TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer layer is a light transmissive layer. The biostructure comprises at least one layer comprising a porous latex-derived material and at least one layer comprising a nonporous latex-derived material. The polymer comprises an acrylate/vinyl acetate, polystyrene or a polymer blend latex. The nonporous latex-derived material defines at least one channel or at least one well.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: (a) Comprises Escherichia coli, Shewanella putrifaciens, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, algae (e.g. chlamydomonas), Clostridium butyricum, Rubrivivax, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus and/or Geobacter. The bacteria E. coli and S. putrifaciens generate electricity. The bacteria used for generation of H2 gas are Cl. butyricum, and R. palustris with at least one mutated nitrogenase enzyme that results in increased H2 gas evolution relative to the wild type organism). The mutant bacterium R. palustris lacks a functional molybdenum nitrogenase, a functional iron nitrogenase and/or a functional vanadium nitrogenase (preferably the bacterium is a deletion mutant, especially deltavnfH, deltaanfH, deltanifH, deltavnfHdeltaanfH, deltanifHdeltaanfH or deltanifHdeltavnfH deletion mutant). (a) Can produce electricity. (a) Is genetically optimized for light absorption and/or hydrogen gas production. (a) Produces a gas (e.g. H2 gas or carbon dioxide). The biostructure forms a coating on a reflective substrate, conductive substrate and photosensitive substrate. The light transmissive layer(s) are conductive. The biostructure additionally comprises a spacer or channel layer, which may be conductive.Preferred Device: The device additionally comprises at least one carbohydrate.Preferred Method: The method additionally involves depositing at least one additional layer of the polymer on (a) containing the surface of the device. The biological material in the device is phototrophic, thermotolerant, aerobic or anaerobic. EXAMPLE - Rhodopseudomonas palustris mutant strains derived from strain CGA009 that express only a single nitrogenase enzyme were constructed and mixed with glycerol, sucrose and acrylic/vinyl acetate copolymer latex (typically 1.2 g cell paste, 0.3 ml 50% (w/w) glycerol, 0.3 ml sterile 0.58 g/ml sucrose solution and 1 ml latex). The cell-polymer mixture was coated in an anaerobic glove box (90% nitrogen, 10% hydrogen) into 1 cm x 12.5 cm wells formed using a pressure sensitive vinyl mask onto a transparent polyester template at room temperature. After drying at 50% relative humidity for 120-150 minutes, the vinyl template was removed and the polyester strips were inserted into anaerobic tubes filled with buffer (10 ml) and an organic nutrient, capped, removed from the glove box, flushed with purified argon and illuminated at 30 degrees C. For strain DELTAnifHDELTAanfH with functional vanadium nitrogenase, the hydrogen production rate was 33.7 micro mol/g/h, 26460 micro mol/g/m2/h.