TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The impervious ionically conductive layer comprises glassy or amorphous active metal ion conductors, ceramic active metal ion conductors, or glass-ceramic active metal ion conductors.Preferred Composition: The impervious ionically conductive layer is an ion conductive glass-ceramic comprising (mol%) phosphorus oxide (26-55), silicon dioxide (0-15), germanium oxide (GeO2) + titanium dioxide (TiO2) (25-50) in which GeO2 is 0-50 and TiO5 is 0-50, zirconium oxide (0-10), M2O3 (0-10), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (0-15), gallium oxide (Ga2O3) (0-15), and lithium oxide (3-25), and contains a predominant crystalline phase composed of Li1+x(M,Al,Ga)x(Ge1-yTiy)2-x(PO4)3 (1) and/or Lil+x+yQxTi2-xSiyP3-yO12 (2).x (for (1)) = less than or equal to0.8;y (for (1) and (2)) = 0-0.6;M=neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, thulium or yttrium;x=0-0.4;Q=Al or Ga.Preferred Parameter: The impervious ionically conductive layer has an ionic conductivity of greater than or equal to10-5 S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode structure comprises an air diffusion membrane, a hydrophobic polymer layer, an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrolyte, and an electronically conductive component/current collector (110). The cell further comprises a separator disposed between the protective membrane and the cathode structure. The impervious ionically conductive layer is tubular. The cell further comprises a permeable electrode membrane hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell to capture hydrogen released from the cathode structure in the battery cell redox reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The supporting salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium chlorate (LiC1O4), LiSO3CF3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiN(SO2C2F5)2. The active metal is lithium. The water soluble oxidant is hydrogen peroxide.Preferred Component: The cathode structure comprises an aqueous electrochemically active component, preferably water. The aqueous electrochemically active component comprises a water soluble oxidant from gaseous, liquid and/or solid oxidants. The water soluble gaseous oxidants are oxygen, silicon oxide or nitrogen dioxide, and the water soluble solid oxidants are sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate. The ionically conductive component and the electrochemically active component are comprised of an aqueous electrolyte. The aqueous electrolyte is strong acid solutions, weak acid solutions, basic solutions, neutral solutions, amphoteric solutions, and/or peroxide solutions. The aqueous electrolyte comprises aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid/lithium acetate, lithium hydroxide; sea water, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide and/or hydrogen peroxide. The cathode structure electronically conductive component is a porous catalytic support comprising nickel. The cathode structure electrochemically active material comprises air comprising moisture. The ionically conductive material comprises an aqueous constituent. The ionically conductive material comprises a neutral or acidic aqueous electrolyte. The electronically conductive component/current collector comprises a porous nickel material. The cathode structure ionically conductive component comprises an acidic aqueous electrolyte. The cathode structure comprises an aqueous ionically conductive component and a transition metal oxide electrochemically active component. The transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of NiOOH, silver oxide iron oxide, lead oxide or manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode comprises active metal, active metal-ions, and active metal alloying metal. The anode comprises active metal intercalating material comprising carbon. The cathode structure electrochemically active component comprises a metal hydride alloy. The metal hydride alloy comprises one of an AB5 and an AB2 alloy.Preferred Material: The active metal alloying metal is calcium, magnesium, tin, silver, zinc, bismuth, aluminum, cadmium, gallium, indium or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anolyte is in the liquid phase. The anolyte comprises a solvent consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, esters, formates, lactones, sulfones, and/or sulfolane. The anolyte comprises a solvent from ethylcarbonate, polycarbonate, diethylcarbonate (DEC), dimethylcarbonate (DMC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl-THF, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (1,2-DME) or higher glymes, sulfolane, methyl formate, and/or methyl acetate, and a supporting salt. The anolyte further comprises 1,3-dioxolane. The porous catalytic electronically conductive support is treated with an ionomer. The catholyte comprises an ionic liquid from imidazolium derivatives, pyridinium derivatives, phosphonium compounds, and/or tetralkylammonium compounds.Preferred Material: the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate (EMIM-Ts), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate (BMIM-OctSO4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The supporting salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium chlorate (LiC1O4), LiSO3CF3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiN(SO2C2F5)2. The active metal is lithium. The water soluble oxidant is hydrogen peroxide.Preferred Component: The cathode structure comprises an aqueous electrochemically active component, preferably water. The aqueous electrochemically active component comprises a water soluble oxidant from gaseous, liquid and/or solid oxidants. The water soluble gaseous oxidants are oxygen, silicon oxide or nitrogen dioxide, and the water soluble solid oxidants are sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate. The ionically conductive component and the electrochemically active component are comprised of an aqueous electrolyte. The aqueous electrolyte is strong acid solutions, weak acid solutions, basic solutions, neutral solutions, amphoteric solutions, and/or peroxide solutions. The aqueous electrolyte comprises aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid/lithium acetate, lithium hydroxide; sea water, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide and/or hydrogen peroxide. The cathode structure electronically conductive component is a porous catalytic support comprising nickel. The cathode structure electrochemically active material comprises air comprising moisture. The ionically conductive material comprises an aqueous constituent. The ionically conductive material comprises a neutral or acidic aqueous electrolyte. The electronically conductive component/current collector comprises a porous nickel material. The cathode structure ionically conductive component comprises an acidic aqueous electrolyte. The cathode structure comprises an aqueous ionically conductive component and a transition metal oxide electrochemically active component. The transition metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of NiOOH, silver oxide iron oxide, lead oxide or manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator layer comprises a semi-permeable membrane impregnated with a non-aqueous anolyte. The anolyte is in the gel phase. The anolyte comprises a gelling agent consisting of polyvinylidine fluoride (PVdF), hexafluoropropylene-PVdF (PVdF-HFP) copolymer, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and/or polyethylene oxide; and a plasticizer. The anolyte further comprises a monomer (preferably 1,3-dioxolane) for a polymer that is insoluble or minimally soluble in water and the catholyte comprises a polymerization initiator for the monomer. The polymerization initiator comprises at least one of the group consisting of protonic acid and water soluble Lewis acids dissolved in the catholyte. The polymerization initiator comprises benbenzoyl cation.Preferred Material: The semi-permeable membrane is a micro-porous polymer. The ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate (EMIM-Ts), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate (BMIM-OctSO4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, or 1-hexyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.Preferred Parameter: The non-aqueous electrolyte separator layer has an ionic conductivity of greater than or equal to10 S/cm.