TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The electrolyte has a thickness, such that the electrolyte is gas impermeable. Its thickness is up to 50, preferably between 0.1-10, more preferably 1-5 microns thick. The greater than or equal to2 electrodes have surface area (preferably 1-1000 m2/g) to support electrochemical reaction. Preferred Component: The greater than or equal to2 electrodes comprise an anode (16) and a cathode (14). They are stable between 80-1000, preferably 300-1000degreesC. The electrolyzer cell is from solid oxide electrolyzer cells, molten carbonate, electrolyzer cells, phosphoric acid electrolyzer cells, alkaline electrolyzer cells, zinc air electrolyzer cells, or protonic ceramic electrolyzer cells. The electrolyte is ion conducting and electronically insulating. Preferred Material: The anode is an electrically conductive oxide. It is made of a material consisting of doped lanthanum manganese oxide, strontium-doped lanthanum manganese oxide, tin doped indium oxide, perovskite, strontium-doped praseodymium manganese oxide, lanthanum iron oxide-lanthanum cobalt oxide, ruthenium oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia, and/or lanthanum cobaltite. The electrolyte is from zirconium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia, doped ceria, cerium oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, and/or perovskite oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode is made of a material consisting of nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia cermet, copper-yttria stabilized zirconia cermet, nickel-ceria, cermet, and/or ceramics. Preferred Component: The interconnect structure connects electrolyzer cells in series. It comprises thin-formed metal, stainless steel, ceramic, lanthanum chromium oxide, Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, and/or HA-230. Preferred Dimension: The interconnect structure has a thickness between 0.1-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The electrolyte has a thickness, such that the electrolyte is gas impermeable. Its thickness is up to 50, preferably between 0.1-10, more preferably 1-5 microns thick. The greater than or equal to2 electrodes have surface area (preferably 1-1000 m2/g) to support electrochemical reaction. Preferred Component: The greater than or equal to2 electrodes comprise an anode (16) and a cathode (14). They are stable between 80-1000, preferably 300-1000degreesC. The electrolyzer cell is from solid oxide electrolyzer cells, molten carbonate, electrolyzer cells, phosphoric acid electrolyzer cells, alkaline electrolyzer cells, zinc air electrolyzer cells, or protonic ceramic electrolyzer cells. The electrolyte is ion conducting and electronically insulating. Preferred Material: The anode is an electrically conductive oxide. It is made of a material consisting of doped lanthanum manganese oxide, strontium-doped lanthanum manganese oxide, tin doped indium oxide, perovskite, strontium-doped praseodymium manganese oxide, lanthanum iron oxide-lanthanum cobalt oxide, ruthenium oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia, and/or lanthanum cobaltite. The electrolyte is from zirconium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia, doped ceria, cerium oxide, bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, and/or perovskite oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sacrificial material provides a temporary substrate for the electrodes or electrolyte. It is removable by heating, chemical etching, ablation, or dissolution. Preferred Material: The sacrificial material comprises a material consisting of a polymer, a salt, a polymer foam, soluble materials, polyurethane, paraffin, or low density foamed polymers.