesC for 500 hours based on JIS K-6257,, and gas permeability of 5x10-8 (cm3xcm/cm2xsecondxatmosphere) based on JIS K-7126.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The solid polymer electrolyte used in the electrode composition is poly fluoro olefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Diamino compound of formula (3) is 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bis(sulfo alkoxy)biphenyl and/or 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-bis(sulfo alkoxy)biphenyl. Tertiary amine is triethylamine. Organic solvent is m-cresol. Aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride is naphthalene-1,8:4,5-4 carboxylic dianhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Polyimide resin has basic structure of formula (2).Ar1,Ar2=same as defined above;andI1,I2=carbon number of sulfo alkoxyl group, and is 1-20, preferably 3 or 4.Preferred Property: Polyimide resin has mean molecular weight of 5000 or more. Preferred Process: The polyimide resin is modified by heating the polyimide resin at 150degreesC or more, and improving physical characteristics of the polyimide resin after the polymerization process. Preferred Composition: The mixing amount of diamino compound and 4,4'-(9-fluorenylidene) dianiline is less than 95/5 and greater than 30/70. Preferred Definitions:    ratio of n and m=less than 95/5 and greater than 30/70.    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-diamino-3,3'-bis(sulfo butoxy)biphenyl (in g) (0.683) synthesized from 3,3'-dihydroxy benzidine, 4,4'-(9-fluorenylidene) dianiline (0.207), triethylamine (0.38 mL) and m-cresol (7.5 mL) were added, heated at 140degreesC for 10 minutes under nitrogen stream, and stirred to obtain transparent homogeneous solution. Naphthalene-1,8:4,5-4 carboxylic dianhydride (0.536), benzoic acid (1) and m-cresol (15 mL) were added to obtained solution, to obtain dark reddish-brown reaction solution. The obtained reaction solution was heated, stirred and polymerized to obtain dark reddish-brown solution of viscous polyimide copolymer. An electrolyte film was formed using the polyimide copolymer. The electrolyte film had favorable oxidation resistance, hydrolysability-proof property, proton conductivity and mechanical strength. Fuel cell with the electrolyte film, had high performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible substrate may be of copper sheet or be non-metallic of a PCB (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane electrode assembly may be a stratified lamination of a proton exchange membrane, a polymer catalyst layer and a carbon paper/carbon tissue (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The positive electrode is a composite chosen from LiFePO4, V2O5, LiV3O8, MnO2, V6O13 and TiS2 (claimed). The negative electrode is at least one lithium insertion compound chosen from carbon or an oxide of titanium and lithium (claimed). The lithium salt is chosen from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiAsF6, LiPF4, LiR_FSO3, LiCH3SO3, LiN(R_FSO2)2, LiN(R_FSO2)3, with R_F being chosen from a fluorine atom and a perfluoroalkyle group containing between 1 and 8 atoms of carbon (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for the shell halves of the proposed storage unit include foams such as polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene, amino plastics and PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The formation of battery enabled flexible circuit further comprises forming a conductive layer on the first insulating layer for providing first and second conductive paths; and forming vias in the second insulating layer, the vias being in electrical contact with the first or second terminal. Forming the conductive layer further comprises forming a conductive layer (466) including copper or a copper alloy. Positioning the battery further comprises forming the battery on the first insulating layer using a lamination process or a semiconductor fabrication process. It further comprises removing a portion of the first insulating layer for embedding the battery. Forming the first and second insulating layers further comprises using sputter deposition of a polyimide material.Preferred Materials: The first and second insulating layers are resilient materials, preferably fiberglass or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Neither of the inner layer nor the outer layer contains a plasticizer. The outer layer material contains a compatibilizer.Preferred Composition: A blending ratio of the polyolefin resin to the styrene-isobutylene block copolymer in the inner layer material is 20/80 - 80/20. A blending ratio of the polyamide resin to the styrene-isobutylene block copolymer in the outer layer material is 20/80 - 90/10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is titanium oxide, chromium, or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is titanium oxide, chromium, or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mechanism includes supporting substrate. The mixture of two phenolic resins has dissimilar weight average molecular weights. The first phenolic resin is 1-99 wt.%. The second phenolic resin is 99-1 wt.%. The charge transport layer is hole transport layer. The imaging mechanism is made in the following sequence of supporting substrate, hole blocking layer, optional adhesive layer, photogenerating layer, and charge transport layer. The adhesive layer is made of polyester with molecular weight of 45000-75000, and average molecular weight of 30000-40000. The photogenerating layer is made of photogenerating pigment or photogenerating pigments dispersed in resinous binder. The pigment(s) are present at 5-95 wt.%. The resinous binder is vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, polyesters, polyvinyl butyrals, polycarbonates, polystyrene-b-polyvinyl pyridine, or polyvinyl formals. The charge transport layer comprises aryl amines of structure (I).X = alkyl or halogen.The metal oxide is chromium oxide. The blocking layer is provided on aluminum drum followed by heat curing the mechanism is at 135-185 degrees C.Preferred Properties: One phenolic resin possesses lower weight average molecular weight than second phenolic resins. The lower is 1000-10000. The weight average molecular weight of the low molecular weight phenolic resin is 500-2000. The hole blocking layer is 0.01-30, preferably 0.1-8 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing agent is preferably ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of reactive monomer in the matrix polymer is 3-30 mass% with respect to total amount of the substrate monomer and reactive monomer. The amount of substrate monomer in the matrix polymer is 0.1-20 mass% with respect to total amount of the substrate monomer and reactive monomer. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at volume ratio of 2:8. Non-aqueous electrolyte formed by mixing lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) as lithium salt at ratio of 1 mol/L, and 2-propenoic acid (alpha),(omega)-poly(oxy-2,1-ethanediyl) ester mixed at mass ratio of 95:5 was added to the obtained solution, and stirred, to obtain gel polymer electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte had favorable mechanical strength and durability. A lithium secondary battery comprising an anode, a cathode, a separator and the gel polymer electrolyte, was formed. The lithium secondary battery had favorable battery characteristics, and low-temperature discharge characteristics. Degradation of battery performance by hydrogen fluoride was prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of residual solvent agent in the gel-form film is 10-40 wt.%, and the content of residual solvent agent in the gel-form film after water-wash and drying process is 5 wt.% or less, with respect to weight of polymer.Preferred Polymer: The acidic group-containing polymer contains a sulfonic acid group, and has ion exchange capacity of 0.3-3.5 meq/g. The acidic group-containing polymer consists of a polyarylene ether type compound having structural units of formulae (1,2).Ar,Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y=sulfone or ketone group;andX=H or univalent cation. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Di-sulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in g) (778), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (553), 4,4'-biphenol (893), potassium carbonate (762) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5621) were reacted at 150degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. Then, temperature was raised 200degreesC and maintained at same temperature for 6 hours. The polymer obtained was washed with water, dried and polymer having logarithmic viscosity of 1.33 was obtained. The polymer was subjected to sulfonate processing with 95% sulfuric acid at 60degreesC. Then, the polymer was washed with water, dried and polymer having ion exchange capacity of 1.61 meq/g was obtained. The polymer was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (solvent) and resin solution was obtained. The resin solution was flow-spread on a polyethylene terephthalate film (support), dried at 140degreesC for 30 minutes, and the film formed was peeled from the support to obtain solid polymer electrolyte film having excellent heat resisting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyelectrolyte material has structure of formula: -(CHX-CR1Y)n-Z-(SiR2R3-O)m-.R1-R3=H or 1-4C alkyl;X=H or carboxy group;Y=carboxy, phenyl, cyano or hydrolysable silyl group and at least one of X, Y or R1 is substituted by proton conductive group;Z=-SiR2R3-O- or -CONH-;andm,n=positive integer.The electrolyte material further contains another polyelectrolyte material (M) comprising another vinyl monomer having proton conductive group, and proton conductive perfluoro type polymer electrolyte material. Alternately, the electrolyte composition contains polymeric material instead of polyelectrolyte material. The polymeric material does not contain proton conductive group. EXAMPLE - Styrene sulfonic acid in a reaction tank was heated and maintained at 70degreesC. A solution which dissolved VPS1001 (polydimethyl siloxane azo initiator) (5 g) in toluene (15 ml) was added and maintained at 70degreesC for 4 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature and dropped into methanol. The produced block copolymer was precipitated, filtered and dried to form polystyrene sulfonic acid-dimethyl polysiloxane block copolymer having ion exchange capacity of 2.93 meq/g and weight average molecular weight of 17000. Obtained block copolymer (500 g) was mixed with platinum carrying carbon (100 g) to form composition. The obtained composition was coated to carbon paper base material and dried to form electrode layer. A fuel battery cell was formed using the obtained electrode. The fuel battery cell had excellent electric potential output even in high current density region. The diffusibility of air to the cathode side was reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is sodium metal, sodium powder, sodium alloy, sodium compound, and carbon comprising sodium ion and sodium metal oxide. (III) is active sulfur, organic sulfur, organic sulfur compound and sulfur compound such as nickel sulfide, iron sulfide or lead sulfide. The sodium salt is sodium nitrate, sodium trifluorometasulfonate or sodium trimetasulfonate amide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is sodium metal, sodium powder, sodium alloy, sodium compound, and carbon comprising sodium ion and sodium metal oxide. (III) is active sulfur, organic sulfur, organic sulfur compound and sulfur compound such as nickel sulfide, iron sulfide or lead sulfide. The sodium salt is sodium nitrate, sodium trifluorometasulfonate or sodium trimetasulfonate amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The hydrogen permselective barrier layer comprises palladium or tantalum foil coated with palladium. The hydrogen permselective barrier comprises catalyst and a polymer electrolyte. The catalyzed fuel oxidation electrode comprises gas diffusion backing and a platinum-ruthenium oxide layer comprising polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The polymer membrane is formed by forming polyimide precursors by dissolving diisocyanate powder and dianhydride in dimethyl acetyl amide (DMAc) solvent, mixing CNT powder with the polyimide precursors, coating the polyimide precursors that comprise the CNT onto the second electrode, and heating the coated polyimide precursors causing carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released from the polyimide precursors and causing the CNT to penetrate into the pores where the CO2 has been released. The step of forming the polyimide precursors is performed at 0degreesC under a pressure of 2-3 atmospheres. The heating of the coated polyimide precursors is performed under 1 atmosphere. Preferred Parameter: The polymer membrane is 10-500 nm thick. Preferred Component: The solar cell unit includes an optical activation material for emitting electrons when excited by sunlight and arranged on the optical catalyst; and an electrolyte for transferring electrons arranged adjacent to the optical activation material. The second substrate of the solar cell unit is separated by a predetermined distance from the polymer membrane. The electrolyte is arranged in a space between the second substrate and the polymer membrane. The solar cell integrated display device includes a first variable resistor connected to the first electrode; and a second variable resistor connected to the second electrode. The variable resistors control a voltage and a current applied to the display device unit from the third electrode. Both the display device unit and the solar cell unit are designed to operate simultaneously.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical catalyst comprises an oxide of the titanium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical catalyst comprises an oxide of the titanium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The composite core is formed in a teardrop shape. The rim has an outside diameter to inside diameter ratio of approximately 2:1. The composite core comprises carbon fiber filaments bound in an epoxy matrix. The composite flywheel rim further comprises a second layer of continuous composite filament wound in a continuous filament spiral-wound pattern around the first layer of continuous composite filament. The second continuous filament spiral-wound pattern is applied in a counter-rotating direction to the first continuous filament spiral-wound pattern. The composite further comprises a third carbon filament layer wrapped around the second carbon filament layer. The third carbon filament layer is wrapped around the second carbon filament layer in sequential planes radial to the vertical axis of the composite flywheel rim. The composite rim comprises closely spaced closed circuit embedded conductive coils. The conductive coils are wrapped around the composite core and the composite flywheel rim further comprises a second composite core disposed around the conductive core, where the first layer of continuous composite filament is wound around both the composite core and the second composite core.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The gel electrolyte further contains a non-water soluble heterocyclic nitrogen compound whose amount is less than 50 mass% with respect to matrix polymer. Preferred Compounds: The heterocyclic nitrogen compound is chosen from (benz)imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrrole, purine, phthalocyanine and/or porphyrine. EXAMPLE - Polyparabanic acid derivative prepared using diphenylmethane diisocyanate, was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone to form 10 wt.% solution. The formed solution was applied on a glass plate, pre-dried at 60degreesC and dried at 150degreesC for 15 minutes, to form a coating film. The film coated glass plate was immersed in water. The swollen film was stripped off and dried at 60degreesC and 0.1 torr. A polymer film having thickness of 30 microns was produced. The film was then immersed in 85% phosphoric acid at room temperature, and a gel electrolyte was produced. The gel electrolyte was found to have swelling rate of 124% and proton conductivity of 0.11 mS/cm. Fuel cell formed using the gel electrolyte was found to have high current density and output with low internal resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery terminal connector further comprises insulator; spindle arising from insulator; and clamping nut rotatably connectable onto the spindle, where the insulator permits the clamping nut to be handled by the individual changing the fuse with a lowered risk of shock. The spindle and insulator are integrally secured to a bracket (32). The bracket is made of an insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating material is a polymer which is polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid electrolyte is lanthanum gallate-type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid electrolyte is lanthanum gallate-type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrode porous sheet is obtained using an aqueous binder. The solid electrolyte sheet is obtained using an organic-type binder. The aqueous binder is cellulose-type aqueous binder or polyvinyl-type aqueous binder. The organic-type binder is polyvinyl-type organic binder or acrylic-type organic binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The packing for the blades of the louvers is made of rubber selected from chloroprene rubber and fluororubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, hydrogen occlusion alloy, and/or their hydrides. The metal hydrogen complex is a boron-hydride complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, hydrogen occlusion alloy, and/or their hydrides. The metal hydrogen complex is a boron-hydride complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The pore-making material is polysaccharide or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The bag is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The condensing agent is a zerovalent transition metal complex of zerovalent nickel complex and zerovalent palladium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The condensing agent is a zerovalent transition metal complex of zerovalent nickel complex and zerovalent palladium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Polymerization is performed in presence of 2,2'-bipyridyl.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound has number average molecular weight of 5x104 and ion exchange capacity of 0.8 meq/g or more. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The zerovalent nickel complex is bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (O).    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-bipyridyl (in g) (6.23), 2,5-dichlorobenzene sulfonic acid potassium (3.84) and dimethyl sulfoxide (70 ml) were mixed in a flask at 80degreesC. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (0) (9.97) was added at the same temperature and heat retention stirring was performed for 5 hours. The reaction liquid was poured into excess methanol after cooling to room temperature. The obtained black polymer was washed in HCl aqueous solution. The obtained polymer was dialyzed and salts were removed. Polyparaphenylene sulfonic acid (1.19) was obtained by distillating under reduced pressure. The obtained polymer had favorable solvent-proof property, film forming property, without formation of crack and weight reduction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The vapor transmission element comprises an elongated tube and the cavity is a lumen of the tube. The opening is configured to reduce flow of non-gaseous fuel through the opening.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel comprises a gel or a liquid e.g. an alcohol (preferably methanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The actuator decreases or increases the flow comprising a flow of fuel to the fuel cell or a flow of water to the fuel cell. It is actuated in response to heat generated by the fuel cell. A first material is expanded in response to a fuel concentration of the fuel mixture.Preferred Component: The electrical property comprises resistance, impedance, and/or conductance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The actuator comprises a shape memory material, alloy, and/or bimetal material. The bimetal material comprises nickel and/or titanium alloy. The first material comprises Nafion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent resin film is a polyethylene-terephthalate film or a polyethylene naphthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The electrochemical device has a protective film consisting of a proton conductor, provided between the intermediate film and pair of electrodes. The protective film is different from the intermediate film. The electrochemical device is a fuel cell having a fuel electrode and an oxygen electrode arranged opposite to each other, through the electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cross-linking agent has a sulfonic acid group as proton dissociation group, and contains two or more carbonyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The raw material film contains polyvinyl alcohol. The electrolyte film contains a cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol formed by reacting polyvinyl alcohol and cross-linking agent. The electrolyte film is an intermediate film containing the cross-linkable polymer compound. EXAMPLE - Raw material film having thickness of 60 microns, was prepared using distilled water (in g) (45) and polyvinyl alcohol (5) having weight average molecular weight of 85000-146000. The raw material film was interposed between fuel electrode and oxygen electrode, each formed using platinum (catalyst) and perfluoro carbon polymer having sulfonic acid group. The raw material film and electrodes are joined by thermocompression bonding at 100 degrees C for 5 minutes, to obtain a conjugant. The conjugant was immersed in a mixed aqueous solution of sulfo succinic acid (cross-linking agent) and hydrochloric acid, and polyvinyl alcohol of raw material film was cross-linked at 40 degrees C for 30 minutes, to obtain an electrolyte film. Thus, a fuel cell was obtained. The fuel cell had open circuit voltage of 0.85 V, favorable press sticking property and proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrode active material comprises composition of copolymer of maleic acid and styrene, and fluorine resin which is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The non-fluorine group binder is a mixture of styrene-butadiene group rubber and cellulose-type compound. The fluorine group binder is polyvinylidene-fluoride group substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used for manufacture of ionic conduction film is N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The copolymer of polybenzimidazole group compound preferably has structural units of formulae (3) and (4).m=1-4;Ar=bivalent aromatic bonding unit which forms a polymer chain;Z=direct bond, -O-, -SO2-, -S-, -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2- and/or -OPhO-;andPh=bivalent aromatic bonding unit. EXAMPLE - 3,3',4,4'-tetra aminobiphenyl sulfone (in g) (1.83), 2,5-dicarboxy benzene sulfonic acid monosodium (0.529), 3,5-dicarboxyl phenyl phosphonic acid (1.133), polyphosphoric acid (24.98) and phosphorus pentoxide (20.02) were mixed in a polymerization container. Nitrogen was poured and temperature was raised to 100degreesC. Further, the temperature was raised to 200degreesC and polymerization was performed for 5 hours. The solution was cooled. The polymer was removed, washed and dried to form acidic group containing polybenzimidazole polymer. The obtained polymer had logarithmic viscosity of 1.15. Polymer (1) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (10). The solution was cast on a glass panel and dried. The obtained film was processed with boiling water and dilute sulfuric acid for 1 hour and salt was removed. Further, the acid component was removed using boiling water. The film had ionic conductivity of 0.0055 S/cm and methanol transmission rate of 1.7 mmol/m2.second. The film was immersed in 100degreesC hot water for 1 hour. The film had strength of 63 MPa and elasticity of 4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid electrolyte contains tetraethylammonium tetrafluoro borate, ethylmethyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate, propylene carbonate    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid electrolyte contains tetraethylammonium tetrafluoro borate, ethylmethyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate, propylene carbonate
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealant further contains hydrophobic silica or titania filler (in wt.pts) (30 or less), epoxy acrylate (40 or less) and organic peroxide (5 or less) with respect to polyester type resin (100). EXAMPLE - Vylon 500 (polyester type resin) (in wt.pts) (100) and Aerosil R976s (10) were mixed, to obtain a sealant. The obtained sealant had storage elastic modulus of 7.96x106 at 20degreesC and 3.28x105 at 60degreesC and excellent sealing capability and adhesivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The pigmented dielectric back reflective white media further comprises a medium, and pigments dispersed in the medium in the range of 10-100 vol.% and where the diameter of the pigments is 0.2-2 microns.Preferred Property: The ratio of refractive indices of the pigment to the medium is 1.4-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pigmented dielectric back reflective white media comprises a white paint, a white foil, or an ethyl-vinyl-acetate foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The amine cross-linking agent comprises amine compounds chosen from secondary amine and polyamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vinylidene-fluoride group polymer cross-linked material is obtained by cross-linking a vinylidene-fluoride group polymer using an amine cross-linking agent. EXAMPLE - Kynar2501 (vinylidene-fluoride hexafluoro propylene) (in g) (3) was dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone (17). Then, diethyl amine (50 mg) was added and reacted at 100degreesC for 2 hours. Iodine (230 mg) and lithium iodide (1.2) were added and heat-dissolved in obtained reaction liquid, after cooling to room temperature. Further, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine (50 mg) was added and the whole setup was left undisturbed at room temperature for 1 evening. The resulting solution was cured and gel electrolyte was obtained. The gel electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 3x10-3 S/cm at room temperature and favorable heat resisting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pore-making material is polymeric material selected from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, cellulose, starch, gelatin, wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide in the film is peroxo form of titanium. The solid content of the titanium oxide is 0.09-40 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide in the film is peroxo form of titanium. The solid content of the titanium oxide is 0.09-40 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin is dispersed with a particle size of 100 nm or less. The solid content of the water dispersion is 0.1-50 mass% and that of resin is 0.01-45 mass%. The resin is electrodeposited on a material having holes of 200 nm, by anion electrodeposition. EXAMPLE - Acrylic resin (in wt.pts) (24.5) having solid content of 57%, weight average molecular weight of 60000, acid value of 25 and hydroxyl value of 130, was dissolved in propylene glycol mono n-propyl ether. Hexyl alcohol (0.64) and 50% propylene glycol mono n-propyl ether solution of blocked isocyanate (4) formed by blocking isophorone diisocyanate by methyl ethyl ketone oxime, was added into the reaction mixture. Triethylamine (0.69) and deionized water (70.46) were then added and stirred to form resin having particle size of 20 nm. The formed resin was mixed with PTA 170 peroxo titanic acid aqueous solution in the mass ratio of 67/33 to form a water dispersion. The water dispersion was applied on a glass substrate with indium tin oxide (ITO) and electrodeposition was carried out for 25 seconds at 20 V, using platinum as cathode and the glass substrate as anode. An electrodeposition film formed was dried at room temperature for 1 day, heated to 150degreesC for 1 hour to remove moisture content and baked at 460degreesC for 1 hour. A transparent titanium oxide film having thickness of 2.7 microns, was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode contains lithium cobalt oxide and anode contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode contains lithium cobalt oxide and anode contains graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The jacket includes adhesive layer containing polypropylene, metal layer containing aluminum and surface-protecting layer containing nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. The unit cell comprises polymer electrolyte obtained from copolymerization of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropolypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide absorbing/desorbing element is selected from the oxides of zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), alkali or alkaline earth metals, such as cesium oxide (CeO2), complex oxide of cesium, yttrium, zirconium and rare earth metals such as CeO2, CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3, CeO2-ZrO2-rare earth oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide absorbing/desorbing element is selected from the oxides of zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), alkali or alkaline earth metals, such as cesium oxide (CeO2), complex oxide of cesium, yttrium, zirconium and rare earth metals such as CeO2, CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3, CeO2-ZrO2-rare earth oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A first series of lands (30, 34) is formed in the plate, where the first diffusion media is in direct contact with the first series of lands. A second series of flow channels (28, 32) is formed in a second surface of the plate. A second diffusion medium is disposed between a second PEM and the plate and in direct contact with the second surface. A second sealing layer is provided that secures the direct contact between the first diffusion media and the plate and that seals the second surface. A second series of lands is formed in the plate, where the second diffusion media is in direct contact with the second series of lands. The plate is a bipolar plate (36), where the first series of flow channels facilitate a cathode feed gas flow and the second series of flow channels facilitate an anode feed gas flow. The plate includes cooling channels. Preferred Method: A poor conducting layer is removed from the cathode surface prior to the step of applying the first adhesive layer. A second adhesive layer is applied to an anode surface of an anode plate (24) in a non-cured state. A second diffusion media is pressed into contact with the anode surface while the second adhesive layer is in the non-cured state. The second adhesive layer is cured into a cured state to secure contact between the second diffusion media and the anode surface and to seal the anode surface from contact with an anode feed gas. A poor conducting layer is removed from the anode surface prior to the step of applying the second adhesive layer    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Each sealing layer and adhesive layer is an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The step of molding comprises injecting the conductive loaded, resin-based material into a mold; curing the conductive loaded, resin-based material; and removing the conductive fuel cell plate from the mold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: The conductive materials is 20-50 wt.% and comprise micron conductive fiber, or conductive powder. They are metal or non-conductive materials with metal plating. The conductive materials are nickel-plated carbon micron fiber, stainless steel micron fiber, copper micron fiber, and/or silver micron fiber. The conductive powder is nickel, copper, or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The base resin is a thermoset material or a thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer of fuel cell contains a solid polymer electrolyte and an electrode catalyst in which catalyst is supported on carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer of fuel cell contains a solid polymer electrolyte and an electrode catalyst in which catalyst is supported on carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorine atom-containing polymer is polytetrafluoro ethylene and tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water repellent layer contains polymeric material whose contact angle is 80 degrees or more. The polymeric material is comprised from fluorine resin, a silicone-containing resin, or a paraffin type-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Chain macromolecule is polybenzimidazole or its derivative. The cross-linkable polymer is fluorine-type polymer. The amount of fluorine-type polymer with respect to sum of chain macromolecule and fluorine-type polymer is 10-40 mass%. EXAMPLE - Polybenzimidazole was dissolved in dimethyl acetamide. Fluorine-type polymer was separately dissolved in dimethyl acetamide. Polybenzimidazole solution and polymer solution were mixed. The obtained solution was coated on a glass plate and dried at 50degreesC and further at 150degreesC. The coating film was immersed in water. The swollen film was stripped off. The film was immersed in 1N sulfuric acid at 60degreesC for 24 hours. The film was dried and washed to form mixed resin sheet. The mixed resin sheet was irradiated with electron beam and immersed to 85% phosphoric acid preheated at 40degreesC. The sheet was cooled and wiped to form gel electrolyte. The swelling rate of the film with respect to phosphoric acid was 400%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulator is a polyethylene terephthalate or a polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material (A) is granular graphite and/or carbon nanotubes. The inorganic component (B) is metal oxide which is preferably semiconductor or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material (A) is granular graphite and/or carbon nanotubes. The inorganic component (B) is metal oxide which is preferably semiconductor or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder component (C) is conductive polymer, preferably polythiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (C) has a double bond between phosphorus and nitrogen, and is preferably phosphazene compound.Preferred Solvent: The aprotic organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or methyl formate. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate (in volume%) (50) having boiling point of 238degreesC, diethyl carbonate (40) having boiling point of 127degreesC, and phosphazene compound (5) of formula: (NPR42)n (R4=methoxy group and n=3) having boiling point of 230degreesC and viscosity of 3.9 mPa.s at 25degreesC were blended, to obtain a mixed solution. Cyclic phosphazene compound (5) of formula: (NPR42)n (R4=ethoxy group and n=3) having viscosity of 1.2 mPa.s at 25degreesC and boiling point of 125degreesC was further added. Lithium hexa fluorophosphate (0.4 g) as supporting electrolyte, polyethylene oxide (3.6 g) having weight average molecular weight of 5-6 million, and acetonitrile (volatile solvent) (10 ml) were added and stirred at 80degreesC to obtain polyethylene oxide sol. The obtained sol was heated at 40degreesC under vacuum, acetonitrile was volatized, and the remaining was dried. The resulting mixed solution (1 ml) was impregnated and swollen to obtain gel-form polymer battery electrolyte having favorable ignition quality. The battery using the obtained electrolyte had excellent safety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is greater than or equal to95% water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is greater than or equal to95% water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous component is acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethyl ether or 1,2 dimethoxy ethane. The first solvent further comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid content the polymer solution is 1-10 wt.%.Preferred Component: The polymer solution comprises a polymer of structure (I).Preferred Method: The non-aqueous component is removed from the first solution by heating or distillation. EXAMPLE - Ionomer (0.25 g) was dissolved in a mixture of water (3 ml) and acetone (7 ml) to form a homogeneous non-viscous solution. Careful evaporation of acetone under vacuum at room temperature gave an aqueous ionomer solution, stable for greater than or equal to1 month at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The resin concentration through the thickness of the sheet is non-uniform, varies in a linear or non-linear fashion.Preferred Component: Molded structures are formed in the surface, having improved molding characteristics.Preferred Process: Resin impregnation is effected by applying the resin to one of the major surfaces of the sheet, and drawing a vacuum from the other major surface of the sheet to draw resin into the sheet. It is effected by passing the sheet through a resin-impregnation zone at a certain speed. Resin impregnation is effected by applying the resin to one of the major surfaces of the sheet, and drawing a vacuum from the other major surface of the sheet to draw resin into the sheet. Providing a nonuniform resin concentration across one of the dimensions of the sheet is achieved, by varying a resin-impregnation variable consisting of resin concentration, first density, speed at which the sheet passes through the resin-impregnation zone, and/or impregnation vacuum level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is LiPF6, LiC1O4, LiAsF6, LiBF4, or LiSCN.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is included in an amount of 0.1-20 wt.% based on the amount of the overall polymer electrolyte composition. Preferred Component: The organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, ethylmethylcarbonate, tetrahydrofuran, sulforan, and/or 2-methylhydrofuran. The lithium salt is LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, or LiC(CF3SO2)3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is LiPF6, LiC1O4, LiAsF6, LiBF4, or LiSCN.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte composition further comprises an additive comprising polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), and/or polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA). The additive is included in an amount of 0.1-10 wt.%. Preferred Property: The PEGDA is an oligomer having a weight-average molecular weight of 200-10000, and the number of ethylene oxides contained in the oligomer is 3-20. EXAMPLE - LiPF6 as a lithium salt was dissolved in a concentration of 1.15 M in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (volume ratio=3/3/4) to obtain a mixed solution. To 100 g obtained mixed solution, there were added 4 g bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate of formula (2), 3 g 3-chloroanisole, and 0.1 g benzoylperoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell comprises an electrically conductive path extending through the fuel cell to provide continuity from the active element, through the spacers and the first and second gas-impermeable elements. The electrically conductive path comprises electrically conductive filler disposed in a via formed through the first gas-impermeable element. The fuel cell has second spacers disposed in the second manifold. It has a frame interposed between the first and second gas-impermeable elements. There is a header formed in the frame and in fluid communication with the first or second manifold. The fuel cell has set of runners formed in the frame between the header and the first or second manifold. Each spacer comprises a disk with the orifice formed at its center. The fuel cell has membrane electrode assembly (14,16) having negative face, and planar flow field between planar manifold and membrane electrode assembly. The planar flow field comprises flow-interfering medium (26-32). Preferred Methods: The manufacture of separator plate comprises superposing a diffusion medium over the first array of spacers such that the second manifold is defined between the first film sheet and the diffusion medium sheet. It comprises forming an electrical connection between the first and second array of spacers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first and second separator sheets comprise polyimide films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat collector can be mounted on polyurethane foam pads for insulation purposes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler contains alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler contains alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The non-woven fabric contains polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide and/or polyethylene terephthalate. The binder contains acrylonitrile group polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover sheet is made of plastic such as PMMA, PC, PET-G, silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte further comprises lithium salts. The electroactive sulfur-containing material comprises elemental sulfur. The anode comprises lithium metal.Preferred Parameters: The termination voltage is 2.4-2.6 (preferably 2.5) volts. The charge is terminated when the charge current density is less than 0.012 mA/cm2. The electrolyte comprises 0.1-2 (preferably 0.1-0.5) m N-O additives, and 0.2-2 m lithium salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The N-O additives are inorganic nitrates, organic nitrates, inorganic nitrites, or organic nitro compounds. The inorganic nitrate is lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate, cesium nitrate, barium nitrate, or ammonium nitrate. The inorganic nitrite is lithium nitrite, potassium nitrite, cesium nitrite, or ammonium nitrite. The lithium salts are LiSCN, LiCF3SO3, and LiN(CF3SO2)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The N-O additives are inorganic nitrates, organic nitrates, inorganic nitrites, or organic nitro compounds. The inorganic nitrate is lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate, cesium nitrate, barium nitrate, or ammonium nitrate. The inorganic nitrite is lithium nitrite, potassium nitrite, cesium nitrite, or ammonium nitrite. The lithium salts are LiSCN, LiCF3SO3, and LiN(CF3SO2)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic nitro compound is nitromethane, nitropropane, nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, nitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, or nitropyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The solar cell further has a back sheet (4) for protecting the solar cell film and resin. The resin adheres the back sheet on the solar cell film substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contains an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer. The gel fraction of the resin during cross-linking is preferably 49.1% or more. Preferred Process: The contact and cross-linking processes are performed in a state in which the solar cell film substrate and the resin are pressed. The resin is laminated to the substrate using a lamination apparatus, and the heating and cross-linking of the resin are also carried out using the lamination apparatus. The temperature of the cross-linking process is higher than that of the contact process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate, reinforcing materials and cover are selected from thermoplastics from a group containing polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene napthalate (PEN), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The impact absorbing material is a gel-form resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The film is exposed to intense light while still dissolved in a solvent or at a temperature above the glass point of the polymer. The process further comprises orienting molecules in the film in substantially uniform alignment by drawing the film, tensioning the film, or frictional contact with the film. The film is applied to a conductive substrate prior to exposing the film to the intense light under the electric field to orient the acceptor molecules. The substrate is applied to a foil substrate. The film is applied by dipping or vapor deposition.Preferred Polymer: The photoconductive polymer is blended with a non-conductive polymer. The photoconductive polymer film is elongated with the molecules oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis. The elongated film has an adhesive backing to allow the elongated film to adhere to a substrate. The film serves as a coating over a conductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acceptor molecules are fullerene molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The foil substrate is aluminum foil. The substrate is a conductive thread, conductive wire or conductive fiber. It is disclosed that the acceptor molecules may be fibrous titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel consists of alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, hydrocarbon, hydrazine or ammonia aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is a reaction product of an absorber, a thickener, a sol formation agent, a gel formation agent, or a polymer with carboxyl group, polymer with sulfone group, or polymer of network structure, comprising reaction substance of strontium chloride and calcium acetate, or polyacrylic acid. The microcapsules of fuel are formed by encapsulating the fuel using calcium chloride and alginic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A is indium (In), gallium (Ga) or aluminium (Al); and B is sulphur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te). The rear contact is made of titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A is indium (In), gallium (Ga) or aluminium (Al); and B is sulphur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te). The rear contact is made of titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is flexible and preferably made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The inorganic fine powder is silica fine powder produced by dry process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The inorganic fine powder is silica fine powder produced by dry process. EXAMPLE - Silica fine powder (in wt.%) (20) having dispersion average particle diameter of 0.25 microns, 95 volume% dispersion accumulation particle size of 0.45 microns, 5 volume% dispersion accumulation particle size of 0.15 microns, dispersion accumulation particle size ratio of 3.0, oil absorption amount of 240 ml/100 g and primary particle size of 12 nm, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (19.2) having intrinsic viscosity of 7.0 dl/g, high density polyethylene (12.8) having intrinsic viscosity of 2.8 dl/g and dioctyl phthalate (48) were mixed and granulated. The granules were molded into a sheet of thickness 90 microns. Dioctyl phthalate was removed from the sheet using methylene chloride and fine silica powder was removed using sodium hydroxide and fine porous film was formed. Two porous films were accumulated, drawn by 4.5 times vertically by heating at 110degreesC and drawn by 2 times horizontally by heating at 130degreesC. The obtained film had thickness of 18 microns, porosity of 46%, air permeability of 100 seconds/100 cc measured according to JIS P-8117, puncture strength of 4.8 N, maximum pore size of 0.134 microns measured according to ASTME-128-61 by bubble point method, average pore size of 0.098 microns measured according to ASTMF-316-86 and hole length ratio of 1.37. A separator produced using the film had electrical resistance of 0.9 Omega.cm2, temperature between shutdown at 2.5degreesC and withstand voltage of 1.36 KV. The battery assembled using the separator had favorable cycle characteristics and withstand voltage at 1.26 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A coating on at least one surface of the condenser comprises a fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent board is a synthetic resin made of polycarbonate (PS), acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES), acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene rubber (ABS) etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon alkoxide having glycidoxy alkyl group is at least one type of alkoxide selected from glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane and glycidoxy propyl triethoxysilane. The raw material mixture further contains a trifunctional silicon alkoxide and/or a tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide, preferably tetramethoxysilane and/or tetra-ethoxysilane. The phosphoric acid compound is trimethyl phosphate, phosphoric acid triethyl and/or polyphosphoric acid. The raw material mixture further contains tungstophosphoric acid, ammonium perchlorate, ammonium peroxodisulfate and/or ammonium nitrate.Preferred Material: The composite material further contains silica. 10-50 wt.% of the organic phase is present in the composite material, with respect to the inorganic matrix phase. EXAMPLE - Glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane, polyphosphoric acid, ethanol and water were mixed at a molar ratio 0.818:0.182:10:4. A silicon source and phosphoric acid source were added to the obtained mixture. Polyethylene glycol (20 wt.%) of molecular weight 1000 was added. Stirring was performed at 80degreesC, to obtain a transparent and homogeneous sol. The obtained sol was gelatinized at 40degreesC and baked at 100degreesC for 6 hours, to obtain a homogeneous film. The proton conductivity of the obtained film was evaluated at 60degreesC, 80degreesC, 100degreesC and 120degreesC, and found to be 9.27x10-6, 4.64x10-6, 3.06x10-6 and 3.18x10-7, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polysulfonato alkoxy phenylene oxide is given by formula (1).R=H, methyl or 3C alkyl;l=3 or 4;andm,n=100-100000.The polysulfonato alkoxy phenylene oxide is manufactured by carrying out oxidation polymerization of sulfonato alkoxy phenol. The sulfonato alkoxy phenol is obtained by reacting catechol such as 3-methyl catechol, and alkane sultone such as 1,3-propane sultone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The active substance is catalyst chosen from metal containing platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The active substance is catalyst chosen from metal containing platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is organic liquid having boiling point of 100-300degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Precursor: The fluoro polymer precursor is powder, dispersion, solution or filmy molding. The precursor is obtained by polymerizing perhalo vinyl ether derivative and another copolymerizable monomer. Preferred Conditions: The fluoro polymer precursor is heat processed at 120-200degreesC in presence of water or organic solvent having affinity with water. EXAMPLE - Perhalo vinyl ether derivative (in g) (100) of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF2SO2F was charged in an autoclave containing water (1170) and aqueous solution of carboxyl amine of formula: C7F15COONH4. Tetrafluoro ethylene gas was introduced into the autoclave and ammonium per sulfate (0.5) aqueous solution was poured. The contents were polymerized and the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Aqueous dispersion of fluoro polymer precursor (2450) was obtained. The aqueous dispersion was coagulated with nitric acid, water washed and dried at 90degreesC for 24 hours and further at 120degreesC for 12 hours to obtain fluoro polymer (400). The fluoro polymer powder was immersed in 20 mass% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and the fluoro sulfonyl group was hydrolyzed. The powder was separated, washed with water and heat processed at 300degreesC. The fluoro polymer powder was film-formed at 270degreesC to obtain film with thickness of 50 microns. The produced film had favorable stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal catalyst is an imperial chemical industrial catalyst; and comprises Mg (5 - 15 wt.%) as a metal preventing carbon deposition and at least two transition metals, as promoters, supported on a porous support e.g. gamma-alumina and silica-alumina.Preferred Method: The alumina slurry used for wash-coating the support having concentration of 30 - 45 wt.%. During step (iv), polyvinyl alcohol (0 - 7 wt.%), methyl cellulose (0 - 7 wt.%) and phosphoric acid (0 - 5 wt.%) are added as binder.The structured catalyst is dried in a constant temperature/humidity chamber of 60 - 110 degrees C and 60 - 90% relative humidity; and then calcined at 500 - 700 degrees C in air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The promoters are selected from Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, Cr, Ti and Zr.The promoters comprise (wt.%): Ni or Co (0.1 - 15), Fe or Mo (2 - 15), Cr (0.1 - 1) or Ti or Zr (0 - 0.005).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluorine resin is chosen from polytetrafluoro ethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer resin and/or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer resin. The fluorine resin is irradiated with radiation by absorption dose of 5 kGy or more at temperature more than the melting point. EXAMPLE - Polytetrafluoro ethylene film (0.25 g) having thickness of 50 microns, was irradiated with 30 kGy of electron beam at room temperature. The resulting film was charged into flask containing lauryl methacrylate (in mass parts) (30), styrene (42), hexane (70) and azobisisobutyronitrile (0.01), and heated at 60degreesC for 16 hours by passing 100 cc/minute of nitrogen containing oxygen (0.1 vol.%). The heated film was washed 3 times with acetone and 1 time with toluene, and vacuum-dried at 60degreesC or 2 hours, to obtain film having glass transition point of 91degreesC. The resulting film was immersed into liquid mixture containing chlorosulfonic acid (30) and 1,2-dichloroethane (70). The resulting film was heated at 50degreesC for 2 hour, and hydrolyzed by immersing the film into 1N caustic-potash aqueous solution at 90degreesC for 1 hour. The reaction film was further immersed into 2N hydrochloric acid at 90degreesC for 1 hour, and washed 3 times with water, to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte film containing sulfonic acid group. The solid polymer electrolyte film had ionic conductivity of 0.08 S/cm after immersing in pure water for 1 hour, swelling degree of 5% after immersing in methanol at 25degreesC for 16 hours, and excellent crack resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The positive electrode active material is lithium-transition metal complex oxide and negative electrode active material is carbon or lithium transition metal complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous insulator consists of resin selected from a group comprising polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyester, polyamide, polymide, silicon, primer and urethane.
EXAMPLE - Methacryloxy ethyl phosphate (with molecular weight of 196) was coated on a glass plate to a thickness of 50 microns. The coating was irradiated with electron beam in an environment of oxygen concentration of 30 ppm or less, to obtain cured electrolyte film. The proton conductivity of the obtained electrolyte film after immersion in pure water for 24 hours was 7.7x10-3 S/cm. The ion exchange capacity of the obtained film after immersion in sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 5x10-4 mol and neutralization with hydrochloric acid at 50degreesC for 6 hours was 4.25 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The proton dissociation group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group or phosphoric acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hard segment portion is formed by reacting polyisocyanate having aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic ring, acid anhydride, polyamine and polyol compound. The compounds react with polyisocyanate and form imide group, urea group and urethane group. The soft segment portion has polyoxyalkylene chain and is coupled with the urea group and/or urethane group of the hard segment. The side chain polymer having dendrimer consists of polyethylene oxide chain and polyacrylate having amino, hydroxyl and/or sulfonic acid group at the terminal.Preferred Properties: The principal chain polymer has thermal decomposition temperature of 220degreesC or more and storage elastic modulus of 1x107-1x109 Pa. EXAMPLE - Diphenyl methane diisocyanate (in wt.pts) (20.8) and polytetramethylene oxide-di-p-amino benzoate (100) were mixed and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (400). The solution was poured in a petri dish and the solvent was removed, and principal chain polymer having storage elastic modulus of 4x107 Pa and thermal decomposition temperature of 250degreesC was obtained. The obtained polymer (1), poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane)sulfonic acid (1), 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone (0.01) and tetrahydrofuran (6) were mixed and deaerated. The deaerated mixture was irradiated with ultraviolet ray, washed with hot water and dried to obtain proton conductive electrolyte having proton conductivity of 6.1x10-3 S/cm. The principal chain polymer had proton conductivity of 3x10-6 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The second fluid comprises at least one reagent for chemical reaction activated by the activator to form (L2). The second layer forming chemical reaction is a reaction between metal ion and a reducing agent to form a conductive metal region. The first liquid is such that (L1) includes a first chemical functionality that is at least partially insoluble in the second fluid; or the first solid layer is permeable to the second fluid. The first solid layer includes a second chemical functionality which is at least partially soluble, miscible or swellable in the second fluid or otherwise permeable by the second fluid. The weight ratio of the first chemical functionality to the second chemical functionality is greater than 5:1 (preferably greater than 10:1, especially greater than 15:1). The ratio of (C1) to the activator is greater than 15:1 (preferably greater than 25:1). The first liquid is brought into contact with the substrate surface by printing process (preferably non-digital printing process). (L1) Is formed on the substrate surface according to a pattern. The first liquid is deposited onto the substrate surface by digital inkjet printing. The curable liquid is applied extensively to the substrate surface and selectively cured according to the pattern. The second fluid is deposited on the (L1) by inkjet printing. (C1) Is curable in response to a stimulus such ultraviolet radiations. The second layer is a conductive metal layer. Preferred Components: The activator comprises at least one catalyst metal ion, reducing agent or pH altering agent. Preferred Composition: (C1) Comprises at least one monomer and/or oligomer (preferably acrylate and/or methacrylate) which polymerizes and/or cross-link in use, by hardening and forming a solid layer. The composition includes a proportion of monomer and/or oligomer having at least 3 cross-linkable functional groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The hydrophilic particle is metal oxide of silicon, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, tantalum, yttrium, tin, tungsten, antimony and/or indium. The hydrophobic particle is fluorine-containing polymer compound.Preferred Metal: The catalyst metal is platinum, iridium, gold, silver and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The hydrophilic particle is metal oxide of silicon, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, tantalum, yttrium, tin, tungsten, antimony and/or indium. The hydrophobic particle is fluorine-containing polymer compound.Preferred Metal: The catalyst metal is platinum, iridium, gold, silver and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The type-type copolymer is copolymer vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Derivative: The cellulose derivative is cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate.Preferred Ceramic: The ceramic comprises nickel oxide, iron oxide (Fe2O3), titania (TiO2) and/or alumina (Al2O3), and lanthanum manganese strontium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Repeating Unit: The sulfonic acid group content polyarylene further has a repeating unit given by formula (B).R1-R8=hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl, fluorine substituted alkyl, allyl, aryl or cyano;W=bivalent electron attractive group or bivalent single bond;T=single bond or divalent organic group; andp=2 or more.Preferred Material: The porous base material is a porous film. EXAMPLE - Copolymer (polyAB-SO3-neopentyl) (in g) (5.1) was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (60 ml) and heated at 90degreesC. Mixture of methanol (50 ml) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (8 ml) was added and reacted for 10 hours, and excess methanol was distilled off. The obtained light green transparent solution was washed with ion exchange water and poured into water/methanol solution and the polymer was solidified. The obtained polyarylene copolymer had sulfonic acid equivalent of 1.9 meq/g, number average molecular weight of 53200 and weight average molecular weight of 185000. 15% N-methyl-2-pyrolidone solution of the obtained polyarylene copolymer was impregnated into drawn porous polytetrafluoroethylene sheet of thickness 16 microns and porosity 85% and dried at 120degreesC for 30 minutes. The solution was again impregnated and dried at 120degreesC for 60 minutes. A polyelectrolyte composite film of thickness 20 microns was obtained. The obtained polyelectrolyte film had elasticity 2.8 GPa, fracture strength of 78 MPa, elongation of 45% and electrical resistance of 0.024 Omega.cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal nano colloidal particle is nano colloidal particle of metal chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium and gold. The dispersion medium is aqueous medium.Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using carbon type material, electroconductive metal oxide type material, metal type material, ceramic type material or non-electroconductive metal oxide type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal nano colloidal particle is nano colloidal particle of metal chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium and gold. The dispersion medium is aqueous medium.Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using carbon type material, electroconductive metal oxide type material, metal type material, ceramic type material or non-electroconductive metal oxide type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using organic polymeric type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanocrystals are selected from the group consisting of cadmium selenide (CdSe), indium phosphide (InP) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The nanocrystals comprises semiconductor selected from II-VI group elements or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoactive film comprises conjugated polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(2-methoxy5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The population of nanostructures comprises nanocrystals comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), CdTe, indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), ZnTe, HgTe, gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), GaSb, InSb, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), AlSb, lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), or PbTe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The small molecule comprises a semiconductive, organic, nonpolymeric molecule.Preferred Property: The small molecule has a molecular weight of less than 3000 (preferably less than 500).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The population of nanostructures comprises nanocrystals comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), CdTe, indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), ZnTe, HgTe, gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), GaSb, InSb, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), AlSb, lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), or PbTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polyphosphazene having ion dissociation group is expressed with formula (1).R=aryl group having ion dissociation group, and a portion of 'R' contains aryl group which does not have ion dissociation group, alkyl group or perfluoroalkyl group;andn=1000-100000.The ion dissociation group is preferably sulfonic acid group. The substituent 'R' contains 5-80% of aryl group having ion dissociation group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The obtained compact is dried before immersing into water. Multistage immersing of the compact is carried out with water of high pH, when extracting the additive or the residual component at 5-90degreesC. Water having pH of 1-4 is used in the initial stage and water with pH of 4-7 is used in the final stage.Preferred Additive: The additive is soluble to water or polar solvent, and is capable of carrying out salt formation with the acidic ionic conductive component. The additional amount of the additive is 0.05-10 equivalent with respect to the number of acidic ionic conductive group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer having acidic ionic conductive component is a block copolymer of segment (A) with ionic conductivity and segment (B) without ionic conductivity. The block copolymer has a structure in which the principal chain, which forms a copolymer, is covalent-bonded with the aromatic ring as a bonding group, and a sulfonic acid group is contained in a polymer side chain as an ionic conductive group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cable has strips (4) fixed to the sealing run with an impermeable flexible synthetic plastic, e.g. in high density PE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparation of (I) comprises reaction of a phenyl derivative of formula (1) with a phenyl derivative of formula (2) in the presence of tetrahydrofuran to give a phenyl derivative of formula (3) (representative compound of (I)).Preferred Components: (I) is in a fluid medium such as a polar solvent and/or a non-polar solvent. (I) is on a substrate upon fluid evaporation. (A) comprises a liquid crystalline phase of (I) and a substrate. (A) comprises a condensation product of (I) and a silicate.Preferred Method: The method of using amphiphilicity to induce a molecular structure further comprises fabrication of (I) on a substrate. Preferred Definitions:    X = CH2;    n, m = 2-6;    n = 6-12 or 8-24;    p = 1;    W- = halide; and    R3 = alkyl.    EXAMPLE - Alpha-bromo-p-toluic acid (1.07 g), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (1.75 g), 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridinium-4-toluenesulfonate (1.56 g) and dichloromethane (150 ml) were added in a flask with stirring bar. 1-(3-(Dimethylamino) propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (1.44 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 24 hour at room temperature. The solution was washed with citric acid and saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The organic layer was collected, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-4-bromomethyl benzoate (2.2 g, 80%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The method includes forming the polymer into membrane prior to the second step, converting sulfonyl halide group to sulfonic acid groups after the second step. The forming of polymer into membrane comprises imbibing the polymer into porous supporting matrix. The method can include providing polymer mixture of first polymer that is non-perfluorinated polymer and second polymer containing first pendant group containing sulfonyl halide group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The membrane is less than or equal to90, preferably less than or equal to60microns.Preferred Components: The non-fluorinated polymer is a highly fluorinated containing unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene monomers, and vinylidene fluoride monomers. The first pendant group are compound of structure -R1-SO2-X, preferably -O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO2X or -O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO2X.R1 = 1-15C and 0-4O perfluoroalkyl, or perfluoroether group;andX = halogenThe porous supporting matrix is porous polytetrafluoroethylene web or porous web of non-per fluorinated polymer. The first polymer is preferably terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A cable (18) is connected to one of the external terminals. The cable comprises a cable terminal (20), and a cable core conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive materials comprise metal powder comprising nickel, copper, or silver. The non-metal powder is carbon, or graphite. Preferred Property: The metal powder comprises 3-12 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal powder is a non-conductive material with a metal plating. The metal plating comprises nickel, copper, and/or silver. The conductive materials comprise micron conductive fiber comprising nickel-plated carbon fiber, stainless steel fiber, copper fiber, and/or silver fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive materials comprise metal powder comprising nickel, copper, or silver. The non-metal powder is carbon, or graphite. Preferred Property: The metal powder comprises 3-12 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-metal powder comprises an amine-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The conductive loaded resin-based material comprises 20-50 wt.% (preferably 25-35 wt.%) conductive materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The external surface of the cell comprises a curved surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cell comprises an active material that comprises zinc and an electrolyte that comprises potassium hydroxide. The cell comprises zero added mercury. Preferred Property: The first polymer layer is biaxially oriented such that a ratio of tensile stress in a machine direction to tensile stress in a transverse direction is 1:3-3:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cell comprises an active material that comprises zinc and an electrolyte that comprises potassium hydroxide. The cell comprises zero added mercury. Preferred Property: The first polymer layer is biaxially oriented such that a ratio of tensile stress in a machine direction to tensile stress in a transverse direction is 1:3-3:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The tab system comprises a second polymer layer. The polymer layers comprise polypropylene. The adhesive layer comprises an acrylic adhesive.Preferred Property: The tab system has a peel strength of 6.5-11 psi. The tab system has an oxygen permeability of 50-150 (cm3xmxmmHg)/(m2xday). The tab system has a loss stiffness of 25000-45000 N/m at 20-25degreesC and is less than 35000 N/m at 60degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket arrangement comprises a molded gasket(s) disposed proximate a periphery of each of the manifolds. The gasket arrangement comprises a contact face, and a portion of the contact face bears a raised-ridge microstructured contact pattern. A joint is defined between the flow field plate and the frame, the joint defining a seal and an interlocking arrangement between the flow field plate and the frame. The interlocking arrangement comprises a dovetail joint or a partial dovetail joint formed between the flow field plate and the frame. Registration features are formed in the molded frame and intra-cell or inter-cell registration. The registration features comprise registration recesses and/or registration posts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first polymer comprises a thermosetting polymeric material, and the second polymer comprises a thermoplastic material. The gasket arrangement is formed of the non-conductive material comprising the second polymer. The gasket arrangement is formed of a non-conductive material comprising a third polymer, the third polymer dissimilar from the second polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phthalic acid group plasticizer is phthalic ester such as dioctyl phthalate, phthalic acid diisononyl ester, diisodecyl phthalate and/or phthalic acid ditridecyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fullerene polymer has a structure formed by bonding fullerene structure through a polymer chain. A group having affinity with respect to organic electron donor is introduced into the fullerene structure of fullerene polymer. A group having affinity with respect to solvent used during the formation of active layer is further introduced into the fullerene structure of fullerene polymer. The organic electron donor consists of a conductive polymer. EXAMPLE - A glass substrate provided with indium tin oxide electrode (positive electrode) was ultrasonically cleaned using acetone and isopropyl alcohol for 15 minutes and dried. Polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate mixture was spin coated on the surface of positive electrode and dried to form hole transport layer. Chlorobenzene solution comprising (in wt.pts) poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl octyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (1) and fullerene polymer (4) was spin coated, and active layer of thickness 100 nm was formed. Lithium fluoride film and aluminum film were formed sequentially on the surface of active layer as negative electrode by vacuum deposition, and organic solar cell was produced. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell was measured to be 1.08.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ionic conductive polymer has sulfonic acid group density of preferably 3.42-3.75 mmol/cm3, more preferably 3.55-3.75 mmol/cm3, or 2.53-2.89 mmol/g, preferably 2.8-2.89 mmol/g. The ionic conductive polymer has solubility parameter of preferably 9-11.9.Preferred Polymer: The ionic conductive polymer is of formula (1), or expressed by: (-O-E-O-Ar1-W'-Ar2-). The ionic conductive polymer is preferably sulfonated poly (phenylene oxide).R1=single bond, -O-, -S-, -CH2-, -CF2- or -C(CF3)2-;R2-R5=H, sulfonic acid group, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl or fluoro alkyl group, and at least one of R2-R5 is sulfonic acid group;E=bivalent group of formula (3) having aromatic ring coupled with sulfonic acid group;Ar1, Ar2=optionally substituted bivalent arylene group;W'=-CO-, -SO2- or -P(R)O-;R=arbitrary organic group;a,b=0-4;c,d=0-5, andR6-R9=halogen atom, univalent organic group or sulfonic acid group, and at least one of R6-R9 is sulfonic acid group. EXAMPLE - YPX-100L (polyphenylene oxide) (in g) (100) was dissolved in chloroform (1000) under nitrogen atmosphere, and chlorosulfonic acid (31 ml) was slowly dropped. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and precipitated polymer was filtered and ground. The resulting product was water-washed, vacuum-dried, and a sulfonated polyphenylene oxide having sulfonic acid group density of 2.72 mmol/g was obtained. The obtained product was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide, and obtained solution was casted on a glass plate. The product was heated at 100 degrees C for 3 hours, and a solid electrolyte film having thickness of 110 microns was produced. The obtained film had solubility parameter of 11.6, proton conductivity of 1.3, favorable water resistance and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The strongly acidic cross-linking group is chosen from bis-sulfonyl imide (-SO2-NH-SO2), sulfonyl carbonyl imide (-CO-NH-SO2) and sulfonamide (-SO2-NH-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A portion of sulfonic acid group in the polymer is halogenated and converted into -SO2X group. EXAMPLE - 4-(4-(2,5-dichloro benzoyl)phenoxy) neopentyl benzene sulfonic acid (in g) (34.75), bisphenol type oligomer (18.99), tris triphenyl phosphene nickel chloride (1.73), triphenyl phosphine (9.26), sodium hydroxide (0.4), zinc dust (13.85) and N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) (124 ml) were reacted at 75degreesC and diluted with tetrahydrofuran (THF). Excess of methanol was added to the polymerized mixture and the solidified substance was filtered. The solidified substance was dissolved in THF/NMP and precipitated to obtain copolymer (poly AB-SO3-neopentyl) (47) with yield of 99%. The obtained copolymer had number average molecular weight of 47600 and weight average molecular weight of 159000. The sulfonic acid in the copolymer was protected and sulfonyl chloride group was introduced by carrying out thermal reaction of the solution of the copolymer applied on polyethylene terephthalate film. A polymeric electrolyte film having sulfonyl chloride group was formed. The film was immersed in acetonitrile containing cross-linking agent and heated for 20 hours. The cross-linked film was heat-processed and hydrolyzed at 90degreesC in 25% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The sulfonyl chloride group was converted into sulfonic acid sodium salt and cross-linking type polymeric electrolyte film was obtained. The film had proton conductivity of 0.284 S/cm, fracture strength of 4.3 GPa, favorable elasticity, water resisting property and dimensional stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is plastic film. EXAMPLE - Styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymer (in wt.pts) (30) with number average molecular weight of 23000, isobornyl acrylate (8), n-stearyl acrylate (100), hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (100), glass fibers (1) with particle size of 30 micron, gap agent (3) and photoinitiator (1) were stirred to obtain sealing agent composition. The sealing agent composition had excellent adhesivity with respect to substrate. The solar cell manufactured using the obtained composition had favorable electrolyte liquid leak resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active material is formed from a nano-dispersion of a condensed compound with an electrically conductive additive and preferably an organic layer of a polymer of methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, vinylidene fluoride, polyether or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte film is made of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or polyaspartic acid (PAA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: One of the two connection terminals wraps at least one external surface of a battery cell to electrically connect the mold to the battery cell and also more firmly fix the mold to the battery cell. The connection terminal is physically connected to the external surface of the battery cell when the mold is connected to the battery cell. The physical connection is achieved by welding, attachment using an adhesive, attachment using a molten resin, or locking components between the mold and the battery cell. Either the protection circuit plate to which the connection terminals and the leads are temporarily connected is installed in the mold or the protection circuit plate, connection terminals and leads are installed without temporary connection at designated positions in the mold, followed by insert injection molding. The connection terminals or the leads are made of a clad metal plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polytetra fluoroethylene, polyether ketone, polybenzimidazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzthiazole, and/or modified material of acidic functional groups.Preferred Group: The acidic functional group is sulfonic acid or its derivative, phosphoric acid or its derivative, and/or phosphonic acid or its derivative. EXAMPLE - Modified polytetra fluoroethylene sulfonic-acid derivative (polymer) (in weight parts) (50), and mixture of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethane sulfonate and (CF3SO2)2NH were added to Nafion solution (TM) (polymeric solution), and mixed solution was obtained. The solution was applied on a glass panel, solvent was evaporated and solid-polymer electrolyte film the thickness of 50 microns was obtained. The film had ionic conductivity of 3x10 to the power -2 S/cm at 130 degrees C. The electrolyte film was clamped on electrode of fuel cell, has membrane-electrode joint conjugant. The fuel cell had terminal voltage of 0.64V and current density of 0.3 A/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon alkoxide having methacryloxy propyl group, is at least 1 type of alkoxide chosen from methacroyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane and methacryloxy propyl triethoxy silane. The alkoxide is trifunctional silicon alkoxide and/or tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide chosen from tetra ethoxysilane and/or tetra methoxysilane. The phosphoric acid compound is phosphoric acid tri ester chosen from trimethyl phosphate and/or triethyl phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: The raw material mixture further contains 12-tungstophosphoric acid, ammonium perchlorate, ammonium peroxodisulfate and/or ammonium nitrate.Preferred Material: The inorganic-organic composite material contains 10-50 wt.% of organic phase, with respect to inorganic matrix phase. EXAMPLE - Tetra ethoxy silane, methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxy silane, trimethyl phosphate, ethanol, water, nitric acid and polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 600 were mixed at a molar ratio of 0.636:0.182:0.182:10:4:0.01:0.091. Stirring was performed followed by refluxing, to obtain a transparent and homogeneous sol. The obtained sol was gelatinized at 40degreesC and baked at 100degreesC for 6 hours, to obtain a homogeneous film. The obtained film had excellent proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The surface energy assigning process is carried out by melt-kneading a precursor of electrolyte polymer, and a base-material resin of porous reinforcing material. Preferred Material: The base material of porous reinforcing material is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin powder. EXAMPLE - NE11F (electrolyte polymer) was mixed with PTFE fine powder in weight ratio of 5:95, at 210degreesC. The resulting mixture was solidified by cooling to normal temperature. The solidified mixture was ground, and Isoperm M (adjuvant) was added. The resulting mixture was extruded to obtain PTFE porous membrane having thickness of 30 microns and porosity of 80%. The obtained membrane was pinched, and was integrated with semi-transparent film at 210degreesC and 5 kgf/cm2. The resulting laminate was processed in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and hydrochloric aqueous solution, washed with water and dried, to obtain reinforcement type ion-exchange membrane (electrolyte film). The obtained membrane was cut to form a test sample. The dimensional stability of the obtained sample was observed by immersing the sample in boiling water at 90degreesC for 3 hours. The result showed that the sample had excellent dimensional stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic element includes a first conductivity type crystalline semiconductor layer (4) and intrinsic non-single-crystalline semiconductor layer (3) formed on the crystalline semiconductor layer; and a second conductivity type non-single-crystalline semiconductor layer formed on the intrinsic non-single-crystalline semiconductor layer. The conductive oxide film is formed on the non-single-crystalline semiconductor layer.Preferred Property: The transparent conductive oxide film has an arithmetic mean deviation of the profile of 0.5-1 nm. The contact angle of water with respect to the surface of the conductive oxide film is 40-74degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive oxide film contains tin oxide-added indium oxide. The metal material comprises silver.Preferred Composition: The content of tin in the conductive oxide film is not greater than 5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive oxide film contains tin oxide-added indium oxide. The metal material comprises silver.Preferred Composition: The content of tin in the conductive oxide film is not greater than 5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin material comprises 75-100 wt.% epoxy resin.Preferred Component: The resin material contains urethane resins in addition to the epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mesoporous carbon molecular sieve has an average primary particle size of 250-350 nm and a surface area of 1000-1500 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: A package encloses the device. The insulating material is flexible, and has a slippery quality and sufficient mechanical integrity. The first and second conductors and the insulating material form a single, integrated unit. The first and second conductors are in series with a fuse that opens in the event the conductors are bridged, protecting the battery. The measuring device is a voltmeter or other voltage-measuring device; ammeter or other current-measuring device; thermochromic, electrochromic, or electrophoretic device; electrochemical cell; or electrolytic cell. The battery-operated device is an asset-tracking device comprising a satellite transceiver, or a locating device comprising a satellite transceiver and a Global Positioning System receiver.Preferred Method: The method further involves removing the insulating material if the state of charge is determined to be acceptable. The first and second conductors are applied to the insulating material by painting, spraying, printing, or silk-screen printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulating material is bonded spun polymeric material, polymeric paper, pressboard, nonwoven material, film, or paper coated with a wax or a resin. The first and second conductors are formed using carbon ink, thin carbon films, or conductive epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Substrate: The peripheral region on substrate is an area having width of 0.5 mm from the circumference of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is silicon wafer, preferably p-type polycrystal silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is silicon wafer, preferably p-type polycrystal silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The impurity-diffusion material is polyethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol and phosphorus oxide. The impurity-diffusion material further contains tetra-isopropyl titanate. Preferred Property: The viscosity of impurity-diffusion material is 30-340 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The gel-form electrolyte contains a solvent chosen from cyclic ester, cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate and/or nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of host polymer in gel-form electrolyte is 2-30 mass%. Preferred Definitions:    R4=group of formula (2 or 3);and    R5=1-6C alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - A polymer of formula (1) having average degree of polymerization of 1000 was dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone. Lithium iodide and iodine were dissolved in the obtained polymer solution, and tricresyl borate (1 mass%) was added to obtain electrolyte precursor. The precursor was heat-hardened at 70degreesC for 2 hours, and cross-linked to produce electrolyte film. The film was inserted with platinum electrode, and a dye-sensitized solar cell was produced. The electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 8x10-4 S/cm. The obtained solar cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5% and favorable battery characteristics.    R1-R3=methyl group;    R4=oxetane-containing group;and    n/m=0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer further has sulfonic acid group. The polyphenylene structure has formula (A). The strongly acidic group has formula: -SO2NHSO2R.Y=bivalent electron attractive group;Z=bivalent electron donating group or bivalent direct bond;Ar=aromatic group having -SO3H substituent;m,n=0-10;k=0-4;andR=as defined in above formula.Portion(s) of -SO2NHSO2R bond to intra macromolecular another portion. Preferred Method: The halogenated group (-SO2X) is reacted with ammonia, converted to -SO2NH2 group and is further reacted with RSO2X. EXAMPLE - Polymer having sulfonic acid group, number average molecular weight of 53200 and weight average molecular weight of 185000 was subjected to thermal reaction in thionyl chloride, to obtain polymer (formula III) having sulfonyl chloride. The obtained polymer was reacted with sulfonic acid, to obtain polymer (formula IV) having strongly acidic group. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of obtained polymer was casted on glass plate and dried, to obtain a polymeric electrolyte film with dried thickness of 40 microns. The film had sulfonic acid equivalent of 2.18 meq/g, proton conductivity of 0.32 S/cm, swelling rate of 122%, moisture content of 185% and weight retention of 92%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The edge face sealing member is roughly c-shaped in cross-section. It comprises one or more upper sealing regions abutting one or more front surfaces of at least one of the solar cell module bodies; one or more lower sealing regions abutting one or more back surfaces of at least one of the solar cell module bodies; and one or more side sealing regions (13) abutting one or more edge faces (45a) of at least one of the solar cell module bodies. It is of two-layer construction comprising one or more outer layers being hard, and at least one hardness of inner layer(s) (111, 121, 131) being less than that of the outer layers. The inner layer is shorter than the outer layer member. Surface(s) of the outer layer members in the upper sealing region (11) and surface(s) of the outer layers in the lower sealing region (12) face each other. Projection(s) is formed on the mutually facing surfaces. The inner layer is formed to the interior of the projection at the outer layers. The solar cell module body (4) is of integrally laminated superstrate construction such that laminated sequentially over one or more light-receiving glass bodies (41) constituting one or more front surfaces there are one or more light-receiving-surface sealing resin layers (42a) comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, one or more solar cells (43), one or more back-surface sealing resin layers (42b) comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, and one or more weather-resistant back-surface sealing films (44). The light-receiving glass bodies are non-flat and/or non-smooth on their light-receiving sides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Elastomer resin(s) and/or silicone resin(s) are used as material(s) making up the edge face-sealing member.
Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2=trimethylene;and    R=monovalent group X.    EXAMPLE - Imino bis propyl amine (in g) (7.3) was dissolved in toluene (1 l), heated, moisture content was removed and cooled to room temperature. Then, 2-methacrloyl oxyethyl isocyanate (28.4) and toluene (100 ml) mixture was added for 10 minutes and reacted at 30degreesC for 10 hours. The reaction product precipitated was filtered, crystallized and polyfunctional property (meth)acrylate of formula (1) was obtained. Lithium hexafluoro phosphate (electrolyte salt) was dissolved in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate mixed solvent and electrolyte liquid was prepared. The polyfunctional property (meth)acrylate (3) was added to the electrolyte liquid (97), stirred and dissolved at room temperature. Then, benzoyl peroxide (0.006) was added, stirred and dissolved at room temperature to obtain solution (A). The solution (A) was filled in glass bottle, sealed and placed in humidistat maintained at 80degreesC for 1 hour. The polyfunctional property (meth)acrylate was polymerized and self-supporting gel electrolyte containing cross-linked polymer was obtained. The coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery having excellent charging-and-discharging efficiency was produced using the gel electrolyte as electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The active region comprises, in order, cathode gasket, cathode gas diffusion layer, catalyzed polymer electrolyte membrane, anode gasket, anode microporous film layer, and anode diffusion layer. The cathode gasket defines tie-bolt penetrations and a first penetration further defined by the cathode active area. The cathode gas diffusion layer is areally equivalent to the cathode active area. The anode diffusion layer and the anode microporous film layer are areally equivalent to the anode active area. The polymer electrolyte membrane includes tie-bolt penetrations. The anode gasket defines tie-bolt penetrations and a second penetration further defined by the anode active area. The apparatus further comprises first and second endplates, first and second current collectors, small depressions (23), and thin insert of rigid material placed within the small depressions. The first serpentine channels include an outer separation manifold, an inner separation manifold, and at least one pressure equalization channel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The first and second endplates material is steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The rigid material comprises a fiberglass reinforced resin. The graphite-based material comprises graphite composites, impregnated pyrolyzed graphites, resin-filled graphitic paper, or moldable graphite composite. Each of the cathode gas diffusion layer and the anode gas diffusion layer comprises carbon cloth backing, or carbon paper. The carbon paper is treated with approximately 15 wt.% perfluoropolymer and coated on one side with a microporous adlayer. The first and second endplates material is carbon-fiber, resin composite, or silicon-carbide. The cathode gasket comprises polyurethane foam and polyester film. The anode gasket comprises polyurethane foam and polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method includes fabricating an active pixel array or a passive pixel array. Preferred Components: A digital signal processor is provided for receiving and processing the image from the CMOS imager. The monolithic substrate is a semiconductor integrated circuit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The light blocking and patterned electrically conductive layer is a metal layer used as an interconnect for electrically connecting other circuits on the integrated circuit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The light blocking layer is an unpatterned portion of the light blocking and patterned electrically conductive layer. The light blocking layer is from polyamide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion dissociative group is -OH, -SO3H, -COOH, -SO3H, -OPO(OH)2 and/or -C6H4-SO3H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The solid polymer film is polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyethylene.Preferred Method: The ion dissociative group is introduced to the base polymer chain of polymer film. The electrodes are in contact with catalyst. The predetermined region of solid polymer film is coated with mask, and the group is introduced through non-masking portion. The ion dissociative group is introduced in the film, after performing electron beam irradiation, gamma-irradiation and/or alkali hydroxide processing and bonding a monomer molecule to polymer film. EXAMPLE - Polytetrafluoroethylene sheet was cut, and SUS sheet was arranged on the center portion of cut sheet. Electron beam irradiation was performed at 360 kG/hour for 2 hours in nitrogen atmosphere. The mask was removed, and styrene/divinyl benzene was grafted at 60degreesC. The sheet was boiled in sulfuric acid aqueous solution, to obtain an ion conductor having sulfonic acid group. The obtained conductor had high seal function, and prevented swelling of periphery portion and production of wrinkle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A current collection material layer formed between the oxide layer and conductive layer, contains metal paste, carbon paste, graphite paste, polya- niline, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, (beta)-manganese dioxide, tetrathiafulvalene, tetracyano quinodimethanes or their mixtures. The insulating oxide layer is formed with thermoplastic resin selected from polyolefin, ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic- acid copolymer, styrene-group block-copolymer, polyamide, polya- cryl, polyurethane and/or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The application and drying of polyamic-acid varnish is repeatedly carried out 2 or more times. The drying of applied polyamic-acid varnish is carried out at 50-150degreesC. Preferred Compound: The polyamic acid is synthesized from aromatic acid dianhydride of formula (1) and aromatic diamine of formula (2), preferably pyromellitic dianhydride.R,R'=alkyl, 1-3C alkoxy, acyl or halogen;x,y,x',y'=number of substituents on the same aromatic ring, where x,y are 0-3 and x',y' are 0-4;andn=0-5, preferably 1 or 2. EXAMPLE - Ortho-tolidine (in g) (42.46) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (800 ml) and pyromellitic dianhydride (43.2) were mixed at 15degreesC for hours, to obtain polyamic-acid varnish. The obtained polyamic-acid varnish was cast on a glass plate, and dried at 100degreesC for 1 hour. The application of polyamic-acid varnish on the glass plate was repeatedly carried out for 8 times, to obtain polyamic-acid sheet. The weight of varnish was measured, and amount of residual solvent was calculated from the measured weight, and found to be 2.7. The obtained polyamic-acid sheet was heated in oven at 150degreesC for 3 hours and 200degreesC for 1 hour. Subsequently, the sheet was heated under reduced pressure at 350degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain polyimide sheet of 0.4 mm thickness. The obtained polyimide sheet had linear expansion coefficient of 6 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises graft-copolymerizing (I) to a fluorine-containing hydrocarbon polymer compound.Preferred Components: (A) is 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene compound of formula (II) (where the main chain of the fluorine-containing hydrocarbon polymer is an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, n is not less than 10 and m is not less than 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The first uneven portion (11a) has an outer periphery located outside an outer periphery of the lamination member. It has projections and dents. The projections have a height equal to that of the discharge port (12h). The cover member (14) is formed of a material to push the lamination member against the base plate (11) during lamination. The base plate comprises a second uneven portion on a surface opposite to the surface contacting the lamination member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes compound of structure (II), repeating unit of compounds containing (III) and (IV). The polymer comprises compound of structure (V) or (VI).Ar = tetravalent aromatic or aliphatic organic group;R = substituent containing structure (I);R1-R14 = H, (non)-substituted 1-6C alkyl group, or halogen atom;X = single bond, -O-, -S- 1-6C alkylene group, -((CF3-(C-CF3))-, or -((CH3-(C-CH3))-;n = 3-1000 preferably 10-100;m = 5-1000;m/n = 0.001-5Preferred Methods: The method can comprise reacting polymer with hydroxy group with monomer containing compound of structure VII for introducing a hyper branch to side chain of polymer, and substituting hydrogen atoms of hyper branch with sulfonic acid group; or cross linking polymer with substituent having terminal sulfonic acid group of structure (I) at side chain.n' = 1-5
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid back member is composed of molded recycled tire rubber, metal, wood or plastic, preferably injection-molded thermoplastic selected from polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), ethylene-methylene-acrylate (EMAC), neoprene or polychlorosulfonated polymer (Hypalon).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic polymeric gel layer consists of a cross-linked material obtained by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid. The organic fuel is methanol. EXAMPLE - A gel obtained by uniformly mix-gelatinizing water (in g) (100), polyvinyl alcohol (10) and boric acid (0.8) was applied on a carbon paper (diffused layer of thickness 0.1 mm) to form a moisture film of thickness 100 micrometers. The obtained moisture film was dried at 90degreesC to obtain an organic polymeric gel layer. A paste obtained by mixing carbon (100 mg) supported with 60 wt.% platinum-ruthenium catalyst, and 5 wt.% Nafion (RTM: poly perfluorosulfonic acid) solution (1) was applied on the obtained gel layer, and dried to obtain a catalyst layer of anode. A paste obtained by mixing carbon (100 mg) supported with 60 wt.% platinum catalyst, and 5 wt.% Nafion solution (1) was applied on carbon paper to obtain catalyst layer of cathode. The obtained anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer were pressed to obtain a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The obtained MEA was integrated in an evaluation cell, and a direct methanol fuel cell was produced. 5 wt.% methanol aqueous solution was supplied to the fuel electrode side at 10 ml/minute, and air of normal pressure was supplied to oxidizing agent electrode side at 200 ml/minute. The terminal voltage of the obtained fuel cell, when discharging at current density of 0.25 A/cm2, was 0.36 V. Thus, the fuel cell had excellent output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode plate insulation housing consists of an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The porous sheet consists of a central layer comprising polyphenylene-sulfide fiber, whose both surfaces are laminated by a porous layer comprising an aliphatic polyamide fiber. The porous sheet contains a non-woven layer containing 5-120 g/m2 of polyphenylene sulfide fiber having diameter 1-50 microns and a non-woven layer containing 15-150 g/m2 of aliphatic polyamide fiber having diameter 1-50 microns. EXAMPLE - A polyphenylene sulfide Lighton 2888 ((RTM: PPS) resin of melting point 316degreesC was made into a PPS non-woven sheet (A) of thickness 160-180 microns containing 40 g/m2 of fiber of diameter 5-10 microns, by melt blowing method. Similarly, a nylon UBE nylon1011 (RTM) resin of melting point 220degreesC was made into a nylon non-woven sheet (B) of thickness 140-160 microns containing 65 g/m2 of fiber of diameter 5-10 microns, by melt blowing method. The non-woven sheet (B) was laminated on both surfaces of the sheet (A), and heat-crimped, to obtain a three-layered non-woven porous sheet. The obtained porous sheet had a total thickness of 260 microns and a fabric-weight amount of 170 g/m2. The obtained porous sheet had excellent gas humidification property and gas-leak-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The ion-exchange efficiency emphasizing type cartridge includes an ion-exchange resin accommodating portion (11a) having a hollow cylindrical structure with both ends closed by end members (19), and which is filled up with the ion-exchange resin. At least one of the end members is formed with flow-in hole (20) and flow-out hole (21) covered with a mesh member having a mesh net size smaller than a size of the ion-exchange resin disposed inside the ion-exchange resin accommodating portion, and the other is disposed to be slidable in the its axial direction. The pressure-loss emphasizing type cartridge includes an ion-exchange resin accommodating portion having a hollow cylindrical structure, having an inner cylindrical member and an outer cylindrical member, which has both ends closed by end members. Holes are located both at the face of the inner cylindrical member and the face of the outer cylindrical member, and are covered with a mesh member having a mesh net size smaller than a size of the ion-exchange resin. An orifice (16) is further formed to at least one of the inlet and outlet of the case.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer medium is encased by a housing, and is shredded. It is in the form of ingots, or made into powder form. It is made of nonwoven or woven web. The medium is wetted before use. It is placed in a fuel supply, mixing chamber, or byproduct chamber (256).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The deposited material is ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The preparation material is selected from stainless steel, ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The deposited catalytic material is a metal, a conductive polymer or a biological material. The method further involves preparing the surface of the silicon wafer for film deposition by applying at least one preparation material on the wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deposited material is Nafion(RTM; conductive polymer).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The biological material is lipid, protein, enzyme, antibody, DNA, RNA, amino acid or carbohydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, benzotriazole group ultraviolet absorber, cyano acrylate group ultraviolet absorber and/or nickel group ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The polyelectrolyte is an aromatic polymer having a sulfonic acid group, preferably polyarylene having a sulfone group. The polyarylene having sulfonic acid group contains repeating units of formulae (A and B).A=bivalent electron-attractive group;B=bivalent electron-donor group or bivalent direct bond;Ar=aromatic group having -SO3H;m and n=0-10;k=1-4;R1-R8=H, fluorine atom, alkyl group, fluorine substituted alkyl group, allyl group, aryl group or cyano group;W=bivalent electron-attractive group or bivalent single bond;T=single bond or divalent organic group;andp=0 or positive integer. EXAMPLE - 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro propane (in g) (67.3), 4,4'-dichloro benzophenone (60.3), potassium carbonate (71.9), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (300 ml) and toluene (150 ml) were heated and reacted in nitrogen atmosphere at 130degreesC and at 150degreesC. 4,4'-dichloro benzophenone (10) was further added to the reaction mixture and reacted at 150degreesC for 5 hours. The solution was cooled, filtered, and precipitated to obtain polymer (P1) with weight average molecular weight of 11200, glass transition temperature 110degreesC and thermal decomposition temperature of 498degreesC. (P1) was reacted with 4-(4-(2,5-dichloro benzoyl)phenoxy)benzene sulfonic acid neopentyl to obtain polyarylene copolymer (P2). The obtained polymer (P2) (10), and 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone (0.1) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (100 ml). A film was cast from the obtained solution. The tensile strength of the obtained film was 108 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of material selected from silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The group I element is selected from copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). The group III element is selected from the group comprising aluminum (Al), indium (In) and gallium (Ga). The group VI element is selected from the group comprising oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of material selected from silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin component in the composition has a melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC under 2160 g load. The composition further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and anti-oxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The housing comprises a container with a closed end, an initially open end closed by a cover (14), and a side wall extending between the closed and initially open ends. The negative electrode is in the form of at least one sheet with two opposing major surfaces. The positive electrode is in the form of at least one sheet with two opposing major surfaces. The negative and positive electrodes and the separator form a spiral wound electrode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material comprises greater than 50 (preferably greater than or equal to 99) wt.% iron disulfide. The ratio of the cathode (20) interracial capacity to the electrode assembly interfacial volume is greater than or equal to 720 mAh/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode active material comprises greater than 50 (preferably greater than or equal to 99) wt.% iron disulfide. The ratio of the cathode (20) interracial capacity to the electrode assembly interfacial volume is greater than or equal to 720 mAh/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator is a microporous membrane and has a thickness of less than 25 (less than 22) microns and a tensile stress of greater than or equal to 1 (1.75 or greater than or equal to 2) kgf/cm in both a machine direction and a transverse direction. The microporous membrane comprises polyethylene. The separator has BET specific surface area of 4.0-15 m2/g. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the separator is at least 2000 (2400) volts. The maximum effective pore size of the separator is 0.08-0.40 (less than 0.20 or 0.08-0.2) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive member comprises a plate having the major surface. The major surface of the plate faces the electrode, a diffusion medium is disposed between the major surface and the electrode, and the lands of the plate abut the diffusion medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive particles are carbon black, graphite, gold, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The plate is formed of metal or composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive particles are carbon black, graphite, gold, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The binder is polyimide, polyester, or epoxy. The gas diffusion medium is carbon foams. The plate (56) is formed of polymeric materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The gas diffusion medium is carbon papers (36, 38) or carbon cloths.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The main body comprises a metal oxide, preferably stabilized zirconia. It may comprise a ceramic material having a particle size distribution of 0.1-200 microns. The main body may comprise a pore-forming material, an electrically conductive material or a ceramic material and a pore-forming additive. The ceramic material comprises magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide or stabilized zirconia.Preferred Method: At least one of the channel edges is crimped to close the internal channels. The step of crimping occurs prior to the step of sintering. Forming the green body further comprises heating the extrusion compound prior to extrusion and allowing the extrusion compound to cool after extrusion. The green body is reheated prior to sintering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Slots are positioned on the top wall and/or the bottom wall, connected to a corresponding internal channel. Both the first channel edge and the second channel edge are crimped. A gas-impermeable coating (24) is on the sidewalls. A gas comprising a fuel gas (13) or an oxidant diffuses through main body. The main body comprises anode, cathode, interconnect, or catalyst materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic extrusion compound contains greater than or equal to 25 vol.% thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid mixture has water content of 1 mass % or less. The acetylene compound having substituent is acetylene compound having aliphatic group and alicyclic group bonded to aromatic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The organometallic complex compound catalyst has formula: (MLmL'n)pXq.M = group VIIa or VIII element;L = ligand derived from compound having several bonds;L' = ligand originating from compound having lone electron pair;X = anion;m = 0-7;n = 0-6;p = 1-2;andq = 0-2. EXAMPLE - Ethyl propionate (36.7 mmol) was introduced into polymerization can and dehydrated methanol (37 ml) was added. The reaction can was substituted with nitrogen and dehydrated methanol suspension (37 ml) of norbornadienyl rhodium chloride ((Rh(norbornadienyl)Cl)2) was added and reacted at 40 degreesC for 4 hours. The water content of liquid mixture in the polymerization can was 0.04 mass %. The reaction product was dispersed in methanol, washed, filtered and dried for 1 day under reduced pressure and acetylene-series polymer was obtained. The polymer had mass mean molecular weight of 370000, average molecular weight of 150000 and molecular weight distribution of 2.40. The polymer had cis-isomer content of 90 % or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The single layer film further contains polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrode: The cathode contains carboxy methylcellulose and styrene butadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid contains methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrocarbon-type polymer electrolyte film consists of sulfonic acid group-containing polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of dye of formula (1) or (2) is 2000 or more.Preferred Compound: The oxide semiconductor is sensitized with compound chosen from organic dye, pigment(s) and compound having metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide semiconductor contains zinc or tin as metal component and titanium oxide as main component. The dye is supported to metal oxide semiconductor or a thin film consisting of oxide semiconductor microparticles in the presence of an inclusion compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1 and/or R2 = aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally having substituent, preferably carboxyl group;    R1 = preferably H;    R2 = preferably -CH(Y)COOH;    X = sulfur;    n = 10 or more, preferably 100 or more    EXAMPLE - 3-Thio phenyl acetic acid (in g) (5) was esterified, and dissolved in methanol (25 ml). 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid was added, and heat-refluxed for 2 hours. The temperature of mixture was reduced, and neutralized. Methanol was distilled and extraction of ether was carried out in sodium carbonate aqueous solution. The mixture was dried with magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to obtain 3-thio methyl phenyl acetate at yield of 95%. Poly-3-thiomethyl phenyl acetate was produced using the obtained compound. Poly-3-thiomethyl phenyl acetate (0.5) was added to sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (50 ml), and insoluble content was removed by filtration. Hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (100 ml) was added, and filtrate was diluted. The precipitate was settled by centrifugation, water-washed, and dried to obtain a dye. A solar cell was produced using the obtained dye. The obtained solar cell had short circuit current of 3.6 mA/cm2, releasing voltage of 0.41 V, conversion efficiency of 1% and form factor of 0.67.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes measured under a load of 2160 g at 190degreesC based on JIS K7210-1999, and gel fraction of 70% or more. The thickness ratio of layer A to B is 90/10-60/40. The layers A and B contains additives chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and/or antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The melt flow rate of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and ethylene (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer are each 0.5-150 g/10 minutes, based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC and load of 2160 g. The thickness ratio ((A)/(B)) of main component layer (A) and sealing layer (B) is 90/10-50/50. Preferred Additive: The sealing layer (B) further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layer is laminated structure of an amorphous silicon layer and fine crystal silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layer is laminated structure of an amorphous silicon layer and fine crystal silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The transparent plastic substrate contains polyether sulfone, polyethylenenaphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide or fluorine resin, preferably polyether sulfone. The glass is used for transparent support substrate. The solar cell has transparent adhesion layer containing transparent silicone resin of acrylic-type, silicone group or two liquid mixing addition-type transparent adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion-exchange-property group is proton donating group. The compound having structural unit containing mesogen is silicon compound. The substituent convertible into ion-exchange-property group is group containing sulfur atom having oxidation number of 1 or less. The structural unit containing mesogen is of formula (1). The structural unit containing the substituent convertible into ion-exchange-property group is of formula (2) or (3).A1=organic molecules containing mesogen;R11=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic-ring group;R12,R22,R32=H, alkyl, aryl or silyl group;Y1=polymerizable group which can form carbon-carbon bond or carbon-oxygen bond by polymerization;o=0-4;B2,B3=coupling group containing aliphatic and/or aromatic group;R21,R31=alkyl or aryl group;m,p,r=1-3;andn,q,s=1-8.Preferred Process: The manufacturing method further involves orientating mesogen after forming in the shape of a film. EXAMPLE - Silicon compound (in g) (0.108) of formula HS-CH2-CH2-CH2-Si(OBu)3 (T-4), epoxy compound (0.185) and oxalic acid (0.028) were dissolved in ethanol (2 ml) and heat refluxed for 4 hours. The obtained sol was concentrated and dissolved in chloroform (0.7 ml) and poured on polyamide film. The sol was heated at 150 degrees C and maintained in 30% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. The film was washed, dried and peeled from the polyimide film, to obtain ion exchanger. The ion exchanger had ionic conductivity of 1.01x10-3 S/cm and low methanol permeability. The fuel cell containing the ion exchanger had favorable aging stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: An ion-exchange property group is compounded to the polymer having the structural unit (I). The ion-exchange property group has structural unit of formula (II).B1=coupling group which contains aliphatic group and/or aromatic group;R2=alky or aryl group;E1=proton donating group;d=1-3;p=1-4;andasterisk=same as defined above. Preferred Definitions:    A1, A2=atom group of formula (Va)-(Vg) optionally having substituent;    asteriskasteriskasteriskasterisk=position, which couples to L1 or L3;    asteriskasteriskasterisk=position, which couples to L2 or L4;    X=-O-, -C(=O)-, -C(R9)(R10)-, or -SO2-;and    R9, R10=H atom or alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - Compound (formula (M-7)) (in g) (7) and triethoxy silane (10.8) were dissolved in toluene (30 ml). Chloroplatinic acid (10 mg) was added to the obtained solution under nitrogen stream, and stirred for 5 hours at room temperature. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated and purified to obtain precursor (S-1). Compound (formula (T-4)) (1.94) was dissolved in methanol (6.2) and mixed with 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (2). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, to obtain a transparent sol. The obtained sol (2.2) and xylene (0.2 ml) were added to solution of isopropanol (1.2 ml), which dissolved precursor (S-1) (0.63). The resulting sol was heat-stirred at 50 degrees C for 3 hours. The obtained mixture was flow-spread on a polyimide film, and dried at room temperature for 24 hours. The solidified coated material was peeled from the polyimide film, and a white film (proton conductor) having thickness of 105 microns was obtained. The obtained proton conductor had ionic conductivity of 1.1x10-3 S/cm. The obtained proton conductor was used for fuel cell. The fuel cell had favorable internal resistance and output.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The substrate is a mesoporous titanium dioxide ceramic optionally sensitized with chromophores. The grafting group of (I) is a carboxy, carboxylate ester, carbonyl chloride, malonic acid, malonate ester, phosphonic acid, phosphonate ester or imidic acid group, a metal or metalloid group with a hydroxy substituent (optionally in metal, ammonium or organoammonium salt form) or an aloxy or phenoxy substituent and a hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl or halo substituent, a sulfonic or boronic acid group (optionally in metal, ammonium or organoammonium salt form) or a hydroxy group. The polymerizable group of (I) is an acetylene, p-phenylene, p-phenylene-vinylene, p-phenylene sulfide, pyrrole, thiophene, furan, azulene, azine, aniline, cyanophenylene-vinylene or p-pyridyl-vinylene group. EXAMPLE - Glass slide coated with a transparent conductive film of fluorine-doped tin(IV) oxide was partially coated with a dense titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer by hot spraying. A porous TiO2 layer was deposited on the dense TiO2 layer by screen printing with Ti-Nanoxide HT. (RTM). The product was densified at 450 degrees C for 15 minutes and then immersed for 24 hours in an ethanol solution containing equimolar amounts of thiophene-3-acetic acid and Ruthenium 535 bis-TBA (RTM) sensitizer. The product was rinsed with ethanol and immersed in a 0.1 M solution of alkylthiophene in chloroform. A 0.3 M ferric chloride solution was added to initiate polymerization. After 12 hours at room temperature, the product was rinsed with ethanol and chloroform and spin-coated with a 5 % solution of polyalkylthiophene in chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyolefin fine porous film has fuse temperature of preferably 120-133degreesC, short temperature of 152degreesC or more, heat-shrink start temperature of 90degreesC or more, preferably 110degreesC or more along transverse direction, thickness of 5-24 microns, porosity of 30-60%, and puncture strength of 3-10 N/20 microns at 25degreesC.Preferred Method: The film is drawn at ratio of at least more than 20% along transverse direction, after plasticizer extraction. The film is heat-shrunk at ratio of more than 10% with respect to membrane width, after drawing. EXAMPLE - Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (A) (in wt.pts) (7.5) having average particle diameter of 120 micron, signal height of 3.1 mW/mg and specific surface area of 1 m2/g, high density polyethylene (4.5) having molecular weight of 700000, high density polyethylene (9) having molecular weight of 300000, linear copolymerization high density polyethylene (9), and liquid paraffin (70) were mixed for 10 minutes at 200degreesC. The kneaded material was cooled, solidified, and a sheet was obtained. The sheet was heat-pressed, and biaxially stretched. Desolvent processing of sheet was performed using methylene chloride, and a fine porous film was obtained. The obtained film had puncture strength of 4.8 N at 25degreesC and 0.75 N at 140degreesC, shrinkage start temperature of 63degreesC, fuse temperature of 135degreesC, and short temperature of 155degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The acid stripper is made of acid resistant thermoplastic material such as polypropylene or polyethylene suitable for inertia or spin welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The stack comprises a thickness of less than or equal to50 (preferably less than or equal to1) microns. The element further comprises current collectors. The fuel cell elements are aligned within the fuel cell housing to allow the flow of a first gas stream within the flow passageways and a second gas stream over the fuel cell stack. The gas streams comprise fuel and oxygen containing gas.Preferred Method: The sacrificial material is removed using a wet etching technique or dry etching technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises dielectric compounds, silicon or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises aluminum, alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, silicon alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises dielectric compounds, silicon or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The etching material comprises tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, acetone, acids or bases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises polymers, photoresist, polymethylmethacrylate, or epoxies.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen-containing atmosphere contains hydrogen at a partial pressure of 1-600 Torr. It is provided by introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction chamber; or by generating hydrogen plasma external to the reaction chamber and introducing into the reaction chamber. The average temperature of the substrate during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and while irradiating the film is less than 100degreesC. The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process utilizes diborane or phosphene; and silane, disilane, hydrogen, and/or argon to deposit boron- or phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon, respectively. The method further comprises depositing nickel on the thin film of amorphous silicon before irradiating the film with pulsed laser energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen-containing atmosphere contains hydrogen at a partial pressure of 1-600 Torr. It is provided by introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction chamber; or by generating hydrogen plasma external to the reaction chamber and introducing into the reaction chamber. The average temperature of the substrate during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and while irradiating the film is less than 100degreesC. The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process utilizes diborane or phosphene; and silane, disilane, hydrogen, and/or argon to deposit boron- or phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon, respectively. The method further comprises depositing nickel on the thin film of amorphous silicon before irradiating the film with pulsed laser energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises polyethyleneterephthalate, ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylenetetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, PTFE, high-density polyethylene, polyarylate, polycarbonate, or Mylar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The insulative material comprises silicon aerogel, fibers formed by carbon, silicon carbide, or oxide and impregnated with ceramic material, nonporous silica coating on a polymer film, hydrous calcium, fused silica, or composite vermiculite, fumed silica, hardening agent, or drawn fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The insulative material is provided such that the life span of the battery is not compromised when exposed to 70degreesC above the rated temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The insulative material comprises silicon aerogel, fibers formed by carbon, silicon carbide, or oxide and impregnated with ceramic material, nonporous silica coating on a polymer film, hydrous calcium, fused silica, or composite vermiculite, fumed silica, hardening agent, or drawn fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulative material comprises silicone chemical vapor deposited on the surface of ceramic fiber, polymide foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, Super P, ketjen black, denka black, acetylene black, thermal black, channel black, activated carbon, or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polybenzoxazine and conductive carbon is 1.5-2.5:1. The mole ratio of aromatic diamine, and aromatic alcohol is 1:2:2, and the mole ratio of aromatic dialcohol, formaldehyde, and amine is 1:2:2. Preferred Component: The conductive carbon is dispersed in a matrix of a polymer polymerized from monomers such that a volume reduction percent is less than 5, most preferably less than 1% after polymerization of the monomers with respect to total volume of the monomers before the polymerization of the monomers. The polymer is thermosetting polymer consisting of polybenzoxazine, poly(propylene sulfide), or polypropylene. The monomers are of formula (1 and 2).R = single bond CH2, O, S, C(CF3)2, or SO2;andR' = alkyl or aryl.Preferred Property: The volume reduction percent is less than 3, preferably less than 1%. EXAMPLE - 100 g (0.54 mol) Benzidine, 102 g (1.09 mol) phenol, and 33 g p-formaldehyde were agitated in a mixer and heated to 130degreesC for 15 minutes while agitating. 115 g Conductive carbon were added and further agitated at 130degreesC for 10 minutes. Partially polymerized polybenzoxazine was input into a mold for a bipolar plate, and further polymerization reaction was carried out at 300degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain a bipolar plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte in the anode and cathode layers, and the electrolyte of gel electrolyte layer are in continuous phase.Preferred layer: The gel electrolyte layer contains an air permeable porous thin film in the inner surface.Preferred Structure: The micro phase-separation structure has a binder between anode and cathode layers.Preferred Matrix: The matrix polymer of gel electrolyte comprises binder-containing copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride.Preferred Process: The anode on bipolar electrode, and cathode are dried, after applying a slurry containing matrix polymeric raw material of cross-linkable gel electrolyte, an electrode active material, and copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride, on the collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The non-electroconductive material coating is synthetic-resin material. There is a coating formed of the synthetic-resin layer on the packing member. The synthetic-resin layer of coating part and/or the packing member contains component from a polypropylene, a modified polypropylene, polyethylene, modified polyethylene, and group consisting of an ionomer. A synthetic resin sheet heat seals the top and bottom packing members.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The solvent is removed from the electrolyte film at temperature (T).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethyl formamide and/or gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed gas used for forming boron solid-solution acetylene black, contains acetylene gas (30-80%), organic boron compound gas (1-10%), carbon dioxide gas (5-20%) and oxygen gas (5-40%). EXAMPLE - A mixture of acetylene gas (in m3/h) (15), trimethyl borate gas (1.2), oxygen gas (6) and carbon dioxide gas (5) was combusted at 2570 degrees C, to obtain boron solid-solution acetylene black. The volume ratio of carbon dioxide gas with respect to oxygen gas in the mixed gas was 0.83. The obtained boron solid-solution acetylene black had boron solid-solution amount of 0.61 mass%, Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 80 m2/g, dibutyl phthalate absorption quantity of 280 ml/100 g based on JIS K 6217 and electrical resistivity of 0.11 OMEGA.cm based on JIS K 1469. The obtained boron solid-solution acetylene black (10 mass parts) was mixed with J3H-G (polypropylene) (100 mass parts). The resulting mixture was pressed at 210 degrees C and 150 kg/cm2, to obtain a sample. The obtained sample had volume resistivity of 8 OMEGA.cm, and Izod impact strength of 12.5 kJ/m2 based on JIS K 7110.
EXAMPLE - An adhesive comprising acrylic acid ester copolymer (weight average molecular weight (Mw) 50 10,000) composed of 90 part weight of butyl acrylates, and 10 part weight of acrylic acid, was prepared. This was mixed with 2 part weight crosslinking agent.    The adhesive which has an adhesive layer with a thickness of 30 micrometer was applied on a bi-axially stretched polypropylene film, of thickness of 30 micrometer, to obtain an adhesive tape which was then dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Hole transportable heterocyclic polymer is hole transportable heterocyclic polymer which does not have vinylene structure, preferably polythiophene, polypyrrole or polyfuran, or a stereo regulator polymer, preferably polyalkyl thiophene. Preferred Compound: The polythiophene is polyalkyl thiophene, polyaryl thiophene, polyalkyl isothionaphthene and/or polyethylene dioxythiophene. Carbon number of alkyl group of polyalkyl thiophene is less than 12. Preferred Composition: The solid layer has fullerene modified substance content of 5-95 wt.%. Preferred Substance: The fullerene modified substance of solid layer contains functional group chosen from ester, imino, alkyl, aralkyl and thio phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process includes applying a compression step during curing and/or drying of the plates, which gives rise to an additional reduction in the thickness of the layers of non-woven glass microfiber material of 10-15 % with respect to the value prior to the compression step. The method further comprises adding between the plates additional layer(s) of glass microfiber material having a thickness of 0.5-2.5 mm, measured under a pressure of 10 kPa; and adding between the plates additional layer(s) of high density microporous polyethylene material comprising 40-70 % silica. Preferred Properties: The non-woven glass microfiber material has a porosity of 90-96 %, calculated measuring the thickness of the material under a pressure of 10 kPa, and a thickness of 0.2-1.0 mm, measured under a pressure of 10 kPa. The non-woven glass microfiber material comprises at least 70 % glass fibers having diameters of less than 1 microns, 0-30% of glass fiber having diameter of 1-12 microns, and 0-30% of polymer fibers. The high density microporous polyethylene layer has a porosity in excess of 75 %, a thickness of 0.13-0.20 mm and an average pore size of 0.10-0.20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the mica distributed in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer has particle size of 10 microns or less. The mica is artificial mica. The anion of the mica is an alkyl ammonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the mica distributed in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer has particle size of 10 microns or less. The mica is artificial mica. The anion of the mica is an alkyl ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The perchloric acid salt is alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt. Fluorine-containing organic anion salt is alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt of perfluoro alkane sulfonic acid, bis (perfluoro alkane sulfonyl) imide, or tris (perfluoro alkane sulfonyl) methane. The mass ratio of perchloric acid salt and fluorine-containing organic anion salt is 1:5-5:1. The perchloric acid salt and fluorine-containing organic anion salt are added to polyether polyol which consists of polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymer and polyethylene-polyethyleneglycol graft copolymer. The additional amount of perchloric acid salt is 20 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of polyether polyol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The perchloric acid salt is lithium perchlorate. The fluorine-containing organic anion salt is lithium salt of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide or lithium salt of tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methane.    EXAMPLE - Lithium perchlorate (in mass parts) (10) and bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imido acid lithium (10) were added to polyethylene-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (80) and heated at 70 degrees C. The mixture was dehydrated under reduced pressure and electroconductivity providing agent was obtained. The electroconductivity providing agent (10) was added to PANDEX T-8190N (RTM) polyurethane resin (100) and kneaded at 100 degrees C, and conductive liner sheet of thickness 1 mm was obtained. The liner sheet had surface resistance of 1.0 x 107 Ohms/square at 25 degrees C and 40% humidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The layer next to the graphite contains ferrous oxide (FeO) to form the halide salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A film net between the anode and cathode is of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fine carbon fiber is carbon fiber and/or carbon nanotube, obtained by gaseous phase method. The blend further contains intermediate thin carbon fiber (5-55 mass%) with fiber diameter of 0.3-500 microns and length of 0.05-100 mm. The electroconductive particle is chosen from carbon black, furnace black, acetylene black, thermal black and ketchen black.Preferred Process: The fine carbon fiber is heat-processed at 2300degreesC or more in non-oxidizing atmosphere in the presence of boron compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fine carbon fiber is carbon fiber and/or carbon nanotube, obtained by gaseous phase method. The blend further contains intermediate thin carbon fiber (5-55 mass%) with fiber diameter of 0.3-500 microns and length of 0.05-100 mm. The electroconductive particle is chosen from carbon black, furnace black, acetylene black, thermal black and ketchen black.Preferred Process: The fine carbon fiber is heat-processed at 2300degreesC or more in non-oxidizing atmosphere in the presence of boron compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particle: The hydrophobic resin particle is fluororesin particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Radical: The acidic radical is a strong acid group or a superstrong acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of segment having acidic radical, and segment not having acidic radical is 3:97-70:30. The block copolymer has an ion-exchange capacity of 0.1-4 meq/g. Preferred Structures: The segment not having an acidic radical is of formula (2). The segment having an acidic radical contains a structure chosen from groups of formulae (3-5). The segment having an acidic radical is of formula (6).m,Z,Ar3=as mentioned above;k=0-4;R1=1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, 6-10C aryl, or 6-10C aryloxy;n=m;Ar4-Ar10=Ar1;Y=Z;r,s=0 or 1;r+s=1 or 2;t=0, 1 or 2;andu=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The blend ratio of sulfonated agent (A) is 15-85% with respect to sulfonated agent (B).Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a halogen content compound.Preferred Method: A sulfonated reaction solution which consists of sulfonated agent and organic solvent is prepared into which the high polymer film is immersed. The organic solvent is a mixture of organic solvents (A) and (B). The organic solvent (A) contains 2 or less carbon atom and at least one chlorine atom in the molecule. The organic solvent (B) is an organic solvent which contains 3 or more carbon atom and at least one chlorine atom. The blend ratio of organic solvent (B) is 5-8 mass% with respect to organic solvent (A).Preferred Film: The polymer film is polyphenylene sulfide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The sulfonated agent (A) is chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonated agent (B) is selected from fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound producing acid is water, and acid is sulfuric acid. The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide and/or fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is 1-chlorobutane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound producing acid is water, and acid is sulfuric acid. The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide and/or fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The acid or compound producing acid is present in organic solvent or high polymer film.Preferred Materials: The high polymer film is polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The N-type semiconductor layer has titanium oxide, and P-type semiconductor layer has copper iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The N-type semiconductor layer has titanium oxide, and P-type semiconductor layer has copper iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide or polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Component (44) is of polybutylene terephthalate and the cover (20) is of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrolyte: The 2-methylfuran concentration is 0.4-1.3 wt.%. The solvent comprises 8-30 wt.% ethylene carbonate and 20-80 wt.% ethyl methyl carbonate.Preferred Cell: The electrochemically active component of the cathode comprises lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2). The anode and cathode contain a polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidenefluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer or styrene/butadiene copolymer binder. EXAMPLE - Lithium battery electrolyte comprised a 1 M solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate in a mixture of 25 wt.% ethylene carbonate and 75 wt.% ethyl methyl carbonate containing 0.5 wt.% 2-methylfuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic device further comprises a receptacle to receive the fuel cartridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is anode or cathode. The needle is adapted to enter a fuel cartridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hollow member is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, platinum, nickel, gold, copper, silver or their alloys, and/or stainless steel. The catalyst material is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, nickel, gold, silver, and/or their alloys.Preferred Component: The fuel is a hydrogen fuel from an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride. The septum covering the end of the fuel cartridge is a barrier to hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hollow member is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, platinum, nickel, gold, copper, silver or their alloys, and/or stainless steel. The catalyst material is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, nickel, gold, silver, and/or their alloys.Preferred Component: The fuel is a hydrogen fuel from an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride. The septum covering the end of the fuel cartridge is a barrier to hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sodium borohydride solution is suspended in a foam material (17) from polyurethanes, modified polyurethanes, melamines, melamine/formaldehydes, cellulose, polyethylenes, and/or polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, and/or concentrated sulfuric acid. Preferred Composition: The concentration of sulfonated agent in the mixed solution is 10-50 wt.%. The amount of sulfonated agent is 5-50 equivalent with respect to aromatic unit of the resin composition. Preferred Properties: The maximum peak of molecular weight distribution of resin composition is 25000 or more. The sulfide powder has ion exchange capacity of 1 meq/g or more. The solubility of sulfide powder with respect to aprotic polar solvent at 25degreesC is 5 wt.% or more. Preferred Process: The mixed solution and resin composition are contacted and then water-washed. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The halogenated hydrocarbon-based solvent is dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1-chloropropane, 1-chloro butane and/or 1,4-dichloro butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ion exchange group in the perfluorocarbon polymer is sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The cation and anion portions have alkyl, allyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl, acyloxy alkyl, sulfo alkyl, aryl or aromatic heterocyclic residue as substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The cation and anion portions have alkyl, allyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl, acyloxy alkyl, sulfo alkyl, aryl or aromatic heterocyclic residue as substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains homo polymer or copolymer of monomer. Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrolyte further contains alkali metal salt and plasticizer. Preferred Group: The polymerizable functional group is group having carbon-carbon double bond. EXAMPLE - Diethylamine aqueous solution (in g) (1.2) and p-chloromethyl styrene chloride (3.21) were dissolved in ethanol (7.5 ml). Potassium carbonate (3.04) was added in the solution, and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, to obtain bis(styryl methyl)diethyl ammonium chloride from filtrate. The obtained product was dissolved in water, and mixed with aqueous solution (2.9) of bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide lithium salt for 3 hours. The white precipitate was separated, purified and dried, to obtain bis(styryl methyl)diethyl ammonium-bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide as polymerizable monomer. The obtained monomer (0.067), n-isopropyl acrylamide (0.023), ethylene carbonate (0.485), propylene carbonate (0.563) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (0.1519) were mixed at room temperature. Benzoyl peroxide (0.003) was added in the solution, and heated at 80degreesC for 40 minutes, to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte had electric conductivity of 3.56x10-3 S/cm and excellent ageing stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The macrocyclic compound is a porphyrin compound or calixarene compound. The ion dissociating group is a sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is an acrylic-type polymer. EXAMPLE - Mixture containing lauryl methacrylate (in g) (214) and 1-vinyl imidazole (94) and mixture containing azobisisobutyronitrile (3) and methanol (50 mL), were dropped into the heated toluene/ethanol (700 mL), and reacted at 60degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-4-vinyl imidazole) having weight average molecular weight of 16000. Tetra sodium 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonate phenyl)prophyrin (10) and cobaltous acetate (2) were mixed in chloroform solution, to obtain tetra sodium 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonate phenyl)prophyrin cobalt complex. The obtained poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-4-vinyl imidazole) (3) and tetra sodium 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonate phenyl)prophyrin cobalt complex (10), were dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL). The resulting solution was applied on a glass plate and dried at 40degreesC, to obtain an electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had ion exchange capacity of 3.07 meq/g and proton conductivity of 0.32x10-2 S/cm, 1.7x10-2 S/cm and 3.2x10-2 S/cm in relative humidity of 10%, 50% and 90%, respectively, and excellent strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: At least one layer of the organic solar cell, comprises conjugated polymer buckminster fullerene. A Tefzel(RTM) layer is included. Between substrate (7) and the organic solar cell a partition layer of polyimide or RTV-silicone is arranged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic matrix comprises polyolefin and/or polyester and/or polyamide (preferably polypropylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pure-water pipe for fuel cell further comprises a layer in the outside of the innermost layer, which contains polyamide (preferably non-plastic polyamide), polyester elastomer, or polyolefin elastomer. The fuel cell further comprises a low hydrogen-permeable layer in the outside of the innermost layer. The body of the pipe is partly corrugated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The low hydrogen-permeable layer is made of polymethaxylyleneadipamide and polybutylene naphthalate. The innermost layer contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polymethaxylyleneadipamide, or polybutylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent insulation film consists of polysiloxane, polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The modification catalyst contains copper, zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The modification catalyst contains 30-80% of gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The organic compound is supported by a porous material. The organic compound and hydrogen gas are contacted under pressurized conditions, and hydrogen is discharged by heating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is a compound which forms hydrogen-molecule compound by contact with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen-molecule compound is a hydrogen clathrate compound using the organic compound as a host compound. The host organic compound is single molecule-type host compound, polymolecule-type host compound and polymeric-type host compound, preferably phenol-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The hydrogen gas is hydrogen waste gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Filler: The back-side filler consists of synthetic resin of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Disperser: The disperser is a stirrer having shear rate more than 100 s-1 and strength more than 2 kW/m3, ultrasonic pressure or emulsifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer precursor has melt flow index of 6 or less at 270degreesC. The copolymer dispersion liquid contains copolymer (10-30 wt.%). The alcohol aqueous solution contains alcohol (1 wt.% or less) when heat processed at 20-100degreesC under reduced pressure with absolute pressure of 0.5-90 kPa. The dispersion liquid has viscosity of 0.1 Pa.second at 25degreesC when heat processed at 60-100degreesC in a disperser under normal pressure. Preferred Definitions:    n = 0.    EXAMPLE - Copolymer (in g) (130) having repeating unit of formula: -(CF2CF2)- and repeating unit of formula (4) and melt flow index of 3 g/10 minute at 270degreesC, ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were taken in an autoclave. Ethanol (50) was introduced, and mixture was stirred at 175degreesC for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and transparent gelatinous dispersion liquid was obtained. The dispersion liquid had viscosity of 0.2 Pa.second at 25degreesC. The dispersion liquid was irradiated with ultrasonic wave at 20-60degrees for 2 hours and dispersed to obtain homogeneous solution. The obtained solution had viscosity of 0.06 Pa.second at 25degreesC, and contained copolymer (6.2 wt.%), ethanol (37.5 wt.%), water (56.3 wt.%) and volatile component (0.01 wt.%). An electrode catalyst layer for fuel cells, was produced using the dispersion liquid. The fuel cell had excellent durability and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The water-soluble organic solvent is alcohol chosen from methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. EXAMPLE - A pellet of sulfonic acid-type copolymer was produced from a pellet of SO2F-type copolymer precursor. The copolymer pellet had moisture content of 32 wt.%. The copolymer was used as a raw material, to obtain a dispersion liquid. The copolymer (in g) (130), ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were prepared in an autoclave. The temperature was increased to 165degreesC, and the mixture was stirred slowly. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. After purging and removing volatile components such as ether, the viscosity in 25degreesC of the obtained transparent dispersion liquid was 0.04 Pa.second. The dispersion liquid had copolymer content of 5.8 wt.%, ethanol content of 38.8 wt.%, water content of 55.4 wt.% and volatile component content of 0.01 wt.%. An electrode catalyst layer formed using the dispersion liquid had high thermal and chemical stability. A fuel cell comprising the electrode catalyst layer, had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The barrier film is a thermoplastic or thermoset selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyolefin, polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE), polyarylether, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polysulfone, polyimide, epoxy, polyurethane, nitrile and/or butyl or thermoplastic elastomer (TPE).Preferred Material: The seal is made of silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The water-repellent hydrophobic resin is fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal of plating film is nickel, copper, cobalt and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid is ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (1/1/1)1M LiPF6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid is ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (1/1/1)1M LiPF6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The micelle unit further has several polymeric monomers (13) enclosing the surroundings of several monomers, and forms chain structure. Preferred Monomer: The polymeric monomer is monomer of acrylic type. Several polymeric monomers contain single functional group monomer and polyfunctional group monomer. Preferred Groups: The polar group contains functional group monomer of C=O, C=N or C-O. The non-polar group contains functional group monomer of t-Bu-, R3Si- or R-, where R is H, alkyl, ethylene oxide, silane or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal conductive particles are selected from Pt, Ti, Ni and W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating material is selected from thermosetting or hardening type olefine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Tackifier: The tackifier is hydrogenated terpene resin, polyterpene resin, synthetic petroleum resin, 5-9C aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, 5-9C aromatic hydrocarbon resin, 5-9C alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, phenol resin, xylene resin, cumarone indene resin, styrene resin, dicyclopentadiene resin, polybutene resin, polyisoprene rubber, rosin resin, low molecular polyolefin resin and/or polyether resin. EXAMPLE - HTP-9BK (polybutadiene block isocyanate) (in weight parts) (100), Epol (hydrogenated hydroxyl-group terminal polybutadiene) (60), KE604 (acryl modified rosin) (tackifier) (30), hardening accelerator (1), R972 (fine silica powder) (5), naphtha No.3 (100), and scale-shape silver powder (470) having average particle diameter of 6 microns were blended and defoamed under reduced pressure to obtain electroconductive paste. The electroconductive paste was applied on one surface of a copper/tin plated electrode, cured and electroconductive layer of 20-30 microns thickness was produced. The electroconductive layer was bonded with the collector of the outer layer of electric double layer capacitor element, press-stuck uniformly at room temperature and electric double layer capacitor was manufactured. The obtained capacitor had excellent charging and discharging property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The phenolic molding compound comprises (in weight parts) condensed type phenol aralkyl resin (5-35) and carbon material (65-95), or resin (5-35), carbon material (60-90) and mineral fiber (5-20) with respect to whole content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A base material, which has thickness of 0.1-10 mm, preferably 0.15-4 mm and allows to pass liquid and/or gas, is interposed between raw material films. The base material and raw material film are wound together in piles, and proton conductive group is introduced.Preferred Material: The base material is glass base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A base material, which has thickness of 0.1-10 mm, preferably 0.15-4 mm and allows to pass liquid and/or gas, is interposed between raw material films. The base material and raw material film are wound together in piles, and proton conductive group is introduced.Preferred Material: The base material is glass base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The chassis is a molded component. The chassis comprises folded sheet metal, and an aperture(s). The transparent portion is located to cover the aperture(s). A rear overlap surface (8) is formed to support a third tile placed above the solar thermal tile. The set of tiles further comprises a photovoltaic tile(s) comprising a photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The chassis comprises a non- transparent material, preferably plastic, more preferably polycarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-transparent material is a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of tempered glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode layers are between the substrate and the active material layer. They are transparent to luminous radiation, and are thin enough to allow light to be transmitted. A hole-transport layer is between the anode layers and the active material layer. An electron-transport layer is between the cathode layers and the active material layer. An encapsulation layer at least partially covers the device.Preferred Materials: The anode layers are made of gold. The cathode layers are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electron-transport layer is made of aluminum tris-8-hydroxyquinoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode layers are between the substrate and the active material layer. They are transparent to luminous radiation, and are thin enough to allow light to be transmitted. A hole-transport layer is between the anode layers and the active material layer. An electron-transport layer is between the cathode layers and the active material layer. An encapsulation layer at least partially covers the device.Preferred Materials: The anode layers are made of gold. The cathode layers are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hole-transport layer is made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis-(3-methylphenylene)-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 2(-4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, or copper phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The surface modified electron conductive material (SC) is based on polymer modified carbon e.g. a polyacrylic modified carbon containing adhesive. The detergent contains polysaccharide and can consist of Triton-X.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electronic-ionic material is based on Cu, Ag, I, P and/or a chalcogenide and/or oxide e.g. Cu7PS6 or Cu3PS4, or I and/or an I complex. The nano-structure absorbent layer is based on Ti oxide, Zn oxide and/or a nano- or microstructured semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A pH-modifying substance is included. It is an alkaline pH-modifying substance. It comprises sodium hydroxide. High surface area carbon particles are included. They are amorphous carbon black powder. Preferred Composition: The pH-modifying substance is greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. The high surface area carbon particles are greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The pH-modifying substance is in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonaceous fuel substance comprises neat methanol. Safety enhancing additives are included. They are colorants, bitters, odorants, or flame retardants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A pH-modifying substance is included. It is an alkaline pH-modifying substance. It comprises sodium hydroxide. High surface area carbon particles are included. They are amorphous carbon black powder. Preferred Composition: The pH-modifying substance is greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. The high surface area carbon particles are greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The pH-modifying substance is in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening substance comprises Carbopol EZ-3. Polymeric additives are included. Preferred Composition: The thickening substance comprises greater than zero and less than 10 wt.%. Preferred Property: The gel fuel has a viscosity of 300-5000 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layered substance is montmorillonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layered substance is montmorillonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyolefin-type polymer is polypropylene-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ceramics are glass or carbon material. The metal is stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ceramics are glass or carbon material. The metal is stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The coating layer contains fluorine resin, polysulfone base resin, polyimide-type resin, polyamide-type resin, acrylic-type resin, styrene resin, polyester-type resin, epoxy resin, polyolefin-type resin, cycloolefin-type resin and/or copolymer, preferably vinylidene fluoride-type resin. The porous base material contains resin compound, ceramic and/or rust-proof metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous resin layer contains polymer containing fluorine resin, polysulfone-base resin, polyimide-type resin, polyamide-type resin, acrylic-type resin, styrene resin, polyester-type resin, epoxy resin, polyolefin-type resin and/or cycloolefin-type resin, preferably vinylidene fluoride-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon-monoxide recovering unit is a carbon-monoxide adsorber (47). The carbon-monoxide adsorbate (48) of the adsorber is polystyrene resin having pyridine group and supporting copper chloride (I), silica gel supporting copper chloride (I)-pyridine complex, or silica gel supporting copper chloride (I)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,2-ethane diamine complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The open cell foam has mean pore diameter of 1-65 microns.Preferred Compounds: The hydrophilic group is a carboxyl group. The polar liquid is water, methanol or methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of the atom chosen from H, fluorine, bromine, nitrogen, aluminum, phosphorus, silicon, germanium and titanium is 0.65 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of silicon atom. The onium salt is ammonium salt. The solar cell unit has reflecting film formed from metal thin film of aluminum or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic solvent has dielectric constant of 10 or more.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains compound which thermally decomposes or volatilizes at 100-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The anti-reflective film in the solar cell unit has thickness of 10-1300 nm. The refractive index of the film is smaller than the refractive index of the transparent surface component (2). A film-form transparent resin layer (10) having embossed pattern, different from the filler layer (3) is further formed on the light receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film-form transparent resin layer is resin layer formed by hardening thermosetting resin with light or heat. The filler layer is a resin layer containing thermosetting resin and/or ultraviolet setting resin, and has light transmittance of 80% or more in the wavelength of 400-1100 nm. The solar cell unit has adhesive film containing conduction material comprising polymeric resin and electroconductive particles. The polymeric resin is acrylic type polymer or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is obtained by carrying out polymerization reaction of a polymeric monomer or a pre-polymer, and organometallic complex in a solvent, and baking obtained reaction product.The polymeric monomer or the pre-polymer is monomer or pre-polymer of polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide, preferably precursor of aromatic polymer, and more preferably polyamic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atom is iron atom, nickel atom, iron ion and/or nickel ion.The organometallic complex is metallocene chosen from ferrocene, nickelocene and their derivatives.The atomic binding substance has a hexagonal net plane having a carbon atom as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The size of particles of carbon black is circa 13-95 nm. The particulates have a high length to diameter ratio.Preferred Components: The particulates are chopped carbon fibers, carbon or graphite flakes or platelets, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibrils, or carbon whiskers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The water-soluble polymer is polyethylene oxide and/or polypropylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element is d-block element chosen from cobalt, cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, ruthenium, zinc and rhenium. The heteroelement is nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and/or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element is d-block element chosen from cobalt, cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, ruthenium, zinc and rhenium. The heteroelement is nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and/or phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The coordination polymer is formed from a molecular compound and/or hydroxyl-containing organic compound, and water. The content rate of water in the molecular compound and/or hydroxyl-containing organic compound, is 1-70 wt.%. The residual heat of the thermal storage material, measured by differential scanning calorimetry, is 20 J/g or more, at a temperature range of -30 to +200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material has formula (2,3 or 4).R1-R10=same or different halogen atom or optionally substituted alkyl group, alkoxy group or alkylthio group;w,u=0-5;t=0-3;ands,v,x,y,z=0-4.Preferred Element: The photovoltaic element contains transparent electrode, (optionally a transparent n-type inorganic semiconductor layer), electron-accepting organic matter layer, electron-donating organic matter layer (I), electron-donating organic matter layer (II) and back electrode, laminated sequentially. The polymeric material present in electron-donating organic matter layer, has formula (1,2,3 or 4). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=optionally substituted 1-18C alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium manganese complex oxide contains lithium, iron, nickel, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, boron, vanadium, silicon, tin, phosphorus, antimony, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic oxide material is silica, titania or zirconia. The metal film is aluminum thin plate or zinc steel thin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic oxide material is silica, titania or zirconia. The metal film is aluminum thin plate or zinc steel thin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Module: The solar cell module is further equipped with polyethylene terephthalate film (7) between resin film which vapor deposited with metal or inorganic oxide material, and adhesive agent film, or ethylene vinyl acetate film. The solar cell module preferably comprises front cover, thin film photovoltaic cell formed from laminating a transparent electrically conductive film layer, photoelectric converting layer and a reverse side reflective electrode layer, backside packed resin layer and reverse side weatherproof layer laminated sequentially. Preferred Film: The fluorine resin film is polychloro trifluoro ethylene resin film, polytetrafluoro ethylene film, tetrafluoro ethylene-ethylene polymer film, tetrafluoro ethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer film and polyvinylidene fluoride film. The resin film which vapor deposited inorganic oxide material is polyethylene terephthalate film or polycarbonate film. The reverse side weatherproof layer preferably is a laminate of polyethylene terephthalate film, resin film vapor deposited with metal or inorganic oxide material, adhesive agent, fluorine resin film or polyphenylene sulfide film vapor deposited with inorganic oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The swelling polymer removal process involves conveying the polymer packed adhesion sheet by a roll kneader (R) and spraying at least one of spraying liquid, gas and gas-liquid mixture, to the opposite surface. The adhesion sheet is conveyed upwards from downward direction. The conveyance surface of polymer packed adhesion sheet is inclined at 10 degrees or more with respect to horizontal surface. The adhesion polymer removal tool is made to contact at least one surface of polymer pack adhesion sheet. The spraying liquid is water, and the gas is air. EXAMPLE - 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane (in mass parts) (90) and N,N'-methylene bis acrylamide (10), were used as polymer precursor. The polymer precursor, Darocur 1173 (ultraviolet ray polymerization initiator) and surface active agent (2), were dissolved in water (100) and a solution was prepared. A polyethylene porous resin sheet was conveyed to a container continuously. The solution was impregnated into the porous resin sheet and subsequently irradiated using high pressure mercury lamp. The polymer precursor was polymerized and a polymer packed adhesion sheet was produced. The adhesion sheet was contacted to the periphery of stainless steel roll and water was sprayed to the opposite surface of adhesion sheet at a pressure of 0.2 MPa. The polymer was swollen. Water was sprayed and the swelling polymer adhered to the surface of adhesion sheet was removed. Swelling of polymer and removal process, were repeated 3 times and an electrolyte film was obtained. Residue of aggregated polymer, damages, tear and deformation, were not observed on the film surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Support device comprises a carrier layer. The carrier layer comprises a permeable resin, woven fiber, non-woven fiber and glass fiber. Batches comprise fibers selected from glass fiber, carbon fibers, fibers that possess less electrical resistance than glass fibers and combinations different materials fibers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobization agent (HA) is a hydrophobic polymer, preferably a perfluorinated polymer, especially PTFE. The catalyst layer contains an ionomer of EW-value at least1000, preferably 700-100 g/mole, e.g. perfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The weight ratio of segment (A) and segment (B), is 5:95-40:60. The acidic radical is strong acid group or superstrong-acid group. The segment (B) has formula (3), and the segment (A) has formula (4).Y,Z,m,n = same as defined above;r,s = 0 or 1;r+s = 1 or 2;u = 1 or 2;andt = 0, 1 or 2.The ion exchange capacity of the copolymer is 0.8-2.4 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: At least one mechanical stop is coupled to the planar component. At least one barbed wing component support (211) extends perpendicularly from the planar component such that the barbed wing component is in a non-coplanar geometric relationship with the planar component. A finger grip is on the planar component. The latch comprises two barbed wing components. A first barbed wing component extends distally from a first edge of the planar component. A second barbed wing component extends distally from a second edge of the planar component. The first and second barbed wing components are collinear. Each barbed wing component comprises barbs (208) extending from the barbed wing components perpendicularly. The barb comprises inclined planar component(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The latch is manufactured from plastics, styrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polystyrene, acrylic, polycarbonates, resin, or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material consists of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tantalum oxide, terbium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material consists of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tantalum oxide, terbium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by a polymeric linking agent. The charge carrier material comprises a polymeric electrolyte. At least one of the first and second base materials comprises a polyethylene terephthalate material. One of the base materials is scored.The joining step comprises laminating the first and second conductive layers by disposing an adhesive layer between such that, following the lamination, the wire is embedded in the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer comprises a hot melt adhesive; polyester material; an epoxy; a thermoplastic; a thermoset; or ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer. The (metal coated) wire is coated with adhesive prior to joining. The method comprises curing the adhesive layer. The adhesive has a lower melting temperature than the second metal coating on the wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals near the cathode and anode are more heavily doped than the group IV nanocrystals near a center position of the solar cell. The bulk heterojunction material further comprises a heavily n-type doped region near the cathode, a heavily p-type doped region near the anode, and a lightly doped region in-between. At least a portion of the group IV nanocrystals is capped with a reagent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IV nanocrystals comprise less than 75 wt.%, preferably 50-70 wt.%, of the bulk heterojunction material.Preferred Properties: The group IV nanocrystals include a variety of particle sizes. They have a largest particle dimension, which is less than 20 nm, preferably 2-5 nm.Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals comprise silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium nanocrystals. The group IV nanocrystals are doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IV nanocrystals comprise less than 75 wt.%, preferably 50-70 wt.%, of the bulk heterojunction material.Preferred Properties: The group IV nanocrystals include a variety of particle sizes. They have a largest particle dimension, which is less than 20 nm, preferably 2-5 nm.Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals comprise silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium nanocrystals. The group IV nanocrystals are doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reagent is alkyl lithium, Grignard, or alcohol. It is an electroactive chelating agent, heterocyclic aromatic molecule, or a dendrimer polymer. The organic absorber comprises a polymer, dendrimer, or macromer. It is poly (e-hexylthiophene), poly-(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)phenylene vinylene), or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluorine resin is chosen from tetrafluoro ethylene group polymer, tetrafluoro ethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether group copolymer and tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene group copolymer. The fluorine resin is irradiated at an absorption dose of 5 kGy or more at a temperature beyond the melting point of the resin. Further, the resin is irradiated at the same dose, at room temperature. EXAMPLE - A polytetrafluoro ethylene film was irradiated with 60Co-~g-ray of absorption dose 30 kGy, at a rate of 7 kGy/hour at 340degreesC. The film was further irradiated with electron beam of absorption dose 30 kGy at 25degreesC or more. The film was placed in a solution of styrene (in mass pts.) (40), divinyl benzene (2), n-hexane (40) and azobis isobutyronitrile (0.01), and heated at 60degreesC for 16 hours. Nitrogen containing 0.1 vol.% of oxygen was passed at 100degreesC/minute and graft polymerization was performed. Graft ratio was 35% and the obtained film was immersed in a liquid mixture of chloro sulfonic acid (30) and 1,2-dichloro ethane (70). Hydrolysis was performed at 50degreesC for 1 hour, after two hours heating at 90degreesC in 1 N caustic potash aqueous solution. The film was washed with pure water, after immersing in 2 N hydrochloric acid, to obtain solid polymer electrolyte film. The film had an ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm and a swelling degree of 4% after 16 hour immersion in methanol at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reed is made of titanium zinc alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The double-sided adhesive tape is made of vulcanization isobutylene-isoprene rubber or non-vulcanizing isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is an epoxy, isocyanate-, phenol-, acrylic-, solvent containing duromer- and/or solvent-free polyimide-, and or melamine- and/or polyester and or a furan based material (sic).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon in layer (24, 26) is in the form of expanded graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Coated polyurethane foam is used thermal insulation purposes in the proposed solar powered steam generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide semiconductor film is titanium oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide semiconductor film is titanium oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-aluminum alloy is lithium-aluminum-manganese alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solute is lithium perfluoroalkylsulfonyl imide. The solvent is polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The adjustable holding member includes a vacuum system generating a negative pressure that holds the pre-determined length of electrochemical laminate. The adjustable holding member includes a plate made of a micro-porous material through which the vacuum system generates the negative pressure. The adjustable holding member includes a vacuum chamber positioned adjacent the plate of micro-porous material. The apparatus further comprises a rotary knife (76) adjacent the stacking head and adapted to cut a continuous length of electrochemical laminate to the pre-determined length. The apparatus comprises stacking heads mounted side by side on the supporting structure such that electrochemical cells may be assembled simultaneously; and a treated surface onto which electrochemical laminates of the pre-determined length are stacked. The apparatus further comprises at least one carriage platform having a treated surface onto which electrochemical laminates of the pre-determined length are stacked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The anchor-coat layer contains isocyanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The ethylene copolymer resin sheet consists of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin. The continuous strip-shape is a linear continuous triangular shape. EXAMPLE - A sheet for sealing, which had emboss pattern with depth of 600 microns provided to the surface of ethylene vinyl alcohol sheet (ethylene 72%, vinyl alcohol 28%) of thickness 800 microns, and melt flow rate 15 g/10 minutes, was provided. The sheet was used for sealing solar battery element in between surface material and reverse side material. Cracks were not observed on the surface of obtained solar cell module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is inorganic acid or inorganic solid acid, or organic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is inorganic acid or inorganic solid acid, or organic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A porous membrane is packed with the polymer. The polymer is formed as composite material using acid. The polymer is formed as composite material with polymer having acidic group. The electrolyte film is formed using the catalyst composition. EXAMPLE - After dissolving 3-acrylo amino tetrazole (in g) (2), and azobis isobutyro nitrile (0.0293) in dimethyl formamide (20 ml), argon was substituted into the mixture. The mixture was reacted at 65degreesC under argon atmosphere for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, dropped into methanol and dried after filtering the deposit. Polymer of formula (6) was obtained with weight average molecular weight of 16000. The electrolyte film was formed using the obtained polymer. The electrolyte film had permeability of methanol of 0.62 and favorable electro conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) is fluoro alkyl group-containing sulfonic acid oligomer obtained by reacting peroxidized fluoro alkanoyl and 2-methacryloxy ethane sulfonic acid substance, or further adding methylmethacrylate or dimethyl acrylamide and producing compound (B).Preferred Properties: The peak temperature of sulfur dioxide decomposition is 350degreesC or more. The electrolyte film has sulfonic acid equivalent weight of 1100 g/eq or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluororesin is tetrafluoroethylene type polymer, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluoro(alkylvinyl ether) type copolymer and/or tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene type copolymer. EXAMPLE - Electron beam of 120 kGy was irradiated at 340degreesC and oxygen concentration of 0.5 torr in nitrogen gas atmosphere with respect to a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film having thickness of 50 microns, to obtain modified PTFE film. Peroxidized fluoro alkanoyl and 2-methacryloxy ethane sulfonic acid were reacted at 45degreesC under nitrogen stream for 5 hours. The obtained crude product was purified, to obtain fluoro alkyl group-containing sulfonic acid oligomer. The film was dipped in ethanol solution containing obtained oligomer and tetra ethoxysilane. The film was reacted at room temperature for 24 hours, and vacuum-dried at normal temperature for 24 hours, to obtain an electrolyte film. The film had complexation rate of 23%, ionic conductivity of 1.6x10-2 S/cm, sulfonic acid equivalent weight of 980 g/eq and excellent heat-resisting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin (a) has terpene-type structure of formula (1).n=degree of polymerization, preferably 0-5.The epoxy resin (A) further contains alicyclic epoxy resin. Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy resin (a) is 9-60 wt.% with respect to total epoxy resin. Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet is mono-layered epoxy resin layer containing epoxy resin (A), or laminate having epoxy resin layer (31) containing epoxy resin (A), a hard-coat layer (32) and a gas barrier layer. Preferred Properties: The resin sheet has glass transition temperature of 170degreesC or more, light transmittance of 88% or more and fracture strength of 60 N or more. EXAMPLE - Terpene novolak type epoxy resin of formula (1) (in weight parts) (26.6), 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (26.6), methyl hexa hydrophthalic anhydride (52.4) and tetra-n-butyl phosphonium o,o-diethyl phosphoro dithioate (1) were stirred and mixed to obtain an epoxy resin liquid. Urethane acrylate was suspended to toluene to obtain a urethane acrylate solution. The urethane acrylate solution was applied, dried and hardened to obtain a hard coat layer having thickness of 2 microns. The obtained epoxy resin liquid was applied on formed hard coat layer, dried and cured at 150degreesC for 30 minutes to form an epoxy resin layer having thickness of 400 microns. A resin sheet having laminate of epoxy resin layer and hard coat layer was obtained. The resin sheet had glass transition temperature of 210degreesC, light transmittance of 91% and fracture strength of 95 N.    n=1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Spherical- or grain shaped semiconductor bodies (30) have further functional layers, e.g. a buffer CdS layer, a layer of intrinsic Zn oxide, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer or conductive polymer (epoxide, polyurethane or polyimide, preferably an instrinsically conductive polymer with polyaniline) . Semiconductor body (30) consists of at least one I-III-VI group compound-containing semiconductor, e.g. Cu-In- diselenide, disulfide, Cu-In-Ga diselenide, or Cu-In-Ga diselenide disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier layer consists of a thermoplastic polymer material selected from epoxide, urethane, acrylic, carbonate, ester, and/or imide polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer used for bipolar plate is selected from the group consisting of fluoro-based resin, phenol resin and polybenzoaxazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode consists of lithium-manganese complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The manganese ratio in the cathode consisting of the alloy is 0.1-10 wt.% with respect to aluminum-manganese alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent consists of a mixed solvent of asymmetrical polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether and cyclic carbonate ester. The solute consists of a lithium perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl imide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode consists of lithium-manganese complex oxide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The asymmetrical polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether is diethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether, triethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether, or tetraethylene glycol ethyl methyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The multivalent oxazine compound (B) (in wt.pts) (5-200) is present with respect to novolak type phenol resin (A) (100). The resin composition contains a mixture (5-40) of components (A,B), polymerization initiator (C) (0.05-10) and carbon filler (D) (60-95). The novolak type phenol resin (A) is a modified novolak resin composition obtained by reacting 20-90 equivalent glycidyl (meth)acrylate or 20-200 equivalent N-methylol acrylamide, with respect to 100 equivalent of phenolic hydroxyl groups of novolak resin. The radical polymerization initiator (C) is an organic peroxide. EXAMPLE - A modified novolak resin (in wt.pts) (7) of polystyrene conversion weight average molecular weight 6000, bisphenol A benzoxazine (3), artificial graphite (90) of average particle diameter 35 microns and dicumyl peroxide (0.1), were blended for 30 minutes at 70degreesC, to obtain a resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded for 3 minutes at 180degreesC, to obtain a test piece of thickness 4 mm. The bending strength of the obtained test piece was found to be excellent. Using the obtained test piece, a separator of maximum thickness 2 mm and minimum thickness 1 mm, was obtained. The obtained separator had a volume resistivity of 6 mOmega.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The connection portion consists of polyamide resin and inorganic coloring pigment (1 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The micelle unit further comprises second oligomers interconnected with each other and surrounding the first oligomer with interracial activity. The first oligomer is an acrylate oligomer. It comprises a single-function oligomer and multi-function oligomer. The polar group comprises a functional group from C=O, C=N, or C-O. The nonpolar group of the first oligomer comprises t-Bu-, R3Si- and R-.R=H, alkyl, vinyl, silane, or siloxy. Preferred Composition: The first oligomer is in an amount of 5-50 wt.% based on the weight of the mixture. The electrolyte is ethyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (EC/DMC/EMC) (1/1/1) 1M lithium-phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), and is in an amount of 50-95 wt.% based on the weight of the mixture. The initiating agent is a free radical initiating agent and is in an amount of 0.1-5 wt.% based on the weight of the first oligomer. Preferred Ratio: The ratio of the single-function oligomer to the multi-function oligomer is between 5/95-95/5. Preferred Process: The temperature for baking the mixture is between 40-100degreesC for 1-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of depositing the composition is discontinuous. The depositing step is carried out by ink jet printing, screen printing, or thermal transfer. The active surface has been treated by chemical etching, electrochemical reduction, corona discharge, plasma etching, ion beam treatment, electron beam treatment, laser ablation, photochemical treatment, and/or applying adhesion layer(s).Preferred Components: An adhesion layer comprises metals, metal oxides, metal complexes, and/or hydrophilic organic materials. An adhesion layer comprises silica, alumina, metal phthalocyanines, and/or metal chelated oxinoid compounds. The liquid medium is a fluorinated compound. The active surface comprises polyaniline combined with a fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid, polythiophene combined with a fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid, and/or poly(dioxythiophene) combined with a fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid.The liquid medium comprises a material selected from compounds of formulae (A)-(O), or their mixtures. The active material is electroluminescent. At least one active material is photoactive. EXAMPLE - No relevant example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The organic ligand is dipyridyl derivative having at least 2 sulfuric-acid group, or alkyl-dicarboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal ion is silver ion. EXAMPLE - Potassium salt of 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2-disulfate ethane (dpdse) was obtained using 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane-1,2-diol, sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex, pyridine, and 1 mol/l potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Potassium salt (in mg) (181) of dpdse was dissolved in aqueous medium consisting of water (7 ml) and t-butanol (3 ml), and set as liquid (B). Aqueous medium (C) consisting of water (5 ml) and t-butanol (5 ml) was added to liquid (B). Silver nitrate (34) was dissolved in aqueous medium consisting of water (3 ml) and t-butanol (7 ml), to obtain liquid (A). The liquid (A) was added to liquid (C). Liquids (A-C) were mixed gradually, to obtain anion region-containing coordinated polymer consisting of silver ion and dpdse ion. The coordinated polymer had favorable anionic property, and electroconductivity by adjusting acidity of anion group in pore. A highly-efficient solid electrolyte was formed using the coordinated polymer, without producing liquid spill, ignition and polarization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer is polyoxy ethylene block-polyoxy propylene block-polyoxy ethylene block copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic surfactant is a long chain alkyl group containing halogenated quaternary ammonium salt. The titania sol is baked at 280-350degreesC for 5 hours to 35 days. The organic solvent is diketone. EXAMPLE - A block copolymer of polyoxy ethylene block-polyoxy propylene block-polyoxy ethylene block and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were dissolved. Tetra-isopropyl ortho titanate solution modified with acetyl acetone was added and stirred at 40degreesC for 2 days. The titania gel was reacted for 7 days at 80degreesC. The gel was baked at 400-500degreesC for 30 minutes to 2 hours, to obtain anatase type titania, with excellent crystallinity and photocatalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent resin is a copolymer containing methylmethacrylate as main monomer component. The plate material is glass and/or polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The lubricant is selected from functionalized waxes and silicone compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lubricant is selected from functionalized fatty esters and fatty acid compounds and has carboxylic acid functionality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) Is silsesquioxane compound of formula (SiO3/2)n and further comprise RSi(OH)xOy (where x+y is 3), which can be silylated with organosiloxane to produce corresponding silylated polysilsequioxanes. (I) Is polymethyl silsesquioxane of formula (CH3SiO3/2)n (preferably ((MeSiO3/2)0.25(PhSiO3/2)0.15(Ph2SiO)0.5). The silicone composition comprises a silsesquioxane copolymer of formula R1aR2bR3cSiOq/2.q=(4-a-b-c);a, b and c=0 or positive number;a+b+c=0.8 - 3;R1=functional group selected from H and monovalent hydrocarbon having aliphatic unsaturation (preferably vinyl or allyl);R2 and R3=monovalent hydrocarbon selected from nonfunctional group and R1 (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl or isobutyl).Provided that the copolymer has an average of at least 2 R1 groups per molecule. EXAMPLE - In a MIBK solution (20 wt.%) of silanol functional polymethylsilsequioxane, dioctoate (0.1 wt,%) as a catalyst was added. The solution was coated onto stainless steel substrate. Coating was cured at 100degreesC for 12 hours and 200degreesC for 3 hours in an air. The coating was analyzed and observed to have uniform and very good planarity. The average thickness of the coating was 3.8 microns and its average surface roughness on a 5 microns continuous and uniform area was 0.9 nm. The adhesion with the substrate was very good.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive active composition further comprises a narrow size distribution of 1-50 microns of substituted lithium nickel-manganese oxide.The mixed nickel-cobalt-manganese carbonate further comprises a narrow size distribution of 1-50 microns of (NiaCobMnc)CO3.The negative electrode is lithium metal, graphite, silicon, silver, lithium titanium oxospinel (Li4Ti5O12), tin oxide, or intermetallic compounds A-B (A, B: silver, aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, silicon, tin, and titanium).The non-aqueous electrolyte is lithium boron fluoride (LiBF4), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexafluoride (LiPF6), or LiB(C2O)2 (sic) dissolved in a solvent.Preferred Method: The reacting and aging steps are carried out with constant stirring.The method of preparing the mixed nickel-cobalt manganese carbonate further comprises, after aging, filtering and drying the coprecipitate powders.Preferred Parameter: The carbonate solution has a pH that is varied from 7-10 using a hydroxide from ammonium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), polyethylene carbonate (PC), ethyl nonafluorobutyl ether (EFE), vinylene carbonate (VC), methyl difluoroacetate (MFA), vinyl pyridine (VP), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) and/or siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The fiber core is electrically conductive or insulative. The fiber includes inner electrical conductive on the electrically insulative fiber core. The protective layer comprises flexible polymer material. The photosensitized nanomatrix material comprises nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are titanium oxides, zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tin oxides, terbium oxides, and/or tantalum oxides. The electrically conductive wire(s) comprises platinum. The charge carrier material comprises redox electrolyte. The electrically conductive wire comprises copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, iron, or their alloys. The fiber core is preferably polyethylene terephthalate. The fiber core can also comprise flax, cotton, wool, silk, and/or nylon. The fiber core comprises metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, conductive polymers, and/or filled polymers. The photosensitized nanomatrix material also comprises photosensitizing agent, i.e. dye. The photosensitizing agent comprises organic molecule. The organic molecule is xanthenes, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles. The photosensitized nanomatrix material comprises particles with average size of 2-100 nm. The metal oxide comprises titanium dioxide. The polymeric linking agent comprises poly(n-butyl titanate).Preferred Properties: The fiber core has glass transition temperature of less than 300, preferably 250-150degreesC. The fiber core has diameter of less than 250, preferably 125microns.Preferred Methods: The metal oxide nanoparticles are interconnected by polymeric linking agent. The polymeric linking agent has structure -(O-M(OR)i-)m.M = Ti, Zr, W, Nb, La, Ta, Tb, Sn, or Zn;R = acetate, alkyl, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, acyl, or H;i = greater than 0;andm = greater than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A liquid-contacting part is made of a molded synthetic-resin. A synthetic resin of 50-100 meshes mesh filter element is housed in a filter frame, to which is added an antifungal agent for the water supply.The vacuum part of the pump and a discharge valve body are a blend of carbon fiber and molybdenum disulfide with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fluorine type resin. Each valve seat is bake coated with the fluorine type-resin on austenitic stainless steels.Molding insulating waterproofing of the electromagnetic coil and the attached live part is carried out with a waterproof or oilproof synthetic resin. The metallic member exposed outside can be waterproof and rustproofing processed with a protection coating of similar resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The light-receiving-surface side sealing agent comprises ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the electrolyte salt is 0.2 or more with respect to carbonate group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The electrolyte salt is lithium trifluoro methane sulfonyl amide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium pentafluoro ethane sulfonyl amide (LiN(C2F5SO2)2) or lithium trifluoro methane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(CF3SO2)3).    EXAMPLE - Polyethylene carbonate (1 g) having number average molecular weight of 50000, and lithium trifluoro sulfonyl amide as salt were mixed with dimethyl carbonate, and a solution was obtained. The molar ratio of salt was 0.05, with respect to carbonate group. The obtained solution was applied on a sheet, and left at room temperature for 24 hours. The resulting sheet was left at 80degreesC for 12 hours in argon atmosphere, vacuum-dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours, and an electrolyte was obtained. The obtained electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 0.05 mS/cm. An anode, a cathode and the obtained electrolyte were integrated to form a lithium secondary battery. The obtained battery had capacitance of 0.8 mAh, and excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte layer is formed of polymeric matrix which is a polyvinylidene-fluoride type-polymer compound containing carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The microporous layer is made from polyethersulfone, and each transfer structure has at least one plate of molded polycarbonate or e.g. PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Features: The dark coating and/or the transparent coating can be a selectively absorbing coating. The solar collector has an additional coating made from a foil or glass/plexiglass or other textile structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (2), is arranged inside the circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melt flow rate of the light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are 4-8.5 g/10 minutes and 0.8-3.8 g/10 minutes, respectively. The light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are transparent, after polymerization cross-linking by heat-pressing. Preferred Layer: The reverse-side protective layer is optically reflective.
Preferred Definitions:    R,X=2-7C hydrocarbon group;    m=10-10000; and    n=2-3.    EXAMPLE - Branched polycarbonate group-containing polymer (A) was obtained using hexamethylene diol (in mmol) (10) and 1,4-di(chloromethyl) (sic) (5). Polymer (A) had molecular weight of 48000. Solution was obtained by mixing lithium tetrafluoro borate (LiBF4) as electrolyte salt with polymer (A), and vacuum-dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours, to obtain solid electrolyte with thickness of 100 microns. The solid electrolyte had glass transition temperature of 15degreesC, and ionic conductivity of 0.1 mS/cm at 25degreesC. A lithium secondary battery having anode, cathode and the solid electrolyte was formed. The battery had highly efficient discharge characteristic of 60% with discharge capacitance of 1.1 mAh and cycle characteristics of 138 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material is stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating material is polyurethane foam. The tape is polyethylene tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon consists of 8 parts activated carbon to 1 part carbon black. The electrode consists of 9 parts total carbon to 1 part polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Property: The activated carbon has a surface area of greater than or equal to 1000 m2/g and has an average particle size of not greater than 20 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon consists of 8 parts activated carbon to 1 part carbon black. The electrode consists of 9 parts total carbon to 1 part polytetrafluoroethylene. Preferred Property: The activated carbon has a surface area of greater than or equal to 1000 m2/g and has an average particle size of not greater than 20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell and substrate are encapsulated in glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming a photovoltaic cell over the mating surface of the substrate comprises forming a first conducting layer (32) over the mating surface of the substrate, forming a semiconductor layer (34) over the first conducting layer formed over the mating surface of the substrate and forming a second conducting layer (36) over the semiconductor layer. The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises the step of forming a semiconductor layer comprising at least one pair of P-type and N-type semiconductor layers stacked one on top of the other. The step of providing a substrate comprises the step of providing the substrate with the protrusions being spaced apart along the mating surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A portion of the photovoltaic cell and substrate is encapsulated in resin or polymer material. The substrate is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The formation of fine-crystal silicon on the electroconductive material, is carried out using crystalline silicon as target.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cyclic organic compound having sulfur-oxygen bond, is a compound having structure chosen from formulae (1)-(4), preferably ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, sulfolane, sulforon, 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone and/or their derivatives. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains hexafluorophosphate anion and vinylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - A silicon layer of 0.4-0.5 microns thickness was formed on an electrolytic copper foil of 15 microns thickness, using silicon single crystal doped with boron atom as target by sputtering method, to produce a cathode. A paste containing acetylene black, lithium cobaltite (LiCoO2), polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methyl pyrrolidone was applied on aluminum foil and pressed to form cathode. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/liter) was dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (volume ratio of 6:4). Then, vinylene carbonate (2 wt.%) and 1,3-propane sultone (2 wt.%) were added to form non-aqueous electrolyte. A battery was formed using anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte. The charging and discharging cyclic characteristics of the obtained battery were evaluated and found to be improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The unsaturated carboxylic acid component is maleic acid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cathode: the cathode contains lithium-aluminum-manganese alloy obtained by occluding lithium to aluminum-manganese alloy. The ratio of manganese in aluminum-manganese alloy is 0.1-10 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains additives (0.5-5 vol.%). Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is polyethylene glycol-di alkyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cathode: the cathode contains lithium-aluminum-manganese alloy obtained by occluding lithium to aluminum-manganese alloy. The ratio of manganese in aluminum-manganese alloy is 0.1-10 wt.%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alcohol is methanol, ethanol and/or 2-methoxy ethanol. The aldehyde is acetaldehyde and/or propionaldehyde. The carboxylate ester is ethyl formate, methyl acetate and/or ethyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The ionic conductive film contains polymeric matrix substance e.g. polyvinylidene-fluoride type polymer compound containing carboxyl group and a reversible electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid polymer electrolyte film is obtained by contacting with solution containing water-soluble salt or organo metallic complex of the metallic element of the solid polymer electrolyte film or its precursor, and/or solution containing phosphoric acid.Preferred Film: The solid polymer electrolyte film is fluorine group electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid polymer electrolyte film is obtained by contacting with solution containing water-soluble salt or organo metallic complex of the metallic element of the solid polymer electrolyte film or its precursor, and/or solution containing phosphoric acid.Preferred Film: The solid polymer electrolyte film is fluorine group electrolyte film. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metallic element is cerium.    EXAMPLE - Cerium nitrate was dissolved in water (100 ml) such that concentration of cerium ion in the solution was 0.05 wt.%. Fluorine group electrolyte film was immersed in the obtained aqueous solution and heated at 90degreesC for 2 hours. Subsequently, the film was immersed in 0.1M ortho phosphoric acid aqueous solution (100 ml) and hydrolyzed at 90degreesC for 1 hour. Whitening of film was carried out and cerium phosphate was made to fix into the film. The film was water-washed and heated at 90degreesC for 30 minutes to remove surplus phosphoric acid. The fixing amount of cerium phosphate in the film was 1.6 wt.%. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell using the obtained electrolyte film had improved durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (wt.%): the nitrogen-containing compound (0.1-5), cyclohexylbenzene (0.5-10) and epoxy-containing compound (0.02-1.5). The composition further comprises at least one compound selected from epoxy-containing compound and vinylene carbonate.Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing compound is primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, polymer, copolymer or their oligomers. The primary amine, the secondary amine, and the tertiary amine are at least one compound selected from 6-member aromatic heterocyclic compound, 5-member fused aromatic heterocyclic compound and aromatic or non-aromatic secondary or tertiary amine (preferably pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, triazole, thiazole, thiadiazole or compound containing at least one nitrogen atom and at least five carbon atoms).Preferred Method: The method further involves heating the container at 30-130 degrees C after the sealing to gelate the electrolyte composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3 or LiSbF6, and the concentration of the lithium salt in the organic solvent is 0.5-2 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The lithium battery comprises a gel polymer electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The gel polymer electrolyte is obtained by gelating the electrolyte composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion layer is amorphous silicon. The electrode layer is P or B-doped amorphous silicon. The first and second protective layers are silicon nitride. The first protective layer is silicon nitride, and the second protective layer is polyimide. Preferred Parameter: The electrode layer has a film thickness of 15-30 nm. The light has a peak wavelength of approximately 550 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The imaging apparatus further comprises a transparent electrode disposed between the electrode layer and the first protective layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion layer is amorphous silicon. The electrode layer is P or B-doped amorphous silicon. The first and second protective layers are silicon nitride. The first protective layer is silicon nitride, and the second protective layer is polyimide. Preferred Parameter: The electrode layer has a film thickness of 15-30 nm. The light has a peak wavelength of approximately 550 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hose material comprises (parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ethylene-propylene copolymer) hydrophobic silica (10-150), and carbon black (20-120). EXAMPLE - A hose material comprises (parts by weight) carbon black (70), process oil (50), co-cross linking agent (3), and anti-aging agent (0.5) was prepared and evaluated. The hose material had tensile strength of 8.7 MPa, elongation of 300%, mold surface volume resistivity (1x107), electrical conductivity of extracted solution (2.5), and electrical conductivity of less than 3muS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes of the bipolar battery contains a complex oxide of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes of the bipolar battery contains a complex oxide of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high resistant layer contains a polymeric resin selected from the group consisting of fluorine resin, polystyrene-type resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride type-resin, polyethylene-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyamide-type resin, polytetra-fluoro-ethylene resin, rigid-polyvinyl-chloride resin and GP-polystyrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode layer is formed from rhenium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. The cathode is formed from strontium samarium cobaltite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite or lanthanum strontium magnetite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic solid substrate is polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin or polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A+ of the ionic liquid is 1-ethyl imidazolium. EXAMPLE - 1-ethyl imidazolium bis(trifluoro methane sulfonyl) imide ionic liquid was mixed uniformly with bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonyl) imide lithium salt in acetone and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, in a weight ratio 22:3:75. The mixture was vacuum-dried at 60degreesC for 2 days, and acetone was distilled-off. The obtained film had excellent compatibility, uniformity, transparency, ductility and elasticity. Leaking or corrosion was not experienced and the film had long life and excellent reliability. The film had an ionic conductivity of 10-4 S/cm at 30degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The amount of adhesive resin in the hole and the electron carrying layers is set in the range of 0.01-50 wt.%. The adhesive resin is set with specific glass transition temperature. A peeling layer is formed between the electrode layer and the base material.The adhesive resins are selected from the group consisting of polyester-type resin, acrylic-type resin, acryl polyol type-resin, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer or ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The cation group is imidazolium-type cation group, pyridinium-type cation group and/or quaternary alkyl ammonium-type cation group. The anion group is conjugate base of the Bronsted acidic radical, preferably sulfonium anion group, carboxylate anion group, bis-sulfonyl imide anion group, carbonyl sulfonyl imide anion group, bis carbonyl imide anion group and/or phosphonium anion group. The Bronsted acidic radical is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, bis-sulfonyl imide acidic radical, carbonyl sulfonyl-imide acidic radical, bis carbonyl imide acidic radical and/or phosphonic acid group. The polymeric chain consists of a fluorine-type polymer chain containing chlorine-fluorine coupling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The acid-receiving agent particle is metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate and/or composite-metal hydroxide, preferably magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The acid-receiving agent particle is metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate and/or composite-metal hydroxide, preferably magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of acid-receiving agent particle is 0.2 mass% or less. The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer contains 5-50 mass% of vinyl acetate. The amount of acetic acid extracted by boiling and refluxing by water is 200 ppm or less.Preferred Property: The transparent film has a haze of 2 or less.Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer is further cross-linked by a cross-linking agent or a cross-linking adjuvant. The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer further contains a silane-coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (CVII) are prepared from 9,10-phenanthraquinone (optionally 2,7-substituted by functional groups) by sequential reaction with an organometallic compound (to introduce R1) and then with alkylating agent (to introduce R2), in presence of base, to give compounds with X = CR1R2. To produce asymmetrical compounds (X = CR3R4) the same process is done in two consecutive stages, converting one oxo group each time.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: In (I), X = CR3R4 and Z = CR5. (A) also includes units that (i) increase hole and/or electron injection and/or transport; (ii) alter emission characteristics (especially permit singlet to triplet transition); or (iii) modify morphology and color of emission. On average, each repeating unit contains at least two non-aromatic C in substituents (particularly in chains of over 12C), and (A) contains at least 40% units (I).Preparation: (A) are prepared by essentially standard Suzuki, Yamamoto or Stille reactions. EXAMPLE - A solution of 2,7-dibromo-9,10-(tert-butylphenyl)-9,10-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (1.06 g) was added to a preformed catalyst solution (prepared from manganese, nickel bromide, bipyridine and cyclo-octadiene) and stirred for 5 days at 50degreesC. The mixture was cooled, diluted with toluene (10 ml), filtered through celite; the organic phase washed with hydrochloric acid and water, then precipitated with methanol. The product was purified by dissolution and reprecipitation to produce a yellow polymer (0.6 g; 75%). This had emission maximum 461 nm; maximum efficiency 4.40 cd/A; voltage at 100 cd/m2 was 4.0 and lifetime at 100 cd/m2 was 1700 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: Each of the first and second high molecular weight compound is a block copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. A ratio of hexafluoropropylene in the block copolymer is 3-7.5 wt.%. The electrolyte further comprises a third high molecular weight compound with weight average molecular weight of 300000-550000, and an electrolyte solution prepared by dissolving an electrolyte salt in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic compound comprises a polymeric compound, preferably poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyethylene oxide, polyurethane, or polyamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal ion comprises a lithium ion.The gelling compound is a lithium salt of formula LiX.X = iodide, bromide, chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or hexafluorophosphonate.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition comprises at least 0.05 M iodine.Preferred Method: The addition steps are performed at below 50 degrees C and at standard pressure.The electrolyte has a gelling rate controlled by changing a concentration of counter ions in the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains carbon black (0.01-1 wt.pts) with respect to mixture (100 wt.pts) of the polypropylene and talc. Preferred Property: The electric conductivity of the resin composition is 2 muS/cm or less. EXAMPLE - A mixture (in weight parts) (100) of J-784HV (block polypropylene with melt flow rate of 12 g/10 minutes) (75 wt.%) and TP-A25 (talc with average particle diameter of 4.96 microns, whiteness degree of 98% and specific surface area of 40 m2/g) (25 wt.%) was mixed with ADEKA STAB AO-20 (antioxidant) (0.2), Yoshitomi DMTP (antioxidant) (0.2), F-CO chem MGS-1 (magnesium stearate) (0.2), and carbon black (0.5) to obtain resin composition. The electric conductivity of the composition was 1.1 muS/cm. The bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and Izod impact, measured at 25degreesC, of molded product of the obtained resin composition was 3300 MPa, 45 MPa, and 53 J/m, respectively. The molded product had favorable heat-aging proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hopper device is driven in reciprocating fashion across the target area. It comprises a tapering enclosure having an opening at the bottom and defining an interior space, and a screen (60, 62, 66) positioned in the interior space for sifting the particulate moldable material loaded on it. It further includes a rotating blade (72) positioned within the enclosure. The screen is positioned above the blade such that it is vibrated. The loading apparatus further includes driving mechanism for driving the rotating blade device in response to the reciprocating motion of the hopper device, and mechanism for maintaining the direction of rotation of the blade device during reversal in the direction of travel of the hopper device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The perfluoro compound is perfluorobenzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Product: The polymer obtained by the copolymerization of monomer (II) and tetrafluoroethylene has Tq of 200-400degreesC, where Tq indicates a temperature at which the extrusion rate would be 100 mm3/s, when melt-extrusion of resin is carried out using a nozzle having a length of 1 mm and an inner diameter of 1 mm under an extrusion pressure condition of 30 kg/cm2. The polymer is obtained by hydrolysis of polymer followed by conversion to an acid-form. EXAMPLE - Monomer (II) (37.2 g) and perfluorobenzoyl peroxide (205 mg) were introduced in an autoclave, cooled with liquid nitrogen, and deaerated. Tetrafluorethylene was introduced into the autoclave, and the system was maintained at 80degreesC under 0.345 MPaG for 2 hours and 50 minutes. The autoclave was cooled, and the gas in the system was purged to stop the polymerization. After diluting with CClF2CF2CHClF (HCFC 225cb), the polymer was flocculated by addition of CH3CCl2F (HCFC 141b), followed by filtration. The polymer was stirred in HCFC 225cb and re-flocculated by HCFC 141b, followed by vacuum drying overnight at 80degreesC. The resulting polymer had Tq of 204degreesC and ion exchange capacity of 1.12 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The storage device further comprises a heater thermally coupled to the storage medium, and an electrical coupling coupled to the yarn. The collapsible container comprises panels of Mylar film, and aluminum coating on the panels of Mylar film. The aluminum coating is applied to exterior surfaces of the panels of Mylar film. The hydrogen storage device further comprises a heater including metal traces on interior surfaces of the panels of Mylar film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aromatic unit is polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polynaphthylene, polyphenylene, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polysulfone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, or polybenzimidazole. The aliphatic unit is preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polybutadiene, polystyrene, poly(methyl styrene), polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polymethacrylic ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic amide, polyacrylic ester, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid amide, or polyvinyl alcohol. The ion-exchanged group is cation exchanged group. The cation exchange group is sulfonyl, carboxyl, phosphorus dihydroxide, phosphoxy dihydroxide, or disulfoxide amine. The copolymer has ion-exchange group equivalent of 0.01-5 mmol/g. Preferred Properties: The average molecular weight of copolymer is 2000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The raw material of hydrogen storage material is naturally occurring polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, rayon, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polybutadiene, polyphenylene oxide, furfuryl resin, lignin, fiber, polyimide, polyamidoimide, aromatic polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzimidazole, cotton, or petroleum type material such as mesophase pitch or their precursors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The transparent substrate is made from flat glass or borosilicate hard glass or polycarbonate or PMMA. A thin layer cell made from CUInSe2, CdS/CdTe or amorphous silicon is deposited on the transparent substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: An outer face of the positive-electrode terminal end part is formed into an inclined plane, so that the thickness of the positive-electrode terminal end part decreases gradually from the boundary toward its tip. The electrode group has a cavity (44) in its center, and the cavity has a diameter that is less than or equal to30% of an outer diameter of the outer can. The cavity corresponds to a rolling core used for forming the electrode group.Preferred Parameter: A ratio of an area obtained by subtracting a transverse section area of the cavity from a transverse section area of the electrode group, to an area obtained by subtracting the transverse section area of the cavity from a transverse section area of inside of the outer can, is greater than or equal to90%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Dimension: The protective piece has a thickness of 10-200 microns inclusive, a length of 1-30 mm inclusive.Preferred Material: The protective piece is made from a material consisting of a polyolefin nonwoven fabric, a polyolefin sheet, or a polyolefin tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The bondline resistance is less than 20 m-Ohms/cm2 after exposure to fuel cell operating conditions in excess of 500 hours.Preferred Components: The conductive sheets comprise an electrically conductive metal or electrically conductive polymeric composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive particles of the primer coating is consisting of gold, platinum, nickel, tin, silver, palladium, noble metals, graphite, and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder is a polymeric resin consisting of polyamide imide, polyimide, and/or polyvinyl ester.The adhesive polymer is consisting of elastomers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and/or thermoset adhesives, preferably ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM), ethylene propylene monomer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, isobutylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitride rubber, epoxy, urethane, acrylics, silicones, phenolics, novolacs, and/or polymethyl methacrylates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The recharging input for each battery cell or group of cells comprises a respective pin of a multi pin plug. Recharging mechanism is provided in a housing and having a connector with pins or sockets to couple to the rechargeable battery. The electrical switching mechanism comprises relays. The relays comprise multi poled relays. The battery further comprises a processor and sensors to sense and monitor the charge status of the battery. The processor is adapted to monitor the charge status of each cell or group of cells independently of each other cell or group of cells. The sensors sense the temperature of the cells or groups of cells individually or of the cells as a whole and the processor is adapted to alter the rate of recharging or stop recharging if the temperature exceeds predetermined limits. The battery has a battery casing adapted for thermal insulation. A double coating of the nylon is applied to both the inner and outer surfaces of the casing. The rechargeable battery further comprises an electronics telecommunications device for remote monitoring of the battery. The telecommunications device is a GSM transceiver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Each cell is a nickel metal hydride, or a nickel-cadmium cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The casing is made from aluminum or other suitable metal or metal alloy and is coated in nylon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Each cell is a nickel metal hydride, or a nickel-cadmium cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating of nylon is RILSAN.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The heat pipe is embedded in the lands defined on either the first or the second side surface. The bipolar interconnection plate further includes elongate channels defining a longitudinal array of lands respective side surface, and heat pipe embedded in each longitudinal land. The elongate channels and longitudinal lands with embedded heat pipes on the first and second sides of the support member are in a perpendicular relationship with respect to each other. The heat pipes extend the length of the support member. The elongate channel is U-shaped. The heat pipe contains a working fluid that comprises liquid metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The polymer electrochemical generator also includes a low friction film between the resilient heat sink material and the inner surface of the walls. The film eases relative movement between the resilient heat sink material and the walls. The resilient heat sink material is on the form of pads that conforms partially to the contours of the current collecting terminal. It is separated into ribbons extending on the length of the current collecting terminal. Each ribbon comprises a band of low friction film between the resilient heat sink material and the inner surface of the walls. The band of low friction film comprises inward extensions to circumscribe and separate each ribbon of resilient heat sink material from adjacent ribbons. The electrochemical generator further includes a heat exchange apparatus adjacent the outer surface of the walls. The heat exchange apparatus transfers thermal energy from the outer surface of the walls to a fluid medium. It comprises projecting vanes to dissipate thermal energy generated by the electrochemical cells; and channels provided within the walls such that heat transfer is accomplished by circulating a coolant fluid in liquid form through the channels.Preferred Condition: The air is circulated around the projecting vanes to dissipate thermal energy generated by the electrochemical cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermally conductive ceramic filler comprises beryllium oxide, boron nitride, alumina, or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermally conductive ceramic filler comprises beryllium oxide, boron nitride, alumina, or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resilient heat sink material is a silicone elastomer compound including thermally conductive ceramic filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol and the antifoamer is silicone-type emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of aromatic acid derivative (2) to aromatic compound (3) in the aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer, is 5/95-100/0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (b1) is a fluoropolymer. (a1) comprises at least one ammonium and/or phosphonium counterion. EXAMPLE - N-Methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution of polyelectrolyte in tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) form was prepared as follows: To solution (25 wt.%) of polyelectrolyte (6428 g) in NMP, TBAOH (2204 g, 55% in water) were added and the water removed. Then NMP (4445 g) was added. To this solution (6051 g) was added Kynar 2801 (RTM; poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer) (1878 g) and NMP (7149 g) and stirred until dissolution. To the polyelectrolyte/Kynar solution (41.05 g) in NMP, Desmodur N3300 (RTM; isocyanate cross-linker (Bayer)) (0.39 g) was added with mixing. The solution was poured on a glass plate, spread with a doctor knife and baked for 7 minutes at 177degreesC. The membrane was protonated by treatments with one molar hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric (H2SO4) acids for 2 hours each at 65degreesC, then rinsed with deionized water. The proton conductivity of the membrane, was 60 mS/cm and the areal resistance at 25degreesC was 0.06 OMEGA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic component comprises a fluorinated polymer or PTFE. The coating is provided as a mixture comprising 15-40 (preferably 20) wt.% hydrophobic component, 60-85 (preferably 80) wt.% hydrophilic component, and 0-15 (preferably 5) wt.% pore forming agent. The hydrophilic component comprises a carbonaceous substance such as carbon fibers and/or carbon particles. The carbonaceous substance has a surface area of 50-250 (preferably 60) cm2/g. The carbonaceous substance comprises acetylene black. The pore forming agent comprises a material selected such that the mesoporous layer is free of components of the pore forming agent upon decomposition of the pore forming agent; or a material selected to decompose in a mixture with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components upon heating above room temperature, where the decomposition is particulate free and comprises gaseous and liquid components. The pore forming agent comprises ammonium carbonate. The coating further comprises a solvent selected from water and/or isopropanol. Preferred Properties: The porosity of the diffusion media including the substrate and the mesoporous layer is 84%. The mesoporous layer has a thickness of 10-25 microns. The diffusion media substrate has a thickness of 100-300 microns. Preferred Process: The heat treating process is performed at 75-100 (preferably greater than 65)degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel tank further comprises a pressure-increase preventing portion configured to prevent pressure increase beyond a set pressure value in the fuel-pressurizing portion; a water absorptive member in the fuel-pressurizing portion; a partition-plate moving guide portion configured to guide the movement of the partition plate within the casing; and an attachable-and-removable mechanism that allows the fuel-cell main unit and the fuel tank to be removably connected to each other. The emission is at least one of a gas and a liquid supplied from the cathode. The pressure-increase preventing portion is a pressure-bleeding valve (150) provided at part of the casing forming the fuel-pressurizing portion. The water absorptive member is a water absorptive polymer. The partition-plate moving guide portion is a depressed-and-projected portion formed on a casing inner wall (141), or a guide rod formed within the casing along an axial direction of the casing to penetrate the partition plate. The partition plate at least partly has a colored part that allows remaining quantity of the liquid fuel within the fuel tank to be visually recognized. The attachable-and-removable mechanism has a check valve configured to prevent back flow of the emission from the fuel-pressurizing portion to the cathode. Preferred Material: Part of the casing is made of a transparent or translucent material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is a solution-containing methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water absorptive polymer comprises principally of at least one of cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The porous metal substrate is optionally corrugated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The porous metal substrate is optionally corrugated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: When the volume of active-material powder contained in the nickel electrode is set to 100, the volume of particle-like or fibrous thermoplastic resin binder is 2-7.Preferred Binder: The binder is polyolefin or polytetrafluoroethylene resin. A resin that is different from the binder is adhered to the surface of substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material consists of resin material such as styrene polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The template compound is a surfactant chosen from quaternary-ammonium group surfactant and/or nonionic surfactant. The oxide material of film-like component, further contains phosphorus and zirconium or titanium. The gel-forming material contains metal alkoxide and acidic catalyst containing silicon. The metal alkoxide is alkoxide of phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The sealing element is radially compressed. The cell further comprises air diffusing member disposed adjacent the bottom wall of the cathode can. The insulator (73) is a free standing member. It is in the form of a shrink tube or tubular film. A portion of the insulating element has a thickness no greater than 0.005 inches. The cathode can side wall does not extend radially inwardly proximal the sealing element. The anode can side wall terminates at a terminal end, where the sealing element comprises a gasket (74) that receives the terminal end. The gasket defines an axially extending slot that receives the terminal end. The insulating element has a thickness 0.000001-0.005 (preferably less than 0.003) inches. The insulating element further comprises a coating that is applied to at least one of the outer surface of the anode can and inner surface of the cathode can.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulator further comprises a polymeric material. The coating is conformal. The conformal coating is acrylic based material, or epoxy based material. The material of the insulating element is curable using a visible or UV light source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred acceptor: The acceptor is a soluble methano-fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - A conjugated polymer is used as donor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium salt is consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiC4F9SO3, LiClO4, CF3SO3Li, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiSbF6, LiAlO4, or LiAlCl4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkyl acrylate has allyl group with less than or equal to2C and the di-acrylate has less than or equal to8C. The monomer is consisting of methyl acrylate and/or hexanediol diacrylate in weight ratio of 1:0.5-1:3. The non-aqueous organic solvent is consisting of cyclic carbonates, linear carbonates, esters, ethers, or ketones.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium salt is consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiC4F9SO3, LiClO4, CF3SO3Li, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, LiSbF6, LiAlO4, or LiAlCl4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The trace conductor is a conductor of a flex circuit. The silver contact and wrap around contact and trace conductor are for a power bus. The top and bottom contacts are made of copper. The trace conductor is a copper trace conductor on a flex circuit, the copper trace being exposed for laser welding the copper trace conductor to the wrap around contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flex circuit comprises a polyimide insulating layer and the trace conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The light transmissive wall is made from glass or plexiglas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode is a semiconductor photoelectrode. Each of the semiconductor photoelectrodes comprises a wide band gap semiconductor(s). The photoelectrochemical cell further comprises a metallic connector suitable for connecting the photoelectrochemical cell to another photoelectrochemical cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises a Nation emulsion binder or electrically conductive polymer. It also comprises electron conductive polymer and/or a proton conductive polymer. The electrically conductive polymer is polyaniline and/or polypyrrole. It is at least partially sulfonated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore diameter in the agglomerate is 0.08 microns or less. The pore in the agglomerate, and between the agglomerate, has diameter of 0.01-0.08 microns, and 0.08-100 microns, respectively. The integral pore volume of proton conductor is 0.2 cm3/g or more in a pore portion with a diameter of 0.01-0.08 microns, and 1.8 cm3/g or more in a pore portion with a diameter of 0.08-100 microns.Preferred Proton Conductor: The proton conductor consists of a cross-linked-structure substance consisting of a metal oxygen bond, and acidic radical-containing structure having acidic radical coupled by the crosslinked-structure substance and covalent bond. The proton conductor is obtained by mixing platinum-supporting carbon black and acidic radical-containing compound, and reacting hardenable material by sol-gel reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore diameter in the agglomerate is 0.08 microns or less. The pore in the agglomerate, and between the agglomerate, has diameter of 0.01-0.08 microns, and 0.08-100 microns, respectively. The integral pore volume of proton conductor is 0.2 cm3/g or more in a pore portion with a diameter of 0.01-0.08 microns, and 1.8 cm3/g or more in a pore portion with a diameter of 0.08-100 microns.Preferred Proton Conductor: The proton conductor consists of a cross-linked-structure substance consisting of a metal oxygen bond, and acidic radical-containing structure having acidic radical coupled by the crosslinked-structure substance and covalent bond. The proton conductor is obtained by mixing platinum-supporting carbon black and acidic radical-containing compound, and reacting hardenable material by sol-gel reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The separator of the fuel cell is produced by injection molding of a melt containing carbon powder, in which a high pressure inert gas is poured into the melt. The pressure voltage supply apparatus is controlled by the injection molding machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference of refractive index of cured transparent resin and glass fiber is 0.01 or less. The resin has an Abbe's number of 45 or more, after curing. The transparent resin is epoxy resin. The glass fiber has a refractive index of 1.5-1.57. The mean coefficient of linear expansion of the composition is 40 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. The sheet formed using the composition has a thickness of 50-2000 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder-like inorganic filler contains silicon oxide (less than 1 wt.%), aluminum oxide and boron oxide as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder-like inorganic filler contains silicon oxide (less than 1 wt.%), aluminum oxide and boron oxide as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference in refractive index of fillers (b,c) and refractive index after hardening resin (a), is 0.01 or less. The plastic composite sheet has light transmittance of 60% or more in wavelength of 550 nm, and average linear expansion coefficient of 25 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. The Abbe's number of resin (a) after hardening, is 45 or more. The maximum surface roughness of the composite sheet is 200 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The grafted polyolefin is grafted polypropylene. The grafted polypropylene is maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. The grafted polyolefin contains (wt.%) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or its derivatives grafted onto the grafted polyolefin (0.05-10, preferably 0.05-5 wt.%). The article comprises (wt.%) polymer resin (10-50, preferably 15-25), and conductive fillers (50-90, preferably 75-85). The grafted polypropylene comprises grafted polypropylene homopolymer, and/or grafted propylene copolymers. The conductive fillers are carbon fillers, graphite fillers, metallic fillers, and/or inherent conductive polymers. The conductive fillers are in the shape of spherical or irregular particles, fibers, powders, and/or flakes. The maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene has resin base of polypropylene homopolymer, and/or copolymer of propylene with other olefinic monomers.Preferred Properties: The conductive field separator plate has volume resistivity of greater than 0.1 Omega.cm and flexural strength of greater than or equal to3000 Psi.Preferred Methods: The method can also comprise feeding mixture of polymer sin and conductive fillers into an injection molding machine, plasticizing the mixture at temperature greater than the melting point of the polymer resin to form melt, injecting melt into the mold, allowing melt to cure in the mold to form conductive flow field separator plate, and removing the conductive flow field separator plate from the mold. During the third step, the mold is open of partially opened. The third step also comprises closing the mold completely and compressing the melt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The hydrophobic material is made partly or completely from amorphous fluoropolymer. The thickness of the hydrophobic material layer can be adjusted to an optimum between a low electrical transition resistance to electrodes (7, 11) and a high hydrophobicity. The layer is 0.1-50, preferably 0.5-5 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The bipolar plate is made from a nickel-based alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic material is made from a polysiloxane compound or alkyl silanes, especially alkyl-aryl silanes or halogen-alkyl-aryl silanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact device has holding elements (47) made from an elastomer for holding and/or aligning the contact device on a fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrophobic surface layer contains PTFE and consists of a PTFE-metal or PTFE-carbon mixture on electrical connecting points (48). The hydrophobic surface layer consists of a water repellent material made completely or partially of an amorphous fluoropolymer which is an amorphous modification of Teflon, preferably made completely or partially of a polysiloxane compound or alkylsilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is sawdust, wood chips, rayon, acryl, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, and/or phenol resin.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio (H/C) of hydrogen atom (H) with respect to carbon atom (C) of the hydrogen storage material, is 0.079-0.09.Preferred Condition: The impregnated product is baked by adjusting the temperature conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is a combination of aromatic quinone and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or aromatic amine and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or acrylic-type monomer, or ammonium dicarboxylate. A polymer is obtained by polycondensation or polymerization of the monomer. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution (in weight parts) (50) obtained by mixing 10% anthraquinone and pyromellitic dianhydride in a molar ratio of 1:1, and zinc chloride (1) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, were impregnated into wood chip as raw material at normal temperature. The impregnated product was vacuum-heat dried at 120degreesC and baked at 500degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a hydrogen storage material containing hydrogen and carbon in a molar ratio of 0.083. The obtained hydrogen storage material had pore having diameter of 1.12 nm and hydrogen storage capacity of 1.5 wt.% at 10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound has glass transition temperature of -30degreesC or less. The alkylene group in R1 and/or R2 of the polyester segment has a branched structure. The electrolyte salt compound is chosen from the group consisting of nitrogen-containing-type fluoro borate, nitrogen-containing-type perchloric acid salt and nitrogen-containing-type fluoro phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is obtained by polymerizing the organic compound (II) uniformly dissolved in the mixed solution of electrolyte salt compound and electrolyte solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The acid-proof inorganic layer consists of inorganic material chosen from silica, alumina and/or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The acid-proof inorganic layer consists of inorganic material chosen from silica, alumina and/or titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The organic fiber is core-sheath composite fiber chosen from polypropylene, polyethylene, polymethyl pentene and/or polyester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Cloth: Cloth is non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer Chain: The polymer chain containing repeating unit of formula (II), is branched and has a degree of polymerization of 5 or more. A polymer chain containing group of formula (I-1) or carbon frame of formula (I-2), is provided as a nucleus in the dendrimer.m,n = integer greater than 0.Each carbon atom of the group of formulae (I-1,I-2) couples with a halogen atom or organic atom directly or through a hetero atom to form multiple bonds, and the repeating unit of formula (II). The polymer chain containing repeating unit of formula (II), is a polymer chain bonded with carbon atom of formula (I-1) or carbon frame of formula (I-2). The polymer chain containing group of formula (I-1) or carbon frame of formula (I-2), is preferably polymer chain containing group of formula (III-1) or carbon frame of formula (III-2).R5 = organic group; andp,q = integer greater than 0.Preferred Dendrimer: The number average molecular weight of the dendrimer is 5000-20000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by polymeric linking agent. It comprises particles with average size of 10-40 nm. It comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The charge carrier material comprises redox electrolyte system. It comprises polymeric electrolyte. Preferred Compounds: The nanoparticle material comprises zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tantalum oxides, tin oxides, and/or terbium oxides. It comprises photosensitizing agent comprising molecule consisting of xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitizing agent comprises ruthenium transition metal complex, osmium transition metal complex, or iron transition metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by polymeric linking agent. It comprises particles with average size of 10-40 nm. It comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The charge carrier material comprises redox electrolyte system. It comprises polymeric electrolyte. Preferred Compounds: The nanoparticle material comprises zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tantalum oxides, tin oxides, and/or terbium oxides. It comprises photosensitizing agent comprising molecule consisting of xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic thermal management device is an anisotropic electronic thermal management device having a thermal conductivity of greater than 300 W/mK in an in plane direction and a thermal conductivity of less than 15 W/mK in an out of plane direction.Preferred Method: The graphite article or sheet is pressure cured at greater than or equal to90degreesC and below 200degreesC, and at a pressure of greater than or equal to7 and below 35 MPa.Preferred Properties: The density of the cured composite is greater than 1.8 g/cm3. The electronic thermal management device exhibits a thermal conductivity that is anisotropic in nature and is greater than 300 W/mK in plane(s). The anisotropic thermal conductivity varies by a factor of greater than or equal to15 as between a plane with a higher thermal conductivity and a plane with lower thermal conductivity. The pressure cured graphite sheet has a density of greater than 1.85 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is an epoxy. The graphite sheet has a resin content of greater than or equal to3 (preferably 5-35) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is nickel filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is nickel filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The lubricative coating film and electroconductive coating film contain 400-1000C polyester resin and wax as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials - The polymer is a carboxylic acid or anhydride modified elastomer. The surface temperature of the polymeric electroconductive composition is 150 degC or less when 50 V of less DC voltage is applied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The secondary battery uses the electrode process of an active material, which makes the compound having nitroxyl radical a reaction material or a product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Alternately, the polymer is obtained by polymerizing benzene derivative of formula (9) and diethynyl benzene derivative of formula (10), or by heat-refluxing diethynyl benzene derivative of formula (11) in a solvent in the presence of copper chloride (I). The diethynyl benzene derivative is polymerized by homo coupling reaction of a terminal alkyne.R 6-R 9=as mentioned above;andX 1,X 2=X.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The fabrication of fuel cell includes forming a porous conductive layer on the surface of the membrane electrode assembly.Preferred Properties: The membrane is 1-100 micrometers thick. An operating temperature of the transfer is 25-100degreesC. Heat pressing of the adhesive to the membrane is at 100-250degreesC and 1-50 MPa. The thermosetting adhesive is baked at 60-200degreesC.Preferred Materials: The b-stage adhesive comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide containing conductive particles. The insulation frame comprises a fiber enhanced resin or ceramic plate. The fuel cells are attached to the frame using waterproof adhesive comprising epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide. Thermosetting adhesive applied to the conductive nets comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive net comprises nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum, and/or their alloys. It is coated with gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, or chromium-nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The membrane of the membrane-electrode structure and the electrodes covering them are congruent to each other so that the region of the electrodes covered with the surface tenside and penetrated by the sealing agent is penetrated by the edge region along its periphery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealing agent is made from an epoxy resin, a polyurethane resin, polyester resin, silicone elastomer or fluoro-silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler contains black lead, acetylene black, ketchen black and/or vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler contains black lead, acetylene black, ketchen black and/or vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder present in the conductive layer is styrene-butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The water-keeping layer comprises a water-keeping component, acrylic type polymer and positive ion clearing molecule. The water-keeping layer is a mixture of polyacrylic acid and perfluoro sulfonic acid type polymer solution.Preferred Component: The water-keeping component comprises an acrylic type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat insulating plate is made of foam plastics such as foam polyethylene, polystyrene foam, urethane foam, phenol foam and foam polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer compound is polyvinylidene fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The low boiling point solvent is ethylmethyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The powder is aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric electrolyte comprises a perfluorosulfonate ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred covering The transparent covering is glass, polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage component contains hydrogen storage material (2) dispersed and arranged in hollow region of hydrogen storage material (1).Preferred Materials: The hydrogen storage material (1) is a carbon type material. The hydrogen storage material (2) is an alloy of hydrogen storage property. The hydrogen storage material (2) contains iron, titanium, manganese, zirconia, nickel, tellurium, magnesium and potassium.Preferred Method: During the manufacture of hydrogen storage component, the inorganic oxide material is removed from the carbon precursor composite porous component. Carbon type material is coated by gas phase reaction to the surface of porous component.Alternately, porous component having inorganic oxide material structure and material having hydrogen storage characteristic is prepared.Alternately, hydrogen storage component is formed by adding a material having hydrogen storage characteristics to the hollow portion of hydrogen storage material.Preferred Precursor: The carbon precursor is a polyimide precursor. EXAMPLE - Raw material liquid containing tetramethoxysilane, ethanol and 0.1 N ammonia aqueous solution were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:3:4 and introduced into a predetermined mold, gelatinized and solidified to form a silica moisture gel. Silica dry gel was put into quartz-tube-like furnace. Propylene was poured into the silica dry gel at 800 degrees C, to form a carbon type material at the porous structure surface of silica dry gel by gaseous phase method. A carbon film was formed at the internal portions of silica dry gel, and a composite gel having appearance density of 350 kg/m3 and specific surface area of 450 m2/g was obtained. Immersion processing of composite gel was carried out for 30 minutes at room temperature using a fluoride hydro acid. The processed composite gel was dried to form a hydrogen storage component having network-like hollow structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The potential applied between anode and cathode is preferably 0.2-0.7 volts. The aqueous medium is maintained at a pH of 3-9, preferably 5-8. The anodophilic bacteria are derived from activated sludge and/or anaerobic sludge. The anodophilic bacteria are replaced by or supplemented with non-anodophilic bacteria. An electron mediator is present in the reactor. In a stage subsequent to the hydrogen production stage, electric power is produced by interrupting the application of the potential and passing oxygen to the cathode. The duration of hydrogen production stages and the power production stages have a ratio of 1:4-4:1. Pure carbon dioxide is collected at the anode. EXAMPLE - A cell consisting of anodic and cathodic compartments separated by proton exchange membrane, was maintained at 30degreesC. The anode comprised a round graphite felt electrode. The anode compartment was inoculated with effluent from biological fuel cell containing anodophilic microorganisms and was continuously fed with an aqueous solution containing 1 g/l of sodium acetate. During operation, the pH in the anode was set to 8.1. The anodic compartment was kept anaerobic by flushing it with nitrogen gas. The cathode was filled with 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.7. Platinum was used as cathode material. Before performing reaction, the cathodic compartment was flushed with nitrogen gas for removing oxygen from catholyte. When the current in the cell was kept at 2.5 mA, a voltage of 0.3 V was necessary to get hydrogen evolution at the cathode. The hydrogen evolution was found to be stoichiometric with the current flowing through the cell and lasted until the current was stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The side bend(s) is non-perpendicular with a top of the metal tab. It comprises a cut out(s).It is crimped against the rail to exert frictional forces against the rail. A cross section of the housing is Y-shaped. Preferred Parameter: A cross section of the rail geometrically corresponds to an area between the side bend(s) and the top of the metal tab. The width of the post is less than or equal to the distance between the first and second lances. Preferred Dimension: The metal tab is less than 1 mm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The housing is manufactured from a material consisting of styrene, polystyrene, Noryl GTX 830, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polycarbonate resin, or polycarbonate-ABS resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains polyethylene for addition such as low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, extremely ultra-low polyethylene and/or linear low density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aromatic ring is phenyl group bonded to phosphorus of the principal chain via an ether group. A functional group other than the sulfonic acid group is further bonded to the aromatic ring . The functional group is alkyl or halogen group. The alkyl group is methyl or ethyl. The halogen is bromo, chloro, or iodo group. The intermediate product is poly(bis(3-methyl phenoxy)phosphazane) or poly(bis(3-chloro phenoxy)phosphazane). The derivative is sulfonated poly(bis(3-methyl phenoxy)phosphazane) or sulfonated poly(bis(3-chloro phenoxy)phosphazane). The aromatic ring compound is a metal salt of phenol and phenol derivative. An alkyl or halogen group is bonded to the phenol derivative. The metal salt is sodium salt.Preferred Properties: The number average molecular weight is 30000-45000. The ion exchange capacity is 4.5-4.9 mmol/g.Preferred Parameters: The anhydrous sulfuric acid is added and the intermediate product is sulfonated at -15-5degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The nanocrystalline material layer has a graded linear size distribution of cuprous oxide (Cu20) nanoparticles. It also has three layers comprising a top layer, a middle layer, and a bottom layer. The top layer has Cu20 particles having sizes that are smaller than the middle layer or having sizes from 5-10 nm in diameter. The middle layer has Cu20 having sizes that are smaller than the bottom layer or having sizes from 10-30 nm in diameter. The bottom layer has Cu20 particles having sizes of 30-40 nm in diameter. The Cu20 nanoparticles have an ellipsoidal shape. The top contact layer comprises a grid pattern of calcium capped with gold.Preferred Properties: The top contact layer is 5 microns thick. The protective layer is 0.1-0.2 microns thick. The semiconducting layer is 0.2-0.5 microns thick. The bottom contact layer is 1.0 microns thick. The Cu20 nanoparticles have an absorption coefficient that is in an ultraviolet region of a solar spectrum. The semiconductor material has an absorption coefficient in the visible light region of the solar spectrum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The bottom contact layer is constructed from indium tin oxide (ITO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The bottom contact layer is constructed from indium tin oxide (ITO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective layer is made of poly(phenylvinylene). The semiconducting layer is constructed of a material from poly(p-phenylenevinylenes), polyanilines or polythiophenes. It is preferably made of poly(3-butylthiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator is an organic polymeric material chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyether, polyurethane and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet adhesively affixed to lower surface of top shading element, is made of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The noble metal is platinum, palladium, iridium and/or silver. The lattice constant adjustment metal is titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, gallium, tungsten, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The battery life extension and battery activation resin composition contains battery active material, resin component, and further oxide of aluminum, silicon, iron, rare-earth elements, tourmaline and/or phosphorus compound.Preferred Component: The resin component is thermoplastic resin, preferably styrene resin, polycarbonate resin, polyamide resin, polypropylene resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polybutylene terephthalate resin, polyacetal resin, polyphenylene sulfite resin and/or liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The proton conductive block copolymer is cross-linkable using light, heat or electron beam. The block copolymer has ion exchange group equivalent of 300-2000 g/mol and water absorption of 5-20 wt.%. The block having repeating unit (0.5 g/dl) (1) has reduced viscosity of 0.05-1.2 dl/g at 35degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2 = proton acid group of formula: -CnH2n-SO3Y;    n = 0-10;    Y = H, sodium or potassium;    A1 = -CO- or -SO2-;    X3-X5 = H;and    A2 = -CH2-.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-carbonyl bis(6-fluoro benzene sodium sulfonate) (in g) (42.23), bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl)methane (25.63) and anhydrous potassium carbonate (16.59) were heated to 141degreesC over 2 hours. Dimethyl sulfoxide (255.5) and toluene (31.9) were added to the heated mixture and the contents were reacted for 8 hours. Water was distilled and oligomer with reduced viscosity of 0.13 dl/g and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 250degreesC or more was obtained. 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (21.82), bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (25.63), anhydrous potassium carbonate (16.59), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) (173.8) and toluene (15.8) were added to the oligomer and reacted for 8 hours. The obtained viscous reaction material was diluted with DMAc and polymer having proton acid group, reduced viscosity of 1.21 dl/g and Tg of 220degreesC was obtained. The block copolymer was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide-DMAc and varnish was prepared. The varnish was casted on a glass substrate and dried to form film with thickness of 50 mum. The film was immersed in sulfuric acid aqueous solution and proton conductive film was obtained. The film had water absorption of 12%, ionic conductivity of 0.14 S/cm, ion exchange group equivalent of 510 g/mol and methanol permeability of 0.4 mumol/cm2.minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrophilic repeating unit has ion exchange group such as cation-exchange group and anion-exchange group. The cation-exchange group is -SO3H, -COOH, -PO(OH)2, -POH(OH) and/or -Ph(OH), where Ph is phenyl group. The anion-exchange group is -NH2, -NHR-, -NRR', -NRR'R"+ and/or -NH3+, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - The carbon material contains an organic polymer chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide, polyamidoimide, polyurethane, polyurea, polyphenol, polyaniline and polyparaphenylene (sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer chain has a molecular structure in straight chain form. It further includes a second repeating unit of formula -(CF2-CFZ6)-.Z6=F or Rf6;Rf6=1-10C perfluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide and/or their physical or compositional mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide and/or their physical or compositional mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer coating is based on arylamine monomer and is ortho-phenylenediamine and/or aniline. The polymer coating is deposited electrochemically on the metal oxide and is less than 10-nm thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas permeable membrane is comprised of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The filler comprises particles. The current collector comprises a metal substrate having a coating of the composite. The particles are fibrillose and oriented in the general direction that the electrical current flows through the composite. The current collectors are a bipolar plate confronting the anode of one the cells and the cathode of the next adjacent cell. The substrate comprises a first acid-soluble metal underlying a second acid-insoluble, oxidizable metal layer engaging the composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal is titanium, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer matrix comprises epoxies, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cross-linking agent vinyl functionalities are divinyl derivatives of an organic compound from an aliphatic, an aromatic, and/or a heteroaromatic. The organic compound can also be sulfonic acid, sulfones, phosphates, phosphones, phosphonic acid, carboxylates, carboxylic acid, acrylates, methylacrylates, and/or (meth)acrylamides. The cross-linking agent vinyl functionality is a trivinyl derivative of an organic compound from sulfonic acid, sulfones, phosphates, phosphones, phosphonic acid, carboxylates, carboxylic acid, acrylates, methylacrylates, and/or (meth)acrylamides. The polar solvent is organic. It comprises dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and/or n-methylpyrrolidinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An initiator is included to cure the composition when using a procedure comprising of photo-curing and/or thermal curing. The protonic polymer comprises acid groups. The monomer is a vinyl monomer bearing an acidic group from sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, and/or carboxylic acid group. The curable liquid electrolyte solution further comprises an elastizing agent from polymerizable vinyl monomer to enhance the toughness of structure of the cured electrolyte. Preferred Composition: The electrochemical cell further contains 20-40 wt.% protonic polymer comprising acidic groups for transporting protons, 20-70 wt.% monomer for dissolving the protonic polymer, and 5-50 wt.% cross-linking agent having at least two vinyl functionalities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The PFSI comprises acid groups. The cross-linking agent vinyl functionalities are divinyl derivatives of an organic compound from an aliphatic, an aromatic, and/or a heteroaromatic. The organic compound can also be sulfonic acid, sulfones, phosphates, phosphones, phosphonic acid, carboxylates, carboxylic acid, acrylates, methylacrylares, and/or (meth)acrylamides. The cross linking agent vinyl functionality is a trivinyl derivative of an organic compound from sulfonic acid, sulfones, phosphates, phosphones, phosphonic acid, carboxylates, carboxylic acid, acrylates, methylacrylares, and/or (meth)acrylamides. The PFSI comprises sulfonic acid, and/or carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An initiator is included to cure the composition when using a procedure comprising of photo-curing and/or thermal curing. The monomer is a vinyl monomer bearing an acidic group from a sulfonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, and/or a carboxylic acid group. The curable liquid electrolyte solution further comprises an elastizing agent from polymerizable vinyl monomer to enhance the toughness of structure of the cured electrolyte. The polar solvent is organic from dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and/or n-methylpyrrolidinone. Preferred Composition: The electrochemical cell further contains 20-40 wt.% PFSI comprising acidic groups for transporting protons, 20-70 wt.% monomer for dissolving the PFSI, and 5-50 wt.% cross-linking agent having at least two vinyl functionalities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactants: The electroactive reactants in reactant flow stream are selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, dimethoxymethane, and trimethoxymethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The sensing layer comprises in sequential order as layered over the tube (12): an insulation layer; a first current collector layer; an anode diffusion layer (18); a catalyst-coated membrane layer (19); a cathode diffusion layer (20); and a second current collector layer. The catalyzed membrane layer comprises a catalyzed surface directly facing the aperture (14) and another catalyzed surface oppositely facing the aperture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: Platinum or its alloy is used to fabricate the catalyst layer bonded on the membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the diffusion layers comprises a carbon-based electrically conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulation layer comprises PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The possible materials for coating the roating lids of the proposed rolling bearing arrangement include PTFE and polyethylene. PTFE is also used as an ingredient of the dry lubricant for the proposed bearing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The aging process of oxygen catalyst is performed in an atmosphere containing hexamethyl disiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane or hexamethyl disilanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxygen catalyst is selected from platinum, ruthenium, palladium or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The primer layers are deposited between the photovoltaic layer and protective coating. The primer comprises aminosilane and epoxy resin. The protective coating layer is derived from a powder coating. The powder coating is low cure or ultraviolet curable. The power coating is thermoset. The thermoset powder comprises polyester film-forming resin and solid melamine cross linker. The protective coating layer is derived from liquid coating or anionic electrodeposited coating. The liquid coating comprises fluoropolymer. The cell also comprises topcoat layer on electrodeposited coating. The transparent supersaturate is glass. The encapsulant comprises protective coating(s). The encapsulant also comprises primer or adhesive layers. The electrodeposited coating is used to deposit the protective coating. Preferred Properties: Each primer layer has dry film thickness of less than or equal to0.5 mils. Preferred Methods: The method also comprises depositing a topcoat on the cured electrodeposited coating, and curing the topcoat. The method also comprises depositing primer or adhesive layer(s) prior to the deposition of protective coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide is chosen from the simple oxides of the transition and lanthanide elements, the mixed oxides of several metal elements and mixtures of these simple and mixed oxides (claimed). The metal oxide may be an oxide of zirconium-yttrium with a cubic or tetragonal structure (claimed). The substrate may be a dense refractory oxide or a metal such as steel, silicon or aluminum, or a ceramic such as alumina or doped or non-doped zirconium-yttrium, or glass or a composite of two or more of these materials (all claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate may be of glass or of the CERMET Ni-YSZ (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dispersion solvent may be chosen from water, ketones, aliphatic alcohol's and their mixtures (claimed). The dispersion solvent may be a mixture of azeotropic ethanol/methylethylketone (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer used may be chosen from the aliphatic polyesters (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The frame is made of metal (preferably aluminum) sheet material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulation material is made of a polymer foam e.g. polyurethane based or polyisocyanurate based foam. It is a rigid foam preferably molded to the frame. The flexible adhesive sealant is silicone based. It is cured to form a seal. The gasket is made of a resilient material such as artificial rubber such as polyisoprene, natural rubber or mixtures such as ethylene propylene mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane compound is a chain type silane compound of formula: SiiX2i+2, cyclic silane compound of formula: SijX2j, cyclic silane compound of formula: SimX2m-2, and/or cage like silane compound of formula: SikXk, where x is H or halogen atom, i is 2-10, j is 3-10, m is 4-10 and k is 6,8 or 10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The film-forming composition further contains substance containing 3B group element or substance containing 5B group element of periodic table.Preferred Method: The polymerizable silane compound is liquefied or silane compound in the form of solution is irradiated with light ray of wavelength of 300-420 nm for 0.1 second-600 minutes, to obtain the silane polymer. The organic solvent of the film-forming composition applied on the substrate is selectively removed before performing heat processing and light processing. EXAMPLE - Dry tetrahydrofuran (1 l), dry lithium metal (in g) (18.3) and diphenyl dichlorosilane (333) were reacted in presence of argon. The reaction mixture was filtered, water washed, dried and recrystallized. The obtained white solid (150) was reacted with dry cyclohexane (500 ml) and aluminum chloride (20) at 30degreesC for 10 hours, and with aluminum lithium hydride (50) and diethyl ether (150 ml). The reaction solution was filtered, and distilled to obtain colorless liquid of cyclopenta silane. The cyclopenta silane liquid (1 ml) was irradiated with mercury xenon lamp of wavelength of 408 nm for 10 minutes to obtain silane polymer. The weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of the obtained polymer was 1250 and 910, respectively. The obtained polymer was mixed with toluene (9 ml). The obtained solution was applied on quartz substrate and heat-processed at 400degreesC for 30 minutes to form uniform silicon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt (0.6-2M concentration in the electrolyte) is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium triflate, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, lithium nonafluorobutylsulfonate, lithium aluminate, LiAlC4, LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2) (where x and y are natural numbers), LiCl or LiI.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: (I) (0.1-10, preferably 0.5-2 wt.%) Is allyl disulfide, methyl allyl disulfide and/or ethyl allyl disulfide.The non-aqueous organic solvent is carbonate, ester, ether and/or ketone. The carbonate is dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) or butylene carbonate. The carbonate comprises a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate. The solvent comprises a mixed solvent of carbonate and an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvent comprises benzene (optionally mono- to hexa-substituted by halogen or 1-10C alkyl) (preferably (fluoro)benzene, (fluoro)toluene and/or xylene). EXAMPLE - An electrolyte (E1) comprising ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1, LiPF6 (1M) and allyl disulfide (1 wt.%) was prepared. A comparative electrolyte (E2) was prepared similarly without using the allyl disulfide. Decomposition-initiating voltage of (E1)/(E2) was 0.7/0.5 V. Rate of increase in the thickness of batteries prepared by using (E1)/(E2) after charging was 4.4/7.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A spring housing (140) formed of epoxy resin is formed around the spring. A surface of the supporting unit opposite to the cells is covered with silicon resin for insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium superoxide catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst. The oxidizing agent is H2O2 present at a concentration of 30 - 50 vol./vol.%. The reducing agent is stannous chloride (SnCl2)/concentrated HCl mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, acetic acid or water.Preferred Method: The ammonolysis is performed at 50 - 200 (preferably 100)degreesC and at a pressure of 100 - 500 (preferably 100) psig. The reduction is performed at 50 - 60degreesC. EXAMPLE - In a flask, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (5 g), titanium-superoxide catalyst (2.5 g) and anhydrous methanol (30 ml) were placed. A 50% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (10.74 g) was added for 20 minutes. After work up, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-dinitrobiphenyl (a) was obtained. A mixture of (a) (5 g) and excess ammonia solution (100 ml) in methanol (100 ml) was charged into an autoclave and was heated at 100degreesC for 3 hours. After work up, 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-dinitrobiphenyl (b) was obtained. A mixture of 3,3'-dinitrobenzidine (2 g) and stannous chloride (6.4 g) was stirred at 0degreesC in ethanol (125 ml) and concentrate HCl (30%) was added drop-wise over 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 10 - 12 hours. The salt of the tetramine was precipitated out, which was made basic with cold 10% NaOH solution and the solid filtered out, washed with water, dried under vacuum to give 3,3',4,4'-Tetraminobiphenyl (80% yield, 1.159 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains a copolymer which is obtained by polymerizing an imidazolium salt or its derivative(s) with a polymerizable monomer or a polymer. The imidazolium salt or its derivative is a compound of formula (I).R1-R5 = optionally substituted alkyl group, allyl group, alkenyl group, aralkyl group, aralkenyl group, alkoxy alkyl group, acyloxy alkyl group, sulfo alkyl group, aryl group or aromatic heterocyclic residue; andX- = counter anion of imidazolium ion.R4 and R5 are optionally and mutually connected by a covalent bond. At least two of R1-R5 contain polymerizable functional group. The polymerizable functional group present in the imidazolium salt, contains a carbon-carbon double bond. The electrolyte further contains an alkali metal salt. EXAMPLE - Bis(styryl methyl) imidazolium-bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide (in g) (0.2562), acryloyl morpholine (0.1971), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (0.0911) and bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide lithium (0.1504) were mixed with acryloyl oxypropyl trimethyl ammonium-bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide (0.4283), at room temperature. Stirring was performed and the obtained viscous solution was fully degassed. Benzoyl peroxide (0.006) was added and stirred. The obtained solution was heated to 80degreesC after stirring for 40 minutes, to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte had electric conductivity of 1.21x10-3 S/cm at 20degreesC. The electrolyte had excellent aging stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complexes: The noble metals complex is chloroplatinic acid, hexa ammine platinum chloride, dinitro diammine platinum, palladium chloride, tetra ammine palladium chloride, rhodium chloride, ruthenium chloride, hexa chloro iridium acid or chloroauric acid preferably chloroplatinic acid. Further, a transition metal complex of iron chloride, nickel chloride, chromium chloride, cobalt chloride or manganese chloride, is used during manufacturing of noble metals type catalyst support conductive polymer composite.Preferred Catalyst: The noble metal type catalyst is noble metal catalyst, alloy catalyst of noble metal and transition metal or alloy catalyst of noble metals. Noble metal catalyst is platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, gold, palladium or rhenium catalyst preferably, platinum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, preferably polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The air-hole formation material used in the manufacture of the electrode material, is graphite powder, cellulose, low density polyethylene and/or carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex compound contained in the solid electrolyte, contains silicon, tin, phosphorus, boron, molybdenum, zirconium, titanium and/or aluminum compound, and an alkali metal salt chosen from zirconium salt, oxy zirconium salt, titanium salt and/or aluminum salt, silicic acid, stannic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid and/or molybdic acid, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyether and/or glycerol. Polyether is polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Advantageously the tubular nanostructures is in the form of macroscopic fibres are made of carbon (claimed) and may include one or more pigments (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is chosen from the group constituted by the polymers of one or more organic acids or organic hydroxyl acids and their derivatives, organic amine, alcohol or thiol, copolymers or copolymer blocks of one or more organic acids and one or more organic polyamine, polyalcohol or polythiol polymers, copolymers of styrene with ethylene, copolymers of styrene with propylene, copolymers of styrene with butadiene, copolymers of styrene with acrylates, copolymers of styrene with methacrylates and combinations of two or more of these elements
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer comprises repeating unit of Formula (Ia), Formula (Ib), Formula (Ic), or Formula (Id).R1, R2 = H, halo, SO3-, 1-18C alkyl, 1-18C alkyl substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, 1-18C perfluoroalkyl, 6-24C aryl, 6-24C aryl substituted by G, 2-20C heteroaryl, 2-20C heteroaryl substituted by G, 2-18C alkenyl, 2-18C alkynyl, 1-18C alkoxy, 1-18C alkoxy substituted by E and/or interrupted by D, 7-25C aralkyl, or -CO-R28;D = -CO-, -COO-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, -O-, -NR25-, -SiR30R31-, -POR32-, -CR23=CR24-, or Cequivalent toC-;E = -OR29, -SR29, -NR25R26, -COR28, -COOR27, -CONR25R26, -CN, -OCOOR27, or halo;G = E or 1-18C alkyl;R23-R29 = H, 6-18C aryl, 6-18C aryl substituted by 1-18C alkyl or 1-18C alkoxy, 1-18C alkyl, or 1-18C alkyl interrupted by -O-;R30, R32 = 1-18C alkyl, 6-18C aryl, or 6-18C aryl substituted by 1-18C alkyl;andR25R26 = compound of Formula (1), Formula (2), or Formula (3).The polymer preferably comprises repeating unit of Formula (IIa)-(IIg).Ar4 is preferably a group of Formula (m)-(s).p-r = 1-10, preferably 1, 2, or 3.The polymer further comprises additional repeating unit (T) consisting of Formula (10)-(44).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: One of the plates comprises a cathode, and the other comprises an anode. The apertures comprise gating apertures for accommodating flow of liquid sealing media into and between the plates during the manufacture of the unit. The second sealing media comprises an illustration layer. Preferred Parameter: The pressure is 300-700 pounds/in2 at 300-400degreesF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resilient sealing media is formed of a liquid silicone material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The aluminum alloy contains aluminum-manganese alloy and/or lithium-aluminum-manganese alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solute contains lithium perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl imide. The solvent contains polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium molybdate is lithium molybdenum (IV) acid or lithium molybdenum (VI) acid. The solute contains lithium perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl imide. The solvent contains polyethylene glycol dialkyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The aluminum alloy contains aluminum manganese alloy, lithium aluminum manganese alloy and/or aluminum-chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulation board consist of material of polypropylene or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred polymer: The precursor polymer is silicon group polymer having polysilazane as basic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The transparent polymer is polycarbonate, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate or polyvinyl carbazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole transport property material is triphenyl diamine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor microparticles are titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The plates (3, 4) have identical embossed surfaces (5) formed by round recesses. The contact sites are gold-plated and are uniformly distributed over the surface of the separator plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains platinum (in atomic%) (10-45, preferably 35-45), vanadium (70 or less, preferably 30-45, more preferably 10 or less), and iron (70 or less, preferably 25-40, more preferably 10 or less). The catalyst is an alloy. Preferred Particles: The electrocatalyst particles are chosen from carbon support and electrically conductive polymer support. Preferred Fuel: The fuel is hydrogen, hydrocarbon-based fuel, or methanol. The hydrocarbon-based fuel is chosen from saturated hydrocarbons, garbage off-gas, oxygenated hydrocarbons, and/or fossil fuels. Preferred Arrangement: In the fuel cell, the catalyst is provided on the surface of proton exchange membrane and in contact with anode or cathode, or on the surface of anode or cathode and in contact with proton exchange membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains platinum (in atomic%) (10-45, preferably 35-45), vanadium (70 or less, preferably 30-45, more preferably 10 or less), and iron (70 or less, preferably 25-40, more preferably 10 or less). The catalyst is an alloy. Preferred Particles: The electrocatalyst particles are chosen from carbon support and electrically conductive polymer support. Preferred Fuel: The fuel is hydrogen, hydrocarbon-based fuel, or methanol. The hydrocarbon-based fuel is chosen from saturated hydrocarbons, garbage off-gas, oxygenated hydrocarbons, and/or fossil fuels. Preferred Arrangement: In the fuel cell, the catalyst is provided on the surface of proton exchange membrane and in contact with anode or cathode, or on the surface of anode or cathode and in contact with proton exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A half peak width of a (002) diffraction peak ascribed to the graphite is within 6.50-8.62 degrees (preferably 6.50-7.78 degrees), as measured by X-ray diffraction method using copper as a radiation source. The ratio of the maximum length in top and back flat portions to the thickness of the hydrogen storage material in a flake form is 5-350.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The heat treatment is conducted at 500-1000 degrees C in an inert gas.Preferred Materials: The organic polymer material is polyacrylonitrile or polyimide processed into a thin film form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage material is contained in a high-pressure resistant container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The PME provides an optical clarity of greater than or equal to95% (preferably greater than or equal to99%) through a 1 mil film of the PME at 540 nm. A concentration of the lithium salt is 0.5-2 (preferably 1.2-2) moles Li per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide. The salt and the polyimide do not provide any absorption peaks of 1630-1690 cm-1. The PME provides an absorption of 1630-1690 cm-1. Preferred Material: The lithium salt is lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), LiBOB, LiCl04, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, or lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The PME provides an optical clarity of greater than or equal to95% (preferably greater than or equal to99%) through a 1 mil film of the PME at 540 nm. A concentration of the lithium salt is 0.5-2 (preferably 1.2-2) moles Li per mole of imide ring provided by the polyimide. The salt and the polyimide do not provide any absorption peaks of 1630-1690 cm-1. The PME provides an absorption of 1630-1690 cm-1. Preferred Material: The lithium salt is lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), LiBOB, LiCl04, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, or lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: A repeat unit weight per imide ring of the polyimide is less than or equal to350 (preferably less than or equal to250). The polyimide is soluble at 25degreesC in a solvent comprising N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), or dimethylformamide (DMF). The ionic conductivity of the PME at 25degreesC is 1xl0-4 (preferably 3x10-4) S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The heat insulating material is made of polystyrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conjugated diene polymer is polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polynorbornene or ethylene-propylene rubber group copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore having aperture diameter of 2 nm or more, is meso-pore and macro-pore. The maximum pore size of activated carbon is 2-10 nm.Preferred Composition: The activated carbon further contains metal oxide. The metal is manganese, vanadium, titanium and/or rare earth metal, preferably yttrium. The metal may exist as metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Metal: The carbonaceous raw material is vinylidene chloride and/or its copolymer. EXAMPLE - Vinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer containing yttrium acetyl acetonate was carbonized at 400-600 degrees C for 1 hour in argon gas atmosphere. Then, the product was steam activated at 900 degrees C. Further, the activated carbon was processed using 1 N nitric acid for 4 hours and heat-processed at 1400 degrees C in argon for 2 hours. The obtained activated carbon had BET specific surface area of 1750 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is of formula -(R3-R2-R1-(CH2-O-CH2)n)- (1), -(R3-R2-R1-(CH2-O-CH2)n)2-, or -(O-((CH2)p-O)q-R4)-. The first ionic bridge polymer is of formula -(O-(A-O-)x-B)-. The second ionic bridge polymer is of formula R5-O-(D-O)s-R5.R1 = alkylene or benzene nucleus;R2 = O, N, alkylene, phenylene or CH2;R3 = alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-phenyl, or preferably -(CH2)m-H;m = 2-8 (preferably 5);R4 = alkylene, phenylene, or (CH2)m;p = 1-5 (preferably 2);q = 2-6 (preferably 4 or 5);A = alkylene or phenylene;B = alkylene, phenylene, alkylene ether, phenylene ether, alkylene-phenylene ether, alkoxy-phenylene ether or alkyl-phenylene ether;x = 20-40;D = alkylene or phenylene (preferably (CH2)r);r = 2-5 (preferably 4);R5 = alkyl, phenyl, C18H37;s = 20-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic compound is an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, carbonate and/or salt of a weak acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic compound has a b.pt. of no greater than 260 degrees C and is a primary, secondary or tertiary amine, or a basic aromatic or aliphatic heterocyclic compound, especially a compound of formula (2).HxN(R1)3-x (2)x = 0-2;R1 = optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl.The organic semiconducting compound is of formula (3).n = 4-10;R5, R6 = optionally substituted 1-20 (1-6)C alkyl, alkoxy or 1-6C dioxyalkylene.The solvent is chloroform, toluene chlorobenzene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The basic compound is a basic group-containing polymer. EXAMPLE - A solution of 5,5-didecyl-2,2':5',2':5,2 quater-thiophene (2 mg) in chloroform (10 ml) was stabilized by the addition of diisopropylamine (1 mg/ml). No change was observed in the UV/Vis spectrum after 24 hours in air. In comparison in the absence of stabilizer changes were observed as shown in the drawing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The watertight hollow, blow-molded body forming a part of the proposed expansion unit consists of a thermoplastic material from a group containing polypropylene and ethylene-propylene diene caoutchouc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The silane group(I) is alkyloxysilyl group of formula: -Si(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1-R3 is H or alkyl. The silane group (II) comprises an acid group, preferably an inorganic acid group. The silane group (II) is tetra alkyloxysilane, silane grafted polymer, bisalkyloxy silyl terminated polymer, or a compound having at least two flexibly interconnected silane groups. The terminal group comprises a heterocycle having two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms. The terminal group comprises an imidazole group or benzimidazole group. The linking group comprises a sulfur atom and at least two carbon atoms, or at least 3 carbon atoms. The polymerizable groups (I & II) are both silane.Preferred Material: A material formed from copolymerization of at least three silanes, second silane including an acid group, third silane being a silane-grafted polymer.Preferred Atom: The atom providing a lone pair of electrons is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.Preferred Network: The polymer network is an organic-inorganic hybrid network.Preferred Reaction: The reaction is nucleophilic substitution reaction or nucleophilic addition reaction. The reaction is between halogen atom and thiol group.Preferred Process: The silane precursor is synthesized from nucleophilic substitution reaction between compound(I) containing silane group and compound (II) containing terminal group. Alternately, the proton conductive material is obtained by copolymerizing precursors (I & II). The precursor(I) comprises a polymerizable group (I), a linking group, a terminal group and a polymerizable group (II).Preferred Composition: The proton conducting membrane further comprises an inorganic acid. The precursors (I & II) further comprise an acid group. The material composition further comprises a side chain (II) attached to silicon atom within the network. The side chain (II) comprises an acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The liquid absorbing resin layer is formed on a support structure. The support structure absorbs the non-aqueous electrolyte liquid and holds the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The liquid absorbing resin layer is formed on a support structure. The support structure absorbs the non-aqueous electrolyte liquid and holds the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The polyethylene glycol acrylate monomer is phenoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate or methoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate. The amide bond-containing acrylic monomer is acryloyl morpholine or N,N-dimethyl acrylamide. EXAMPLE - Phenoxy polyethylene glycol acrylate (in weight parts) (50), acryloyl morpholine (50), ethylene glycol diacrylate (0.5) and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one (0.5) were mixed, to obtain a monomer composition. The composition was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film. Ultraviolet ray was irradiated on the applied composition, and polymerized. The obtained polymerized film was peeled from the polyethylene terephthalate film, to obtain a liquid absorbing sheet. The sheet had favorable electrolyte liquid absorptivity, adhesive strength of 0.3 kg/5 cm with respect to non-woven fabric and adhesive strength of 0.3 kg/5 cm with respect to nickel surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The reinforcing fibers are carbon and glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic includes more than one polymeric material. The core of composite material comprises first polymer. The surface of the core comprises a second polymer. The first polymer is polyethylene terephthalate. The second polymer is polyvinyldifluoride.Preferred Parameters: The composite material has bulk conductivity of greater than or equal to200 S/cm, tensile strength of greater than or equal to30 MPa, and flexural strength of greater than or equal to45 MPa.Preferred Components: The composite material is formed in the shape of a bipolar plate. The bipolar plate has features molded into at least on surface.Preferred Method: The molding step is performed by compression molding. The forming step includes forming sheets from graphite particles, thermoplastic fibers and reinforcing fibers using a wetlay process, consolidating a stack of the sheets, obtaining a blank from a consolidated stack, where the blank is used in molding step. The molding step introduces gas flow channel into bipolar plates. The forming step includes forming formable sheets by a wet lay process; and stacking the sheets in a mold. The method further comprises depositing a second polymer different from thermoplastic polymer on a top and bottom of stack, and adding graphite particles to stack. The forming and molding step occur simultaneously or sequentially. The composite material produced in forming step includes a first polymer in a core of composite material and a second polymer, different from first polymer, on a surface of the core.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: Oxyalkylene derivative of formula (2) is preferably expressed by compound of formulae (3-6).R1,R4,n,x,y,z = same as above defined;andR5 = 1-4C optionally branched alkyl. EXAMPLE - Methacryloyl oxyethyl isocyanate (in g) (15.5) and raw material (55) (obtained by converting hydroxyl group of monomethyl oligo ethylene glycol to amine group) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.66) was added and monomer (68) of formula (1) was obtained. The monomer was obtained as colorless viscous liquid. The obtained monomer (2.09) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (10 cc). Lithium iodide (0.11) was added. Subsequently, tetrahydrofuran was removed and mixture of monomer and lithium iodide was obtained. The mixture was heated at 100degreesC in argon atmosphere for 1 hour to form a composite material. A film was formed using the composite material. The film had an ionic conductivity of 1x10-4 S/cm at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic component is titanate, silane or aluminate group coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Semiconductive Polymer: The organic semiconductive polymer is polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains sulfonyl amino group-containing repeating unit of formula (III), preferably sulfonyl amino group-containing repeating unit of formula (IV).R1-R4,k = same as defined above;R7 = H or organic group;R11-R12 = same as R1;R13 = same as R3;R14 = same as R4;R17 = H or organic group; andn = same as k.R3,R7 or R3 and nitrogen atom optionally form a ring. Preferred Definitions:    Y = multivalent organic connection group having aromatic hydrocarbon structure, preferably group of formula (II).    X = oxygen atom, sulfur atom or (un)substituted nitrogen, preferably NR6;    R5 = organic group;    n = 0 or 1-4;    m = 1-5; and    R6 = H or organic group.    EXAMPLE - Sulfanilamide, potassium carbonate and phenyl methane were mixed. The mixture was heated at 180degreesC for 20 minutes and cooled to room temperature. 5 wt.% sodium carbonate (100 ml) was added, hydrochloric acid was further added and the mixture was neutralized. Crystals were precipitated, filtered and dried. N-(4-methyl amino sulfonyl) phenyl methacryl amide (monomer (I)) was obtained. The obtained monomer (I) and acrylonitrile were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Azobis isobutyronitrile (1 mol%) was added as polymerization initiator. The dissolved oxygen was removed and copolymerized at 60degreesC. Dimethyl sulfoxide was added and viscous solution was obtained. The obtained solution was added to methanol and deposit was filtered. Polymer was obtained. The viscous solution having polymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide was flow spread on a glass substrate and a solvent was evaporated at 50degreesC under normal pressure. A polymer having favorable proton conductivity was obtained. The obtained polymer film had electroconductivity of 4.3x10-4 S/cm, 4.4x10-4 S/cm and 4.4x10-4 S/cm, at 40degreesC, 50degreesC and 60degreesC, respectively.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 55 specific 2,6-dichloro pyridine compounds such as 4-methyl-2,6-dichloro pyridine, 3-isopropyl-2,6-dichloro pyridine, 4-n-pentyl-2,6-dichloro pyridine and 4-cyano-2,6-dichloro pyridine, and 55 specific 2,6-diamino pyridine compounds such as 3-methyl-2,6-diamino pyridine, 5-n-butyl-2,6-diamino pyridine, 5-n-hexyl-2,6-diamino pyridine, and 4-carbonyl-2,6-diamino pyridine, are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 2,6-Dichloro pyridine (in g) (11.84), 2,6-diamino pyridine (8.73), tris(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium (1.83), 2.2'-bis(diphenyl phosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (3.74), sodium-t-butoxide (23.07) and toluene (800 ml) were mixed. The mixture was heated to 100degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere, and reacted for 6 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and obtained rough polyamino pyridine was filtered and washed with mixed solvents of aqueous ammonia and methanol. The product was dried under reduced pressure, and poly(2-aminopyridine) was obtained at yield of 99.2%. The obtained product had number average molecular weight of 6700 and degree of polymerization of 36.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The galvanic cell comprising the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt of formula LiX.X = ClO4-, BF4-, CF3SO3- and/or (CF3SO2)N-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is of formula -(R3-R2-R1-(CH2-O-CH2)n)-, -(R3-R2-R1-(CH2-O-CH2)n)2-, or -(O-((CH2)p-O)q-R4)-. The first ionic bridge polymer is of formula -(O-(A-O-)x-B)-. The second ionic bridge polymer is of formula R5-O-(D-O)s-R5.R1 = alkylene or benzene nucleus;R2 = O, N, alkylene, phenylene or CH2;R3 = alkyl, phenyl, alkyl-phenyl, or preferably -(CH2)m-H;m = 2-8 (preferably 5);R4 = alkylene, phenylene, or (CH2)m;p = 1-5 (preferably 2);q = 2-6 (preferably 4 or 5);A = alkylene or phenylene;B = alkylene, phenylene, alkylene ether, phenylene ether, alkylene-phenylene ether, alkoxy-phenylene ether or alkyl-phenylene ether;x = 20-40;D = alkylene or phenylene (preferably (CH2)r);r = 2-5 (preferably 4);R5 = alkyl, phenyl, C18H37;s = 20-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The forming is accomplished by extrusion or by mixing the composition into a dough. The input energy during extrusion is 1-3 kilowatt-hour/kg. The green electrolyte tube is sintered to form a sintered electrolyte tube for 4-8 hours at 1,350-1,600degreesC. The method further provides a lubricant. It also provides a pH control agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lanthanum-strontium-gallium-magnesium oxide powder has an average particle size of less than 1 mum and is used in an amount of 60-95 wt.% based on the total weight of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The lubricant is polyethylene glycol and is used in an amount of 0.5-2.5 wt.% based on the total weight of the composition. The binder is acrylic based polymer or a polyether and is used in an amount of 8-25 wt.% based on the total weight of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pH control agent is 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and is used in an amount of 0.5-3.5 wt.% based on the total weight of the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The water storage section stores water for humidifying a fuel cell. The volume expansion absorber includes a fixed member, a movable member attached to the fixed member by a spring element and a seal member disposed between the fixed member and the movable member. The system further comprises a heater that heats inside of the water storage section of the water storage device. It also comprises a coolant of a cooling system (4) is heated and used as a warming medium. The volume expansion absorber is formed of a material that is deformed more easily than an outer wall of the water storage section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The volume expansion absorber is made of ethylene propylene rubber or of high-density polyethylene on the outside and polyamide on the inside.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer is polycarbonate, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl fluoride or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen occlusion material contains oxygen atom and/or nitrogen atom. The graphene interlayer distance of the hydrogen occlusion material is 0.7-1.2 nm. The molar ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the hydrogen occlusion material is 0.05-0.34.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is polyacrylonitrile, mesophase pitch and/or rayon. Preferred Method: Baking of the organic compound is performed in controlled oxygen concentration, at 500 degreesC or less. EXAMPLE - A polyacrylonitrile compound was baked at 400 degreesC, in an oxidizing atmosphere, to obtain a hydrogen occlusion material. The obtained hydrogen occlusion material contained oxygen atom and nitrogen atom at a molar ratio 5:95. The graphene interlayer distance of the hydrogen occlusion material was 0.8 nm. The molar ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the hydrogen occlusion material was 0.148.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The initiator used for manufacturing polymer solid electrolyte film is ultraviolet ray polymerization initiator and/or thermal polymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The organic electrolyte layer (11) contains fluorine resin containing a sulfonic acid group. The organic electrolyte layer (12) contains polymer compound having NH group, preferably polyindole-type polymer compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid organic fuel is methanol or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The organic coating film has hydrocarbon group or fluorocarbon group and contains 8-30C molecule.Preferred Surfactant: A silane-type surfactant or titanium-type surfactant is used in the formation of organic coating film. The silane-type surfactant is monochloro silane compound, dichlorosilane compound and/or trichlorosilane compound. The titanium-type surfactant is monochloro titanium compound, dichloro titanium compound and/or trichloro titanium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The holes of nano carbon are connected three-dimensionally, and matrix has honeycomb structure.Preferred Property: The ratio of diameter of hole and thickness of wall is 100/10-1/1.Preferred Method: The core and shell of microparticles are prepared by surface chemistry method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The evanescence resin and carbon precursor polymer are obtained from a monomer having radical polymerizable group. The precursor polymer has a unit formed from acrylonitrile monomer. EXAMPLE - Polymethyl methacrylate having average particle diameter of 270-300 nm, particle size dispersion degree of 0.0115-0.0207 and weight average molecular weight of 120000-150000 was prepared. Polymethyl methacrylate (2250 ml) and potassium peroxodisulfate (500 mg) were mixed in a flask. Bubbling of nitrogen was carried out in the flask at the rate of 100 ml/minute for 60 minutes. Acrylonitrile (100 ml) was added in the flask. Polymerization was performed for 8 hours, to obtain core-shell microparticles having average particle diameter of 290-400 nm and particle size dispersion degree of 0.0127-0.0276. The obtained microparticles (2.26 g) was put into a magnetic crucible. Oxygen was supplied in the crucible. The particles were maintained at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes, 150-220 degrees C for 2 hours and 20 minutes and 220 degrees C for 5 hours. The particles were cooled, to obtain a black powder. The black powder was put into magnetic crucible substituted with nitrogen. The powder was maintained at 240 degrees C for 1 hour and 20 minutes, 240 degrees C for 30 minutes, 240-1030 degrees C for 4 hours and 10 minutes and 1030 degrees C for 1 hour. The powder was cooled, to obtain a nano carbon having honeycomb structure. The carbon had excellent catalyst microdispersion property, substance selectivity and high capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Active material of anode consists of lithium-containing manganese oxide, and molybdenum oxide as molybdic acid compound. Active material of cathode is silicon oxide, silicon, tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide and/or lithium-aluminum alloy. The separator consists of resin. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium borofluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Resin is polyether ether ketone resin, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyether nitrile resin or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The first seal element is applied on the first surface of the edge portion of the membrane or the surface of the first bipolar plate as a liquid layer. The fluid composition flows into pores and/or depressions in the surface to which the fluid composition is applied. The method further comprises compressing the first bipolar plate and the membrane so that the first seal element deforms to accommodate non-uniformities in the opposing surface to which it is urged. The first seal element is applied to the first surface of the edge portion of the membrane or surface of the first bipolar plate by screen printing. The method further comprises associating a gasket with a surface of the second bipolar plate, the gasket molded separate from the membrane, and the two bipolar plates; and joining the two bipolar plates, where the gasket is between the second bipolar plate and a second surface of the edge portion of the membrane so that gas leakage is prevented between the membrane and the second bipolar plate. It further comprises applying a single layer of a fluid composition elastomeric sealant on second surface of an edge portion of the membrane or surface of the second bipolar plate to form a second seal element; and sealing the second bipolar plate and the membrane with the second seal element, where the second seal element is between the second bipolar plate and the second surface of the edge portion of the membrane so that gas leakage is prevented between the membrane and the second bipolar plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first seal element is crosslinked after being applied as a liquid layer to form a non-liquid elastomeric layer. It is cross-linked by an incorporated activator and/or atmospheric moisture. It is formed of a cross-linkable silicone composition, or organopolysiloxane. Preferred Properties: A thickness of the first seal element is less than 30 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material (103a) is a conductive polymer, preferably polyphenylene vinylene. The organic material (104a) is poly(quinoxaline-5,8-diyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The sheet is made from synthetic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalytically active metal is platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and palladium. EXAMPLE - Brush-like carbon nanotubes were formed on a substrate by reaction of acetylene gas (30 ml/min) at 730 degrees C for about 10 minutes. The nanotubes were transferred to a polyester sheet, and then platinum was deposited onto the nanotubes by application of an ethanolic solution (50 mg/ml) of chloroplatinic acid followed by heating at 250 degrees C for 2 hours under argon. The resulting catalyst structure was packed into a reaction tube and a mixed gas of 5000 ppm hydrogen/air was flowed through the tube at normal temperature; combustion of hydrogen was seen to occur. For a comparative catalyst in which platinum was deposited on a carbon fiber sheet, no combustion occurred.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic binder contains methylcellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, stearate, glycerol and/or curdlan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic binder is inorganic-type oxide chosen from clay mineral containing bentonite, Kibushi clay, potter's clay, kaolin or (gamma)-alumina, alumina sol and/or silica sol, preferably glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer having catalyst function is aromatic polymer chosen from polypyrrole, polythiophene and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid contains 0.5-2 mol/l of lithium hexafluoro phosphate and lithium tetrafluoro borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable compound has acrylate group or methacrylate group, and does not contain ether group. The polymerizable compound contains compound of formula (1,2 or 3), or compound of formula (4,5 or 6) or compound of formula (4, 10 or 11).X2,X3,X11,X12 = H or methyl;R1 = structure, which contains carbon and does not contain ether group;R2,R3 = structure, which contains hydrogen and does not contain ether group;R21 = H, 10C or less alkyl or 12C or less aromatic ring;R31 = H, 10C or less alkyl, 12C or less aromatic ring, compound of formula (7) or compound of formula: -R33-R34-;R33 = bivalent connection group;R34 = cyclic carbonate group;andR22,R35 = 6C or less alkyl.-(CH2)a-(CF2)b-C(F)c-(R32)d (7)R32 = H, fluorine atom or methyl fluoride group;a = 0-6;b = 0-16;andc,d = 1 or 2. EXAMPLE - Electrolyte liquid was prepared by mixing lithium hexafluoro phosphate and lithium tetrafluoro borate (1 mol/l), in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in a mass ratio of 3:7. Peroxy ester group polymerization initiator (0.1 mass parts) and t-butyl peroxy neodecanoate (5 mass parts) were mixed to the electrolyte liquid (100). Composition for electrolyte was produced. Battery using the electrolyte composition had excellent electrochemical stability, high ion conductivity, improved capacitance and cycle property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid (in mass parts) (100) containing ethylene carbonate (15-35) and ethylmethyl carbonate (30 or more), and polymerizable compound (3-10). The electrolyte liquid further contains carbonate ester of unsaturated compound.Preferred Compound: Polymerizable compound is of structural formulae (1-6,10,11).X11,X12,X2,X3 = H or methyl;R1 = structure portion with carbon and without ether group;R2,R3 = structure portion with H and without ether group;R21 = H, 10C or less alkyl, or group having 12C or less aromatic ring;R31 = H, 10C or less alkyl group, group having 12C or less aromatic ring, compound of formula (7): -(-CH2-)a-(-CF2-)b-C(F-)c-(-R32)d or compound of formula (8): -R33-R34;R32 = H, fluorine atom or methyl fluoride group;a = 0-6;b = 0-16;c,d = 1 or 2;R33 = bivalent connection group;R34 = cyclic carbonate group;andR22,R35 = 6C or less alkyl group.Preferred Process: Anode, cathode and polyelectrolyte are stored into a packing component, and polymer compound is polymerized inside the packing component. EXAMPLE - Tert-butylperoxy pivalate (in mass parts) (6) and trimethylol-propane triacrylate of formula (55) (0.1), were mixed, to obtain polymerizable compound solution (A). Solution (A), and lithium hexafluorophosphate, were dissolved in solvent mixture containing ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate at a molar ratio of 3:7, and mixed to obtain electrolyte liquid. The polymer compound in the electrolyte liquid was polymerized and gelatinized, to obtain polyelectrolyte. The secondary battery having polyelectrolyte, anode and cathode, was formed. The obtained battery had discharge capacitance 536 mAh and capacitance maintenance factor of 91%. The battery had favorable charging and discharging cycle property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The catalyst source material contains platinum, cobalt and/or ruthenium, especially Pt(acac)2. The reaction mixture further contains a nano-crystallizing material, preferably a liquid crystal polymer and/or an organometallic compound, especially tetrapropyloxy-zirconium and/or tetrabutyloxy-titanium. The reaction mixture also contains a matrix material, preferably paraffin or a divalent alcohol, especially pentandiol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The protective film is formed of a material having a density of less than or equal to3 g/cm3, an average light-transmittance of greater than or equal to80% with respect to sensible wavelengths of the cell, a refractive index of 1-1.6, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. It is formed of a material from polyvinylidene chloride, a fluorine-containing resin and an acryl-containing resin, or a multilayer film. The heat-insulating sheet is formed of a material having a heat-conductivity of less than or equal to0.1 W/m/K, a density of less than or equal to40 kg/m3, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. It is also formed of a phenol resin foam having a closed-cell structure. The adhesive layer is formed of a material having a density of less than or equal to3 g/cm3, an average light-transmittance of less than or equal to80% with respect to sensible wavelengths of the cell, a refractive index of 1-1.6, and heat-resistance of -50-100degreesC. The transparent adhesive layer is formed of a silicon resin. Preferred Dimension: The protective film has a thickness of 5-30 microns. The heat-insulating sheet has a thickness of 5000-20000 microns. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer between the solar cell and each of the protective film and the heat-insulating sheet is 10-50 microns. Preferred Property: The module has a weight per unit electric output of less than or equal to3 g/W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second water transfer device is connected to the reactor through the first water transfer device, and transfers water to a reactant stream of the reactor. The reactor additionally comprises a water-gas shift reactor and a preferential oxidation reactor, and the autothermal reactor produces reformate which is supplied, in series, to the water-gas shift reactor and to the preferential oxidation reactor, and the first water transfer device transfers water from the reformate stream after the reformate exits the water-gas shift reactor and before the reformate enters the preferential oxidation reactor. The reactor additionally comprises an air moving device connected to the cathode input, where the air supply stream flows through the air moving device before entering the cathode input, and where the second water transfer device is connected to the input of the compressor and transfers water to the air supply stream prior to the entry of the stream into the air moving device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reactant stream is the reactor oxidant stream comprising air at ambient temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reactant stream is the reactor oxidant stream comprising air at ambient temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Each of the water transfer devices comprises a membrane which comprises poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles (A) comprises metal catalyst, oxide catalyst and composite-type catalyst. The metal catalyst contains a metal (M) chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, gold, silver, iron, nickel, titanium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, neodymium, zinc, gallium, germanium, cadmium, indium, tin, vanadium, tungsten, chromium, zirconium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, rubidium, yttrium, antimony, lead, bismuth, carbon and lithium. The oxide catalyst contains oxide of metal (M). The composite type catalyst is a mixture or alloy of metals (M), or a mixture of oxide of metals (M).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles (A) comprises metal catalyst, oxide catalyst and composite-type catalyst. The metal catalyst contains a metal (M) chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, gold, silver, iron, nickel, titanium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, neodymium, zinc, gallium, germanium, cadmium, indium, tin, vanadium, tungsten, chromium, zirconium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, rubidium, yttrium, antimony, lead, bismuth, carbon and lithium. The oxide catalyst contains oxide of metal (M). The composite type catalyst is a mixture or alloy of metals (M), or a mixture of oxide of metals (M).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The odorant removing unit is provided at a position close to the hydrogen gas storage unit.The hydrogen gas storage unit comprises a hydrogen gas tank provided with a hydrogen storing alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The p-gallium doped silicon substrate is edge defined fed grown (EFG) silicon (Si) ribbon, string Si ribbon, float-zone (FZ) Si, Czochralski silicon (Cz Si), or multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si). Preferred Properties: The p-gallium doped silicon substrate has a resistivity of 0.5-5 (preferably 0.5-2.5) Omega-cm. The bulk lifetime of the co-fired p-gallium doped silicon substrate is 10-2500 (preferably 100-2500) microseconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimensions: The p-type silicon substrate has a thickness of 150-300 microns. The n+ layer has a thickness of 0.3-0.5 microns. The silicon nitride AR layer has a thickness of 700-800 Angstrom. The Ag contacts have a thickness of 10-15 microns. The Al BSF layer has a thickness of 5-15 microns. The Al contact layer has a thickness of 20-40 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The system further comprises at least one other heating element bonded to a base of the RH sensor. The system further comprises a filter material located slightly offset from the RH sensor to create a thin space of stagnant air adjacent to the RH sensor. The system further comprises a housing (220) and filters formed from the filter material, where the housing surrounds and protects the at least one heating element and the RH sensor. The RH sensor is located on a printed circuit board (PCB) and is received by a probe comprising a temperature sensor for measuring ambient temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thin substrate material comprises a polymide polymer comprising a Kapton material. The filter material comprises a hydrophobic material to limit the size of water droplets associated with the humid air from passing through the at least one heating element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The ceramic heating element comprises a porous material. Air that is saturated with water vapor passes through the porous material of the ceramic heating element, such that the water vapor is heated by the ceramic heating element in order to evaporate water droplets associated with the water vapor to thus reduce RH to a measurable level. The porous material of the ceramic heating element comprises laser drilled holes to create porosity. The ceramic heating element is laminated by the resistive material. The sensor system (500) further comprises at least one other heating element bonded to a base of the RH sensor; and a filter material located slightly offset from the RH sensor to create a thin space of stagnant air adjacent to the RH sensor. The system further comprises a housing and filters formed from the filter material, where the housing surrounds and protects the heating element and the RH sensor. The filter material comprises a hydrophobic material to limit the size of water droplets associated with the humid air from passing through the heating element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a carbon monoxide decreasing part to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas and produce fuel gas. The reformation part of the apparatus is maintained at greater than or equal to 450 degreesC and the carbon monoxide decreasing part is maintained at less than or equal to 550 degreesC.Preferred Materials: The inorganic foam is formed by foaming a mixture containing a silica-alumina type microparticle powder and curing or hardening it. The inorganic foam and inorganic porous material are covered by a surface material, especially an inorganic short fiber felt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a carbon monoxide decreasing part to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas and produce fuel gas. The reformation part of the apparatus is maintained at greater than or equal to 450 degreesC and the carbon monoxide decreasing part is maintained at less than or equal to 550 degreesC.Preferred Materials: The inorganic foam is formed by foaming a mixture containing a silica-alumina type microparticle powder and curing or hardening it. The inorganic foam and inorganic porous material are covered by a surface material, especially an inorganic short fiber felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The normal temperature fused salt is N-alkoxy alkyl alicyclic ammonium salt of formula (2).R3 and R4 = 1-8C alkyl group;Y = oxygen atom or methylene group;X- = BF4-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, C2F5SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N-, (C2F5SO2)2N-, (CF3SO2)3C- or (C2F5SO2)3C-;n = 0-1; andm = 0-6.The lithium salt is chosen from lithium boron fluoride (LiBF4), lithium phosphorus fluoride (LiPF6), lithium fluorosulfonate (LiCF3SO3, LiC2F5SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiC(CF3SO2)3 and/or LiC(C2F5SO2)3). Preferred Composition: The sum total content of lithium salt and normal temperature fused salt in gel-form electrolyte is 60-99 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer matrix contains 0.1-70 mass parts bifunctional acrylester compound with respect to 100 (meth)acrylic acid ester compound. EXAMPLE - 1.5 mass% Polyethylene glycol dimethylacrylate having molecular weight of 1,000, 8 methoxyethyl acrylate as (meth)acrylic acid ester compound, 0.5 t-butylperoxy-2-ethyl hexanate as polymerization initiator, 1.5 mol/L lithium complex (LiN(CF3SO2)2) and 90 N-methoxyethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoro methylsulfonyl) imide were mixed to obtain uniform solution. The obtained solution was coated on glass substrate and heat copolymerization was carried out at 80degreesC for 3 hours to obtain gel-form electrolyte film having thickness of 1 mm. The obtained electrolyte film had ionic conductivity of 9.8x10-4 S/cm and excellent heat stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The multi-seat calixarene is bidentate calixarene. Bidentate calixarene has host having structure of formula (1), and guest which is 76C or 84C.Y=divalent organic group, preferably structure of formula (2);R1-R8=univalent group; andR=R1.Preferred Property: Bond energy of toluene solution of clathrate is 21 kJ/mol or more at 25degreesC with respect to guest, preferably 2 kJ/mol or more. EXAMPLE - Toluene solution of host compound (A) (5 muL) and 0.0000596 mol/L toluene solution of 76C (2 mL) were added and mixed to obtain clathrate. The clathrate had bond energy of 33 kJ/mol, and absorption at vicinity of 440 nm. The clathrate had favorable biological activity, chemical stability and electrochemical characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent intermediate layer contains materials selected from the group containing zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, copper aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, gallium oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent intermediate layer contains materials selected from the group containing zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, copper aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, gallium oxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The back sheet has several barrier sheets laminated through an adhesive layer (12) formed from adhesive agent such as polyurethane adhesive. The back sheet contains white pigment dispersed into base film forming using polyethylene terephthalate.Preferred Layer: A synthetic resin layer containing polyester-type resin is laminated on outer surface of the aluminum vapor deposition layer.Preferred Process: The back sheet is subjected to anchor coat processing performed using polyester anchor coat layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is formed using polyurethane adhesive as an adhesive agent. The base film is formed using polyethylene terephthalate and is dispersed with white pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage container is made of material such as polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, cellophane, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene and polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyimide has glass transition temperature of 300degreesC or more. Preferred Film: The optical film has total light transmittance of 80% or more. The optical film has a gas barrier layer and a transparent conductive layer, laminated on at least 1 surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fluid path void opens on a first side and a second side of the fuel diffusion layer and/or oxidation diffusion layer. An anode side separator (6) is provided on a first face of the fuel diffusion layer at a back of a second face of the fuel diffusion layer facing the anode catalyst layer.A cathode side separator (7) is provided on a first face of the oxidant diffusion layer at a back of a second face of the oxidant diffusion layer facing the cathode catalyst layer. At least one of the anode side separator and the cathode side separator includes a plane surface facing the fuel diffusion layer and/or the oxidant diffusion layer.The path void includes an inlet portion (51a) for supplying the fluid from outside, an outlet portion (51b) for discharging the fluid to outside, and a channel (51c) for flowing the fluid from the inlet portion to the outlet portion. The channel opens to one of the anode catalyst side or the cathode catalyst layer side and one of the cathode side separator side or the anode side separator side. The electrolyte corresponds to an ion-exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Ge layer is covered with an oxide protection layer comprising a layer of silicon dioxide.Preferred Property: The silicon dioxide layer has a thickness of 100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Ge layer is covered with an oxide protection layer comprising a layer of silicon dioxide.Preferred Property: The silicon dioxide layer has a thickness of 100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor is cadmium, selenium, technetium, tin, and/or titanium. The inorganic semiconductor is present in the form of nanocrystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor is cadmium, selenium, technetium, tin, and/or titanium. The inorganic semiconductor is present in the form of nanocrystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of heating is conducted at 170-300degreesC. Preferred Composition: The polymer composition may have the formula (C) or (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The polymers can be produced from monomers as above by carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen coupling, especially Susuki, Yamamoto, Stille or Hartwid-Buchwald coupling. Preferred Polymers: The polymers can also contain triarylamine, benzidine, tetraaryl-p-phenylenediamine, triarylphosphine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, dihydrophenazine, thianthrene, dibenzo-p-dioxin, phenoxathiin, carbazole, azulene, thiophene, pyrrole and furan units; pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, benzothiadiazole, phenazine or triarylborane units; carbazole, bridged carbazole dimer, ketone, phosphine oxide, sulfoxide, sulfone or silane units; 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-naphthylene, 1,4- or 9,10-anthrylene, 1,6- or 2,7- or 4,9-pyrenylene, 3,9- or 3,10-perylenylene, 4,4'-biphenylylene, 4,4"-terphenylylene, 4,4'-bi-1,1'-naphthylylene, 4,4'-tolanylene, 4,4'-stilbenylene or 4,4"-bisstyrylarylene units; 4,5-dihydropyrene, 4,5,9,10-tetrahydropyrene, fluorene, 9,9'-spirobifluorene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 5,7-dihydrodibenzoxepin or indenofluorene units. EXAMPLE - A polymer was prepared as described in from a mixture of diethylene 2',3',6',7'-tetra(2-methylbutoxy)-9,9'spirobifluorene-2,7-diboronate (50%), 9-(3,4-di(2-methylbutoxy)phenyl)-9-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-2,7-dibromofluorene (30%), 2',3',6',7'-tetra(2-methylbutoxy)-2,7-di(4-bromostyryl)-9,9'spirobifluorene (10%) and N,N'-di(4-bromophenyl)-N,N'-di(4-t-butylphenyl)-9,10-dimethyl-2,7-phenanthrenediamine (10%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material is chosen from water, alcohol, glycol and/or glycol ether. The composition further contains rust preventive agent chosen from aliphatic carboxylic acid, aromatic carboxylic acid or their salts, triazole, diazole, thiazole or their salts, phosphoric acid, silicic acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, boric acid, molybdic acid and/or their salts or amines.Preferred Property: The coolant composition has electric conductivity of 10 muS/cm or less. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The base material is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol and/or octanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, 1,3-butane diol, 1,5-pentane diol and/or hexylene glycol, or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether and/or tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first layer fuel feedthrough communicates with a fuel feedthrough of another bonded polyimide microfluidic fuel cell, the two bonded polyimide microfluidic fuel cells being connected in parallel. The system has a power output of 100 milliwatts to 20 Watts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode structure and the cathode structure include tubular dimensions and include a central axis that is about normal to the planar chassis. At least one chassis includes a wafer substrate and the anode structure for each cell is etched from a material deposited onto the wafer substrate. The fuel cell further comprises electrical connectivity to the anode structure and the cathode structure. The anode structure includes a porous structure and the hydrogen catalyst is coated onto surfaces of the porous structure. The fuel cell further comprises multiple electrical outputs. The fuel cell further comprises a controller that determines which cells in the fuel cell are used to generate electrical energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming the electrical connectivity for the set of anode structures includes etching a set of vias in the substrate; and depositing a conductive material in the set of vias. Depositing the cathode catalyst includes pumping a catalyst suspension including the cathode catalyst into a cavity including the set of cathode structures. The method further comprises applying heat to the cavity to evaporate solvent used in the catalyst suspension; blocking inlet and outlet ports to the fuel cell; and pumping the electrolyte into the closed volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming the electrical connectivity for the set of anode structures includes etching a set of vias in the substrate; and depositing a conductive material in the set of vias. Depositing the cathode catalyst includes pumping a catalyst suspension including the cathode catalyst into a cavity including the set of cathode structures. The method further comprises applying heat to the cavity to evaporate solvent used in the catalyst suspension; blocking inlet and outlet ports to the fuel cell; and pumping the electrolyte into the closed volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A first heat exchanger (11) is upstream from the first reforming reactor. The first reforming reactor is an auto-thermal reactor. The second reforming reactor is an adiabatic reactor. The fuel cell system further comprises a gas purification system (10) that can be cooled with waste gas from an anode and/or a cathode of the fuel cell unit. The gas purification system is a one-step system. Alternatively, the gas purification system is a two-step system comprising a first device in which the second reformate can be cooled with waste gas from the cathode; and a second device in which the second reformate can be cooled with waste gas from the anode of the fuel cell unit. The fuel cell system further comprises a gas purification system, an afterburner (15) and a first heat exchanger located downstream from the afterburner. The gas purification system, afterburner and first heat exchanger are disposed one after another in the direction of waste gas flow from the fuel cell unit. An expander (16) is located between the afterburner and the first heat exchanger. The expander is coupled with a compressor in an air supply (20) for the fuel cell unit. A reformate cooling unit (19) is located downstream from a gas purification system. The reformate cooling unit can be cooled by a cooling medium of the fuel cell unit. The first reforming reactor has a non-selective catalyst and the second reforming reactor has a selective catalyst.Preferred Conditions: The first outlet temperature T1,out from the first reforming reactor is 600-900degreesC. The first inlet temperature T1,in in the first reforming reactor is 200-300degreesC. The second outlet temperature T2,out of the second reforming reactor is 150-250degreesC. The second inlet temperature T2,in in the second reforming reactor is 200-400degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel comprises methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector ink includes a conductive metal selected from silver, gold and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron donor ink is selected from poly(3-octylthiophene) and/or copper phthalocyanine. The conductor includes a semi-metal selected from pentacene, polythiophene and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donor ink is selected from a conjugated polymer and a dye. The substrate is a polymeric material selected from polyester, polycarbonate or acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power conditioning and buffering subsystem comprises a direct current-to-alternating current power inverter; a voltage step-up/step-down device; frequency modulation device; device for storing and releasing electric current upon demand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw fuel is hydrogen, organic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen or inorganic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen. It is a fluid, gaseous or liquid hydrogen source. The inorganic compounds are nitrogen compounds i.e. ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw fuel is hydrogen, organic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen or inorganic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen. It is a fluid, gaseous or liquid hydrogen source. The inorganic compounds are nitrogen compounds i.e. ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic compounds are hydrocarbons, organic alcohols, organic acids and their salts or esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Surface: The semiconductor surface contains atom(s) (M) chosen from silicon, germanium and gallium, and has M-H and M-N bondings. The semiconductor surface is predetermined crystal plane, which is surface (111), preferably silicon (111) surface (1asterisk1).Preferred Method: The nitrogen-containing reacting material is supplied in gaseous phase to semiconductor surface. The nitrogen-containing reacting material is radical produced from ammonia, or ammonia, preferably ammonia. The radical is NH2 radical obtained by thermally decomposing ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Surface: The semiconductor surface contains atom(s) (M) chosen from silicon, germanium and gallium, and has M-H and M-N bondings. The semiconductor surface is predetermined crystal plane, which is surface (111), preferably silicon (111) surface (1asterisk1).Preferred Method: The nitrogen-containing reacting material is supplied in gaseous phase to semiconductor surface. The nitrogen-containing reacting material is radical produced from ammonia, or ammonia, preferably ammonia. The radical is NH2 radical obtained by thermally decomposing ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material-containing device contains organic molecule, which is electroconductive organic molecule having repeating unit of formula: -R1-CH=N-R2-N=CH-, where R1 and R2 or group(s) having pi-electron conjugation chain having principal chain length of 0.65-4 nm.
Preferred Definitions:    M=ruthenium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 35 examples are disclosed for pigment (I) such as pigment of formula (D).    EXAMPLE - 1,1,1-trifluoro butane-2,3-dione-2-oxime (in g) (0.32) was added to triethyl amine solution (0.75 ml) containing (4,4',4''-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) trichloride (synthesized according to J.Am.Chem.Soc. 123,1613 (2001)) dissolved in methanol (150 ml). The mixture was refluxed in nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours. Methanol was removed under reduced pressure after cooling to room temperature. A solution of sodium thiocyanate (0.45) in ion exchange water (8 ml) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (50 ml) were added to the mixture, and again refluxed for 8 hours. Triethyl amine (15 ml) was then added and the mixture was refluxed for 24 hours. N,N-dimethyl formamide was removed after cooling to room temperature. The residue was dissolved in 0.1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, added with nitric acid aqueous solution (0.1 mol/l) and concentrated. The obtained product (0.13) was refined silica gel column chromatography. Pigment of formula (D) was obtained. The dye sensitizing solar cell formed using the pigment was found to have external quantum yield of 23% at 800 nm and high current conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The complex contains palladium as central metal. The hydrogen separated layer contains silica or silazane. The complex is acetate and/or acetylacetonato complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The complex contains palladium as central metal. The hydrogen separated layer contains silica or silazane. The complex is acetate and/or acetylacetonato complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean pore diameter and thickness of hydrogen separation layer are 0.3-0.5 nm and 5-200 nm, respectively. The porous material is obtained by baking ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean pore diameter and thickness of hydrogen separation layer are 0.3-0.5 nm and 5-200 nm, respectively. The porous material is obtained by baking ceramic material. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Silazane compound is hexamethyl disilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor layers consist of zinc, manganese, sulfur, manganese and/or selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The reflectance of reflexogenic-zone region has 80% or more. The number of layers (B) whose thickness ranges from XB1 to XB2 is more than 50x(XB2/XB1)2. The thickness of the layers (A) and layers (B) satisfies the relations: XB1=ZxXA1, and XB2=ZxXA1. The portion whose thickness changes gradually from XB1 to XB2 and/or portion whose thickness gradually changes from XA1 to XA2 move from the surface side to opposite surface side of the film. The thickness of layer (A) and/or layer (B) changes from surface side to opposite surface side and the shape becomes convex or concave. The ratio (Z) of thickness of adjacent layer (A) and layer (B) is 0.8-5. The number of wound with a width of 20 microns or more is less than 20/m2. Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin (A) or thermoplastic resin (B) is polyester copolymerized from aliphatic dicarboxylic acid or its derivative(s), or cyclohexyl dimethanol. Preferred Film: The laminated film further has polyethylene terephthalate layer of 3 microns or more thickness and easily bonding layer of 30-300 nm thickness at the outer surface. The layers excluding outer most layer does not contain particle of average particle diameter of 20 nm to 20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The perfluoro vinyl monomer is grafted by radiation in presence of 1 or more types of saturated fluorocarbon compound containing halogen and 1 or more types of halogen other than fluorine, and a radical is generated on tertiary carbon. Oxygen is introduced at 50degreesC or less and the radical is converted into an oxy radical and subsequently the perfluoro vinyl monomer is grafted into fluorine type polymer containing halogen(s) other than fluorine. The fluorine type polymer is radiated and radical is generated. The radical is converted into oxy radical and the monomer is grafted. Preferred Monomer: The perfluoro vinyl monomer is tetrafluoro ethylene, hexafluoro propylene and/or perfluoro vinyl ether. The perfluoro vinyl monomer contains halogen(s) other than fluorine and does not contain hydrogen. Preferred Polymer: The fluorine type polymer is cross-linked polymer having short-chain fluoro alkyl group. preferably, the polymer is perfluoro polymer containing tetrafluoro ethylene or hexafluoro propylene and/or perfluoro vinyl ether in principal chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealant further contains organic peroxide (in wt.pts) (10 or less), filler (30 or less), acrylic-type oligomer (80 or less) and silane coupling agent (10 or less) with respect to thermoplastic elastomer (100).
EXAMPLE - A support paste comprised (by volume) 36% ceramic powder (La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Ti0.1O3-~d) (I); 24% Acrylone 4510 (poly(methyl methacrylate; pore former); 3.27% Phospholan PE169 (II; dispersant); 3.81% Natrosol 250HHR (III; binder); 2.69% Rhodameen CS20 (IV; lubricant); 3.77% glycerol (V; lubricant) and 26.46% water. An active material paste comprised (by volume) 48% (I); 5.01% (II); 4.87% (III); 3.44% (IV); 4.83% (V) and 33.85% water. The pastes were extruded at 5 cm/minute; dried at 20degreesC; binder eliminated by heating at 24degreesC/minute to 600degreesC and maintaining this temperature for 1 hour; then the product calcined, under air, by heating at 300degreesC/hour to 1250degreesC and maintaining this temperature for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance dependent on the pH value can be ammonia, KOH, or an organic or inorganic acid. The Zn salt can be acetate, acetyl acetonate, carbamate, or Zn-p-toluene sulfonate. The S compound can be e.g. a mercapto compound, thiophene derivative, sulfide or polysulfide, thiocyanate, thiocarbamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance dependent on the pH value can be ammonia, KOH, or an organic or inorganic acid. The Zn salt can be acetate, acetyl acetonate, carbamate, or Zn-p-toluene sulfonate. The S compound can be e.g. a mercapto compound, thiophene derivative, sulfide or polysulfide, thiocyanate, thiocarbamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mineral salts contain at least one anion chosen from halogens, nitrate, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate and selenocyanate (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The solution of mineral salts contains one or several metals chosen from Groups 11 to 15 of the Periodic Table, especially copper, silver, iron, zinc, tin, cadmium, aluminium, gallium, indium, antimony and bismuth or one or several metals chosen from copper, silver, iron, zinc, tin and cadmium, and one or several metals chosen from aluminium, gallium and indium, preferably, and one or several metals chosen from aluminium, gallium and indium, all in the form of mineral salts (all claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mineral salts contain at least one anion chosen from halogens, nitrate, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate and selenocyanate (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar solvent of the mineral salt solution is chosen from water and organic compounds such as aliphatic alcohols, nitriles, polyglycols, polyethers, polyols, esters, cetones, diols and alkoxyalcohols (claimed). The organic binder is chosen from celluloses, substituted celluloses, alkyl celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylene oxides, polyacrylonitriles, polysaccharides and nitrocelluloses (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The quantum dots are distributed in layers throughout the artificial amorphous material. They are located in layered regions with quantum dots in adjacent differently doped regions. The differently doped regions comprise n-type or p-type regions or intrinsic regions. Each region includes 20-50 (preferably 25) layers of quantum dots. The bandgaps of the stacked junctions vary from junction to junction within the cell.Preferred Dimensions: The n-type and p-type regions are each 75-200 (preferably 90-110) nm thick. The layers of quantum dots and the layers of dielectric material between the layers of quantum dots are each 1.5-2.5 (preferably 1.9-2.1) nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor material of the quantum dots is silicon or silicon alloyed with germanium. The dielectric material is silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor material of the quantum dots is silicon or silicon alloyed with germanium. The dielectric material is silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carrier contains metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, aluminum oxide and cerium oxide. The noble metals are platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or gold. The metal oxide coated on the surface of the carrier is chosen from iron oxide (FeO, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4). The amount of noble metal(s) is 0.5-1.5 wt.% with respect to the metal oxide. The amount of metal oxide coating is 80-120 wt.% with respect to the carrier metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carrier contains metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, aluminum oxide and cerium oxide. The noble metals are platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or gold. The metal oxide coated on the surface of the carrier is chosen from iron oxide (FeO, Fe2O3 or Fe3O4). The amount of noble metal(s) is 0.5-1.5 wt.% with respect to the metal oxide. The amount of metal oxide coating is 80-120 wt.% with respect to the carrier metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electronic device includes two electrical contacts and controller. The fuel cartridge includes second electrical contact. When the fuel cartridge is operatively associated with the electronic device, the fuel is transportable to the electronic device before transportable to the membrane electrode assembly for conversion to electricity for use by electronic device and fuel cartridge. The membrane electrode assembly includes anode, proton exchange membrane, and cathode. The fuel cartridge includes information storage device in electrical connection with the second electrical contact. The fuel cartridge is associated with the electronic device the information storage device is readable by controller. The fuel cartridge includes heat exchanger in fluid connection upstream of the membrane electrode assembly so that the fuel is transportable to heat exchanger for cooling then to the membrane electrode assembly. The fuel cartridge includes ion filter in fluid connection downstream of the fuel reservoir. The fuel cartridge includes ion sensor. The ion sensor is electrically connected with the second electrical contact. The electronic device includes pump for assisting in transporting fuel to the membrane electrode assembly. When the fuel cartridge is operatively associated with the electronic device. The pump is in electrical connection with second electrical contact and controller. The electric device includes air chamber, condenser, gas byproduct separator, mixing chamber, and metering valve. When the fuel cartridge is operatively associated with the electronic device the air chamber is in fluid connection with cathode of the membrane electrode assembly so that the air is transportable to the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste composition comprises (by mass%) 60-75 aluminum powder, 0.1-18, preferably 0.3-6 carbon powder and 20-35 organic substance vehicle, and further contains 5 or less glass frit.Preferred Powder: The carbon powder is carbon black. The carbon powder has average particle diameter of 10 microns or less, preferably 0.5 microns or less.Preferred Method: The paste composition is applied on a p-type silicon semiconductor substrate (1), baked and a solar cell element with electrode is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical absorption semiconductor layer consists of material selected from the group comprising Cu2, FeS2, Mg2, Si, Zn3P2, CulnS2 and SnS.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical absorption semiconductor layer consists of material selected from the group comprising Cu2, FeS2, Mg2, Si, Zn3P2, CulnS2 and SnS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphazene compound is polymerized by heating. The phosphazene compound is of formula (I) or formula (II): (NPR22)n. The tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide is of formula (III).R1,R2=monovalent substituent or halogen element;Y1=bivalent coupling group, bivalent element or single bond;X=substituent containing element(s) chosen from carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium;n=3-15;andR3=1-4C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The content of phosphazene compound in the electrolyte composition is 3-20 mass%. The content of tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide in the electrolyte composition is 1-3 mass%. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte composition was prepared using 86 mass parts of acetonitrile/t-methyl-2-oxazolidinone in mixed solution containing iodine and potassium iodide, tetra alkyl thiuram disulfide of formula (III) (2 mass parts) and phosphazene compound (12 mass parts). The electrolyte composition was heated, and a polymer electrolyte was formed. The polymer electrolyte had high safety. Subsequently, a dye-sensitized solar cell was produced using the polymer electrolyte. The solar cell had high safety.    R3=methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution is alkyl alkanol amide aqueous solution (22).Preferred Composition: The content rate of non-ionic surfactant in the surfactant aqueous solution is 0.1-10 mass%.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution or bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon with saturated vapor pressure density of 500 ppm or less. The bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon is decalin.Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon-type fuel is decalin, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reaction substrate further comprises a catalyst layer formed on a surface of micropores present in a density of 1x105 - 1x1011/m2 (preferably 1x106 - 1x109/m2). The reaction substrate body further comprises a metal oxide layer (15).Preferred Dimensions: The micropores have diameters of 10-1000 (preferably 30-500) nm and depths of 50 nm to 3 microns (preferably 100 nm to 1 microns). The metal oxide layer has a thickness of 50 nm to 3 microns (preferably 100 nm to 1 microns). The catalyst layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 10 microns (preferably 10 nm to 5 microns).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The reaction substrate body comprises aluminum and/or aluminum-containing alloys. The reaction substrate is an alloy of aluminum-manganese (Al-Mn), aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg), aluminum-copper-magnesium (Al-Cu-Mg), aluminum-magnesium-silicon (Al-Mg-Si), aluminum-silicon (Al-Si), and/or aluminum-copper-silicon (Al-Cu-Si). The metal oxide layer comprises aluminum oxide and/or anodized aluminum oxide. The catalyst layer comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), copper/zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO), iron (Fe), and/or nickel (Ni).Preferred Method: The catalyst layer is formed by powder deposition, sputtering, thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced (PECVD), thermal evaporation, and/or e-beam deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The swirling motion producing mechanism comprises mechanism shaped in spiral or helically shaped along a flow direction of second gas stream, or mechanism with end where a flow of the second gas stream impinges first. The end is twisted by 70-270degrees with respect to other end of the mechanism. The annular space is arranged in an area of an end of the bundle of hollow fiber membranes where the first gas stream flowing through the hollow fiber membranes exits the bundle. The conduit communicates with annular space centrally or tangentially with respect to a cross section of bundle of hollow fiber membranes. The deflector is arranged in the annular space between conduit mechanism and shell space. The deflector is arranged for deflecting the flow of second gas stream to prevent the gas stream from flowing directly into the shell space. The deflector is arranged and configured so that the second gas stream is deflected by deflector mechanism so that the second gas stream flows in the flow direction parallel to the hollow fiber membranes of bundle at least over part of its path. A perforated plate is arranged in annular space between conduit and shell space so that the second gas stream flows from the annular space into the shell space through openings formed on the perforated plate. The moisture exchange module is arranged to humidify supply air to the fuel cell system using moist exhaust gas from fuel cell(s) of fuel cell system. The fuel cell system includes compression device arranged to delivery the supply gas along outer surface of hollow fiber membranes to the fuel cell system. The moist exhaust gas is arranged to flow through hollow fiber membranes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first and second substrates comprise transparent plastic or glass substrates (11, 21), and conductive films (12,22) formed on the plastic or glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive film contains indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3, or SnO2-Sb2O3. The first electrode contains titanium oxide, niobium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide, promethium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, and/or strontium titanium oxide. The second electrode is formed with platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), WO3, TiO2, and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive film contains indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3, or SnO2-Sb2O3. The first electrode contains titanium oxide, niobium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, chromium oxide, vanadium oxide, promethium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, and/or strontium titanium oxide. The second electrode is formed with platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), WO3, TiO2, and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic substrate contains polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), or triacetate cellulose (TAC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen conveyance layer contains a porous metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, palladium and aluminum, and porous ceramics comprising oxide of strontium, calcium, barium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, aluminum, copper, and/or silver. The protective layer contains metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, titanium, palladium, and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen conveyance layer contains a porous metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, palladium and aluminum, and porous ceramics comprising oxide of strontium, calcium, barium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, aluminum, copper, and/or silver. The protective layer contains metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, titanium, palladium, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner surface of the concave portion consists of an alloy of metals such as Al, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn and Ag.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner surface of the concave portion consists of an alloy of metals such as Al, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn and Ag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagents: The oxidizing agent is selected from air, oxygen enriched air, oxygen or water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is town gas, LP gas, natural gas, kerosene, lamp oil, or gasoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagents: The oxidizing agent is selected from air, oxygen enriched air, oxygen or water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound used for manufacture of catalyst particle is a metal complex selected from (IrCl(NH3)5)Cl2, (Ir(NH3)6)Cl3, (Ir(NH3)5(H2O))Cl3, (Ir(OH)(NH3)5)(OH)2, (Rh(NH3)6)Cl3, (Rh(NH3)5)Cl2, (Pt(NH3)4)Cl2, (Pt(NH3)6)Cl4, (Pt(NH3)6)(OH)4, (Pt(NH3)4)(OH)2 and (Pt(NH3)2(HC2O4)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound used for manufacture of catalyst particle is a metal complex selected from (IrCl(NH3)5)Cl2, (Ir(NH3)6)Cl3, (Ir(NH3)5(H2O))Cl3, (Ir(OH)(NH3)5)(OH)2, (Rh(NH3)6)Cl3, (Rh(NH3)5)Cl2, (Pt(NH3)4)Cl2, (Pt(NH3)6)Cl4, (Pt(NH3)6)(OH)4, (Pt(NH3)4)(OH)2 and (Pt(NH3)2(HC2O4)2).
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Transition metal silicide is vanadium silicide (V2Si, VSi2), chromium silicide (Cr3Si, Cr2Si, Cr3Si2, CrSi2), manganese silicide (Mn2Si, MnSi, MnSi2), iron silicide (Fe3Si2, FeSi, FeSi2), cobalt silicide (Co2Si, CoSi, CoSi2), nickel silicide (Ni3Si, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, Ni2Si3), copper silicide (Cu4Si, Cu5Si, Cu3Si), zirconium silicide (ZrSi, ZrSi2), molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) and/or tungsten silicide (W2Si3, WSi2, WSi3), preferably molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2), vanadium silicide (V2Si, VSi2) and/or tungsten silicide (WSi2, WSi3).    EXAMPLE - Molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) (0.5 g) and carbon powder (0.5 g) were uniformly mixed, and ground to obtain carbon powder supported with molybdenum silicide catalyst. The obtained catalyst and Nafion solution were mixed at the ratio of 7:6. The mixture was applied on a carbon paper having thickness of 200 microns, dried and pressed to produce an electrode. The electrode was mounted to fuel cell, and methanol oxidation characteristics were measured using sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 25degreesC. The catalyst had favorable methanol oxidation activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide conversion catalyst contains porous oxide of zirconia of average crystalline diameter 2-20 nm, upon which rhodium is supported. The catalyst has a specific surface are of 10-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide conversion catalyst contains porous oxide of zirconia of average crystalline diameter 2-20 nm, upon which rhodium is supported. The catalyst has a specific surface are of 10-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reformation catalyst is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is selected from a group comprising sodium borohydride aqueous solution, methanol aqueous solution and decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrocarbon modification catalyst consists of support containing porous oxide consisting of zirconia and/or ceria, and a catalyst metal containing rhodium supported by the support. The support has an average crystalline diameter of 2-20 nm and a specific surface area of 10-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrocarbon modification catalyst consists of support containing porous oxide consisting of zirconia and/or ceria, and a catalyst metal containing rhodium supported by the support. The support has an average crystalline diameter of 2-20 nm and a specific surface area of 10-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal oxide particle is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal oxide particle is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material used in the formation of metal oxide film is polyether type polymer, which is polyethylene glycol methyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal-oxide microparticles are titanium-oxide microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal-oxide microparticles are titanium-oxide microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric microparticles consist of polystyrene, butadiene rubber, acrylo nitrilo butadiene copolymer rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acryl, polyurethane, polyolefin and vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrochemical device has a separator (4) interposed between the anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid further contains quaternary ammonium salt (II) of formula (2)R3,R4 = R1;R5,R6 = 1-4C alkyl group; andX- = same as defined above.The salts (I, II) are contained in the ratio of 7-50 vol.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = methyl group;    R2 = butyl group, R1 and R2 may combine to form 4-5C nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic ring; and    X- = (CF3SO2)2N- or (CF3CF2SO2)2N-.    EXAMPLE - Lithium salt of 1-methoxy-carbonyl methyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium (100 vol.%) was dissolved and electrolyte liquid was prepared. A coin-type battery was assembled using the electrolyte liquid, cathode containing lithium, anode containing manganese dioxide and separator containing polypropylene. The obtained battery had favorable discharge characteristics and improved life in low temperature region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid metal is silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The contact surface area is adjusted by setting the pressure in the liquid metal in the bottom of the casting frame. The pressure in the bottom of the casting frame (2) is adjusted by adjusting the level of the liquid metal in the casting frame. The surface roughness of the substrate is 1-10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid metal is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method includes forming irregularly a surface of the formed oxidation control layer, and the catalytic metal is attached to a surface of the irregular oxidation control layer.When the oxidation control layer is formed amorphously, the surface of oxidation control layer is formed irregularly by crystallizing the amorphous oxidation control layer.When the oxidation control layer is formed of metal oxide whose oxidation is incomplete, the surface of oxidation control layer may be formed irregularly by oxidizing the oxidation control layer made from such metal oxide.When oxidation control layer is formed with pure metal, the surface of oxidation control layer is formed irregularly by oxidizing the oxidation control layer made from the pure metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalytic metal may be hydrogen-permeable metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalytic metal may be hydrogen-permeable metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electromagnetic wave used for lithography is light having wavelength of 10-400 nm, X-ray having wavelength of 0.1-10 nm, electron beam having wavelength of 0.001-0.01 nm or laser beam having wavelength of 10-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reactive group-containing compound of formula (i), is preferably of formula: (CF3)kF(3-k)_C(CF2)l-O(CH2)m-SiXnY3-n. The partially condensed silsesquioxane of formula (ii), is preferably of formula (iia). The condensed product of partially condensed silsesquioxane and bissilane (iii), preferably of formulae: Y3-nXnSi-(CH2)l-SiXnY3-n, Y3-nXnSi-SmSiXnY3-n and Y3-nXnSi-NH-SiXnY3-n.X,Y,Rf,A,A'=same as defined above;m=0-10;k=1-3;l=0-3;andn=1-3.Preferred Property: The reducing contact angle with respect to water when surface treating agent is applied to a substrate, is 60degreesC or more. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=base of formula (CF3)kF(3-k)C(CF2)l-, preferably fluoro alkyl group having branched structure;    k=1-3, preferably 2-3;and    l=0-3.    EXAMPLE - Fluorine-containing compound of formula: (CH3)2CF-O-CH2CH2CH2-SiCl3, was dissolved in ethyl acetate, such that the concentration of solution became 0.1 mass%, to obtain a surface treating agent. Silicon wafer substrate was immersed into surface treating agent solution. The resulting substrate was maintained at 25degreesC, and thin film having thickness of 1 nm was formed on the substrate. The surface-treated substrate was cleaned with ethyl acetate for 5 minutes and maintained at 25degreesC. The resulting substrate was irradiated with ultraviolet ray, and the substrate was found to have favorable water contact angle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: In (I), 4-7C isomonoolefin monomer(s) are isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene; the 4-14C multiolefin monomer(s) are isoprene, butadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,4-dimethylbutadiene, piperyline, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene and/or cyclohexadiene, the alkylstyrene monomer(s) are p- or m-methylstyrene, p- or m-ethylstyrene or 4- or 3-n-propylstyrene and the peroxide system is an organic peroxide.Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises at least one filler. The article is in the form of a medical device of a condenser cap. EXAMPLE - To methyl chloride (5586 g) was added isobutylene (1344 g), isoprene (52.8 g) and para-methylstyrene (305 g). The contents were cooled to -95 degreesC at which point an aluminum chloride-methyl chloride catalyst solution was introduced. The reaction mixture was worked up to give the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The odorant is a fatty acid having an odor. The fatty acid includes acetic acid, or butyric acid.Preferred Compositions: The butyric acid is added at approximately 2-10 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The housing of (H1) further defines: a first inlet to direct the post water-gas shift reformate flow into the first passage at one end of the first passage; a first outlet to direct the flow from the first passage at an opposite end of the first passage; a second inlet to direct the combustor feed into the second passage at a location adjacent the opposite end; and a second outlet to direct the combustor feed from the second passage. The first passage is located radially inward from the second passage. The fins of (H1) are bonded to opposite sides of a wall that separates the first passage from the second passage. At least one (preferably both) of the convoluted fins of (H1) and the fins of (H2) have surface enhancers in the form of fin louvers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first reformer comprises a first discharge port that discharges the hydrogen, and a second discharge port that discharges byproducts that are generated along with the hydrogen. The second reformer comprises a heat source unit that generates thermal energy, and a reformation unit that generates hydrogen through the reformation reaction that uses the thermal energy from the heat source unit. The heat source unit is coupled to the second discharge port and generates the thermal energy through an oxidation reaction of the byproducts that are discharged through the second discharge port. It is connected to the stack and generates thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of unreacted hydrogen that is discharged from the stack. It is coupled to a fuel tank (51) that stores the fuel and generates thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the fuel that is supplied from the fuel tank. The second discharge port and the heat source unit are coupled to each other through a first connection unit. The heat source unit generates the thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the byproducts that are supplied through the first connection unit. The stack includes electricity generating unit(s) that generates the electrical energy, and an unreacted hydrogen discharge port that discharges unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen discharge port and the heat source unit are coupled to each other through a second connection unit. The heat source unit generates the thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the unreacted hydrogen that is supplied through the second connection unit. Preferred Method: The driving of the first reformer is stopped after allowing the second reformer to generate and supply an adequate amount of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from glass or fiberglass reinforced panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive in the adhesive material is ethylene vinyl acetate. It can be acrylic adhesive, silicone adhesives, urethane adhesive or epoxy adhesive. Preferred Property: The thickness of the adhesive material is 0.03-3 mm. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the protection film is greater than or equal to10 kV. Preferred Material: The insulating film is polyester, polyethylene terephthalate or nylon. The reinforcing sheet is made from plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The opening area of the fuel passing hole is 10-50% of the opening area of the fuel supplying manifold.Preferred Component: The fuel throttle member is provided at an exit section of the fuel supplying manifold. A resin-made separator fuel throttle member is provided at an entrance of the liquid fuel flow path of at least one separator, and has a fuel passing hole an opening area of which is smaller than a cross sectional area of the flow path at the entrance.The separator has a fuel supplying vertical hole communicating to the liquid fuel flow path and the liquid fuel inlet of the end separator. An end separator (10b) is stacked on an outermost layer of the cell stack unit (25a, 25b) that is located on an opposite side to the other outermost layer and having an oxidizer inlet. A resin-made manifold plate (21) includes an oxidizer supplying manifold joined to the oxidizer inlet of the end separator. A metal-made clamping plate (20) is stacked on the resin-made manifold plate having the oxidizer supplying manifold or fuel supplying manifold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel contains methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Each of the manifold plate and the fuel throttle member is made of at least one type of polymer resin from polyacetal, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylenesulfide, polybutyleneterephthalate, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, denatured polyphenyleneether, syndiotactic polystyrene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphthalamide, polycyclohexylenedimethyleneterephthalate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, fluorine-based resin, or silicon-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell has a unit for discharging the water in the pure water channel to outside of the fuel cell when the fuel cell is shutdown. The fuel cell comprises unit for measuring at least one of either the flow rate of pure water flowing through the pure water channel of the fuel cell system or the pressure of the pure water, and unit for controlling the at least one of either the flow rate of the pure water or the pressure of the pure water to a level that does not exceed a predetermined range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A structure that the flow of pure water in the pure water channel is stopped when the fuel cell is shut down, and pure water flows in the pure water channel when the fuel cell is operated, and the polymer entanglement is broken up by the flow of pure water.Preferred Component: The polymer chain is hydrophilic. The polymer chain has a principal chain that is a continuous alkyl base, or a co-polymer whose principal chain is a continuous alkyl base. The polymers are a thermo-responsive and undergo a volume phase transition in accordance with the temperature of the pure water. The thermo-responsive polymers contract in water at greater than or equal to 40degreesC, and expand in water at less than or equal to 20degreesC.Preferred Material: The polymer chain is N-isopropyl acrylamide, or an N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is ruthenium group dye, azo group dye, quinone group dye, quinone imine group dye, quinacridone group dye, squarylium dye, cyanine group dye, merocyanine group dye, triphenylmethane group dye, xanthene group dye, porphyrin group dye, phthalocyanine group dye, perylene group dye, indigo group dye and/or naphthalocyanine group dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst contains sulfur element (2 mass% or more). The amount of sulfur element is more than the amount contained when circulating 200degreesC nitrogen gas containing 4 ppm or more of dimethyl sulfide for 10 hours for space velocity of 6000 hours. Preferred Metal: The noble metal catalyst consists of noble metal(s) chosen from ruthenium, platinum, rhenium, palladium, gold and rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst contains sulfur element (2 mass% or more). The amount of sulfur element is more than the amount contained when circulating 200degreesC nitrogen gas containing 4 ppm or more of dimethyl sulfide for 10 hours for space velocity of 6000 hours. Preferred Metal: The noble metal catalyst consists of noble metal(s) chosen from ruthenium, platinum, rhenium, palladium, gold and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The (meth)acrylate having 10-20C aliphatic hydrocarbon in molecule, is a monofunctional monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Additional amount of styrenic thermoplastic elastomer is 10-40 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Isostearyl acrylate (in weight parts) (100), isoboronyl acrylate (8), Tuftec M1913 (styrenic thermoplastic elastomer) (30) and Irgacure 184 (photoinitiator) (3) were stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a photocurable sealing compound. The photocurable sealing compound had solvent resistance of 19.8%, water vapor permeability of 20 g/m2.24 hours measured according to JIS Z 0208, and adhesive strength of 5 MPa measured according to JIS K 6850, without leakage of electrolyte liquid by peeling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heater is made of platinum thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The aqueous alkali solution is ammonia aqueous solution having ammonia concentration of 0.02-0.5 wt.%. Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt contains cation(s) chosen from ammonium, imidazolium, pyridinium, phosphonium and sulfonium, and group having imide anion represented by: X-(N-)-Y, where X,Y are fluoro alkyl group, cyano, fluoro alkyl sulfonyl, fluoro alkyl carbonyl or fluoro phosphonyl group, and X and Y optionally form a ring system. The cation of salt further has a functional group (G) having heteroatom in addition to cation center. The group (G) is alkoxy alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Indium-oxide powder (A) supplied into the carbon container, is hot-pressed at sintering temperature of 750-900degreesC and sintering pressure of more than 9.8 MPa under argon atmosphere having argon pressure of 0.05 MPa or more and less than atmospheric pressure. Preferred Properties: The transparent electroconductive thin film which is amorphous, has specific resistance of less than 6x10-4 Omega.cm, and average surface roughness (Ra) of 1 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Indium-oxide powder (A) supplied into the carbon container, is hot-pressed at sintering temperature of 750-900degreesC and sintering pressure of more than 9.8 MPa under argon atmosphere having argon pressure of 0.05 MPa or more and less than atmospheric pressure. Preferred Properties: The transparent electroconductive thin film which is amorphous, has specific resistance of less than 6x10-4 Omega.cm, and average surface roughness (Ra) of 1 nm or less. EXAMPLE - Indium-oxide (In2O3) powder containing metal tungsten (in mass%) (0.8) having purity of 99.99 mass% and ground to 300 microns or less, and metal titanium (0.3) having purity of 99.99 mass% and ground to 300 microns or less, and having purity of 99.99 mass% and average particle diameter of 0.1-5 microns, as raw material was uniformly mixed, supplied into carbon container, and hot-pressed at 850degreesC and argon pressure of 0.09 MPa, to obtain oxide sintered compact. The obtained oxide sintered compact had density of 7 g/cm3. A sputtering target was obtained using the oxide sintered compact. A transparent electroconductive thin film was formed using the sputtering target, and had favorable surface smoothness and reduced specific resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises oxide of silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, and magnesia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises oxide of silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, and magnesia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is of polytetrafluro- ethylene (PTFE) (claimed).
Preferred Definitions:    L1,L2=bidentate-ligand of formula (2);    M=ruthenium; and    R=1-50C alkyl or 3-50C alkylamino carbonyl.    EXAMPLE - 4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,3-bipyridine (in g) (0.205) was added to solution containing p-cymene ruthenium (II) dimer dichloride (0.3) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (150 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at 60 degrees C for 4 hours, under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 4,4'-dicarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine (0.234) was added and refluxed for 4 hours. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature, and N,N-dimethyl formamide was removed from reaction solution. Then, water (550 ml) was added, and pH was adjusted to 2.5. The obtained precipitate was filtered and again dissolved in methanol. The resulting mixture was refined, to obtain dye of formula (18). The obtained dye was used for sensitizing solar cell. The obtained dye-sensitized solar cell had initial-state photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.5 %. The conversion efficiency of the sensitized solar cell was maintained for long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polythiophene or its derivative(s) and/or polyaniline or its derivative(s). Preferred Method: The irradiation process with a radiation is performed through a shadow mask pattern at humidity of 30% or more. The surface of layer (c) other than irradiated region is oxidized, after oxidizing the irradiated region. The conducting layer (b) is obtained by applying the solution containing conductive polymer, water and/or hydrophilic solvent, maintaining for 15 seconds or more, and irradiating with radiation after impregnating the conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel cells are electrically connected in series. Heat-producing fuel cell(s) and heat-consuming fuel cell(s) alternate to form a single cell stack. The heat-producing fuel cell(s) generates electric power and reforms hydrocarbon fuel to a fuel gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, steam and/or partially reformed hydrocarbon. It generates electric power from fuel gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and/or partially reformed hydrocarbon. The heat-consuming cell generates electric power and reforms hydrocarbon fuel to a fuel gas containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and partially reformed hydrocarbon, where the fuel gas is subsequently used to generate electric power in the heat-producing cell(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The surface layer is less than or equal to1 microns or less than or equal to100 nm. The interfacial contact electrical resistance of the article is less than or equal to50 or less than or equal to30 milliohms/cm2 at a contact force of 100-150 or 150 N/cm2 after ceasing exposure of the surface layer to the atmosphere.Preferred Component: The surface layer further includes precipitates of titanium nitride, and the nitrogen-modified chromium-base oxide is present in the surface layer at a greater concentration than the precipitates of chromium nitride and the precipitates of titanium nitride combined. The surface layer further includes precipitates of aluminum oxide, and the nitrogen-modified chromium-base oxide and the precipitates of aluminum oxide are present in the surface layer at a greater concentration than the precipitates of chromium nitride and the precipitates of titanium nitride combined. The surface layer further includes precipitates of a transition metal nitride. The stainless steel is ferritic or austenitic. The surface layer is a chemically heterogeneous surface and not a uniform or semi-uniform surface layer exclusively rich in chromium. The atmosphere comprises nitrogen or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture. It is free of oxygen.Preferred Composition: The stainless steel comprises nickel at a level of less than 5 or less than 20 wt.% based on the total weight of the stainless steel. It includes 1 wt.% titanium.Preferred Process: The surface layer is exposed to the atmosphere at 800-1,200degreesC. The exposure is ceased when nitrogen uptake for the surface layer exceeds 1 or 0.05-0.75 (0.25-0.5) mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The titanium film is formed on the transparent electrode film to have a desired pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least 80 wt.% of the halloysite rods has an aspect ratio of 1 - 10 (preferably 2 - 8) and surface to volume ratio of 1 - 10000 (preferably 10 - 1000). The substrate is a flexible substrate (preferably flexible stainless steel or flexible polymeric substrate). The halloysite is disposed on the substrate in such a way that the halloysite is present in a monolayer. The substrate is disposed within a sealed storage container. The molecular hydrogen is present in the apparatus in an amount of at least about 1 (preferably at least about 5) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: At least 80 wt.% of the halloysite rods has an aspect ratio of 1 - 10 (preferably 2 - 8) and surface to volume ratio of 1 - 10000 (preferably 10 - 1000). The substrate is a flexible substrate (preferably flexible stainless steel or flexible polymeric substrate). The halloysite is disposed on the substrate in such a way that the halloysite is present in a monolayer. The substrate is disposed within a sealed storage container. The molecular hydrogen is present in the apparatus in an amount of at least about 1 (preferably at least about 5) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric substrate is polyanionic polymer. The polyanionic polymer is poly(ethyleneimine), poly(dimethyl-diallyl ammonium chloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, and/or chitosan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The unit reactors are disposed parallel to each other horizontally or parallel around the central axis. At least one unit reactor is disposed at a different angle to an adjacent unit reactor. At least one of the reactors is oriented to form the back reactant plenum. The unit reactors surround the back reactant plenum and conform to the shape of the back reactant plenum. The compact chemical reactor comprises 2-500000 unit reactors, preferably 2-500, more preferably 2-100 unit reactors. At least one process layer comprises electrolyte, ion exchange membrane, electrolysis membrane, filtration membrane, separation membrane, micro-structured diffusion mixer, heater, catalyst, electrical conductor, and/or thermal conductor. The process layers comprise thin sheet(s). The thin sheet comprises a thickness of 1 nm-2 cm. The reactor forms a micro-structured fuel cell layer or electrolyzer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactant comprises fuel, oxidant, water, hydrogen, oxygen, air, liquid phase hydrocarbon, gas phase hydrocarbon, beverage, foodstuff, and/or byproduct from reaction of reactants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Each process layer comprises a filled metal composite, filled microstructure of polymer, filled epoxy composite, and/or graphite composite. Each perimeter barrier comprises a material that prevents reactant from one reactant plenum from moving into the other reactant plenum. The material comprises metal, silicone, rubber, polyamide, synthetic rubber, epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride, or their composites, laminates, and/or alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The apparatus comprises an oxidation catalyst which removes carbon monoxide. The catalyst grain is supported on a honeycomb ceramic support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The apparatus comprises an oxidation catalyst which removes carbon monoxide. The catalyst grain is supported on a honeycomb ceramic support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid waste is crushed, and gasified after separating moisture content and wet waste to produce wet gas. The gas is cleaned, and carbon monoxide contained in gas is modified to hydrogen, which is used for fuel cell used for generating electric power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid waste is crushed, and gasified after separating moisture content and wet waste to produce wet gas. The gas is cleaned, and carbon monoxide contained in gas is modified to hydrogen, which is used for fuel cell used for generating electric power.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 specific piperazine derivatives, such as compounds of formulae (A-1 and A-2), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Ethyl piperazine (in g) (13.3) and potassium carbonate (16.1), were heat-dissolved in mixed solvent containing ethanol (120 ml) and water (24 ml). 1,4-bis(2-chloroethyl)piperazine (11) and ethanol (30 ml) were added to the resulting solution, and the resulting solution was heat-refluxed at 80 degrees C for 1 hour. The reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature, and solvent was depressurizingly distilled. The resulting residual solid was extracted with chloroform (100 ml). The resulting extract was washed 3 times with water (400 ml) and chloroform solution, and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Chloroform was depressurizingly distilled from the dried product. The resulting residual solid was recrystallized from acetonitrile (50 ml), to obtain 1,4-bis(2-(4-ethyl piperazinyl)ethyl)piperazine (8). The obtained piperazine derivative had melting point of 95.5-96.6 degrees C. A lithium secondary battery was obtained using the piperazine derivative. The obtained battery had initial stage capacitance of 500 mAh, and capacitance after preserving for two weeks at 80 degrees C of 480 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent film contains transparent inorganic compound layers (13A and 13B) containing composite material of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and/or indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent film contains transparent inorganic compound layers (13A and 13B) containing composite material of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and/or indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The system has a pressure control device to control the pressure within the carbon monoxide removal system. The carbon monoxide removal system is a high temperature shift reaction device, and is preferably a selective oxidation reactor. The carbon monoxide removal system is regulated depending upon the calculated humidification amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A base metal catalyst or noble metal catalyst (preferably nickel) is used as a modification catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon is 0.5-1.0.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A base metal catalyst or noble metal catalyst (preferably nickel) is used as a modification catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon is 0.5-1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, hafnium, niobium and/or rare earth metal. The carbon fiber contains carbon nano tube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, hafnium, niobium and/or rare earth metal. The carbon fiber contains carbon nano tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The front and back covers are formed of polycarbonate, polyethylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphazene compound is of formula: R1Y1-P(Y1R1)2=N-X or (NPR22)n, where R1, R2 are monovalent substituent or halogen element, Y1 is bivalent coupling group, bivalent element or single bond, X is substitutent containing carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and/or polonium, and n is 3-15. Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid further contains an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The oxygen dissociation catalyst is supported at least by the complex oxide, or supported by the complex oxide than by the inorganic material. Conductive paths of the complex oxide and the inorganic material are both continuous in a thickness-wise direction of the cathode. A particle diameter of the complex oxide and a particle diameter of the inorganic material are virtually equivalent. The cathode has a contact surface in contact with the electrolytic membrane. The amount of the oxygen dissociation catalyst that is supported decreases further the distance from the surface in contact with the electrolytic membrane. The oxygen ion conductivity of the complex oxide is greater than or equal to104 (S/cm) at the predetermined temperature range. The cathode further comprises a proton-conducting material. It is used in a hydrogen separation membrane type of fuel cell comprising the electrolytic membrane with a proton-conducting electrolyte laminated to a hydrogen-permeable metal film.Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming another film of the mixture on the previously formed film of the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The substrate includes hydrogen-permeable. The electrolyte includes proton conducting, a solid acid, and a liquid acid.Preferred Method: The step of supporting the inorganic electrolyte includes introducing a solution of the solid acid into the pores of the porous layer, and drying the porous element containing the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred materials: The spring contains yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide, scandium stabilized zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide or a perovskite of formula ABO2, where A is a lanthanide, alkaline earth or yttrium and B is a transition metal, especially chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A fluid conveying device and a heat exchanger are arranged in the feed lines. A flow of a fluid from the removal line to the feed line is reinforced using a flow reinforcer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The adsorbent articles comprising activated carbon material impregnated with acidic material and/or basic material, or catalytic material are positioned within a housing. They occupy greater than or equal to50% (preferably greater than or equal to70%) of the housing. An area between adjacent absorbent articles is sealed. The adsorbent articles provide sound suppression. The particulate filter is configured for straight-through flow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves comprises mesa-like banks remaining unetched between the microgrooves. The banks have uniform width and height and are uniformly distributed in a planar direction. The microgrooves are filled with a magnetic material.Preferred Methods: The method includes depositing a magnetic material in the microgrooves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal coating is iron silicon boride (Fe78Si13B9). The metal coating is a metal with iron component (partially) replaced with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or zinc.Preferred Parameters: The time of immersion is 2-600 seconds.Preferred Properties: The metal coating is 100-200 nm thick. A microgroove is 0.5-1.0microns wide, 100-300 nm deep, and greater than or equal to1microns long. The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves has a magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) peak in the wavelength range of 250-900 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal coating is iron silicon boride (Fe78Si13B9). The metal coating is a metal with iron component (partially) replaced with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or zinc.Preferred Parameters: The time of immersion is 2-600 seconds.Preferred Properties: The metal coating is 100-200 nm thick. A microgroove is 0.5-1.0microns wide, 100-300 nm deep, and greater than or equal to1microns long. The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves has a magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) peak in the wavelength range of 250-900 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: Each of the first, second and third average density is less than or equal to0.5. (E1) Comprises a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte.(E1) Comprises either, on at least one of the cathode and the anode, a material (A1) or at least two materials (A2) capable of an electron exchange and showing a change in an absorption spectrum of 400 - 700 nm as a result of the electron exchange; or at least two (A2) as a result of an electron exchange on the cathode and at least a material (A3) capable of an electron exchange and not showing the change in the absorption spectrum of 400 - 700 nm as the result of the electron exchange, on the anode; or (A1) on the cathode; or (A1) on the cathode and (A3) on the anode.(E1)/the optical density changing element in the decolored state has an optical density of less than or equal to0.2 at 400 nm and fourth, fifth and sixth average optical density of less than or equal to0.1 at 400 - 500, 500 - 600 and 600 - 700 nm respectively. (E2) In the decolored state has an optical density of less than or equal to0.125 at a wavelength of 400 - 700 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (E1) comprises at least one compound of formulae (I) - (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The water holding layer is also arranged at an interface of anode diffusion layer and anode catalytic layer. The catalytic layer contains a graphitized support and catalyst. The separator is a metallic separator. At least one polymer electrolyte membrane or ion exchange resin contains sulfonated polyarylene of formula (I).Y = bivalent electron donating group;Z = single bond or bivalent organic group;W' = bivalent electron attracting group;T = bivalent organic group,R1 - R8 = H, F, alkyl, allyl, aryl or nitrile;x = 0.5 - 100;y = 99.5 - 0;m and n = 0 - 10;p = 1 - 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The plasma etching is performed using a reactive gas, such as carbon-tetrafluoride gas or sulfur-hexafluoride gas. The reactive gas is mixed gas of carbon tetrafluoride, and oxygen or inert gas, or mixed gas of sulfur hexafluoride, and oxygen or inert gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The plasma etching is performed using a reactive gas, such as carbon-tetrafluoride gas or sulfur-hexafluoride gas. The reactive gas is mixed gas of carbon tetrafluoride, and oxygen or inert gas, or mixed gas of sulfur hexafluoride, and oxygen or inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface resistivity of glass substrate of photoelectrode, is measured according to JIS-W7202 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermoplastic resin is polyarylene sulfide resin.Preferred Properties: The ion elution amount of polyarylene sulfide resin molded product when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 cc) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. The ion elution amount of carbon fiber (0.5 g) when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 ml) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide resin (in wt.pts) (100) having melt viscosity of 400 Pa.second, Torayca TS12 (polyacrylonitrile group short fiber) (11) and KBM303 ((beta)-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane coupling agent) (0.55), were melt-kneaded by twin-screw extruder and pelletized to form pellets of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide resin composition. The obtained composition was injection molded, to form molded product. The obtained molded product had bending strength of 174 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 10.2 GPa, tensile strength of 120 MPa, and ion elution amount of less than 1 mg/l when immersed in pure water of 80degreesC and 100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The solid acid is cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4), cesium complex (Cs2(HSO4)(H2PO4)), rubidium-selenium oxide (Rb3H(SeO4)2), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)3H(SO4)2) and/or potassium sulfate (K3H(SO4)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer is a polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Fluoropolymer further contains repeating unit derived from monomer (B) which does not contain fluorine atom and optionally repeating unit derived from cross-linkable monomer (C). Monomer (B) is acrylate of formula: CH2=CA1COOA2.A1=H or methyl group;A2=1-30C hydrocarbon group (CnH2n+1);andn=1-30.Monomer (C) has at least two reactive groups and/or carbon-carbon double bond and does not contain fluorine. Fluoropolymer contains monomer (B) (0.1-50 wt.pts) and monomer (C) (20 wt.pts or less) with respect to 100 wt.pts of monomer (A). The surfactant is in the form of solution, emulsion or aerosol. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=1-4C perfluoro alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - 5(6)-(perfluoro butyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2-yl 2-chloroacrylate (in g) (3), stearyl acrylate (1.26) and butyl acrylate (12) were introduced into a flask. Perbutyl PB (peroxide) (0.032) dissolved in butyl acetate (0.4) was added and reacted for 10 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and added to methanol. The precipitate was removed and dried to form copolymer (4) with yield of 94%. Obtained copolymer (1.5) was dissolved in HCFC-225 (dichloro pentafluoro propane) (150). A nylon test cloth was immersed in the liquid and the solvent was removed. The nylon test cloth had excellent water repellency, oil repellency and stain resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyurethane has glass transition temperature of 300degreesC or more.Preferred Film: The optical film has total light transmittance of 80% or more. The optical film has a transparent conductive layer laminated at one surface. EXAMPLE - Piperazine (660 mmol), tetra-butyl ammonium chloride (33 mmol), dichloromethane (in ml) (2227), and water (2475) were added to a reaction container and stirred. Solution obtained by dissolving bis-chloro formate material (660 mmol) obtained using 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene in dichloromethane (743) and solution obtained by diluting 2 M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (693) with water (132) were dripped for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was washed and stirred for 3 hours. Dichloromethane (1 L) was added and organic phase was separated. Solution obtained by diluting 12 M hydrochloric acid (6.6) with water (2.5) was added and organic phase was washed. The organic phase was further washed and supplied to methanol, and stirred. The resulting product was filtered, and obtained white precipitate was heat-dried at 70degreesC for 3 hours under reduced pressure. Polyurethane (289) was obtained in the form of white fine particles. The polyurethane had weight average molecular weight of 188000 and glass transition temperature of 338degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cell is of the direct methanol type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The glue used to stick the separator to the cathodes, or the separator is a polyvinyl chloride resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: The transferring of porous semiconductor layer on the adhesion layer comprises separating the porous semiconductor layer from the second substrate, optionally dyeing the porous semiconductor substrate, and transferring the porous semiconductor layer without the second substrate on the adhesion layer. The preparation of the semiconductor substrate layer comprises preparing the semiconductor substrate layer on the second substrate by printing, preferably screen printing, doctor blading, drop casting, spin coating, ink-jet printing, or spraying; and optionally dyeing the porous semiconductor substrate. The separation of the porous semiconductor layer from the second substrate comprises lifting-off the semiconductor layer by removal of the second substrate. The removal is performed by peeling and/or chemical methods, e.g. etching and/or oxidation. The production of porous semiconductor film further comprises sintering and/or pressing of a composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The adhesion layer is a layer of semiconductor particles, preferably oxide particles, more preferably titanium dioxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The adhesion layer is a layer of semiconductor particles, preferably oxide particles, more preferably titanium dioxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further comprises a polymer and/or a copolymer (B) of a (meth)acrylic acid ester, a photopolymerization initiator, a thermal polymerization initiator and inorganic fine particles.Preferred Components: (A) Is a (meth)acrylic acid ester of an adduct of a compound having at least two hydroxy groups in one molecule and having no hydrogen atom at beta positions relative to the hydroxy groups with at least one alkylene oxide selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer and/or copolymer (B) of a (meth)acrylic acid ester has a reactive group polymerizable with (A). EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (parts by weight) neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (95), polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 200 (5), 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one (0.2) and PF-656 (fluorine-type surfactant) (0.5) was prepared by UV curing method. The composition had ether structure content of 0.45 %, yellowness index change of 0.45, volume shrinkage of 13 % and water absorption of 5.2 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid acid electrolyte comprises cesium dihydrogen phosphate. The reforming catalyst is copper-zinc-aluminum (Cu-Zn-Al) oxide mixtures, Cu-cobalt-Zn-Al oxide mixtures or CuZn-Al-zirconium oxide mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid acid electrolyte comprises cesium dihydrogen phosphate. The reforming catalyst is copper-zinc-aluminum (Cu-Zn-Al) oxide mixtures, Cu-cobalt-Zn-Al oxide mixtures or CuZn-Al-zirconium oxide mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel is an alcohol, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol or dimethyl ether.Preferred Condition: The fuel cell is operated at 200-350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal composite reactant material comprises a mechanical amalgam of metallic aluminum and calcined alumina compressed to pellet form, which enables hydrolytic reaction to proceed under near-neutral pH conditions.The buffer vessel comprises a vessel holding a supply of metal hydride material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbon monoxide is removed during manufacture of hydrogen. The carbon monoxide removal process includes water gas reaction process and carbon monoxide selective oxidation process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbon monoxide is removed during manufacture of hydrogen. The carbon monoxide removal process includes water gas reaction process and carbon monoxide selective oxidation process. EXAMPLE - 0.1 M rhodium chloride aqueous solution was impregnated into rhodium metal as support and reduced at 700degreesC after drying for 12 hours, to obtain a steam reforming catalyst. Hydrogen was manufactured efficiently using the obtained catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The voltage each of the respective unit cells is measured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The step of forming the protrusions is performed by forming a silicon crystalline layer to a predefined thickness. The step of forming the protrusions is performed by annealing.Preferred Components: The capacitor bottom electrode further comprises a layer of polysilicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen fixing material comprises a metal hydride-forming material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises desulfurization unit disposed upstream of the reactor for removing sulfur-containing compounds from the hydrocarbon fuel. It also comprises a polishing unit disposed upstream from the first purification bed for removing impurities from the intermediate reformate; hydrogen storage device disposed downstream in fluid communication with the first purification bed; controller for controlling the operation of the reactor and/or the first purification bed; second purification bed; manifold disposed downstream of the reactor for diverting reformate between the first and second purification beds; and second heat exchanger disposed within the second purification bed. The catalyst bed further comprises a water gas shift catalyst. The reforming catalyst and carbon dioxide fixing material have a nonuniform distribution within the catalyst bed. The reactor further comprises heat exchanging means for delivering heat (180) to and/or removing heat from the carbon dioxide fixing material. The first purification bed further comprises a first heat exchanger for delivering heat to and/or removing heat from the hydrogen fixing material. It further comprises a vessel having an inlet, an outlet and a gas passage extending from the inlet to the outlet. It also comprises an inert material having a high heat capacity. The first and second heat exchangers are operably connected with each other to provide heat transfer between the first and second purification beds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen fixing material comprises a metal hydride-forming material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The device further comprises a first non-photoactive layer disposed between the first electrode and (L2). The first non-photoactive layer is an exciton blocking layer and comprises 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP). (R1) Optionally comprises a third organic layer (L3) disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. (L3) Is in direct contact with the first organic layer and it comprises an unmixed layer of (A2), and has a thickness not less than 0.1 optical absorption lengths. The first electrode comprises indium tin oxide. The second electrode comprises Ag. (L1) Has a thickness of not greater than 0.3 characteristic charge transport lengths. The mixture of (A1) and (A2) in (L1) occurs in a ratio of ranging 10:1 - 1:10, respectively. There is no significant phase separation between (A1) and (A2) in (L1). (L1) consists of a mixture of CuPc and C60. (L2) has a thickness of not less than 0.2 optical absorption lengths. (L2) comprises (A1) or (A2). Each of (L1) and (L2) contributes at least about 5 (preferably 10) % of the total energy output of the photoactive device. Each of (L1) and (L2) absorbs at least about 5 (preferably 10) % of the energy absorbed by (R1). When device is solar cell, the photoactive region is comprised of a mixture of two organic materials, and the series resistance between the first and second electrodes is in the range of 0.25plus minus0.15 Ohms.cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A1) is selected from fullerenes, perylenes, catacondensed conjugated molecular systems such as linear polyacenes (including anthracene, napthalene, tetracene, and pentacene), pyrene, coronene or functionalized variants. (A2) Is selected from metal containing porphyrins, metal-free porphyrins, rubrene, metal containing phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines, diamines (such as NPD), and functionalized variants, including naphthalocyanines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: A regulator (3) is provided between container (2) filled with the liquefied gas and the gas-liquid mixing portion. The fuel cell further has a pressure control portion for controlling the pressure in the gas-liquid mixing portion and a flow control portion for controlling the flow rate of fuel supplied to fuel cell. The flow control portion controls the flow rate according to the pressure and temperature in gas-liquid mixing portion. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Liquefied gas is dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal board is made by aluminum, its alloy, or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting polymer comprise poly(3,4-dioxyethylenethiophene) or poly(aniline).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Dimensions: The metal substrate has a thickness of 0.08-0.5 mm (preferably 0.2 mm). The molybdenum or molybdenum alloy layer has a thickness of 0.5-10 microns (preferably 1.5-3 microns). The metal strip has a thickness of 0.08-0.5 mm (preferably 0.2 mm). Preferred Properties: The molybdenum or molybdenum alloy layer has a mirror finish, preferably a roughness Ra of less than 0.05 microns. Preferred Method: The metal substrate has been subjected to skin pass or cold rolling operation after the molybdenum or molybdenum alloy layer has been applied. The skin pass or cold rolling operation provides a reduction in thickness of metal substrate of 0.2-20% (preferably 5%). The skin pass or cold rolling operation is performed in a continuous manner, preferably in the same run as the application of molybdenum or molybdenum alloy layer. The molybdenum or molybdenum alloy layer has been applied by a PVD process including plasma activation. The molybdenum or molybdenum alloy is applied by PVD in a continuous strip coating process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal substrate is formed of steel, stainless steel, copper, or brass. The molybdenum has a purity of greater than or equal to 99 weight %. The molybdenum alloy is molybdenum-nickel alloy, molybdenum-chromium alloy, and/or molybdenum-cobalt alloy.
EXAMPLE - A hydrocarbon mixture of kerosene fraction, was subjected to hydrodesulfurization processing, and a fraction was separated at 140-195degreesC. Thus, hydrocarbon oil was obtained. The hydrocarbon oil had density of 0.7359 g/cm3 measured at 15degreesC according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 42degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, initial boiling point of 145degreesC, 10 vol.% distillation temperature of 154degreesC, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 166degreesC, 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 173degreesC, 95 vol.% distillation temperature of 179degreesC and end point (EP) distillation temperature of 188degreesC measured according to JIS K 2254, steam-reforming index of 44.3 sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, aromatic content of 0.1 vol.%, naphthene content of 0.1 vol.% molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon of 2.13 when measured according to ASTMD5291-01. The hydrocarbon oil was reformed relatively at low temperature, with reduced discharge of nitrogen oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modifier is steam-reforming type modifier containing mixture of hydrocarbon oil heat-vaporized with water vapor and catalyst containing group VIII elements as active metal. The blend ratio of water and hydrocarbon oil is 1-5 mol/mol at 400-1000degreesC. Alternately, the modifier is self-thermal reforming type modifier containing mixture of hydrocarbon oil heat-vaporized with water vapor and catalyst containing group VIII elements as active metal. The blend ratio of water and hydrocarbon oil in the modifier is 0.5-5 mol/mol and the blend ratio of oxygen and hydrocarbon oil is 0.1-0.5 mol/mol, at 400-1000degreesC. EXAMPLE - Hydrocarbon oil having density of 0.817 g/cm3 measured according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 65degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, 13C component content of 26 mass%, naphthene hydrocarbon content of 91.6 vol.% and aromatic content of 8.4 vol.% was prepared. The hydrocarbon oil did not contain peroxide after storing at 43degreesC for 13 weeks. The conversion ratio of the hydrocarbon oil was maintained stably over a long period of time and the generation of catalyst caulking in the modifier was suppressed.
EXAMPLE - A hydrocarbon mixture of kerosene fraction having sulfur content of 300 mass ppm or less, was subjected to hydrodesulfurization processing, and a fraction was separated at 150-195degreesC. Thus, hydrocarbon oil was obtained. The hydrocarbon oil had density of 0.7756 g/cm3 measured at 15degreesC according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 41degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, initial boiling point of 152degreesC, 10 vol.% distillation temperature of 158degreesC, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 168degreesC, 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 181degreesC, 95 vol.% distillation temperature of 185degreesC and end point (EP) distillation temperature of 193degreesC measured according to JIS K 2254, sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, Saybolt color of +30 measured according to JIS K 2580, 13C hydrocarbon component ratio of 0.2 mass% measured according to JIS K 2536, and favorable copper strip corrosion measured according to JIS K 2513. Molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the hydrocarbon oil was 2.02 measured according to ASTMD5291-01. The hydrocarbon oil was reformed relatively at low temperature, and reduced discharge of nitrogen oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide carrier contains complex oxide of cobalt and zirconium, and has cobalt/zirconium atomic ratio of 1/20-1/0.05, preferably 4/3-2/1. The noble metal catalyst is preferably ruthenium. The amount of noble metal catalyst is 1-5 mass% with respect to total amount of noble metal catalyst and oxide support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide carrier contains complex oxide of cobalt and zirconium, and has cobalt/zirconium atomic ratio of 1/20-1/0.05, preferably 4/3-2/1. The noble metal catalyst is preferably ruthenium. The amount of noble metal catalyst is 1-5 mass% with respect to total amount of noble metal catalyst and oxide support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A front edge of the reforming catalyst is heated to a temperature at which fuel-air mixture ignites and generates heat which can be used for vaporization of subsequent fuel. The catalyst causes catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of hydrocarbons with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (H2O). The oxidizing agent facilitates oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The mixture is reacted with catalyst at 25-500degreesC for 30 seconds. The air-to-fuel and steam-to-fuel ratios are adjusted to have a temperature of 600-850degreesC in the reforming fuel catalyst.Preferred Parameters: The maximum temperature in the reforming fuel catalyst is 900degreesC. The air-carbon monoxide-hydrogen gas mixture has oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel may be liquid and/or vapor.Preferred Method: The combustible moieties, e.g. carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are produced by combining the fuel with an oxidant to create a mixture having oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2 or by reacting fuel with a catalyst. A portion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to create heat. The heat raises the temperature of a water-gas shift catalyst so that the catalyst becomes active for its water-gas shift reaction which converts carbon monoxide and generates additional heat. Air is injected downstream of the catalysts to have complete oxidation of all combustible moieties before the combustible moieties have egress from the system. Liquid water is injected when the water-gas shift catalyst temperature exceeds 400degreesC. Liquid water is injected in the form of water droplets having a diameter less than 50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas delivery and cooling assembly combines water from the water supply with the gas from the gas supply that is delivered to a first of the methanation reactors, and heats the mixture of water and gas. The gas delivery and cooling assembly delivers gas from the gas supply to each next methanation reactor by adding the gas to the mixture being conveyed to the next methanation reactor after the mixture has been formed or as the mixture is being formed. The gas delivery and cooling assembly comprises water injection unit(s), each combining water from the water supply and the output of a methanation reactor which cools the mixture being conveyed to a next methanation reactor; gas dividing unit(s) for dividing gas from the gas supply into gas streams, each gas stream for delivery to a different one of the methanation reactors; and connecting line(s), each connecting a water injection unit to a different one of the methanation reactors. Each of a number of the gas streams is conveyed to a methanation reactor by delivery to one of the connecting lines. Alternatively, each of a number of the gas streams is conveyed to a methanation reactor by delivery to a different one of the cooling assemblies. A further connecting line is connected to a first of the methanation reactors, and one of the gas streams is conveyed to the first methanation reactor by delivery to the further connecting line. The gas delivery and cooling assembly conveys water from the water supply to the further connecting line. A heat exchanger heats the mixture of water and gas in the further connecting line. The methanation assembly may comprise 3 methanation reactors. Each methanation reactor comprises a catalyst containing greater than 50% nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electronic device is a memory chip, an anti-theft chip, an RF ID chip, a DC to AC converter, a battery and/or a DC-to-DC converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting board comprises a laminate of one or more conducting metals and one or more of a resin or polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The separators comprise metal plates. The sheet for reducing sliding resistance is placed in the casing, between at least one side as a bottom surface of the stack body and a bottom surface of the casing. The sheet for reducing sliding resistance is an insulating sheet.The casing further comprises an angle unit for coupling adjacent ends of the side plates; and a coupling pin for coupling the end plate and the side plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sheet for reducing sliding distance is a fluorocarbon resin sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The device further comprises a blocking layer (135).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cyclometallated organometallic material comprises iridium or platinum atom. The cyclometallated organometallic material is of formula (I). It is also of formulae (II)-(V). It forms pi-stacked chains. It absorbs light in the red or near IR portion of the spectrum.M=transition metal having a molecular weight greater than 40, preferably Pt;Z=N or C;dotted line=optional double bond;R1-R4=H, alkyl, or aryl;One or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4 together=5- or 6-member cyclic group, where the cyclic group is cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, where the cyclic group is optionally substituted by substituents Q;Q=alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF3, NR2, NO2, OR, halo, or aryl;two Q groups on adjacent ring atoms=form fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic group;R=H, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;X and/or Y=ancillary ligand;A=aromatic heterocyclic ring or fused aromatic heterocyclic ring with at least one nitrogen atom that coordinates to the metal M;R5, R6=alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, CN, CF3, NR2, NO2, OR, halo, or aryl;two R5 groups on adjacent ring atoms, and two R6 on adjacent ring atoms=form fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic group;a=1-3;b=0-2;a+b=2 or 3; andn, m=0-4. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The cyclometallated organometallic material is of formula (Ia).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of K2PtCl4 with 2-2.5 equivalents of donor-acceptor 2-phenylpyridine in 3:1 mixture of 2-ethoxyethanol and water was heated to 80degreesC for 16 hours to produce donor-acceptor cyclometallated Pt(II) mu-dichloro bridged dimers of formula (C-N)Pt(mu-Cl2)Pt(C-N). The product was isolated by addition of water followed by filtration and methanol wash.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The slurry is processed in an autoclave at 500-2000 psi. The filtrate is separated by centrifugation. The first portion is a wet pigment cake.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). The catalyst is Pt/carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The slurry of water and solvent comprises a ratio of 160 g water to 25 g normal propanol. The slurry of water and solvent comprises 20-90 wt.% of water; and 10-80% of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dioxane, and/or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). The catalyst is Pt/carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane is a fluorine-containing polymer or a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (C1) Are sent from collector to a classification means. The increased gas flow comprising nitrogen, steam and light hydrocarbons is periodically introduced into the filtration means or aimed directly towards (C1) to disperse (C1) from the filter and to move (C1) to the collector. The gas flow directs (C1) so that at least a portion of (C1) returns to the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The filtration means comprises at least one vessel containing at least one filter to pass the flow of gas and to collect majority of the (C1). The filter has a pore size designed to remove all (C1) from (S1) and comprises sintered metal and ceramic (preferably ceramic metal powder). The classification means divides (C1) into a first portion having a size above the predetermined value to be returned to (R1) and a second portion having a size below the predetermined value to be sent to a discarded catalyst storage container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (C1) Are sent from collector to a classification means. The increased gas flow comprising nitrogen, steam and light hydrocarbons is periodically introduced into the filtration means or aimed directly towards (C1) to disperse (C1) from the filter and to move (C1) to the collector. The gas flow directs (C1) so that at least a portion of (C1) returns to the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material comprising carbon, is biomass containing natural organic compound or synthetic high polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support further contains rubidium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support further contains rubidium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium and/or platinum. Preferred Definitions:    A=gadolinium.    EXAMPLE - Cerium oxide, gadolinium oxide, strontium oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and niobium oxide, each having purity of 99% or more, were mixed such that the molar ratio of cerium:gadolinium: strontium:cobalt:iron:niobium was 3.2:0.8:1.0:0.3:0.6:0.1 by molar ratio. Wet blending of the mixture was carried for 2 hours, and the obtained raw material powder was calcined at 950degreesC for 2 hours in air. Wet grinding of the obtained complex oxide was carried out for 2 hours. The ground powder was molded, and baked at 1300degreesC for 5 hours, and a sintered compact having relative density of 95% or more was obtained. The composite type oxide ion mixed conductor composition was given by formula: (Ce0.8Gd0.2O~c)0.8(Sr1.0Co0.3Fe0.6Nb0.1O~d)0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is processed with acid such as sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is processed with acid such as sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenylsulfone disodium salt (in g) (3.925), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (2.79), 4,4'-biphenol (4.509), potassium carbonate (3.848) and molecular sieve (2.61) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) (35 ml), and stirred at 150degreesC for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 195-200degreesC for 5 hours. The obtained reaction product was cooled and settled in water in the shape of a strand, excluding the molecular sieve, which was precipitated. The obtained polymer was cleaned in boiling water for 1 hour, and dried to obtain a polymer with logarithmic viscosity of 1.63. The obtained polymer was dissolved in NMP. The obtained polymer NMP solution was applied on a glass plate, and NMP was distilled off to obtain a film with thickness of 200 microns. The obtained film was immersed into 2 mol/L sulfuric acid at room temperature for 1 hour or more, washed with pure water, and dried to form an electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had ion exchange capacity of 1.6 and ionic conductivity of 0.15 S/cm. The content of hydrogen atom of a sulfonic acid group was 91 mol% with respect to the cation group.
Preferred Definitions:    at least one of R1-R4=C8H17.    EXAMPLE - 3,4-(2,2-dioctyl-1,3-propylene dioxy) thiophene (2.5 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (in ml) (10), and stirred for 1 hour. Hexane solution (4.4) of n-butyl lithium, and trimethyltin chloride were added to the THF solution, and stirred for 16 hours. The obtained solution was refined through silica gel column, and dissolved in THF (10). Palladium dibenzylidene acetone, tri-2-furyl phosphine and thiophene were added to the resulting solution, and stirred at 70degreesC for 5 days. The obtained solution was refined, and bromo terthiophene was extracted.    Bromo terthiophene (340 mg) was dissolved in piperidine (50), and mixed with trimethyl silyl acetylene, triphenylphosphine palladium complex and copper iodide, and refluxed at 110degreesC for 4 days. The obtained solution was refined, and bromothiophene substituted trimethylsilyl acetylene was extracted. Thiophene (310 mg) and tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride THF solution (0.34) were added to the obtained substance, stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and purified. The obtained material (220 mg) was dissolved in THF (2.5), and mixed with normal butyl lithium (0.1). 60C fullerene (44 mg), lithium acetylide and ortho dichlorobenzene (5) were added to the resulting solution, and stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes. Methyl iodide (1) was added, and further stirred for 3 hours, to obtain terthiophene fullerene connection compound having long chain alkyl group (CH2C(C8H17)2CH2) added to propylene dioxy structure.    A polymer was obtained using the connection compound, and had high solubility with respect to ortho dichlorobenzene, without precipitating on electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises anion or cation. The anion is halogenated inorganic anions, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, sulfonates, or carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises anion or cation. The anion is halogenated inorganic anions, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, sulfonates, or carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic group is cyclohydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group. The cyclic group is not aryl or heteroaryl. The hydroxyalkyl group has hydroxyl group on its free terminal carbon. The cation is ethanol ammonium, N(alkoxyethyl) ammonium, N-methyl ethanol ammonium, N,N-dimethyl ethanol ammonium, diethanol ammonium, N-alkyl diethanol ammonium, putrescinium, 1-(3-hydroxypropyl) putrescinium, butyl diethanol ammonium ion, N,N-di(alkoxyalkyl)ammonium, or triethanol ammonium ion. The sulfonates and carboxylates are alkyl sulfonates and alkyl carbonates, respectively. The alkyl group is alkyl or alkyl substituted at any position with alkenyl, alkoxy, alkeneoxy, aryl, aryl alkyl, aryloxy, amino, aminoalkyl, thio, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, carbonyl, oxoalkyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, or halide function. The anion is preferably organic carboxylate. Preferred Method: The method includes providing nitrogen containing compound of structure NRR'R" and neutralizing the compound in the first step with acid. Preferred Definitions:    R = OH, 1-6C hydroxyalkyl group, 2-6C polyol, 2-8C aminoalkyl group, putrescine, piperidine, or tropine, amino group, or preferably di-, tri-, or tetra-alkanol group;    R', and R" = H or R
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coating is NiCr2O4 and contains less than 35% wt. chromium and is applied by a soldering process. The nickel alloy further incorporates silicon, boron and/or phosphorus in proportions that lower the alloy melting point, together with copper, iron and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coating is NiCr2O4 and contains less than 35% wt. chromium and is applied by a soldering process. The nickel alloy further incorporates silicon, boron and/or phosphorus in proportions that lower the alloy melting point, together with copper, iron and/or tungsten.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The monomethine group cyanine dye is chosen from 8 disclosed compounds such as compounds of formulae (II,III).    EXAMPLE - Acetonitrile (20 ml) was taken in a reactor and added with a compound of formula (IV) (2) and a compound of formula (V) (10). The mixture was heat-refluxed for 20 minutes, and the solvent was distilled off from the mixture. Ethanol was added to the reaction mixture, which was again heat-refluxed for 30 minutes. The mixture was cooled to obtain shining dark purple crystals (3.9) of cyanine dye having excellent thermal characteristics, light resistance, solubility with respect to organic solvent and pigment persistence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymers are of an aromatic polyketone, aromatic polyphosphine oxide or aromatic polysulfone, polycarbonic acid derivatives, main-chain polyester, side-chain polyester, poly(glycol acid), poly(lactic acid), poly(epsilon-caprolactam), polypeptide, polyacrylate, poly(hydroxy benzoic acid), poly(alkylene terephthalate), polycarbonic acid hydride, polyamide, poly(epsilon-caprolactam), polyaramide, polybenzamide, polyimide, poly(amide-imide), poly(esterimide), poly(etherimide), polycarbonate, poly(ester-co-carbonate),poly(isocyanurate), polyurethane, polyester polyurethane, poly(terephthalate), poly(acrylate), poly(phenylacrylate), poly(cyanoacrylate), poly(vinyl ester), poly(vinyl acetate), side-chain polyphosphine oxide, polyether ketone (PEK), polyether sulfone, polysulfonamide, polysulfonimide, poly(vinyl ketone), aromatic polyvinyl ketone, substituted or non-substituted poly(vinyl benzophenone), ketones like polystyrene, polycarbazene, poly-nitrile, poly-isonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The predetermined inclination angle is 20-80degrees. The predetermined distance is 0.5-30 mm. The paste has a viscosity of 5-3000 Pa-s. An aspect ratio of a cross section of the electrode is 0.3-0.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate, silicon-germanium substrate, or gallium-arsenide substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate, silicon-germanium substrate, or gallium-arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The conducting layer is disposed on anode or cathode layer. The conductive layer is hollow. The fuel cell(s) includes anode interconnect (14) to support the anode layer and cathode interconnect to support cathode layer. The conducting layer is disposed on the anode and cathode interconnects. The conducting layer is on the anode or cathode interconnect. The anode or cathode interconnect is hollow manifold containing top wall. The top wall comprises opening(s) extending through it in the flow connection with the hollow manifold. The hollow manifold is made to provide flow path for reactant(s). The reactant is fuel or oxidant. The conducting layer is chemically compatible with anode and cathode layer. The conducting layer is gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, indium-tin-oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, iridium oxide, or indium oxide. The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cells (preferred), direct methanol fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells. The conducting layer is chemically compatible with anode or cathode layer. The conducting layer is made of noble metals, metallic alloy, cements, or oxides. Preferred Properties: The conducting layer is mesh, woven wire, woven fiber, and/or felt. The conductive layer is 1-250, preferably 1-50microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal-plated layer(s), which faces to the monocrystalline silicon substrate comprises a metal(s) consisting of silver, cobalt, copper, nickel, palladium, iron, platinum, an alloy, or a compound comprising the metal. The metal-plated layer(s) comprises greater than or equal to2 layers, and at least one of the metal-plated layers is a ferromagnetic layer having a soft magnetic property of a coercive force of less than or equal to50 oersteds. The metal-plated layer(s) is provided on both surfaces of the monocrystalline silicon substrate, so that thicknesses, compositions, and magnetic properties of the metal-plated layers are symmetrical with respect to a plane of silicon monocrystalline substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal-plated layer(s), which faces to the monocrystalline silicon substrate comprises a metal(s) consisting of silver, cobalt, copper, nickel, palladium, iron, platinum, an alloy, or a compound comprising the metal. The metal-plated layer(s) comprises greater than or equal to2 layers, and at least one of the metal-plated layers is a ferromagnetic layer having a soft magnetic property of a coercive force of less than or equal to50 oersteds. The metal-plated layer(s) is provided on both surfaces of the monocrystalline silicon substrate, so that thicknesses, compositions, and magnetic properties of the metal-plated layers are symmetrical with respect to a plane of silicon monocrystalline substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The buffer layer contains oxide of molybdenum or vanadium, or a nitride. Preferred Property: The thickness of the carbon layer is 5-100 (preferably 10-50) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The buffer layer contains oxide of molybdenum or vanadium, or a nitride. Preferred Property: The thickness of the carbon layer is 5-100 (preferably 10-50) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion region contains an organic thin film including a polymer film that has been formed by coating on one surface of the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: Depositing an anti-reflection coating comprises depositing a metal oxide on the outer surface of each of the semiconductor elements. Bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding the semiconductor elements to the perforated aluminum foil, dissolving the anti-reflection coating at a bond line of each of the semiconductor elements and forming an aluminum-silicon bond between the foil and each of the semiconductor elements. The thermo-compression bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding at less than 577degreesC. Removing the anti-reflection coating comprises exposing the portion of each of the semiconductor elements to hydrofluoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflection coating comprises silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflection coating comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The charge transport matrix material comprises an ionic transport material having solid polymer electrolyte comprising a polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide or polyethylene sulfide and an intrinsically conductive polymer such as polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a second additive containing vessel communicating with the conduit of (vii) for adding pollution reducing chemicals to the washed, intercalated graphite particles to the washed acid intercalated graphite particles; collecting vessel for collecting washed acid intercalated graphite particles admixed with pollution reducing chemicals and a second conduit extending from the drying chamber to the collecting vessel for passing acid intercalated graphite particles admixed with acid additives from the drying chamber to the collecting vessel; third additive containing vessel communicating with the second conduit for the introduction of ceramic fiber particles in the form of macerated quartz glass fibers, carbon and graphite fibers, zirconia, boron nitride, silicon carbide and magnesia fibers, naturally occurring mineral fibers such as calcium metasilicate fibers, calcium aluminum silicate fibers, aluminum oxide fibers and the like into the conduit and the admixing and entrainment thereof with acid intercalated graphite particles passing from the washing vessel to the drying chamber; and dryer disposed to receive the impregnated flexible graphite mat and heat and dry the mat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a flexible thermally non-conductive material. The solar cell includes a thermally conductive layer communicating with a black body radiating layer extending through a portion of the substrate. The solar cell has a first periphery having a first dimension, and the substrate has an aperture having a second periphery with a second dimension, where the first dimension is greater than the second dimension.A black body-radiating layer is disposed in the aperture and is thermally coupled to the solar cell. The solar cell and the substrate are configured to maintain a predetermined shape after being bent to the predetermined shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a polymeric substrate, such as polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is composite material containing nanocarbon material (3) and powder of metal or alloy (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is composite material containing nanocarbon material (3) and powder of metal or alloy (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive layer consists of a metal oxide selected from tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal mesh comprises a metal which is selected from aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, iron, zinc and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive layer consists of a metal oxide selected from tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor particles contain main component selected from tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, titanium oxide and strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer contains main component selected from aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, iron, zinc and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor particles contain main component selected from tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, titanium oxide and strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ionic conductivity (at 23degreesC) of the conductor when measured by pinching the conductor to the support provided between glass electrodes (4) with a transparent electrically conductive film (3) is higher than the ionic conductivity (at 23degreesC) of the conductor in a direction orthogonal to the electrodes. EXAMPLE - Synthon ST695Trade Mark (trans-2-(4-cyano phenyl)-5-n-pentyl-1,3-dioxane) (in mg) (44), Synthon ST487Trade Mark (4-cyanophenyl-4-pentyl benzoate) (50) and organolithium compound (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (5) were mixed at 100degreesC, to obtain ion conductor. The ion conductor had ionic conductivity of 4.7x10-6 S/cm at 23degreesC along horizontal direction of electrode, and ionic conductivity of 5.8x10-5 S/cm at 23degreesC and 6.2x10-5 S/cm at 80degreesC along orthogonal direction of electrode. A coin battery was formed using the obtained ion conductor. The obtained battery had initial charging-and-discharging efficiency of 88%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains at least two types of compound (1). The ion conductor further contains a cyano compound of formula (2 or 3).R1,R2=2-10C straight alkyl.Preferred Property: The ion conductor has ionic conductivity measured at 23 degrees C, when provided on support, between glass electrodes with transparent electrically conductive film, higher than the ionic conductivity at 23 degrees C of the direction orthogonal to the electrodes. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 compounds of formula (1) are disclosed, which are 4-pentyl benzene acid-4-cyano phenyl and 4-hexyl benzene acid-4-cyano phenyl.    EXAMPLE - 4-hexyl benzene acid-4-cyano phenyl (in g) (0.39) and lithium compound of formula: LiN(CF3SO2)2 (0.01) were mixed and heated at 100 degrees C, and uniform liquid ion conductor was prepared. The ion conductor had high ionic conductivity in high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fullerene compound contained in the carbon-type material is 1-60 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fullerene compound contained in the carbon-type material is 1-60 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group of formulae (1,2), and Ar1 consists of group of formula (1 and 2) at a molar ratio of 1:0.8-1:1.2; and    Ar2=group of formula (3).    EXAMPLE - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (in g) (2150), p-phenylene diamine (27.04) and 3,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (50.06) were stirred at normal temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Terephthalic acid dichloride (101.51) was added to the resulting mixture, cooled, stirred, and counteract by adding calcium hydroxide (37.04). The obtained mixture was gradually heated, and reacted at 80degreesC for 80 minutes, to obtain an aramid resin NMP solution. The resin solution had characteristic viscosity of 3.7 dl/g at 30degreesC. VGCF (RTM: carbon nanotube) (0.12), 60C fullerene and aramid resin NMP solution (247.5) were mixed, and spun to obtain a composite fiber of aramid resin/carbon fiber/fullerene. The composite fiber had fiber size of 2.11 dtex, elasticity of 4.2% and tensile strength of 92.4 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The support is carbon ribbon covered with a protective coating of pyrolytic carbon after printing of the complementary relief (claimed). The printing is carried out by pinching and defiling between two rollers with the predetermined relief in the form of a matrix made of a material chosen from carbon, silicon carbide, silicon and silicon nitride (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - An adhesion foil is used to adhere the strips together. Supports are blackened in the IR region before passing into a tempering oven for increasing radiation absorption.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The liner components are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene molecule is high power fullerene, metal endohedral fullerene, or fullerene derivative which is C60 and C70 or more.Preferred Crystal: The needle crystal is modified with heating or electron beam. The needle crystal has shape of closed or opened hole.Preferred Method: The needle crystal contains C60 or C60-platinum derivative. The needle crystal is obtained by toluene saturated solution of C60 containing platinum derivative ((eta2-C60) Pt(PPh3)2) and isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The housing further defines a first inlet to direct the fluid flow into the first passage at one end of the first passage, a first outlet to direct the fluid flow from the first passage at an opposite end of the first passage, a second inlet to direct the fluid flow into the second passage at a location adjacent the opposite end, and a second outlet to direct the fluid flow from the second passage. The first and second convoluted fins (70, 72) have surface enhancements. The surface enhancements are fin louvers. The heat exchanger further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the housing at a location radially inward from the first and second passages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst is a catalyst for the feed mix, and the second catalyst is a catalyst for the combustor feed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second convoluted fin has turbulated surfaces in a downstream section of the second fin, and unturbulated surfaces in an upstream section of the second fin. At least one of the first and second convoluted fins has surface enhancements that are varied along an axial length of the at least one of the first and second convoluted fins to vary a reaction over the axial length. The assembly further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the housing at a location radially inward from the first and second flow passages. The assembly further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the assembly at a location radially inward from the first fin. The integrated fuel processing unit further comprises a recuperative heat exchanger in the housing, comprising third and fourth axially extending, concentric annular passages in heat transfer relation to each other, the third passage aligned with and directly connected to the first passage to direct the feed mix into the first passage, the fourth passage located radially inward from the third passage and connected to the first passage to receive the feed mix after the feed mix has been reformed in the first passage.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst is a catalyst for the feed mix, and the second catalyst is a catalyst for the combustor feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A gas transmitting metal material or a carbon material is used as the laser absorptive member of the MEA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A gas transmitting metal material or a carbon material is used as the laser absorptive member of the MEA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A thermoplastic plastic resin layer or a thermoplastic resin layer coated with silicone rubber is used as the laser transmitting resin layer. A thermoplastic resin layer impregnated with carbon or pigment is used as the laser absorptive resin layer. A thermoplastic resin layer or a thermoplastic resin layer impregnated with carbon or pigment is used as the heat absorptive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fine crystal compound further contains aluminum and/or indium, carbon, silicon, germanium and/or tin, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, zinc and/or strontium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fine crystal compound further contains aluminum and/or indium, carbon, silicon, germanium and/or tin, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, zinc and/or strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anti-reflective film contains one of the compounds among silicon-nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum oxide, zinc sulfide, cerium oxide and cerium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anti-reflective film contains one of the compounds among silicon-nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium fluoride, tantalum oxide, zinc sulfide, cerium oxide and cerium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous support consists of a sintered compact of the mixture of nickel, yttria and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen permeable film consists of palladium or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous support consists of a sintered compact of the mixture of nickel, yttria and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Derivative: The fullerene derivative is given by formula (Ia) or (Ib).FLN = carbon structure of fullerene;R1 and R2 = H or arbitrary substituent, R1 and/or R2 is acid dissociable group;n = more than 1; andR3 and R4 = 1-10C organic group.Preferred Condition: The methylene compound and halogenating agent are reacted at 50degreesC or less. EXAMPLE - Diethyl malonate (in g) (16.8), 1,2,4-triethylbenzene (150 cm3), and (1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) (15.1) were mixed and reacted with solution containing iodine (24.5) and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (300 cm3). The reaction liquid was mixed with solution containing fullerene C60 (molecular weight of 720) (5) dissolved in 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (350 cm3) and reacted with solution of DBU (16.2) and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (5 cm3). After completion of reaction, the reaction liquid was extracted. The organic phase was mixed with saturated sodium sulfite aqueous solution (200 cm3) and sulfuric acid aqueous solution to remove iodine and DBU from the reaction liquid. The reaction liquid was filtered. The organic phase was concentrated and mixed with heptene (500 cm3) to obtain precipitate of reddish brown solid. The solid was filtered, washed and dried at 40degreesC for 5 hours, to obtain reddish brown solid containing 3,4,5,6 adduct of fullerene C60-diethyl malonate. The 5 adduct (C95H50O20 with molecular weight of 1510) of 100% purity was main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxygen content of the oxygen-enriched air is at least 25 vol.%. The reforming reaction is a steam reforming or partial oxidation reaction or an autothermal reaction combining stream reforming and partial oxidation. The reforming reaction is performed under an atmosphere of air, oxygen and steam. The reaction is performed continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The catalyst support is produced by pyrolyzing and siliciding a roll of corrugated cardboard. The support has a gas-impermeable outer surface. The support is cylindrical and has axial flow channels. The shift converter comprises a water gas shift stage and a selective oxidation or methanation stage and is connected to the anode supply connector of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A gas burner (6) is connected to the cracking reactor. The filters are regenerated by oxidizing carbon to carbon dioxide with oxygen. The filters are designed as particulate filters. The filters are designed as mechanically cleanable rotating disk filters. The filter unit is connected to a fuel cell (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The container comprises porous container, which has a predetermined volume and many pores for venting the hydrogen gas; and gas-liquid separation membrane (15), which adheres closely to the porous container to block the pores of the porous container and through which the hydrogen gas separated from the aqueous solution passes. The reaction control unit comprises holding casing, which is fixed to the housing and has its portion extending into an inside space of container; and moving casing, which contains the hydrogen-generating catalyst, is installed capable of moving in the holding casing, and is open or closed by moving relative to the holding casing according to a decrease or increase in a pressure in the container. An internal space of the holding casing is open to the outside of the housing through an air hole and the elastic support unit comprises bellows having one end fixed to the moving casing to be sealed in the holding casing and being open to the outside of housing through the air hole to apply an atmospheric pressure to the moving casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-liquid separation membrane is composed of Teflon-based GoreTex, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkylvinyl ether copolymer, and/or polysulfone-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The coupling has a cylindrical portion (1b) for connection, whose end portion(s) is extrapolated with a resin tube (9). The surface of O-ring is low frictionized by carrying out non-adhesive coating or surface treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has the crystallographic structure of K2NiF4. (I) has an surface exchange coefficient (K) of oxygen higher than 2.10-6 per square cm at 900degreesC and 1.10-8 per square cm at 500degreesC, electronic conductivity (sigmae) of 70 S.cm-1 (preferably 90 S.cm-1) at 700degreesC, oxygen diffusion coefficient higher than 1.10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1.10-7 cm2.S-1 at 900degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has the crystallographic structure of K2NiF4. (I) has an surface exchange coefficient (K) of oxygen higher than 2.10-6 per square cm at 900degreesC and 1.10-8 per square cm at 500degreesC, electronic conductivity (sigmae) of 70 S.cm-1 (preferably 90 S.cm-1) at 700degreesC, oxygen diffusion coefficient higher than 1.10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1.10-7 cm2.S-1 at 900degreesC. Preferred Definition:    A = lanthanum, praseodymium (Pr) or neodymium (Nd) (preferred);    A1 = strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca) (preferred);    M = chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) (preferred) or copper (Cu); and    M1 = manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) (both preferred), cobalt (Co) or iron (Fe).    EXAMPLE - Reacting neodymium (Nd2O3) and nickel oxide (NiO) at 1100degreesC by ground-freezing to leave neodymium and nickel nitrates in the solution to obtain neodymium (1.95) nickel tetra oxide Nd1.95NiO(4+d) and neodymium (1.90) nickel tetra oxide Nd1.90NiO(4+d) with a value of 0.05-0.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell units are connected to opposite sides of the connecting piece. The connecting piece is formed of at least 2 plate-like parts arranged one on the other, of which one has grooves arranged in it for forming the flow path. The fastening platform is formed of an elongated piece, into which the flow channels are arranged in its longitudinal direction. It has at least 2 planar surfaces extending from its first end to second end in the longitudinal direction, and that the connecting pieces are connected to the planar surfaces. The arrangement comprises a heat transfer apparatus, and that the fastening platform forms a flow connection between the heat transfer apparatus and each fuel cell unit. The heat transfer apparatus comprises separate heat exchangers for anode and cathode side flows.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste can contain: low melting glass alloys, boron or phosphosilicate glasses, metal oxides as sinter aids, adhesion agents. The carrier can be an Si-containing material with a surface layer of Si oxide. The organic components can contain metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste contains short chain organic molecules, e.g. molecules with strongly electronegative ends, e.g. organic components formed between resins and solvents, various solid or liquid binders and dispersing agents, and mixtures with metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride, carbon black. The organic components can be: binders such as acrylic and polyester resins, chloroprene, ethyl cellulose, polyurethane, butadiene melamine etc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste can contain: low melting glass alloys, boron or phosphosilicate glasses, metal oxides as sinter aids, adhesion agents. The carrier can be an Si-containing material with a surface layer of Si oxide. The organic components can contain metals, e.g. Cu, Ag, Al, Pb, Zn, mixtures with nonmetals, e.g. Si oxide or nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paste can contain short chain organic molecules, acrylic and polyester resins, chloroprene, ethyl cellulose, polyurethane, melamine, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - Preferred Methods: The control of microchannel process further comprises initiating a unit operation within the first process unit. Sensing for leaks from the containment vessel comprises sensing for leaks from the containment vessel to an ambient surrounding and/or sensing for leaks from the containment vessel to the first process unit. Establishing the first pressure containment vessel pressure comprises introducing a fluid into the containment vessel, the fluid selected from the group consisting of steam, inert, non-combustible, and/or non-oxidizing. The inventive method further comprises providing a catalyst within the first process unit and activating the catalyst; providing a second multi-planar microchannel process unit; partially containing the second process unit within the containment vessel; initiating a second unit operation within the second process unit; and enabling the transfer of thermal energy between the first unit operation and the second unit operation. Establishing the first process unit pressure comprises transferring a pressurization material from the containment vessel to the first process unit. A material consisting of inert material (argon, nitrogen, and/or helium); reducer (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and/or methane); reactive (water, sulfur, halogen, ammonia, and/or amine); and oxidizer (oxygen and steam) are introduced to the first process unit. A reactant is also introduced to the first process unit. A combustible material is introduced to the second process unit. An oxidant material is also introduced to the second process unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A conductive protection layer is formed in the surface of the semiconductor particles. The insulator in the first region becomes thinner as the insulator is away from the second region. The second region is adjacent to both sides of the first region. The insulator has a curved surface that becomes depressed in the shape of a concave in the upper part. The most depressed portion of the curved surface is located at the center between one side adjoining part where the first region is adjacent to a second region and an other side adjoining part where the first region is adjacent to the other second region. The conductive protection layer is formed from a material with an optical transmittance of greater than or equal to70% at 400-1200 nm wavelength. It runs along the convex curved surface of the semiconductor particles.Preferred Dimension: The thickness of the insulator in the first region is greater than or equal to1 microns in the thinnest portion. The thickness of the insulator in the second region is greater than or equal to5 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulator is made of polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous titanium oxide has anatase-type crystal structure. The electrolyte liquid contains hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous titanium oxide has anatase-type crystal structure. The electrolyte liquid contains hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film is formed by combination of silicone type semiconductor, CuInSe2 and GaAs containing the silicon germanium, silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal paste contains aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of the nanotubes is 5-500 nm.Preferred Process: The titania is obtained by anodizing titanium metal or its alloy in electrolytic solution containing halogen-containing ion, in presence of a water-soluble titanium compound, different types of acidic compound or titania microparticles. The titania is heat-processed at 100-1200degreesC for 10-500 minutes, such that the crystallinity of the titania is improved.Preferred Components: The catalyst is a photocatalyst. The optoelectric transducer has a pigment adsorbed on the surface of the titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of the nanotubes is 5-500 nm.Preferred Process: The titania is obtained by anodizing titanium metal or its alloy in electrolytic solution containing halogen-containing ion, in presence of a water-soluble titanium compound, different types of acidic compound or titania microparticles. The titania is heat-processed at 100-1200degreesC for 10-500 minutes, such that the crystallinity of the titania is improved.Preferred Components: The catalyst is a photocatalyst. The optoelectric transducer has a pigment adsorbed on the surface of the titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic solution is perchloric acid aqueous solution. EXAMPLE - Titanium baseboard having purity of 99.7 wt.% and thickness of 1 mm was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using acetone for 5 minutes. The resulting titanium was anodized in electrolytic aqueous solution consisting of 0.3 vol.% aqueous perchloric acid solution for 30 minutes, to obtain titania nanotubes. The obtained titania had aspect ratio of 250, nitrogen absorption rate of 275 m2/g and specific surface area of 195 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ion-exchange amount of the ion-exchange membrane is 0.3-3.5 meq/g. The ion-exchange membrane contains bivalent aromatic group-containing component of formula (1 or 2) as structural component.Ar,Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y=sulfone or ketone group;andX=H or univalent cation group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ion-exchange amount of the ion-exchange membrane is 0.3-3.5 meq/g. The ion-exchange membrane contains bivalent aromatic group-containing component of formula (1 or 2) as structural component.Ar,Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y=sulfone or ketone group;andX=H or univalent cation group. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo 4,4'-dichloro diphenylsulfone sodium slat, 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile, 4,4'-biphenol and potassium carbonate were mixed at ratio of 1:1.17:2.17:2.36. N-methylpyrolidinone (NMP) (40 ml) was added to the obtained mixture (16 g), stirred at 142degreesC for 1 hour, reacted and processed to obtain polymer. The obtained polymer was washed using boiled water for 1 hour, and dried. NMP dissolution of polymer was casted, NMP was distilled, and resulting product was immersed in water. The obtained film was processed using boiled water in diluted sulfuric acid for 1 hour, and salt was removed. The acid component was removed, to obtain ion-exchange membrane. The ion-exchange membrane had favorable gas barrier property, workability, dimensional stability, ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and reduced gas permeability coefficient. The fuel cell with the ion-exchange membrane, had favorable electric-power generation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The ionic conductivity of the ion conductor interposed between the support and glass electrode (4) at 23degreesC is higher than the ionic conductivity in the direction orthogonal to the electrodes at 23degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ion conductor further contains cyano compounds of formula (II) or (III).R1, R2=2-10C straight alkyl group.Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains electrolyte (1-30 mol%) and the cyano compound (70-99 mol%). EXAMPLE - (In g) 4-cyano-4'-hydroxy biphenyl (47.9), 2-chloroethanol (24.6) and potassium carbonate (66.4) were dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide (DMF) (150 ml). The obtained solution was heated at 90degreesC for 12 hours and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was extracted with diethyl ether and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to the filtrate. The obtained organic layer was dried and vacuum concentrated to obtain 4'-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile.    DMF (100 ml) and sodium hydride (1.3) were added to the obtained compound and stirred in argon atmosphere for 2 hours. The solution was further stirred at room temperature for 10 hours and washed with water. Ethyl acetate was added and the organic layer was separated to obtain 4'-(2-propoxy ethoxy) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (3.24) with yield of 34%. Lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (0.03) and 4'-(2-propoxy ethoxy) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (0.27 g) were dissolved at 100degreesC. The obtained solution was cooled to room temperature to obtain ion conductor.    The ion conductor had ionic conductivity of 8.26x10-6 S/cm at 23degreesC and 4.11x10-5 C at 65degreesC in the orthogonal direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid contents are selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic element and the holder are made of thermoplastic resin selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and polyarcylonitrile.
Preferred Definitions:    R1 = phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl optionally substituted by cyano group or imidazole group optionally substituted by phenyl or biphenyl which is optionally substituted by diphenyl amino group;    R2 = hydrogen or phenyl;    R3-R6, R8-R11 = hydrogen; and    R7 = methoxy group or diphenyl amino group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 9 specific imidazole compounds such as 4,5-bis(4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole and 4,5-bis(4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazole are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Ammonium acetate (in g) (0.62), benzaldehyde (0.14) and 4,4'-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) benzyl (0.42) were added to acetic acid (10 ml) and heat-refluxed for 4 hours. Water (50 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, and the precipitate was filtered. The precipitate was washed with water (40 ml), and the obtained white solid (0.54) was recrystallized using tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexane, and 4,5-bis(4'-methoxy-biphenyl-4-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole (0.39) was obtained with a yield of 76%. The obtained imidazole compound had melting point of 240-241degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrode comprises a catalyst (18), which comprises a material consisting of platinum (Pt), Pt-ruthenium (Ru), or Pt-tin (Sn). Preferred Parameter: The coating material is applied to the electrode body to a loading level of 0.1-4.0, preferably 2-3 mg/cm2, and to a thickness of 0.5-2.0 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating material comprises material(s) consisting of perfluoroalkane-sulfonimides of formula CnF2n+1SO2NHO2SF2m+1Cm.m+n=8-17;andm, n=4 or 8.Preferred Compound: The coating material is perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorododecanesulfonic acid, perfluoroheptadecanesulfonic acid, bis-perfluoro-nbutylsulfonimide, bis-perfluoro-n-octylsulfonimide, or perfluoro-n-butyl-perfluoro-n-octylsulfonimide. Preferred Definitions:    n=8, 10, 12, or 17.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The connection step includes connecting the layers via intermetallic diffusion, roll cladding, or explosive cladding. The flow field is etched with an etchant selected to react with the conductive metal while leaving the structural metal unetched. The method includes connecting a second conductive metal layer (108) to the structural layer and etching a second flow field into the second conductive layer while leaving the connected structural layer unetched.Preferred Component: The conductive layer and the second conductive layer sandwich the structural layer.Preferred Parameter: The flow field has a depth that is equal to a thickness of the conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The structural metal includes titanium. The etchant includes ferric chloride. It is unreactive to the structural metal.Preferred Property: The structural metal has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than the conductive metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conductive metal includes stainless steel.Preferred Property: The conductive metal has a lower electrical contact resistance than the structural metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The structural metal includes titanium. The etchant includes ferric chloride. It is unreactive to the structural metal.Preferred Property: The structural metal has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than the conductive metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon support is a carbon black having an active area of greater than or equal to50 m2/g. The noble metal is platinum, rhodium, iridium, or palladium. The second metal is silver, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, or rhenium. The precursor of the second metal is a soluble oxide, salt or complex. Preferred Method: The catalyzed reduction with hydrogen gas is carried out at room temperature. The catalyzed reduction is carried out by dispersing the carbon-supported noble metal in the aqueous solution, adding the second metal precursor while stirring, sparging hydrogen gas into the aqueous solution, and allowing the resulting mixture to react until completing the site-specific precipitation of the second metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon support is a carbon black having an active area of greater than or equal to50 m2/g. The noble metal is platinum, rhodium, iridium, or palladium. The second metal is silver, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, or rhenium. The precursor of the second metal is a soluble oxide, salt or complex. Preferred Method: The catalyzed reduction with hydrogen gas is carried out at room temperature. The catalyzed reduction is carried out by dispersing the carbon-supported noble metal in the aqueous solution, adding the second metal precursor while stirring, sparging hydrogen gas into the aqueous solution, and allowing the resulting mixture to react until completing the site-specific precipitation of the second metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The catalyst is adapted to perform the water gas shift reaction at high temperatures. The method includes pressurizing the vessel before the passing of the hydrogen-rich gas stream through the vessel; depressurizing the vessel after the passing the hydrogen-rich gas stream through the vessel; and purging the vessel with a gas having a low carbon dioxide concentration. The hydrogen-rich gas stream is not passed through a preferential oxidizer (PROX). The method is conducted in a fuel cell system having a fuel cell stack. The hydrogen-rich gas stream having reduced carbon monoxide content is reacted in the fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The housing is a rotating pressure swing adsorber. The vessel further houses a second adsorbent adapted to adsorb carbon monoxide from the hydrogen-rich gas stream at low temperatures, and adapted to desorb carbon monoxide at high temperatures. EXAMPLE - The following cycle was run over adsorbent/catalyst mixture with production for 40 seconds, depressurization for 5 seconds, purge with gas mixture containing 50% water (H2O) and 50% nitrogen (N2) for 160 seconds, and pressurization with pure N2 for 30 seconds. This cycle was repeated 9 times. The product from the production step consistently contained less the 10 ppm carbon monoxide and no detectable carbon dioxide. The results were shown in figure 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: At least one of the decoupling layers may be silicate. At least one of the barrier layers may comprise metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal oxynitrides, and/or metal oxyborides. It may also be opaque metals, opaque ceramics, or opaque cermets.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first initial barrier stack includes greater than or equal to 2 barrier layers. The second barrier layer of the first initial barrier stack has an area greater than the area of the first decoupling layer of the first initial barrier stack. The first and second barrier layers of the first initial barrier stack are in contact. They seal the first decoupling layer of the first initial barrier stack between them. The edge-sealed, encapsulated environmentally sensitive device includes greater than or equal to 2 initial barrier stacks. A first barrier layer of a second initial barrier stack has an area greater than the area of the first decoupling layer of the first initial barrier stack. The first barrier layer of the first initial barrier stack and the first barrier layer of the second initial barrier stack are in contact. They seal the first decoupling layer of the first initial barrier stack between them. The barrier stack is laminated adjacent to the substrate (405) using heating, soldering, adhesive, ultrasonic welding, or pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: At least one of the decoupling layers may be organic polymer, inorganic polymer, organometallic polymer, or hybrid organic/inorganic polymer system. At least one of the barrier layers may comprise opaque polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separators are made of carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A corrosion plate provided at the vicinity of the fuel electrode, is made of titanium material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separators are made of carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seals are made of ethylene propylene rubber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is rare earth metal, its alloy or alloy of lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5), iron-titanium (FeTi), magnesium-nickel (Mg2Ni) or magnesium-copper (MgCu). The hydrogen permeable film has palladium, tantalum or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is rare earth metal, its alloy or alloy of lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5), iron-titanium (FeTi), magnesium-nickel (Mg2Ni) or magnesium-copper (MgCu). The hydrogen permeable film has palladium, tantalum or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photoelectric converter manufactured by the thin-film forming apparatus has amorphous silicon film, amorphous silicon germanium thin-film, crystalline silicon film, crystalline silicon germanium thin-film, amorphous silicon carbide film or crystalline silicon carbide thin-film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photoelectric converter manufactured by the thin-film forming apparatus has amorphous silicon film, amorphous silicon germanium thin-film, crystalline silicon film, crystalline silicon germanium thin-film, amorphous silicon carbide film or crystalline silicon carbide thin-film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Protein: The photosystem protein is photosystem I (PSI) of Cyanophyta plant or higher plant, protein sulfhydryl (PSH) or a photosystem protein of purple bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: A thiol molecule is provided to the nano microparticle surface, such that a gold-sulfur bond is formed, with anion group existing at the terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is alcohol, carbonate, lactone, pyrrolidone or nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polythiophene or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent electrically conductive film is indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent electrically conductive film is indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The humidifier has filter which is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
EXAMPLE - Imidazophenanthrene compound (of formula 9a) (0.466 g) and dichlorotetrakisdimethyl sulfoxide ruthenium (0.2 g) were dissolved in ethanol (150 ml) and reacted at 80degreesC for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the precipitated product was filtered after pouring into water (30 ml). The filtered material was dried under reduced pressure, red color powdered crystals of ruthenium complex (of formula Ia) (0.423 g) were obtained with a yield of 72.3%. The obtained ruthenium complex had melting point of 350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extension viologen is of formulae (V1-V6), preferably of formula (V2). The solvent used for manufacturing supramolecular complex is benzonitrile. The porphyrin has optionally substituted phenyl group in 5, 10, 15 and 20-positions, and is of formula (P1) or (P2) (where Ar1 and Ar2 are both 3,5-di-t-butyl phenyl; phenyl group, or Ar1 is H and Ar2 is 3,5-di-t-butyl phenyl group).Ar3=3,5-di-t-butyl phenyl group. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2=C6H13.    EXAMPLE - A pi-electron group extension viologen was a viologen (BHV2+) of formula (11) in which pi-group was extended by butadiene structure. Porphyrin of formula (P1), and viologen were mixed in benzotriazole, to obtain supramolecular complex. The lifetime of charge separation state of the complex was 1.4 milli seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica source is mixture of tetra lower alkoxysilane and silane, and/or tetra lower alkoxysilane and another metal alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A proton exchange membrane, a polymer catalyst layer and a carbon paper-carbon cloth composite are bonded together. The proton exchange membrane is Nafion (RTM; fluorocarbon polymer). An epoxy resin or prepreg is used as boundary adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is gaseous (methane or natural gas).The redox reaction of the first reaction zone is effected in a step reactor at a pressure of 1-20 bar and at lower than or equal to 900degreesC, by feeding in continuous with a over-oxidized solid/natural gas molar ratio lower than or equal to 1/4.The water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are removed from the top of the step reactor with a molar ratio CO2/H2O equal to 1/2.The redox reaction of the second reaction zone is carried out in a step reactor operating at a pressure which is substantially equal to that of the step reactor of the first reaction zone in which the steam and reduced solid are fed countercurrent in continuous with a molar ratio lower than or equal to 1.The redox reaction of (R3) is effected in a riser by feeding air and the oxidized solid in equicurrent.The element contained in the solid is iron present in binary form FexOy and/or in ternary form FexZzOy, (where x and z are greater than or equal to 1, y is greater than or equal to 0 and Z is cerium, zirconium, vanadium or molybdenum).In (R3), natural gas or methane is also fed, obtaining the supply of further heat by combustion.The element contained in the solid have, in addition to the metallic state, three different oxidation states and capable of producing two redox pairs in the order of the oxidation state.In (R3), the solid consists of two phases.The iron contained in the solid consists of two phases FeO and Fe2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second solid particles are of spherical or ellipsoid geometry and consist of Si or contain Si. The solid particles can be added to an Si melt, which is doped by a doping element contained in the first solid particles, e.g. B, P, group III (e.g. Al, Ga) and/or group V (e.g. As, Sb) elements. The solid Si can be obtained from an Si melt for preparation of Si plates in accordance with the Edge-defined film-fed growth band pulling process. The fluid can be a gas, e.g. compressed air, N2, Ar and/or CO2 or a mixture of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second solid particles are of spherical or ellipsoid geometry and consist of Si or contain Si. The solid particles can be added to an Si melt, which is doped by a doping element contained in the first solid particles, e.g. B, P, group III (e.g. Al, Ga) and/or group V (e.g. As, Sb) elements. The solid Si can be obtained from an Si melt for preparation of Si plates in accordance with the Edge-defined film-fed growth band pulling process. The fluid can be a gas, e.g. compressed air, N2, Ar and/or CO2 or a mixture of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic matter is selected from glucose, formic acid and formate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The flow reaction tube has double pipe structure. The outside pipe contains a metal heat conductive support, and the inside pipe contains the hydrogen separating membrane. Several heat conductive fin-like metal protrusions are provided at the gap of the double pipe along length distribution direction, from outside pipe towards the inside pipe. The metal oxide layer is unevenly distributed in the surface of the fin-like protrusions. The flow-path switching unit periodically switches the flows (F1,F2). The permeated water from one of flow-reaction tube, which is cooled by the chiller, is supplied to the one of hydrogen occlusion unit, through the flow (F1). The permeated water from other reaction tube, which is not cooled by the chiller, is supplied to the other hydrogen occlusion unit.Preferred Process: Permeation and separation of hydrogen is continuously carried out using the hydrogen separating membrane, after performing dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon by flow reaction tube having dehydrogenation catalyst and hydrogen separating membrane. Occlusion of at least a portion of the obtained hydrogen flow is carried out to the hydrogen occlusion alloy. The pressure of the hydrogen permeation side of the hydrogen permeating membrane is lowered than the pressure of the impervious side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separating membrane is a ceramic membrane or a metal film containing palladium (10-100 mass%). The catalyst carrier contains alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon having cyclohexane ring, is methyl cyclohexane, and toluene obtained by dehydrogenation is separated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen separating membrane is a ceramic membrane or a metal film containing palladium (10-100 mass%). The catalyst carrier contains alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reformer: Reformate and water flow in parallel through the secondary reactor (37, 39, 39a) and tube vaporizer (24). A water/reformate countercurrent cooler is connected on the inlet side to the vaporizer and on the outlet side to the secondary reactor, which preferably contains a shift, methanization and/or secondary oxidation catalyst. The vaporizer is a pressure-resistant coiled pipe, with secondary reaction catalyst in the spaces between the turns, or finned pipe. A pressure regulator (42) is attached to the outlet side of this pipe and preferably is adjusted so that the water vaporization temperature is in the 130-280degreesC range. The stream in the vaporizer contains a liquid phase in the zone in thermal contact with the secondary reactor. An (unregulated) jet pump (44) connected to the vaporizer sucks in fuel to produce a steam/fuel feed for the reactor (9). The reactor is connected with a temperature sensor (48), which causes an increase in the water feed to the vaporizer with decreasing temperature and vice versa and controls a blower (49) supplying combustion air to the burner (16), which is (partly) charged with anode residual gas from an attached fuel cell (52). Process: (claimed) The process for steam reformation of fuel uses a steam reformed with vaporizer for producing steam under pressure and a jet pump, attached to the vaporizer, which uses the steam as propellant to suck in fuel and produce a steam/fuel mixture for feeding a reactor. Preferred Process: The vaporizer is heated by thermal contact with the secondary reactor, which is used for removing most carbon monoxide from the reformate. Operation of the vaporizer involves regulation of the pressure, which preferably is kept constant; and its output is regulated by regulating the amount of feed water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: A gas is introduced into the fuel flow path to purge the aqueous methanol solution from the fuel flow path; and introducing the proton-acid antifreezing liquid into the fuel flow path. A concentration of the aqueous methanol solution flowing the fuel flow path is measured and controlled to a constant value. Preferred Component: The direct methanol type fuel cell comprises a solid polymer electrolyte membrane as an electrolyte membrane (5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-acid antifreezing liquid is an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-acid antifreezing liquid is an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming a heterojunction middle cell comprises: depositing aluminum gallium arsenide back surface field layer on first tunnel junction layer; depositing indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) set back layer over the InGaAs base layer; and depositing a first indium aluminum phosphide window layer over indium gallium phosphide emitter layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred oxide: The catalyst contains metal oxide(s) selected from gallium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide, indium oxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred oxide: The catalyst contains metal oxide(s) selected from gallium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide, indium oxide and zinc oxide. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol solution of gallium nitrate (1 mol/l) and ethylene glycol solution of aluminum nitrate nona hydrate (1 mol/l) were mixed. The resulting solution was stirred at 80degreesC for 10 hours. Then ethylene glycol was distilled without pressure application and temperature was raised to 110degreesC. The obtained powder was ground and dried at 200degreesC for 5 hours, baked at 500degreesC for 5 hours in air, and catalyst having gallium oxide/aluminum oxide (Ga2O3/Al2O3). Activity reduction of the catalyst in contact with air was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-carbon type material is obtained by heating bamboo in presence of titanium tetrachloride. The carbon material is obtained by contacting a titanium compound (e.g. titanium tetrachloride) with a carbon precursor, and heating the precursor in presence of inert gas, such as nitrogen gas. The carbon precursor contains carbon, oxygen and cellulose. The carbon material has titanium-oxygen bonds on its surface region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-carbon type material is obtained by heating bamboo in presence of titanium tetrachloride. The carbon material is obtained by contacting a titanium compound (e.g. titanium tetrachloride) with a carbon precursor, and heating the precursor in presence of inert gas, such as nitrogen gas. The carbon precursor contains carbon, oxygen and cellulose. The carbon material has titanium-oxygen bonds on its surface region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The acid catalyst component is alumina, zirconia, titania, silica-alumina and/or a zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The acid catalyst component is alumina, zirconia, titania, silica-alumina and/or a zeolite. EXAMPLE - Palladium complex (Pd(NH4)4Cl2.H2O) (in mg) (71.7) was dissolved in pure water (2.37 ml). The obtained aqueous solution (2 ml) was added to manganese oxide (2 g). Excess water content was removed from the mixture which was then dried at 100degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 400degreesC in air for 3 hours. The formed palladium carrying manganese oxide was mixed with alumina to form dimethyl ether modification catalyst having particle size of 50-100 microns and high catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and counter electrodes are made of indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, gold, platinum, aluminum or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin-film layer comprises an electron donor group selected from a group of thiophene, ferrocene and para phenylene, a photosensitization group selected from a group of ruthenium complex, coumarin, carbazole, phthalocyanine and thiophene, and an electron accepting group such as fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and counter electrodes are made of indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, gold, platinum, aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The nonionic compound is ether-group or ester-type compound, alcohol-type compound, fluoro hydrocarbon, polyalkyl siloxane or fluorine-containing polymer. The nonionic compound is (CO2 affinity portion)-X or -X-(CO2 affinity portion)-X such as F-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-, X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-, F-(CF2)q-(OC3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-Rh, F-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)pX-Rh-X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-F, or Rh-X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)pX-Rh, where m and n are 0-15 and are not 0 simultaneously, sum of n and m is less than or equal to 20, o is 0-20, p is 0-2, q is 1-10, -(OC3F6)m- is -(OCF2CF2CF2)m- or -(OCF(CF3)CF2)n-,-(OC2F4)m- is -(OCF2CF2)m- or -(OCF(CF3))n-, X is single bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH, NRa, C=O, C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)S, SC(O), C(O)NH, C(O)NRa, NH(O)C, NR(O)C, CH2, CHRa, CRa2, SO2NH or NHSO2, Ra is alkyl group, and Rh is hydrophilic portion or liner or branched hydrocarbon group optionally having hetero atom, preferably polyoxyalkylene group. The nonionic compound is of formula: Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X, X-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X, Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh, Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-Y, or Rh-X-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh, where Y is fluorine or hydrogen, X is bonding group chosen from COO, oxygen, sulfur, CONH, NHCO, SO2NH or NHSO2, m1 is 3-20, n1 is 0-2, and Rh is hydrophilic portion or liner or branched hydrocarbon group optionally having hetero atom, preferably polyoxyalkylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Treating the continuous three-dimensional matrix of mesoporous inorganic material under hydrothermal conditions is conducted in the presence of a structuring agent to convert at least a portion of the mesoporous inorganic material to a crystalline molecular sieve composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The pin is etched on an unfeatured planar blank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The light sensitive catalyst material layer comprises an n-type semiconductor or p-type semiconductor. The photovoltaic device is a p-i-n device. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a wide band gap semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises titanium dioxide and/or carbon black. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a catalyst selected from platinum, nickel, iron, titanium and/or light sensitive dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises titanium dioxide and/or carbon black. The light sensitive catalytic material layer comprises a catalyst selected from platinum, nickel, iron, titanium and/or light sensitive dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte membrane layer is a proton exchange membrane. It comprises polyimide or perfluorosulfonate ionomers. The wide band gap semiconductor comprises perfluorosulfonate ionomer emulsion binder, an electrically conductive polymer, an electron conductive polymer, and/or proton conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket has a planar form with a top surface, a bottom surface and a side perimeter surface, such that the sensor is coupled to at least one of the top surface and the bottom surface of the gasket and protrudes in a direction planar to the top surface of the gasket. The conductor projects out from the two dielectric films at a location distal from where the sensor couples to the gasket, thus forming a connection terminal for the sensor. The gasket is configured to mount against an ion-conducting, electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conductor is composed of carbon, gold or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sensor is coupled to the gasket by an adhesive. The dielectric layer is composed of polyester, polyimide, polyetherimide, or polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of carbon nanotube is alternately modified by contacting with nitric acid in supercritical water. Preferred Composition: The concentration of nitric acid used for surface modification of carbon nanotube is 0.1-1 mol/L, preferably 0.4-0.8 mol/L. The nitric acid concentration in supercritical water is 0.1-1 mol/L, preferably 0.1-0.8 mol/L. Preferred Structure: The carbon nanotube is multilayer carbon nanotube in which carbon net having alcoholic hydroxyl group and ether group is overlapped with multilayer coaxial. EXAMPLE - Multilayer carbon nanotube (40 mg) and nitric acid (5 ml) (0.4-0.8 mol/L concentration) were added into a supercritical-water reaction container (5 ml) made of nickel alloy. The temperature and pressure of the container were maintained at 380degreesC and 29 MPa, respectively, such that the carbon nanotube was processed by nitric acid. The supercritical processing of carbon nanotube was carried out for 10-120 minutes. After completion of supercritical processing, the reaction container was adjusted to room temperature and normal pressure. Suction filtration of contents in reaction container was carried out. The obtained residue was washed with distilled water, and vacuum dried at room temperature, to obtain surface modified carbon nanotube. When surface modified carbon nanotube was analyzed by Raman spectrum, the result showed the modification amount of surface of carbon nanotube was controlled by adjusting concentration of nitric acid and processing time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material used in the gas holder is copper complex group coordination polymer of 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Polymer beads are added to the mixture of binder and metal component supported metallosilicate powder. Gasification removal of the polymer beads is carried out by heating during baking.Preferred Component: The catalyst metal component is molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Polymer beads are added to the mixture of binder and metal component supported metallosilicate powder. Gasification removal of the polymer beads is carried out by heating during baking.Preferred Component: The catalyst metal component is molybdenum. EXAMPLE - Fine particle of ammonia type ZSM-5 containing silica and alumina in the ratio of 25:60 was used as molybdenum support metallosilicate fine particle. Penta ammonium molybdate hexahydrate was dissolved in distilled water (5 l) to obtain an aqueous solution. Fine particles (5 kg) was added to the solution and stirred for 3 hours. The resulting product was dried at 70-100degreesC and sintered at 550degreesC for 5 hours in the presence of air to obtain molybdenum supported metallosilicate powder. The obtained molybdenum supported metallosilicate powder (in wt.%) (82.5), clay (10.5) and glass fiber (7) were mixed and molded in cylindrical shape. The molded product was dried at 100degreesC for 5 hours and baked at 250-450degreesC for 2-5 hours, and binder was removed. The baked product was carbonized to obtain a lower hydrocarbon direct modification catalyst. The lower hydrocarbon direct modification catalyst had high catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: Metal other than molybdenum is iron group metal such as iron, cobalt or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: Metal other than molybdenum is iron group metal such as iron, cobalt or nickel. EXAMPLE - Zeolite ZSM-5 was mixed and molded with an inorganic mineral component and organic binder and baked to dryness. Cobalt was first supported on the zeolite by dipping into a cobalt nitrate solution, drying and then baking at 400-600 degreesC. Molybdenum was then supported using ammonium molybdate solution, drying and then baking at 550 degreesC. The catalyst was then subjected to a carbonization process, firstly oxidizing in air at 700 degreesC and then treating with methane and argon at 750 degreesC to produce the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. The reducing gas is gas having lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. The reducing gas is gas having lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains a nickel-containing material, the substance (S) and a substance chosen from Ia group metal or IIa group metal, which are supported on zirconia group or alumina group support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon or a mixing oil chosen from aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon, and contains a sulfur compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contains a nickel-containing material, the substance (S) and a substance chosen from Ia group metal or IIa group metal, which are supported on zirconia group or alumina group support. EXAMPLE - Zirconyl titanate (in g) (21) was dissolved in distilled water (100). Aqueous ammonia (100 ml) was added, and zirconium hydroxide precipitate was produced. The resulting product was dried at 100degreesC and baked at 300degreesC, and amorphous zirconia was obtained. Rhodium nitrate (0.138) and perrhenic-acid ammonium (0.18) were dissolved in distilled water (40), and obtained amorphous zirconia (2.5) was added. Distilled water was dried by evaporation, and resulting product was baked to produce rhodium/rhenium/zirconium oxide catalyst (A) (2.14). Similarly, rhenium/nickel/strontium/zirconium oxide modification catalyst was produced. Methyl cyclohexane was decomposed using the obtained catalyst (A) and modification catalyst, and hydrogen was generated at high yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is 4C or less lower alcohol. The semiconductor paste contains a metal alkoxide such as tetra titanium isopropoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive adhesive consists of material selected from the group comprising silver, copper and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The board is made of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), cobalt (co), rubidium (Ru), iridium (Ir), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag). The electroconductive material is made of gold (Au), platinum (Pt) or palladium. GLASS AND CERAMICS - The fuel cell has low ion dissolution inorganic oxide material made of quartz board, borosilicate type glass and alkali free glass. in
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is potassium aluminate and/or potassium aluminosilicate.Preferred Method: Hydrogen and oxygen are separated and recovered by gas passageways on each side of the reaction cell. The pressure of the reaction container containing the reaction cell is raised and hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide are manufactured.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is potassium aluminate and/or potassium aluminosilicate.Preferred Method: Hydrogen and oxygen are separated and recovered by gas passageways on each side of the reaction cell. The pressure of the reaction container containing the reaction cell is raised and hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide are manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The biological compound is dissolved in water at approximately 90degreesC, and the nanostructure material preparation is added to the solution. The biological compound is present at a weight ratio of greater than or equal to 1:1 (preferably up to 10:1) with respect to the nanostructure material. The unwanted material is allowed to settle for greater than or equal to 24 hours (preferably up to 5 days). The nanostructure composite material is obtained from the nanostructure composite material dispersion by heating the dispersion to a temperature less than the combustion/decomposition temperature of nanotube content of the nanostructure material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The biological compound is biopolymer, e.g. macromolecule comprising protein, nucleic acid, polysaccharide, or polyelectrolyte; or glycosaminoglycan, enzyme, DNA, oligonucleotide, amino acid, and/or chitin. The glycosaminoglycan is chondroitin sulfate, heteropolysaccharide, polysaccharide, or disaccharide. The chitin is chitosan, preferably 1,4-alpha D glucosamine polymer. The macromolecule is of bacterial origin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fullerene crystal body is in the form of a rod having an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to2, a plate or a granule. The solvent is benzonitrile. Preferred Property: The ratio of the solubility of the fullerene showing a relatively high solubility to the solubility of the fullerene showing a relatively low solubility is greater than or equal to2. Preferred Composition: The content of the fullerene showing a relatively high solubility in the solvent is 0.5-10 mole% based on the total amount of fullerenes. At least two types of fullerenes each having a different molecular weight are composed of a fullerene bearing 60 carbon atoms and a fullerene bearing 70 carbon atoms. Preferred Process: The fullerene showing a relatively low solubility is dissolved in advance in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first fluid passageway includes an inlet and an outlet.The heat exchanger further comprises a preheater section having an additional fluid passageway fluidly connected to an outlet of the first fluid passageway. It further comprises a boiler section having a boiler provided along the fluid conduit between the preheater section and the inlet manifold. It further comprises a superheater section.The outlet of the first fluid passageway is connected to the additional fluid passageway by a fluid sealing joint configured to accommodate differential expansion.The fluid sealing joint is a slip joint.The fluid sealing joint is a fabric or metal bellows.The fluid conduits of the first array of fluid conduits are provided on an outer surface with reinforcing outer sleeves.The reinforcing outer sleeves are provided in a zone within the housing.The zone is adapted to receive second fluid at greater than or equal to 900, preferably greater than or equal to 1000degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The resin-impregnated sheet is greater than or equal to45, preferably greater than or equal to65% cured before treatment to provide a structure. Treatment to provide a structure comprises perforating the sheet, to provide channels extending through opposed major surfaces of the sheet; embossing channels on one or both of the opposed major surfaces of the sheet.Preferred Component: The resin composition is acrylic-, epoxy- and phenolic-based resin systems, and/or fluoro-based polymers. It is from resin systems based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, resole phenolics, or novolac phenolics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The filming gas contains negative gas comprising halogen gas selected from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The filming gas contains negative gas comprising halogen gas selected from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gallium compound is gallium oxide (Ga2O3). The density of gallium in the polycrystalline silicon is 3 x 1015 - 2 x 1017 atoms/cm3. The solid gallium compound was doped and the polycrystalline silicon grown at above normal temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gallium compound is gallium oxide (Ga2O3). The density of gallium in the polycrystalline silicon is 3 x 1015 - 2 x 1017 atoms/cm3. The solid gallium compound was doped and the polycrystalline silicon grown at above normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal contains zerovalent cobalt and bivalent cobalt oxide. The support is honeycomb monolith or porous ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal contains zerovalent cobalt and bivalent cobalt oxide. The support is honeycomb monolith or porous ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing agent is preferably ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The binder contains silica as inorganic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The binder contains silica as inorganic binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The catalyst layers are annealed at 70-200degreesC. The pressure of 1-200 kg/cm2 is applied to the first and second surfaces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous solvents when combined have a dielectric constant greater than 5. Preferred Component: The catalyst ink further comprises a conductive filler. The conductive filler comprises graphite particles, carbon particles or graphitized carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous solvents when combined have a dielectric constant greater than 5. Preferred Component: The catalyst ink further comprises a conductive filler. The conductive filler comprises graphite particles, carbon particles or graphitized carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous solvent is alcohols, alkyl ethers, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, alkyl amides, alkyl sulfones, alkyl sulfoxides, or alkyl carbonates. It can be dimethylacetamide (preferably), dimethylformamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, 2-butoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, 1-octanol, butanol, 2-methoxyethyl ether, and/or methyl propyl ketone. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent is greater than 95 wt.% liquid in the catalyst ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the transparent conducting layer, photovoltaic layers, and the back contact layer are electrically separated into smaller area subcells, with each subcell or a combination of subcells containing both an anode and a cathode so that the photoelectrode is functionally separated into a multiple of sub-photoelectrodes. The subcells are separated by scribe lines, mechanical scribed lines, or chemical scribed lines by screen-printing of chemical etching paste. Scribing lines (21, 22, 23) are adapted to remove predetermined portions of the front contact layer, thin film semiconductor layer, and the back metal contact layer. The single-junction thin-film silicon based solar cells comprise at least one of single-junction amorphous silicon or silicon germanium, or single-junction microcrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon. The polycrystalline solar cells comprise cadmium telluride based solar cells, CuInSe2 based solar cells, or CuInGaSe2 based solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid is formed by mixing powdered Li3N and powdered LiNH2 in mol % of 0.5 - 99 mol Li3N per mole of LiNH2. Upon hydrogenation, the solid increases in weight to a hydrogenated weight that is at least 2 (preferably at least 3) wt.% more than its weight prior to hydrogenation; and upon dehydrogenation, the solid decreases to a weight which is 2 (preferably 3) wt.% less than its hydrogenated weight. The oxidation involves forming LiOH and converting at least part of the LiOH to Li2O. The Li3N and the LiNH2 are in powdered form, and LiOH is formed on the surface of the powder particles. Preferred Components: The combined weight of Li3N and LiNH2 in the solid is at least 80 wt.%. The powder comprises particles having a diameter of 1 nm - 10 mm. The solid additionally comprises LiNH2; Li2O, wherein the Li3N is in powdered form, and at least some of the Li2O is on the surface of the powder particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid is formed by mixing powdered Li3N and powdered LiNH2 in mol % of 0.5 - 99 mol Li3N per mole of LiNH2. Upon hydrogenation, the solid increases in weight to a hydrogenated weight that is at least 2 (preferably at least 3) wt.% more than its weight prior to hydrogenation; and upon dehydrogenation, the solid decreases to a weight which is 2 (preferably 3) wt.% less than its hydrogenated weight. The oxidation involves forming LiOH and converting at least part of the LiOH to Li2O. The Li3N and the LiNH2 are in powdered form, and LiOH is formed on the surface of the powder particles. Preferred Components: The combined weight of Li3N and LiNH2 in the solid is at least 80 wt.%. The powder comprises particles having a diameter of 1 nm - 10 mm. The solid additionally comprises LiNH2; Li2O, wherein the Li3N is in powdered form, and at least some of the Li2O is on the surface of the powder particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The co-fired p-silicon substrate has a bulk lifetime of 75-125 microseconds. The device further comprises a back surface recombination velocity (BSRV) of 1-1000 cm/s. The co-fired p-type silicon substrate has a thickness of 150-300 Omegam, the n+ layer has a thickness of 0.3-0.5 microns, the silicon nitride AR layer has a thickness of 700-800 Angstrom , the Ag contacts have a thickness of 10-15 microns, the A1 BSF layer has a thickness of 5-15 microns, and the A1 contact layer has a thickness of 20-40 microns. Preferred Component: The n+-layer is 55-120 (preferably 100-120) Omega/sq emitter (104).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises positioning the silicon nitride layer in a low frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor on the n+ layer. Ammonia and silane gases are used in the PECVD reactor to form the silicon nitride layer. The silicon nitride layer is positioned at 750-800 Angstrom , at a low frequency of 50-100 kHz and at 400-500degreesC. An A1 paste is screen-printed on the back-side of the p-silicon substrate and dried at 150-250degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The co-fired p-silicon substrate is from edge defined fed grown (EFG) silicon (Si) ribbon, string Si ribbon, float-zone (FZ) Si, Cz Si, or multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises positioning the silicon nitride layer in a low frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor on the n+ layer. Ammonia and silane gases are used in the PECVD reactor to form the silicon nitride layer. The silicon nitride layer is positioned at 750-800 Angstrom , at a low frequency of 50-100 kHz and at 400-500degreesC. An A1 paste is screen-printed on the back-side of the p-silicon substrate and dried at 150-250degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The film is a semiconductor film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating film comprises a thermosetting resin, preferably thermosetting polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The polymer membrane is formed by forming polyimide precursors by dissolving diisocyanate powder and dianhydride in dimethyl acetyl amide (DMAc) solvent, mixing CNT powder with the polyimide precursors, coating the polyimide precursors that comprise the CNT onto the second electrode, and heating the coated polyimide precursors causing carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released from the polyimide precursors and causing the CNT to penetrate into the pores where the CO2 has been released. The step of forming the polyimide precursors is performed at 0degreesC under a pressure of 2-3 atmospheres. The heating of the coated polyimide precursors is performed under 1 atmosphere. Preferred Parameter: The polymer membrane is 10-500 nm thick. Preferred Component: The solar cell unit includes an optical activation material for emitting electrons when excited by sunlight and arranged on the optical catalyst; and an electrolyte for transferring electrons arranged adjacent to the optical activation material. The second substrate of the solar cell unit is separated by a predetermined distance from the polymer membrane. The electrolyte is arranged in a space between the second substrate and the polymer membrane. The solar cell integrated display device includes a first variable resistor connected to the first electrode; and a second variable resistor connected to the second electrode. The variable resistors control a voltage and a current applied to the display device unit from the third electrode. Both the display device unit and the solar cell unit are designed to operate simultaneously.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical catalyst comprises an oxide of the titanium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The optical catalyst comprises an oxide of the titanium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The sealing regions comprise regions that circumscribe the electrochemically active area, or regions that circumscribe an opening within the membrane electrode assembly. The integral seal further comprises an alignment feature for assisting alignment of the MEA during assembly of the fuel cell. An outer edge of the integral seal comprises a reference edge for assisting assembly of the fuel cell. The raised rib is formed from a resilient sealing material. The raised rib(s) comprises raised rib(s) on each major opposing surface of the membrane electrode assembly. The seal extends laterally beyond the membrane and the electrode layers to form an external region having manifold openings. The external region of the seal has fluid distribution features.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The rigid sealant material is a thermoplastic material or comprises sheet(s) of thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic material is a liquid injection moldable compound. The sheet of thermoplastic material comprises fluoropolymer or polyvinylidene fluoride. The resilient sealing material is an elastomeric compound consisting of silicones, fluorosilicones, fluoroelastomers, ethylene-co-propylene dimethyl or natural rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cationic exchange group is selected from sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphonate, imide, sulfonamide and sulfonamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer substrate phase is a crystalline organic polymer substrate. The structure is a polyvinylidene difluoroethylene grafted sulfonated polystyrene resin. The fluorine containing resin is selected from polyvinylidene difluoroethylene, polyvinylidene difluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene difluoroethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidenedifluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/tetrafluoroethylene tripolymer or polychlorotrifluoroethylene. The non-fluoro resin is selected from polyacrylate, polyester, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyether, polyamide, polyphenylene oxide and polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst layer comprises platinum and ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, rhodium, palladium, osmium or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The stainless steel of substrate of solar cell conforms to SUS standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrode contains gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti) or chromium (Cr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and/or tungsten oxide, and inorganic material. The semiconductor particle is adhered with a pigment molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide and/or tungsten oxide, and inorganic material. The semiconductor particle is adhered with a pigment molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidation-reduction compound comprises iodine and an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidation-reduction compound comprises iodine and an iodine compound. EXAMPLE - Acetonitrile solution of triacetyl-(beta)-cyclodextrin (0.05 M), lithium iodide (0.5 M) and iodine (0.05 M) were mixed to obtain an electrolyte composition. Ti-Nanoxide T (RTM) was coated on glass having tin oxide:fluorine film and baked to form semiconductor layer. Subsequently, the glass was immersed in Ruthenium535-bisTBA (RTM: ruthenium pigment) ethanol solution. The obtained electrolyte was injected into the gap between semiconductor layer with adsorbed pigment and glass with platinum thin film which were separated by polyethylene terephthalate film and sealed by ultraviolet curable sealant, to form optoelectric transducer. The conversion efficiency of the optoelectric transducer when irradiated with pseudo sunlight of AM1.5G was 4.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell structure consists of GaAs, GaP, GaN, AlN, InP, InN, BN, InAs, GaSb, and InSb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell structure consists of GaAs, GaP, GaN, AlN, InP, InN, BN, InAs, GaSb, and InSb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder form inorganic filler is metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder form inorganic filler is metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The total amount of fibrous inorganic filler and powder form inorganic filler is 50-95 weight% with respect to total weight of the sheet. Preferred Properties: The difference between refractive index of setting resin and fibrous inorganic filler is 0.01 or less. The light transmittance of the sheet is 60% or more in wavelength of 550 nm. The mean coefficient of linear expansion of the sheet is 25 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. The Abbe's number of resin composition is 45 or more. The maximum surface roughness of substrate surface is 200 nm or less. EXAMPLE - EHPE3150 (cycloaliphatic epoxy resin) (in weight parts) (80), Epiclon EXHA1514 (bisphenol S type epoxy resin) (20), tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide (0.5), methylhexahydro phthalic anhydride (75) and methyl ethyl ketone (60) were mixed, to obtain a varnish. Nano silica having average particle diameter of 12 nm was mixed with methyl ethyl ketone sol, to obtain powder form inorganic filler sol. The sol was impregnated in glass cloth, pressed and solvent removal was performed. The obtained cloth was dipped in varnish, dried at 125degreesC for 6 minutes and cured at 260degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain a plastic composite transparent sheet. The sheet had surface roughness of 410 nm, coefficient of linear expansion of 17 ppm, light transmittance of 79% and excellent birefringence property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass comprises magnesium oxide (5-7%). Preferred Parameter: The glass has a USPX value of less than or equal to6.0; and a cooling time of less than or equal to100 seconds. A ratio of sodium oxide/(calcium oxide+magnesium oxide) is less than or equal to0.90, preferably less than or equal to0.80. During making of the glass, viscosity of the glass decreases from log eta=3.0 poise to log eta=7.65 poise in less than or equal to100, preferably less than or equal to99.5 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A surface layer of the base plate is oxidized including the through holes. A catalyst is supported on the oxidized surface layer. An electric heating film is made on one surface of the base plate. The base plate comprises two metal plates and an electric heating film sandwiched between the metal layers. The through holes are made to be in parallel with one another along the lengthwise direction of the base plate and to run straight so as not to wind halfway. The reactor main body has a reformer containing a base plate with through holes. The reformer reforms fuel and supplies the reformed fuel to the fuel cell. The reactor man body has a carburetor containing a base plate with through holes. A hydrogen reformer comprises a base plate with through holes. The base plate is a resistor base plate. The resistor base plate is of a carbon-based material. The reactor includes a voltage application section directly applying a voltage to the resistor base plate to generate heat from the resistor base plate. A catalyst component is supported on a surface layer of the resistor base plate including through holes. A support film is made on the surface layer of the resistor base plate including through holes. A catalyst component is supported on the support film. The through holes are in parallel to one another along the lengthwise direction of the resistor base plate and run straight so as not to wind halfway. The generator includes load operating on power generated by the fuel cell. The reactor includes a heating section directly applying voltage to the base plate to heat up the base plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ejector has a main passageway for ejecting the modifying air from a nozzle and an auxiliary passageway for drawing (I) with the modifying air ejected from by the main passageway. (M1) Has an ejector disposed upstream of the ejector. The modifier has pressure meter disposed upstream of the ejector for detecting the pressure of the modifying air. (M1) Has an orifice disposed to each other upstream of the ejector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor of metal catalyst includes (Pt(NH3)4)2+, (Pt(NH3)6)4+, (PtCl(NH3)5)3+, (Ru(NH3)6)3+, diaminedinitroplatinum, ruthenium nitrite and/or dodecacarbonyltriruthenium. The catalyst layer of anode and/or cathode comprises a cation-exchange resin including a sulfonic or a carboxylic group. The metal catalyst comprises platinum group element(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor of metal catalyst includes (Pt(NH3)4)2+, (Pt(NH3)6)4+, (PtCl(NH3)5)3+, (Ru(NH3)6)3+, diaminedinitroplatinum, ruthenium nitrite and/or dodecacarbonyltriruthenium. The catalyst layer of anode and/or cathode comprises a cation-exchange resin including a sulfonic or a carboxylic group. The metal catalyst comprises platinum group element(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electrodes comprise a woven or non-woven fabric comprising electrically conductive fibers. The organic material is a sugar, fatty acid or lignocellulosic material. The organic material is derived from waste water. The organic material in the first compartment is inoculated with the electrochemically active microorganisms during start-up of the fuel cell. Substances that promote the operation of the fuel cell are added to the water on the inside of the electrode system in the first compartment. EXAMPLE - The electrode system comprised a membrane header (20), e.g. of polypropylene, a conductor wire (23) connected to the external circuit, a membrane (24), a conductive material (25) on the inside of the membrane, and a spacer (26) through which water or liquid can be transported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ZnO semiconductor layer is formed by organometallic vapor phase growing or a molecular beam epitaxy method.Preferred Layers: The light emitting layer has a multiquantum well structure. The base layer is sapphire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ZnO semiconductor layer is formed by organometallic vapor phase growing or a molecular beam epitaxy method.Preferred Layers: The light emitting layer has a multiquantum well structure. The base layer is sapphire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic photoelectric conversion device has a bulk hetero junction type organic photoelectric converting layer (I) at which hole and/or electronic nano transport paths are formed, provided on an oxide semiconductor layer and bulk heterojunction type organic photoelectric converting layer (II) contacting with an electrolyte layer having electron transport function.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor is tin oxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electronic donor is a tetraphenyl porphyrin derivative. The electronic acceptor is a fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative has substituent chosen from hydroxyl, methoxy and carboxyl in meta position and/or para position on phenyl group of tetraphenyl porphyrin. The fullerene derivative is obtained by introducing carboxyl group or ethyl ester group to fullerene (C60).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor is tin oxide or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion prevention layer contains material selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The optical absorption layer is made of tungsten or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion prevention layer contains material selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride. The optical absorption layer is made of tungsten or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fullerene surface-treated fine particles have Brunauer Emmett Teller constant of 100 or less obtained by nitrogen gas absorption process, and specific surface area of 1-2000 m2/g. Preferred Material: The inorganic material is metal, metallic compound, semiconductor or its compound, glass or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fullerene surface-treated fine particles have Brunauer Emmett Teller constant of 100 or less obtained by nitrogen gas absorption process, and specific surface area of 1-2000 m2/g. Preferred Material: The inorganic material is metal, metallic compound, semiconductor or its compound, glass or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene is fullerene or oxidized fullerene. EXAMPLE - Alumina (5 g) with specific surface area of 2.9 m2/g and average particle diameter of 1 microns was charged in a flask and diphenyl sulfide solution of fullerene (C60) was added. Diphenyl sulfide (1.25 ml) was further added and the contents were stirred to obtain paste-form mixture. The obtained mixture was dried in nitrogen stream for 5 hours. The solvent was removed and processed alumina fine particles were obtained. The processed particles had specific surface area of 2.8 m2/g and Brunauer Emmett Teller constant of 85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate (2) used in the formation of a catalyst support is a metal plate, glass or ceramics.Preferred Component: The catalytically active component is a noble metal catalyst selected from ruthenium, palladium and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate (2) used in the formation of a catalyst support is a metal plate, glass or ceramics.Preferred Component: The catalytically active component is a noble metal catalyst selected from ruthenium, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Support: The resin contained in the support is a polymer containing carbon and an atom excluding carbon in the principal chain of a fundamental unit. The hydrophilic elastomer is polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyamide or quaternary ammonium salt group hydrophilic elastomer. The support having grooves at its surface is obtained by resin injection molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The bag is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The oxygen enrichment device (21) is a gas separation device, specifically a membrane device or an adsorption-desorption device. The oxygen feed line includes two valves (27, 28) (preferably 3-way electrical valves, with a control device), upstream and downstream respectively of the enrichment device respectively and linked by a gas pipe (29) to form a diversion circuit (26). The compressor is driven by an electric motor (12). The gas entering the enrichment device is air, previously filtered by an air filter (19) upstream of enrichment device. A turbine (11) is provided for expansion of the anodic and cathodic residual gas from the motor (12); and a burner is provided for the anodic residual gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The oxygen enrichment device (21) is a gas separation device, specifically a membrane device or an adsorption-desorption device. The oxygen feed line includes two valves (27, 28) (preferably 3-way electrical valves, with a control device), upstream and downstream respectively of the enrichment device respectively and linked by a gas pipe (29) to form a diversion circuit (26). The compressor is driven by an electric motor (12). The gas entering the enrichment device is air, previously filtered by an air filter (19) upstream of enrichment device. A turbine (11) is provided for expansion of the anodic and cathodic residual gas from the motor (12); and a burner is provided for the anodic residual gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen permeable metal layer degradation prevention section includes a gas supply reduction section configured to reduce partial pressure of hydrogen in the anode channel by decreasing a supply of fuel gas to the anode channel. It has hydrogen separation device separating hydrogen in fuel gas, and hydrogen concentration reduction section configured to reduce partial pressure of hydrogen in the anode channel. It further comprises gas supply reduction section for decreasing partial pressure of hydrogen in the anode channel. The fuel cell system further comprises heating channel, and temperature increase and decrease facilitation sections. It has a reformer (220) generating fuel gas containing hydrogen. It has an auxiliary device whose temperature rises during operation of the system. It includes heat exchanger configured to exchange heat between low and high temperature gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The reforming catalyst comprises a precious metal (preferably platinum, iridium, platinum/iridium or rhodium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The reforming catalyst comprises a precious metal (preferably platinum, iridium, platinum/iridium or rhodium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst supported with fibril-like carbon fiber is used for counter electrode of solar cell. The catalyst is platinum or platinum alloy. Preferred Component: The solar cell has fibrous aniline electrolytic polymerization film as electrolytic polymerization film formed on counter electrode. The transparent electrically conductive film contains stannic oxide doped with indium oxide, or fluorine doped with stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst supported with fibril-like carbon fiber is used for counter electrode of solar cell. The catalyst is platinum or platinum alloy. Preferred Component: The solar cell has fibrous aniline electrolytic polymerization film as electrolytic polymerization film formed on counter electrode. The transparent electrically conductive film contains stannic oxide doped with indium oxide, or fluorine doped with stannic oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The temperature of reducing gas and water vapor is raised by exchanging heat of reducing gas and water vapor with high temperature gas after reaction and high temperature hydrogen, supplying process waste heat, or adding high temperature gas to the reducing gas. Preferred Condition: The driving electrolytic voltage is 20-40% of required energy. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas contains hydrochloric acid and/or sulfur compound (10 ppm or less). The reducing gas is reducing gas produced by thermal decomposition of organic material, byproduct gas produced by coke oven and blast furnace of iron manufacturing plant, and byproduct gas of petroleum plant. Preferred Material: The organic material of thermal decomposition raw material is biomass and petroleum residue of scrap-wood and organic refuse. Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of hydrogen further has a flow control valve at each of the pipeline supplying reducing gas to anode side, and the pipeline supplying water vapor to cathode side, and carrying out optimum control of the service condition, and a thermometer at gas outlet line of anode side and cathode side, for controlling the flow control valve so that temperature remains fixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanation reactor comprises an active metal-containing catalyst. Preferred Concentration: The pressure swing adsorber is sized to produce a stream containing less than 400 ppm carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide content of the third stream is less than 5, preferably less than 1 ppm. The carbon monoxide content of the second stream is less than 400, preferably less than 100 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The adsorbent apparatus comprises a pressure swing adsorber and multiple stage fixed beds. The adsorbent removes carbon dioxide from the first gas stream. The system further comprises water gas shift reactors disposed between the first reactor and the adsorbent apparatus. It further comprises a heat exchanger disposed between the pressure swing adsorber and the methanation reactor that raises the temperature of the second hydrogen rich stream before entry into the reactor. It also comprises a recuperator disposed in such a way that the output stream (21) of the pressure swing adsorber is heated in the recuperator by the methanator output stream before input into the methanator. It also comprises a fuel cell stack disposed to receive the methanator output stream as anode fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanation reactor comprises an active metal-containing catalyst. Preferred Concentration: The pressure swing adsorber is sized to produce a stream containing less than 400 ppm carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide content of the third stream is less than 5, preferably less than 1 ppm. The carbon monoxide content of the second stream is less than 400, preferably less than 100 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds contain shift catalyst of platinum supported on an oxide carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds are arranged in a gas flow direction such that they are shorter on the upstream side where a gas containing carbon monoxide and water is introduced and longer on the downstream side where a gas containing the produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide is discharged. A heat exchanger is disposed upstream of each shift catalyst bed. Preferred Method: The temperatures of the shift catalyst beds are controlled to less than or equal to330degreesC during the shift reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds contain shift catalyst of platinum supported on an oxide carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The vapor transmission element comprises an elongated tube and the cavity is a lumen of the tube. The opening is configured to reduce flow of non-gaseous fuel through the opening.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel comprises a gel or a liquid e.g. an alcohol (preferably methanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The actuator decreases or increases the flow comprising a flow of fuel to the fuel cell or a flow of water to the fuel cell. It is actuated in response to heat generated by the fuel cell. A first material is expanded in response to a fuel concentration of the fuel mixture.Preferred Component: The electrical property comprises resistance, impedance, and/or conductance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The actuator comprises a shape memory material, alloy, and/or bimetal material. The bimetal material comprises nickel and/or titanium alloy. The first material comprises Nafion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The dilution gas comprises nitrogen. The membrane electrode assembly comprises NAFION (RTM: perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid based ionomers), and the permeation coefficient Pi of the membrane is given by: PN2 =3.07x104e-2160/T where T represents fuel cell temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: A reducing agent (14) such as phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid and trimethyl amine borane is introduced to reaction bath, after forming supercritical state and emulsion state in reaction bath. Preferred Bath: The palladium bath contains palladium chloride as palladium ion supply source, thioglycolic acid as improvement agent, ethylene diamine as complex agent, and reducing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: A reducing agent (14) such as phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid and trimethyl amine borane is introduced to reaction bath, after forming supercritical state and emulsion state in reaction bath. Preferred Bath: The palladium bath contains palladium chloride as palladium ion supply source, thioglycolic acid as improvement agent, ethylene diamine as complex agent, and reducing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conductor: The ion conductor further contains molecule(s) of formulae (1 and 2), where R1 is 2-6C straight alkyl group. Preferred Properties: The liquid crystal state and crystalline state transition temperature of the molecules is -20degreesC to 80degreesC. The ion conductor is made into over cooled state by quenching even to the temperature less than the transition temperature of liquid crystal state and crystalline state from the temperature of isotropy state.Preferred Composition: The content rate of the electrolyte and molecules in the ion conductor is 1-30 mol% and 70-99 mol%, respectively. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = 7-10C straight alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - 4-cyano-4'-hydroxy biphenyl (in g) (10), 1-bromo decane (13.5) and potassium carbonate (13.26) were dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (30 cm3) and heated at 90degreesC for 5 hours. The solution was filtered and filtrate was washed and extracted to obtain 4'-decyloxy biphenyl-4-carbonitryl. 70CB (4'-heptyloxy biphenyl-4-carbonitryl) and 80CB (4'-octyloxy biphenyl-4-carbonitryl) were prepared using the obtained 4'-decyloxy biphenyl-4-carbonitryl (1.25), mixed and heated at 100degreesC. The liquid was cooled to room temperature. The transition temperature between crystalline state and liquid crystal state of the obtained mixture was 39degreesC. The obtained liquid crystalline molecule mixture exhibit nematic phase in the state beyond the transition temperature, and isotropy liquid state at 79degreesC. Lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) was added to the obtained liquid mixture to a concentration of 1.2 mol% and dissolved at 100degreesC to obtain ion conductor of isotropy state. The temperature at which the liquid crystal molecule perpendicularly orientates with respect to glass electrode was 50-70degreesC. The ion conductor had improved ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains electrolyte (1-20 mol%) and biphenyl carbonitryl derivative (80-99 mol%). The electrolyte is alkali metal salt. Preferred Definitions:    R=2-8C linear alkyl.    EXAMPLE - Lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (0.01 g) was dissolved in 4'-pentyl diphenyl-4-carbonitryl (0.99 g) at 100degreesC to form ion conductor of isotropy state. The ion conductor had ionic conductivity of 6.4x10-6 S/cm along orthogonal direction and 1.0x10-7 S/cm along horizontal direction. The weight reduction of ion conductor was not observed even when heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin composition contains polyphenylene ether and polystyrene in weight ratio 5/95-50/50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent resin film is a polyethylene-terephthalate film or a polyethylene naphthalate film.
EXAMPLE - (In g) Phthalocyanine derivative of formula (I) (0.1), carbon nanotube of diameter 10 nm and length 10 microns (1) and ion exchange water (89), were mixed in a 70 cc glass bottle. Dimethyl ethanol amine was added and pH was adjusted to 9. The solution was dispersed for 1 hour using zirconia bead as media. Water was evaporated by heating and carbon nanotube composition was obtained.    The carbon nanotube composition (1), Sol Spurs 32000 (1) and methyl ethyl ketone (28) were dispersed in a glass bottle for 1 hour. A carbon nanotube dispersion liquid was obtained. The dispersion had favorable particle size distribution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst paste composition further contains water. The organic solvent is a good solvent of electrolysis film which consists of aromatic polymer having sulfonic acid group. The solvent is an aprotic dipolar solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The aromatic polymer is polyarylene having sulfonic acid group and repeating structural unit of formula (B) as required with repeating structural unit of formula (A).A=bivalent electron-attractive group;B=bivalent electron donor group or bivalent direct bond;Ar=aromatic group which has substituent expressed with -SO3H;m,n=0-10;k=1-4;R1-R8=at least one atom or group chosen from H, fluorine atom, alkyl, fluorine-substituted alkyl, allyl, aryl and cyano;W=bivalent electron-attractive group or bivalent single bond;T=single bond or divalent organic group;andp=0 or positive integer. EXAMPLE - Zirconia ball YTZ ball (in g) (55) with diameter of 10 mm, was introduced into 110 ml glass bottle. Subsequently, platinum-supported carbon particles (3.47), distilled water (5.61) and water-alcohol solution (12.84) of Nafion and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (22) were added and stirred, and a catalyst paste composition with viscosity of 1000 cp at 25degreesC was obtained. Subsequently, the obtained catalyst paste composition was film-made using a doctor blade, such that the platinum application quantity was 0.5 mg/cm2, on a carbon paper. The resulting material was dried, and a catalyst paste-containing sheet was obtained. The sheet had favorable joint strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The respective channels of the reactors partially form one path. The reactors are formed in a plate-type and formed with a thermal conductor. They have a thermal energy generator creating thermal energy by an oxidation catalytic reaction of fuel and air, and hydrogen gas generator creating hydrogen gas by receiving fuel separately from the thermal energy generator and absorbing heat created by the thermal energy generator to generate hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas generator is arranged over the thermal energy generator. The reformer includes a cover assembled with the hydrogen gas generator, a reactor for performing a reduction of a concentration of carbon monoxide contained in the hydrogen gas. The reactors comprise 5 reactors, in which the first reactor is in the center and the third and fourth reactors are stacked on the upper side of the first reactor, and the second and the fifth reactors are stacked on the lower side of the first reactor. The first reactor has a body, channel having two ends, intake hole, exhaust hole, and passage. The second reactor has a body, channel having two ends, passage, and groove. The third reactor has body, channel of two ends, two passages and groove. The fourth reactor has body, channel of two ends, and two passage holes. The fifth reactor has body, channel of two ends, intake hole and exhaust hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dissociating step comprises dissociating hydrogen sulfide present in the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction, by thermal decomposition under plasma conditions. It is performed between 1500-2000degreesC, and between 200-500 kilopascals. It is performed in a plasma reactor, which is driven by electromagnetic energy comprising microwave energy. The first separating step comprises passing the feed gas through an amine based reagent (34), which is capable of selectively absorbing hydrogen sulfide, so that the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction is absorbed by the amine based reagent; regenerating the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction to recover the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction.Preferred Component: The amine based reagent comprises Flexsorb (RTM; amine based reagent).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dissociating step comprises dissociating hydrogen sulfide present in the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction, by thermal decomposition under plasma conditions. It is performed between 1500-2000degreesC, and between 200-500 kilopascals. It is performed in a plasma reactor, which is driven by electromagnetic energy comprising microwave energy. The first separating step comprises passing the feed gas through an amine based reagent (34), which is capable of selectively absorbing hydrogen sulfide, so that the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction is absorbed by the amine based reagent; regenerating the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction to recover the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction.Preferred Component: The amine based reagent comprises Flexsorb (RTM; amine based reagent).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon-containing stream is saturated with water or with steam formed in the humidifying tubes during cooling of exothermic reaction in the reaction zone. The further processing is adiabatic steam or non-adiabatic steam reforming reaction and/or autothermal reforming reaction or non-catalytic gasification. The exothermic reaction is water-gas shift reaction and/or preferential oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor unit comprises an adiabatic or non-adiabatic steam reforming reactor and/or an autothermal reforming reactor or a non-catalytic gasification unit in series with the reactor unit. The reactor shell comprises a reforming zone having catalytic reforming tube(s) radially connected to the reaction zone, and a flue gas waste heat boiler downstream the reaction zone. The reforming tube has an inlet for receiving the humidified hydrocarbon-containing stream from the reaction zone, and an outlet for directing the reformed effluent process stream to the inlet of exothermic reaction zone. The flue gas boiler has piping mechanisms connecting the boiler to the combustion chamber and supplying heat to the reforming tube. The piping mechanisms allow indirect heat exchange of the flue gas with the humidified hydrocarbon-containing stream. The catalytic exothermic reaction zone is provided with water-gas shift catalyst and/or catalyst for preferential oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The fuel and oxidizer are reacted into reformate by partial oxidation (POX) or catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). The process includes dissipating heat from the reaction zones with a heat exchanger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reaction zones are in thermal contact and have an axially symmetrical arrangement with one reaction zone surrounding the other. Main flow directions of fuel and oxidizer are axial and opposite in adjacent reaction zones. The reformer includes a heat exchanger (26) for dissipating heat from the reaction zones. Output from the reaction zones is separately adjustable. At least one of fuel and oxidizer inputs is adjustable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The light focusing element comprises a portion of the first chamber being convex relative to light source. The convex portion is flexed outward by electrolyte retained in the chamber. The focusing element comprises a lens at an exterior surface of the first chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The PV module comprises cells formed of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon triple junction material, cadmium telluride, and/or copper indium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The brazing layer is a laminate of nickel or nickel alloy layer (12), titanium or titanium alloy layer (13) and iron or iron alloy layer (14). The iron alloy layer contains iron-nickel alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The brazing layer is a laminate of nickel or nickel alloy layer (12), titanium or titanium alloy layer (13) and iron or iron alloy layer (14). The iron alloy layer contains iron-nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains (in mass%) copper (10-50) and zinc (0.1-3). The catalyst has gamma-alumina as a main component. The ceramic compact supported with the catalyst is a ceramic porous component (18) having three-dimensional network structure. The ceramic compact is in solid column form, hollow column form, solid globular form and/or hollow sphere form. The support is in the form of particles. The particle size of copper or zinc contained in the catalyst is 1-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains (in mass%) copper (10-50) and zinc (0.1-3). The catalyst has gamma-alumina as a main component. The ceramic compact supported with the catalyst is a ceramic porous component (18) having three-dimensional network structure. The ceramic compact is in solid column form, hollow column form, solid globular form and/or hollow sphere form. The support is in the form of particles. The particle size of copper or zinc contained in the catalyst is 1-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The original fuel supplied to the water vapor modifier is dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Naphthalene is naphthalene, tetralin or biphenyl. Preferred Method: Naphthalene and/or tetralin and hydrogen are reacted, and decalin and/or tetralin are synthesized. EXAMPLE - Naphthalene (in g) (0.2993) and activated carbon supported rhodium catalyst (0.1019) were introduced into a stainless steel high pressure reactor. Hydrogen with pressure of 6.1 MPa and carbon dioxide with pressure of 10.2 MPa were introduced into the reactor and hydrogenation reaction was performed at 80degreesC for 120 minutes. Reaction temperature was lowered, hydrogen and carbon dioxide were discharged and decalin was recovered, after completion of reaction. The conversion ratio of naphthalene was 100% and selectivity of decalin was 100%. Decalin contained 23.9% cis decalin and 76.1% trans decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal membrane additionally comprises palladium (Pd) films or Pd alloy films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall and the outer wall of the heat insulator are made of material selected from the group containing stainless steel, ceramics, aluminum and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall and the outer wall of the heat insulator are made of material selected from the group containing stainless steel, ceramics, aluminum and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pipe is formed from the materials selected from group 8,9,10,11, and 12 elements. Specifically the pipe is formed from the material selected from the group containing copper, nickel, zinc, platinum, cobalt and alloys of these materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pipe is formed from the materials selected from group 8,9,10,11, and 12 elements. Specifically the pipe is formed from the material selected from the group containing copper, nickel, zinc, platinum, cobalt and alloys of these materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealant further contains hydrophobic silica or titania filler (in wt.pts) (30 or less), epoxy acrylate (40 or less) and organic peroxide (5 or less) with respect to polyester type resin (100). EXAMPLE - Vylon 500 (polyester type resin) (in wt.pts) (100) and Aerosil R976s (10) were mixed, to obtain a sealant. The obtained sealant had storage elastic modulus of 7.96x106 at 20degreesC and 3.28x105 at 60degreesC and excellent sealing capability and adhesivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell system is equipped with a starter battery. Preferred Condition: The preset temperature is greater than or equal to0 degreesC or +5degreesC. The fuel cell stack is operated until the preset temperature has been reached, at a capacity that does not exceed 10% of the nominal output power of the fuel cell system. The air volume provided by the air compressor (20) is divided between the burner and the fuel cell stack with a 4:1 ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The burner is operated with hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The heating device is a gas burner (26).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The burner is operated with hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel cell stack is a solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate is a solid polymer electrolyte or a porous electrically conductive sheet material. The substrate may be a fuel cell electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Vapor deposition is carried out by sputter deposition at 1x10-7 - 1x10-2 Torr in inert gas (preferably argon). Activating the catalyst precursor includes immersing the catalyst precursor in caustic solution. Preferred Parameters: The catalyst precursor loading on the substrate is less than 4 mg/cm2 (preferably less than 1 mg/cm2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Vapor deposition is carried out by sputter deposition at 1x10-7 - 1x10-2 Torr in inert gas (preferably argon). Activating the catalyst precursor includes immersing the catalyst precursor in caustic solution. Preferred Parameters: The catalyst precursor loading on the substrate is less than 4 mg/cm2 (preferably less than 1 mg/cm2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is chosen from methane, ethane, propane, butane, methanol and dimethyl ether, preferably methane. Preferred Method: The composition ratio of carbon dioxide and methane is source gas is 1-3 and that of steam and carbon dioxide is 0.01-1.0. EXAMPLE - A palladium film was used as selective permeable membrane. A catalyst comprising zirconia support coated with platinum, was used. Methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor were supplied to the reactor such that ratio of carbon dioxide and methane was 1 and that of water vapor and carbon dioxide was 0.05. Reformation reaction of methane was performed by carbon dioxide. Hydrogen was separated from reaction product. Reaction temperature was adjusted to 550degreesC and reaction pressure was 1 atmosphere. Flow rate of methane was 100 ml/minute. Conversion ratio of methane was 51% initially, and conversion ratio of methane after 2 days was 35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The heavy fuel stream is used in a burner (30) to generate thermal energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reformer is a steam reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The combination is consisting of impregnated, deposited, coated, mixed, layered, wetted, physisorbed, chemisorbed, chemically bound, and/or polymerized.Preferred Conditions: The hydrogen release is at below 95, preferably below 85degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support is consisting of interconnected, non-interconnected, porous, channeled, silica, silicon dioxide, mesoporous silica, titanium dioxide, mesoporous titanium dioxide, carbon, mesoporous carbon, zeolites, aerogels, and/or porous polymers.The compound is a material consisting of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, or phosphorus. It consists of hydrogen storage materials, chemical hydrides, complex hydrides, metal hydrides, conducting polymers, or nitrogen boron compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support is consisting of interconnected, non-interconnected, porous, channeled, silica, silicon dioxide, mesoporous silica, titanium dioxide, mesoporous titanium dioxide, carbon, mesoporous carbon, zeolites, aerogels, and/or porous polymers.The compound is a material consisting of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, or phosphorus. It consists of hydrogen storage materials, chemical hydrides, complex hydrides, metal hydrides, conducting polymers, or nitrogen boron compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A flexible circuit extends from the left panel and around the bladder for electrically routing power from the left panel. The inflation material is a sublimation powder disposed in the bladder for inflating the bladder. A left flame is provided for securing the left panel to the top film and to the bottom film and to the bladder. A right frame is provided for securing the right panel to the top film and to the bottom film and to the bladder. A left adhesive layer is provided for securing the left frame to the left panel and to the top film and to the bottom film and to the bladder. A right adhesive layer is provided for securing the right frame to the right panel and to the top film and to the bottom film and to the bladder. Ground pads are disposed on the top and bottom films. Extensions are provided comprising conductive traces extending from the flex circuit to the ground pads, respectively, for distributively grounding the hinge. A wrap is provided around contact for electrically connecting the electrical contact and the trace conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating comprises indium tin oxide and magnesium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating comprises indium tin oxide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The pigmented dielectric back reflective white media further comprises a medium, and pigments dispersed in the medium in the range of 10-100 vol.% and where the diameter of the pigments is 0.2-2 microns.Preferred Property: The ratio of refractive indices of the pigment to the medium is 1.4-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pigmented dielectric back reflective white media comprises a white paint, a white foil, or an ethyl-vinyl-acetate foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microfibrous filler is an inorganic microfiber. It is glass, ceramic or carbon. It is randomly dispersed and oriented, or directionally oriented.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microfibrous filler is an inorganic microfiber. It is glass, ceramic or carbon. It is randomly dispersed and oriented, or directionally oriented.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer matrix is a polyimide. EXAMPLE - No.403 Microfibers (RTM; glass microfiber (1 pbw) was blended at room temperature into a poly(amic acid) solution (4 pbw). The poly(amic acid) solution comprised poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4'-oxydianiline) (13 pbw), n-methylpyrrolidone (70 pbw), and aromatic hydrocarbon (17 pbw). The resultant slurry was blotted onto a glass slide and baked for 15 minutes at 75degreesC, in ambient atmosphere to drive off the n-methylpyrrolidone/aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, to obtain a self-supporting microfiber/poly(amic acid) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell apparatus further has back-up power supply, a discharge port for discharging waste gas generated in electric power generation unit and a gas inlet of water removal apparatus.Preferred Method: The fuel cartridge is regenerated by replacing fuel tank and water removal apparatus. The waste gas containing steam generated in electric power generation portion is contacted with adsorption agent and waste gas is ejected to exterior of fuel cell apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is silica, silica gel, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, activated carbon, zeolite and/or water-absorbing polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel tank is filled with hydrogen, butane, dimethyl ether and/or alcohol.Preferred Condition: The fuel tank is maintained at 25degreesC or more in steady state at the time of usage of fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is silica, silica gel, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, activated carbon, zeolite and/or water-absorbing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound capable of producing electron by light irradiation is a pigment having porphyrin structure of formula (P1). Preferred Fuel: The biological fuel contains starch, glucose, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is 4C or less lower alcohol.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=10-20C alkyl;    R2=C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOCH3;and    X=hydrogen atom or alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 4-Diphenyl-2,3-bis(4-n-dodecyl phenyl)-5,6-bis(4'-(2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-4-biphenylyl) benzene (0.70 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (200 ml) and stirred at room temperature. Anhydrous FeCl3 (2.7 g) dissolved in nitromethane (5 ml) was added, and color of the solution was changed from dark-red-black to orange. The mixture was stirred for 90 minutes and methanol (100 ml) was added. The obtained yellow precipitate was filtered and purified. The purified material was further purified by dichloromethane/ethanol, vacuum-dried and 2,5-di(n-dodecyl)-11,14-bis(4'-(2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-hexa-peri-hexa benzo coronene (0.49 g) was obtained with a yield of 73%. The obtained compound was added to tetrahydrofuran and heated at 40degreesC. The obtained transparent solution was gelatinized at room temperature. A tube of narrow nano size having wire diameter distribution of aspect ratio of 1000 or more was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The amine cross-linking agent comprises amine compounds chosen from secondary amine and polyamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vinylidene-fluoride group polymer cross-linked material is obtained by cross-linking a vinylidene-fluoride group polymer using an amine cross-linking agent. EXAMPLE - Kynar2501 (vinylidene-fluoride hexafluoro propylene) (in g) (3) was dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone (17). Then, diethyl amine (50 mg) was added and reacted at 100degreesC for 2 hours. Iodine (230 mg) and lithium iodide (1.2) were added and heat-dissolved in obtained reaction liquid, after cooling to room temperature. Further, 1,4-cyclohexane diamine (50 mg) was added and the whole setup was left undisturbed at room temperature for 1 evening. The resulting solution was cured and gel electrolyte was obtained. The gel electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 3x10-3 S/cm at room temperature and favorable heat resisting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pore-making material is polymeric material selected from polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, cellulose, starch, gelatin, wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide in the film is peroxo form of titanium. The solid content of the titanium oxide is 0.09-40 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide in the film is peroxo form of titanium. The solid content of the titanium oxide is 0.09-40 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin is dispersed with a particle size of 100 nm or less. The solid content of the water dispersion is 0.1-50 mass% and that of resin is 0.01-45 mass%. The resin is electrodeposited on a material having holes of 200 nm, by anion electrodeposition. EXAMPLE - Acrylic resin (in wt.pts) (24.5) having solid content of 57%, weight average molecular weight of 60000, acid value of 25 and hydroxyl value of 130, was dissolved in propylene glycol mono n-propyl ether. Hexyl alcohol (0.64) and 50% propylene glycol mono n-propyl ether solution of blocked isocyanate (4) formed by blocking isophorone diisocyanate by methyl ethyl ketone oxime, was added into the reaction mixture. Triethylamine (0.69) and deionized water (70.46) were then added and stirred to form resin having particle size of 20 nm. The formed resin was mixed with PTA 170 peroxo titanic acid aqueous solution in the mass ratio of 67/33 to form a water dispersion. The water dispersion was applied on a glass substrate with indium tin oxide (ITO) and electrodeposition was carried out for 25 seconds at 20 V, using platinum as cathode and the glass substrate as anode. An electrodeposition film formed was dried at room temperature for 1 day, heated to 150degreesC for 1 hour to remove moisture content and baked at 460degreesC for 1 hour. A transparent titanium oxide film having thickness of 2.7 microns, was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: During the applying step, one or more islands of electrically insulating material are also applied within the boundary.Preferred Component: The electroplating bath comprises a brightener belonging to class 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode has a porous semiconductor layer containing metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide and stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode has a porous semiconductor layer containing metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide and stannic oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The production of electrode includes treating the electrically conducting resin substrate with ultraviolet ray irradiation treatment, ozone treatment, corona discharge treatment, surfactant, or electrolytic oxidation treatment before coating the metal oxide dispersion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide particles comprise a metal oxide powder (Particle A) having average particle diameter of 100 nm - 1 microns, and metal oxide powder (Particle B) having average primary particle diameter of 5-40 nm. Particle B is a mixture of a metal powder (Particle C) having average primary particle diameter of 20-40 nm, and metal oxide powder (Particle D) having average primary particle diameter of 5-20 nm. The metal oxide dispersion further comprises a binder. It comprises metal oxide Particle F having necking structure, and metal oxide Particle G. The Particle group F is titanium dioxide. The metal oxide is a mixture of titanium dioxide and metal oxide consisting of zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, or tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent comprises water and alcohol, preferably water and ethanol, and more preferably water and 1-butanol or its isomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The indium-tin-oxide film is formed on polyethylene terephthalate surface or polyethylene naphthalene surface. The binder is a water-soluble polymer compound comprising N-vinylacetamide, acrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, or sodium acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The manufacturing apparatus also comprises a storage assembly for storing the hydrogen-rich fuel gas. The residual gas passage has a flow rate adjusting mechanism positioned between the connected opposite ends of the branch passage. In the branch passage, the chamber and the valve are successively arranged along a direction in which the residual gas flows through the branch passage. The valve comprises an on-off valve (102). The manufacturing apparatus further comprises a control for controlling at least the residual gas supply mechanism to open and close the on-off valve at least twice to discharge the residual gas stored in the chamber in stages. The flow rate adjusting mechanism comprises an opening-adjustable valve. The modifier comprises an evaporator for evaporating the hydrogen-containing fuel. The heater comprises a combustor combined with the evaporator. The on-off valve is opened and closed at least twice to discharge the residual gas stored in the chamber in stages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer does not include the electric conductive material around the second end portion close to the polymer electrolyte membrane. The fibrous electric conductive material supports a catalyst. The catalyst layer includes carbon-supported catalyst including carbon particles which supports catalyst. The catalyst layer includes a catalyst including platinum. The fibrous electric conductive material includes carbon fiber.Preferred Parameters: The fibrous electric conductive material has median size of 0.5-100 microns. The carbon-supported catalyst has median size of 0.1-10 microns. The polymer electrolyte membrane has thickness of 25-100 microns. The ratio of the fibrous electric conductive material in the catalyst layer has 5-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The common housing defines first and second axially extending, concentric flow passages in heat transfer relation to each other. The first passage is connected to the water-gas shift reactor to receive the reformate flow. The second passage is connected to the combustor to direct the combustor feed. The combustor preheater comprises a first convoluted fin located in the first passage, and a second convoluted fin located in the second passage. It comprises a convoluted, catalyst coated fin located in the second passage downstream from the combustor preheater. The water preheater comprises a coiled tube located in the first passage to direct the water flow in heat transfer relation with the reformate flow.Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of producing a desired hydrogen gas fuel flow from the fuel processing system using only the energy contained in a natural gas flow to the steam reformer, the water flow, and a compressed air flow to the combustor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor wafer comprises silicon, the first dopant source comprises phosphorus, and the second dopant source comprises boron.Preferred Methods: The manufacture of emitter wrap through (EWT) solar cell further comprises applying the first dopant diffusion source comprising phosphorus to the front surface in a pattern comprising the front surface holes.It includes etching the semiconductor wafer with an acid solution following the diffusion step; applying a dielectric layer for passivation to the front surface of the etched semiconductor wafer; and applying a first conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising a portion of the first dopant diffusion source pattern and a second conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising a portion of the second dopant diffusion source pattern.The method includes applying a dielectric layer for passivation to a portion of the surface of the p-conductivity type silicon wafer following the etch step. The application of the first dopant phosphorus source results in a resistance of 30-60 Omega/sq; and the step of applying first and second conductivity type metal grids comprises printing grid patterns and firing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The self-doping contact material comprises a silicon dopant and silver. The silicon dopant comprises phosphorus. The cell substrate comprises a p-type silicon substrate and the self-doping contact material comprises silver and n-type silicon dopant; or the cell substrate comprises an n-type silicon substrate and the self-doping contact material comprises silver and a p-type silicon dopant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The self-doping contact material comprises a silicon dopant and silver. The silicon dopant comprises phosphorus. The cell substrate comprises a p-type silicon substrate and the self-doping contact material comprises silver and n-type silicon dopant; or the cell substrate comprises an n-type silicon substrate and the self-doping contact material comprises silver and a p-type silicon dopant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The contacts comprise aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The alloying step is performed through existing regions of the dielectric layer. It is performed after removing regions of the dielectric layer to expose regions of the rear surface. The diffusion is lightly doped. Preferred Components: The contacts occupy less than 30 (preferably less than 10)% of the area of the rear surface. All portions of the rear surface not occupied by the contacts comprise the diffusion. The material comprising the second conductive grid partially fills the holes. The first conductive grid is interdigitated with the second conductive grid. The dielectric layer is passivation layer, nitride layer, diffusion barrier, and metallization barrier. The substrate comprises holes extending from a front surface of the substrate to the rear surface. Preferred Parameters: The grid line of the first conductive grid is wider than the contact. The first or second conductive grid comprises grid lines having a tapered width.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The contacts comprise aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reverse-side electrode comprises silver as main component. A reverse-side electric field region formed between the substrate and reverse-side electrode, comprises aluminum as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reduction electrode material is tin oxide. The photosensitive dye is a ruthenium containing complex, osmium containing complex, an iron containing complex, or a complex containing a 2-3 transition metal. The electrolyte is a transition metal complex solution containing iodide, bromide, hydroquinone solution, or non-bonding electron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reduction electrode material is tin oxide. The photosensitive dye is a ruthenium containing complex, osmium containing complex, an iron containing complex, or a complex containing a 2-3 transition metal. The electrolyte is a transition metal complex solution containing iodide, bromide, hydroquinone solution, or non-bonding electron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The foaming agent is selected from the group consisting of azobisisobutyronitrile, benzenesulfonyl hydrazide and ammonium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox system electrolyte which is halogen compound and halogen molecule which make a halogen ion as a counter ion. The halogen compound and halogen molecule is iodine compound with an iodine. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyrazole type compound is one or more type of compound of formula (I).R1-R4=H, lower alkyl, halogen, amino, phenyl, furyl, methoxyphenyl, thienyl and methyl phenyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox system electrolyte which is halogen compound and halogen molecule which make a halogen ion as a counter ion. The halogen compound and halogen molecule is iodine compound with an iodine. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 pyrazole type compounds are disclosed such as 1-methyl pyrazole, 3-methyl pyrazole, 3,5-methyl dimethyl pyrazole, 1,3,5-trimethyl pyrazole and 3-amino-5-t-butyl pyrazole.    EXAMPLE - A frame type spacer made from polyethylene of 25 microns thickness was provided on porous titanium oxide semiconductor thin film of 15 microns thickness with electrically conductive glass with supported sensitizing dye of formula (4). Electrolytic solution formed by dissolving lithium iodide (in mol/l) (0.1), iodine (0.05), dimethyl propyl imidazolium iodide (0.6) and 3-amino-5-t-butyl pyrazole (0.5) in acetonitrile, was dropped into semiconductor layer electrode. The resulting assembly was covered with platinum counter electrode, and optical transducer was obtained. The obtained transducer had open circuit voltage of 0.77 V and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material (A) is granular graphite and/or carbon nanotubes. The inorganic component (B) is metal oxide which is preferably semiconductor or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material (A) is granular graphite and/or carbon nanotubes. The inorganic component (B) is metal oxide which is preferably semiconductor or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder component (C) is conductive polymer, preferably polythiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier comprises an evaporator for evaporating the hydrogen-containing fuel. The heater comprises combustor combined with the evaporator. The compressed-air supply source comprises a compressor connected to a modifying-air supply passage communicating with the modifier and the residual gas passage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The electrodes are spaced apart by 10-15 mm. The shower head gas inlet has a grid which is smaller than the selected electrode spacing. An additional buffer layer is arranged between a p layer and an i layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A projected image of the first upper seal formation plate, which is projected in the laminating direction onto a plane including the first lower seal formation plate, does not overlap with the first lower seal formation plate; and a projected image of the second upper seal formation plate, which is projected in the laminating direction onto a plane including the second lower seal formation plate does not overlap with the second lower seal formation plate. The dry gas separator and moist gas separator are provided with a support wall(s) connected to the first upper and lower seal formation plates, and a support wall connected to the second upper and lower seal formation plates. Faces of the partitions contacting the permeable membrane are coplanar with a face of the frame component contacting the permeable membrane. The partition(s) is connected to the support walls. The dry gas separator and moist gas separator are manufactured by resin molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The layer (L) covers all or part of the carrier surface; has transprency over 80% and has a defined, adjustable conductivity. (L) are prepared (a) by applying a monomer, or prepolymer, to the carrier, then subjecting it to polymerization in situ, also with in situ removal of initiator and/or catalyst; or (b) applying a dispersion of the polymer. Suitable carriers are transparent films of plastic (5-700, especially 15-50, microns thick) or metals (5-200, especially 20-50, microns thick). When a polymer dispersion is used is has particle size 20-500 nm and the thickness of (L) is generally 0.1-50, preferably 0.5-10, micron, although films at thin as 0.001 micron may be prepared. The film may be pigmented and can be applied as a design or pattern. Preferred Materials: (I) is particularly poly(ethylenedioxythiophene-methanol) toluene sulfonate or poly(ethylenedioxythiophene-methanol) stabilized by an anion that is not polymer bound. EXAMPLE - A 50 micron thick poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, already partly covered with an optically active layer on which a commercial adhesion promoter (A 1120) had been applied, was treated, using a transfer roller, with a dispersion, in aqueous isopropanol, of 2% poly(ethylenedioxythiophene-methanol) (100 nm particles) and 2% polystyrene sulfonate, to deposit a 3 microns thick layer. This was dried at 110degreesC to form a film with conductivity 800 ohm/square and transparency 87%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is dielectric material, ceramic material or semiconductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The dimensions of the submicron particles are selected to obtain the desired diameter of the vias. The pattern of submicron particles is formed by particle deposition, island-growth or any other method for forming a pattern of submicron particles on the substrate. Preferred Component: The substrate further comprises an intermediate layer (2) where the submicron particles are formed. The cover layer is formed by chemical vapor deposition, spin-on deposition or any technique for forming a layer covering the submicron particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cover layer is a dielectric material, e.g. oxide, nitride or a conductive material, e.g. silicon or silicon-germanium alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The first mathematical formula consists of a 3rd order model of the flow meter. The future signal estimate is based on the smoothed current signal estimate, or on a current command signal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reforming reaction is performed by a steam reforming method, a partial oxidation method, and/or an autothermal reforming method that is a combination of the steam reforming method and the partial oxidation method. The partially oxidizing step, the cracking step, and the reforming step are performed in atmospheres of air, oxygen and steam. They are continuously performed. EXAMPLE - A reforming catalyst rhodium-platinum/aluminum oxide (Rh-Pt/Al203) was prepared by impregnation. A 20 g powder of Rh/Al203 was weighed out and, separately, hydrogen chloroplatinate was weighed out to be 1 wt.% in terms of a platinum metal. Hydrogen chloroplatinate was dissolved in 200 ml ultra-pure water contained in a beaker. The aqueous solution of platinum was stirred. Rh/Al203 was slowly added to the aqueous solution of platinum. The dispersion containing Rh/Al203 was slowly stirred for 60 minutes and left to stand for 6 hours. The dispersion in slurry state was dry-solidified by evaporation and, then dry-solidified. The yield of hydrogen using the catalyst was 88.5% at a reaction temperature of 72.3degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The catalyst is made by impregnating zirconia with solution containing ruthenium and potassium, calcining, and reducing. A test in which the catalyst is placed in a reaction chamber and contacted with a reactant gas mixture containing 8% carbon monoxide (CO), 7% carbon dioxide (CO2), 38% hydrogen (H2), and 47% water (H2O), at a contact time of 50 milliseconds and 325degreesC, or contact time of 25 milliseconds and 420degreesC, results in greater than 70% CO conversion and at least 80% CO2 selectivity. The porous substrate comprises FeCrAlY. It comprises felt.Preferred Properties: The catalyst comprises a large pore support, where at least 20% of the catalyst's pore volume is composed of pores having diameter of 0.1-300 microns, preferably 1-100 microns. It comprises ZrO2 with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area greater than 10 m2/g. It has a pore volume of 30-95%. At least 50% of the material's pore volume comprises pores of 0.3-200 microns.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.1-10 wt.% each of ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K). It comprises 0.2-3 wt.% Ru and 0.1-10 wt.% K, preferably 0.5-3 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A powder catalyst, Ru/ZrO2 promoted with K was prepared. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) was ground and sieved. Ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K) were co-impregnated onto ZrO2 support to its incipient wetness point (0.4 g/cc) from an aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) hydrate and potassium nitrate. The impregnated sample was set at room temperature for 30 minutes to drying under vacuum at 100degreesC overnight. The catalyst was calcined under ambient conditions with a ramping rate of 5degreesC/minute to 350degreesC and isothermally held at that temperature for 1 hour. Water gas shift reaction was carried out. At a catalyst bed temperature of 420degreesC, the conversion of carbon monoxide reached 85% while the selectivity to carbon dioxide was greater than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode side further includes an anode microporous layer positioned between the anode diffusion media layer and the anode catalyst layer. The cathode side further includes a cathode microporous layer positioned between the cathode diffusion media layer and the cathode catalyst layer. The catalyst layers (22, 30) are about the same size in area as the diffusion media layers. Preferred Method: The MEA is annealed at 130-160degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionomer layers (24, 32) include methanol. The membrane is a perfluorinated membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anode and cathode microporous layers (20, 28) are made of a carbon and Teflon mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The resin concentration through the thickness of the sheet is non-uniform, varies in a linear or non-linear fashion.Preferred Component: Molded structures are formed in the surface, having improved molding characteristics.Preferred Process: Resin impregnation is effected by applying the resin to one of the major surfaces of the sheet, and drawing a vacuum from the other major surface of the sheet to draw resin into the sheet. It is effected by passing the sheet through a resin-impregnation zone at a certain speed. Resin impregnation is effected by applying the resin to one of the major surfaces of the sheet, and drawing a vacuum from the other major surface of the sheet to draw resin into the sheet. Providing a nonuniform resin concentration across one of the dimensions of the sheet is achieved, by varying a resin-impregnation variable consisting of resin concentration, first density, speed at which the sheet passes through the resin-impregnation zone, and/or impregnation vacuum level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is ceramics, cements, glass, zeolites, perovskites, fibers, fibrous material, or mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A hydrogen-consuming device uses a portion of the hydrogen gas reaction product. It is connected with the system. It is a fuel cell, a combustion engine, and/or a gas turbine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic pigment catalysts are a solid, loose powder attached to a substrate. The hydrogen generating catalysts comprise organic pigments having an orbital structure with a low unoccupied molecular orbital (lumo) energy. The organic pigments are pyranthrenedione, indanthrene gold orange, ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, indanthrene black, dimethoxy violanthrone, 1,4-diketopyrrolo-3,4C pyrrole, quinacridone, indanthrene yellow, copper phthalocyanine, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, isoviolanthrone, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, or indigo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polymeric resin or plastic. The hydrogen generating catalyst is obtained through blending the catalyst powder with a poly (methyl methacrylate) binder and fixing the blended material onto a plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane separation unit is ceramic film, polymer film or carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane separation unit is ceramic film, polymer film or carbon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye contained in the semiconductor is polymethine dye of formula (2,3,4 or 5).R, R1-R4, X1, A3, n, p and q =same as defined above, preferably X1 is oxygen atom and n is 0;R5-R7=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;X2-X5=same as X1, preferably X2, X4 and X5 are sulfur atom and X3 is oxygen atom;L=bivalent coupling group;m=0 or 1;Y1=-N= or -CR7=;R8=substituent;Y2 and R3=-N= or -CR9=; andR9=-(L)m-COOH. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 100 dye of formula (1) such as dye of formulae (I-1, I-2), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Titanium tetraisopropoxide (62.5 ml) was mixed with pure water (375 ml) and aqueous nitric acid (2.65 ml) at 80degreesC for 8 hours. The mixture was further mixed with titanium oxide powder (140) and pure water (125 ml), to obtain titanium oxide suspension. The obtained suspension was coated on an electroconductive glass plate and baked at 300degreesC for 60 minutes, to form film-like titanium oxide. Subsequently, the glass plate was immersed in a solution containing dye (5 g) of formula (I-2) was dissolved in ethanol solution (200 ml) and trifluoro acetic acid (1 g) and dried to form semiconductor. An optoelectric transducer was manufactured using the formed semiconductor. The side face of the optoelectric transducer was sealed by resin, to form solar cell. The short circuit current density and open circuit voltage of the solar cell when irradiated with light of 100 mW/m2 strength was 9.12 mA/cm2 and 0.68 V, respectively. The solar cell had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semiconductor is a metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    X1=sulfur atom;    X2=oxygen atom; and    R101=-CH2COOM.    EXAMPLE - A compound (in g) (5) of formula (I-1) was dissolved in methanol solution (200 ml). A titanium oxide film was dripped in the obtained solution. Further, trifluoroacetic acid (1) was added and subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was then washed and vacuum dried under chloroform to obtain photosensitive layer containing semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material. An optoelectric transducer formed using the semiconductor had excellent stability and high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound (1) is compound of formulae (2)-(5):Ar11, Ar12=Ar1;L5-L8,L11-L16=methine group optionally having substituent;m, o=1 or 2;r, s=0 or 1;Het1, Het2=bivalent heterocyclic group;andV1=electron-withdrawing group.The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. The semiconductor is spectrally sensitized with aromatic compound of formula (1). Preferred Definitions:    X=oxygen atom.    EXAMPLE - Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (62.5 ml) and pure water (375 ml) were dripped in nitric acid water (2.65 ml), stirred and heated at 80degreesC. The stirring was continued for 8 hours. The resulting product was concentrated under reduced pressure. Titanium oxide powder (140 g) and pure water (125 ml) were further added to obtain titanium oxide suspension. The suspension was applied on a transparent electroconductive glass plate coating with tin oxide, and baked at 300degreesC for 16 minutes to form titanium oxide film on support. A solution was obtained by dissolving compound (5 g) of formula (2) in methanol (200 ml), and formed titanium oxide film was dipped in the obtained solution. Trifluoroacetic acid was added and ultrasonic irradiation was carried out for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was washed. An optoelectric transducer was manufactured. A solar cell was manufactured using the optoelectric transducer, and had favorable durability and high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent thin film electrode consists of any one of indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent thin film electrode consists of any one of indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic compound is a liquid in room temperature. ADMINISTRATION - Preferred Definitions:    C+=cation chosen from 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium, propyl trimethyl ammonium, butyl trimethyl ammonium, hexyl trimethyl ammonium, trimethyl ammonium (2-methoxyethyl), trimethyl ammonium (3-methoxy propyl), trimethyl ammonium (4-methoxy butyl), trimethyl ammonium (6-methoxy hexyl), trimethyl ammonium (2-hydroxy ethyl), trimethyl ammonium (3-hydroxypropyl), trimethyl ammonium (6-hydroxy hexyl), N-propyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium, N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium and/or N-methoxyethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium.    EXAMPLE - 1-Ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (in g) (10) was dissolved in deionized water (50 ml). Then, imido (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (fluorosulfonyl) potassium salt (18.4) was added and ionic liquid was extracted with dichloromethane (50 ml). The liquid was then washed 5 times with deionized water (50 ml), dichloro methane was depressurizingly distilled and ionic liquid (19.7) was obtained. The ionic liquid had electrical conducitivity of 14.8 mS/cm and viscosity of 18 mPa.second at 25degreesC.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R5,R7,R8,R10,R11,R13,R14,R16,R17=methyl or phenyl, where R1 and R2 are methyl and R13,R14,R16 and R17 are phenyl;    m,m',p,p',r,r'=1;    n,n's,s'=0;    R19=thiophene ring;and    t=1, 2 or 3.    EXAMPLE - Acetylene derivative (in mg) (100) of formula (15) and tetracyanoethylene (26) were dissolved in methylene chloride (10 ml), and stir-reacted at room temperature for 24 hours. The solvent was distilled off after reaction completion. The reaction product was purified using chloroform, to obtain black red solid of tetracyanobutadiene derivative of formula (5). The obtained derivative had yield of 80%, oxidation potential (Eox) of 1.14 V, reduction potential (Ered) of -0.40, -0.69 V, and absorption maximum value (lambdamax/nm (logepsilon)) of 486 (4.67).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition film of inorganic oxide is formed using mixture of silicon oxide and silicon as raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition film of inorganic oxide is formed using mixture of silicon oxide and silicon as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semiconductor contains microparticles which consists of metal oxide(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semiconductor contains microparticles which consists of metal oxide(s). Preferred Definitions:    L=cyano group, trifluoromethyl group, carboxyl group or esterified carboxy group such as alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro alkyl oxycarbonyl group;and    A=bivalent group originating in thiophene or furan.    EXAMPLE - Active methylene derivative (CH2(-C2H5OOOC)(-NaOOC)) (A) (in g) (0.462) and 2-methyl-gamma-pyran derivative (B) (0.414) were dissolved in ethanol. To the obtained solution, piperidine catalyst was added, stirred at 100 degrees C for 5 hours and a compound of formula (C) was obtained. Benzothiazole derivative of formula (D) (0.326) obtained by oxidizing 2-methyl benzothiazole and compound (C) (0.488) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF). To the obtained solution small amount of ethanol solution of sodium ethoxide was added, heated, stirred for 5 hours and a compound of formula (2) (0.570) with yield of 68 % was obtained after purification. The compound (2) was identified by elemental analysis. SSP-M (titanium oxide) was cleaned with pure water and introduced into a vessel. TORITONN X-100 (dispersant) (1 wt.%), pure water and glass bead of diameter 0.5 mm were added. The glass bead was removed and titanium-oxide dispersion liquid containing average particle diameter of 0.3 microns was obtained. The obtained liquid was applied on electrically-conductive film, dried and baked for 30 minutes at 450 degrees C and titanium oxide thin film electrode was obtained. The dye-sensitized solar cell produced from organic dye consisted of compound (2) as sensitizing dye, obtained nanoporous titanium oxide film as electrode and iodine ion redox as electrolyte. The formed solar cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.9 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The burner is a gas-blast burner. The reactor is operated with an lambda value of 1.5 in the start-up phase and less than 0.5 in the second phase. The flue gas leaving the reactor in the start-up phase is used to heat a shift converter (2), a gas purification unit (3) and a fuel cell (4). The flue gas leaving the reactor in the second phase is used to heat the shift converter, gas purification unit and fuel cell, additional heat being provided by exothermic carbon monoxide conversion taking place in the shift converter and gas purification unit. No flue gas is supplied to the reactor, shift converter, gas purification unit or fuel cell in the steady-state phase. The gas purification unit is a methanization unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sacrificial layer contains crystalline silicon compound chosen from cobalt silicide, nickel silicide and/or chromium silicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sacrificial layer contains crystalline silicon compound chosen from cobalt silicide, nickel silicide and/or chromium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover sheet is made of plastic such as PMMA, PC, PET-G, silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The finely divided metal particles distributed in the support are 150-100 Angstrom or less in size, and include non-noble metal particulates.Preferred Components: The finely divided metallic particulates at least partially cover the surface of the support. The metal includes nickel, cobalt, or copper. The catalyst is permeable to the diffusion and transport of hydrogen. The finely divided metallic particulates are distributed in the support as catalytic clouds, and are native to the support. They are embedded within the support and below the surface of the support. They are mixture of particles with different compositions, the particles being an alloy of two or more metals.Preferred Composition: The metal is 0-20 wt.% of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cooling unit of casting mold, is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The phosphorus is evaporated in an atmosphere containing silicon oxide (SiO) and/or silicon gas as main component, at a temperature of at most 1200degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The phosphorus is evaporated in an atmosphere containing silicon oxide (SiO) and/or silicon gas as main component, at a temperature of at most 1200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The solar cell further has a back sheet (4) for protecting the solar cell film and resin. The resin adheres the back sheet on the solar cell film substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contains an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer. The gel fraction of the resin during cross-linking is preferably 49.1% or more. Preferred Process: The contact and cross-linking processes are performed in a state in which the solar cell film substrate and the resin are pressed. The resin is laminated to the substrate using a lamination apparatus, and the heating and cross-linking of the resin are also carried out using the lamination apparatus. The temperature of the cross-linking process is higher than that of the contact process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reducing gas contains at least one of ammonia, hydrazine, carbon monoxide, silane type compound, hexamethyl disilazane, methylamine, ethylamine and hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises semiconductor material with p-type electroconductivity such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs), gallium-nitride (GaN), aluminum-gallium-nitride (AlGaN) or indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises semiconductor material with p-type electroconductivity such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs), gallium-nitride (GaN), aluminum-gallium-nitride (AlGaN) or indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A solder containing:Cu, Co, Au and/or Ni is used in heat treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The carbonaceous porous body, which is the base material has an average pore diameter of 1-100 microns and a porosity of 10-85%, and has a liquid-impregnating property given by a capillary phenomenon. The liquid fuel is the methanol solution, and its concentration is 0.5-20 M. Preferred Component: The carbonaceous porous body, which is the base material comprises amorphous carbon or a composite of amorphous carbon and carbon material powder, or a composite of amorphous carbon and carbon material powder. It has a form of a plate, a circular cylinder, a prism, and/or a tube. It has a through hole in its inside. A partition wall for controlling absorption of the liquid fuel and diffusion of the air is provided, at an opposite side having no electrode layer in the unit cell. The liquid fuel is a methanol solution, an ethanol solution, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, or an ammonia solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The particle size is less than 200nm. The film has conductivity of 10-2-10-6, preferably 10-2-10-5 S/cm. Preferred Components: The polymerized units has structure (I).R = H, (un)substituted 1-18, preferably 1-6C alkyl, e.g. t-butyl, 3-7C cycloalkyl, 1-18, preferably 1-10C alkyloxy, or 2-18C alkyloxy ester, (substituted) phenyl, or silicon pentafluorideThe film is hole injection and/or or transporting layer. EXAMPLE - In a flask, polystyrene sulfonic acid (3.5g) was dissolved in situ in distilled water (30 ml). Thieno(3,4-b)thiophene (0.98g) was added to the flask. Water was added to make up 350g reaction mass. The mixture was stirred at 11000 rpm. Polymerization was caused by adding ferric sulfate hydrate (3.37g) while stirring. The reaction was carried out for 2 hours at 27/oC. The temperature was maintained using thermo stated recirculating fluid through the jacketed portion of the reaction flask. The reaction mixture was purified by passing sequentially through Amberlite IR-120 (17.5g) and IRA-900 ion exchange resin (17.5g) to produce deep green -blue aqueous poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) dispersion. The dispersion was filterable with 450 nm filters. A thin film of the dispersion was prepared. The conductivity of the film was 8.94x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A hydrogen purification unit is installed between the hydrogen generation unit and fuel cell unit. EXAMPLE - Methylamine-borane complex (4.49 g) was dissolved in mono-glyme (100 ml). (Rh(1,5-cod)(micro-Cl))2 (3 g) was added in the solution, and stirred. Hydrogen was generated. The generation of residue was suppressed, and reactor was washed and reused easily.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen generator generates hydrogen by mixing with the element of group (3B) or group (4B) of periodic-table, and an alkali liquid, or mixing with an amphoteric metal and an alkali liquid. The gas generation unit produces hydrogen by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a hydrogen production microbe, and produces methane by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a methanation microbe. Alkali liquid ammonia produced in the gas generation unit is supplied to the hydrogen generator. Raw food is used for gas generation unit.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator uses silicon or aluminum, preferably silicon waste or aluminum waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive film formed on substrate of solar cell module comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) or SnO2.GLASS AND CERAMICS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive film formed on substrate of solar cell module comprises indium tin oxide (ITO) or SnO2.GLASS AND CERAMICS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The innermost layer contains component (B) (5-50 wt.pts) and component (C) (1-10 wt.pts) with respect to 100 wt.pts of component (A). EXAMPLE - A rubber composition was prepared by blending Butyl268 isobutylene-isoprene rubber (in wt.pts) (100), zinc oxide (5), Lunac S30 stearic acid (1), carbon black (20), dibenzo thiazyl disulfide (vulcanization accelerator) (1), tetra methyl thiuram monosulfide (vulcanization accelerator) (1), sulfur (3), organized layered clay mineral (processed using alkyl dimethyl ammonium) (10) and UC-1 methacrylic acid modified liquid polyisoprene rubber (5). Subsequently, a hose was produced by extrusion molding of the rubber composition. The hose had breaking point strength of 7 MPa, elongation at break of 900%, hardness of 50 measured based on JIS A and nitrogen gas permeability coefficient of 4.10x10-10 cm3cm/cm2 second cmHg at 80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Fluorine of the magnesium-fluoride thin film, is obtained from a fluorine-containing high polymer film. Water-vapor permeability, oxygen permeability and refractive index of the magnesium-fluoride thin film is 1 g/m2/d or less, 1 ml/Lm/d or less and 1.35-1.4, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Fluorine of the magnesium-fluoride thin film, is obtained from a fluorine-containing high polymer film. Water-vapor permeability, oxygen permeability and refractive index of the magnesium-fluoride thin film is 1 g/m2/d or less, 1 ml/Lm/d or less and 1.35-1.4, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The fixing member is ceramic, glass, or cement. It can be a crystalline ceramic having a high degree of crystallinity and containing silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), boron oxide (B2O3), and RO. The sealing member is a glass, or a crystalline or amorphous ceramic having a low degree of crystallinity and containing SiO2, ZnO, B203 and RO.R=alkali earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The fixing member has a softening temperature of higher than 1000degreesC, and the sealing member has a softening temperature of 700-1000degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The electrolyte-membrane-electrode complex is created by modifying a functional group covalently bound to a catalyst metal particle on the surface of a carbon carrier, and carrying the catalyst metal particle on the surface modified carbon carrier created on the step, as a catalytic layer for an electrode. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The metal particles may be Platinum or Ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The precipitation agent is dioxane, propylene carbonate or benzyl alcohol. It includes a dicationic salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic layer is a conducting polymer layer.Preferred Method: The precipitation agent is spin coated onto the lower electrode layer. A photoresist layer is fabricated above the lower electrode layer, and patterned into banks to define pockets upon the lower electrode layer. The lower electrode layer functions as an anode. An emissive layer is fabricated over the conducting polymer layer. It emits light upon charge recombination. A cathode layer is disposed over the emissive layer. The precipitation agent is printed onto the lower electrode layer within the pockets. The organic material is deposited by printing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell includes a light reflecting layer on the bottom surface of the second layer. It includes first output connection connected to the first electrically conductive layer; second output connection connected to the light transparent layer; second electrically conductive layer intermediate the bottom-surface of the nc-Si:H layer and light reflecting layer; and third output connection connected to the second electrically conductive layer.Preferred Methods: The light reflecting layer is sputter deposited on the top-surface of substrate. The second electrically conductive layer is sputter deposited on the light reflecting layer. The nc-Si:H layer is chemical vapor deposited on the second conductive layer. The light transparent and electrically conductive layer is sputter deposited on the nc-Si:H layer. The a-Si:H layer is chemical vapor deposited on the light transparent and electrically conductive layer. The first electrically conductive layer is sputter deposited on the a-Si:H layer. A top-surface of the light reflecting layer engages the bottom-surface of the second layer, and includes an electrically non-conductive layer having a top-surface engaging a bottom-surface of the light reflecting layer; and a metal layer engaging a bottom-surface of the electrically non-conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: Each trench has a width of &gt; 5,000 Angstrom (preferably greater than or equal to3 microns).
EXAMPLE - A copper/zinc oxide catalyst was ground to form 0.25 ml of granules of diameter 0.5-1 mm and filled into a tubular type reactor of internal diameter 8 mm. The catalyst was subjected to hydrogen reduction processing at 300 degreesC for 1 hour. A mixture comprising methanol, water and 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide solution in a molar ratio of 1:1.88:0.12 was prepared and circulated to the tubular reactor at a GHSV of 100000h-1. The conversion rate of methanol was 70.8% and the concentration of carbon monoxide in the product gas was 0.14%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The mixed gas is gas containing hydrogen and methane, preferably product gas generated from iron mill, coke oven gas, cracked gas or coal gasification gas of naphtha. After separating hydrogen in the hydrogenation reactor, the mixed gas is recovered as gas with high calorie.Preferred Process: Dehydrogenation is carried out at 150-400degreesC and normal pressure. The separated hydrogen is utilized preferably at a pressure of 50-700 atmosphere. A heat transport unit is provided between both reactors for carrying out mutual compensation of heat supply by suppressing heat generation in hydrogenation reaction and heat absorption in dehydrogenation reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogenated aromatic compound is chosen from monocyclic compounds such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane or dimethyl cyclohexane, bicyclic compound such as (methyl)decalin, and/or tricyclic compounds such as 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane or tetradecahydroanthracene. EXAMPLE - Coke oven gas (COG) (100 Nm3/hour) and refined naphthalene (32 kg/hour) were inserted into a hydrogenation reactor at a pressure of 10 kg/cm2. The components were reacted at 200degreesC in the presence of palladium on alumina catalyst. A product of unreacted COG (72 Nm3/hour) in decalin (34.5 kg/hour) was produced. The decalin was supplied to dehydrogenation apparatus and dehydrogenated at 280degreesC at 10 kg/cm2 in the presence of platinum on carbon catalyst. Exhaust gas containing hydrogen (27.9 Nm3/hour) and naphthalene (31.9 kg/hour) was ejected from the reactor. Hydrogen gas of 10 kg/cm2 was recovered by dehydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The generated high-pressure hydrogen gas is directly packed in a direct cylinder (B_O), such as high-pressure hydrogen gas cylinder of fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenation aromatic compound is monocyclic compound, such as cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, and 1,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, bicyclic compound, such as decalin and methyl decalin, or tricyclic compound, such as tetra-deca hydro acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group, which is easily adsorbed to a support base material, is arranged at the periphery of the granular macromolecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The granular macromolecules have an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less. EXAMPLE - Dinitro diamine platinum nitric acid aqueous acid and cerium nitrate aqueous solution were supplied to an aqueous solution which contained granular macromolecules having an average particle diameter of 5 nm and a nitro group, imino group and carbonyl group. The catalyst metal and co-catalyst metal were coordinately bonded to the polar functional group of the polymer chain. Hydrazine as reducing agent and 10% ammonia aqueous solution were added. The obtained solution was impregnated into a support base material obtained by immersing alumina powder into a mixed solution containing catalyst component-containing granular macromolecules, and dried. The polymeric component contained in the granular macromolecule was removed by baking at 400degreesC for 1 hour. A catalyst powder having a platinum content of 1 mass% and a cerium content of 20 mass% was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel consists of alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, hydrocarbon, hydrazine or ammonia aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is a reaction product of an absorber, a thickener, a sol formation agent, a gel formation agent, or a polymer with carboxyl group, polymer with sulfone group, or polymer of network structure, comprising reaction substance of strontium chloride and calcium acetate, or polyacrylic acid. The microcapsules of fuel are formed by encapsulating the fuel using calcium chloride and alginic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst further contains a solid-acid property material such as alumina, and alkali metal component or alkaline earth metal component. The active metal component further includes noble metal components chosen from ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst further contains a solid-acid property material such as alumina, and alkali metal component or alkaline earth metal component. The active metal component further includes noble metal components chosen from ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is subjected to self-thermal reforming, partial-oxidation modification or carbon dioxide modification. The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (0.475) was dissolved in distilled water (7 ml). The obtained solution was impregnated into KHD-24 (RTM: alumina support having pore volume of 0.38 ml/g) (20) and dried at 120degreesC for 3 hours. The dried material was baked at 400degreesC for 3 hours, and 1.5 mass% silver/alumina (catalyst) was obtained. Modification reaction of hydrogen and dimethyl ether was carried out using the obtained catalyst, and conversion ratio of dimethyl ether and hydrogen concentration were evaluated and found to be 87% and 69.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The starting device comprises, between the multi-way valve and the hydrogen buffer reservoir, a membrane with a base of palladium and/or polymer connected to the multi-way valve by piping systems (12, 24) and to the buffer reservoir by a piping system (12) and the volume of the buffer reservoir is reduced (claimed). The membrane is connected to the burner of the reformer by a piping system (23) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is of gold, or a gold alloy. The first dielectric layer can be of aluminum oxide. The second dielectric layer can be of indium oxide-tin oxide (ITO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A is indium (In), gallium (Ga) or aluminium (Al); and B is sulphur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te). The rear contact is made of titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A is indium (In), gallium (Ga) or aluminium (Al); and B is sulphur (S), selenium (Se) or tellurium (Te). The rear contact is made of titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is flexible and preferably made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell stacks are connected in strings, where the voltage of the strings corresponds to the direct current voltage that is required in the electrochemical process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type window layer is zinc oxide film or zinc magnesium oxide film. The p-type semiconductor crystal of the compound semiconductor layer is copper indium selenide crystal of chalcopyrite type structure, copper (gallium indium) selenide structure or copper indium (sulfur selenide) structure. The n-type transparent electrically conductive film is indium tin oxide film, stannic oxide film, zinc oxide, indium oxide or zinc oxide with boron. The n-type buffer layer is a zinc (oxy hydroxy) film or zinc (oxy sulfur hydroxy) film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate contains at least one alkali metal selected from sodium, potassium and lithium. The n-type impurity of the high resistant portion is zinc, magnesium or calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type window layer is zinc oxide film or zinc magnesium oxide film. The p-type semiconductor crystal of the compound semiconductor layer is copper indium selenide crystal of chalcopyrite type structure, copper (gallium indium) selenide structure or copper indium (sulfur selenide) structure. The n-type transparent electrically conductive film is indium tin oxide film, stannic oxide film, zinc oxide, indium oxide or zinc oxide with boron. The n-type buffer layer is a zinc (oxy hydroxy) film or zinc (oxy sulfur hydroxy) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains ions chemically different to the nano-particulate layer. It contains ions of UV, visual light, and/or infrared absorbing material, which is dye. The nano-particulate layer comprises a metal or mixed metal oxide, preferably titanium dioxide. Preferred Method: The electrolytic treatment comprises transfer of materials from the electrolyte in the form of ions into the surface of the nano-particulate layer, resulting in formation of a barrier layer, electronic properties of which differ from that of the original nano-particulate layer. It is followed by heating to ensure stable bonding of the barrier layer to the nano-particulate layer. It comprises partial removal of material from the nanoparticulate layer to the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous base is organic type, silicone type and/or freon group liquid. A phase transition substance and a high heat convective substance are dispersed in the non-aqueous base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent board is a synthetic resin made of polycarbonate (PS), acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES), acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene rubber (ABS) etc.
EXAMPLE - Tris(acetonitrile) tricarbonyl molybdenum (0.5 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (4.5 g), and a composition for electrode formation was obtained. The composition was spin coated on a soda lime glass substrate and heated for 30 minutes at 300degreesC in the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen air flow. A film which has black metallic cluster was formed. The film had thickness of 60 nm. Adhesivity of the film with respect to substrate was evaluated which was found to be favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amino triazine-type compound is of formula (I).R1,R2=H, alkyl, alkoxy or phenyl, where at least one of R1, R2 is of formula (II):-N(R3)(R4) (II)R3,R4=H, alkyl or alkenyl.Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox-type electrolyte with a halogen compound and halogen molecule having a halogen ion as a counter ion. The halogen compound is an iodine compound which is a mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine. The halogen molecule is iodine. EXAMPLE - Lithium iodide (in mol/l) (0.1), iodine (0.05), iodinated dimethyl propyl imidazolium (0.6) and 2,4-diamino-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine (0.1) and acetonitrile were mixed, and an electrolytic solution was prepared. Subsequently, an optoelectric transducer was produced using a platinum counter electrode, the electrolytic solution and porous titanium oxide semiconductor thin film with sensitizing dye of formula (1). The obtained optoelectric transducer was irradiated with light of intensity 100 mW/cm2 by using xenon lamp as light source. The transducer had open circuit voltage of 0.69 V and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The number average molecular weight of saccharic acid is 150-3000. Preferred Compound: The organic fused-salt compound is imidazolium iodide salt. The additive is saccharide other than saccharic acid. The amount of saccharide is 0.01-30 wt.% with respect to total amount of electrolyte composition. EXAMPLE - Galacturonic acid (in wt.%) (2) having molecular weight of 196, iodine (5), and N-methyl-N'-hexyl imidazolium iodide salt/N-methyl-N'-ethyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate mixed solvent in weight ratio of 6/4 were mixed to obtain an electrolyte composition. An electrolyte was manufactured using the electrolyte composition. An optoelectric transducer was manufactured using the electrolyte. The optoelectric transducer had favorable durability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The lucite sheet contains polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, polyacrylate, polyallylate, and/or cyclic olefin polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The normal temperature fused salt further comprises an anion component chosen from N(CF3SO2)2-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, BF4-, N(CN)2-, ClO4-, SO42- and/or NO3-.Preferred Method: The normal temperature fused salt is obtained by mixing ammonium group normal temperature fused salt which turns into the normal temperature fused salt, with non-fluorine group cation.The fluorine-containing cyclic amine is synthesized by reacting tetrafluorosulfide with cyclic amine having hydroxyl group. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = methyl; and    R2 = 1-10C alkyl or alkoxyalkyl.    EXAMPLE - N-Ethyl-4-fluoropiperidine was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (100 ml) in nitrogen atmosphere. Then, iodomethane was added and the mixture was stirred and reacted at room temperature for 16 hours. The obtained white precipitate was washed with ether, solvent was removed by evaporation to obtain 79% yield of N-ethyl-N-methyl-4-fluoropiperidinium iodide. The obtained piperidinium iodide (in g) (14) was dissolved in ultrapure water. Then, lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonylimide (14.6) was added to the aqueous solution dissolved in water. The obtained mixed solution was washed with pure water, extracted with methylene chloride at room temperature, concentrated and dried to obtain 90% yield of pale yellow colored N-ethyl-N-methyl-4-fluoropiperidinium imide salt. The salt had favorable electric conductivity and oxidation-reduction potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The proton exchange layer has a thickness of 1 mil or less. The first aperture surface defines a first aperture cross-sectional surface area of 1 mm2 or less. The conductive layers each has a thickness of 1000 Angstrom or less. Each electrode has a thickness of 2 mil or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plate-shaped silica porous component is produced by preparing slurry of silicic acid raw material and lime raw material, and adding acid to the slurry. The silicic acid raw material is chosen from quartz, quartz sand, amorphous silicic acid, fine dispersion silica filler (white carbon), feldspar, pottery stone, glass, silica-type volcanic product (Shirasu), fly ash, iron manufacture slag and pearlite. The lime raw material is chosen from calcined lime and slaked lime. The acid added to the slurry is an inorganic acid or an organic acid. The inorganic acid is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid and phosphoric acid. The organic acid is chosen from formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, maleic acid, lactic acid and acidic cation exchanger. Alternately, the acid is gaseous carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plate-shaped silica porous component is produced by preparing slurry of silicic acid raw material and lime raw material, and adding acid to the slurry. The silicic acid raw material is chosen from quartz, quartz sand, amorphous silicic acid, fine dispersion silica filler (white carbon), feldspar, pottery stone, glass, silica-type volcanic product (Shirasu), fly ash, iron manufacture slag and pearlite. The lime raw material is chosen from calcined lime and slaked lime. The acid added to the slurry is an inorganic acid or an organic acid. The inorganic acid is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid and phosphoric acid. The organic acid is chosen from formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, maleic acid, lactic acid and acidic cation exchanger. Alternately, the acid is gaseous carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The coating has a contact resistance of 50 psi. The noble metal coating has contact resistance of 1.5-6.5 milliohms/cm2 at pressure of 50-270 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal coating consists of gold. The metal substrate comprises a member such as stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or foamed conductive metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The heat radiating layer comprises a black body radiating layer. The solar cell assembly further comprises a first layer proximate the first side of the conversion layer for absorbing and radiating electro-magnetic radiation from the assembly to reduce a temperature of the conversion layer. Preferred Condition: A temperature of the photovoltaic conversion layer is maintained below a predetermined temperature, preferably 110degreesC by radiating heat energy from the conversion layer. Preferred Property: The first layer is configured to have an emissivity level greater than or equal to0.8. It has a thickness greater than 10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermally conductive layer is made from metal or metal alloy. The metal comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first treatment unit includes a heating and cooling module for heating and cooling the process fluid; a chiller device through which a first heat exchange fluid passes for removing heat from the heating and cooling module; and a flow control valve between the heating and cooling module and the chiller device, for regulating the flow of the first heat exchange fluid between them. The treatment system comprises a second treatment unit downstream of the filter capable of imparting a second range of temperatures to the process fluid. The second treatment unit raises the temperature of the process fluid, by 5-30degreesC. Heating and cooling module includes a first heat exchanger for transferring heat to the first heat exchange fluid; a second heat exchanger coupled to the process fluid for exchanging heat between them; a heater for heating a second heat exchange fluid flowing through the first and second heat exchanger; a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the second heat exchange fluid; a pump for pumping the second heat exchange fluid; and a temperature control unit for controlling the temperature of the second heat exchange fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen occlusion alloy is hydride containing two of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lanthanum (La), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) and manganese (Mn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is boron hydride complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is boron hydride complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating liquid is prepared by introducing hydrolysable titanium compound and titanium oxide microparticles at a weight ratio of 0.1-10, to a solution or a solvent. After applying the coating liquid on precursor film of transparent electroconductive film or semiconductor electrode film, the coated film is heated to 400-600degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coating liquid is prepared by introducing hydrolysable titanium compound and titanium oxide microparticles at a weight ratio of 0.1-10, to a solution or a solvent. After applying the coating liquid on precursor film of transparent electroconductive film or semiconductor electrode film, the coated film is heated to 400-600degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    X=2.5-3.5.    EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide microparticles dispersion (A) was prepared using nitric acid aqueous solution, ion exchange water and anatase-type titanium oxide microparticles having average particle diameter of 20 nm. A hydrolysable titanium compound (Ti(OiPr)4) solution prepared using ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether and titanium chloride, dispersion (A) and polyethylene glycol having molecular weight of 200000, were stirred for 12 hours, to obtain coating liquid . Preparation amount of hydrolysable titanium compound was 2 times that of titanium oxide microparticles. The coating liquid was applied on a transparent electroconductive film, and dried at 450degreesC for 30 minutes, to form porous semiconductor electrode film having thickness of 7 microns. Thus, a dye sensitized solar cell was obtained. The solar cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 8%, release voltage of 0.75 V, form factor of 0.76 and photoelectric current density of 14 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive sheet comprises titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) or aluminium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is a complex oxide containing oxides of titanium, tin, zinc, zirconium, niobium, cesium, tungsten, copper and iron, vanadium pentaoxide, strontium titanate, sodium titanate, barium titanate, complex oxide (K4Nb6O17) of potassium and niobium, complex oxide (Rb4Nb6O17) of rubidium and niobium, complex oxide (K2Rb2Nb6O17) of potassium, rubidium and niobium, complex oxide (Pb1-xK2xNbO6, where x ranges between 0 and 1) of lead, potassium and niobium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is a complex oxide containing oxides of titanium, tin, zinc, zirconium, niobium, cesium, tungsten, copper and iron, vanadium pentaoxide, strontium titanate, sodium titanate, barium titanate, complex oxide (K4Nb6O17) of potassium and niobium, complex oxide (Rb4Nb6O17) of rubidium and niobium, complex oxide (K2Rb2Nb6O17) of potassium, rubidium and niobium, complex oxide (Pb1-xK2xNbO6, where x ranges between 0 and 1) of lead, potassium and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is a compound which forms a hydrogen-molecule compound by contact with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen-molecule compound is a hydrogen clathrate compound using the organic compound as a host compound. The organic compound is single molecule type host compound, polymolecule type host compound, and/or polymeric type host compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The slit mask is made up of either polyphenylene sulfide, per fluoro alkoxy fluororesin, polybutylene terephthalate, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), vinyl chloride resin or polypropylene material or any metal or alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid mixture processing of the wafer involves treating the wafer with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, and aqueous ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid mixture processing of the wafer involves treating the wafer with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, and aqueous ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The thin film contains polycrystal of organic semiconductor. The thin film is formed using a polymer material chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl methyl ketone, poly(1-propene), poly(1-butene) and/or poly(alpha-methyl styrene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanostructured material comprises single walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or silica nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The device for imparting energy to a chemical element, species or composition further comprises an ion beam gun. It is adapted to impart 2-100 keV to the chemical element, species, or composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanostructured material comprises single walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or silica nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The population of nanostructures comprises nanocrystals comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), CdTe, indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), ZnTe, HgTe, gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), GaSb, InSb, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), AlSb, lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), or PbTe.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The small molecule comprises a semiconductive, organic, nonpolymeric molecule.Preferred Property: The small molecule has a molecular weight of less than 3000 (preferably less than 500).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The population of nanostructures comprises nanocrystals comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), CdTe, indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), ZnTe, HgTe, gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), GaSb, InSb, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), AlSb, lead selenide (PbSe), lead sulfide (PbS), or PbTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: The micro reactor has a removal catalyst element which is flat and has a thickness (T) of 1/10-9/10 of the height of the micro space. The catalyst element is a metal catalyst carried on carbon. The reactor comprises a methanol conversion catalyst and a hydrogen separation membrane and is used for the production of hydrogen. The hydrogen synthesis temperature is 180-380 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The switching element(s) comprises at least one electronic switch; circuit mechanism to control the electronic switch; a semiconductor switching element with at least one switch comprising a metal-oxide semiconductor based field-effect transistor; a mechanism for measuring the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the transistor; and a device for measuring and amplifying the voltage drop across the internal resistance of the switch. The transistor is an N-channel transistor.Preferred Condition: The switching elements are interconnected anti serially, or connected in parallel. At least one switching element is mounted on at least one end plate of the stack in electrically and thermally conductive contact with the end plate. The end plate of the stack may also be connected to an anode of the stack. At least another one of the switching elements is mounted on an end plate of the stack connected to a cathode of the stack. The switching element(s) is in thermally conductive contact with coolant of the cooling circuit upstream of a coolant entry into the stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The insulating layer is produced by hard anodizing an aluminum-containing layer arranged on the base body. The aluminum-containing layer is connected with the base body by plating. The base body contains a metallic alloy, preferably a corrosion-resistant steel or an alloy containing iron, chromium, aluminum, silicon, manganese, titanium and/or lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The passage-forming portion is composed of a flat metal plate. The cells are formed such that the flat metal plate is stamped out and then pressed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Hydrocarbon and water are contained in the fuel gas introduced into the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Air or oxygen is contained in the fuel gas. The catalytic component contains rhodium. It also contains alumina, titania, zirconia, and/or ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alloy comprises Zn0.88A0.12OxTe1-x or Cd1-yMgyOxTe1-x. The composition comprises ZnxMn1-xSe(1-y-z)TeyOz. The alloy includes GaNxAs1-x-yPy or Ga1-yInyNxP1-x.x = 0.01-0.05 (0.02-0.04);y = greater than 0 but less than 1;z = greater than 0 but less than 0.04 (0.02-0.04).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alloy comprises Zn0.88A0.12OxTe1-x or Cd1-yMgyOxTe1-x. The composition comprises ZnxMn1-xSe(1-y-z)TeyOz. The alloy includes GaNxAs1-x-yPy or Ga1-yInyNxP1-x.x = 0.01-0.05 (0.02-0.04);y = greater than 0 but less than 1;z = greater than 0 but less than 0.04 (0.02-0.04). EXAMPLE - A substrate of ZnSe1-yTey, where y = greater than 0 but less than 0.2, was implanted with 1-4% of O. The top layer was melted with a short pulse of a laser light to form semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket arrangement comprises a molded gasket(s) disposed proximate a periphery of each of the manifolds. The gasket arrangement comprises a contact face, and a portion of the contact face bears a raised-ridge microstructured contact pattern. A joint is defined between the flow field plate and the frame, the joint defining a seal and an interlocking arrangement between the flow field plate and the frame. The interlocking arrangement comprises a dovetail joint or a partial dovetail joint formed between the flow field plate and the frame. Registration features are formed in the molded frame and intra-cell or inter-cell registration. The registration features comprise registration recesses and/or registration posts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first polymer comprises a thermosetting polymeric material, and the second polymer comprises a thermoplastic material. The gasket arrangement is formed of the non-conductive material comprising the second polymer. The gasket arrangement is formed of a non-conductive material comprising a third polymer, the third polymer dissimilar from the second polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimension: The depressions each have a ratio of the maximum depth to the maximum diameter of 1, preferably less than or equal to2 microns.Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises an anti-reflection film (104) on the light-receiving surface having the microscopic depressions of the semiconductor substrate.Preferred Method: The light-receiving surface having the microscopic depressions is smoothed by wet etching at an etch rate of less than or equal to2 microns/minute using an etching solution containing a mixture of nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Property: The anti-reflection film has a refractive index of 1.9-2.1 and a thickness of 500-800 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor substrate is a polycrystalline silicon substrate or a single-crystal silicon substrate having crystal orientation (111).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor substrate is a polycrystalline silicon substrate or a single-crystal silicon substrate having crystal orientation (111).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The etching solution contains 140 pbv water and 100 pbv mixed acid of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It also contains a 60% nitric acid aqueous solution, a 49% hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution and water in the ratios of 20:1:9-20:1:21.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal (A) is platinum, palladium and/or rhodium. Noble metal (B) is platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium. The weight of noble metal (A) is 0.25-1 wt.% of the weight of catalyst (I). The solid acid is (gamma)-alumina. The solid base has alumina supported with magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, potassium, cerium and/or rhenium. The carbon monoxide removal portion has catalyst containing ruthenium for promoting methanation of carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide shift portion has catalyst (III) containing alumina support supported with magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, potassium, cerium and/or rhenium, and contains platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium.Preferred Method: Carbon monoxide and water is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by modification and shift reaction.Preferred Condition: The ratio of catalyst (I) becomes higher in the upstream side of flow path, and ratio of catalyst (II) becomes higher in the downstream. The reaction temperature of modification reaction and shift reaction is 300-400 degrees C. The reaction temperature inside carbon monoxide removal portion is less than temperature inside modification portion by 140 degrees C or more. The reaction temperature of shift reaction inside the shift portion is 200-300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel contains dimethyl ether, water and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide layer(s). Preferred Definitions:    R2 = group having 20 or less carbon atoms; and    M = ruthenium.    When one of A1-A3 is alkyl, alkyl is 1-50C linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon.    EXAMPLE - Ethanol (50 ml) and ruthenium trichloride (RuCl3) (in g) (0.26) were reacted under argon atmosphere and stirred for 2 minutes. Dichloromethane solution (50 mL) of 4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2-terpyridine (0.4) was added and reaction mixture was refluxed under argon atmosphere for 2 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated and cooled to room temperature. Compound (Ru(4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2-terpyridine) Cl3) was obtained with yield of 85%. Diethylenetriamine (2 mmol) was added to dimethyl formamide solution (100 mL) of Ru(4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2':6',2-terpyridine) Cl3 (300 mg). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 hours, and diethylenetriamine was (10 mL) added. The solution was refluxed for 24 hours. The ester group of terpyridine ligand was hydrolyzed and the reaction mixture was cooled. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporator and produced solid was dissolved in 0.1M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Ru(4,4',4-tri carboxy-2,2':6',2-terpyridine) was obtained with yield of 75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pH value of the alcohol solution dispersed with carbon powder is adjusted using an acid having a boiling point of 200degreesC or more, preferably sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE - Bis(acetyl acetonato) platinum (II) (in mmol) (1.69) and tris(acetyl acetonato)ruthenium (III) (1.69), were dissolved in ethylene glycol (100 ml). Carbon powder (0.5 g) was dispersed in the ethylene glycol solution (100 ml). Sulfuric acid aqueous solution was dropped into the dispersion, and pH value of the solution was adjusted to 2. The pH adjusted solution was refluxed at 200degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain carbon powder supported with platinum-ruthenium alloy microparticles. The resulting product was removed by filtration, washed and dried, to obtain platinum-ruthenium alloy catalyst. The obtained catalyst had high methanol oxidation activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The passivation film contains silicon nitride as a main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The passivation film contains silicon nitride as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fullerene polymer has a structure formed by bonding fullerene structure through a polymer chain. A group having affinity with respect to organic electron donor is introduced into the fullerene structure of fullerene polymer. A group having affinity with respect to solvent used during the formation of active layer is further introduced into the fullerene structure of fullerene polymer. The organic electron donor consists of a conductive polymer. EXAMPLE - A glass substrate provided with indium tin oxide electrode (positive electrode) was ultrasonically cleaned using acetone and isopropyl alcohol for 15 minutes and dried. Polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfonate mixture was spin coated on the surface of positive electrode and dried to form hole transport layer. Chlorobenzene solution comprising (in wt.pts) poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl octyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (1) and fullerene polymer (4) was spin coated, and active layer of thickness 100 nm was formed. Lithium fluoride film and aluminum film were formed sequentially on the surface of active layer as negative electrode by vacuum deposition, and organic solar cell was produced. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell was measured to be 1.08.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor layers are made of metal compounds of indium (In), gallium (Ga), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As) and aluminium (Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The microparticles consist of at least one type of element chosen from the group consisting of platinum (Pt), gold (Au), rubidium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), indium (In), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), iridium (Ir), cobalt (Co) and carbon (C). The counter electrode consists of platinum or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is plastic film. EXAMPLE - Styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymer (in wt.pts) (30) with number average molecular weight of 23000, isobornyl acrylate (8), n-stearyl acrylate (100), hydroxy cyclohexyl phenyl ketone (100), glass fibers (1) with particle size of 30 micron, gap agent (3) and photoinitiator (1) were stirred to obtain sealing agent composition. The sealing agent composition had excellent adhesivity with respect to substrate. The solar cell manufactured using the obtained composition had favorable electrolyte liquid leak resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nozzle plate is made of a compound selected from a group containing silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nozzle plate is made of a compound selected from a group containing silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, boron nitride and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains catalyst chosen from platinum, platinum-ferrous metal, platinum-nickel alloy, platinum-cobalt alloy, platinum-tin alloy, platinum-ruthenium alloy and platinum-gold alloy. The catalyst is supported by electroconductive substance such as carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains catalyst chosen from platinum, platinum-ferrous metal, platinum-nickel alloy, platinum-cobalt alloy, platinum-tin alloy, platinum-ruthenium alloy and platinum-gold alloy. The catalyst is supported by electroconductive substance such as carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The bus bar electrode is joined to the inner lead with a solder (6) at its center portion in the transverse direction. The width of the inner lead is smaller than the width of the bus bar electrode. The solar cell has finger electrodes with ends connected to the bus bar electrode formed on its light receiving surface and/or non-light receiving surface. The finger electrode is brought into direct contact with the filler over its whole length. The finger electrode end connected to the bus bar electrode is coated with a solder resist.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: A solder for joining the bus bar electrode and the inner lead contains bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn). The summation of the product of the contraction coefficient percentage at the time of solidification of each element composing the solder, Vi, and the percentage by weight of each element composing the solder, Wi, ~S(ViWi) is less than 2.8%, where i denotes the number of elements comprising the solder. The bus bar electrode is mainly composed of silver (Ag). Preferred Composition: The solder contains 3-85 wt.% Bi. It may contain Bi (20-60 wt.%), Ag (0.5-5 wt.%) and Sn (balance). Alternatively, the solder contains Ag (1.0-5.0 wt.%), copper (Cu) (0.4-7.0 wt.%) and Sn (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The thermal conductivities of the supply pipe and the discharge pipe are at most 120 W/m-K. An absolute value of a difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the member and the fuel reformer is not more than 20 x 10 to the power of -6 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The method further comprises providing a first gas permeable membrane disposed between the first reaction compartment and the fuel cell anode, the first gas permeable membrane adapted to pass hydrogen gas to the fuel cell anode. The method further comprises providing a second gas permeable membrane disposed between the second reaction compartment and the fuel cell cathode, the second gas permeable membrane adapted to pass oxygen gas to the fuel cell cathode. The method further comprises recycling alkali generated in the second reaction compartment to the first reaction compartment; and recycling water produced by the fuel cell to the first reaction compartment. The method further comprises an array of first reaction compartments fluidly coupled to the fuel cell anode by a first manifold mechanism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The ion exchange membrane consists of resin formed with alkylene or methylene of alkylene oxy methylene groups with specific number of carbon atoms, and bonded with benzene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon alkoxide having methacryloxy propyl group, is at least 1 type of alkoxide chosen from methacroyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane and methacryloxy propyl triethoxy silane. The alkoxide is trifunctional silicon alkoxide and/or tetrafunctional silicon alkoxide chosen from tetra ethoxysilane and/or tetra methoxysilane. The phosphoric acid compound is phosphoric acid tri ester chosen from trimethyl phosphate and/or triethyl phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: The raw material mixture further contains 12-tungstophosphoric acid, ammonium perchlorate, ammonium peroxodisulfate and/or ammonium nitrate.Preferred Material: The inorganic-organic composite material contains 10-50 wt.% of organic phase, with respect to inorganic matrix phase. EXAMPLE - Tetra ethoxy silane, methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxy silane, trimethyl phosphate, ethanol, water, nitric acid and polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 600 were mixed at a molar ratio of 0.636:0.182:0.182:10:4:0.01:0.091. Stirring was performed followed by refluxing, to obtain a transparent and homogeneous sol. The obtained sol was gelatinized at 40degreesC and baked at 100degreesC for 6 hours, to obtain a homogeneous film. The obtained film had excellent proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The lithium complex oxide is lithium silicate, lithium zirconate and/or lithium ferrite.
EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridyl (in mg) (9) and ruthenium chloride hydrate (10) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml). The mixture obtained was heat-stirred at 85degreesC in argon atmosphere for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled and bipyridyl compound of formula (26) (13) was added and heat-stirred at 85degreesC for 4 hours. Subsequently, the solution containing ammonium thiocyanate (28) in ethanol (1 ml) was added to above liquid, heated at 85degreesC in argon atmosphere for 6 hours. The product obtained was cooled, ethanol was distilled off, and residue was washed with ion exchange water and ethyl acetate to obtain metal-complex pigment of formula (27). The photoelectrode and dye-sensitized solar cell using the metal-complex pigment had excellent energy-conversion efficiency.    R3, R4 = fluorine; and    e, f = 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials : The sand is poured in to height of e.g. 5 cm and the mixed-in electrically-conductive and - insulating materials and stone are of a range of sizes, the conducting material being gold and the insulating material 'Baladoch resin', while the stone is an onyx such as cornelian. The water is pure spring water rising to 2 cm below the surface of the aggregated sand and the housing and pipe bend are of glass, the U-shaped pipe having a 3 cm water column in each arm. The plates are electrically chargeable, especially being of platinum, copper or iron.Preferred Process : The container is round and after aggregation the sand reaches a height of e.g. 10-15 cm. The vacuum is drawn when all the contents of the container are at 4degreesC. The motion of the water is circular around the sand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalytic material comprises a metal oxide, which comprises tin oxide (SnO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), tantalum pentoxide (Ta205), tungsten oxide (WO3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3), or strontium titanate (SrTiO3). It is located on the surface of cathode and/or anode, and between cathode or anode and membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalytic material comprises a metal oxide, which comprises tin oxide (SnO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), tantalum pentoxide (Ta205), tungsten oxide (WO3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), barium titanate (BaTiO3), or strontium titanate (SrTiO3). It is located on the surface of cathode and/or anode, and between cathode or anode and membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cathode and anode comprise indium tin oxide and a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte liquid contains heterocyclic compound (5-80 volume%). The heterocyclic compound has 2-3 hetero atoms in the ring. The heterocyclic compound is a five membered ring having two oxygen atoms, six membered ring having two oxygen atoms and/or a six membered ring having 3 oxygen atoms, preferably dioxolane, dioxane, dioxole, dioxene, dioxin, trioxane and/or the substitution product substituted at lower alkyl groups. EXAMPLE - Ti-Nanoxide D (paste of titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 13 nm) was applied to a glass plate (transparent substrate) having tin oxide film. The applied paste was pre-dried at 300degreesC for 30 minutes, and baked at 500degreesC for 40 minutes to obtain a titanium oxide film (porous semiconductor layer) with thickness of 20 mum. Solution obtained by dissolving Ruthenium535-bisTBA in ethanol with a concentration of 4x10-4 mol/l, was applied on the titanium oxide film, and maintained for 30 minutes. The sensitizing dye was adsorbed to the titanium oxide film. Dimethyl propyl imidazole iodide (in mol/l) (0.6), lithium iodide (0.1), iodine (0.05) and t-butyl pyridine (0.5) were mixed in acetonitrile (0.5) to obtain an electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was used for forming a carrier transport layer. The obtained carrier transport layer and the porous semiconductor layer adsorbed with sensitizing dye, were used for forming a solar cell. The obtained solar cell had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic compound is 5-membered or 6-membered ring compound having 1-3 sulfur atoms, preferably 5-membered ring compound having a sulfur atom. The heterocyclic compound is more preferably a compound chosen from the group consisting of thiophene, tetrahydrothiophene and the substitution product in lower alkyl groups. The content of the heterocyclic compound in the electrolytic liquid is 5-80 vol.%. EXAMPLE - Ti-Nanoxide D (paste of titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 13 nm) was applied to a glass plate (transparent substrate) having tin oxide film. The applied paste was pre-dried at 300degreesC for 30 minutes, and baked at 500degreesC for 40 minutes to obtain a titanium oxide film (porous semiconductor layer) with thickness of 20 mum. Solution obtained by dissolving Ruthenium535-bisTBA (dye) with a concentration of 4x10-4 mol/l in ethanol was applied on the titanium oxide film, and maintained for 30 minutes. The sensitizing dye was adsorbed to the titanium oxide film. Dimethyl propyl imidazole iodide (in mol/l) (0.6), lithium iodide (0.1), iodine (0.05), t-butyl pyridine (0.5), thiophene (20 wt.%) and acetonitrile (0.5) were mixed to obtain an electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was used for forming a carrier transport layer. The obtained carrier transport layer and the porous semiconductor layer adsorbed with sensitizing dye were used for forming a solar cell. The obtained solar cell had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic compound is a compound chosen from 5-membered ring having 1 oxygen atom in ring system or 6-membered ring having 1 oxygen atom, preferably furan, tetrahydrofuran, pyran, tetrahydropyran or substitution product of lower alkyl groups. EXAMPLE - Ti-Nanoxide D (paste of titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 13 nm) was applied to a glass plate (transparent substrate) having tin oxide film. The applied paste was pre-dried at 300degreesC for 30 minutes, and baked at 500degreesC for 40 minutes to obtain a titanium oxide film (porous semiconductor layer) with thickness of 20 mum. Solution obtained by dissolving Ruthenium535-bisTBA (dye) with a concentration of 4x10-4 mol/l in ethanol was applied on the titanium oxide film, and maintained for 30 minutes. The sensitizing dye was adsorbed to the titanium oxide film. Dimethyl propyl imidazole iodide (in mol/l) (0.6), lithium iodide (0.1), iodine (0.05), t-butyl pyridine (0.5), acetonitrile (0.5) and tetrahydropyran were mixed to obtain an electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was used for forming a carrier transport layer. The obtained carrier transport layer and the porous semiconductor layer adsorbed with sensitizing dye were used for forming a solar cell. The obtained solar cell had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The filament-like crystal has diameter of 2-80 nm, length of 100 nm or more and specific surface area of 300-450 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The filament-like crystals contain composition of formula: (K,H)LTiMON, preferably (K,H)2Ti2O5. Preferred Process: The hydrothermal process (alkali treatment) is performed at 70-150degreesC using potassium hydroxide (10-25 mol/kg). EXAMPLE - Anatase type titania powder (in g) (0.21) with particle size of 30 nm was added to aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (11.2) and stirred. The stirred mixture was heated at 110degreesC for 20 hours and titania powder was hydrothermally processed. The processed powder was washed with ion exchange water and neutralized using dilute hydrochloric acid. The neutralized powder was dried to obtain filament-like nano titanium oxide with specific surface area of 396.31 m2/g. The titanium oxide was obtained with favorable reproducibility and without defects such as cavity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic compound is aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) or zirconium oxy chloride (ZrOCl2). The metal oxide is alumina or zirconia.Preferred Atmosphere: The concentration of hydrohalide in the atmosphere is 5-95 volume%. EXAMPLE - Aluminum chloride hexahydrate was dissolved in water and the obtained raw material solution was atomized. The obtained microdroplet was maintained at 1200 degrees C and hydrogen chloride gas was introduced. High crystalline alumina microparticles of polyhedron shape having primary particle size of 50-70 nm were obtained. The obtained alumina microparticles had density of 97% of theoretical density (3.987 g/cm3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating is a insulating fluoro-resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Substrate: The peripheral region on substrate is an area having width of 0.5 mm from the circumference of substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is silicon wafer, preferably p-type polycrystal silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is silicon wafer, preferably p-type polycrystal silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The impurity-diffusion material is polyethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol and phosphorus oxide. The impurity-diffusion material further contains tetra-isopropyl titanate. Preferred Property: The viscosity of impurity-diffusion material is 30-340 Pa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The gel-form electrolyte contains a solvent chosen from cyclic ester, cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate and/or nitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of host polymer in gel-form electrolyte is 2-30 mass%. Preferred Definitions:    R4=group of formula (2 or 3);and    R5=1-6C alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - A polymer of formula (1) having average degree of polymerization of 1000 was dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone. Lithium iodide and iodine were dissolved in the obtained polymer solution, and tricresyl borate (1 mass%) was added to obtain electrolyte precursor. The precursor was heat-hardened at 70degreesC for 2 hours, and cross-linked to produce electrolyte film. The film was inserted with platinum electrode, and a dye-sensitized solar cell was produced. The electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 8x10-4 S/cm. The obtained solar cell had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 5% and favorable battery characteristics.    R1-R3=methyl group;    R4=oxetane-containing group;and    n/m=0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer of thin-film solar cell comprises a composition of formula CuInxGa1-x(SeyS1-y)2, where x and y lies between 0 and 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer of thin-film solar cell comprises a composition of formula CuInxGa1-x(SeyS1-y)2, where x and y lies between 0 and 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The impurity removing section has adsorption agent or absorber of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The fuel cell diffusion layer comprises carbon. The fuel cell diffusion layer is in the form of a sheet. The fuel cell diffusion layer further comprises a catalyst (preferably platinum) (1 - 50 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Article: The article comprises a proton conducting material. The proton conducting material comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid. The article has an initial contact angle with water of less than 125degreesC (preferably at least 15% less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, more preferably at least about 30 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, especially at least about 40 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, particularly at least about 20degreesC less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer).Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell; direct-feed liquid fuel cell or direct alcohol fuel cell. The sulfonic acid precursor moiety is formed from chlorosulfonic acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfonating agent diluted in an organic solvent, sulfonating agent diluted in acetic acid and sulfonating agent, which is neat. In (M1), the carbon particles are in the form of a sheet. The sheet is a fuel cell diffusion layer. The diffusion layer also includes a microporous layer.Preferred System: The fuel cell system is a direct methanol fuel cell system; or direct propanol fuel cell system. Preferred Definitions:    R = bond, alkyl substituted with halogen, aryl substituted with halogen, or an alkyl moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An intermediate layer made of a transparent hard non-conductive material or hardcoating is inserted between the support and the conductive film. The majority of the nano fissures pass through the entire conductive film. The electrodes and the non-conductive spaces are further coated with a protective film also able to have anti-reflective properties. The protective film does not cover the contact zones of the electrodes. The source is formed by an excimer laser comprising xenon fluoride long pulse lasers or krypton fluoride short pulse.Preferred Dimension: The conductive film is 50-100 nm, preferably 65-75 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent conductive film is a transparent conductive oxide (5) comprising tin and indium oxide, indium oxide, or tin oxide doped with antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent conductive film is a transparent conductive oxide (5) comprising tin and indium oxide, indium oxide, or tin oxide doped with antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent conductive film is a doped conductive polymer with conjugated double bonds comprising polyacetylene or polyanilines. The intermediate layer is formed of a resin incorporating silica and having a thickness of greater than or equal to 20 microns. The support is made of polymethylene methacrylate (PMMA) or polycarbonate (PC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The edge face sealing member is roughly c-shaped in cross-section. It comprises one or more upper sealing regions abutting one or more front surfaces of at least one of the solar cell module bodies; one or more lower sealing regions abutting one or more back surfaces of at least one of the solar cell module bodies; and one or more side sealing regions (13) abutting one or more edge faces (45a) of at least one of the solar cell module bodies. It is of two-layer construction comprising one or more outer layers being hard, and at least one hardness of inner layer(s) (111, 121, 131) being less than that of the outer layers. The inner layer is shorter than the outer layer member. Surface(s) of the outer layer members in the upper sealing region (11) and surface(s) of the outer layers in the lower sealing region (12) face each other. Projection(s) is formed on the mutually facing surfaces. The inner layer is formed to the interior of the projection at the outer layers. The solar cell module body (4) is of integrally laminated superstrate construction such that laminated sequentially over one or more light-receiving glass bodies (41) constituting one or more front surfaces there are one or more light-receiving-surface sealing resin layers (42a) comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, one or more solar cells (43), one or more back-surface sealing resin layers (42b) comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, and one or more weather-resistant back-surface sealing films (44). The light-receiving glass bodies are non-flat and/or non-smooth on their light-receiving sides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Elastomer resin(s) and/or silicone resin(s) are used as material(s) making up the edge face-sealing member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system includes a scrubber for removing carbon dioxide from a source of oxygen for oxygen reduction reaction occurring within the cells of power source, a demister for removing liquid droplets from air expelled from the cell cavities of power source, and a voltage booster for boosting the voltage output of fuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The carbon nanotube dispersion liquid consists of organic solvent, acidic-functional group containing resin and carbon nanotube composition. EXAMPLE - Benzimidazolone derivative (in g) (0.1) of formula (7), ion exchange water (28.9), and carbon nanotube (1) having diameter of 10 nm and length of 10 microns were mixed. Acetic acid having pH of 5 was added to the resulting solution, and dispersed. Water in the resulting solution was evaporated by heating, to obtain carbon nanotube composition. Carbon nanotube composition (1), BYK111 (1) and methyl ethyl ketone (28) were mixed, and dispersed to obtain carbon nanotube dispersion liquid. The obtained carbon nanotube dispersion liquid was diluted by methyl ethyl ketone. The carbon nanotube dispersion liquid had favorable dispersed particle size, dispersibility and storage stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface electrode comprises metal such as silver, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal-containing conductive layer is formed using platinum, gold or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon-containing conductive layer (3) consists of fullerene, fullerene derivative, and/or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas barrier layer has transparent inorganic oxide film, transparent inorganic oxide-nitride film, transparent inorganic nitride film or transparent inorganic substance film. The transparent inorganic substance film contains silicon atom, aluminum atom, magnesium atom, titanium atom, tin atom, indium atom and/or cerium atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas barrier layer has transparent inorganic oxide film, transparent inorganic oxide-nitride film, transparent inorganic nitride film or transparent inorganic substance film. The transparent inorganic substance film contains silicon atom, aluminum atom, magnesium atom, titanium atom, tin atom, indium atom and/or cerium atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The through hole conductors contain noble metal, copper, tungsten, nickel and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer used in the film has silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The buffer layer used in the film has silicon oxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material is high polymer film (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin has polysulfide-type structure of formula (1).R1,R2=organic acid having bisphenol structure;andn=polymerization degree.Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin further contains an alicyclic epoxy resin. The content of epoxy resin having polysulfide-type structure is 3-30 wt.% with respect to total epoxy resin. Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet has epoxy resin layer of monolayer containing the epoxy resin. The resin sheet is a laminate of epoxy resin layer. The laminate contains a hard-coat layer and a gas-barrier layer. Preferred Properties: The resin sheet has glass transition temperature (Tg) of 170degreesC or more, light transmittance of 88% or more and fracture strength of more than 60N. EXAMPLE - Polysulfide-type epoxy resin (in wt.pts) (26.6) (with epoxy equivalent of 320, viscosity of 25 Pa.second at 25degreesC), 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (26.6), methyl hexahydro phthalic anhydride (45.8) and tetra-n-butyl phosphonium-o,o-diethyl phosphoro dithioate (1), were mixed, and an epoxy resin liquid was obtained. Subsequently, a resin sheet with epoxy resin layer formed using the epoxy resin liquid, and a hard-coat layer was produced. The resin sheet had glass transition temperature (Tg) of 120degreesC, light transmittance of 88% and fracture strength of 200N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide nanotube is an oxide of titanium, zirconium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium. The noble metal microparticles are platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium. The base metal microparticles are nickel, chromium and/or vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide nanotube is an oxide of titanium, zirconium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium. The noble metal microparticles are platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium. The base metal microparticles are nickel, chromium and/or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support material comprises ceria or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The outer walls of the pressure vessel are coolable. There are 2-36 reaction tubes. The device includes an outlet lock with a double-flap system. It includes a filter system having filter candles made from sintered metal, ceramic, fibers or plastic. The reaction tubes and the gas outlet unit are connected to the pressure vessel by water-cooled steel flanges.Preferred Properties: The reaction tube has a length of 60-700 cm. It has a diameter of 30-400 mm. It can be heated over 30-70% of its length.Preferred Materials: The reaction tube is consisting of metal, silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide, or quartz glass.Preferred Methods: The inlet-side part of the reaction tubes is heated to a temperature which is above the decomposition temperature of the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The cooling zones are separately fed with coolant, and preferably comprise successive axial hollow cylinders enclosing the methanization stage. Each cooling zone has at least one coolant inlet (10) and outlet (11). The coolant passes through each zone in cocurrent or countercurrent to the methanization stage. The zone can be fed with different coolant (preferably at different temperature). Alternatively the successive cooling zones in the axial direction are hydraulically linked but have different through-flow cross-sections, preferably varying continuously or in stages in the axial direction. All three stages are preferably in hollow cylinder form, preferably with an axial cavity passing successively through all three zones in the direction of flow. The cooling zones are provided inside and/or outside the methanation stage cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The compliant structure is reinforced with stiffener(s). It is directly bonded with the first electrode interconnect and the separator plate. It is a passage for the oxidant or fuel, and is configured to supply fuel or oxidant to the first electrode.Preferred Properties: The compliant structure has an effective modulus of 0.00001-50x109 N/m2, preferably 0.00001-0.2x109 N/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The compliant structure is made of a metal, which is electrically conductive. It consists of sigma shaped structure and/or diamond shaped structure. It is made of metallic mesh, woven wire, and/or felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy further comprises 0-16 atomic% nickel, manganese, molybdenum, aluminum, iron, silicon, magnesium, ruthenium, and/or cobalt as modifier elements. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage alloy is formed via arc melting, cold wall induction melting or levitation melting. It is annealed at 1350-1450degreesC and quenched in liquid argon, liquid nitrogen or water. The oxides on the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy are removed via etching or mechanical grinding. Preferred Property: The lattice constant of the hydrogen storage alloy is 3.015-3.045 (preferably 3.028-3.045) Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The cell includes a semiconductor layer formed on the transparent electrode layer and the current collector wiring.Preferred Property: A porosity of the semiconductor layer is greater than or equal to70 but less than or equal to80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A section of the groove is V-form, U-form, stair form, or trapezoid form. The groove has a wall surface and a bottom surface, in which part of the wall surface is parallel to or inclined to the surface of the substrate.Preferred Parameter: An angle formed by the surface of the transparent substrate and the wall surface of the groove is greater than or equal to90 but less than 180degrees. The groove has a maximum depth of less than or equal to50% of a thickness of the substrate, and a width of greater than or equal to30 but less than or equal to2000 microns. An interval of the grooves is greater than or equal to3-less than or equal to25 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal of the current collector wiring is gold, silver, copper, and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal of the current collector wiring is gold, silver, copper, and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A current collection material layer formed between the oxide layer and conductive layer, contains metal paste, carbon paste, graphite paste, polya- niline, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, (beta)-manganese dioxide, tetrathiafulvalene, tetracyano quinodimethanes or their mixtures. The insulating oxide layer is formed with thermoplastic resin selected from polyolefin, ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic- acid copolymer, styrene-group block-copolymer, polyamide, polya- cryl, polyurethane and/or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The gas detection electrode is formed from carbon microparticles which carry metal catalyst, and anion exchange resin. The metal catalyst is unstable with respect to acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: 9-substituted acridinium salt is of formula (I).R1 = H atom or 1-10C alkyl;R2 = 6-20C aromatic hydrocarbon group;andX- = PF6- or ClO4-. EXAMPLE - Brominated mesitylene (in g) (2) and magnesium (250 mg) were dissolved in dehydrated tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) and stirred to obtain a reagent. Dehydrated dichloromethane solution (50 ml) of 10-methyl acridone (1) was added to the obtained reagent, and stirred for 12 hours. The resulting solution was hydrolyzed with water, mixed with perchloric acid aqueous solution, and extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained extract was re-crystallized in methanol/dimethyl ether to obtain 9-mesityl-10-methyl acridinium perchlorate. The obtained 9-mesityl-10-methyl acridinium perchlorate had high energy and durable electron transfer rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell incorporates a burner (7) using the same fuel as the heat engine for heating a reformer (5) producing the hydrogen necessary for operating the fuel cell and the catalyser is heated by a part of the thermal power generated by the burner (claimed). The catalyser may also be heated by electric resistance fed from the fuel cell (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The MOF material comprises zinc, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iron, manganese or silver. The gas is hydrogen, a hydrogen-containing gas, a hydrogen-producing or -releasing compound, methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, acetylene, neon, argon, krypton, xenon or carbon dioxide. The gas is adsorbed at 0-100degreesC and 1-300 bar (absolute) and is released by lowering the pressure or increasing the temperature. The MOF material is contained in a gastight container. The container is connected to a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - Methane was adsorbed at 25degreesC on an copper metal-organic framework (MOF) material produced as described in DE10355087. The equilibrium loading was 0.161% at 0.29 bar and 3.721% at 19.73 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell catalyst layer comprises a catalyst that is supported by the carbon-containing particles. The catalyst comprises platinum. Preferred Composition: The fuel cell catalyst layer comprises 1-50 weight % catalyst, 5-45 weight % proton conducting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-containing particles are in the form of a sheet. The moiety comprises aromatic moieties, halogens, and/or hydrocarbon moieties. It comprises (CH2)x(CF2)yAr(alphaH,betaX)z. The beta-halogen atoms are fluorine atoms.x-z=0-10;andAr(alphaH,betaX)=aromatic ring with alpha hydrogen atoms and beta halogen atoms, preferably C6F5, C6F4H, C6F3H2, C6F2H3, or C6FH4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell catalyst layer comprises a catalyst that is supported by the carbon-containing particles. The catalyst comprises platinum. Preferred Composition: The fuel cell catalyst layer comprises 1-50 weight % catalyst, 5-45 weight % proton conducting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel cell catalyst also comprises a proton conducting material comprising a perfluorinated ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The inner liner is made from fluorinated low density polyethylene. The outer casing is made from low- or high density polyethylene, acetal polyoxymethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, nylon, and/or metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The first uneven portion (11a) has an outer periphery located outside an outer periphery of the lamination member. It has projections and dents. The projections have a height equal to that of the discharge port (12h). The cover member (14) is formed of a material to push the lamination member against the base plate (11) during lamination. The base plate comprises a second uneven portion on a surface opposite to the surface contacting the lamination member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer includes compound of structure (II), repeating unit of compounds containing (III) and (IV). The polymer comprises compound of structure (V) or (VI).Ar = tetravalent aromatic or aliphatic organic group;R = substituent containing structure (I);R1-R14 = H, (non)-substituted 1-6C alkyl group, or halogen atom;X = single bond, -O-, -S- 1-6C alkylene group, -((CF3-(C-CF3))-, or -((CH3-(C-CH3))-;n = 3-1000 preferably 10-100;m = 5-1000;m/n = 0.001-5Preferred Methods: The method can comprise reacting polymer with hydroxy group with monomer containing compound of structure VII for introducing a hyper branch to side chain of polymer, and substituting hydrogen atoms of hyper branch with sulfonic acid group; or cross linking polymer with substituent having terminal sulfonic acid group of structure (I) at side chain.n' = 1-5
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Extruder: The melting extruder is a screw conveyor having a heater (12) twisted around the periphery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The chemical recycle apparatus preferably has two sets or five sets of catalyst decomposition tanks. The catalyst decomposition and regeneration are alternately performed in the two sets of the decomposition tanks, or successively performed in the five sets of the decomposition tanks. The catalyst regeneration is performed by heating at 500-550 degreesC in presence of air having oxygen concentration of 5% or less, and by further heating at 525+/-25degrees C in the presence of the air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon-containing gas is natural gas, petroleum or naphtha. The concentration of catalyst poisoning component in the hydrocarbon gas is reduced by carrying out conditioning of the gas obtained by heat processing coal or its dry distillation product.Preferred Process: The aromatic compound is supplied by spraying or intermittently.Preferred Condition: The temperature of the heated catalyst is 150-300degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic compound is methanol or dimethyl ether.    EXAMPLE - Hydrogen adjustment process of coke oven gas containing hydrogen (57), methane (26), ethylene (4), carbon monoxide (7), carbon dioxide (2) and nitrogen (4) was performed and methanol was obtained with yield of 93 mol%. Pure water was circulated into nickel catalyst (20 g). The temperature was raised to 250degreesC and reduction processing was performed for 60 minutes. The coke oven gas and benzene were reacted in presence of the catalyst. Liquid benzene was sprayed on the catalyst upper surface and repeated drying of the catalyst surface was observed. Cyclohexane and unreacted benzene were cooled and condensed. The liquid obtained contained 30 mol% of cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photosensitive layer contains semiconductor microparticles sensitized with a pigment. EXAMPLE - 1-iodo-2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethane was prepared using pyridine (in g) (17.4), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (16.42), dichloromethane (100 ml), p-toluene sulfonyl chloride (20.97), diluted hydrochloric aqueous solution, saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution, magnesium sulfate, acetone (100 ml) and sodium iodide (22.5). 1-iodo-2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy) ethane (2.74) and 1-methyl pyrrolidine (0.85) were dissolved in acetonitrile (50 ml), and heat refluxed for 8 hours. The reaction liquid was dripped into excess quantity of diethyl ether, and liquid containing the precipitate was separated. Solvent was removed by vacuum drying of the liquid at 100degreesC for 3 days, to obtain pyrrolidinium salt of formula (4). A dye sensitizing photovoltaic cell was obtained using the pyrrolidinium salt, and had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.29%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent consists of activated carbon, zeolite, alumina or molecular sieve.Preferred Refiner: The gas is a digestion gas. The outlet pipe is connected to power generation equipment such as a gas engine, micro gas turbine, or fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic photoconductive medium is pi-conjugated polymer, sigma-conjugated polymer, organic dye molecule, fullerene, carbon nanotube and/or liquid crystal. The transparent substrate material is quartz, glass, plastic or polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The protective film is made of material comprising zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The protective film is made of material comprising zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reaction medium is (m)ethanol and/or di(m)ethylformamide, and (I) is an aromatic di-, tri- and/or tetra-carboxylic acid. The preferred conductivity salt contains a quaternary ammonium cation and an alkoxysulfate anion. EXAMPLE - A glass cylinder, fitted with two zinc electrodes 1 cm apart, was filled with a mixture of 45 g dimethylformamide; 4 g terephthalic acid; 5 g dimethylmaleate; and 1 g methyltributylammonium methosulfate. Electrolysis was performed, under nitrogen, at 53-57 degrees C at constant 0.2 A, with voltage increasing gradually from 15.8 to 19.2 V, with a final increase to 30 V at the end of electrolysis. The resulting white suspension was allowed to settle; the precipitate filtered off (under nitrogen), washed twice with chloroform (50 ml), then activated at 5 x 10 -5 mbar. The yield of zinc-organometallic framework compound was 40.8 g; it had surface area 350 m 2/g.
EXAMPLE - A reactor (13) is charged with calcium hydroxide, which is heated to 860degreesC by passing steam from a hydrogen burner (27) through a heat exchange tube (20). The steam is then used as an electrolyte in a high-temperature electrolyzer (21). Oxygen and hydrogen from the electrolyzer are passed to an oxygen accumulator (23) and hydrogen accumulator (24) respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen from the accumulators are passed in metered amounts to the hydrogen burner. Water is injected into the preheated calcium hydroxide through jets (11) to form a calcium hydroxide solution. Direct current is passed through the solution to form calcium cations and hydroxide anions. The calcium cations migrate to a cathode (35) in the form of the wall of the reactor. The hydroxide anions migrate to an anode (16) in the form of a solid electrolyte on a perforated tube. The hydroxide ions are dissociated into oxygen atoms, which enter the perforated tube, and hydrogen atoms, which react with calcium atoms formed at the cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Supply: The chemical supply comprises chemical hydride, metal hydride (preferably sodium-borohydride (NaBH4) solution or mixture of NaBH4 solution and alkali metal salt(s). The gas permeable member comprises metal (e.g. palladium), palladium alloy, ceramic or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises metal (preferably ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, rhenium, or nickel), metal boride or polymer. The piston is a ceramic or is made of thermally-conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molybdenum dioxide powder has purity of more than 99.95%, molybdenum dioxide phase of more than 99%, and stoichiometric molybdenum dioxide powder of more than 99%. Preferred Condition: The molybdenum component is heated for 15 minutes to 4 hours. The reducing atmosphere comprises hydrogen. Preferred Process: Ammonium dimolybdate (6.8 kg) is placed in a flat-bottomed boat, and the boat is heated in a stationary tube furnace for 2-3 hours at 500-700degreesC to obtain molybdenum dioxide powder. Preferred Material: The N-type semiconductor material of the optical display device comprises gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, gallium-aluminum arsenide, aluminum-gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, gallium-indium nitride, aluminum-gallium-indium nitride, aluminum-gallium arsenide, aluminum-gallium indium phosphide, lead-tin-tellurium, and/or lead-tin-selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Furnace: The furnace is stationary tube furnace, rotary tube furnace and/or calciner.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Substrate: The optical display device has plastic substrate, glass substrate and/or ceramic substrate. The plastic substrate comprises polynorbornene, polyimide, polyarylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, and/or polyethylene terephthalate. The ceramic substrate comprises sapphire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline earth compound is magnesium oxide. The nickel compound is nickel carbonate, nickel hydroxy carbonate, or nickel oxide.Preferred Composition: The catalyst adsorbent comprises nickel or nickel compound (30-90 wt.%), silica carrier (5-25 wt.%), alumina promoter (1-10 wt.%), and alkaline earth compound promoter (0.01-15 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The rutile TiO2 has a surface area greater than 10-greater than 30 m2/g.Preferred Composition: The lanthanum is present in the form of La2O3 and comprises 0.1-20 wt.% of the catalyst. The platinum plus rhenium comprises 20 wt.% of the catalyst. The platinum is present at a higher concentration than rhenium. The platinum to rhenium ratio is 1 Pt:0.9 Re-5 Pt:1 Re. It is 3:1. The additive is present at up to 20 wt.% in the catalyst.Preferred Components: The catalyst further comprises an additive consisting of cerium, molybdenum, zirconium, and/or tungsten. EXAMPLE - Rutile titanium oxide (TiO2) powder was densified by mixing with water and drying mixture over steam bath and calcining at 500degreesC for 4 hours. The loss-on-ignition (LOI) of rutile TiO2 powder was checked and water-pickup was measured. Based on LOI of powder, a 100-g catalyst sample was prepared by mixing rutile TiO2 (86.84 g) with lanthanum oxide (La2O3) solution (50 g) and adding water (10.79 g) to TiO2 powder dropwise while mixing until a paste is formed. The paste was stirred and dried over steam bath. The dried paste was calcined at 500degreesC for 2 hours. Platinum solution (30 g) plus water (30.79 g) was added drop wise to dried paste with stirring and resulting solution was dried and calcined at 440degreesC for 2 hours. Rhenium (Re) solution (5 g) mixed with water (55.79 g) was added drop wise to platinum-containing material with stirring. The rhenium containing solution was dried and calcined at 440degreesC for 2 hours. The catalyst comprised rutile TiO2 (86 wt.%), La2O3 (3 wt.%), and Re (1 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell system comprises a double-walled pipe including a tubular inner pipe and a tubular outer pipe enclosing the inner pipe, where one of the inner and outer pipe forms the gas supply pipe, and the other of the inner and the outer pipe forms the gas recovery pipe; and a first pressure sensor provided in the gas recovery sub-pipe (33), and configured to measure a gas pressure of the off gas in the gas recovery sub-pipe.The inner pipe forms the gas recovery pipe, and the outer pipe forms the gas supply pipe. The hydrogen gas station includes a first combustor configured to supply heat required for the reforming reaction, and the first combustor is configured to combust the off gas to generate the heat. The gas recovery pipe comprises gas recovery sub-pipes respectively connected to the fuel cells, and a gas recovery main pipe into which the gas recovery sub-pipes are collected, the gas recovery main pipe being connected to the hydrogen gas station.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The deposited material is ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The preparation material is selected from stainless steel, ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The deposited catalytic material is a metal, a conductive polymer or a biological material. The method further involves preparing the surface of the silicon wafer for film deposition by applying at least one preparation material on the wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deposited material is Nafion(RTM; conductive polymer).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The biological material is lipid, protein, enzyme, antibody, DNA, RNA, amino acid or carbohydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is selected from zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, bismuth oxide, lead oxide and cadmium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Nickel oxide (NiO), chromium oxide (Cr2O3) or ruthenium oxide (RuO2) is supported as a co-catalyst on the light water-splitting catalyst. The light water-splitting catalyst comprises ZnO-GaN solid-solution compound obtained by supplying ammonia (NH3) with respect to mixed powder of zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium oxide (Ga2O3) at molar ratio of 0.5-2:1, at flow rate of 50-1000 mL/minute, and baking the obtained product at 750-950 degreesC for 1-20 hours. EXAMPLE - Ammonia was supplied with respect to mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium nitride (GaN) at a molar ratio of 2:1, at air flow of 2.5x10E5 mm3, nitrided, and baked at 950 degreesC for 10 hours, to obtain solid solution of oxy nitride complex of formula: Zn0.05Ga0.95O0.05N0.95. A portion of zinc component was volatilized during baking, to obtain compound having zinc ratio less than the starting material. The solid solution had favorable photocatalytic activity, and efficiently decomposed water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The thin film is formed by dry-type forming method, preferably by dual cathode sputtering which involves alternately applying a voltage to 2 cathodes, or by wet forming method. A base layer formed from material having microwave absorption efficiency greater than that of the thin film, is formed between the thin film and base material. The irradiation is carried out with microwave of 300 MHz-300 GHz, preferably 2.45 GHz or 28 GHz.Preferred Layer: The base layer is silicon carbide thin film or an electroconductive thin film containing indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, indium titanium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, and/or gallium-doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material is a high polymer film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The holding unit continuously or intermittently moves the base material. The microwave irradiation unit is arranged such that the microwave is irradiated towards the thin film. The processing apparatus has temperature control unit for cooling or heating the base material and is arranged at the other surface side of the base material in microwave irradiation region. The temperature control unit is a temperature control roller which is in contact with the base material. EXAMPLE - An indium tin oxide thin film of 50 nm thickness was formed on polyethylene terephthalate film of 188 microns thickness. Subsequently, titanium dioxide thin film of 300 nm thickness was formed on the indium tin oxide film. The film was heated by irradiating with 28 GHz microwave for 2 minutes, to form crystalline titanium dioxide thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The agent used for forming colloid of metal particles, is chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene imine and tetramethyl ammonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen supply material is hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound containing 1-methyl decalin and/or decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor layer of upper photoelectric conveting layer consists of titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, indium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, tin oxide doped indium oxide, antimony doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The oxidation reduction catalyst consists of platinum, silver, gold, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium oxide, palladium chloride, ruthenate compound, ruthenium chloride, platinic-acid compound and platinum chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor layer of upper photoelectric conveting layer consists of titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, indium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, tin oxide doped indium oxide, antimony doped tin oxide, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The oxidation reduction catalyst consists of platinum, silver, gold, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium oxide, palladium chloride, ruthenate compound, ruthenium chloride, platinic-acid compound and platinum chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of material selected from silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The group I element is selected from copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). The group III element is selected from the group comprising aluminum (Al), indium (In) and gallium (Ga). The group VI element is selected from the group comprising oxygen (O), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of material selected from silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin component in the composition has a melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC under 2160 g load. The composition further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and anti-oxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution containing metal alkoxide, obtained by polymerizing by sol-gel reaction using an alcohol as a solvent, is atomized. The polymer, which consists of the metal oxide microparticles is formed by polymerizing in atomization state. The microparticle layer is formed by spraying the metal oxide on base material surface. The metal alkoxide is titanium alkoxide. The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide having photocatalytic activity, rutile-type titanium dioxide, or amorphous titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution containing metal alkoxide, obtained by polymerizing by sol-gel reaction using an alcohol as a solvent, is atomized. The polymer, which consists of the metal oxide microparticles is formed by polymerizing in atomization state. The microparticle layer is formed by spraying the metal oxide on base material surface. The metal alkoxide is titanium alkoxide. The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide having photocatalytic activity, rutile-type titanium dioxide, or amorphous titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The solution is polymerized by volatilizing the solvent in the solution, by heating the solution of atomization state. The polymer of fine particle is sprayed on the base material surface using volume expansion during atomization and solvent volatilization, and the microparticle layer is formed. The solution of atomization state is heated by sending in a hot air. The hot air which contains the polymer of fine particle, is sprayed on base material, and the base material surface is laminated with the microparticle layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel gas feed rate control unit increases the fuel gas feed rate immediately after the control for preventing deterioration of the fuel cell is started. The fuel cell system further comprises a cathode oxygen consumption determination unit for determining whether or not oxygen in a cathode for the fuel cell is consumed. The operational status detector comprises s voltage sensor for sensing voltages of cells of the fuel cell. It has fuel gas detector for detecting fuel gas present in an air passage in the fuel cell. It has current detector for detecting output current of the fuel cell. The fuel gas feed rate control unit performs control of the gas feed rate by changing a target pressure value of the fuel gas, or by changing opening of a valve for discharging the fuel gas from an anode. The fuel cell system has valves for discharging fuel gas from the anode of the fuel cell. It has cathode gas supply start command unit for commanding start of cathode gas supply to the fuel cell, and deterioration possibility determination unit for determining the possibility of deterioration of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanol and water are in vapor form or in liquid form. The shift step is a Medium Temperature or High Temperature shift step which are followed by a Low Temperature shift step. The carbon monoxide-containing gas is obtained from reforming and/or partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feed. The hydrocarbon feed is pre-reformed before the reforming step. Unreacted methanol is separated from the shift step effluent and recycled to the pre-reforming step. The shift inlet temperature is at least 280 degrees C and the pressure is 0-10 MPa g, preferably 2-6 MPa g. EXAMPLE - MK121 (15.1 g) comprising oxides of copper, zinc and aluminum was reduced in dry diluted hydrogen (1-5 vol.%) at 185 degrees C at a pressure of 0.1 MPa and a synthesis gas comprising (%): hydrogen (43.1), carbon monoxide (14.3), carbon dioxide (11.1) and nitrogen (31.5) was introduced. The pressure was increased to 2.5 MPa and the temperature was raised to 216 degrees C. A solution of methanol (22.37 wt./wt.%) in water was evaporated and co-fed with the synthesis gas. The dry gas flow was 50 Nl/hours, whereas the liquid flow was 16 g/hour corresponding to a steam flow of 15.5 Nl/hour and a methanol flow of 2.5 Nl/hour. The exit gas was analyzed after condensation of residual steam and methanol. At these conditions the CO exit concentration was 0.64 % and the CO2 exit concentration was 22.3 % and the dry flow gas flow was increased to 63 Nl/hour. The production of urea was preformed by adding methanol upstream of the shift reactor in a conventional ammonia plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal substrate is copper, low carbon steel, steel, aluminum, or their alloys.Preferred Method: The substrate is coated with zinc layer before the nickel plating step. The resulting coating is deep blue-black in color and the absorptivity of the specimens is 0.93-0.97 where the emissivity is 0.05-0.12.The cleaning step comprises degreasing in an appropriate aqueous solution of alkaline cleaner containing sodium hydroxide, sodium silicates or sodium carbonates at 60-90degreesC for 10 minutes; immersing in an appropriate brighter dip solution such as 50% phosphoric acid, 10% nitric acid, and 40% sulfuric acid at 90-95degreesC; soaking at 50-70degreesC for 30 seconds in an alkaline cleaner; and dipping in a diluted acid solution (e.g. 40-50% nitric acid) at room temperature.The metal substrates are washed with deionized water between each of the steps of the cleaning process. The nickel plating is performed with a solution containing nickel sulfamate, sulfate, phosphate or chloride at 1-20 A/dm2 at 40-60degreesC for 10-30 minutes.The absorbent nickel oxide-nickel sulfide plating is performed with a solution containing nickel sulfamate, sulfate, chloride, phosphate or nitrate of the following composition: 75-150 g/l nickel salt; 11-35 g/l ammonium chloride, sulfate, phosphate or nitrate; 8-35 g/l zinc chloride, sulfate, phosphate or nitrate; 3-18 g/l sodium or potassium thiocyanide or sulfide, where the electroplating is performed for 0.1-15 minutes, at 20-35degreesC, under a potential difference of 1-20 A/dm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cell, i.e. flat-plate solid oxide fuel cell stack or molten carbonate fuel cell. The fuel cell has side feed channels leading to distribution channels at locations in the fuel cell channel. The fuel cell has feed flow rate to create an equal distribution of fuel or oxidant flow(s). The locations are discrete locations in the fuel cell. The fuel cell has feed flow rate to create an equal distribution of fuel or oxidant flow(s). The locations include initial feed location at the front of fuel cell channel. The fuel cell is external or internal stream reforming cell. The fuel cell has uniform heat generation profile during operation due to uniform reaction rates along the length of the fuel cell channel. The fuel cell generates uniform current density during operation. The fuel cell has distributed feed flow rate profile so that the hydrogen to stream ratio is spatially uniform during operation. The distributed feed fuel cell has stream to carbon ratio of less than 1:1, preferably 1:2 for the fuel cell during operation. The distributed fuel cell has stack of fuel cell channels and apparatus for providing fuel and/or oxidant distribution into fuel cell channels on locations along length of fuel cell channels. The fuel cell is internal stream reforming cell.Preferred Parameters: The uniform temperature profile is 800-1100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The average length of material is at most500, preferably 200 nm. The majority of the diameters of the single wall carbon nanotubes are 0.4-1, preferably 0.4-0.8nm. The distance between the single wall carbon nanotubes in the bundles is 0.3-0.4 nm. The heat of hydrogen adsorption of the material is 5-7.5, preferably 5.3-7 kcal/mole hydrogen gas. Preferred Components: The single wall carbon nanotubes are in bundles. Each bundle comprises at least 7, preferably at least100 single wall carbon nanotubes. Preferred Methods: The method includes providing vessel containing single wall carbon nanotubes, introducing hydrogen into vessel while increasing pressure to sorption pressure, discharging hydrogen from vessel by decreasing the pressure from the sorption pressure to desorption pressure, cooling single wall carbon nanotubes to sorption temperature while performing the introducing step, and heating the single wall carbon nanotubes while performing the discharging step. Preferred Parameters: The desorption pressure is 1-200, preferably 14-50 psia at 293-363, preferably 323-363degreesK. The sorption pressure is 50-5000, preferably 100-1000 psia and 273-323degreesK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitric acid solution containing rare element FP of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium is a nitric acid solution generated from a reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuels, used in nuclear power generation facilities including light water reactors or fast reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The semiconductor-electrode film is heated at 400-600degreesC, after applying the solution containing hydrolysability titanium compound and/or its hydrolysis substance, in the manufacture of die-sensitized solar cell. Preferred Definitions:    X = 2.5-3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst contains polyelectrolyte, and catalyst substance carrying carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst contains polyelectrolyte, and catalyst substance carrying carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The quinoline group compound is chosen from compound of formula (I).R1-R7=hydrogen, alkyl amino, alkoxy or halogen.Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains redox-type electrolyte containing halogen molecule and halogen compound having halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine compound and bromine compound. The halogen molecule is iodine or bromine. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine. The bromine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of bromine. EXAMPLE - An electrolytic solution containing lithium iodide (in mol/l) (0.1), iodine (0.05), dimethylpropyl imidazolium iodide (0.6) and 2-methyl quinoline (0.5) dissolved in acetonitrile, was prepared. The resulting solution was dripped at porous titanium-oxide semiconductor thin film with electrically conductive glass which was supported with the sensitizing dye (ruthenium complex dye). A frame type spacer made of polyethylene film and platinum counter electrode were then provided. Thus, optoelectric transducer was produced. When, the obtained optoelectric transducer was irradiated with light of 100 mW/cm2 using Xenon lamp as light source, the release voltage was 0.71 V and photoelectric conversion efficiency was 7.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor contained in the semiconductor electrode consists of chalcogenide of metal chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 51 heterocyclic compounds are disclosed such as thiophene derivatives of formulae (F-02,H-01).    EXAMPLE - Nippon Aerosil P-25 (titanium oxide) (in g) (2), acetylacetone (0.2) and Triton-X-100 (surface active agent) (0.3), water (6.5) and paint conditioner were dispersed for 6 hours, to obtain dispersion liquid. Then, concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol (1.2) were added to the obtained dispersion liquid (4) and paste was produced. The obtained paste was applied on FTO glass substrate, dried and baked, to obtain semiconductor electrode. A pigment of formula (F-02) was dissolved in mixed solution of t-butanol and acetonitrile, to obtain pigment solution. The semiconductor electrode was immersed in pigment solution, such that the pigment was adsorbed to the semiconductor electrode. An electrolyte liquid containing lithium iodide, iodine and 3-methoxy acetonitrile solution of 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propyl imidazolium iodide was provided between semiconductor electrode and counter electrode. Thus, optoelectric transducer was produced. The obtained optoelectric transducer was irradiated with light generated from solar simulator as light source. The result showed that optoelectric transducer had release voltage of 0.5 V, short-circuit-current density of 6.2 mA/cm2 and conversion efficiency of 1.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen peroxide contained in the modified gas is removed, where at least a portion of the hydrogen peroxide is formed from the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas ejected from the fuel cell, under reduced pressure. The catalyst is a noble metal carried on a metal oxide or metal nitride, preferably rhodium or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: An olefin group solvent and lower alkyl ester of lower fatty acid are further mixed with the organic solvent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The phenol is chosen from cresol, xylenol and ethyl phenol. The dibasic acid ester is diethyl malonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic oxide layer comprises aluminum and copper as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The voltage is 15 kV at a frequency of 50- 100 kHz, preferably pulsed. The dielectric layer covers all visible surfaces of the electrodes. The electrodes comprise melt-extracted metal fibers. The metal is nickel, stainless steel with a high nickel content or stainless steel with a Raney nickel surface. The dielectric layer is a thin layer of anatase titanium dioxide. There is a transitional layer of titanium between the electrodes and the dielectric layer. The electrodes are flat, tubular or spherical and are arranged one on the other or side by side or concentrically, either directly or with a discharge gap between them. The dielectric layer is disposed on a porous plate, e.g. of foamed ceramic of sintered ceramic fiber material, located in the discharge gap. Fluids flow through the thickness of the electrodes. Several pairs of electrodes are stacked parallel to one another in the direction of flow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Each the wafer comprises expanded metal. The filter comprises a metal filter having compressed stainless steel powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The connector comprises an electrically conducting connector rod upon which the wafers are mounted. The electrode also comprises at least one electrically conducting support rod spaced laterally from the connecting rod and on which the wafers are support, spaced from each other by electrically conducting wafers. The hydrolysis cell comprises a chamber for electrolytic fluid; an anode and cathode; electrical connections for connecting the anode and cathode to an electrical power source and ground; and a liquid level sensor (58) for detecting the level of electrolytic fluid within the chamber. The level sensor comprises a light source for directing a beam of light into the chamber into the chamber; and a receiver for receiving light from the source. The receiver is capable of discriminating between a first light level indicative of liquid at the level of the sensor and a second reduced light level indicative of liquid below the level of the sensor. The light source comprises an infrared LED.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The second gas supply mechanism are used to supply anode exhaust gas of fuel cell stack. The second gas supply mechanism comprises opening(s) at the small diameter area. The openings are connected by a channel providing outside of the nozzle. The first gas supply mechanism is used for supplying air. The fuel supply has fuel outlet(s) located between the small diameter area and reaction space. The fuel outlet is in the area of the lengthwise axis of the nozzle. The fuel supply comprises injection mechanism(s) (34). The fuel supply has fuel line extending through opening of the nozzle. The fuel supply extends through the small diameter area. The diffuser is connected directly to the reaction space. The diffuser has widening diameter. The reformer, nozzle, and fuel supply form an assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The flow channel machining is performed by an electrical discharge machine, a computer numerical control machine, an electrochemical mechanical polishing machine, a laser machining machine, a press, or an injection-molding machine. Grinding is an anisotropic grinding. Degreasing is performed by two ultrasonic tanks and a 3-5% nitric acid tank, where one of the ultrasonic tanks is filled with an alkaline solution and another is filled with diluted water. The electrochemical machining is performed in a tank filled with a predetermined electrolyte and having an auxiliary electrode, where the voltage is 2-10V and its operation time is 3-25 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline solution is prepared by adding 30 g 136R powder to every liter of water and is heated to 60-80degreesC. Preferred Component: The electrolyte includes 50-80% phosphoric acid, 25-10% sulfuric acid, 20-5% lactic acid, 0.5-1% wetting agent, 1-2% metallic ion, and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic bipolar plate is made of a stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline solution is prepared by adding 30 g 136R powder to every liter of water and is heated to 60-80degreesC. Preferred Component: The electrolyte includes 50-80% phosphoric acid, 25-10% sulfuric acid, 20-5% lactic acid, 0.5-1% wetting agent, 1-2% metallic ion, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of dye of formula (1) or (2) is 2000 or more.Preferred Compound: The oxide semiconductor is sensitized with compound chosen from organic dye, pigment(s) and compound having metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide semiconductor contains zinc or tin as metal component and titanium oxide as main component. The dye is supported to metal oxide semiconductor or a thin film consisting of oxide semiconductor microparticles in the presence of an inclusion compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1 and/or R2 = aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally having substituent, preferably carboxyl group;    R1 = preferably H;    R2 = preferably -CH(Y)COOH;    X = sulfur;    n = 10 or more, preferably 100 or more    EXAMPLE - 3-Thio phenyl acetic acid (in g) (5) was esterified, and dissolved in methanol (25 ml). 5 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid was added, and heat-refluxed for 2 hours. The temperature of mixture was reduced, and neutralized. Methanol was distilled and extraction of ether was carried out in sodium carbonate aqueous solution. The mixture was dried with magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to obtain 3-thio methyl phenyl acetate at yield of 95%. Poly-3-thiomethyl phenyl acetate was produced using the obtained compound. Poly-3-thiomethyl phenyl acetate (0.5) was added to sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (50 ml), and insoluble content was removed by filtration. Hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (100 ml) was added, and filtrate was diluted. The precipitate was settled by centrifugation, water-washed, and dried to obtain a dye. A solar cell was produced using the obtained dye. The obtained solar cell had short circuit current of 3.6 mA/cm2, releasing voltage of 0.41 V, conversion efficiency of 1% and form factor of 0.67.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The halogen is fluorine, and adsorbate is hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Heater: The ceramic heater has ceramic layer (1) containing alpha-alumina, and ceramic layer (2) containing gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes measured under a load of 2160 g at 190degreesC based on JIS K7210-1999, and gel fraction of 70% or more. The thickness ratio of layer A to B is 90/10-60/40. The layers A and B contains additives chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and/or antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The melt flow rate of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and ethylene (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer are each 0.5-150 g/10 minutes, based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC and load of 2160 g. The thickness ratio ((A)/(B)) of main component layer (A) and sealing layer (B) is 90/10-50/50. Preferred Additive: The sealing layer (B) further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The PSG layer is treated using acetic acid or mixed acid containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The PSG layer is treated using acetic acid or mixed acid containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layer is laminated structure of an amorphous silicon layer and fine crystal silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layer is laminated structure of an amorphous silicon layer and fine crystal silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The transparent plastic substrate contains polyether sulfone, polyethylenenaphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide or fluorine resin, preferably polyether sulfone. The glass is used for transparent support substrate. The solar cell has transparent adhesion layer containing transparent silicone resin of acrylic-type, silicone group or two liquid mixing addition-type transparent adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrode material is selected from Ti, Bi, Co, Zn, Zr, Fe, Cr, P or their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pigment of formula (5) is preferably pigment of formula (6) having at least one -COOM group in the molecule.R1-R8,n,R12,R13,m,Z,R21-R23,M = same as defined above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    R2 or R3 = group of formula, -N(R01)(R02);    R01,R02 = hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic;    Y = oxygen;and    Z = -CR22R23-.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 169 pigments are disclosed, e.g. pigment of formula (1).    EXAMPLE - Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (62.5 ml) and water (375 ml) were mixed at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, aqueous nitric acid (2.65 ml) was added, and heated at 80 degrees C. The reaction solution was continuously stirred for 8 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain titanium oxide powder. A titanium-oxide suspension was prepared by adding titanium oxide powder to pure water. The obtained titanium-oxide suspension was applied on transparent electroconductive plate that was coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide, and baked at 300 degrees C for 60 minutes. Thus, titanium oxide film (semiconductor layer) was formed on a support. A solution containing pigment of formula (1) (5 g) in methanol (200 ml) was prepared. The titanium oxide film was dipped into the solution. Then, trifluoroacetic acid (1) was added and ultrasonic irradiation was carried out. After irradiation, the titanium oxide film was washed and vacuum dried, to obtain photosensitive layer (semiconductor for photoelectric-conversion material). Subsequently, fluorine-doped tin oxide (counter electrode) and charge transferring layer were formed. Thus, optoelectric transducer was produced. A solar cell comprising optoelectric transducer, had short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 6.85 mA/cm2 and release voltage value (Voc) of 0.667 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate has a compound thin film containing copper, indium, gallium and/or selenium. The transparent electrically conductive film contains indium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate has a compound thin film containing copper, indium, gallium and/or selenium. The transparent electrically conductive film contains indium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The group VIb element comprises oxygen (O), selenium (Se), sulfur (S) or tellurium (Te).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The group VIb element comprises oxygen (O), selenium (Se), sulfur (S) or tellurium (Te).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The white polyester film has thermal contraction rate of 0.7% or less at 85degreesC along vertical and horizontal directions, and thickness of 25-250 microns. Preferred Film: The white polyester film contains 10-80 wt.% of inorganic microparticle chosen from titanium oxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and/or silicon dioxide. The polyester film does not contain resin incompatible with polyester contained in film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The band-like structure comprises slit space (13). The structure contains 200 or less atomic layers.Preferred Properties: The width of space is 1-2 times, preferably 1.9-2 times of width of band-like structure. The density of hydrogen storage material measured from helium equilibrium is 0.7-1 g/cm3, preferably 0.7-0.8 g/cm3.Preferred Method: A foreign element is inserted between atomic layers, and heat-processed. Heat processing is performed at 300-500 degrees C in inert gas atmosphere for 1 time or less. The hydrogen storage structure is press-molded at 4.9-19.6 MPa.Preferred Element: The foreign element is acidic portion element, which is nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution and/or phosphoric acid.Preferred Material: The graphite group carbon material is natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite and/or mesophase pitch type graphite.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen storage apparatus has heat exchange apparatus. EXAMPLE - Sulfuric acid was inserted in natural graphite interlayer, and heat-processed at 400 degrees C for 1 time, to obtain hydrogen storage material. The material had density of 0.75 g/cm3, distance between band inner layers of 0.336 nm, average band width of 30.8 nm, average slit width of 60.1 nm, average number of layers of 92 and hydrogen storage ability of 7.3 mg/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: In starting, the system coolant is passed through a cooling circuit (4, 5) via heat exchanger (2) into adsorption accumulator (3) with simultaneous addition of the fuel cell exit gas. In normal operation, heat is passed to the adsorption accumulator via the heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: 30 Classes of preferred complexes (I) (corresponding to each of the new classes of ligands (II)) are specified in the claims, e.g. the complexes of (IIA) - (IIH) with a metal M.M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sc, La, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd or Hg.Preparation: Claimed preparation of (I) involves reacting the new ligands with metal alcoholates of formula M(OR1)n (IIIA), ketonates of formula (IIIB), salts of formula MAn (IIIC) or alkyls or aryls of formula (R1)2M(L')2 (IIID).A = F, Cl, Br, I, OH, formate, acetate, propionate, benzoate, nitrate or sulfate;L' = monodentate ligand;n = 1-3; andq = 0-3.Starting Materials: The new ligands (II) are prepared using conventional organic synthesis methods, e.g. Suzuki coupling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (A) are based on polyfluorene, poly-spirobifluorene, poly-paraphenylene, poly-dihydrophenanthrene, poly-indenofluorene, polycarbazole, polythiophene, polyketone, polyvinylcarbazole or corresponding copolymers. Preferred Definitions:    V = as for Z.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 67 Complexes (I) are disclosed, e.g. (1,1-bis-(6-phenyl-2-pyridinato-N,C2)-1-fluoroethane)-platinum (II) (Ia).    EXAMPLE - A solution of 1.063 g 1,1-bis-(6-phenyl-2-pyridinato-N,C2)-1-fluoroethane and 1.144 g cis-dimethyl-di(nu1-S-dimethylsulfoxidyl)-platinum (II) in 15 ml toluene was stirred for 3 hours at 90degreesC and treated with diethyl ether. The yellow, microcrystalline product was filtered off, washed and dried to give 1.544 g (94.0%) of (1,1-bis-(6-phenyl-2-pyridinato-N,C2)-1-fluoroethane)-platinum (II) (Ia), having a purity of more than 99.5% by HPLC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The auxiliary-electrode layer comprises metal microparticles, carbon fine particles and/or ruthenium-oxide fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The auxiliary-electrode layer comprises metal microparticles, carbon fine particles and/or ruthenium-oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric layer further comprises temperature-sensing device(s). Each thermoelectric layer is located between adjacent fuel cell assemblies. A thermoelectric layer is located between each pair of adjacent fuel cell assemblies. The thermoelectric device is a Peltier device. The temperature-sensing device is thermocouple. The thermoelectric devices and the temperature-sensing devices in each layer are arranged in an alternating configuration. Each thermoelectric device is electrically connected to a battery. Each thermoelectric device is electrically connected to at least one of the fuel cell assemblies. The fuel cell assembly is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell, or an alkaline fuel cell. The power source is a battery or a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The stack comprises a thickness of less than or equal to50 (preferably less than or equal to1) microns. The element further comprises current collectors. The fuel cell elements are aligned within the fuel cell housing to allow the flow of a first gas stream within the flow passageways and a second gas stream over the fuel cell stack. The gas streams comprise fuel and oxygen containing gas.Preferred Method: The sacrificial material is removed using a wet etching technique or dry etching technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises dielectric compounds, silicon or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises aluminum, alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, silicon alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises dielectric compounds, silicon or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The etching material comprises tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, acetone, acids or bases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial material comprises polymers, photoresist, polymethylmethacrylate, or epoxies.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The shell is made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy. The filtering rod is made from sintered powder stainless steel. The filtering net is made of stainless steel.Preferred Dimension: The surface of the filtering rod has micro-holes with diameter of 0.1-1.0 microns.Preferred Component: The filtering rod is stainless steel pipes weld-connecting head to tail, with a piece of sintered powder stainless steel in between. It is made of stainless steel pipe having through holes penetrating the stainless steel pipe, and corresponding to the inner diameters of these through holes, filtering nets may be arranged. The connector and filtering rod are connected using welding. The first and second ends of the guiding pipe and filtering rod are connected using welding. The connector and the shell are connected using welding. The filtering rod is arranged inside the area surrounded by the guiding pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen-containing atmosphere contains hydrogen at a partial pressure of 1-600 Torr. It is provided by introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction chamber; or by generating hydrogen plasma external to the reaction chamber and introducing into the reaction chamber. The average temperature of the substrate during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and while irradiating the film is less than 100degreesC. The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process utilizes diborane or phosphene; and silane, disilane, hydrogen, and/or argon to deposit boron- or phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon, respectively. The method further comprises depositing nickel on the thin film of amorphous silicon before irradiating the film with pulsed laser energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen-containing atmosphere contains hydrogen at a partial pressure of 1-600 Torr. It is provided by introducing hydrogen gas into the reaction chamber; or by generating hydrogen plasma external to the reaction chamber and introducing into the reaction chamber. The average temperature of the substrate during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and while irradiating the film is less than 100degreesC. The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process utilizes diborane or phosphene; and silane, disilane, hydrogen, and/or argon to deposit boron- or phosphorus-doped amorphous silicon, respectively. The method further comprises depositing nickel on the thin film of amorphous silicon before irradiating the film with pulsed laser energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises polyethyleneterephthalate, ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylenetetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, PTFE, high-density polyethylene, polyarylate, polycarbonate, or Mylar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises coupling constant current with the fuel cell to set stack current; waiting a predetermined time period for the output voltage of the fuel cell to stabilize; measuring the output voltage of the fuel cell; changing the fuel cell current; immediately reading the output voltage of the fuel cell; and calculating the resistance of the fuel cell. It also includes evaluating any changes in the calculated resistance over time as a measure of fuel cell hydration. The method may include providing a DC-DC converter with an associated microcontroller; adjusting input parameters of the DC-DC converter, using the microcontroller, to establish an initial duty cycle; reading the stack voltage and the stack current; charging the duty cycle; immediately measuring the fuel cell voltage and fuel cell current; and calculating resistance based upon measurements. Preferred Components: The system further comprises a DC-DC converter circuit having input that is connected to receive the output voltage from the fuel cell and being responsive to the control signal for varying the opening and closing of switches within the DC-DC converter such that a load is switched on and off the fuel cell and the measuring device has an element for measuring the resistance of the fuel cell, when the switches are turned on, and when turned off.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The doped window-layer comprises a p-type layer or n-type layer. The doped window-layer is formed using vapor phase deposition or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The sub-window-layer is a p-type layer. The two sub-window layers each comprise silicon-containing materials. The second sub-p-layer has a transparency greater than the transparency of the first sub-p-layer. Preferred Method: The first sub-window-layer is adjacent to the absorber layer and is deposited under conditions, which achieve a desirable junction with the absorber layer, and the second sub-window layer is adjacent the first sub-window layer but not directly in contact with the absorber-layer and is deposited under conditions which achieve high optical transmission. The method further includes depositing the doped window layer before or after deposition of semiconductor absorber layer. The PECVD comprises radio frequency PECVD or is cathodic direct current glow discharge, anodic direct current glow discharge, radio frequency glow discharge, very high frequency (VHF) glow discharge, alternate current glow discharge, or microwave glow discharge. The first sub-p-layer is deposited at 140degreesC. The second sub-p-layer is deposited at a temperature sufficient low to provide acceptable transparency. It is deposited at or below 70degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, Super P, ketjen black, denka black, acetylene black, thermal black, channel black, activated carbon, or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polybenzoxazine and conductive carbon is 1.5-2.5:1. The mole ratio of aromatic diamine, and aromatic alcohol is 1:2:2, and the mole ratio of aromatic dialcohol, formaldehyde, and amine is 1:2:2. Preferred Component: The conductive carbon is dispersed in a matrix of a polymer polymerized from monomers such that a volume reduction percent is less than 5, most preferably less than 1% after polymerization of the monomers with respect to total volume of the monomers before the polymerization of the monomers. The polymer is thermosetting polymer consisting of polybenzoxazine, poly(propylene sulfide), or polypropylene. The monomers are of formula (1 and 2).R = single bond CH2, O, S, C(CF3)2, or SO2;andR' = alkyl or aryl.Preferred Property: The volume reduction percent is less than 3, preferably less than 1%. EXAMPLE - 100 g (0.54 mol) Benzidine, 102 g (1.09 mol) phenol, and 33 g p-formaldehyde were agitated in a mixer and heated to 130degreesC for 15 minutes while agitating. 115 g Conductive carbon were added and further agitated at 130degreesC for 10 minutes. Partially polymerized polybenzoxazine was input into a mold for a bipolar plate, and further polymerization reaction was carried out at 300degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain a bipolar plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: Part of actuator is supported by a sacrificial layer (8) that is removed in solar cell array forming step. In actuator forming step, the top of actuator is etched to form irregularities. In solar cell forming step, the first layer of solar cell is etched form irregularities. Etching is accomplished by wet etching or by dry etching preceded by patterning. Dry etching is dry etching employing xenon fluoride gas or plasma drying etching employing a process gas containing halogen element such as sulfur hexafluoride or nitrogen trifluoride. Part(s) of solar cell forming step is achieved through plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In solar cell forming step, a solar cell having a layered structure is formed. The layered structure is formed within a single apparatus and by sequentially changing gases within a chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell array apparatus comprises a control mechanism for driving the actuators to maximize an amount of photovoltaic power generated by the solar cells and a secondary cell or a capacitor in which photovoltaic power is stored. The solar cells are packaged for protection and a surface of package facing a solar cell array is transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is a metal-oxide or metal-sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    R2 = -NRg(Rh);    Rg,Rh = H or substituent;and    Ra,Rb = substituent of formula (3 or 4).    Rg and R1, and Rh and R3 may join to form a ring.    R5-R8,n,R10 = as mentioned above;    M = H or salt formation positive ion;    A = heterocyclic ring, preferably group of formula (5 or 6);    R9 = Rz;    Y1 = nitrogen or CRe;    Y2,Y3 = nitrogen or CRf;and    R11,Re,Rf = H or substituent.    At least one of R9 and R10, and R11 and Rf is carboxyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 78 specific heterocyclic compounds are disclosed. E.g. compounds of formulae (I-1,I-2).    EXAMPLE - An intermediate (in g) (8.7) of formula (A), an intermediate (5.5) of formula (B), morpholine (2.8), and toluene (80 ml) were stirred at 90 degrees C for 3 hours in a flask. After cooling, toluene was removed by pressure reduction. The residue was separated and refined, to obtain a heterocyclic compound (3.4) of formula (I-1). An optoelectric transducer and a solar cell were produced using the obtained heterocyclic compound. The solar cell had excellent photoelectric-conversion characteristics and stability. The short-circuit-current density was 6.05 mA/cm2 and the release voltage value was 0.601 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is a metal oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    A3 = heterocyclic ring of formula (3) or (4);    A1 = 3-9C ring of formula (5-7).    R6 = H, aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclic group;    R7 = H or substituent, and R6 and/or R7 has carboxyl group;    Y1-Y3 = nitrogen or -C(Rh)=;    Rh = H or substituent;    R8 = Rh and at least one of R8 and Rh has carboxyl group;    Y4 = oxygen, sulfur, selenium, -C(Ri), (Rj)- or -N(Rk)-;    Ri,Rj = H or substituent;    Rk = R6;    R11,R12 = Ri and may optionally connect to form a ring;    R9,R-10 = H or substituent which optionally connect to form a ring;and    R5 = as defined above.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 61 polymethine pigments (e.g. I-1 and I-2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A transparent electroconductive glass plate coated with tin oxide doped with fluorine was produced. The solution formed by dissolving polymethine pigment (I-1) (5) in methanol (200 ml) was prepared. The support was dipped in the solution, trifluoroacetic acid (1 g) was added and ultrasonic irradiation was carried out for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was subsequently washed and vacuum dried and photosensitive layer was produced. Counter electrode and charge transferring layer were formed on the support and optoelectric transducer was produced. A solar cell was produced using the optoelectric transducer. The solar cell was irradiated with light of strength 100 mW/m2. The opening voltage value was measured to be 0.585 V. The solar cell had excellent photoelectric transfer characteristics and short circuit current density of 5.91 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The particles (B) are obtained using monomer which contains vinylidene fluoride and/or tetrafluoro ethylene. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=divalent perfluoro alkylene group (CmF2m) or perfluoro oxyalkylene group of formula (2), (3) or -CF2CF2-(OCF2CF2CF2)y-OCF2CF2-;    Q=group of formula (5);and    Z=1-30C monovalent organic group having oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and silicon.    X=F or CF3;    r=2-6;    t,u=1 or 2;    p,q=0-200;    s=0-6;    w,v=1-50;    y=1-100;    R1=1-10C alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl or monovalent hydrocarbon group in which portion(s) of hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom;    R2=hydrogen or monovalent hydrocarbon group in which portion(s) of hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom;    R3=oxygen atom, 1-8C alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene or divalent hydrocarbon group in which portion(s) of hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom;    R4=monovalent hydrocarbon group in which portion(s) of hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom;and    R5=monovalent hydrocarbon group in which portion(s) of hydrogen atom is substituted by halogen atom or monovalent hydrocarbon group having 2-20C aliphatic unsaturated bond.    EXAMPLE - Polymer compound (in mass parts) (100) of formula: C3H7O-(Rf1-Q1)n-Rf1-OC3H7, fluorine-containing elastomer cured particles (B) (50) and t-butyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (2) were mixed to obtain fluoro rubber composition. The particles (B) are obtained by mixing Viton GFLT (fluoro rubber) (100), MT carbon (30), calcium hydroxide (3), triaryl isocyanurate (3) and Per hexa 25B (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butyl peroxy)hexane) (2) and post curing for 4 hours at 200degreesC. The obtained rubber composition was press-cured to obtain cured material of hardness 69.    n=10;    p+q=90;    Rf1=group of formula (1);    Q1=group of formula (2);and    R6=C4H9C2H4- or CH2=CHC4F8C2H4-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred property: The glass temperature Tg of the resin is 200 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The coarseness and minuteness of distribution of platinum nanoparticle is periodical and regular, when the platinum nanoparticle is alternatively dispersed in the micro domain which consists of a specific polymeric component. The resin is mounted on substrate having surface roughness of 1 nm or more and block copolymer film having micro domain structure oriented perpendicularly with respect to substrate surface is produced by heat processing the resin. The block copolymer resin contains a platinum complex and platinum nanoparticle is manufactured by reducing the platinum catalyst. The block copolymer film is contacted with the complex at 200degreesC or more after mounting the film on substrate and heat reduction of the complex introduced into the resin is carried out. EXAMPLE - An indium tin oxide substrate having surface roughness of 0.6 was spin coated with homogeneous solution of polystyrene-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-PMMA) resin in toluene. The organic solvent was volatilized and the block copolymer was heated in nitrogen atmosphere at 230degreesC for 2 hours. Internal structure of the film had lamella-like PS domain and PMMA domain. The lamella-like domain had perpendicular orientation with respect to film surface. The film was sealed in an airtight container with platinum acetylacetonate and the container was evaporated and heated at 240degreesC. The film and the platinum complex were arranged such that they were not contacted directly. The platinum acetylacetonate was sublimed and heat reduction was carried out to produce platinum particle. The film changed from transparent to black color. After 2 hours of contacting, the film was removed from the container. The particle was alternatively formed all over PS domain without impairing microphase separation structure which consists of PS lamella and PMMA lamella. The microparticle was dispersed uniformly without aggregating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Hole transportable heterocyclic polymer is hole transportable heterocyclic polymer which does not have vinylene structure, preferably polythiophene, polypyrrole or polyfuran, or a stereo regulator polymer, preferably polyalkyl thiophene. Preferred Compound: The polythiophene is polyalkyl thiophene, polyaryl thiophene, polyalkyl isothionaphthene and/or polyethylene dioxythiophene. Carbon number of alkyl group of polyalkyl thiophene is less than 12. Preferred Composition: The solid layer has fullerene modified substance content of 5-95 wt.%. Preferred Substance: The fullerene modified substance of solid layer contains functional group chosen from ester, imino, alkyl, aralkyl and thio phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The coating must ensure that sufficient oxygen is available to permit room temperature oxidation below the explosive limit for hydrogen. In addition to e.g. metallic palladium, platinum or ruthenium, the catalytic coating may incorporate oxygen carriers, such as manganese dioxide or copper nickel oxide (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second gas flows through a housing that is provided with an inflow port for introducing the first gas from a non-parallel direction to the flow direction of the second gas. The inflow port is provided to enable the first gas to flow in from an offset position from the axial center of the housing. A flow passage is provided with hole structures through which the gases pass. At least part of the flow passage is sealed by the housing. A liquid discharge port is provided in a lower portion of the housing in the vertical direction of the housing. The housing comprises in at least one part of the housing an agitating member for agitating the gases. The agitating member is disposed on the downstream side of the gas flow direction through the housing (101). A space is formed on the upstream side of the gas flow direction through the housing. The liquid discharge port is provided in a lower portion of the space in the vertical direction of the space (102). The agitating member is glass wool (103). A first flow passage for flowing first gas comprises a diffusion structure for diffusing the first gas outside. A second flow passage surrounds the first flow passage to cause the second gas to flow around the first flow passage (110). The diffusion structure is hole structures (111) emitting the first gas flowing through the first flow passage in a different direction to the flow direction of the second gas. At least one of the gases comprises a bent portion. The first gas is hydrogen gas discharged from the fuel cell system. The second gas is air diluting the hydrogen gas. The volume of the second flow passage is smaller than the amount of purge gas produced during a low load operation of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method of making phosphono substituted dipyrromethane comprises reacting a halo-substituted dipyrromethane with a phosphite to produce a phosphono-substituted dipyrromethane. Preferred Compounds: The aldehyde or acetal is coupled to the phosphono group by a linking group consisting of aryl, alkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylarylalkyl groups. The aldehyde or acetal has three phosphono groups. The phosphite is consisting of dialkyl phosphites, diaryl phosphites, or dialkylaryl phosphites.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The halo is consisting of chloro, bromo and iodo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The amount of soot is sensed within the soot trap. A soot accumulation control signal is generated when the amount of soot within the soot trap reaches a predetermined accumulation level. The second air/fuel mixture is advanced in response to generation of the soot accumulation control. A pressure drop is sensed across the soot trap. A high-load control signal is determined when an engine associated with the fuel reformer experiences a high load condition, and the step of advancing the second air/fuel mixture comprises advancing the second air/fuel mixture in response to generation of the high-load control signal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material particle is metal oxide of cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, tungsten, iron, strontium and/or yttrium. Preferred Precursor: The metal precursor is metal oxide, metal chloride, metal ammonium salt, metal nitrate or its derivatives. Preferred Layer: The metal coating layer contains transition metal(s) chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, gold, silver, rhenium, osmium, cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten. Preferred Method: A reducing agent is added to the solvent which is mixed with the base material particle and metal precursor. The ratio of the reducing agent is 0.01 wt.% or more in liquid phase. The frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 20-300 kHz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is alcohol, amines, saccharides or surface active agent. EXAMPLE - Cerium oxide microparticle (base material particle with primary particle diameter of 10 nm), platinum chloride (metal precursor) and water (solvent) were mixed. The obtained dispersion was mixed with ethanol (reducing agent) and irradiated with ultrasonic wave of irradiation frequency of 24 kHz at 20 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The platinum metal was reduced and made to precipitate on the base material particle, to obtain catalyst particle. The primary particle diameter of deposited platinum particle was 2 nm. The obtained catalyst particle was found to have excellent purification capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Highly active photocatalyst is used for producing hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide which is odor component dissolved in alkaline water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic ring-containing compound is preferably compound of formulae (2,3). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 31 specific heterocyclic ring-containing compounds are disclosed, such as compound of formulae (C-06, C-07).    EXAMPLE - Aerosil P-25 (TM) (titanium oxide) (in g) (2), acetylacetone (0.2), Triton-X-100 (TM) (surface active agent) (0.3) and water (6.5) were dispersed for 6 hours. Concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol (1.2) were added with respect to dispersed liquid (4) to obtained paste. The paste was applied on a glass substrate, dried at 100 degrees C, and baked at 550 degrees C for one hour. Pigment of formula (C-06) was dissolved in mixed solution of t-butanol/acetonitrile. The pigment solution was obtained with concentration was 0.3 mM. The obtained semiconductor electrode was immersed in pigment solution at room temperature for 15 hours, and subjected to absorption treatment. An optoelectric transducer was manufactured using the semiconductor electrode. The transducer had release voltage of 0.62 V, short-circuit current density of 13.3 mA/cm2, form factor of 0.62 and conversion efficiency of 5.11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is a dye of formula (2).A = (un)substituted heterocyclic group, preferably group of formula (5 or 6);M, Y and n = same as defined above;X = oxygen atom, sulfur atom, selenium atom, NR16 or C(R17)R18;R1-R-3, R13-R18, R20 = H or substituent, R14 and R15 optionally couple to form ring R16;asterisk = coupling position;R19 = H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;p = 0-4; andq = 0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    A = group of formulae (3) or (4).    R4 and R5 = H, alkyl group, aryl group or heterocyclic group, R4 and R5 optionally couple directly or with R6 or R7 to form heterocyclic ring;    R6-R11 = H or substituent, any two among R6-R11 optionally couple to form ring;    asterisk = coupling position;    m = 0-4;    Z = oxygen atom, sulfur atom or NR12;and    R12 = H or substituent.    EXAMPLE - Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (62.5 ml) was mixed with pure (375 ml) and aqueous nitric acid (2.65 ml) at 8 degreesC for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was mixed with titanium oxide powder (140 g) and water (125 ml). The obtained suspension was applied on transparent electroconductive glass plate having coated tin oxide doped with fluorine and baked at 300 degreesC for 60 minutes to form film-like titanium oxide on support. The support was dipped in solution containing dye (5 g) of formula (I-1) and methanol (200 ml), and trifluoroacetic acid (1 g) and irradiated with ultrasonic ray to form photosensitive layer (semiconductor for photoelectric conversion material). A charge transferring layer was arranged between tin oxide counter electrode and the electroconductive support, to from optoelectric transducer. A solar cell having the optoelectric transducer had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition used for forming titanium oxide thin film is obtained by dispersing titanium oxide particles in aqueous medium containing titanium hydroxide and/or titanium hydroxide precursor.Preferred Compounds: The titanium-oxide particles are anatase-type titanium oxide particles. The titanium hydroxide precursor is titanium alkoxide, titanium salt and/or titanium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition used for forming titanium oxide thin film is obtained by dispersing titanium oxide particles in aqueous medium containing titanium hydroxide and/or titanium hydroxide precursor.Preferred Compounds: The titanium-oxide particles are anatase-type titanium oxide particles. The titanium hydroxide precursor is titanium alkoxide, titanium salt and/or titanium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The electroconductive substrate is high polymer film having electroconductive metal oxide provided on its surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the mica distributed in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer has particle size of 10 microns or less. The mica is artificial mica. The anion of the mica is an alkyl ammonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A portion or whole of the mica distributed in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer has particle size of 10 microns or less. The mica is artificial mica. The anion of the mica is an alkyl ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The layer next to the graphite contains ferrous oxide (FeO) to form the halide salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A film net between the anode and cathode is of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A highly selective coating is applied on the microstructured surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The device is connected to a fuel cell, especially a direct methanol fuel cell. The device has a heater for heating the fuel in the storage unit and/or the fuel-carrier mixture and/or the device is in thermal and physical communication with the fuel cell. The storage unit is thermally insulated. The mixture cab be passed through the passage more than once. The storage unit comprises a container or tank. The storage unit contains fuel in pure or concentrated form. The contents of the storage unit comprise 75-100% fuel. The storage unit contains a foam. The membrane comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid/polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer in acid form. The flow rate of the mixture through the passage is 1-100 ml/minute. The passage is a channel with a circular cross-section. The passage contains a filter. The carrier comprises water and/or water vapor and includes as acid, especially sulfuric acid. The fuel comprises an alcohol, especially methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas supply outlets (4-6) are arranged and formed to supply the reactants (11) transversely to the flow path (9). An open cross-section formed by the gas supply outlets increases in flow direction along the flow path. The gas supply outlets increase in number in a reaction along the flow path. The gas supply member (2) opens into a catalyst (7) material that is arranged in the flow path. The gas supply member and the flow path are arranged next to each other. The reformer further comprises controllable metering components for the reactants arranged at the gas supply outlets or an entrance to the gas supply member; mechanism for processing or reforming 1-20 (preferably 1-10)C hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain; mechanism for processing air, pure oxygen or air enriched with oxygen; mechanism for processing a mixture of reactants and oxygen with a ratio of steam to the hydrocarbons of 1.0-10.0 (preferably 1.0-4.0); mechanism for processing mixture of reactants and oxygen, where a ratio of oxygen in the mixture to oxygen required to total oxidation of hydrocarbons is 0.1-0.5 (preferably 0.1-0.3); mechanism for reforming the fuel or hydrocarbon mixture at 300-700 (preferably 450-600)degreesC, 1-20 (preferably 1.5-10) bar, gas hourly space velocity of 20000-200000 I/hour. The gas supply member is closed at one end.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbons are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, or aromates. The fuel comprises methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, octane isomers, natural gas, naphtha, liquefied refinery gas, liquefied petroleum gas, isomerates, or platformates.Preferred Properties: The fuel has a research octane number of 80-100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The air enriched with oxygen has greater than 20 but less 80 vol.% oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further comprises an inert binder chosen from gamma-alumina, aluminum, silica, zirconia, titania and/or pseudo boehmite. The metal is capable of forming metal-carbonyl species.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is prepared by reacting the metal with the support, oven-drying the metal-treated support at 110degreesC for 8-15 hours, and calcining the metal-treated support at 250-550degreesC, preferably at 475degreesC for 2 hours.Preferred Support: The support has pore volume of 0.3-1 cm3/g and pore diameter of greater than 6.3 Angstrom . The support is chosen from crystalline alumino silicate, molecular sieve, beta-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, alumino silicate with regular lattice structure, alumina, titania, ceria and/or zirconia. The support comprises ruthenium (0.5-4.5 wt.%), with respect to the total weight of the catalyst including ruthenium.Preferred Process: The metal is added to the support by impregnation, incipient wetness method, immersion or spraying. Ruthenium is added to the support by impregnation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is rhodium, platinum, palladium, rhenium, nickel, iron, cobalt, lead, tin, silver, iridium, gold, copper, manganese, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, other metal that form metal-carbonyl species, and/or preferably ruthenium. The support is crystalline alumino-silicate, molecular sieve, any other alumino-silicate with regular lattice structure, alumina, titania, ceria, zirconia, and/or preferably beta-zeolite, mordenite, or faujasite. The catalyst may comprise inert binder, preferably alumina, gamma-aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide, or pseudo-boehmite.Preferred Properties: The support has a pore volume of 0.3-1 cm3/g.Preferred Method: The metal is added to the support through incipient wetness method, immersion, spraying, or preferably impregnation. The metal, preferably ruthenium is impregnated on the support to deliver a concentration of 0.5-4.5 wt.% ruthenium, based on the total weight of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The appliance further includes a controller (18) for regulating the cooperation of the converter, the charger, and the discharger; an exhaust; and a hydrogen gas supply communicating with the charger. The converter is for propulsion and is combustion-based or chemical-based. The combustion-based propulsion converter is an internal combustion engine or a turbine. The chemical-based propulsion converter is a fuel cell-based system. The fuel cell-based system is a hydrogen-oxygen electrical generator. The converter can be a power generation system, a heating system, or a cooling system. The charger further includes a conditioner for facilitating hydrogen charging of the nanostructured material. The conditioner is a cooler or a pressurizer. The discharger includes a restoring mechanism capable of controllably releasing condensed hydrogen to provide gaseous hydrogen to the converter. The restoring mechanism includes a heating mechanism, a subcontroller (40), and a sensor. The sensor includes a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a partial pressure sensor, chemical sensor, or a flow sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The integrally-formed light concentrating components have a two-dimensional channel-like geometry, or a three-dimensional cone-like geometry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: In the surface modified base material, the urethone-imine compound is graft-polymerized. EXAMPLE - 2-methacryloyl oxyethyl isocyanate (in g) (40) and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-phosphorane-1-oxide (0.4) were dissolved in dimethyl carbonate (200 ml), and heat-refluxed for 24 hours in presence of nitrogen. The reaction was continued for 12 hours at 40 degrees C. Dimethyl carbonate was distilled by heating the reaction liquid at 35 degrees C, after cooling reaction liquid to room temperature. The remaining oily substance was dissolved in diethyl ether (600 ml). The diethyl ether solution was then dried by anhydrous magnesium sulfate after washing with 5 mass% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (100 ml). Subsequently, diethyl ether was distilled after separating magnesium sulfate. Thus, urethone-imine compound (23.5) was obtained as oily substance. The obtained urethone-imine compound (3 mass parts) was mixed with 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl propionitrile) (0.5 mass parts) and N,N'-bis(2-methacryloyl oxyethyl)carbodiimide (7 mass parts), and reacted to form cross-linked polymer. The obtained cross-linked polymer was immersed in diethyl carbonate, to obtain gel-like composition. An ionic conductive composition having ionic conductivity 4.9x10 to the power -3 S/cm (at room temperature) was prepared by mixing urethone-imine compound, N,N'-bis(2-methacryloyl oxyethyl)carbodiimide, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl propionitrile) and non-aqueous electrolyte liquid (containing ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and lithium hexafluorophosphate). A lithium polymer secondary battery having favorable charging-and-discharging characteristics was formed using the obtained ionic conductive composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The optical absorption layer comprises Cu(In1-xGax)Se2. The materials contacting the optical absorption layer and adjustment back electrode layer comprise platinum, palladium, iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The N-type semiconductor layer has titanium oxide, and P-type semiconductor layer has copper iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The N-type semiconductor layer has titanium oxide, and P-type semiconductor layer has copper iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide or polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The average light permeability in range 80% or more, conforms to JIS-R3106 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The plug is arranged on a support (14) and lies linearly on the substrate. The plug rotates opposite the substrate. The coating material is applied in a galvanostatic or potentiostatic manner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fluid-handlers are compressors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode gas is an oxygen-containing gas, and the anode gas is a hydrogen-containing gas. The cathode gas is atmospheric air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode gas is an oxygen-containing gas, and the anode gas is a hydrogen-containing gas. The cathode gas is atmospheric air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sorbate gas comprises a gaseous hydride selected from silane, germane, stibine or diborane. The solid phase physical sorbent medium comprises silica, carbon molecular sieves, alumina, macroreticulate polymers, kieselguhr, carbon or aluminosilicates. The gas permeable membrane comprises perfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic device further comprises a receptacle to receive the fuel cartridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is anode or cathode. The needle is adapted to enter a fuel cartridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hollow member is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, platinum, nickel, gold, copper, silver or their alloys, and/or stainless steel. The catalyst material is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, nickel, gold, silver, and/or their alloys.Preferred Component: The fuel is a hydrogen fuel from an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride. The septum covering the end of the fuel cartridge is a barrier to hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hollow member is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, platinum, nickel, gold, copper, silver or their alloys, and/or stainless steel. The catalyst material is a metal from ruthenium, palladium, nickel, gold, silver, and/or their alloys.Preferred Component: The fuel is a hydrogen fuel from an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride. The septum covering the end of the fuel cartridge is a barrier to hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sodium borohydride solution is suspended in a foam material (17) from polyurethanes, modified polyurethanes, melamines, melamine/formaldehydes, cellulose, polyethylenes, and/or polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode material contains a dopant for the silicon. An anti-reflection film is formed on the surface of the silicon base having the unevenness, and the electrode material is arranged on the anti-reflection film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrode material is copper, silver, aluminum, tin, gold, and/or indium. Preferred Method: The electrode material is arranged by printing a metallic paste and drying or baking the metallic paste. Preferred Dimension: A height of the unevenness is 1-100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode material contains a dopant for the silicon. An anti-reflection film is formed on the surface of the silicon base having the unevenness, and the electrode material is arranged on the anti-reflection film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: Iodine is dissolved in two or more types of organic salt consisting of nitrogen containing heterocyclic cation introduced with 3C or less alkyl group and iodide anion is contained in the salt. Two or more types of organic salt is solid at 70degreesC. The organic salts differ in the number of rings of nitrogen containing heterocyclic cation. The alkyl group introduced in the heterocyclic cation is 2C or less alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The film comprises fluororesin containing hydrogen absorbing nickel titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst composition contains 0.001-1 mol of metalloporphyrin per mol of pyridyl naphthalene di-imide. The catalytic composition is formed by dissolving metalloporphyrin and pyridyl napththalene di-imide in a polar organic solvent. The polar organic solvent is benzonitrile. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metalloporphyrin is zinc porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: At least one layer of the organic solar cell, comprises conjugated polymer buckminster fullerene. A Tefzel(RTM) layer is included. Between substrate (7) and the organic solar cell a partition layer of polyimide or RTV-silicone is arranged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The binder contains an acrylate rubber and/or acrylic resin. The mixture is applied in the form of a paste onto the contact element and/or the substrate. The solder material contains a high temperature metal solder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic matrix comprises polyolefin and/or polyester and/or polyamide (preferably polypropylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is silicon and cross-linked matrix is siloxane cross-linked matrix. (A) Is homogeneously dispersed within the ion-exchange membrane. Preferred Method: The loading involves synthesis of (A) within the ion-exchange membrane or casting the membrane with (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is silicon and cross-linked matrix is siloxane cross-linked matrix. (A) Is homogeneously dispersed within the ion-exchange membrane. Preferred Method: The loading involves synthesis of (A) within the ion-exchange membrane or casting the membrane with (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The linker is a divalent alkyl group (preferably divalent straight chain 1-4C alkyl, especially -CH2CH2CH2-). EXAMPLE - Tetraethoxysilane (0.61 g) and diethylphosphonatopropyltriethoxysilane (1 g) were mixed and water (0.12 g) was added with stirring followed by concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.3 g) resulting in an exotherm reaching 50 - 56degreesC. The solution was stirred with heating to 80 - 90 degrees C to allow for the evaporation of ethanol. The final solids were then filtered, hydrolyzed by refluxing in 25 ml of 1:4 glacial acetic acid:concentrated HCl for 18 hours. After cooling, the suspension was poured into deionized water and the product was worked up to give solid additive (having EW of 410 g/mole). The solid additive dispersed in a solution of an ion-exchange resin prior to casting a film to convert into an ion-exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The manifold structure also defines reactant gas inlet or outlet manifold between itself and sealant material. The protrusion of each cooler plate contains coolant inlet channels. The coolant inlet channels are on an edge of each cooler plate opposite to an edge of the cooler plate where the protrusion containing the outlet channels extend. The manifold structure is secured to sealant surface on fuel cell stack and forms with the sealant surface on antifreeze coolant inlet or outlet manifold. The manifold structure forms with the sealant surface a reactant gas outlet manifold or reactant gas inlet manifold with the sealant surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The elastomeric sealant material is silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Materials: The reticulated material is comprised of felt having density of 5-50, preferably 25-35 oz/yd2, a woven material or foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The felt is comprised of fibers consisting of nylons, polyester polypropylenes, polyethylenes, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfones and/or polyurethane, preferably polyurethane.Preferred Methods: The fuel reservoir is vibrated to assist the introduction of fuel. Fuel is introduced to the fuel reservoir by immersing the reticulated material in the fuel. The reticulated material is compressed while in the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent insulation film consists of polysiloxane, polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The imidazole-type compound is one or more compound(s) of formula (I).R1-R4 = H, alkyl, ethynyl, phenyl, aminophenyl, halogenated phenyl, amino, aminopropyl, cyano, cyanomethyl, halogen or benzyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox-system electrolyte. The redox-system electrolyte is halogen compound and/or halogen molecule having halogen ion as counter-ion.Preferred Compound: The halogen compound is an iodine compound with iodine, or bromine compound with bromine. The iodine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine, and the bromine compound is mineral salt and/or organic salt of bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amino thiazole-type compound is of general formulae (I) or (II).R1-R6 = H, alkyl, phenyl, halogenated phenyl, naphthyl or pyridyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution further contains a redox-system electrolyte, which is halogen compound and halogen molecule having halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine compound, such as mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine, or bromine compound, such as mineral salt and/or organic salt of bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The organic compound is supported by a porous material. The organic compound and hydrogen gas are contacted under pressurized conditions, and hydrogen is discharged by heating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is a compound which forms hydrogen-molecule compound by contact with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen-molecule compound is a hydrogen clathrate compound using the organic compound as a host compound. The host organic compound is single molecule-type host compound, polymolecule-type host compound and polymeric-type host compound, preferably phenol-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The hydrogen gas is hydrogen waste gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Filler: The back-side filler consists of synthetic resin of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cell module is made of silicon crystals formed on metal substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cell module is made of silicon crystals formed on metal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The arm consists of oxide of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta) and iron (Fe).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The arm consists of oxide of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta) and iron (Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid acid is metal oxide, binary metal oxide and/or zeolite. The compound (X) is silica sol and/or alumina sol. The weight ratio of coating layer with respect to the core portion is 0.001-2. The coating layer is formed by adhering, immersing or applying aqueous solution or water suspension of solid acid or compound (X) to the core. The coating is then dried at 50-120degreesC and baked at 180-800degreesC. The amount of solid acid or compound (X) of viscosity 50 mPa.s or less at 25degreesC, in the aqueous solution or water suspension is 30 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Disperser: The disperser is a stirrer having shear rate more than 100 s-1 and strength more than 2 kW/m3, ultrasonic pressure or emulsifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer precursor has melt flow index of 6 or less at 270degreesC. The copolymer dispersion liquid contains copolymer (10-30 wt.%). The alcohol aqueous solution contains alcohol (1 wt.% or less) when heat processed at 20-100degreesC under reduced pressure with absolute pressure of 0.5-90 kPa. The dispersion liquid has viscosity of 0.1 Pa.second at 25degreesC when heat processed at 60-100degreesC in a disperser under normal pressure. Preferred Definitions:    n = 0.    EXAMPLE - Copolymer (in g) (130) having repeating unit of formula: -(CF2CF2)- and repeating unit of formula (4) and melt flow index of 3 g/10 minute at 270degreesC, ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were taken in an autoclave. Ethanol (50) was introduced, and mixture was stirred at 175degreesC for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and transparent gelatinous dispersion liquid was obtained. The dispersion liquid had viscosity of 0.2 Pa.second at 25degreesC. The dispersion liquid was irradiated with ultrasonic wave at 20-60degrees for 2 hours and dispersed to obtain homogeneous solution. The obtained solution had viscosity of 0.06 Pa.second at 25degreesC, and contained copolymer (6.2 wt.%), ethanol (37.5 wt.%), water (56.3 wt.%) and volatile component (0.01 wt.%). An electrode catalyst layer for fuel cells, was produced using the dispersion liquid. The fuel cell had excellent durability and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The water-soluble organic solvent is alcohol chosen from methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. EXAMPLE - A pellet of sulfonic acid-type copolymer was produced from a pellet of SO2F-type copolymer precursor. The copolymer pellet had moisture content of 32 wt.%. The copolymer was used as a raw material, to obtain a dispersion liquid. The copolymer (in g) (130), ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were prepared in an autoclave. The temperature was increased to 165degreesC, and the mixture was stirred slowly. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. After purging and removing volatile components such as ether, the viscosity in 25degreesC of the obtained transparent dispersion liquid was 0.04 Pa.second. The dispersion liquid had copolymer content of 5.8 wt.%, ethanol content of 38.8 wt.%, water content of 55.4 wt.% and volatile component content of 0.01 wt.%. An electrode catalyst layer formed using the dispersion liquid had high thermal and chemical stability. A fuel cell comprising the electrode catalyst layer, had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The syngas generation unit comprises a steam methane reformer and a pre-reformer. Unreacted methanol is separated from the shift effluent and recycled to the pre-reformer. The hydrogen purification unit is a pressure swing adsorption unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: The solid electrolyte material contains (in wt.%) 0.0001-2.5 SiO2, 0.0001-0.13 iron oxide, 0.0001-0.2 CaO, 0.0001-0.1 MgO, 0.0001-0.4 TiO2, 0.0001-0.25 Na2O, 0.001-0.08 K2O, 0.0001-0.1 rare earth compounds, 0.0001-3.0 Al2O3, 0.0001-10 Y2O3, 0.0001-0.5 Co and a balance of ZrO2 and/or HfO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Steel: The heat resistant cast steel further contains boron (0.001-0.05 mass%), zirconium (0.01-0.5 mass%), lanthanum (0.001-0.15 mass%), aluminum (0.01-0.3 mass%), and preferably contains carbon (0.1-0.3 mass%), chromium (15-20 mass%) and nickel (8-18 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The heated layer of Cu(InGa)Se2 is subjected to the evaporant species from the zinc compound under a vacuum. Prior to sputter depositing ZnO, annealing is performed at 150-200degreesC. Preferred Parameter: The substrate temperature is 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal back contact is molybdenum. Preferred Component: The zinc compound comprises zinc chloride, zinc iodide, or zinc bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal back contact is molybdenum. Preferred Component: The zinc compound comprises zinc chloride, zinc iodide, or zinc bromide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc compound comprises zinc acetate dihydrate. The acetic acid is used in an amount of 50 vol.% with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Cooling is radiant cooling or convective cooling. It is carried out with heat exchanger (40) and maintains the temperature of the feed gas mixture below 500, preferably below 300degreesC. The catalytic structure is maintained at greater than 900degreesC. The conversion of hydrocarbon fuel to hydrogen and carbon monoxide includes maintaining the exit gas stream in the post-reaction zone adjacent the catalytic reaction zone at greater than 600degreesC until the conversion of the feed gas mixture to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is complete. The exit gas stream is maintained greater than 700degreesC until the conversion of hydrogen fuel is complete.Preferred Components: The reactor includes a post-reaction radiation shield (42, 44) disposed in the reaction flow passage adjacent to and downstream of the catalytic support. It further includes an insulation (46) for maintaining the exit gas stream in the post-reaction zone at greater than 600degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrocarbon fuel is a heavy hydrocarbon fuel consisting of gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, or diesel fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The processor comprises the shell having the heat exchange inlet and a heat exchange fluid outlet; at least one reactor tube disposed in the shell; a catalytic structure disposed in the catalytic reaction zone of the reactor tube; and additionally several catalytic partial oxidation reactors including the at least one catalytic partial oxidation reactor. The reactor tube having a hydrocarbon fuel inlet and an exit gas stream outlet. The fuel inlet receives a feed gas mixture comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and an oxygen containing gas. The exit gas stream outlet discharges an exit gas stream comprising the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The reactor tube forms a reaction flow passage extending from the hydrocarbon fuel inlet to the exit gas stream outlet; and a catalytic reaction zone between the hydrocarbon fuel inlet and the exit gas stream outlet. The catalytic structure comprises an oxidation catalyst for catalyzing a partial oxidation reaction of the feed gas mixture to form the exit gas stream, so that when the feed gas mixture is fed through the hydrocarbon fuel inlet, the feed gas mixture passes along the reaction flow passage and through the catalytic structure to convert into the exit gas stream. The exit gas stream discharged through the outlet and heat from the partial oxidation reaction transfers from the reaction tube to the heat exchange fluid in the shell. Preferred Method: The partial oxidation reaction is maintained at a temperature greater than 900 degrees Celsius.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy hydrocarbon fuel comprises several hydrocarbon molecules, with substantially all of the molecules containing at least 6C. The heavy hydrocarbon fuel is selected from gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxidation catalyst is a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Collector: The surface of the anode collector is formed using platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iron, nickel, cobalt and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel used is an aqueous solution of water-containing inorganic compounds, such as boron hydride, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide, hydrocarbon compounds, ethanol and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine in the fluorinated amorphous nano carbon fiber, is chemical bonded to the carbon. The oxidizing gas is oxygen, ozone, water-vapor, nitrogen monoxide, or nitrogen oxide (N2O) and/or nitrogen dioxide, preferably atomic oxygen and oxygen-atom ion (O2+, O+, O- or O2-). The gas containing fluorine is pure fluorine gas (a), fluorine gas (b) diluted by helium, neon, argon, krypton or xenon, metal fluoride, fluorine-atom gas discharge during amorphous processing or fluorine alloy (c), fluorine gas (d) generated by electrolysis of metal fluoride, mixed gas (e) of xenon difluoride, xenon tetrafluoride and/or hexafluoride xenon, fluorine gas (f) generated by decomposition of fluorinated xenon compound, and/or gas (g) containing fluorine radical or fluorine ion generated by dissociation of carbon-fluorine compound, sulfur-fluorine compound or nitrogen-fluorine compound.Preferred Property: The peak of bond energy of the fluorinated amorphous nano carbon fiber, is 287.5-290 eV, as measured by photoelectron spectrum using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The fluorinated amorphous nano carbon fiber comprises tube-like shape hollow portion along fiber center axis. The hollow portion is released outside in one or both ends of the fiber. The nano carbon fiber is multilayer carbon nanotube having pyrolytic-carbon layer on its surface, and containing transition-metal microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The partial combustion solid carbonized material is performed with less than theoretical combustion air amount of carbonized material, and combustible gas is generated. One portion of combustible gas is utilized as heat source for indirect heating of thermal decomposition or gas modification in the later stage, and remaining combustible gas is used for thermal decomposition after modification. At least one portion of solid carbonized material is utilized as heat source for another boiler and iron manufacture, or heat source for general-waste melting furnaces. The water vapor used for modification reaction is produced by heat exchange with indirect heating waste gas of thermal decomposition or gas modification process, and added in thermal decomposition. The thermally decomposed gas after modification is cooled, purified and utilized as gas fuel. Preferred Condition: The biomass is thermally decomposed using external-heating rotary kiln with residence time of 20 minutes to 3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The organic waste material is a plant-type waste material. A metal oxide catalyst or a metal catalyst is used in water-gas formation.Preferred Method: Water is heated with the combustion gas, and the generated water vapor is supplied for water-gas formation. Heat is recovered from the water gas and is used for heating air used in carbonization and/or secondary combustion. The condensed water produced during heat recovery is used as water for water-vapor production. The waste gas emitted after water-vapor generation is used as a supporting gas in secondary combustion, after separating hydrogen. The organic waste material supplied for carbonization is dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The water-repellent hydrophobic resin is fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal of plating film is nickel, copper, cobalt and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxylic acid compound is acetic acid and/or benzoic acid. The amine compound is hetero aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of non-annular saccharides is 150-10000000. EXAMPLE - Xylose (in weight%) (2) having molecular weight of 150, iodine (1.5), N-methyl-N'-hexyl imidazolium iodide salt (8.5) and propionitrile (1.5) were mixed, to obtain an electrolyte composition having dynamic viscoelasticity of 64. An optoelectric transducer was produced, using the electrolyte composition. The transducer had short circuit current density of 13.2 mA/cm2, release voltage of 760 mV and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal conductive particles are selected from Pt, Ti, Ni and W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating material is selected from thermosetting or hardening type olefine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Atom: The metal atom is copper, nickel, tungsten, palladium, chromium, rhodium, molybdenum, zinc, zirconium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, osmium, silver, cadmium, rhenium, iridium, cobalt and/or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The organic ligand (II) is a bidentate ligand chosen from triethylenediamine, pyrazine, bipyridyl, quinoxaline, naphtha lysine, and/or phenazine.Preferred Complex: The polymeric complex is a porous material having mean pore diameter of 5-15 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains ionic liquid and cup shaped carbon nanotube in gel form. The content of cup shaped carbon nanotube is 0.05-10 mass % with respect to total quantity of electrolyte composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains ionic liquid and cup shaped carbon nanotube in gel form. The content of cup shaped carbon nanotube is 0.05-10 mass % with respect to total quantity of electrolyte composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The structural unit of ether comprised in the perfluoro polyether structure of the fluoro polyether compound is perfluoro propylene oxide. The repeating number of perfluoro propylene oxide is 300 or less. EXAMPLE - Toluene solution (in mass parts) (0.2) of fluorine-containing organo silicon compound (2.64) of formula (ii), polymer (100) of formula (i) having weight average molecular weight of 22000 and viscosity of 8500 mPa.second, 50% toluene solution of ethynyl cyclohexanol (0.4), and tungsto silicic acid (SiW12O40) (50) were mix-kneaded to obtain proton-conductive fluoro polyether composition. The obtained composition was applied on a frame and press-cured at 150degreesC for 10 minutes, and a film of thickness 200 microns was formed. The test sample having thickness of 150 microns, had proton conductivity of 0.0006 s/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganisms are further cultured in a culture solution containing formic acid under anaerobic conditions and are added to the solution for producing hydrogen in a reduced state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of tempered glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode layers are between the substrate and the active material layer. They are transparent to luminous radiation, and are thin enough to allow light to be transmitted. A hole-transport layer is between the anode layers and the active material layer. An electron-transport layer is between the cathode layers and the active material layer. An encapsulation layer at least partially covers the device.Preferred Materials: The anode layers are made of gold. The cathode layers are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electron-transport layer is made of aluminum tris-8-hydroxyquinoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode layers are between the substrate and the active material layer. They are transparent to luminous radiation, and are thin enough to allow light to be transmitted. A hole-transport layer is between the anode layers and the active material layer. An electron-transport layer is between the cathode layers and the active material layer. An encapsulation layer at least partially covers the device.Preferred Materials: The anode layers are made of gold. The cathode layers are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hole-transport layer is made of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrenesulfonate), (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis-(3-methylphenylene)-1,1'-diphenyl-4,4'-diamine, 2(-4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, or copper phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The surface modified electron conductive material (SC) is based on polymer modified carbon e.g. a polyacrylic modified carbon containing adhesive. The detergent contains polysaccharide and can consist of Triton-X.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electronic-ionic material is based on Cu, Ag, I, P and/or a chalcogenide and/or oxide e.g. Cu7PS6 or Cu3PS4, or I and/or an I complex. The nano-structure absorbent layer is based on Ti oxide, Zn oxide and/or a nano- or microstructured semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The heat generated in the first reactor is balanced with the heat transferred to the first reactor from the exhaust stream. Inputting the oxidant into the combustor is based on the temperature of the first reactor. The fuel cell stack creates a cathode effluent that is input into the combustor as the oxidant. The temperature of the exhaust stream is controlled by extracting heat from the exhaust stream prior to transferring heat to the first reactor. This is done by introducing a cooling spray stream into the exhaust stream. Extracting heat from the exhaust stream comprises passing the exhaust stream through a vaporizer to produce steam stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cosolute is an organic solvent.Preferred Method: The organic solvent is present in a concentration of at most10%, as volume ratio to the electrolytic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cosolute is a halide. The halide is a halide salt of formula (I) or (II).K-R (I)Na-R (II)R = Cl, Br or I.Preferred Method: The halide salt is present in a concentration of 0.001 - 1 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cosolute is a monomer or a polymer of the monomer. The polymer is a water-soluble polymer.Preferred Method: The monomer or its polymer is present in a concentration of 0.01 - 100 g/L. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide acicular crystals were produced on a conductive substrate by electrodeposition as follows. A conductive glass substrate (coated with F-doped SnO2, 10 OMEGA/square) was used as a working electrode. The electrolytic solution containing zinc nitrate (0.01 mol/L) in a mixed solvent containing water:ethanol (9:1) was electrodeposited by -1.2 V for 5000 seconds at 85degreesC. After the electrodeposition, the growth of zinc oxide acicular crystals was found on the electrode surface. The zinc oxide crystals were 200 nm in diameter and 3 mum in length. Comparatively, the same electrodeposition was performed, except that the ethanol was removed. The zinc oxide acicular structures were then characterized. The structure formed by the test method was found to have a smaller crystal diameter and a larger crystal length, and hence a higher aspect ratio, than the structure formed by the comparative method. The aspect ratio obtained for the test/comparative structures was 15/9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The photosensitizing transition metal complex is prepared by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a suspension of pyridine. The mixture is refluxed and cooled. Water is added and the excess ethanol removed under vacuum. The pH is adjusted to neutral and the resulting precipitate is filtered and washed with water. The solid is then dried. Preferred Definition:    M = Ru(II) or Os(II);    L = group (IIa) or (IIb);    B1-B3 = H, -COOH, -COO N(C4H9)4, or -PO(OH)2;    C = 6-30C alkyl;    R4, R5, R6 = methyl, t-butyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, hydrogen, CH2CN, CF3-CF2-, or 1-30C alkyl;    R7 = CF3, CF3-CF2;    R8 = H, F;    R9 = 4-F, 4-Cl, 4-CN, 4-CF3, 4-CH3, 4-NO2, H;    Y4 = group of formulae (IVb-1), (IVb-2), (IVb-3), (IVe-1) or (IVe-2)    X = NCS-, CN-; and    R3 = 6-30C alkyl.    EXAMPLE - To a suspension of 6-bromo-4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'bipyridine (6.6 g, 20.5 mmol) in absolute ethanol (400 ml) was added concentrated sulfuric acid (5 ml). The mixture was refluxed for 80 hours to obtain a clear solution and then cooled to room temperature. Water (400 ml) was added and the excess ethanol removed under vacuum. The pH was adjusted to neutral with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with water (pH=7). The solid was dried to obtain 7.0 g (90%) of 6-bromo-4,4'-diethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon-monoxide recovering unit is a carbon-monoxide adsorber (47). The carbon-monoxide adsorbate (48) of the adsorber is polystyrene resin having pyridine group and supporting copper chloride (I), silica gel supporting copper chloride (I)-pyridine complex, or silica gel supporting copper chloride (I)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,2-ethane diamine complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The open cell foam has mean pore diameter of 1-65 microns.Preferred Compounds: The hydrophilic group is a carboxyl group. The polar liquid is water, methanol or methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of the atom chosen from H, fluorine, bromine, nitrogen, aluminum, phosphorus, silicon, germanium and titanium is 0.65 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of silicon atom. The onium salt is ammonium salt. The solar cell unit has reflecting film formed from metal thin film of aluminum or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic solvent has dielectric constant of 10 or more.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains compound which thermally decomposes or volatilizes at 100-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The anti-reflective film in the solar cell unit has thickness of 10-1300 nm. The refractive index of the film is smaller than the refractive index of the transparent surface component (2). A film-form transparent resin layer (10) having embossed pattern, different from the filler layer (3) is further formed on the light receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film-form transparent resin layer is resin layer formed by hardening thermosetting resin with light or heat. The filler layer is a resin layer containing thermosetting resin and/or ultraviolet setting resin, and has light transmittance of 80% or more in the wavelength of 400-1100 nm. The solar cell unit has adhesive film containing conduction material comprising polymeric resin and electroconductive particles. The polymeric resin is acrylic type polymer or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alumina powder has average particle diameter of 0.005-0.5 microns, and the content rate of alumina of particle diameter 5 microns or more, is 0.01 mass% or less.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains reinforcement property filler (E) (5-200 mass parts) with respect to component (A) (100 mass parts). The component (E) is fumed silica processed using silane group surface treating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (A) has structure of formula (1).X = -CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2-, or -Y-NR1-CO-;Y = -CH2- or dimethyl phenyl silylene group of formula Z, substituted in ortho, meta or para position;R1 = hydrogen, methyl, phenyl or allyl group;X' = -CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR1-Y'-;Y' = -CH2- or dimethyl phenyl silylene group of formula Z', substituted in ortho, meta or para position;a = 0 or 1;L = 2-6; andb,c = 0-200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The desulfurizing agent has bulk density of 1.2-2 g/cm2.Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent further contains support and copper in a content of 40 mass% or less as copper oxide equivalent amount. The content of nickel is 50-90 mass% as equivalent amount of nickel oxide. The support contains at least one type chosen from silica, alumina and silica-alumina. The catalyst is used for modification of desulfurized raw material, is ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst. The support component of catalyst used for modification contains at least one type chosen from manganese oxide, cerium oxide and zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygen-containing hydrocarbon raw material is at least one type chosen from kerosene oil, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, natural gas and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is obtained by carrying out polymerization reaction of a polymeric monomer or a pre-polymer, and organometallic complex in a solvent, and baking obtained reaction product.The polymeric monomer or the pre-polymer is monomer or pre-polymer of polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide, preferably precursor of aromatic polymer, and more preferably polyamic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atom is iron atom, nickel atom, iron ion and/or nickel ion.The organometallic complex is metallocene chosen from ferrocene, nickelocene and their derivatives.The atomic binding substance has a hexagonal net plane having a carbon atom as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Heat treatment comprises heating, soaking and cooling steps. Heat treatment is effected at 20-650degreesC, especially with a final temperature of 430-600degreesC. The mixture is kept at the final temperature for 2 weeks to 2 months and then cooled to room temperature in 1-300 hours. The starting materials comprise an alkali(ne earth) metal or aluminum nitride, cyanide, carbodiimide, dicyanamide, tricyanocarbonate, tricyanomelaminate or nitridoborate and a boron trihalide, cyanuric halide, carbon tetrahalide, hexahalobenzene or borazine trihalide. Carbon nitride (C3N4) is produced by reacting lithium carbodiimide with cyanuric chloride. Boron carbon nitride (BC3N5) is produced by reacting lithium dinitridoborate with cyanuric chloride. Microcrystalline products are obtained by heating to 450-500degreesC and cooling over 60-300 hours. Nanocrystalline products are obtained by heating to 500-600degreesC and cooling over 60 hours or less. Heat treatment is effected with exclusion of air in a sealed metal or quartz glass vessel.Preferred Products: The carbon nitride is in the form of tubes with a length of 1-300 mum, an inside diameter of 100-950 nm or 1-4 mum and a wall thickness of 30-500 nm. The boron carbon nitride is in the form of tubes with a length of 3-700 mum, an inside diameter of 100-950 nm or 1-7 mum and a wall thickness of 200-800 nm. EXAMPLE - A mixture of cyanuric chloride (0.1845 g) and lithium cyanamide (0.081 g) was placed in a silica glass ampoule under argon. The ampoule was evaculated, sealed, slowly heated to 550degreesC, kept at this temperature for 2 weeks, and cooled over 6 hours. The product was nanocrystalline carbon nitride (C3N4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide semiconductor, which is titanium dioxide, contains nitrogen as an impurity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide semiconductor, which is titanium dioxide, contains nitrogen as an impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst layer comprises platinum as its main component, and is made into a porous shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The tetrahydro borate is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multiple component glass material contains 15% or more, preferably 15-60%, most preferably 20-55% of total content of niobium, titanium and tungsten, in mol% display of positive ion which comprises glass (3). The glass is a phosphate glass. The glass material contains phosphorus (20-50%), niobium (0-50%), titanium (0-20%) and tungsten (0-40%), in mol% display of positive ion which comprises the glass. The hydrogen processed composite material contains a hydrogen storage property alloy containing at least one type of palladium, nickel and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide semiconductor layer contains titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide semiconductor layer contains titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lattice shaped metal mask covering upper surface of raw material substrate, is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS304 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The biogas system further has a co-generation apparatus for recovering heat and electric power using the biogas obtained by the methane-fermentation process as fuel, and a heat supply unit for supplying the recovered heat as a heat source for concentration process and/or carbonization process. The concentration apparatus is a multiple utility system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic oxide material is silica, titania or zirconia. The metal film is aluminum thin plate or zinc steel thin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic oxide material is silica, titania or zirconia. The metal film is aluminum thin plate or zinc steel thin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Module: The solar cell module is further equipped with polyethylene terephthalate film (7) between resin film which vapor deposited with metal or inorganic oxide material, and adhesive agent film, or ethylene vinyl acetate film. The solar cell module preferably comprises front cover, thin film photovoltaic cell formed from laminating a transparent electrically conductive film layer, photoelectric converting layer and a reverse side reflective electrode layer, backside packed resin layer and reverse side weatherproof layer laminated sequentially. Preferred Film: The fluorine resin film is polychloro trifluoro ethylene resin film, polytetrafluoro ethylene film, tetrafluoro ethylene-ethylene polymer film, tetrafluoro ethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer film and polyvinylidene fluoride film. The resin film which vapor deposited inorganic oxide material is polyethylene terephthalate film or polycarbonate film. The reverse side weatherproof layer preferably is a laminate of polyethylene terephthalate film, resin film vapor deposited with metal or inorganic oxide material, adhesive agent, fluorine resin film or polyphenylene sulfide film vapor deposited with inorganic oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticles are made of anatase-type titanium oxide. The conductive layer has tin oxide or aluminum as main component by which trivalent or pentavalent atom is doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticles are made of anatase-type titanium oxide. The conductive layer has tin oxide or aluminum as main component by which trivalent or pentavalent atom is doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticle layer is sensitized with pigment comprising ruthenium metal complex, metal phthalcyan pigment or polymethyne pigment
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrocarbon evaporator is located in the bottom part of the mixing chamber. The heater is an electric heater. A second heater is provided to heat the wall of the mixing chamber and/or a wall downstream of the mixing chamber. The second heater is a heat exchanger or electric heater. The steam generator comprises a heat exchanger (38) for heating water with heat from a burner (36) used to burn exhaust gas from a fuel cell (34), and a heat exchanger (40) for heating water with heat from reformate leaving a reformer (32).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrocarbon evaporator is located in the bottom part of the combustion and mixing (CM) chamber. The igniter is elongated and extends parallel to the evaporator. The heater is an electric heater. A second heater is provided to heat the wall of the CM chamber and/or a wall downstream of the CM chamber. The second heater is a heat exchanger or electric heater.Preferred Process: The heater is activated for evaporation and remains activated during ignition and combustion. Combustion is ended by reducing or interrupting the hydrocarbon and/or air supply. The hydrocarbon and air and/or steam supplies are continued or restored after combustion has ended. The heater is not activated during or after ending combustion. The hydrocarbon liquid is e.g. diesel fuel, gasoline or biodiesel. The air and/or steam can be replaced or supplemented with reformate from the reformer and/or with flue gas produced by burning residual reformate from a fuel cell.
EXAMPLE - 1-bromo ethoxy-2-methoxy ethane (50 g) was dissolved in acetone (300 ml). Methyl piperidine acetone solution was added in the solution and cooled, to obtain 1-(2-methoxy-ethoxy ethyl)-1-methyl piperidinium bromide. The obtained product was washed and re-crystallized. The obtained product and lithium bis(trifluoro mesyl sulfonyl imide) were mixed in equimolecular amount. 1-(2-methoxy-ethoxy ethyl)-1-methyl piperidinium-bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonyl)imide was extracted by dichloromethane. Dichloromethane was distilled from the extracted solution. The residue was dried, to obtain 1-(2-methoxy-ethoxy ethyl)-1-methyl piperidinium-bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonyl)imide with yield of 70 %. The obtained product had density of 1.4 g/ml, excellent safety, heat resistance and electrochemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The composition comprises less than 30 wt.% platinum. The combination of the composition and the conductive support comprises at least 20 (preferably at least 50) wt.% of the conductive support.Preferred Components: The conductive support is carbon black or conductive carbon. The composition is free of silica. The cathode and anode are on opposing surfaces of proton-conducting membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The composition comprises less than 30 wt.% platinum. The combination of the composition and the conductive support comprises at least 20 (preferably at least 50) wt.% of the conductive support.Preferred Components: The conductive support is carbon black or conductive carbon. The composition is free of silica. The cathode and anode are on opposing surfaces of proton-conducting membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proton-conducting membrane comprises perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. EXAMPLE - Hydrous tin oxide was prepared by dissolving tin sulfate (10 g) in 18 MOmega.cm water (18 ml), stirring for 30 minutes, and then neutralizing the acidic solution with 1 M ammonium hydroxide. The resulting precipitate was vacuum filtered and air dried. The hydrous tin oxide powder was impregnated with platinum by stirring in a solution of 0.005 M H2Pt(OH)6 in 1 M sulfuric acid with 70 mL of solution for every gram of SnOx. The SnOx was stirred in the platinum solution overnight, filtered, and dried at 150degreesC. The material had 7.12 wt.% Pt and 59.95 wt.% Sn. The hydrous platinum tin oxide showed a surface area of 36 m2/g, an average pore size of 3.8 nm and a pore volume of 0.016 cm2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline pH-modifying substance (0.04 wt.%) comprises sodium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The alkaline pH-modifying substance is sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Safety enhancing additives are included. They comprise colorants, bitters, or flame retardants. Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous fuel substance comprises 90-100 wt.% neat methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline pH-modifying substance (0.04 wt.%) comprises sodium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The alkaline pH-modifying substance is sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening substance (2 wt.%) comprises Carbopol EZ-3. Polymeric additives are included. Preferred Property: The gel fuel has a viscosity of 1000-48000 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The membrane is formed of polycarbonate or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solder alloy contains any one metal selected from the group of antimony, bismuth, nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead and calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solder alloy contains any one metal selected from the group of antimony, bismuth, nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead and calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The proton-conductive substance is sulfonic acid-group, sulfonimide-group or phosphonic acid-group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor electrode contains oxide semiconductor or semiconductor microparticles. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ring fused type porphyrin complex is of formula (2).    EXAMPLE - Pyrrole (2 equivalent), dipyrryl methane (1 equivalent) and 4-carboxyl methyl benzaldehyde were condensed to obtain porphyrin monomer. The porphyrin monomer was oxidized with dichloro dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) and reacted with zinc acetate in chloroform and methanol to obtain porphyrin complex. The obtained porphyrin complex was reacted with silver phosphorus hexafluoride in chloroform to obtain porphyrin dimer. The porphyrin dimer was heat-refluxed to obtain ring fused porphyrin complex. Titanium oxide microparticle thin film containing semiconductor microparticle layer was immersed in saturated solution of the obtained complex, and semiconductor electrode was produced. The semiconductor electrode was used for producing pigment sensitized wet solar cell. The solar cell had large long wavelength optical absorption.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrode active material consists of molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, iron phosphate, vanadium phosphate, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide.The semiconductor material is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrode active material consists of molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, iron phosphate, vanadium phosphate, vanadium oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide.The semiconductor material is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals near the cathode and anode are more heavily doped than the group IV nanocrystals near a center position of the solar cell. The bulk heterojunction material further comprises a heavily n-type doped region near the cathode, a heavily p-type doped region near the anode, and a lightly doped region in-between. At least a portion of the group IV nanocrystals is capped with a reagent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IV nanocrystals comprise less than 75 wt.%, preferably 50-70 wt.%, of the bulk heterojunction material.Preferred Properties: The group IV nanocrystals include a variety of particle sizes. They have a largest particle dimension, which is less than 20 nm, preferably 2-5 nm.Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals comprise silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium nanocrystals. The group IV nanocrystals are doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group IV nanocrystals comprise less than 75 wt.%, preferably 50-70 wt.%, of the bulk heterojunction material.Preferred Properties: The group IV nanocrystals include a variety of particle sizes. They have a largest particle dimension, which is less than 20 nm, preferably 2-5 nm.Preferred Components: The group IV nanocrystals comprise silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium nanocrystals. The group IV nanocrystals are doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reagent is alkyl lithium, Grignard, or alcohol. It is an electroactive chelating agent, heterocyclic aromatic molecule, or a dendrimer polymer. The organic absorber comprises a polymer, dendrimer, or macromer. It is poly (e-hexylthiophene), poly-(2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)phenylene vinylene), or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material comprises an austenitic or ferritic stainless steel base material (11).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material comprises an austenitic or ferritic stainless steel base material (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The upper catalyst layer has catalyst containing platinum as main component. The down-stream catalyst layer has catalyst containing platinum, ruthenium and/or their alloys as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide insulator is selected from the group consisting of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), hafnium dioxide (HfO2), yttrium trioxide (Y2O3), aluminum trioxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide insulator is selected from the group consisting of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), hafnium dioxide (HfO2), yttrium trioxide (Y2O3), aluminum trioxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reed is made of titanium zinc alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The double-sided adhesive tape is made of vulcanization isobutylene-isoprene rubber or non-vulcanizing isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises palladium (5 - 12, preferably 7 - 10 wt.%) and zinc in a molar ratio of 0.25 - 0.4.Preferred Components: The support is alumina.Preferred Method: Step (i) involves forming an aqueous mixture of zinc nitrate and palladium nitrate; and then heating the mixture to at least 50 degrees C. (M2) Involves contacting a stream of alcohol and water with the catalyst at 200 - 400 degrees C to form a first product stream; and contacting directly the product stream with a methanation catalyst at at most 220 - 270 degrees C to produce a second product stream comprising H2 in a H2:CO ratio of at least 70:1 (preferably at least 10000:1). The stream passed from the reforming catalyst to the methanation catalyst without any intervening separation steps.In (M2), a portion of the reforming catalyst that is closest to a portion of the methanation catalyst and the temperature difference between the portion of reforming catalyst that is closest to a portion of methanation catalyst and the portion of methanation catalyst closest to a reforming catalyst is at most 20 degrees C. After contacting the methanation catalyst, a product stream is produced that contains H2 in H2:CO ratio of at least 100 and contain less than 20 mol% of the alcohol present in the reactant mixture. EXAMPLE - A mixture containing Zn(NO3)2.6H2O (13.10 g) and concentrated Pd nitrate solution (1.773 g) was heated at 60 degrees C in water bath till the solids dissolved. Al2O3 powder (2 g) with 60 - 120 mesh was impregnated with the solution (3.077 g) in a glass vial and kept at 60 degrees C for at least one hour. The sample was dried at 100 degrees C and then calcined at 350 degrees C at 20 degrees C/minute for 2 hours to obtain Pd-Zno/Al2O3 catalyst containing Pd (2.6 wt.%), ZnO (26 wt.%) and Al2O3 (70.2 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide semiconductor film is titanium oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide semiconductor film is titanium oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal solution comprises soluble transition metal salts in a solvent, comprising silver nitrate (AgNO3) in water, silver chloride in water, nickel chloride in water, and palladium chloride (PdCl2) in dimethyl formamide (DMF).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is chosen from hydrazine, alkali borohydride, copper chloride and tin chloride (SnCl2), preferably hydrazine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal solution comprises soluble transition metal salts in a solvent, comprising silver nitrate (AgNO3) in water, silver chloride in water, nickel chloride in water, and palladium chloride (PdCl2) in dimethyl formamide (DMF).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is obtained by radical or condensation polymerization of monomers (I) chosen from vinylic monomers and difunctional monomers, with functional monomers (II) chosen from acrylates, epoxides, acrylamides and acidic comonomers. The polymer is chosen from poly(acrylonitrile-co-glycidyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactant comprises elemental lithium, germanium and/or lithium.Preferred Process: Potassium and/or sodium is further disposed adjacent to the reactant, and a binary or ternary couple is formed after heat treatment. At least one phase of diffusion multiple is identified and analyzed by electron microprobe analysis. The diffusion multiple is sliced and ground, after heat treatment. The suitability of phase(s) of diffusion multiple for adsorption of hydrogen, is determined by time of flight secondary mass ion spectrometry or thermal imaging method, or by using tungsten oxide detector. The hydrogenated compound is heated by microwave irradiation, convectional heating and/or electrical resistive heating, by using heat from fuel cell exhaust, to recover hydrogen. The hydrogen recovery method further involves adding 20 wt.% or less of dopant to compound (A). The dopant comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, nickel, manganese, cobalt, silicon, gallium, germanium and lanthanide series elements. The hydrogen generation reactor (H) is in fluid communication with downstream of slurry production reactor (B) and upstream of drying and separation reactor (C). Reactor (B) is in fluid communication with downstream of reactor (C). The hydride recycle reactor (D) is in fluid communication with reactor (B). A metal hydride slurry is transferred from reactor (D) to reactor (B), and water is introduced into reactor (H). Hydrogen is generated in reactor (H), by using heat from microwave radiation, convective heat and fuel cell exhaust heat.Preferred Condition: The substrate is heat treated at 400-600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reactant is disposed in at least one hole of substrate, and a binary couple or ternary triple is formed by heating. The substrate is heated at 600-1000degreesC, 650-1250degreesC and 660-1250degreesC, when substrate contains boron, boron carbide and boron nitride, respectively. At least one phase of diffusion couple is analyzed and identified using electron microprobe analysis or electron backscatter diffraction. The diffusion couple is further sliced and ground, after heating. The absorption of hydrogen is determined by secondary mass ion spectroscopy, thermal imaging or by using tungsten oxide detector. Heating is conducted using microwave radiation, convectional heating and/or electrical resistive heating.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generation reactor is in fluid communication with downstream of slurry production reactor, which is in fluid communication with downstream of drying and separation reactor. The hydride recycle reactor is in fluid communication with slurry production reactor. Slurry from slurry production reactor is transferred to hydrogen generation reactor, and regenerated metal hydride is transferred from hydride recycle reactor to slurry production reactor. Water is introduced into hydrogen generation reactor, and hydrogen is generated by using the heat from microwave radiation, convective heat and exhaust heat of fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A dopant comprising titanium, vanadium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, nickel, manganese, cobalt, boron, gallium, germanium and lanthanide series element, is added to the compound of diffusion couple in an amount of 20 wt.% or less. Heating is effected by the heat from exhaust of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas comprises air with enriched oxygen content.Preferred Catalyst: The supported noble metal catalyst comprises palladium, platinum and ruthenium supported on high surface area aluminum oxide promoted by cerium oxide and other alkali compounds comprising barium and strontium. The monolithic metal is high temperature alloy plate, preferably iron-chrome-aluminum alloy plate, nickel-chrome-aluminum alloy plate or nickel-chrome alloy plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: (C1) Contains a liquid source of oxidizable fuel (preferably methanol) and/or a carbonaceous compound or a mixture of such compounds. The substrate of (C1) is provided to hold methanol in a liquid state within the porous material to enable liquid methanol to migrate to the polymer membrane and convert to a vapor phase. The composite membrane in (C1) is wound into a cylindrical shaped element. The gaps between the polymer membrane and the methanol-impermeable coating provide a path for transporting a high flux of methanol vapors to the egress port. In (C1) several composite membranes are disposed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (M1) Is a polymer membrane disposed about a portion of an interior of the housing to provide a high surface area membrane; or is a composite membrane comprised of multiple layers or folds of polymer membrane to increase vapor permeation surface area, and is a membrane arranged as a series of folds. (M1) Is polymer membrane provided with macroscopically irregular and/or roughened membrane surfaces to increase the effective membrane surface area for vaporization. (M1) Spaces a liquid source of oxidizable fuel from a vapor phase of the source of the oxidized fuel. (M1) Is comprised of a polymer material selected from polyurethane, silicones, poly(trimethylsilyl-propyne), polymeric compositions or composites (preferably polyurethane material). The substrate is polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyurethane, and/or analogous polymers or composites of these polymers. The polymer of the membrane has a microporosity characteristic to govern vaporization. The composite membrane is sintered metal disc coated with a polymer. The methanol-impermeable coating is cross-linked rubber, a polymer/inorganic composite, a surface-fluorinated high-density polyethylene or other methanol-impermeable material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The processing method of organic waste further involves co-generation process and thermogenesis process. The co-generation process recovers heat and electric power produced in methane fermentation process by using biogas as fuel. The heat recovered in co-generation process is used as a heat source of concentration process and/or drying process. The thermogenesis process generates heat using the biogas. The heat generated in thermogenesis process is used as heat source of concentration process and/or drying process.Preferred Apparatus: The concentration process is performed using a multiple utility concentration unit. The organic-waste processing system further comprises a co-generation unit (80), thermogenesis unit and a heat supply unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electromagnetic wave is irradiated in the presence of an oxidizing agent and an acid. The compound is initially irradiated with electromagnetic wave in the presence of oxidizing agent and acid, and subsequently irradiated in the presence of oxidizing agent.Preferred Compounds: The methyl group containing compound is methyl substituted aromatic compound, preferably heterocyclic aromatic compound, more preferably methyl substituted bipyridine heterocyclic aromatic compound.Preferred Wave: The electromagnetic wave is a microwave. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (in g) (6.0) was dissolved in 400 ml of sulfuric acid at -5 to 0 degrees C. Potassium permanganate (24.8) was slowly added and stirred. When the temperature of the reaction mixture reached room temperature, the solution was irradiated with microwaves (2455 MHZ) and refluxed for 3 hours. The black residue formed was filtered and added to sodium carbonate solution. pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 2, and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine was isolated from the reaction mixture. The average yield was 35-45%. The mixture was dissolved in aqua fortis and the solution was irradiated with microwaves and refluxed for 1 hour. High purity 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine was isolated after pouring the solution into cold water and filtering the obtained precipitate. The average yield of 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine was 90-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide has crystalline diameter of 121 Angstrom or less. The copper-zinc alkali solution has pH of 8-9.4. Preferred Process: The liquid mixture is filtered after precipitation. The deposit remaining after filtration is washed at temperature higher than the temperature of liquid mixture. Copper-zinc aqueous solution and alkali solution are mixed in aqueous solution containing aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The electric power generating apparatus has a reactor, which removes carbon monoxide produced by modification-reaction device. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate-nitric acid zinc aqueous solution containing copper and zinc in molar ratio of 6:3 was prepared. Sodium carbonate aqueous solution having surface area of 110 m2/g, and suspension of aluminum oxide were prepared. Copper nitrate-nitric acid zinc aqueous solution and sodium carbonate aqueous solution having pH of 8.8 were dripped in suspension of aluminum oxide. The liquid mixture having of pH of 9.2 was maintained at 60 degreesC, and deposit was formed. The liquid mixture was filtered, and deposit remained after filtration was washed using distilled water. The filtration and washing process were repeated four times. The deposit was dried and baked at 360 degreesC for 1 hour. Pellet form catalyst precursor (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 compound) was obtained. The obtained precursor was ground and sifted to obtain granular form precursor having size of 0.5-1 mm. A tubular type reactor was filled with granular form precursor, bleaching was carried out and hydrogen reduction processing was performed. The precursor was heated, and copper/zinc oxide-type catalyst (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3) was obtained. The methanol conversion ratio of copper/zinc oxide-type catalyst was 84.3%. The catalyst had surface area of 85.95 m squared/g. The zinc oxide had particle diameter of 107 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The ethylene copolymer resin sheet consists of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin. The continuous strip-shape is a linear continuous triangular shape. EXAMPLE - A sheet for sealing, which had emboss pattern with depth of 600 microns provided to the surface of ethylene vinyl alcohol sheet (ethylene 72%, vinyl alcohol 28%) of thickness 800 microns, and melt flow rate 15 g/10 minutes, was provided. The sheet was used for sealing solar battery element in between surface material and reverse side material. Cracks were not observed on the surface of obtained solar cell module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The liquid is alkylene glycol or polyalkylene-glycol ethylene glycol.Preferred Property: The boiling point of liquid is higher than boiling point of the solvent of flux. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The solvent of flux is water or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impurity metallic element contains fluoride or chloride of metallic elements such as gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), boron (B), yttrium (Y), indium (In), scandium (Sc), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), aluminium (Al) or hafnium (Hf).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impurity metallic element contains fluoride or chloride of metallic elements such as gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), boron (B), yttrium (Y), indium (In), scandium (Sc), germanium (Ge), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), aluminium (Al) or hafnium (Hf).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin (a) has terpene-type structure of formula (1).n=degree of polymerization, preferably 0-5.The epoxy resin (A) further contains alicyclic epoxy resin. Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy resin (a) is 9-60 wt.% with respect to total epoxy resin. Preferred Sheet: The resin sheet is mono-layered epoxy resin layer containing epoxy resin (A), or laminate having epoxy resin layer (31) containing epoxy resin (A), a hard-coat layer (32) and a gas barrier layer. Preferred Properties: The resin sheet has glass transition temperature of 170degreesC or more, light transmittance of 88% or more and fracture strength of 60 N or more. EXAMPLE - Terpene novolak type epoxy resin of formula (1) (in weight parts) (26.6), 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (26.6), methyl hexa hydrophthalic anhydride (52.4) and tetra-n-butyl phosphonium o,o-diethyl phosphoro dithioate (1) were stirred and mixed to obtain an epoxy resin liquid. Urethane acrylate was suspended to toluene to obtain a urethane acrylate solution. The urethane acrylate solution was applied, dried and hardened to obtain a hard coat layer having thickness of 2 microns. The obtained epoxy resin liquid was applied on formed hard coat layer, dried and cured at 150degreesC for 30 minutes to form an epoxy resin layer having thickness of 400 microns. A resin sheet having laminate of epoxy resin layer and hard coat layer was obtained. The resin sheet had glass transition temperature of 210degreesC, light transmittance of 91% and fracture strength of 95 N.    n=1.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Spherical- or grain shaped semiconductor bodies (30) have further functional layers, e.g. a buffer CdS layer, a layer of intrinsic Zn oxide, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer or conductive polymer (epoxide, polyurethane or polyimide, preferably an instrinsically conductive polymer with polyaniline) . Semiconductor body (30) consists of at least one I-III-VI group compound-containing semiconductor, e.g. Cu-In- diselenide, disulfide, Cu-In-Ga diselenide, or Cu-In-Ga diselenide disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier layer consists of a thermoplastic polymer material selected from epoxide, urethane, acrylic, carbonate, ester, and/or imide polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier layer (10) consists of a polymer selected from epoxide, carbonate, ester, urethane, acrylic and/or imide polymers. The rear contact layer can consist of a polymer containing conductive particles, i.e. the above polymers containing In, Mo, Fe, Ni-Cr, Ag, Al and/or their alloys or oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The layer system is converted to a I-III-VI group compound semiconductor by treatment with KCN solution and deposition of a high resistance ZnO layer, e.g. by chemical bath deposition. The rear contact layer (80) contains 20 wt.% Ga to improve adhesion. The I-III-VI group compound semiconductor layer consists of a compound selected from:Cu-In sulfide, Cu-In diselenide, Cu-In-Ga sulfide, or Cu-In-Ga diselenide. Semiconductor element (11) contains a buffer layer above the I-III-VI layer selected from:CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnO, In compounds or In-S compounds. The front contact layer can consist of transparent conductive oxide (TCO)    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate core consists of glass, ceramic, or metal, e.g. Na-K glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The selective changeover of the multiple connection mechanisms to the connecting state is attained by setting at least one connection mechanism located downstream the fuel gas flow path in a connecting position. The stack of fuel cells further comprises a voltage measurement unit that measures an output voltage, where the preset condition is satisfied when the measured output voltage is less than a preset level. The stack of fuel cells further comprises multiple connection ports (22-25) that connect an air flow path formed in the cell stack body with the outside of the cell stack body; multiple reference electrodes arranged respectively close to the multiple connection mechanisms and the multiple connection ports; and a determination module that determines an increase rate in potential measured by at least one of the reference electrodes. The preset condition is satisfied when the determination module determines that the increase rate in potential in a neighborhood of the at least one connection mechanism, which is set in the disconnected state from both the outside of the cell stack body and the fuel gas supply source, is not less than a preset level. The preset condition is satisfied when a predetermined time period has elapsed since setting of the at least one connection mechanism in the disconnected state from both the outside of the cell stack body and the fuel gas supply source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method for manufacture of proton conductive film involves preparing precursor solution containing water, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, surface active agent and tetra ethoxy silane.The precursor solution is applied on substrate to form a cross-linked structure.The cross-linked structure is silylated by exposing to mercapto propyl tri methoxy silane or mercapto methoxy silane, or phosphatized by exposing to ethyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked structure comprises a silicon-oxygen bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked structure comprises a silicon-oxygen bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte consists of hydrogen ions in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and in a phosphoric acid (PAFC) fuel cell; hydroxyl ions in an alkali fuel cell; sodium or magnesium carbonate ions in a molten carbonate (MCFC) fuel cell; or oxygen ions in a solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cell. The electrolyte is PEM, such as Nafion. The reactive species is a fuel selected from hydrogen or methanol. The oxidant is oxygen or air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises an electrical load (62), current measuring device (61), and voltage measuring device connected to both the cathode and the anode of the electrochemical cell under test. The electrochemical probe is mounted to an X-Y motion stage controlled by a computer, and the system is monitored by a data acquisition system for collecting and analyzing the results of the test.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: At least one of the members of the anode catalyst library comprises a metal selected from platinum or platinum alloy. The common cathode catalyst layer comprises a metal selected from platinum or platinum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte consists of hydrogen ions in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and in a phosphoric acid (PAFC) fuel cell; hydroxyl ions in an alkali fuel cell; sodium or magnesium carbonate ions in a molten carbonate (MCFC) fuel cell; or oxygen ions in a solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cell. The electrolyte is PEM, such as Nafion. The reactive species is a fuel selected from hydrogen or methanol. The oxidant is oxygen or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method includes using the meniscus shapers to control the shape of respective meniscus (29a, 29b) of the respective semiconductor ribbon, using at least one of the meniscus shapers to determine the vertical position of attachment between the melt and respective semiconductor ribbon in the melt sub-region, controlling the shape of respective meniscus using the top of meniscus shaper, stabilizing edges of respective semiconductor ribbon with the respective pairs of strings, minimizing interaction between adjacent semiconductor ribbons using the meniscus shapers, and forming a uniform thermal profile to minimize stress on the semiconductor ribbons. The semiconductor ribbons are formed concurrently, in a face-to-face pattern, or in a head-to-tail pattern.Preferred Components: A meniscus of first semiconductor ribbon is independent of a meniscus of second semiconductor ribbon. A portion of at least one of the meniscus shaper extends below the surface of the melt. Each pair of strings has a fixed distance between them. Each pair of strings defines a pair of edges of respective meniscus of the respective semiconductor ribbon. A housing isolates, from the ambient environment, the melt and a portion of semiconductor ribbon from the ambient environment comprising a solid-liquid interface and having a temperature of greater than or equal to400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel, nickel alloy, titanium and/or titanium alloy layer contains phosphorus, and copper, manganese, aluminum and/or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel, nickel alloy, titanium and/or titanium alloy layer contains phosphorus, and copper, manganese, aluminum and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Gas is hydrogen gas. The tar is coal tar pitch (3) which is mixed with particle-form porous material or fiber substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Gas is hydrogen gas. The tar is coal tar pitch (3) which is mixed with particle-form porous material or fiber substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is a metal oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3 = benzene ring, furan ring or thiophene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The benzyl alcohol derivative and cyclodextrin are dissolved in an acidic ethanol aqueous solution. The mixture ratio of benzyl alcohol derivative and cyclodextrin is 1:0.5-1:20 by weight ratio. The liquid fuel has a pH of 1-4, and further contains an electrolyte. The concentration of benzyl alcohol derivative in the liquid fuel is 0.001-5 mol/l. The liquid fuel is stored in an exchangeable cartridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The inorganic acidic water solution is sulfuric-acid aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cyclodextrin is gamma-cyclodextrin. The electrolyte is a solid-polymer-electrolyte film (2) of proton electroconductivity. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The benzyl alcohol derivative is 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzyl alcohol.    EXAMPLE - gamma-Cyclodextrin (0.02M) and vanillyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzyl alcohol) (0.01M) were dissolved in sodium sulfate aqueous solution (0.1M). The pH of the obtained solution was adjusted 1 using sulfuric acid. An electrochemical cell was produced using a platinum electrode, an auxiliary electrode, a silver-silver-chloride electrode, and the obtained solution as liquid fuel. A cyclic voltametry was carried out. In the sample solution, the electric-potential sweeping exhibited that the electric current value did not decrease.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semiconductor preferably contains heterocyclic compound of formula (2).R1-R4,n = same as above;R5-R7 = H or substitutent;R8,R9 = aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclic group, and R6 and R8, R7 and R9 or R8 and R9 optionally form a ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is a metal oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2 = form ring chosen from benzene, furan or thiophene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 70 heterocyclic compounds (e.g. I-1,I-14,I-53) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A titanium oxide film (semiconductor layer) was formed on glass plate used as support. A solution was prepared by dissolving compound (I-1) (5 g) in 200 ml of methanol solution. The titanium oxide film carrying support was immersed in the prepared solution. Trifluoroacetic acid (1 g) was added and the ultrasonic irradiation was carried out for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was washed and vacuum-dried under chloroform, after reaction, and photosensitive layer was formed. Tin oxide doped with fluorine was coated as counter electrode. A charge transfer layer was subsequently formed, and optoelectric transducer was produced. The side face of optoelectric transducer was sealed by resin, lead wire was attached and solar cell was produced. The solar cell was irradiated, and short circuit current density was measured to be 5.83 mA/cm2 and opening voltage was 0.586 V. The solar cell had high photoelectric transfer characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal-oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    Z1 = group of formula (7);    R9-R11 = hydrogen or substituent;    R12,R13 = aliphatic or aromatic or heterocyclic group;    R10+R13, R11+R12, R12+R13 = together optionally forms a ring;and    asterisk = position that forms heterocyclic ring and condensed ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 94 heterocyclic compounds (e.g. I-1,I-2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A titanium oxide film (semiconductor layer) was formed on glass plate used as support. A solution was prepared by dissolving compound (I-1) (5 g) in 200 ml of methanol solution. The titanium oxide film carrying support was immersed in the prepared solution. Trifluoroacetic acid (1 g) was added and the ultrasonic irradiation was carried out for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was washed and vacuum-dried under chloroform, after reaction, and photosensitive layer was formed. Tin oxide doped with fluorine was coated as counter electrode. A charge transferring layer was subsequently formed, and optoelectric transducer was produced. The side face of optoelectric transducer was sealed by resin, lead wire was attached and solar cell was produced. The solar cell was irradiated, and short circuit current density was measured and found to be 5.71 mA/cm2 and release voltage was 0.594 V. The solar cell had high photoelectric transfer characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the anode flow field plate and the cathode flow field plate comprises manifold apertures; and a flow field, fluidly connecting two of the manifold apertures, having open-faced flow channels (522, 523) that are all substantially the same length and arranged to uniformly distribute both a first process gas/fluid and heat produced by an electrochemical reaction involving the first process gas/fluid over an area covered by the flow field.Preferred Dimension: The size of the openings of the first screen is 0.004-0.025 inch. The size of the openings of the second screen is 0.02-0.04 inch. The thickness of the first screen is at most 0.003 inches. The thickness of the second screen is at most 0.01 inches. A maximum dimension of the openings of the first screen is approximately 0.017 inches. A maximum dimension of the openings of the second screen is approximately 0.0254 inches. The spacing between the openings of the second screen is at most 0.01 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide or zirconium oxide. The electroconductive substrate comprises oxides of metals such as titanium, tantalum, niobium or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide or zirconium oxide. The electroconductive substrate comprises oxides of metals such as titanium, tantalum, niobium or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electronic appliance further comprises holders for holding cartridges of the circulating container and the fuel container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell further comprises a detector for detecting the concentration of the liquid fuel supplied to the fuel cell, a controller for controlling the concentration of the liquid fuel to the predetermined concentration, a filter for removing metal ions and/or impurities contained in the liquid fuel discharged from the fuel cell, a fuel electrode, an oxidant electrode disposed opposite to the fuel electrode, and an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between the electrodes. The circulating container has a piston, which makes a reciprocating movement in the container to supply the liquid fuel to the fuel cell and to recover the liquid fuel used in the fuel cell as well.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid fuel is methanol, dimethylether, or ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electronic appliance further comprises a fuel liquid impermeable polymeric membrane disposed between the circulating container and the fuel container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ceria nanoparticles are provided in the form of a precursor that is converted into ceria nanoparticles. A cerium 2,4-pentanedionate precursor is used as a source of ceria nanoparticles. The steps of combining, heating, and heat-treatment are completed in 2-5 hours. The heat treatment may be carried out by heating the product in open air at 300-400 degrees C for a time sufficient to convert at least some of the copper nanoparticles to copper oxide nanoparticles, in a tube reactor. The tube reactor is initially at ambient temperature and heated at a rate of 10 degrees C/minute until a final temperature of 250 degrees C. The method also includes combining the nanocomposite copper-ceria catalyst with a catalyst support.Preferred Composition: The nanocomposite copper-ceria catalyst comprises 0.4-70 (preferably 1-20) wt.% copper in the form of copper oxide and/or copper. The oxygen-argon gas mixture comprises 1-10 vol.% oxygen gas. The carbon monoxide-oxygen-argon gas mixture may comprise 1-10 vol.% carbon monoxide and 10-30 wt.% oxygen gas.Preferred Parameters: The nanocomposite copper-ceria catalyst has a surface area of 50-250 (preferably 100-200) m2/gram. The nanocomposite copper-ceria catalyst is less than 500 (preferably less than 5) nm in size.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst support is ceramics, organic polymers, inorganic polymers, zeolites, glasses, metals, carbons, and mixtures thereof in the form of a monolith, nanosized particles or micron sized particles. The catalyst support is aluminum, alumina, titanium, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica, silica gel, activated carbon, carbon fibers, and/or carbon foam, in the form of a monolith, nanosized particles or micron sized particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a catalyst disposed on the polymeric structure bonded to carboxyl sites disposed on the polymeric structure to form catalyst islands.Preferred Condition: The open cells have a size of at most 1000 Angstrom. The nanostructure is grown from the catalyst islands by preparing graphite nano-filaments by decomposing carbon-containing gas mixture precursors on the polymeric structure at an elevated temperature (500-2000 degrees F). The pressure vessel receives the molecular gas at 77-300 degrees K.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polymeric structure of interconnected particles creating open cells comprises particles having a diameter of at most 100 Angstrom.Preferred Component: The polymeric structure of interconnected particles creating open cells comprises a polymeric structure formed from a solution of formaldehyde-resorcinol or phenolic-furfural. It may also comprise a carbon aerogel structure having a density of about 100 mg/cc, and a surface area of 0.2-3000 square m/gm, or a catalyzed carbon aerogel monolith structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises transition metals comprising scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or zinc.Preferred Component: The molecular gas comprises hydrogen or oxygen. The deposited catalyst comprises an alloy of iron (70%) and copper (30%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanostructure comprises a structure comprising platelet carbon nano-fiber, cylindrical carbon nanostructure, ribbon carbon nano-fiber, faceted tubular carbon nano-fiber, or herringbone carbon nano-fiber.Preferred Component: The nanostructure comprises solid fibers or hollow tubes of carbon. The carbon-containing gas mixture comprises acetylene, benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and/or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: A content of atoms of the Group Ia element in the semiconductor film is 0.005-5 atom%, and a content of atoms of the Group Vb element in the semiconductor film is 0.001-1 atom%. Preferred Material: The Group Ia element is lithium (Li), sodium (Na), or potassium (K). The Group Vb element is nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). The Group Ib element is copper (Cu). The Group IIIb element is indium (In) or gallium (Ga). The Group VIb element is selenium (Se) or sulfur (S).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: A content of atoms of the Group Ia element in the semiconductor film is 0.005-5 atom%, and a content of atoms of the Group Vb element in the semiconductor film is 0.001-1 atom%. Preferred Material: The Group Ia element is lithium (Li), sodium (Na), or potassium (K). The Group Vb element is nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). The Group Ib element is copper (Cu). The Group IIIb element is indium (In) or gallium (Ga). The Group VIb element is selenium (Se) or sulfur (S).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer is polyoxy ethylene block-polyoxy propylene block-polyoxy ethylene block copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cationic surfactant is a long chain alkyl group containing halogenated quaternary ammonium salt. The titania sol is baked at 280-350degreesC for 5 hours to 35 days. The organic solvent is diketone. EXAMPLE - A block copolymer of polyoxy ethylene block-polyoxy propylene block-polyoxy ethylene block and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were dissolved. Tetra-isopropyl ortho titanate solution modified with acetyl acetone was added and stirred at 40degreesC for 2 days. The titania gel was reacted for 7 days at 80degreesC. The gel was baked at 400-500degreesC for 30 minutes to 2 hours, to obtain anatase type titania, with excellent crystallinity and photocatalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of yttrium triflate is 10-100 mol/1 mol of ferrocene-anthraquinone hybrid molecule.Preferred Process: The catalyst composition is manufactured by dissolving ferrocene-anthraquinone hybrid molecule and yttrium triflate in a polar organic solvent, preferably benzonitrile. EXAMPLE - Yttrium triflate was vacuum-dried at 130 degrees C for 40 hours. Tetrahydrofuran solution (25 mL) of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (in g) (1.6) and 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (1.4) were stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature in nitrogen gas atmosphere. N-methyl morpholine (1.2 mL) was dripped and stirred. The resulting solution was filtered, and filtrate was added to tetrahydrofuran solution of aminophenyl ferrocene (350 mg) and N-methyl morpholine (0.5 mL). The solution was stirred and solvent was removed. The residue was recrystallized, and ferrocene-anthraquinone hybrid molecule was obtained in the form of pink solid substance (264 mg) with yield of 41 %. The ferrocene-anthraquinone hybrid molecule (1x10 to the power 4 M) and yttrium triflate (1x10 to the power 2 M) were dissolved in deaerated benzonitrile at 25 degrees C to obtain a catalyst composition. The catalyst composition had long life charge separation state, and was simply manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Porphyrin compound (0.5 g) is synthesized by the method.Preferred Compound: 2-hydroxy methyl pyrrole has structure of formula (1).R1-R8 = univalent organic group which bonds mutually to form a cyclic structure. EXAMPLE - Lithium aluminum hydride (in g) (4.92) was suspended in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (172 ml) in nitrogen atmosphere and cooled at 0degreesC. THF solution of 4,7-dihydro-4,7-ethano-2H-isoindole-1-carboxylic acid ethyl (6.93 g) was dropped. Temperature was raised to 10 degrees C and stirred for 3 hours. 4,7-dihydro-4,7-ethano-2H-isoindole was generated. The reaction mixture was added to saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution and extracted using chloroform. The chloroform solution (A) was concentrated. A chloroform suspension (700 ml) (B) of para-toluene sulfonic acid (739 mg), was separately prepared. Compressed air was bubbled into the suspension for 10 minutes at 500 ml/minute and stirred. The oxygen flow rate was 100 ml/minute. The concentrated solution (A) was dropped to the prepared acidic solution (B) and stirred. Bicyclo porphyrin was generated. Stirring was carried out for 3 hours and left overnight. Chloranil (775 mg) was added at room temperature. The solution was added to water and organic layer was separated, washed using sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product was concentrated under pressure reduction and purified. The bicyclo porphyrin derivative was re-precipitated using chloroform-methanol mixed solvent. Bicyclo porphyrin derivative (1.75) of 35 % yield was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains polymeric additive, iodine and organic fused salt compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent resin is a copolymer containing methylmethacrylate as main monomer component. The plate material is glass and/or polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The module is accessed via a bypass inlet (10) to a tubular heat exchanger through which cold combustion gas containing hydrocarbons is passed into the catalyst chamber. The fuel cell waste gases and the waste gases from the catalytic combustion chamber are conveyed through a catalyst support in the form of a plate heat exchanger with the aid of a ventilator which removes the waste gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The radiation sensitive resin is hardenable epoxy (meth)acrylate, obtained by reacting (meth)acrylic acid and polyglycidyl ether compound. The ether compound is obtained by reacting polyhydroxy compound and epichloro hydrin. Alternately, the resin is obtained by reacting a radiation sensitive resin making compound (2) and a compound with hydroxyl group, in presence of a strong acid catalyst. The resin has units of formula (3-I), (3-II) and (3-III), in a molar ratio of 2-73 mol%:8-83 mol%:15-80 mol%. Alternately, the resin has units of formula (4). The resin composition further comprises a photo-initiator and/or a photo-sensitizer.R3,R5-R8 = H or methyl;R4 = H or 1-4C alkyl;P = 1-10;X = H, alkali metal or ammonium; andY- = negative ion. EXAMPLE - A coating liquid of negative type radiation sensitive resin composition was obtained by mixing viscous solution of the resin (2.7 g), thioxanthone (0.1 g) and de-mineralized water (4 g). The resin was obtained using poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonic acid and N-methyl formamide. The coating liquid was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film and dried for 2 minutes at 100degreesC. Irradiation was performed using a photomask. Formed film was immersed in water at 23degreesC for 1 minute. The non-exposed portion was dissolved and removed. The obtained pattern was washed with water and evaluated. The pattern had high resolution, surface resistivity of 1100 Omega/square and total light transmittance of 81%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electroluminescent device comprises an anode, a hole injecting layer and/or hole transporting layer, a light-emitting layer formed of the pyridine compound, optionally electron transporting layer, and a cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (I) is prepared by reacting derivative of compound-containing halogen with boronic acid derivative in the presence of allylpalladium catalyst of mu-halo(triisopropylphosphine)eta3- allyl)palladium (II). EXAMPLE - 2,4,6-Tris-(p-bromophenyl)-pyridine (0.300 g) was added with 4-biphenylboronic acid (0.38 g) are added. Argon was passed through the reaction mixture. Cesium carbonate (0.95 g) in water (2 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. Then allylpalladium catalyst was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours and solid was filtered off. The product of 2,4,6-tris(p-boromophenyl)pyridine was crystallized from dimethylformamide (74% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is obtained using an alcohol solution containing stannous chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is obtained using an alcohol solution containing stannous chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy has a formula: Cu(In1-xGax)(Se1-ySy)2 (II), Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (III), or CuIn(Se1-ySy)2 (IV).x=0.25-0.3;y=0.05-0.8 or 0.1-0.5.Preferred Properties: The alloy has a crystal structure comprising a lattice of unit cells, where all crystallographic planes of the unit cells show a variance in d-spacing of less than 0.01, less than 0.006 or less than 0.007 Angstrom . The XRD has a main (112) peak at 2theta angle of 26.9-28, 26.80-27.0 or 26.80-27.3degrees for copper radiation at 40kV, taken at a d-spacing of 3.3117-3.1840, 3.3236-3.2990 or 3.3236-3.2640 Angstrom , respectively. The GIXRD for a glancing angle of 0.2-10degrees reflects an absolute shift in the 2theta(112) angle of less than 0.01, less than 0.05 or less than 0.06degrees. The alloy has a crystal structure comprising a lattice of unit cells, where all crystallographic planes of the unit cells show a variance in d-spacing of less 0.001 Angstrom . The main (112) peak is 2theta angle of 27.0-27.5, 26.85-26.9 or 27.0-27.2degrees. The alloy has a band gap that can be shifted from 1 eV to 2.4 eV (preferably from 1.1 eV to 1.5 eV), from 1.1 to 1.2 eV (preferably from 1.15 to 1.18 eV), or from 1.05 to 1.23 eV (preferably from 1.15 to 1.20 eV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The molar ratio of Ni to Mg is 1.8:1 - 2.8:1 (preferably 2:1 - 2.8:1). The molar ratio of Ni to Cu is 4:1. The percentage of Ni in the metallic state 55 - 80.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The decomposition takes place at 475 - 575 (preferably 500 - 550)degreesC when the catalyst is (a) and at 600 - 775 (preferably 700 - 760)degreesC when the catalyst is (b). EXAMPLE - A catalyst NixMgyCuzO (where x:y is 2.4:1 and x:z is 9:1) was treated in methane (60 ml/minute) at 665 degreesC. The decomposition reaction was allowed to proceed until the catalytic activity had decreased to less than 4% methane conversion. After completion of the reaction the percentage conversion of methane, life time, hydrogen yield and solid carbon yield was found to be 35.6%, 39 hours, (1830 L-H2/g-catalyst) and 490 (g-C/g-catalyst) respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The brazing layer comprises metal layer containing titanium, and metal layer containing copper and/or nickel exposed to gas or liquid at high temperature and highly corrosive environment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The brazing layer comprises metal layer containing titanium, and metal layer containing copper and/or nickel exposed to gas or liquid at high temperature and highly corrosive environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive carbon material is selected from activated carbon, carbon fiber, graphite, carbon whisker, carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio (x) of lanthanoid with respect to zinc in the complex oxide is between 0 and 0.5.Preferred Material: The ultraviolet ray-infrared shielding material is formed as a thin film on a substrate such as glass panel, plastic sheet, plate and plastic film. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder (in g) (11.064) with purity of 99.9% and having average particle diameter of 2 mum, neodymium oxide (0.936) and stearic acid (0.24) were ground and mixed for 16 hours. The powder was molded, compacted and sintered to obtain ultraviolet ray-infrared shielding material. The shielding material contained neodymium in the atomic ratio of 0.04 with respect to zinc. The shielding material had favorable visible light transmittance and ultraviolet ray and near infrared ray shielding property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A liquid-contacting part is made of a molded synthetic-resin. A synthetic resin of 50-100 meshes mesh filter element is housed in a filter frame, to which is added an antifungal agent for the water supply.The vacuum part of the pump and a discharge valve body are a blend of carbon fiber and molybdenum disulfide with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fluorine type resin. Each valve seat is bake coated with the fluorine type-resin on austenitic stainless steels.Molding insulating waterproofing of the electromagnetic coil and the attached live part is carried out with a waterproof or oilproof synthetic resin. The metallic member exposed outside can be waterproof and rustproofing processed with a protection coating of similar resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The semiconductor material is selected from silicon, germanium, carbon, aluminum, phosphorus, gallium, arsenic, indium and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The light-receiving-surface side sealing agent comprises ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A film, which consists of perfluoro sulfonic-acid polymer, is used for film/electrode joint portion for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. EXAMPLE - Polymerization initiator (CF2=CFCF2CF2SO2F) (in g) (12) and hydrofluoro carbon (HFC43-10 mee) (100) were added stainless steel autoclave. 5% hydrofluoro carbon (HFC43-10 mee) solution of difluoro compound ((CF3CF2CF2COO)2) (1) was added. The container was fully substituted by nitrogen, and 0.5 MPa was pressurized by vinylidene fluoride (VdF). Additional pressurization was performed using VdF and stirred at 25degreesC. The pressure was released after 8 hours reaction. Subsequently, methanol was added to the polymerization liquid mixture and solid was precipitated. Filtration, methanol washing and drying were performed to the resulting precipitate, and white solid (7.3) was obtained. The obtained solid was copolymer containing fluoro compound monomer unit (CF2=CFCF2CF2SO2F) and VdF monomer unit, with fluoro sulfonyl (SO2F) group. The obtained copolymer was pressed at 270degreesC on a Teflon sheet, and molded in shape of film to obtain a film. The obtained film had F/F+H of 99% or more, and sulfonic acid group volume of 1160 g/equivalent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte layer is formed of polymeric matrix which is a polyvinylidene-fluoride type-polymer compound containing carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing-molar ratio of organic acid and alkali are same, or the molar ratio of organic acid is more than that of alkali.Preferred Property: The alkali and/or organic acid has melting point of 20 degrees C or less. The proton exchange material is hydrophobic material.Preferred Compound: The alkali is cyclic compound or nitrogen compound. The nitrogen compound is a compound having imidazole structure, pyrazole structure and/or triazole structure, preferably 1-methyl imidazole, 4-methyl imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole, 1-methyl pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole and 5-methyl-benzimidazole. The nitrogen compound has alkyl group(s).Preferred Group: The alkyl group is methyl group.Preferred Acid: The organic acid is carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton exchange material contains a gelatinization material and a reinforcing material conjugated by ionic liquid. The gelatinization material contains a polymer compound and a polar group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The microporous layer is made from polyethersulfone, and each transfer structure has at least one plate of molded polycarbonate or e.g. PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The end plate has an inner face, an end face and a side face (362). The first conduit includes an outlet opening in the inner face and an outlet port on the end face. The second conduit includes an outlet monitoring port in the side face. The portion of the fluid sensor is disposed in the outlet monitoring port. A second monitoring port in the side face is in fluid communication with the first conduit. A third monitoring port in the side face is in fluid communication with the first conduit. A second fluid sensor has a portion disposed in the second monitoring port for monitoring the fluid. A third fluid sensor has a portion disposed in the third monitoring port for monitoring the flood. The first conduit and the second conduit coincide. They are distinct. The plate may be a flow field plate, a current collector plate, an insulator plate, or an end plate. The fluid flow sensor is a thermocouple (253, 273), a pressure transmitter, a temperature switch (255, 275), or a flow meter. The electrochemical cell stack is run in closed-end mode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating of the heat storing is carried out a temperature of 800-1600 degrees C, preferably 1200-1400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The layer(s) distal from the metallic strip substrate is/are doped with alkali metal(s). The electrically insulating layer is coated by a conducting layer, preferably made of molybdenum. The alkali metal is lithium, sodium (preferred), and/or potassium.Preferred Dimension: The metallic strip material has a thickness of 5-200, preferably 10-100 microns. The electrically insulating layer has a multi-layer of 2-10 layers to ensure efficient electrical insulation. Each individual oxide layer has a thickness of 0.01-2, preferably 0.1-1.5 microns. The total thickness of the oxide coating is less than or equal to20, preferably 1-5 microns. The molybdenum has a thickness of 0.01-5, preferably 0.1-2 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The layer(s) distal from the metallic strip substrate is/are doped with alkali metal(s). The electrically insulating layer is coated by a conducting layer, preferably made of molybdenum. The alkali metal is lithium, sodium (preferred), and/or potassium.Preferred Dimension: The metallic strip material has a thickness of 5-200, preferably 10-100 microns. The electrically insulating layer has a multi-layer of 2-10 layers to ensure efficient electrical insulation. Each individual oxide layer has a thickness of 0.01-2, preferably 0.1-1.5 microns. The total thickness of the oxide coating is less than or equal to20, preferably 1-5 microns. The molybdenum has a thickness of 0.01-5, preferably 0.1-2 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The zone of reduced oxygen concentration includes the first major surface and all points in the structure that are 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 microns of the first major surface. The semiconductor element has hole(s) extending from the first major surface to the second major surface. The major surface(s) of the semiconductor element has ridge(s), and valley(s). The ridge extends around a perimeter of the major surface of the semiconductor element. The substantial perimeter of the major surface(s) of the semiconductor element is thicker than adjacent regions of the semiconductor element. The part of the edge region is rounded, and is not perpendicular to the first and second major surfaces. Preferred Property: The semiconductor element has a thickness defined from the first major surface to the second major surface of less than or equal to600microns. The area of the first major surface is not greater than 1000 cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The zone of reduced oxygen concentration includes a member(s) from nitrogen (greater than or equal to1015 atoms/cm3), carbon (greater than or equal to1017 atoms/cm3), or transition metal elements (greater than or equal to1016 atoms/cm3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The zone of reduced oxygen concentration includes a member(s) from nitrogen (greater than or equal to1015 atoms/cm3), carbon (greater than or equal to1017 atoms/cm3), or transition metal elements (greater than or equal to1016 atoms/cm3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cohering layer contains tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, chromium or titanium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The process is carried out at 30-300, preferably 80-180 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support comprises a material from alumina, silica, zirconia and/or titania. It may also comprise stannic oxide or reducible metal oxide(s). The reducible metal oxides are reducible oxides of tin, iron, cerium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, zirconium, rhenium, titanium, silver and/or copper. It may also comprise stannic oxide. The support comprises layer(s) of a reducible metal oxide or a mixture of such oxides disposed on a particulate alumina, silica, zirconia, or titania. It comprises a layer of stannic oxide disposed on a particulate alumina, silica, titania, or zirconia. The catalyst comprises ruthenium oxide(s), rhodium oxide(s), or palladium oxide(s).Preferred Condition: The surface density of the platinum group metal oxide or oxides on the support is 20-300% of the surface density of a monolayer of the oxide or oxides. The surface density of the platinum group metal oxide or oxides is approximately that of a monolayer of oxide or oxides. EXAMPLE - CH3OH reactions were carried out in a fixed-bed quartz microreactor. Catalyst powders (0.1-0.3 g) diluted with acid-washed quartz powder (approximately 0.5 g) were treated in flowing 20% oxygen (O2)/helium (He) at 573 K for 1 hour before catalytic reaction measurements. The reactant mixture contained 4 kPa CH3OH (Merck, 99.99%), 9 kPa 02, 1 kPa nitrogen and 86 kPa balance helium. Reactants and products were analyzed by on-line gas chromatography using a methyl-silicone capillary column and a Porapak Q packed column connected to flame ionization and thermal conductivity detectors respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The light-emission pigment is ruthenium type pigment, coumarin type pigment or a porphyrin type pigment.Preferred Substance: The photoelectric-conversion substance is titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (2), is arranged inside the circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melt flow rate of the light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are 4-8.5 g/10 minutes and 0.8-3.8 g/10 minutes, respectively. The light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are transparent, after polymerization cross-linking by heat-pressing. Preferred Layer: The reverse-side protective layer is optically reflective.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is titanium dioxide. The sensitizing dye is ruthenium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is titanium dioxide. The sensitizing dye is ruthenium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst comprises titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent comprises ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol. The amount of components other than glycerol and dimethylformamide is 30 volume% with respect to total amount of solvent. The solvent does not contain carboxylic acid. Preferred Liquid: The dopant liquid is liquid precursor of silicate glass. Preferred Substrate: The semiconductor substrate is a p-type silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The silicon compound film is silicon oxynitride film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The silicon compound film is silicon oxynitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material further contains silicon. Preferred Crystal: The germanium group crystal is silicon-germanium crystal. Preferred Process: An additional element chosen from carbon, gallium, indium, aluminum, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and boron is added to the melt solution. Silicon, silicon-germanium and/or III-V group compound semiconductor is provided on germanium group crystal substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material further contains silicon. Preferred Crystal: The germanium group crystal is silicon-germanium crystal. Preferred Process: An additional element chosen from carbon, gallium, indium, aluminum, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and boron is added to the melt solution. Silicon, silicon-germanium and/or III-V group compound semiconductor is provided on germanium group crystal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Each evacuation structure has a sealing range on both sides of the gap where the inner side contacts the base plate. The cover sheet extends onto the evacuation structures to overlap each sealing range by no less than 2 mm. The outer side of the evacuation structures is perpendicular to the base plate. The inner side of the evacuation structures is inclined to ascend towards the respective peripheral edge of the base plate with a predetermined angle. The evacuation structure and the base plate are fixed together by spot welding and hermetically sealed with a sealant material. A spacer (15) is provided in each gap. The spacers are composed of a wire net. An air-flow bed forms an air-flow layer on a surface of the base plate. The surface has contact with the lamination material. Guides are arranged along the two opposite sides of the base plate other than those along which the evacuation structures are arranged such that each guide bridges the evacuation structures. The evacuation structures and the guides enclose a processing area within which the lamination material is to be placed onto the air-flow bed. The guides are arranged to cause, in response to an evacuation of the processing space, a bend to be formed in each of peripheral edge portions of the cover sheet coextending with the guides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode plates are of nickel-cermet. Intermediate layers are of nickel-8YSR or CeOx/Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The surface of the substrate is subjected to surface treatment process e.g. polishing step, providing a diffusion barrier and etching the barrier prior to deposition of the composition. The leak-tight coating is subjected to thermal processing in an atmosphere having low partial pressure of oxygen or in a lean hydrogen gas atmosphere having less than 10% hydrogen.Preferred Components: The leak-tight coating comprises at least one of palladium or palladium alloy. The metallic component comprises palladium (70 - 78%, preferably 75 - 77%) and silver. The polishing step utilizes shot peening, ion-beam treatment, plasma and vapor deposition of metals. The etching involves use of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and pickling solutions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrode is an anode or cathode. It has a thickness of 5 microns or less. It comprises platinum, palladium, silver, or nickel, preferably sputtered nickel. It is impermeable to water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen is supplied by methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal film contains platinum, gold, silver, palladium, iridium and/or ruthenium, preferably platinum or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal film contains platinum, gold, silver, palladium, iridium and/or ruthenium, preferably platinum or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains 0.02-0.5 mols of transition metal with respect to noble metal. The noble metal contains platinum. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxide of transition metal is tungstic trioxide and molybdenum trioxide.    EXAMPLE - Pt(NO2)2(NH3)2 aqueous solution of predetermined amount was impregnated into ceria powder (20 g) of specific surface area 120 m2/g. Molybdenum oxide powder was further mixed such that Mo/Pt molar ratio was 0.1. The mixture was baked at 300 degrees C for 3 hours and catalyst powder which supported platinum (2 wt.%) was prepared. The catalyst powder was ground to particles of size 0.5-1 mm. The catalyst particle was tested for hydrogen formation rate in low temperature region, which was found to be favorable. Generation of methane was suppressed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen storage apparatus is equipped with an ammonia adsorption material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst contains platinum having particle size of 10 nm or less and at least one support. The carbon monoxide methanation catalyst contains ruthenium and support. The support is zirconia, alumina, titania and/or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst further contains metal chosen from groups Ia or IIa of periodic table.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is mixing oil consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon, and further contains an organosulfur compound. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate (in g) (0.619), and ammonium molybdate and ammonium salt of perrhenic-acid (0.247), were dissolved in distilled water. Commercially available activated alumina (2.5) was suspended into the solution and metal was supported on alumina. The distilled water was removed by evaporation, and baked at 500 degrees C after leaving overnight at 100 degrees C for 6 hours, and nickel/rhenium/alumina catalyst (2.81) was obtained. The catalyst was filled in a quartz reaction tube and maintained at 600 degrees C for 30 minutes and reduced at 400 degrees C in hydrogen for 2 hours. Methylcyclohexane (MCH)/steam/nitrogen-mixed gas in molar ratio of 1/7/2.2 was supplied into the reaction tube and temperature was raised to 580 degrees C. After 2 hours, the gas composition was analyzed and found that the MCH conversion ratio was 62.4% and hydrogen production rate was 111.1 micromol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protective film is a resin soluble in an alkali solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support film contains metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The modifier further comprises a CO removal catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The optoelectric transducer comprises a photoelectric conversion material further comprising a steroid-type compound of formula (7).R35 = H, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, aryl, heterocyclic ring, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic group;R36 = alkyl group containing acidic group;andn7 = 0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor comprises a metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide (2 g), acetyl acetone (0.2 g), Triton-X-100 (TM) (0.3 g) and water (6.5 g) were dispersed for 6 hours. Concentrated nitric acid (0.2 mL), ethanol (0.4 mL) and polyethylene glycol (1.2 g) were further added to the dispersion liquid, to obtain a paste. The paste was applied on a glass substrate, dried at 100 degrees C for 1 hour and baked at 550 degrees C for 1 hour, to form a film. A pigment (A-05) was dissolved in a mixed solution of t-butanol and acetonitrile, to form a pigment solution. The formed film was immersed in the solution at room temperature for 15 hours, to form an optoelectric transducer. The transducer was irradiated and evaluated. The release voltage was 0.66 V, the short circuit current density was 4.5 mA/cm2, the form factor was 0.63 and conversion efficiency was 1.87 %.