TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anode's enzyme comprises oxidoreductase. The oxidoreductase comprises an oxidoreductase that acts on CH-OH group or CH-NH group, a dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, lactatic dehydrogenase, lactose dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, or a PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase. The cathode's enzyme has an optimum activity at a pH of 6.5 - 7.5 and comprises oxidoreductase, where the oxidoreductase contains a laccase, an oxidase, a glucose oxidase, an alcohol-based oxidase, a cholesterol-based oxidase, an oxygen oxidoreductase, or a bilirubin oxidase. The enzyme immobilization material comprises a micellar or inverted micellar structure (preferably modified perfluoro-sulfonic acid-PTFE copolymer), where the material is permeable to the fuel fluid and/or the oxidant and the electron mediator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The microchannels in the casting mold of (P1) are formed using soft lithography. The electron conductor solution comprises a carbon source or carbon-based ink. The anode's electron mediator in (B1) comprises nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a protein, metalloprotein or stellacyanin; or pyrrolo quinoline quinone (PQQ), phenazine methosulfate, dichloro-phenol indophenol, short chain biquinone or potassium ferricyanide. In (B1), the cathode's electrocatalyst is present at a concentration of 100 mM - 3 M (preferably 250 mM - 2.25 M). In (B1), the electrocatalyst is present at a concentration of 500 mM - 2 M (preferably 1 - 1.5M). In (B1), the fuel fluid and the oxidant are moved through the biofuel cell by at least one of electrophoretic pumping or hydrodynamic pumping at a flow rate of 0.01 - 10 (preferably 0.5 - 10, especially 1 - 5) mul/minutes, where the fuel fluid is static. The electron conductor comprises carbon-based material, metallic conductor, semiconductor, metal oxide, or modified conductor. (E1) Is formed for flow of the fuel fluid within it.Preferred Method: (M1) Further involves removing the casting mold and replacing it with a gas-permeable mold containing larger microchannel, where the microchannels in the gas-permeable mold are formed using soft lithography. In (M1), (P1) is cured by heating at 75degreesC for 2 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The cathode's electrocatalyst in (B1) is an organometallic cation with standard reduction potentials greater than +0.4 volts. The organometallic cation comprises transition metal, osmium, ruthenium, iron, nickel, rhodium, rhenium, or cobalt; or organic aromatic ligand (preferably large organic aromatic ligand selected from a derivative of 1,10-phenanthroline; a derivative of 2,2'-bipyridine or derivative of 2,2',2''-terpyridines). The reduced form of the electrocatalyst in (B1) comprises Ru(phenanthroline)3+2, Fe(phenanthroline)3+2, Ru(bipyridine)3+2 , Os(bipyridine)3+2 or Os(terpyridine)3+2. The oxidized form of electrocatalyst in (B1) comprises Ru(phenanthroline)3+3, Fe(phenanthroline)3+3, Ru(bipyridine)3+3 , Os(bipyridine)3+3 or Os(terpyridine)3+3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode's electrocatalyst for the electron mediator comprises azine, conducting polymer or electroactive polymer; methylene green, methylene blue, luminol, nitro-fluorenone derivatives, azine, osmium phenanthroline dione, catechol-pendant terpyridine, toluene blue, cresyl blue, nile blue, neutral red, phenazine derivatives, tionin, azure A, azure B, toluidine blue O, acetophenone, metallo-phthalocyanine, nile blue A, modified transition metal ligands, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diol, (Re(phen-dione)(CO)3Cl), (Re(phen-dione)3)(PF6)2, quinone, diimine, diaminobenzene, diamino-pyridine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, toluidine blue, brilliant cresyl blue or 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The oxidized form of the electron mediator in (B1) comprises bilirubin, sterol, sugar or fatty acid (preferably bilirubin) and the reduced form of electron mediator comprises biliverdin. The fuel fluid in (B1) comprises an alcohol, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isobutanol, butanol, isopropanol, an allyl alcohol, an aryl alcohol, glycerol, propanediol, mannitol, glucuronate, aldehyde, a carbohydrate, glucose, glucose-I, D-glucose, L-glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, lactate-6-phosphate, D-lactate, L-lactate, fructose, galactose-I, galactose, aldose, sorbose, mannose, glycerate, coenzyme A, acetyl Co-A, malate, isocitrate, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetate, citrate, L-gluconate, beta-hydroxysteroid, alpha-hydroxy-steroid, lactaldehyde, testosterone, gluconate, a fatty acid, a lipid, phosphoglycerate, retinal, estradiol, cyclopentanol, hexadecanol, a long-chain alcohol, coniferyl-alcohol, cinnamyl-alcohol, formate, a long-chain aldehyde, pyruvate, butanal, acyl-CoA, a steroid, an amino acid, flavin, NADH, NADH2, NADPH, NADPH2, a hydrocarbon, a ketone or amine. The oxidant comprises gaseous oxygen or peroxide compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The casting mold and the gas-permeable mold is silicon, glass, polymers, poly(dimethyl siloxane) or polycarbonate. The substrate is flat and is glass. The anode's electrocatalyst for the electron mediator comprises poly(metallo-phthalocyanine), poly(thionine), poly(acrylic acid), poly(azure I), poly(nile blue A), poly(methylene green), poly(methylene blue), polyaniline, polypyridine, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole), poly(isothianaphthene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(difluoroacetylene), poly(4-dicyanomethylene-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b)dithiophene), poly(3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene), poly(neutra1 red), a protein, a metalloprotein or stellacyanin. EXAMPLE - Replica molding was used to form a 10 - 70 microns wide, 2 - 4 cm long and 5 - 75 microns deep pattern for microchannel of electrode dimensions in a PDMS casting mold. The PDMS casting mold was then sealed to a glass substrate with microchannel pattern. The microchannel was then primed with Ercon N160 solvent thinner (0.5 ml) and filled with a carbon electrode solution of Ercon E-978(I) (0.1 g) carbon based ink by flowing the solution into the reservoir. Once the microchannel was filled it was cured for 1 hour at 75degreesC after which the PDMS was removed. The cured ink was cured by heating 1 hour at 120degreesC to form the electron conductor of the electrode. After the electron conductor was formed, PDMS micrfluidic channel form was sealed over the microelectrode to form a pattern in its surface that was created using replica molding. The pattern formed was about 75 - 250 microns wide, about 2 = 5 cm long and 50 - 200 microns deep. After the electron conductor was formed, a solution containing the enzyme immobilization material was syringe pumped through the microfluidic channel form and allowed to cure for 8 -10 hours to form electrode.