TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Hydrogen-production apparatus has the selection oxidation-reaction device which decreases the carbon monoxide concentration in the reformed gas which passed through the desulfurizer which decreases the sulfur-content density concentration in the raw material for hydrogen production. The modifier manufactures the reformed gas in which the raw material for hydrogen production is reformed and hydrogen is contained. The CO transformation reactor decreases the carbon monoxide concentration in reformed gas by a shift reaction and CO transformation reactor by oxidation reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The natural rutile coarse powder has particle size of 75-300 microns.Preferred Condition: The raw material liquid is maintained at 110-180degreesC for 24-72 hours, during hydrothermal synthesis. Adsorbed water and crystal water are removed from white product by maintaining the white product at 180-400degreesC for 1-50 hours. EXAMPLE - Natural rutile coarse powder (300 mg) and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (50 ml) were sealed in a stainless steel raw material container, and fluororesin was dispersed. The obtained mixture was hydrothermally synthesized by heating the container at 130degreesC for 50 hours, along with stirring. The reaction product was cooled after 50 hours still standing, to obtain mixture of white product and gray product containing impurity such as iron. Liquid containing the products, was neutralized using dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. White product was separated from the resulting solution after water-wash, and dried. The obtained white product was titanium oxide group nano thin line-like product e.g. nanotube and nanowire (H2Ti3O7.3H2O). The nanotube had particle size of 20 nm or more and length of 10-500 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum hydride is of formula X(AlH4).X = Group IA alkali metals, Group IIA alkali earth metals, Group IIIB lanthanides, or Group IVB transition metals, preferably sodium, lithium, zirconium or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalytic material is a hydrogen storage alloy, and/or Raney catalytic material. The hydrogen storage alloy is rare-earth/Misch metal alloy, zirconium alloy, titanium alloy, and/or magnesium alloy. The Raney catalytic material is Raney nickel, Raney iron, Raney cobalt, and/or Raney manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quinone molecule derivative is a naphthoquinone molecule (preferably sodium anthroquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) derivative and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (VK3) derivative (preferably VK3 modified with amino, carboxyl, chloroformyl, succinimide oxycarbonyl, alkyl metal oxycarbonyl group, para-nitrophenyl oxycarbonyl group, hydroxyl group, formyl group, halo, maleimide group, an isothiocyanate or an oxiranyl group). The electrode further comprises an enzyme immobilized, NADH immobilized and an oxygen separation membrane arranged in a vicinity of the mediator. The enzyme contains diaphorase and dehydrogenase. The dehydrogenase is glucose dehydrogenase. The mediator and the enzyme are immobilized on the electrode by a polymer a crosslinking agent. The substrate is glucose. The cathode contains polydimethylsiloxane immobilized.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyvinylimidazole. The crosslinking agent is polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2-(3-(N-(2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonyl)propyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthaquinone (AEACPVK3) (Ia), 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (CPVK3) and 2-(3-aminopropyl)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (APVK-3) are specifically claimed as the quinone molecule derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: One of the non-bonding surfaces is coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy (PFA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The ink pattern is formed by screen-printing. Etching of the first layer exposes a silicon material. The ink pattern is removed off the first layer, and an etch of a silicon material is performed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ink is devoid of silicon dioxide particles. The first layer comprises an oxide layer comprising thermally grown oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ink is devoid of silicon dioxide particles. The first layer comprises an oxide layer comprising thermally grown oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The first layer is etched using an etchant comprising 1 vol.% sulfuric acid, 4 vol.% phosphoric acid, and 2 vol.% stabilized hydrogen peroxide. The first layer is etched using a Co-Bra Etch etchant, or Perma-Etch etchant. A second layer comprising titanium-tungsten layer (106) is etched using an etchant comprising hydrogen peroxide. A third layer comprising aluminum layer (104) is etched using an etchant comprising potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The topmost metallic layer comprises tin (112).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The topmost metallic layer comprises tin (112).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell and substrate are encapsulated in glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming a photovoltaic cell over the mating surface of the substrate comprises forming a first conducting layer (32) over the mating surface of the substrate, forming a semiconductor layer (34) over the first conducting layer formed over the mating surface of the substrate and forming a second conducting layer (36) over the semiconductor layer. The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises the step of forming a semiconductor layer comprising at least one pair of P-type and N-type semiconductor layers stacked one on top of the other. The step of providing a substrate comprises the step of providing the substrate with the protrusions being spaced apart along the mating surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A portion of the photovoltaic cell and substrate is encapsulated in resin or polymer material. The substrate is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: The hydrating step is carried out at less than 30 minutes. The aqueous solution is in the form of the steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The Group II-IV compound is zinc telluride (preferred), zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, mercury selenide, mercury telluride, mercury sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, magnesium-telluride, or magnesium selenide. The back coating layer is doped with nitrogen. The remainder of atmosphere is argon gas. Preferred Methods: The sputtering is radio frequency sputtering. The sputtering step creates doped group II-IB compound layer. The method preferably comprises applying p-type back contact layer (22) of Group II-VI compound to substrate in the presence of nitrogen in gaseous forms using sputtering or reactive sputtering. The sputtering is carried out in an atmosphere containing nitrogen in gaseous form of 0.5-3%. Preferred Properties: The doped group II-IB compound layer is greater than 4 cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The ionic conductive film contains polymeric matrix substance e.g. polyvinylidene-fluoride type polymer compound containing carboxyl group and a reversible electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The plastic film has a thickness of 50-200 micro m, and an intrinsic viscosity of 1 dl/g or more. Preferred Polymer: The plastic is polymer(s) chosen from polycarbonate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyether amide, polysulfone, polyolefin, cellulose triacetate, polyphenylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose group polymer, polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyallylate, polyimide, and polyamide. Preferred Film: The plastic film is an aromatic polyamide film containing repeating units of formula (I)-(IV) or repeating units of formula (V)-(VIII).l+m+n=100;l= greater than or equal to 0;n,o= less than or equal to 100;o,s=0-50;R1=group having 5-membered ring, 6-membered ring, and/or 7-membered ring;R2,R4,R6-R10=arbitrary aromatic groups;X=H, halogen, or 1-3C hydrocarbon group;R3=-CF3, -CCl3, -CBr3, -OH, -F, -Cl, or -OCH3;R5=-SO2-, -O-, -CH2-, -C(CF3)2-, or aromatic group containing the above group(s);p+q+r=greater than 50 and less than or equal to 100;andp-s=0-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The adjusting valve is an electromagnetic valve whose opening/closing amount is controlled based on an operating state of the fuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrogen-containing fuel is a hydrocarbon-based fuel, selected from saturated hydrocarbons, garbage off-gas, oxygenated hydrocarbons, and/or fossil fuels. The hydrogen-containing fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent system comprises an alcohol-based solvent which comprises 1-propanol or 2-propanol, or comprises propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol, acetone or their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The structural constituent comprises polymer, which comprises novolak-based polymer, resol type phenolic resin or their combinations. The cresol based polymer compound in the composition comprises novolak polymer. The composition further comprises a surfactant, which is fluoro aliphatic polymeric ester surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electric or shaft power produced is utilized to operate the compressor. The shaft power produced by the internal combustion engine and the expander is utilized to generate electric power or perform mechanical work. Heat transfer devices heat or cool the internal combustion engine working fluid, internal combustion engine product gas, air supplied to the fuel cell cathode or spent gasses from fuel cell anode and cathode. They are connected such that thermal energy gained from cooling high temperature streams is used to heat low temperature streams. The gas transfer mechanism includes processing chemical species from the product gas mechanism to remove stream. hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons are added to the working fluid. They are contained in depleted product gas recycled from the fuel cell anode. The water and carbon dioxide are contained in gas recycled from the afterburner exhaust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquids: The ionic liquid or fluorine group inactive liquid exists in the form of liquid at very low temperature. The ionic liquid is an acid rich liquid. The fluorine group liquid is a liquid containing perfluoro alkyl sulfonic acid. Preferred Method: Ionic liquid of different composition capable of solidifying during mixing, is supplied to gas supply ports of hydrogen pole and air electrode. The ionic liquid consisting of acid rich liquid or base rich liquid, is supplied to hydrogen pole and air electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide ultrafine particle exhibits fluorescence of 375 nm vicinity at room temperature. The integral value of fluorescence intensity of visible light region is 1/100 or less of integral value of luminescence intensity of ultraviolet light region. The luminescent intensity based on donor observed by wavelength 368 nm vicinity in a very low temperature is more than thrice the luminescence intensity based on acceptor by wavelength 375 nm vicinity. The purity of zinc used for manufacture of zinc oxide ultrafine particle is 99.99% or less.Preferred Atmosphere: The controlled atmosphere is air which is not purified.Preferred Condition: Evaporation of zinc is suppressed and formation of ultrafine particle is stopped at oxygen deficiency state. EXAMPLE - An arc discharge was generated between carbon electrode and zinc ingot (of 99.99% of purity) in a vacuum chamber with air at a pressure of 20x103 Pa.    Zinc was continuously evaporated and reacted with oxygen in the chamber, to produce zinc oxide ultrafine particle. The obtained zinc oxide particle had excellent light emission characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating agent contains a silica precursor such that silica formed from the precursor is 0.5-20 wt.% with respect to total amount of polyether sulfone and silica. EXAMPLE - A coating agent was obtained by stir-mixing (in weight parts) N-methyl pyrrolidone (271), xylene (124), SEP5003P (polyether sulfone) (100), and BYK-300 (surface regulator) (1), for 2 hours. The coating agent was applied on a glass base material of soda lime glass of thickness 400 microns and borosilicate glass of thickness 100 microns. The coating was baked at 100degreesC for 30 minutes and at 350degreesC for 30 minutes. Thus, a film-coated glass with film thickness of 4 microns consisting of polyether sulfone was obtained. The coated glass had excellent optical characteristics even during high-temperature display manufacture, heat resistance, flexibility, and curvature resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode layer is formed from rhenium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. The cathode is formed from strontium samarium cobaltite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite or lanthanum strontium magnetite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic solid substrate is polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin or polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (I) can be structures (II)-(XIX).Preparation: 2-functionalized and 2,7-difunctionalized carbazole compound is prepared by adding potassium tert-butoxide to a solution of compound and benzaldehyde in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. The mixture is stirred at room temperature and then poured into methanol. The yellow precipitate which forms is filtered and washed thoroughly with methanol to provide the 2-functionalized and 2,7-difunctionalized carbazole compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The oligomer is of structures (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), (Id), (Ie), (If) or (Ig).The polymer comprises monomeric group of structures (IIa)-(IIj).The polymer is of structures (IIIa)-(IIIg).n, m, o = 5-100. Preferred Definitions:    R1 = alkyl or aryl, preferably methyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl or 4-octyloxyphenyl.    EXAMPLE - To a solution of compound (500 mg) and benzaldehyde (240 mg) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) was slowly added potassium tert-butoxide (470 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and then poured into methanol (300 ml). The yellow precipitate was filtered and washed thoroughly with methanol to provide the 2-functionalized and 2,7-difunctionalized carbazole compound (394 mg) with 95% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The surface layer contains organic molecules or a carbon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydride is lithium hydride.The chloride component is titanium chloride (TiCl3), zirconium chloride (ZrCl4), vanadium chloride (VCl3), niobium chloride (NbCl5), tantalum chloride (TaCl5), hafnium chloride (HfCl4), molybdenum chloride (MoCl3), tungsten chloride (WCl4), iridium chloride (IrCl4), neodymium chloride (NdCl3), nickel chloride (NiCl2), chromium chloride (CrCl3), iron chloride (FeCl3), cobalt chloride (CoCl2), palladium chloride (PdCl2), platinum chloride (PtCl2), rubidium chloride (RuCl3), rhodium chloride (RhCl3), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3).The hydrogen storage functional material is graphite, amorphous carbon, activated carbon, carbon nanotube or fullerene.The total amount of chloride component comprised in the hydrogen storage material is 0.3-20 mass%, with respect to the amount of hydrogen storage functional material. EXAMPLE - Lithium hydride, titanium chloride (TiCl3), and graphite powder of average particle diameter 36 mum (1.95 g) were added to a container made of zirconia. The container was evacuated and 1.0 MPa of hydrogen gas was introduced. Mechanical grinding was carried out. Balls made from zirconia and hydrogenation catalyst (fine aggregate chloride content component which dissociated hydrogen molecule to hydrogen atom) were added. Hydrogen storage material was obtained. The hydrogen storage material had high hydrogen storage capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating processes of graphite powder and graphite fiber, and mixture of zinc sulfide powder and cadmium sulfide powder are performed for 0.5-3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The amount of adhesive resin in the hole and the electron carrying layers is set in the range of 0.01-50 wt.%. The adhesive resin is set with specific glass transition temperature. A peeling layer is formed between the electrode layer and the base material.The adhesive resins are selected from the group consisting of polyester-type resin, acrylic-type resin, acryl polyol type-resin, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer or ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The acid-receiving agent particle is metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate and/or composite-metal hydroxide, preferably magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The acid-receiving agent particle is metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate and/or composite-metal hydroxide, preferably magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of acid-receiving agent particle is 0.2 mass% or less. The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer contains 5-50 mass% of vinyl acetate. The amount of acetic acid extracted by boiling and refluxing by water is 200 ppm or less.Preferred Property: The transparent film has a haze of 2 or less.Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer is further cross-linked by a cross-linking agent or a cross-linking adjuvant. The ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer further contains a silane-coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The reformer is a microscale reformer. The fuel cell is a cylindrical cell having a central bore. The central bore accommodates a cylindrical fuel source (19). The fuel source comprises a hydrocarbon fuel source, preferably a disposable butane canister. The system comprises a controller (23), and a fuel inlet comprising a female portion for mating with a male outlet portion of the fuel source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel is methanol, butane, jet fuel or diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The first partial phase consists of Zr oxide (YSZ) stabilized with Y, doped Ce oxide, Perovskite, or other ceramic material, and the second partial phase contains Ni as metal, which can be alloyed with Cu. The second partial phase can consist of sintered NiO particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The first back-electrode is mounted on an additional transparent or semitransparent substrate, which is distinct from the first and second substrate, which additional substrate is mounted on the second substrate of the second compartment. The additional substrate is mounted on the second substrate via the intermittent material layer. The first back-electrode is mounted directly on the second substrate of the second compartment, preferably without any additional substrate and/or without any intermittent material layer. The layer of semiconducting material has fewer pores than the porous layer of semiconducting material, or has no pores.Preferred Property: The first electrode has a transmittance of at least 80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first dye has an absorption spectrum with a first maximum at lambdamax1, and the second dye has an absorption spectrum with a second maximum at lambdamax2, with lambdamax1 less than lambdamax2. The first and/or second porous layer of semiconducting material comprise particles of semiconducting material, and the first and/or second dye are attached to the particles of semiconducting material, preferably at the surface of the particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The charge-transporting agent is liquid, solid, or preferably quasi-solid. It is a gel, preferably a polymer-gel. It is an electrolyte. It contains a redox couple of which the reducing species is capable of regenerating the dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous layer of semiconducting material comprises an oxide, such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, copper aluminum oxide, strontium titanium oxide, and strontium copper oxide, or a complex oxide containing these oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst material is a transition metal selected from Fe, Ni, Co, or Fe-Ni-Co alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The fuel processor system further comprises a bypass passage providing fluid communication between the recirculation loop and the combustor inlet; and a recirculation valve for controlling fluid communication in the recirculation loop. Preferred Component: The fuel processor (12) further comprises a recirculation pump in fluid communication with the recirculation loop; a fuel cell having an anode inlet in fluid communication with the fuel processor outlet and an anode outlet; a pressure regulator between the anode outlet or anode bypass valve (26), and the combustor inlet; a cathode bypass valve between a cathode air supply and a cathode inlet of the fuel cell for selectively providing fluid communication between the cathode inlet and the combustor inlet, bypassing the fuel cell; and a condenser in fluid communication with the fuel processor outlet. The bypass passage further comprises a check valve (60) to prevent backflow; and an anode bypass valve between the fuel processor outlet and the anode inlet for selectively providing fluid communication between the anode inlet and the combustor inlet, bypassing the fuel cell. The recirculation loop further comprises an exhaust valve for selectively providing fluid communication between the recirculation loop and the combustor inlet. Preferred Condition: The exhaust valve and the bypass valve are operable together to set a recirculation ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic compound comprises a polymeric compound, preferably poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyethylene oxide, polyurethane, or polyamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal ion comprises a lithium ion.The gelling compound is a lithium salt of formula LiX.X = iodide, bromide, chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or hexafluorophosphonate.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition comprises at least 0.05 M iodine.Preferred Method: The addition steps are performed at below 50 degrees C and at standard pressure.The electrolyte has a gelling rate controlled by changing a concentration of counter ions in the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat exchanger is at least partially coated with the catalytic agent for producing the water gas shift reaction. The heat exchanger and the hydrogen separator are connected by a reformate gas connection. A still further proportion of the catalytic agents for producing the water gas shift reaction is arranged in a region of the reformate gas connection. The heat exchanger has the further proportion of the catalytic agents for producing the water gas shift reaction assigned to a region predominantly facing an outflow region for the reformate gas. The further proportion of catalytic agents is located in an exit third (15) of the heat exchanger. The hydrogen separator has areal membranes selectively permeable to hydrogen, with a porous material coated with the proportion of catalytic agent for producing the water gas shift reaction being arranged, on the reformate gas side, at least partially between the membranes. The porous material simultaneously serves as a support material for a layer selectively permeable to hydrogen of one of the membranes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layer selectively permeable to hydrogen at least includes palladium and/or elements from transition group 5 or its alloys. The catalytic agent includes at least one of nickel, iron, chromium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block copolymer is a block copolymer including apolar block and a polar block. The apolar block is polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polydimethylsiloxane, methylphenylsiloxane, polyacrylates of 1-4C alcohols, polymethacrylates of 3-4C alcohols, hydrogenated polyisoprene, or hydrogenated polybutadiene. The polar block is polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylamines, polyvinylpyridines, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, hydrophilic polyacrylates and amides, hydrophilic polymethacrylates and amides, or polystyrenesulfonic acids. The block copolymer is poly(isoprene-block-ethylene oxide). The PDC precursor is silazane or ureamethylvinylsilazane. The block copolymer exhibits a morphology known from the phase behavior of block copolymers. It is provided in a solution comprising the block copolymer and tetrahydrofuran. The precursor is added in varying amounts with respect to the block copolymer. The block copolymer is poly(isoprene-block-ethylene oxide).Preferred Method: The step of polymerizing occurs using a radical initiation by providing a radical initiator, i.e. dicumyl peroxide. The radical initiator includes heating to 120 degrees C. The step of polymerizing includes subjecting the precursor to thermal energy or UV light energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The PDC precursor is a non-oxide ceramic precursor. The nanostructured non-oxide ceramic material is a high temperature silicon carbonitride or silicon carbide material. EXAMPLE - A 5 wt.% block copolymer solution of tetrahydrofuran was mixed with 2 wt.% radical initiator (dicumyl peroxide) and silazane and stirred for 1 hour. The solution was poured in a Petri dish and a film cast at 5 0degrees C for 3 hours. The film was annealed for 24 hours at 50 degrees C and ramped up to 120 degrees C for 1 hour. The block copolymer-polysilazane nanostructured composite material was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of glass fiber, or asbestos.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of flexible graphite, carbon fiber paper, cotton fiber, inorganic fiber, cardboard, aluminum oxide membrane, zeolite, or flexible graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A detector detects a change in the change in acidity indicator, and comprises a fluorescent pH indicator and an UV lamp aligned to illuminate the fluorescent pH indicator. The assembly comprises a catalyst. The apparatus further comprises a fluid permeable element in communication with the catalyst. The fluid permeable element comprises a gas diffusion layer, and/or a gas diffusion substrate. The further comprises a membrane positioned between the catalyst and the indicator. An electrical current measuring assembly comprising a pair of electrodes is disposed in the indicator and a quantifying element connected to the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The indicator comprises a colorimetric dye, potentiometric dye, or a fluorescent pH indicator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of flexible graphite, carbon fiber paper, cotton fiber, inorganic fiber, cardboard, aluminum oxide membrane, zeolite, or flexible graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gas diffusion substrate comprises a sheet of polymer material, a composite of flexible graphite and a polymer, a composite of carbon and a polymer, a composite of carbon, flexible graphite, and/or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electrolyte is patterned. A solid-oxide electrolyte is deposited. The chamber-forming step comprises depositing a layer of sacrificial material, patterning the sacrificial material, covering the sacrificial material with a suitable material to form a chamber roof, and removing the sacrificial material. The chamber-forming step comprises depositing and patterning a planar film of an oxidizable material, and oxidizing the oxidizable material to form a chamber roof. An inert material is deposited and patterned to form an anchoring portion to hold a peripheral portion of the oxidizable material in contact with the electrolyte. The chamber-forming step includes tape casting the electrolyte. The chamber-forming step comprises providing an unfired tape of electrolyte material carrying the cathode and anode, the tape having first and second sides; providing a mold for forming a desired shape for the chamber; coating both first and second sides of the unfired tape of electrolyte material carrying the cathode and anode with a suitable solvent; pressing the unfired tape of electrolyte material carrying the cathode and anode to form the desired chamber shape; and co-firing the assembled and shaped elements to form the chamber.Preferred Component: The chamber extends over the entire anode. The electrolyte comprises a proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) electrolyte. The suitable material is an electrolyte, or a non-electrolyte. The manifold comprises a substrate, and an elongate roof affixed to the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent comprises isopropyl alcohol, water, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, or methyl ethyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of anatase-type crystalline titanium oxide sol is 5-15 nm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of hydroxycarboxylic acid with respect to titanium oxide (TiO2) in the anatase-type crystalline titanium oxide sol, is 0.01-1. Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst is a catalyst for anode, containing platinum or platinum and ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of anatase-type crystalline titanium oxide sol is 5-15 nm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of hydroxycarboxylic acid with respect to titanium oxide (TiO2) in the anatase-type crystalline titanium oxide sol, is 0.01-1. Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst is a catalyst for anode, containing platinum or platinum and ruthenium. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydroxycarboxylic acid is citric acid, malic acid or tartaric acid.    EXAMPLE - Titanium-oxide sol SA-1 (in g) (1.32) (formed using malic acid as dispersant) having titanium oxide (TiO2) content of 10 mass%, average particle diameter of 7 nm and malic acid/titanium oxide molar ratio of 0.03, platinum-carbon compound (0.7) having specific surface area of 329.2 m2/g and platinum/carbon mass ratio of 46.2/53.8, and ultra pure water (50) were mixed to obtain a suspension. Ultrasonic dispersion of the suspension was carried out for 1 hour such that the titanium oxide sol and platinum/carbon in the suspension were mixed uniformly. The obtained suspension was dried at 60degreesC, and ground. The ground product was then baked at 250degreesC for 2 hours under nitrogen gas atmosphere to obtain titanium oxide coated platinum/carbon catalyst. An anode was produced using the obtained catalyst. A direct methanol fuel cell comprising the anode, had favorable battery characteristics (load-fluctuation characteristics) and impedance characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the hydrogen storage material is manufactured by subjecting mixture of particle-form magnesium metal and particle-form vanadium metal, to mechanical shearing force by mechanical alloying method. Hydrogen storage material containing carbon atom is manufactured by mixing particle-form magnesium metal, particle-form vanadium metal, particle-form carbon, particle-form carbonized magnesium and/or particle-form vanadium carbide, and heat-dissolving the obtained mixture at 700-1000 degrees C, or subjecting obtained mixture to mechanical shearing force by the mechanical alloying method.Hydrogen storage material containing boron atom is manufactured similarly as the manufacturing method of hydrogen storage material containing carbon atom, using particle-form boron, particle-form boronized magnesium and/or particle-form vanadium boride instead of particle-form carbon, particle-form carbonized magnesium and/or particle-form vanadium carbide.Preferred Material: Alternately, the hydrogen storage material comprises solid-solution phase (a) of crystal structure of magnesium in carbon atom, and metal structure (b) containing solid-solution phase of crystal structure of vanadium in carbon atom, and satisfies the equation: (MgXV1-X)CY, where X is same as above, and Y is greater than 0 and at most 0.4, or a solid-solution phase (a) of crystal structure of magnesium in boron atom, and metal structure (b) containing solid-solution phase of crystal structure of vanadium in boron atom, and satisfies the equation: (MgXV1-X)BY, where X is same as above, and Y is greater than 0 and at most 0.4.Preferred Property: The particle-form vanadium metal has average particle diameter of 10 micro meters or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The salt of transition metal and the precursor of a conductive polymer are dissolved in a solution containing the molecule containing cyano group, and oxidation polymerization of the monomer molecule is carried out to obtain an electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The transition metals are iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, titanium, vanadium and/or chromium. EXAMPLE - Cobaltous acetate tetrahydrate was dissolved in acetonitrile solution (100 ml) containing lithium perchlorate, and pyrrole was added to the solution. Ammonium peroxodisulfate (10 ml) was dripped as an oxidizing agent, maintaining the temperature at 0degreesC, and stirred for 1 whole day and night. Oxidation polymerization of pyrrole was carried out. The obtained polymer was ground after filtration, washing and drying, to obtain a catalyst with a cobalt ion concentration of 0.5 wt.%. A test fuel cell was produced using the catalyst as an electrode catalyst. The electrode area was set to 25 cm2. A spark test was performed using the test fuel cell at a battery-temperature dew point of 80degreesC. A high voltage was maintained even when current density was increased, and excellent oxygen reduction activity was exhibited.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modification catalyst contains aluminum, rhodium, platinum, nickel, ruthenium, zirconium, titanium, cerium, cobalt, sodium, silver, gold, barium, iron and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat generator contains oxidation compound of tin and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat generator contains oxidation compound of tin and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel tank is capable of being attached to and detached from the cavity plate. The fuel tank body comprises a first end part adjacent the cavity plate and a second end part. The first end part has fuel outlets to discharge the liquid fuel by contraction of the fuel tank body. The fuel outlets are disposed on both sides of the first end part of the fuel tank body. The fuel tank further comprises a substrate (110) formed at the second end part end of the fuel tank body; a planar circular coil (120) formed on the substrate; and a small-sized permanent magnet (130) welded on the second end part of the fuel tank body and disposed adjacent the planar circular coil. The fuel tank body contracts by a repulsive electromagnetic force or an attractive electromagnetic force generated between the circular coil and the permanent magnet. The planar circular coil is welded on the second end part of the fuel tank body. The small-sized permanent magnet is welded on the first end part of the fuel tank body. The cavity plate comprises fuel inlets through which the liquid fuel transferred from the fuel tank is supplied, where the fuel inlets are formed at positions corresponding to the fuel outlets formed in the fuel tank body; and at least one cavity to store the liquid fuel supplied from the fuel inlets. An end of the cavity is open. The nozzle plate comprises nozzles to eject the fuel stored in the cavity plate, and channel(s) to discharge carbon dioxide and vapor from the fuel supply device through a side of the nozzle plate. The nozzles are formed at positions corresponding to the cavity plate. They are formed in row(s) parallel to the channel. A top and one or both ends of the channel are open.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains carbon black (0.01-1 wt.pts) with respect to mixture (100 wt.pts) of the polypropylene and talc. Preferred Property: The electric conductivity of the resin composition is 2 muS/cm or less. EXAMPLE - A mixture (in weight parts) (100) of J-784HV (block polypropylene with melt flow rate of 12 g/10 minutes) (75 wt.%) and TP-A25 (talc with average particle diameter of 4.96 microns, whiteness degree of 98% and specific surface area of 40 m2/g) (25 wt.%) was mixed with ADEKA STAB AO-20 (antioxidant) (0.2), Yoshitomi DMTP (antioxidant) (0.2), F-CO chem MGS-1 (magnesium stearate) (0.2), and carbon black (0.5) to obtain resin composition. The electric conductivity of the composition was 1.1 muS/cm. The bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and Izod impact, measured at 25degreesC, of molded product of the obtained resin composition was 3300 MPa, 45 MPa, and 53 J/m, respectively. The molded product had favorable heat-aging proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (II) is a titanium or zirconium hydrogen phosphate, especially in the form of an amorphous gel or a layered alpha-, beta- or gamma-phosphate. The liquid medium comprises polyphosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide and/or orthophosphoric acid. The reaction temperature is 100-250 degrees C. The reaction is performed under a protective gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The proton-conducting polymer membrane is preferably a polyazole membrane. EXAMPLE - A mixture of zirconium hydrogen phosphate gel (5 g) and polyphosphoric acid (100 g) was stirred under nitrogen at 150 degrees C for 2 hours, added to water (250 ml) and centrifuged. The product was washed with water and dried at 120 degrees C for 5 hours to give crystalline zirconium pyrophosphate with a particle size of 300-750 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proton exchange membrane includes a solid polymer selected from the group consisting of a perfluorinated ionomer, polybenzimidazole and sulfonated polyether ether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The process parameter is controlled by providing a controlled density of pores in individual fibers of the webbed fibrillar material. The controlling controls a ratio of an amount of ultrafine fibers to an amount of nanoporous fibers present in the webbed fibrillar material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal oxide has a refractive index of 2 or higher. It has an electric conductivity of at least 0.1 S/m. It has an open structure, or is an open-structured transition metal.Preferred Components: The metal oxide consists of oxides of titanium, chromium, zinc, copper, ruthenium, vanadium, tin, or indium. It consists of oxide of tantalum, silicon, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal oxide has a refractive index of 2 or higher. It has an electric conductivity of at least 0.1 S/m. It has an open structure, or is an open-structured transition metal.Preferred Components: The metal oxide consists of oxides of titanium, chromium, zinc, copper, ruthenium, vanadium, tin, or indium. It consists of oxide of tantalum, silicon, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The front electrical contact comprises a current collector or busbar. The diffusion layer is gold. The barrier layer is made of a barrier-layer metal consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, or nickel. The joining layer is made of a joining-layer metal consisting of silver, gold, aluminum, or copper. Preferred Properties: The titanium layer has a thickness of 50-250 Angstrom; the diffusion layer has a thickness of 100-600 Angstrom; the barrier layer has a thickness of 100-1000 Angstrom; and the joining layer has a thickness of 20 000-70 000 Angstrom.
EXAMPLE - 4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2';2'',6'-terpyridine and trichloro ruthenium were heat-refluxed under argon atmosphere for 2 hours in ethanol. Ethylene diamine (1.5 equivalent) was added to the N,N-dimethyl formamide solution of the obtained trichloro (4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2';2'',6'-terpyridine) ruthenium (II), and chloro (ethylene diamine) (4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2';2'',6'-terpyridine) ruthenium (II) was obtained. Aqueous solution of sodium thiocyanate (1.5 equivalent) was further added and heated in N,N-dimethyl formamide. Then, triethyl amine was added, and the obtained ethylenediamine (thiocyanate-N) (4,4',4-trimethoxy carbonyl-2,2';2'',6'-terpyridine) ruthenium (II) was heat-refluxed for 12 hours. Solvent was distilled off from the reaction mixture, and ethylenediamine (thiocyanate-N) (4,4',4-tricarboxy-2,2';2'',6'-terpyridine) ruthenium (II) complex was obtained. The obtained ruthenium complex was adsorbed to titanium oxide porous membrane, formed at electrically conductive glass surface, and a visible light responsive electrode was obtained. The obtained electrode had high efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid is a normal-temperature fused salt of imidazolium group containing oxidation-reduction pair of halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aminotriazole-type compound is compound of formula (I) and/or (II):R1-R5 = H, 1-6C alkyl, alkylthio, benzyl thio, ester group or hydroxyl group or a group of formula -N(R6)(R7) (III); andR6, R7 = H, 1-6C alkyl or pyridyl.The electrolytic solution further contains a redox-system electrolyte. The electrolyte is halogen compound and halogen molecule having halogen ion as counter ion. The halogen compound is iodine compound or bromine compound, preferably mineral salt and/or organic salt of iodine or bromine. The halogen molecule is iodine or bromine. EXAMPLE - Lithium iodide (0.1 mol/L), iodine (0.05 mol/L), iodinated dimethyl propyl imidazolium (0.62 mol/L), and 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (0.5 mol/L) were dissolved in acetonitrile to obtain an electrolytic solution. The obtained solution was dripped at porous titanium oxide semiconductor thin film containing sensitizing dye of formula (10). A frame type spacer made of polyethylene film was provided, and covered with platinum counter electrode to obtain an optoelectric transducer. The optoelectric transducer had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.5%, fill factor of 0.68 and release voltage of 0.78 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 4-7C isomonoolefin monomers are isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene. The 4-14C multiolefin monomers are isoprene, butadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,4-dimethylbutadiene, piperyline, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and/or 1-vinyl-cyclohexadiene. The alkylstyrene monomers are p- or m-methylstyrene, p- or m-ethylstyrene, or 4- or 3-n-propylstyrene. The co-agent(s) are m-phenylene-bis-maleimide, 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene, triallyl cyanurate, and/or triallyl isocyanurate. The peroxide system is an organic peroxide. The compound further comprises filler(s). EXAMPLE - To methyl chloride (5586 g), isobutylene (1344 g), isoprene (52.8 g) and p-methylstyrene (PMS) (305 g). The reactor contents were cooled to -95 degrees C at which point a catalyst solution was introduced. The rubber which was recovered from the reactor was mill dried and submitted for compositional analysis. The resulting polymer was found to contain 82.8 mol% isobutylene, 15.7 mol% PMS and 1.49 mol% isoprene and was gel-free.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first and third precursors are (Me2In-(muSeMe))2. The second precursor is (hfac)Cu(DMB). The fourth precursor is (Me2Ga-(muSeMe))2. The thin film of I-III-VI2 compound is CuIn1-xGaxSe2, CuIn1/xAlxSe2, CuGa1-xAlxSe2, AgIn1-xGaxSe2, or AgIn1-xAlxSe2. It is preferably CuIn(Se,S)2, CuGa(Se,S)2, AgIn(Se,S)2, AgGa(Se,S)2, CuIn(Se,Te)2, CuGa(Se,Te)2, AgIn(Se,Te)2, AgGa(Se,Te)2, CuIn(S,Te)2, CuGa(S,Te)2, AgIn(S,Te)2, or AgGa(S,Te)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first and third precursors are (Me2In-(muSeMe))2. The second precursor is (hfac)Cu(DMB). The fourth precursor is (Me2Ga-(muSeMe))2. The thin film of I-III-VI2 compound is CuIn1-xGaxSe2, CuIn1/xAlxSe2, CuGa1-xAlxSe2, AgIn1-xGaxSe2, or AgIn1-xAlxSe2. It is preferably CuIn(Se,S)2, CuGa(Se,S)2, AgIn(Se,S)2, AgGa(Se,S)2, CuIn(Se,Te)2, CuGa(Se,Te)2, AgIn(Se,Te)2, AgGa(Se,Te)2, CuIn(S,Te)2, CuGa(S,Te)2, AgIn(S,Te)2, or AgGa(S,Te)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The concentration of halogen ions in solution is 1x10-3-1x10-5 molarity. The solution has a pH of 2-4. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises water. The solution comprises sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It comprises hydrofluoric acid. It comprises water, sulfuric acid, and fluoride ions at a concentration between 1x10-3-1x10-5. Preferred Material: The halogen ion is from chlorine-, bromine-, iodide-, and/or preferably fluorine-. Preferred Method: Contacting is conducted at 25-100degreesC for less than 600 seconds. Separating comprises rinsing the surface with a rinse solution, thus removing the acidic solution and metal halide from the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The concentration of halogen ions in solution is 1x10-3-1x10-5 molarity. The solution has a pH of 2-4. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises water. The solution comprises sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It comprises hydrofluoric acid. It comprises water, sulfuric acid, and fluoride ions at a concentration between 1x10-3-1x10-5. Preferred Material: The halogen ion is from chlorine-, bromine-, iodide-, and/or preferably fluorine-. Preferred Method: Contacting is conducted at 25-100degreesC for less than 600 seconds. Separating comprises rinsing the surface with a rinse solution, thus removing the acidic solution and metal halide from the surface. EXAMPLE - An acidic treatment solution was prepared by mixing (weight %): sulfuric acid solution (3), deionized water solvent (97), and hydrofluoric acid (284 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The storage device further comprises a heater thermally coupled to the storage medium, and an electrical coupling coupled to the yarn. The collapsible container comprises panels of Mylar film, and aluminum coating on the panels of Mylar film. The aluminum coating is applied to exterior surfaces of the panels of Mylar film. The hydrogen storage device further comprises a heater including metal traces on interior surfaces of the panels of Mylar film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite lamellar compound is ionic bond-, dispersion force- or covalent bond-type compound, and is obtained using graphite raw material chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite or mesophase pitch group graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite lamellar compound is ionic bond-, dispersion force- or covalent bond-type compound, and is obtained using graphite raw material chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite or mesophase pitch group graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pyroelectric element consists of complex oxide of lead, lanthanum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent is silica, silica-alumina or metal supported zeolite. Preferred Method: Color change of desulfurizing agent is detected by irradiation with an ultraviolet ray. The transparent portion is provided to at least exit vicinity of the desulfurizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The raw material of hydrogen storage material is naturally occurring polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, rayon, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polybutadiene, polyphenylene oxide, furfuryl resin, lignin, fiber, polyimide, polyamidoimide, aromatic polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzimidazole, cotton, or petroleum type material such as mesophase pitch or their precursors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The surface protective film protects the reverse side of the electroconductive thin film of the transparent electroconductive film. Preferred Component: The silicone oil is a carbinol-modified silicone oil obtained by substituting one portion of methyl group of dimethyl polysiloxane by 1-5C hydroxyalkyl group, or a fluorine-modified silicone oil obtained by substituting one portion of methyl group of dimethyl polysiloxane by -CH2CH2CF3 group. Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains (meth)acrylic-type adhesive or rubber based adhesive agent as a main component, or cross-linked material consisting of (meth)acrylic-type polymer and cross-linking agent. EXAMPLE - Acrylic-type polymer was obtained using butyl acrylate and acrylic acid in a weight ratio of 100:5. The obtained acrylic-type polymer (in wt.pts) (100) having weight average molecular weight of 600000, Tetrad C (epoxy-type cross-linking agent) (6) and KF-6001 (carbinol-modified silicone oil) (1), were mixed to obtain an adhesive composition. The obtained composition was applied on non-antistatic surface of T100G (polyester film having thickness of 38 microns) and dried at 90degreesC, to obtain a surface protective film having an adhesive layer. The obtained surface protective film had excellent adhesion power, slipperiness and contamination proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound is group III compound, group II compound or transition metal compound, preferably metallic compounds chosen from indium, gallium, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, tin, titanium and niobium. The metal layer (2) further comprises at least one metal chosen from nickel, palladium, platinum, titanium, niobium, zinc, gold, magnesium, iridium, tungsten, iron and rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound is group III compound, group II compound or transition metal compound, preferably metallic compounds chosen from indium, gallium, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, tin, titanium and niobium. The metal layer (2) further comprises at least one metal chosen from nickel, palladium, platinum, titanium, niobium, zinc, gold, magnesium, iridium, tungsten, iron and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Lamp: The lamp comprises a filler gas having noble gas selected from argon, krypton and/or xenon (preferably xenon) or phosphor material, selected from yttrium phosphate:neodymium, yttrium phosphate:bismuth, yttrium phosphate:praseodymium, lutetium phosphate:praseodymium and/or lanthanum phosphate:praseodymium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Lamp: The lamp comprises a filler gas having noble gas selected from argon, krypton and/or xenon (preferably xenon) or phosphor material, selected from yttrium phosphate:neodymium, yttrium phosphate:bismuth, yttrium phosphate:praseodymium, lutetium phosphate:praseodymium and/or lanthanum phosphate:praseodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises 5-65 at.% platinum, 5-80 at.% (preferably 5-50 at.%) indium, and 10-85 at.% tungsten, iron, and/or manganese., or a combination thereof is at a concentration that is between about 10 and about 85 atomic percent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-containing fuel is a hydrocarbon-based fuel comprising saturated hydrocarbons, garbage off-gas, oxygenated hydrocarbons, and/or fossil fuels. The hydrogen-containing fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon capsule is prepared using a carbon precursor including di-vinyl benzene, acrylonitrile, phenolic resin, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, styrene, methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol, di-methacrylate, furfuryl alcohol, resorcinol-formaldehyde, sugar and alkene of formula CH2=CRR', mesophase pitch or material carbonized into graphite carbon.R and R' = alkyl or aryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-soluble salt is a nitrate or acetate of H2PtCl6, RuCl3, Rh, Mo, Os, Ir, Re, Pd, V or W. EXAMPLE - A silica template particle with a solid core and a mesoporous shell was prepared by heating a spherical silica particle having a diameter of 133 nm with tetraethoxysilane and octadecyltrimethoxysilane. Then di-vinyl benzene was injected into the porous of the mesoporous shell, and then polymerized using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, formed a polymer-silica composite. Then the polymer-silica composite was carbonized into a carbon-silica composite in a atmosphere of inert gas at 900-1000 degrees C, then the silica template was selectively removed by hydrogen fluoride solution, thereby forming a micro hollow core having a regular size at a place the silica template was removed, thus the spherical carbon capsule with a hollow core and a mesoporous shell structure was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The bondline resistance is less than 20 m-Ohms/cm2 after exposure to fuel cell operating conditions in excess of 500 hours.Preferred Components: The conductive sheets comprise an electrically conductive metal or electrically conductive polymeric composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive particles of the primer coating is consisting of gold, platinum, nickel, tin, silver, palladium, noble metals, graphite, and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder is a polymeric resin consisting of polyamide imide, polyimide, and/or polyvinyl ester.The adhesive polymer is consisting of elastomers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and/or thermoset adhesives, preferably ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM), ethylene propylene monomer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, isobutylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitride rubber, epoxy, urethane, acrylics, silicones, phenolics, novolacs, and/or polymethyl methacrylates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger comprises graphitic carbon foam. It is a radiant cooler. The scrubber comprises carbon fiber composite molecular sieve material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressure and temperature of the fuel in supercritical or subcritical state, is 4-50 MPa and 150-500 degreesC, respectively.Preferred Fuel: The fuel is contacted with a modified catalyst (31) or a mixture of adsorption agent and modified catalyst.The fuel cell is a fuel used for diesel engine, gasoline engine and fuel cell of motor vehicle.Preferred Apparatus: The sulfur-compound adsorption unit contains a mixture of sulfur-compound adsorption agent and modified catalyst.The heating unit uses the heat of engine waste gas (100) or combustion heat of hydrogen-containing gas ejected from waste gas and/or fuel cell of fuel modification-reaction device.The sulfur-compound adsorption agent is an exchangeable compound, and is replaced with the modified catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Trapping Agent: The carbon dioxide trapping agent is an alkali metal compound, an alkaline-earth metal compound or basic carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ceramic porous material is alumina, magnesia, titania, silica and/or zirconia. Preferred Shape: The ceramic porous material has formed column, hollow column, honey-comb or pellet shape. Preferred Property: The ceramic porous material has porosity of 70% or more, with open pore (19) of 0.5-10 mm. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains gamma-alumina, and is palladium, nickel, potassium and/or ruthenium. The metal particles in catalyst have particle size of 10-500 Angstrom . Preferred Arrangement: The concentration of catalyst in the modified pipe is maximum at the entrance side along the flow of original fuel, and minimum at the exit side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The carbon structure has average particle diameter of 0.5 micron or less, preferably 0.2 micron or less. The carbon structure is fullerene and carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: During dispersion of carbon structure in aqueous medium or non-aqueous medium, bead 2 mm or less (preferably, 0.2 mm or less) is used as medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Liquid: The dispersion liquid contains carbon structure at 0.1-50 (preferably 5-30) wt.%. The dispersion liquid further includes a polymer group dispersant having hydrophilic group, hydrophobic group and cationic amine functional group. The dispersant is neutralized with organic amine salt and/or mineral salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hardener: The electroconductive paste further contains a hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive paste contains binder resin (5-50 weight parts), with respect to electroconductive powder (100 weight parts). The phthalic acid group glycidyl ester-type epoxy resin is dimethyl glycidyl phthalate, methyl glycidyl-glycidyl phthalate, diethyl glycidyl phthalate, dipropyl glycidyl phthalate and/or dibutyl glycidyl phthalate, preferably diglycidyl phthalate, diglycidyl hexahydro phthalate, diglycidyl tetrahydro phthalate and/or diglycidyl methyl tetrahydro phthalate. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=CH3, C2H5, C3H7 or C4H9.    EXAMPLE - Flakes-like silver powder (in weight parts) (100) of average particle diameter 8 microns and specific surface area 1 m2/g, Epiclon 200 (dimethyl glycidyl phthalate) (20) and acid anhydride group hardener (4), were mixed. An electroconductive paste was obtained. The obtained composition was applied on a glass substrate, heat processed at 180degreesC for 30 minutes. A cured film of thickness 20 microns was formed. The film had specific resistance of 4.8x10-6 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionically conductive salt is lithium salt (preferably lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (Li(TFSI)), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) or lithium perchlorate (Li-ClO4)), sodium salt or silver salt. The oxide is oxide exhibiting acidic property (preferably silicon dioxide (SiO2) or titanium dioxide (TiO2)) and/or oxide exhibiting basic property (preferably alumina (Al2O3) or magnesium oxide (MgO)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous anhydrous solvent is dimethylethane (DME)/ethylene carbonate (EC), diethylene carbonate (DEC)/EC, dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/EC, propylene carbonate (PC), their carbonate based solvents, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), organic sulfur compounds, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and/or acrylonitrile (AN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix is solid inorganic materials, preferably porous carbon, mesostructured carbon, or zeolite. The hydrogen storage component contains a transition metal, transition metal compound, rare-earth metal, and/or rare-earth metal compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous matrix can be carbon xerogel, carbon aerogel, silica aerogel, or silica xerogel. EXAMPLE - Resorcinol (19.4 g) was copolymerized with formaldehyde in water (68 ml) in the presence of sodium carbonate. The solution was kept 24 h at room temperature, 24 h at 50degreesC, and 72 h at 90degreesC. The obtained aqueous gel was cut in pieces and suspended in acetone to exchange water in the pores against acetone. Everyday in the course of 7 days the solution was decanted from the solid and fresh acetone was added. The resorcinol-formaldehyde copolymer was evacuated, placed in quartz tube, and in argon stream, heated for 0.5 h to 350degreesC and for 2.5 h to 1000degreesC. After cooling down to room temperature, the porous carbon was ground to a powder. The porous carbon (5.16 g) had a pore volume of 0.55 cm3/g, pore diameter of 22.6 nm, and a surface area of 553.9 m3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalyst is heated using heat generation by an electric heater, or using combustion heat produced by burning combustion fuel. Combustible-gas component contained in reformed gas is oxidized during temperature rise of catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The inorganic thin film contains silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, diamond-like carbon or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The coating agent further contains fatty acid, fatty acid ester, fatty acid amide, and polyisocyanate as hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The inorganic thin film contains silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, diamond-like carbon or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic base material is polyester resin, nylon, polyolefin resin or biodegradable resin. Preferred Laminate: The gas barrier laminate further has an anchor coat layer containing polyester-type resin, urethane resin, acrylic-type resin and oxazoline base-containing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The copper oxide on surface oxide layer obtained by heat-processing in oxidizing atmosphere after leaching, is copper oxide or copper spinel compound oxide of formula: Cu(TMxAl(1-x))2O4 (where x is 0-1).Preferred Method: The surface oxide layer has accumulation horizon which comprises an oxide of copper and transition metal formed at interface of the aluminum alloy particles.Preferred Metal: The transition metal is at least one type chosen from iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium and iridium. The transition metal is alternatively at least one type chosen from manganese, rhenium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium and tantalum.Preferred Property: The nano copper particles obtained by reducing copper oxide or copper spinel compound have particle size of 10 nm or less.Preferred Composition: The surface layer comprises a structure surrounded by iron oxide (Fe3O4) and/or alumina. The aqueous alkali solution contains 15 wt.% of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. The elution amount of aqueous alkali solution by leaching process is 0.5-40 wt.%. The aqueous alkali solution is of 40-90 degreesC temperature range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte composition contains an ionic liquid, and oxide semiconductor particle or an insulator particle. The oxide semiconductor particle is oxide of titanium, tin, tungsten, zinc, bismuth, cerium and/or aluminum. The insulator particle is diamond and/or boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte composition contains an ionic liquid, and oxide semiconductor particle or an insulator particle. The oxide semiconductor particle is oxide of titanium, tin, tungsten, zinc, bismuth, cerium and/or aluminum. The insulator particle is diamond and/or boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive particle consists of a carbon substance containing carbon nanotube, carbon fiber and/or carbon black. The carbon nanotube is single-layer or multilayer carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The wide bandgap semiconductor film is less 3 microns thick and is insulating with a potential difference of greater than or equal to187 volts between the metallic substrate and an electrode applied to the wide bandgap semiconductor film. The wide band gap semiconductor has a bandgap of greater than 5 eV. The insulating film has dielectric constant of greater than 7. Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises electrodes on the insulating film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermally stable substrate is stainless steel, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total thickness of the coating is smaller than the wavelength of the radiation to be emitted through the surface. The electrically conductive film comprises metal from chrome, nickel, or rhodium. The electrically conductive transparent film comprises semiconductor from doped metal oxides, conductive nitrides, or carbides. The semiconductor is tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The electrically conductive and non-conductive films are transparent. The non-conductive metal film comprises non-conductive material from non-conductive metal oxides, metal fluorides, metal carbides, or metal nitrides (preferably silicon oxide).Preferred Property: The total thickness of the coating is less than or equal to100microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The total thickness of the coating is smaller than the wavelength of the radiation to be emitted through the surface. The electrically conductive film comprises metal from chrome, nickel, or rhodium. The electrically conductive transparent film comprises semiconductor from doped metal oxides, conductive nitrides, or carbides. The semiconductor is tin-doped indium oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The electrically conductive and non-conductive films are transparent. The non-conductive metal film comprises non-conductive material from non-conductive metal oxides, metal fluorides, metal carbides, or metal nitrides (preferably silicon oxide).Preferred Property: The total thickness of the coating is less than or equal to100microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The bipolar plate comprises a plate body made from alkyds, diallyl phthalates, epoxies, phenolics, melamines, polyesters, ureas, acrylates, polyolefins, polystyrene and its copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene and its copolymers, polyimides, polysulfones, polyphenylene sulfides, polyesters, nylons, liquid crystal polymers and blends, polyarylketones, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, chloroprene, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone, ethylene propylene rubber, polyurethanes, ether-amide block copolymers, and/or styrene-olefin copolymers. The plate body may also comprise thermosetting vinyl ester resin.Preferred Starting Gases: The starting gas is preferably selected from ethylene oxide, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, ethylene, methane or trimethylamine.Preferred Process: Cathode flooding is inhibited by forming a lyophilic polymer layer on the flow channel wall. The lyophilic polymer layer may be formed by compression molding a thin crosslinked sheet of polymer onto the surface of the components, by insert molding a thin film of polymer on the surface of the component, by coating a liquid solution of polymer on the surface of the components or by plasma deposition.Preferred Lyophilic Polymer: The lyophilic polymer is preferably polyalkylene glycol, (functionalized) cellulose, polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylamides, polyvinylamides, polyvinylsaccharides, polyaminoacrylates, polyhydroxyalkylacrylates, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylic acid salts or functionalized styrene ionomers preferably polyvinyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process may comprise the step of introducing silane or chlorosilane into the hermetic chamber and depositing a silicon oxide layer on the plate body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Only one of the substrates has a gasket, and the other of substrates has a reactant gas flow field plate adhered by sealant material which is extruded into the substrate by the hot lamination process. A reactant gas flow field plate related to the one substrate is adhered to the first reactant gas flow field plate by the sealant material during the hot lamination process, to form an integral fuel cell with a gasket.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sealant material comprises a thermoset polymer or an elastomeric polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic component comprises a fluorinated polymer or PTFE. The coating is provided as a mixture comprising 15-40 (preferably 20) wt.% hydrophobic component, 60-85 (preferably 80) wt.% hydrophilic component, and 0-15 (preferably 5) wt.% pore forming agent. The hydrophilic component comprises a carbonaceous substance such as carbon fibers and/or carbon particles. The carbonaceous substance has a surface area of 50-250 (preferably 60) cm2/g. The carbonaceous substance comprises acetylene black. The pore forming agent comprises a material selected such that the mesoporous layer is free of components of the pore forming agent upon decomposition of the pore forming agent; or a material selected to decompose in a mixture with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components upon heating above room temperature, where the decomposition is particulate free and comprises gaseous and liquid components. The pore forming agent comprises ammonium carbonate. The coating further comprises a solvent selected from water and/or isopropanol. Preferred Properties: The porosity of the diffusion media including the substrate and the mesoporous layer is 84%. The mesoporous layer has a thickness of 10-25 microns. The diffusion media substrate has a thickness of 100-300 microns. Preferred Process: The heat treating process is performed at 75-100 (preferably greater than 65)degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel tank further comprises a pressure-increase preventing portion configured to prevent pressure increase beyond a set pressure value in the fuel-pressurizing portion; a water absorptive member in the fuel-pressurizing portion; a partition-plate moving guide portion configured to guide the movement of the partition plate within the casing; and an attachable-and-removable mechanism that allows the fuel-cell main unit and the fuel tank to be removably connected to each other. The emission is at least one of a gas and a liquid supplied from the cathode. The pressure-increase preventing portion is a pressure-bleeding valve (150) provided at part of the casing forming the fuel-pressurizing portion. The water absorptive member is a water absorptive polymer. The partition-plate moving guide portion is a depressed-and-projected portion formed on a casing inner wall (141), or a guide rod formed within the casing along an axial direction of the casing to penetrate the partition plate. The partition plate at least partly has a colored part that allows remaining quantity of the liquid fuel within the fuel tank to be visually recognized. The attachable-and-removable mechanism has a check valve configured to prevent back flow of the emission from the fuel-pressurizing portion to the cathode. Preferred Material: Part of the casing is made of a transparent or translucent material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is a solution-containing methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water absorptive polymer comprises principally of at least one of cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A portion of the first products is utilized for drag reduction. The further products are utilized for propulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Silicon tetrafluoride is obtained by dripping concentrated sulfuric acid onto a mixture of fluorite and coal ash containing at least silicon dioxide and a trace amount phosphate compound, while heating. The silicon tetrafluoride is separated by condensation-liquefaction by a cooling processing of at least two stages whose cooling temperatures differ after a dehydration treatment. Phosphorus pentafluoride gas is separated out by further condensation-liquefaction cooling processing of the remaining gas from which silicon tetrafluoride has been separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Silicon tetrafluoride is obtained by dripping concentrated sulfuric acid onto a mixture of fluorite and coal ash containing at least silicon dioxide and a trace amount boric acid compound, while heating. The silicon tetrafluoride is separated by condensation-liquefaction by a cooling processing of at least two stages whose cooling temperatures differ after a dehydration treatment. Boron trifluoride gas is separated out by further condensation-liquefaction cooling processing of the remaining gas from which silicon tetrafluoride has been separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The cooling temperature of stage (I) of cooling process is more than the condensing temperature hydrogen fluoride, and cooling temperature stage (II) of cooling process is less than condensing temperature of silicon fluoride.Preferred Process: The fluorinated hydrogen-containing liquid is neutralized with slaked lime, fluorspar (CaF2) is recovered, and a portion of recovered fluorspar is recycled as raw material. The exhaust gas from stage (II) of cooling process is further cooled by stages (III and IV) cooling process, and fluorinated phosphorus containing liquid and boron fluoride-containing liquid are separated. Exhaust gas from stage (II) of cooling process is adsorbed with an adsorbing agent, and fluorinated phosphorus and boron fluoride are separated. The separated fluorinated phosphorus and boron fluoride are mixed with silicon fluoride, in the order of number ppb to number ppm, and reduction process is performed. The exhaust gas containing hydrogen fluoride produced by thermal decomposition with hydrogen gas is circulated and cooled in the stage (I) cooling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The photosensitizer is adsorbed to the microparticles of metal oxide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    L = electron attractive group such as cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxycarbonyl, trifluoroethoxy carbonyl or benzoyloxy.    R1 and R2 mutually bond to form piperidine or piperazine ring. R1,R4 and R2,R3 bond to form julolidine ring.    EXAMPLE - A solar battery was prepared comprising a titanium oxide thin film electrode on electrically conductive glass, with a layer of sensitizing dye (1a) upon it, platinum counter electrode and an electrolyte comprising tetraalkylammonium iodide in propylene carbonate/acetonitrile. The battery was used under AM1.5 conditions (100 mW/cm2; comparable to sunlight); Jsc, Voc, FF and eta values were 13.3 mA/cm2, 0.55 v, 0.60 and 4.39% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The conductive film (A) contains zinc oxide, tin, germanium and/or zinc, or indium oxide, gallium or aluminum, boron and/or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The conductive film (A) contains zinc oxide, tin, germanium and/or zinc, or indium oxide, gallium or aluminum, boron and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sulfonated polymer contains 12-100 mol% of the bonding unit of formula (1) with respect to all the bonding units. The sulfonated polymer further contains bonding unit of formula (2) and bonding unit of formula (3).X=H or univalent positive ion;Y=oxygen or sulfur;Ar2,Ar4=bivalent aromatic group, preferably group of formula (4);andAr3=bivalent aromatic group having electron attractive group, preferably group of formula (5 or 6).Preferred Bonding Unit: The mole fraction of bonding unit of formula (1) set to n, mole fraction of bonding unit of formula (2) set to m and mole fraction of bonding unit of formula (3) set to o satisfy the relations: ngreater than or equal to1, mgreater than or equal to0, ogreater than or equal to0, 0.4less than or equal ton/(n+m)less than or equal to1.0 and 0less than or equal too/(n+m+o)less than or equal to0.7. Preferably n,m,o satisfy the relations: 0.7less than or equal ton/(n+m)less than or equal to1.0, and 0less than or equal too/(n+m+o)less than or equal to0.4. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group of formula (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrogen Storage Substance: The substance may be made up of a nanostructure of meso-porous and/or nano-porous silicon, or a porous and compacted nano-structured silicon, or a porous, crushed and compacted nano-structured silicon.Preferred Utilization of the Hydrogen Reservoir: The hydrogen is released from the reservoir by causing rupture of the chemical bonds between the hydrogen and the silicon. Rupture is caused by the application of chemical, thermal, mechanical, radiation or electrical energy (claimed). The reservoir may be recharged by contacting the substance with an acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The permanently-plastic material is a polyester resin or a polyurethane, with a viscosity of 9.5 x 10 to the power 5 to 1.65 x 10 to the power 6 mPas. The material maintains its temperature stability over a wide range, suiting cell operation, of some -50 degrees C to 200 degrees C or more. Short exposure to 250 degrees C is acceptable. Suitable proprietary materials are obtainable, to make the seal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred acceptor: The acceptor is a soluble methano-fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - A conjugated polymer is used as donor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The support structure is an extruded ceramic monolith.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel reactant is the result of reducing a nickel oxide coating deposited on the support structure. The non-reducible oxide is alumina. The non-reducible oxide is an oxide comprising silica, alumina, or rare earth oxides. Preferred Method: The nickel oxide coating is produced by co-precipitation of finely divided nickel and a non-reducible oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The support structure is a pellet bed (2), or a porous foam body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel reactant is the result of reducing a nickel oxide coating deposited on the support structure. The non-reducible oxide is alumina. The non-reducible oxide is an oxide comprising silica, alumina, or rare earth oxides. Preferred Method: The nickel oxide coating is produced by co-precipitation of finely divided nickel and a non-reducible oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The functional group contains a sulfur atom. The catalyst metal particle has platinum or an alloy containing platinum, and the weight ratio of sulfur atom is 1-30 wt.% of the total weight of platinum, other metal atom, and sulfur atom. The weight ratio of other metal atom than platinum is 30-95 wt.% of the total weight of platinum, other metal atom, and sulfur atom. Preferred Property: The size of the catalyst metal particle is 1-10 nm. The effective surface area of the catalyst metal particle which is obtained by measurement is 30-90% of the theoretical surface area which is obtained by calculation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock is natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, or methane. EXAMPLE - A catalyst composition was prepared and comprised of (w/w%) nickel (15), cerium oxide (30), chromium oxide (5), zirconium (20), lanthanum oxide (3), and aluminum oxide (27). The catalyst support comprising a mixture of oxides of cerium, lanthanum and aluminum was prepared by co-precipitation of their hydroxides from appropriate quantities of the mixtures of their nitrates, prolonged digestion at 80 degrees C, filtering, washing drying, and calcinations. To the mixture of calcined oxides of cerium, lanthanum and aluminum obtained, the oxide of chromium was impregnated from an aqueous solution containing chromic acid. The material, after drying at 120 degrees C and calcining at 500 degrees C, constituted the catalyst support. Nickel (15 wt.%) was deposited on the catalyst support by dry impregnation by immersing the solid support in a volume of aqueous solution containing nickel as nickel nitrate, in which the volume of the aqueous solution was equal to a pore volume of the solid support (0.6 ml/g solid). The catalyst was designated as catalyst B.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first valve component is connected to the fuel supply and the second valve component is connected to the fuel cell, or vice versa. The slidable inner body is a sphere, pushrod, or biased by a spring (30). The spring has straight or wavy sidewall. The spring constant of the spring in the valve component connected to the fuel cell is lower than the spring constant of the spring in the valve component connected to the fuel supply. The sealing component is an o-ring (24). The internal seal is between the o-ring and the slidable inner body. The sealing component is a sealing face or an elastomeric ball. The sealing face is on a front surface of the slidable inner body and the internal seal is between the sealing face and a portion of the housing. It is on the housing and the internal seal is between the sealing face and the slidable inner body. The inter-component seal is formed by a portion of the housing of first or second valve component and the sealing component of the second or first valve component, respectively. It may be formed between the housings of the two valve components. One of the internal seals is opened by a pump. At least one of the valve components comprises a second internal seal provided by a closed washer or duckbill valve. The duckbill valve is sized and dimensioned to limit access to the valve component. At least one valve component is initially covered by a covering, which is removed before the valve components are connected to each other. The covering comprises a cap or film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The spring is made from stainless steel, or elastomeric material comprising ethylene propylene, nitrile rubber, ethylene propylene diene methylene terpolymer, or fluoro-elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system also comprises fuel cell in fluid connection with and downstream of the reformer catalyst and water shift catalyst, praseodymium oxide catalyst in fluid connection with and downstream of water gas shift catalyst and in fluid connection with and upstream of the fuel cell, heater exchanger upstream of the fuel cell, second water gas shift catalyst on tungsten gallium silicon substrate of water gas shift reactor downstream of and in fluid connection with the reformer device, oxidation catalyst device (14) downstream of an engine (12), particulate filter device (16) connected with the oxidation catalyst device, nitrogen oxide adsorber device (18) connected with the particulate filter device, selective catalyst reduction (20) in connection with the nitrogen oxide adsorber device, clean up oxidation catalyst device in fluid connection with nitrogen absorber device, and temperature sensor device proximate to outlet of device containing the reformer catalyst. The fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cell. The reformer catalyst and water gas shift catalyst are on a reformer substrate of the reformer device. The water gas shift catalyst is on a filter of the particulate filter device or on a second substrate of the reformer device. The reformer catalyst is on a first substrate of the reformer device. Preferred Methods: The method of using the system can also comprises supplying hydrogen to oxidation catalyst (22), particulate filter device, nitrogen oxide adsorber, on-board ammonia generator or selective catalytic reduction device to selectively regenerate each of them.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvalent carboxylic acid is aliphatic polyvalent carboxylic acid. The polyvalent carboxylic anhydride is aliphatic polyvalent carboxylic anhydride. A repeating unit of ethylene and/or propylene is present at 1-30 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group. The ethylene unit is present at 30-70 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group. The weight ratio of the polyvalent carboxylic acid containing at least two carboxyl groups or their anhydride and ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group is 0.01/99.99-5/95. The thermosetting resin component also comprises antioxidant(s). The antioxidant(s) is phenolic, phosphoric, and/or sulfuric antioxidant. The total weight of the polyvalent carboxylic acid containing at least two carboxyl groups or their anhydride; and ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group is 10-150 parts by weight based to 100 parts by weight of the solvent and/or water.Preferred Methods: The ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group can also be obtained by addition polymerization of ethylene and/or propylene; monomer of structure (I); and monomer with functional group copolymerizable with ethylene without functional group capable of reacting with epoxy group that is different from the first two monomers. The method also comprises coating the thermosetting resin composition containing polyvalent carboxylic acid containing at least two carboxyl groups or their anhydride, ethylene copolymer containing epoxy group, and organic solvent and/or water on a supporting substrate; removing the organic solvent and/or water; and irradiating the resulting composition on a supporting substrate with electron beam. The film is molded by extruding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The trace conductor is a conductor of a flex circuit. The silver contact and wrap around contact and trace conductor are for a power bus. The top and bottom contacts are made of copper. The trace conductor is a copper trace conductor on a flex circuit, the copper trace being exposed for laser welding the copper trace conductor to the wrap around contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flex circuit comprises a polyimide insulating layer and the trace conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The light transmissive wall is made from glass or plexiglas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode is a semiconductor photoelectrode. Each of the semiconductor photoelectrodes comprises a wide band gap semiconductor(s). The photoelectrochemical cell further comprises a metallic connector suitable for connecting the photoelectrochemical cell to another photoelectrochemical cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises a Nation emulsion binder or electrically conductive polymer. It also comprises electron conductive polymer and/or a proton conductive polymer. The electrically conductive polymer is polyaniline and/or polypyrrole. It is at least partially sulfonated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Preparation: The hydrogen storage material is synthesized using a raw material containing lithium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalytically active powder contains a cerium element, and group 4, or group 5 element. The noble metals element contained in the catalytically active powder is 1 or more types selected from platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Active Metal: The active metal is copper and at least one metal selected from zinc, cobalt, nickel, iron and chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support consists of aluminum type complex oxide consisting of alumina-zirconia, alumina-silica and/or alumina-titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The tube-like carbon containing crystalline graphite sheet, is reacted in atmosphere containing oxygen gas and/or fluorine group gas, which is pure fluorine gas, helium, neon, argon and krypton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: (M1) has a mechanism for converting reduced type mediator substance into oxidation type. The mechanism is anodic oxidation. The microbes or the mediator substance is immobilized on an anode.Preferred Apparatus: In (I), the anode and the cathode are separated by a diaphragm (11) and an anode tank and cathode tank are formed. The hydrogen producing system is formed at or near the anode tank.Preferred Cell: In (II), the anode and the cathode are separated by a diaphragm. EXAMPLE - Solution (250 ml) containing polypeptone (2.5 g), yeast extract (0.5 g), MgSO4.7H2O (0.25 g), glucose (2.75 g) and mediator substances such as dichlorophenol, indophenol (DCPIP), thionine (TH) and safranin O (SO) (0.1 mM) was added to a batch type reactor containing Enterobacter aerogenes NBRC12010, a microbe capable of producing hydrogen. The reactor was placed in an incubator and was stood at 30 degrees C for 20 hours. After 20 hours, the amount of hydrogen produced was analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed that the hydrogen throughput was increased when the mediator substances (DCPIP:66.2 ml, TH:26.9 ml, SO:29.5 ml) were added as compared to control (20.4 ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The selective adsorption of the compound is performed under water, and the compound is condensed and removed from the gas. The gas is obtained by performing reforming reaction of a hydrocarbon fuel and removing the carbon monoxide present in the gas produced by the reforming process. The hydrocarbon fuel comprises liquefied petroleum gas, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene or light oil. The reforming process comprises steam reforming, auto-thermal reforming or partial oxidative reforming of the fuel. Carbon monoxide is removed by performing shift reaction and selective oxidation reaction, sequentially.Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel comprises ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butene, or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference of refractive index of cured transparent resin and glass fiber is 0.01 or less. The resin has an Abbe's number of 45 or more, after curing. The transparent resin is epoxy resin. The glass fiber has a refractive index of 1.5-1.57. The mean coefficient of linear expansion of the composition is 40 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. The sheet formed using the composition has a thickness of 50-2000 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder-like inorganic filler contains silicon oxide (less than 1 wt.%), aluminum oxide and boron oxide as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The powder-like inorganic filler contains silicon oxide (less than 1 wt.%), aluminum oxide and boron oxide as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The difference in refractive index of fillers (b,c) and refractive index after hardening resin (a), is 0.01 or less. The plastic composite sheet has light transmittance of 60% or more in wavelength of 550 nm, and average linear expansion coefficient of 25 ppm or less at 30-150degreesC. The Abbe's number of resin (a) after hardening, is 45 or more. The maximum surface roughness of the composite sheet is 200 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubber gasket has a height from the bottom of the pedestal portion to the top of the second projection of 0.60 - 0.90 (preferably 0.65 - 0.85) mm. The curvature radius D of the curved slope of the first projection is at least 0.15 (preferably at least 0.020) mm. The second projection has a height F of at most 0.25 (preferably at most 0.20) mm. The gasket is formed from a rubber composition containing at least one of HNBR and a fluorine-containing rubber. The rubber composition further comprises a crosslinking agent or crosslinking assistant. EXAMPLE - ZETPOL2020L (RTM; HNBR) (100 parts be weight (pbw)), Perhexa 25B (RTM; organic peroxide) (4.8 pbw), NK Ester A-9300 (RTM; crosslinking assistant) (2 pbw), Nocrack CD (RTM; antioxidant) (2 pbw) and N-990MT (RTM; filler) (30 pbw) were kneaded using mixing rolls to form a rubber composition which was evaluated. Results of total height (mm), width (mm) of pedestal portion, thickness (mm) of pedestal portion, curvature radius (mm) of curved slope in first projection, curvature radius (mm) of foot portion in first projection, height (mm) of second projection, width (mm) of second projection, curvature radius (mm) of second projection and reaction force (N/mm) were 0.74, 1.95, 0.12, 0.26, 0.25, 0.12, 0.20, 0.10 and 2.9, respectively. Also, the obtained rubber gasket obtained showed no bubbles with a load of 0.5 MPa of nitrogen gas and there was no breakage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell uses hydrogen or hydrocarbon as a fuel. The cathode includes a substrate which is a gaseous diffusion layer using a carbon paper and an electrode catalyst. The anode includes a substrate which is a gaseous diffusion layer using a carbon paper and an alloy catalyst whose main element is platinum as an electrode catalyst. The ion exchange membrane is cationic conductive electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is multi-dispersed regularly and 2 or 3-dimensionally in the mesoporous carbon at an interval of not greater than 1 nm. The metal is platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), iron (Fe), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag), gold (Au), osmium (Os), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), palladium (Pd), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), zinc (Zn), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and/or rhenium (Re). The metal is contained in an amount of 1-95 (preferably 4-36) wt.% and the carbon is contained in an amount of 5-99 (preferably 64-96) wt.%, based on the gross weight of the metal-carbon composite. The metal may be pure Pt or an alloy of Pt and a second metal. The second metal is Ru, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, W, Fe, Ir, Rh, Ag, Au, Os, Cr, Mo, V, Pd, Ti, Zr, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Sn, Pb, Sb, Se, Te, Cs, Rb, Mg, Sr, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and/or Re. The atom ratio of the second metal to the first metal is 4:96 - 75:25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact device has holding elements (47) made from an elastomer for holding and/or aligning the contact device on a fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrophobic surface layer contains PTFE and consists of a PTFE-metal or PTFE-carbon mixture on electrical connecting points (48). The hydrophobic surface layer consists of a water repellent material made completely or partially of an amorphous fluoropolymer which is an amorphous modification of Teflon, preferably made completely or partially of a polysiloxane compound or alkylsilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel reactant is in the form of a surface coating on the support structure. The support structure is formed from alumina. The foam support structure is formed from nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nickel reactant is in the form of a surface coating on the support structure. The support structure is formed from alumina. The foam support structure is formed from nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The lift-off process is achieved by immersing the substrate in 12-35 % hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution and using current densities of 50-250 mA/cm2 without changing any other parameters. The transferring and fabricating steps are performed twice so that the device is fabricated and attached on a first side of the thin film and a second device is fabricated and attached on a second side of the thin film. The fabricating step includes depositing an active semiconductor layer (7) on the thin film by epitaxial chemical vapor deposition. The transferred device is a non-finished device that is further finished after attachment to the foreign substrate. Alternatively, manufacture of thin-film device includes fabricating a device on a freestanding thin film, and depositing the thin-film device on a substrate. Preferred Components: The porous semiconductor layer is a double layer of crystalline or amorphous semiconductor material including silicone germanium, III-V materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium-GaAs, and semiconducting polymers. The foreign substrate is a low-cost substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is sawdust, wood chips, rayon, acryl, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, and/or phenol resin.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio (H/C) of hydrogen atom (H) with respect to carbon atom (C) of the hydrogen storage material, is 0.079-0.09.Preferred Condition: The impregnated product is baked by adjusting the temperature conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is a combination of aromatic quinone and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or aromatic amine and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or acrylic-type monomer, or ammonium dicarboxylate. A polymer is obtained by polycondensation or polymerization of the monomer. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution (in weight parts) (50) obtained by mixing 10% anthraquinone and pyromellitic dianhydride in a molar ratio of 1:1, and zinc chloride (1) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, were impregnated into wood chip as raw material at normal temperature. The impregnated product was vacuum-heat dried at 120degreesC and baked at 500degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a hydrogen storage material containing hydrogen and carbon in a molar ratio of 0.083. The obtained hydrogen storage material had pore having diameter of 1.12 nm and hydrogen storage capacity of 1.5 wt.% at 10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal catalyst which does not contain carbon, comprises black-powder-like platinum, or black-powder-like platinum-ruthenium alloy. The gas-passageway outlet side areas comprise platinum or platinum-ruthenium alloy supported on carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The sponge-metal catalyst is sponge nickel. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon fuel and sponge-metal catalyst are heat-stirred and sulfur component is removed. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus has several serially arranged reactor flow paths. The reactor flow paths are divided and packed with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The sponge-metal catalyst is sponge nickel. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon fuel and sponge-metal catalyst are heat-stirred and sulfur component is removed. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus has several serially arranged reactor flow paths. The reactor flow paths are divided and packed with the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The concentrator comprises an adsorbent media adsorbing the dilute VOC gas stream. It has an adsorbing chamber where the dilute VOC gas stream is adsorbed on the adsorbing media and a desorbing chamber where the adsorbed gas stream is desorbed. A sweep gas desorbs the adsorbed VOC. It is a steam or gaseous fuel. A condenser condenses the concentrated VOC fuel into a liquid. The adsorbent media is in a fluidized bed or affixed to a rotating wheel. It can be contained in fixed beds. A cooler cools the reformate. The device contains filters filtering particulate from the dilute gas stream.Preferred Property: The concentrator concentrates the concentrated fuel to a concentration greater than 15000 or greater than 200000 ppm. The dilute VOC gas stream is 1-5000 ppm VOC. The energy conversion device consumes a fuel mixture of the reformate and a second fuel. A controller controls the proportion of the reformate and the second fuel supplied to the energy conversion device. A signal is included proportional to the amount of the reformate supplied to the energy conversion device. The energy conversion device is a Stirling engine, fuel cell, internal combustion engine, or a gas turbine. The energy is electricity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dilute VOC gas stream comprises straight chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and/or oxygenated hydrocarbons. The dilute VOC gas stream is paint exhaust, gasoline vapor, or formaldehyde and acidic acid.Preferred Composition: The second fuel is 0-90% of the fuel mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorbent media is activated carbon and/or zeolite. The inert gas is nitrogen. The reformate contains hydrogen gas and oxides of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adsorbent media is synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas adsorbed to the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate in the a manufacture of gas occlusion material is hydrogen or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first and second adsorbent beds are disposed in a common reaction vessel. The system further comprises third adsorbent bed for adsorption of inorganic sulfur-containing compounds and high molecular weight organic sulfur-containing compounds; fourth adsorbent bed for adsorption of low molecular weight organic sulfur-containing compounds; conduit and valve assembly; and filter (118) for removal of particulate matter from fuel. The third and fourth adsorbent beds are disposed in a second common reaction vessel. The first adsorbent bed has a volume of 15 ft3; the second adsorbent bed has a volume of 2 ft3; the fuel processing system operates at 50-120degreesF and 10-100 psig; and the gas hourly space velocity of the fuel flowing through the first adsorbent bed and the second adsorbent bed is 100-500 /hour. The conduit and valve assembly is such that the first and second common reaction vessels can be connected in series or in a lead lag system. A purging system purges the fuel processing system. The purging system comprises a purge gas supply and a purge line for removal of purge gas from the fuel processing system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first adsorbent comprises copper-based activated carbon or copper-chromium based activated carbon. The second adsorbent comprises a zeolite such as sodium form zeolite.Preferred Compositions: The copper-chromium based adsorbent has at least 5 wt.% copper and at least 2 wt.% chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The high molecular weight organic sulfur-containing compounds have molecular weights greater than 65 and the low molecular weight organic sulfur-containing compounds have molecular weights at most65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by polymeric linking agent. It comprises particles with average size of 10-40 nm. It comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The charge carrier material comprises redox electrolyte system. It comprises polymeric electrolyte. Preferred Compounds: The nanoparticle material comprises zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tantalum oxides, tin oxides, and/or terbium oxides. It comprises photosensitizing agent comprising molecule consisting of xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitizing agent comprises ruthenium transition metal complex, osmium transition metal complex, or iron transition metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by polymeric linking agent. It comprises particles with average size of 10-40 nm. It comprises interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The charge carrier material comprises redox electrolyte system. It comprises polymeric electrolyte. Preferred Compounds: The nanoparticle material comprises zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, tungsten oxides, niobium oxides, lanthanum oxides, tantalum oxides, tin oxides, and/or terbium oxides. It comprises photosensitizing agent comprising molecule consisting of xanthines, cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, or pyrroles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The conducting polymer coated substrate is subjected to doping with a doping agent when the polymer deposition is carried out only with the monomer. The step of coating the conducting polymer on the metal pre-coated insulating substrate is carried out by dipping the pre-treated insulating substrate in an aqueous electrolyte containing 0.1-0.5 M hydrogen-containing mineral acids, e.g. hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, together with a monomer and a macrocyclic compound, by applying a potential of 0.7-0.9 Volt.Preferred Component: The insulating polymer is polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl acetate or styrene butadiene co-polymer, having adhesion strength higher than 10 g/mum. The insulating polymer solution is used in a concentration of 1-2 wt./v. The substrate comprises an insulating polymer coated substrate. It is a glass plate, or a polyester film having a smooth surface and an electrical resistivity of greater than 1010 OMEGA-cm. The metallic backing layer comprises a vacuum deposited thin film of gold, platinum or chromium. The conducting backing layer is dip-coated carbon or graphite dispersions having inert nature in the potential range of 0-1.0 Volt with respect to saturated calomel electrode (SCE).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monomer used for depositing conducting polymer film is aromatic or heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen. It is preferably aniline, pyrrole, anisidine or toluidine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activating agent is halides of multivalent metals with electronegativity of 1.2-1.5. The doping agent contains electron acceptor compounds, e.g. copper chloride, ferric chloride, cobalt chloride, and like Lewis acid compounds. It is used in a concentration of 0.001-0.1 M, preferably 0.006-0.012 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel cells are high temperature fuel cells, which operate at 400degreesC or higher. They are molten carbonate fuel cells or solid oxide fuel cells. The pyrolysis reactors operate by the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuels, or by thermal or catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon fuels. They comprise at least two reactors, one in pyrolysis mode and one in regeneration mode, the two reactors periodically alternating their role.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fuels include natural gas, methane, propane, butane, paraffins, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol, or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composition has a hydrothermal stability so that, when tested by treating the composition at 925 degrees C and 15 atm H2O for 100 hours, the composition has a surface area of at least 15 (preferably up to 20) m2/g.Preferred Component: The composition includes Rh. It has Mg and Al containing spinel material and optionally a catalytically active material. The catalyst comprises Rh and a Mg and Al containing spinel.Preferred Condition: The continuous period can be at at least 600 hours while the methane conversion changes by at most 3%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: The microchannel reactor includes a microchannel heat exchanger adjacent to the reaction microchannel. EXAMPLE - Iron-chromium-aluminum-yttrium-containing compound fins were used as support substrate for wash coat materials. After heat-treatment of the fins to form a surface oxide, they were coated with a layer of Dispal 14N4-25 (RTM) alumina sol and a layer of doping solution. Steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction test for a fresh (not preaged) Rh/lanthanum (La)/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) catalyst (25 mg/in2) test was conducted over 750 hours of life testing and showed steady methane conversion and carbon monoxide selectivity for approximately 250 hours. The support (La/Al2O3) was pre-treated under steam and nitrogen mixture at 2-1 ratio at near ambient pressure (0.7 atm H2O) and heated (at a ramp up rate of 3.5 degrees/min) to 950 degrees C, 15 atm, and held at these conditions for 100 hours. The support was cooled at 3.5 degrees C/min. The total loading of the catalyst was 30.3 mg/in2. Over 500 hours on stream, methane conversion fell by 6%. The catalyst survived system upsets (inadvertent shut downs and start ups) without any loss of catalyst performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: There is a coating material (3) formed in contact with the catalyst particles.Preferred Materials: A main constituting material of the catalyst particles is an alloy of platinum group metal, preferably platinum-ruthenium or platinum-molybdenum. A main constituting element of the conductive film is consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, gold, silver, aluminum, or titanium. A main constituting material of the coating material is carbon nanohorn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pigment has oxidation potential of 1.05 V or less, preferably 1.05-0.4 V, and reduction potential of -1.55 V or more, preferably -1.55 V to -0.6 V.Preferred Pigment: The pigment has formula (1), (3) or (4). The semiconductor layer contains steroid compound(s) of formula (2).R1 = substituent having acidic group;X1-X3 = oxygen atom, sulfur atom, selenium atom or substituted amino group;A = substituent having chromophore;R2 = alkyl group substituted with acidic group;R3 = H, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic ring, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic group, each optionally having substituent;n = 0-13;R4 = optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxyl, aralkyl, aryl or heterocyclic; andB = condensed hydrocarbon ring forming 5-7 membered ring.When n is 2 or more, steroid endocyclic may contain double bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The molecular assembly is J aggregate. The dye which forms J aggregate is of formulae (1,3,4) and contains steroid compound(s).R1 = substituent having acidic group;X1-X3 = oxygen atom, sulfur atom, selenium atom or substituted amino group;R4 = alkyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryl or heterocyclic ring;B = 5-7 membered hydrocarbon ring; andA = substituent having chromophore.Preferred Compound: The steroid compound of formula (2).R2 = alkyl group having acidic group as substituents;R3 = H, hydroxyl, halogen atom, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic ring, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic group;andn = 1-13, When n is two or more R3 is same or different.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The fabrication of fuel cell includes forming a porous conductive layer on the surface of the membrane electrode assembly.Preferred Properties: The membrane is 1-100 micrometers thick. An operating temperature of the transfer is 25-100degreesC. Heat pressing of the adhesive to the membrane is at 100-250degreesC and 1-50 MPa. The thermosetting adhesive is baked at 60-200degreesC.Preferred Materials: The b-stage adhesive comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide containing conductive particles. The insulation frame comprises a fiber enhanced resin or ceramic plate. The fuel cells are attached to the frame using waterproof adhesive comprising epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide. Thermosetting adhesive applied to the conductive nets comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive net comprises nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum, and/or their alloys. It is coated with gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, or chromium-nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The tin acid is obtained by hydrolyzing a tin compound by an alkali.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The amount of chloride ion in the liquid is 2 x 10 to the power of -5 to 5 x 10 to the power of -4 wt.pts with respect to 1 wt.pts of metal. The amount of chloride ion is reduced by electrodialysis. The surface tension of the ink is adjusted to 20-50 mN/m.Preferred Ink: The inkjet ink further contains a dopant and 1 or more types of water-soluble solvent of high boiling point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The plasmatron and catalyst(s) include a mechanism for receiving as an input air, fuel and water/steam. The plasmatron and catalyst(s) include a mechanism for receiving exhaust gas from the engine. The catalyst(s) includes a heat exchanger in heat exchange relation with the catalyst to preheat air, fuel and water/steam; catalyst sections that receive air/fuel or water/steam; and water-shifting catalyst, a partial oxidation catalyst, and/or a steam reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The dispensing mechanism is a nozzle, injector, grinder, or atomizer. The dissociating mechanism converts hydrocarbon fuel into solid particles by using radio frequency discharge plasma. The separating mechanism is acoustic flocculation, filter membrane, electromagnetic separating technique, or use of bias voltage on substrate.Preferred Methods: The method includes reforming hydrocarbon fuels for a fuel cell which does not oxidize the hydrocarbon fuel
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Compositions: In the electrolyte, 1-30 mol% iodine of the total weight of 1,3-vinylalkylimidazolium iodide is dissolved. Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode is formed of dye molecular layer (ruthenium complex) adsorbed to a conductive transparent glass substrate (12), a transitive metal oxide layer (14) (nano-sized titanium dioxide) coating the glass substrate, and a transitive metal oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The substrate has a thickness of less than approximately 200 microns. The base contact region comprises less than approximately 40% of the surface area. It provides little or no passivation and comprises higher optical reflectance than aluminum. It increases the optical absorption of the substrate. The substrate comprises diffusion length of less than approximately 200 microns. The solar cell has an efficiency of greater than 15, preferably greater than 17%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The thermomigrating involves using the bank of plasma arc lamps to heat one side of the substrate.Preferred Components: The front side n+ diffusion emitter layer comprises a phosphorus n+ diffusion layer. It is lightly doped, and the backside n+ diffusion emitter layer is heavily doped. The solute material comprises n-type dopant material(s) consisting of phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony. It additionally comprises carrier metal(s) consisting of platinum, gallium, magnesium, indium, silver, copper, aluminum, tin, or gold. It comprises ternary alloys consisting of silver-gold-antimony, silver-tin-antimony, or silver-aluminum-antimony.Preferred Composition: The solute material comprises silver with 10 at.% antimony and 10 at.% aluminum.Preferred Properties: The spacing between adjacent conductive vias is 1-2 mm. The diameter of the conductive vias is 25-150 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The thermomigrating involves using the bank of plasma arc lamps to heat one side of the substrate.Preferred Components: The front side n+ diffusion emitter layer comprises a phosphorus n+ diffusion layer. It is lightly doped, and the backside n+ diffusion emitter layer is heavily doped. The solute material comprises n-type dopant material(s) consisting of phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony. It additionally comprises carrier metal(s) consisting of platinum, gallium, magnesium, indium, silver, copper, aluminum, tin, or gold. It comprises ternary alloys consisting of silver-gold-antimony, silver-tin-antimony, or silver-aluminum-antimony.Preferred Composition: The solute material comprises silver with 10 at.% antimony and 10 at.% aluminum.Preferred Properties: The spacing between adjacent conductive vias is 1-2 mm. The diameter of the conductive vias is 25-150 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic energy source comprises 2 layers of semiconductor material. The solar cell further comprises backside metallic electrode (40) overlying and contacting the back face of the energy source. There is a solar concentrator disposed to concentrate solar energy toward the front face of the energy source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The liquid is methanol aqueous solution or diethyl glycol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The vapor pressure of the low boiling point solvent is more than the atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of solvent is more than one atmospheric pressure and less than or equal to 1.5 atmospheric pressure. The low boiling point solvent is a mixed solvent consisting of two or more types of solvents differing in vapor pressure. The additional amount of diethyl ether is the amount, which does not remain as liquid, when space (B) is completely filled with low boiling point solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst for fuel reformation consists of ruthenium chloride, rhodium chloride, palladium chloride, platinum chloride, ruthenium nitrate, rhodium nitrate, palladium nitrate and platinum nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The raw fuel is hydrocarbon, hydride, methanol, dimethylether, synthesis gas, land fill gas, bio gas, liquid natural gas, and/or liquid petroleum gas, preferably dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel or molten carbonate type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide semiconductor particles are sensitized by a compound chosen from organic dye and/or metal complex. The semiconductor microparticles contain titanium dioxide, and support the pigment in presence of an inclusion compound. Preferred Definitions:    X1 = oxygen;    X2,X3 = sulfur;    R1 = alkoxy group;and    Y = group of formula (2), preferably heterocyclic residue.    Z = substituent sufficient to form a ring with R3 and R4;and    R3, R4 = heterocyclic residue, aromatic hydrocarbon residue or aliphatic hydrocarbon residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic compound is preferably chosen from compound of formulae (3 or 4).R1-R3,R1'-R3',R4,L,n,m',n',J1,J1',Z1,Z2 = same as defined above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal-oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    Z1 = residue that forms benzene ring, furan ring or thiophene ring;and    at least one of n,n',m' = 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gasket: The gasket is made of material selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is carbon nanotube or fullerene.Preferred Method: After fixing or coating carbon particles with the fine particles comprising an insulating resin, heating is carried out to the melting temperature of the insulating resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal contains platinum. Preferred Support: The oxide support contains complex oxide of ceria and alumina dispersed on nanometer scale. Preferred Condition: The high temperature oxidation atmosphere is 600-800 degrees Celsius.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is oxygen or proton conductor. When two auxiliary electrical circuits are used, one of the circuits comprises anode and the other the cathode of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains water, glycol, saturated alcohol and/or glycol ether as a base. The amount of aliphatic alcohol in the coolant composition is 0.01-15 parts weight with respect to 100 parts of base.Preferred Compound: The number of carbon atoms in a molecule of aliphatic alcohol is 2-20.Preferred Properties: The aliphatic alcohol maintains electroconductivity of the coolant composition at 10 microS/cm or less, and maintains variation of electroconductivity of the coolant composition in the range of 0-10 microS/cm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Approximately 80 aliphatic alcohols such as allyl alcohol, 3-butene-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-butene-1-ol and 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol are claimed.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in parts) (50), ion-exchange water (50) and 3-butene-1-ol (0.5) were mixed to obtain coolant composition. The obtained composition had electroconductivity of 0.2 microS/cm and 9.5 microS/cm, at initial stage and after degradation of composition by oxidation at 100 degrees C for 168 hours, respectively. The coolant composition had favorable non-freezing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains water, glycol, saturated alcohol and/or glycol ether as a base. The amount of aliphatic alcohol in the coolant composition is 0.01-15 weight parts with respect to 100 wt.pts of base.Preferred Compound: The number of carbon atoms in a molecule of aliphatic alcohol is 2-20.Preferred Properties: The aliphatic alcohol maintains electroconductivity of the coolant composition at 10 micro-S/cm or less, and maintains variation of electroconductivity of the coolant composition in the range of 0-10 micro-S/cm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Approximately, 105 aliphatic alcohols such as allyl alcohol, 3-butene-1-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyne-3-ol, 3,6-dimethyl-4-octyne-3,6-diol, and 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol, are claimed.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in pts.wt.) (50), ion-exchange water (50) and 3-butene-1-ol (0.5) were mixed to obtain coolant composition. The obtained composition had electroconductivity of 0.2 micro-S/cm and 9.5 micro-S/cm, at initial stage and after degradation of composition by oxidation at 100 degrees C for 168 hours, respectively. The coolant composition had favorable non-freezing property and working life.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrolytic cell is operated using electricity generated from a variable source of energy as an intermittent. The anode is partially formed using a semiconductor material. Water is decomposed in the aqueous electrolyte, by two methods (A, B).In method (A), water is photo-electro-chemically decomposed by electricity generated by exposing the semiconductor material to solar energy, and hydrogen is produced.In method (B), water is decomposed at anode, by using electron holes generated from the semiconductor material, and oxygen gas and hydrogen gas are produced. Hydrogen ions are transported from anode to cathode through the aqueous electrolyte, and electrons are transported from semiconductor material to cathode through an external circuit. Hydrogen ion is reduced at cathode by electrons, to generate hydrogen. The semiconductor material is exposed to solar energy, to perform solar energy-induced intrinsic ionization of semiconductor material, and thereby electronic charge carriers such as quasi-free electrons and electron holes are formed.Preferred Material: The semiconductor material is titanium oxide, preferably titania, which has modified structure by doping with selected impurities and/or partial reduction, to change the stoichiometry of titania. The metal hydride-forming material is metal, intermetallic compound or metal alloy, capable of forming metal hydride by absorption of hydrogen, and capable of desorbing hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The metal/intermetallic compound/metal alloy is iron titanium based alloy, magnesium based alloy and lanthanum nickel based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The WGS conditions are high or low temperature shift conditions at different points in the WGS reaction zone. The method involves passing a feed comprising CO and water over a catalyst comprising gold on sulfated zirconia at high temperature (preferably 250 - 450degreesC) WGS conditions to produce a first effluent having a reduced (preferably 1 - 10 wt.%) CO content; and passing at least a portion of the first effluent over a catalyst comprising gold on sulfated zirconia which is predominantly in the tetragonal form at low temperature (preferably 100 - 250degreesC) WGS conditions to produce a second effluent having a CO content of less than 0.2 wt.% and comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The WGS reaction is carried out in the fuel processor associated with a fuel cell. Before activation, the catalyst has at least 90% of the gold dispersed in particles of less than 10 Angstrom when measured by TEM. EXAMPLE - Sulfated zirconia catalyst supported on alumina (2 cc) was diluted with acid-washed alundum (6 cc) and loaded into a stainless steel tube reactor. The catalyst was held in place with alundum and glass wool plugs on both ends. The catalyst was heated to 1 - 250degreesC at a rate of 50degreesC/h in a 200 sccm flow of nitrogen overnight and then cooled to 135 - 420degreesC at space velocities of 2000 - 50000/h. The gas mixture was produced either by blending four syngas components, CO, H2, N2 and CO2 in a manifold. Water was introduced into the gas stream as vapor produced by heating the stream of liquid water in a small flash vessel below the boiling of water at the reactor pressure. The results of catalyst performance at 240degreesC over a range of space velocities were found to be (vol.%): CO (4.65), H2 (34.31), CO2 (7.43), N2 (13.83) and H2O (36).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The conductive layer covers greater than or equal to 95 % or the entire surface of the electrode integrated with the conductive layer on the conductive layer side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal powder comprises primary particles linked in a form of filament. The porous metal comprises aluminum, titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, silver, or alloy containing these elements as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The carbon containing fuel comprises a solid carbon containing fuel consisting of coal or pyrolyzed biomass; or solid, electrically conductive carbon fuel rod. The carbon fuel rod is an anode electrode in contact with the ceramic membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The gas tight duct comprises a ceramic, glass-ceramic, or glass. The conducting member is isolated from the duct by glass seals or glass-ceramic seals (30, 32).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gas tight duct is non-electrically conducting. A temperature sensor is arranged to measure the temperature in the duct and electrically connected to the controller. The conducting member extends through the walls of the duct and is directly connected to the electrical power supply. It forms a loop. A second electrically conducting member is arranged outside the duct and electrically connected to the electrical power supply. The controller controls the supply of electrical current through the second electrically conducting member to maintain the conducting member at a temperature to provide selective thermal decomposition of higher hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon fuel. The conducting member comprises a honeycomb, or a portion of the duct. The outlet of the duct is connected to a fuel cell stack, or a solid oxide fuel cell stack. It is connected to the fuel cell stack via a inertial separator to remove particulate carbon from the pre-reformed hydrocarbon fuel. The inertial separator comprises a twister. It can be a filter or an electrostatic separator. It is connected to the fuel cell stack via a reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conducting member comprises a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conducting member may comprise an alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conducting member comprises a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method includes repeating crosslinking and coupling steps at least once to produce a substrate having an extended, crosslinked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating. The crosslinking step is repeated at least twice, and the coupling step is repeated at least once. Coupling step includes beta or meso coupling step.Preferred Components: The porphyrinic macrocycles are porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin, isobacteriochlorin, oxochlorin, dioxobacteriochlorin, dioxoisobacteriochlorin, pyrophorbin, bacteriopyrophorbin, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, tetraazaporphyrin, core-modified porphyrinic derivative, or expanded or contracted porphyrinic derivative. The non-discotic backbone polymer comprises a double-decker sandwich coordination compound coupled to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is oriented perpendicularly to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is an intrinsic rectifier of excited-state energy and/or an intrinsic rectifier of holes.Preferred Dimensions: The light-harvesting rods have a length of not more than 500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen manufacturing system further comprises a hydrogen circulation line to return a portion of hydrogen removed by the reformer, at 2 or more places in the front end of desulfurizer, front end of primary modifier or front end of hydrogen separating-type reformer. The primary modifier has a high-pressure vessel filled with granular modifying catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dinitramine: Dinitramine is ammonium dinitramine NH4N(NO2)2 or potassium dinitramine KN(NO2)2. 4% Silica is also added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The first rubber powder is formed from a material having a hardness of rigidity A of 25-50 (HS) and a diameter of 0.15-0.3 mm. The second rubber powder is formed from a material formed from a material having a hardness of rigidity A of 60-80 (HS) and a diameter of 0.1-0.15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The synthesis gas is supplied to fuel cell (26) for generation of electricity, when gas is rich in hydrogen, and supplied to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor (32) for generation of liquid hydrocarbon, when gas is rich in carbon monoxide. The biogas is desulfurized and condensed by cooling, and water vapor is separated, before supplying biogas into catalytic reformer unit.Preferred Unit: The biological waste material treatment plant further has fuel cell, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, control unit for controlling proportion of synthesis gas supplied to fuel cell or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, and unit for removing water vapor from biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains polyethylene for addition such as low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, extremely ultra-low polyethylene and/or linear low density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The rigid strip comprises fiberglass-reinforced plastic or polymer-coated metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The gaseous hydrogen defines at least 15-50 wt.%. It has a pressure of at least 248-690 bars. The hydrogen storage composition has equilibrium desorption plateau pressure at 20 degrees C of greater than 40 bars.Preferred Materials: The hydrogen storage material is metalliferous material, preferably metal hydride in particulate form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Certain amount of the second carbon particles is ground and reintroduced to the reactor to balance the total bed surface area.Preferred Parameter: The reactor is at approximately 1000- approximately 2800 degrees C, and has a pressure of approximately 0.1 - approximately 2000 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first and second carbon particles are nanostructured carbon particles. The hydrogen-containing gas is free from carbon oxide.Preferred Property: The first carbon particles are 0.1-2 mm, preferably 0.3-0.5 mm. The second carbon particles are 0.1-5 mm. The second carbon particles have the purity of at least 95 %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heating system comprises electrical resistive heating; radio frequency inducting heating; microwave heating; thermal plasma heating; combustion heating by a self-heating using hydrogen, un-reacted hydrocarbon, carbon particles, or other fuels; solar energy; or nuclear energy heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode for current collection has an element selected from the group of gold, platinum, silver, cop- per, aluminum, nickel, zinc, titanium and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet adhesively affixed to lower surface of top shading element, is made of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The silica particle contains string-like silica particle and fibrous silica particle. Preferred Film: The high refractive index film contained in the reflection prevention laminated film contains at least one type of metal oxide of titanium, zirconium, zinc, cerium, tantalum, yttrium, hafnium, aluminum, magnesium, indium, tin, molybdenum, antimony and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The silica particle contains string-like silica particle and fibrous silica particle. Preferred Film: The high refractive index film contained in the reflection prevention laminated film contains at least one type of metal oxide of titanium, zirconium, zinc, cerium, tantalum, yttrium, hafnium, aluminum, magnesium, indium, tin, molybdenum, antimony and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - The carbon material contains an organic polymer chosen from polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide, polyamide, polyamidoimide, polyurethane, polyurea, polyphenol, polyaniline and polyparaphenylene (sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (B) has maximum storage capacity of one H atom per C atom i.e. about 8 wt.%. (A) is generated in e.g. a plasma source and/or tungsten capillary atom source and (B) is placed either in a flow of (B) or in the atom source. Optionally a metal is first applied to (B) and then adsorbed on this metal. Adsorption is at 150-300, preferably not over 200, degrees K, and desorption at over 350, preferably 750-800, degrees K, with recombination of atoms taking place in the gas phase. The energy released by recombination may be used in other processes or process stages.Preferred Materials: (B) preferably comprises nanotubes (single- or multi-walled), nanofibers and/or nanoshells, optionally in the form of oriented materials. The storage medium is contained in a pressure vessel, as a powder, agglomerate and/or pellets. EXAMPLE - Single-walled carbon nanotubes (made of pyrolytic graphite of purity 85 wt.%), of diameter 1.2-1.4 nm and length up to 10 microns, were exposed, at 200 degrees K, to a stream of hydrogen atoms, generated at 2000 degrees K. The hydrogen atoms taken up by the nanotubes could be desorbed at 780 degrees K, and they recombined to form molecular hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyrylium compound absorbs visible light of wavelength about 400 nm. The pyrylium compound has a decomposition point of 200 degrees C or more. EXAMPLE - A compound of formula 7 (in g) (3.9), a compound of formula 8 (4.4) and acetic anhydride (3 ml) were added into a reaction container containing acetonitrile (100 ml). Triethylamine (7 ml) was added in drops and the mixture was heat-refluxed for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitated crystal was extracted. The obtained crystals were recrystallized using chloroform-ethanol mixed liquid, to obtain crystals of pyrylium compound (1.5) of formula (1).    R1-R3,Y,X and Z = same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dopants are oxides of antimony, indium, tin, niobium, tantalum, manganese, magnesium, calcium, zinc, gallium and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A pair of the first set of plates encloses a membrane (M1) permeable to the carbon dioxide. A pair of the second set of plates encloses a membrane (M2) permeable to air or to water vapor. The system further comprises through holes through the plates to directly connect at least two flow fields or to directly connect an input or an output stream of the DMFC stack with one of the flow fields. A fourth set of the plates forms an air-to-air heat exchanger. The third plate or third set of plates is as a thermal regulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The second plate exit hole is connected to a fuel mixing device that provides inlet fuel for the DMFC stack. A pumping device for water is connected to the output of the second plate exit hole. A drainage device is connected to the output of the second plate exit hole. The apparatus further comprises a membrane permeable to water vapor; and third plate and fourth plate sandwiched together and enclosing the membrane. The apparatus further comprises an air-to-air heat exchanger having a first chamber and a second chamber arranged to exchange heat; air pump; air filter; fans to assist in cooling down the first plate or the heat exchanger; and a radiator fan. The first chamber has an access hole connected to the exit hole of the first plate. The second chamber has an access hole to input air. The mixing device serves as thermal regulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactants: The electroactive reactants in reactant flow stream are selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, dimethoxymethane, and trimethoxymethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The sensing layer comprises in sequential order as layered over the tube (12): an insulation layer; a first current collector layer; an anode diffusion layer (18); a catalyst-coated membrane layer (19); a cathode diffusion layer (20); and a second current collector layer. The catalyzed membrane layer comprises a catalyzed surface directly facing the aperture (14) and another catalyzed surface oppositely facing the aperture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: Platinum or its alloy is used to fabricate the catalyst layer bonded on the membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Each of the diffusion layers comprises a carbon-based electrically conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulation layer comprises PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The direct-type fuel cell further has droplet collection portion, liquid transport unit, heating unit, air supply unit, and gas transport unit (B). The droplet collection portion collects the microdroplet contained in the gas flow path (a) from component having pore or microgap. The liquid transport unit returns the droplet collected in the droplet collection portion to fuel electrode. The gas transport unit (B) sends in the gas ejected from air electrode to air supply unit. The air supply unit, which takes in air, is provided at the gas flow path (e).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Path: Oxidation catalyst is arranged at both gas flow paths (a,b), preferably aldehyde oxidation removal catalyst or the aldehyde absorber is arranged at the gas flow path (a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Path: Oxidation catalyst is arranged at both gas flow paths (a,b), preferably aldehyde oxidation removal catalyst or the aldehyde absorber is arranged at the gas flow path (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The porous membrane is a hollow fiber membrane or a flat film. EXAMPLE - A polyether imide porous hollow fiber membrane was dipped in decaglycerol monolaurate aqueous solution having hydrophilic lipophilic balance of 16, at 25degreesC for 12 hours. The hollow fiber membrane had surface pore size of 3 nm, outer diameter of 1050 microns and internal diameter of 750 microns. The film was then dried at 50degreesC for 12 hours. Thus, impregnation-processed porous membrane was obtained. The membrane had excellent humidification ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Crystallization is carried out in metastable region.Preferred Property: The alkoxy silane has melting point of -20 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The washing liquid containing chlorosilane used in manufacture of polycrystalline silicon, contains tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane and/or dichlorosilane. EXAMPLE - A silicon deposition reaction was carried out using an isotropic carbon tube-shaped reaction container having a reaction zone with a bore of 50 mm, and a die length of 300 mm. The reaction container was surrounded by a heating apparatus. Hydrogen and trichlorosilane were supplied at 28 Nm3/h and 9 kg/h, respectively, and the silicon deposition reaction was performed by heating the internal surface of the tubed reaction container at 1300-1400 degrees C, under a pressure of 50 kPaG. In addition, the internal surface of the reaction container was raised once at 1450 degrees C or more by about 5 minutes in 1 hour, and the reaction was continued, carrying out melting fall of the sludge intermittently. The polycrystalline silicon collected by a stripping section was maintained at high grade. Silicon fines contained in the exhaust gas were caught with a filter and the filtered exhaust gas was then refined in a gas refinery processing installation, and was used as a part of material gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reformer also includes a second reforming catalyst layer. The inlets are arranged at a location where the oxidation agent gas is to be fed to the catalyst layers and at a location where the oxidation agent gas is to be fed to the second reforming catalyst layer. They are arranged at different locations where the oxidation agent gas is to be fed to the catalyst layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The primer layers are deposited between the photovoltaic layer and protective coating. The primer comprises aminosilane and epoxy resin. The protective coating layer is derived from a powder coating. The powder coating is low cure or ultraviolet curable. The power coating is thermoset. The thermoset powder comprises polyester film-forming resin and solid melamine cross linker. The protective coating layer is derived from liquid coating or anionic electrodeposited coating. The liquid coating comprises fluoropolymer. The cell also comprises topcoat layer on electrodeposited coating. The transparent supersaturate is glass. The encapsulant comprises protective coating(s). The encapsulant also comprises primer or adhesive layers. The electrodeposited coating is used to deposit the protective coating. Preferred Properties: Each primer layer has dry film thickness of less than or equal to0.5 mils. Preferred Methods: The method also comprises depositing a topcoat on the cured electrodeposited coating, and curing the topcoat. The method also comprises depositing primer or adhesive layer(s) prior to the deposition of protective coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nitrogen atom, its ion or radical structure is added to the fusion region of the six-membered ring and five-membered ring of the ball-shaped carbon molecule (A). The nitrogen-containing carbon material has several portions of the ball-shaped carbon molecule (A) mutually coupled by the nitrogen atom, its ion or radical structure. The several portions of the ball-shaped carbon molecule (A) are polymerized through the nitrogen atom, its ion or radical structure, to obtain the nitrogen-containing carbon material. The high-frequency plasma of the nitrogen gas is produced by pressure reduction less than 133 Pa (1 Torr), and high-frequency electric power of less than 100 W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion contains iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion contains iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Each plate of the heat exchange body includes an integral fixing bush to fix the plates to each other by engagement of fixing bushes (17) of adjacent plates. The fixing bushes are shaped conically to nest with a bush of an adjacent plate. They are aligned to form the channel for the coolant. They fix the plates parallel to each other at a predetermined distance to form space between adjacent plates. The nested fixing bushes are in contact with each other and in which the contacts are brazed in fix the engagement of the fixing bushes. The channel for the coolant is positioned in horizontal direction. The fixing bushes has circumferential rim. The plates include center hole to form mixing chamber for mixing the syngas and vaporized coolant. The heat exchange body is positioned within the tube such that a conduit is formed on the inner peripheral wall of the tube and such that the spaces between the plates of the heat exchange body communicate with the conduit.Preferred Condition: The coolant passes through the channel countercurrently with respect to the initial syngas flow direction. The plate's body is made by punching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Either or both of the valves are solenoid valve. The first valve is controllable over flow rates of 110-120 L/hour, preferably 105-113 L/hour. The second valve is controllable over flow rates of 8-15 L/hour, preferably 9.3-13.5 L/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The doped tin oxide (SnO2) layer consists of fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2:F). The doped SnO2 layer and TCO layer are spaced apart from one another and an electrically conductive material is arranged to contact both the doped SnO2 layer and TCO layer, providing electrical contact. The electrically conductive material comprises conductive metal-epoxy sealant (13). The doped SnO2 layer directly overlies the TCO layer to provide the electrically conductive contact. It is co-extensive with the TCO layer. It is disposed on a non-conductive transparent substrate, which is between the TCO layer and the doped SnO2 layer. An impervious insulative material overlies peripheral surfaces of the electrically conductive substrate, semiconductor, and TCO layer. The doped SnO2 layer comprises a transparent substrate having a first major surface facing the TCO and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, a peripheral surface defined by a thickness between the major surfaces of the transparent substrate, doped SnO2 coated on at least a portion of the peripheral surface between the two major surfaces of the substrate, thus providing the electrically conductive contact between the TCO layer and doped SnO2 layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fullerene layer is selected from a group which includes mixture of fullerene and organic molecules, a mixture of fullerene and inorganic materials, polymeric fullerene and fullerene chemically bonded to conducting polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive layer consists of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and alloys of mixture of magnesium and silver (Mg:Ag) and lithium and aluminum (Li:Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conductive polymer is pi-electron conjugated system polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide semiconductor microparticles included in the solar cell, consist of titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Raman full width at half maximum of wave number 1350 cm-1 of crystal grain, satisfies relation given by: dat most(376/La)+19, where d is Raman full width (cm-1) at half maximum, and La is crystal grain size (nm) in surface having a-axis and b-axis of graphite structure. Raman full width half crystal grain is measured by Raman spectrum.Preferred Method: The crystal grain is processed by halogen and/or sulfur oxide, after grinding. EXAMPLE - Graphite (5 g) was added to a stainless steel container having stainless steel balls. Nitrogen gas was introduced, and mechanical grinding processing was carried out for 12 hours at 400 rpm. Nitrogen-containing graphite crystal grain was obtained. The obtained crystal grain contained nitrogen atom and carbon atom in the atomic ratio of 0.11. Raman half value width of crystal grain was 87 cm-1. The obtained crystal grain was added to a reaction container, and pressure was reduced to 0.1 Torr. The container was heated at 200degreesC under reduced pressure, and maintained for 1 hour. Fluorine gas was introduced, and maintained at room temperature and at pressure of 5 MPa. The container was pressure-reduced, and fluorine was discharged to obtain a hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material had excellent hydrogen storage-releasing ability, and maximum amount of hydrogen desorption of hydrogen storage material was 5.6 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The heat exchange unit has a hydrogen gas separation unit for separating and ejecting hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas production apparatus further has a storage unit having a hydrocarbon group fuel storage portion (41) and dehydrogenated product storage portion (42). The catalyst exists in ring-form, and ring enclosure of heater is carried out. The catalyst is supplied using several gas-liquid supply units.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel storage portion and dehydrogenated product storage portion contain elastic resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is made of iron-magnetic material such as iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium, iron-chromium alloys, AISI 400 (RTM; stainless steel series), rare-earth oxides or magnetite (Fc3O4). The metallic protective plating comprises silver, gold or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aqueous solution of alkali is lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (preferably sodium hydroxide). The alkaline borohydride is lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride (preferably sodium borohydride).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gas storage material (14) comprises a dielectric comprising piezoelectric, ferroelectric, ceramic, non-metal, polymer, organic material, or semiconductor material. The field comprises an electric field (10), stress field, and/or strain field. A controlling mechanism controls the temperature or pressure of the gas storage system. The gas storage material comprises a magnetic material. The field comprises a magnetic field.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas comprises hydrogen comprising ionic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen, or atomic hydrogen (16). It comprises a gas with a permanent dipole (22) or a polarizable gas capable of molecular or atomic transport through the storage material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a mixing device (150) that receives an output stream of the first set of plates; a methanol source (140) to deliver methanol to the mixing device; and a water management device (130) that receives a cathode output stream from the direct methanol fuel cell stack. The exit hole of the first plate is through the second plate via a through-hole. The apparatus further comprises a through-hole through the first plate and the second plate to connect the cathode output stream of a direct methanol fuel cell stack to a water management device of the direct methanol fuel cell system. The apparatus further comprises a venting fan in proximity to the exit hole of the second plate; thermo-insulator layers; and a radiator fan for thermal regulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The step of heating a vessel containing a catalyst includes heating a vessel containing a catalyst to 600-700degreesC. The pressure swing absorbent includes calcium oxide, which is introduced at twice a stoichiometric ratio. The steam is introduced in a steam to carbon ratio of about four. The method further comprises venting a product gas from the vessel, and venting a by-product gas from the vessel, where the product is hydrogen and the by-product gas is methane. The by-product may be recycled as a feedstock or recycled as a fuel for heating the vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The amide compound is heated to produce reaction product comprising imide material and ammonia. A portion of ammonia is separated from the reaction product to provide imide material. Liberating of hydrogen is conducted at greater than 125, preferably greater than 150degreesC. Regenerating is conducted at elevated pressure, preferably at greater than 10, and more preferably at greater than 200 kPa.Preferred Compounds: The imide is lithium imide and the amide is lithium amide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The M, MI, and MII are elements consisting of methyl, aluminum, arsenic, boron, barium, beryllium, calcium, cadmium, cerium, cesium, copper, europium, iron, gallium, germanium, hafnium, mercury, indium, potassium, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, neodymium, nickel, lead, praseodymium, rubidium, antimony, scandium, silicon, samarium, tin, strontium, thulium, titanium, tungsten, ytterbium, zinc, and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises improving the selectivity of the conversion of hydrocarbon into carbon monoxide by catalytic partial oxidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparation of (I) involves:(1) carbonylation of a heterocyclic compound of formula (Ia) to give a ketone of formula (Ib); and(2) reaction of (Ib) with a phosphorous acid diester having an acidic group or its precursor (e.g. 2-(diethoxyphosphenylimino)-1,3-dithiolane or phosphorus ylide).Preferred Compound: The dye adsorbed on the surface of the semiconductor layer in the electrode or in the device, additionally contains at least one steroid compound of formula (III).R11 = H, OH, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic moiety, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic group;R12 = an alkyl group containing an acidic group;a = 0 - 13.The steroid ring optionally internally contains a double bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor layer contains at least one chalcogenide compound of a metal selected from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt or nickel. EXAMPLE - 9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (1.82 g), rhodanine-3-acetic acid (1.59 g) and ammonium acetate (1.27 g) were dissolved in acetic acid (3.9 g) and the mixture was stirred under heat at 120 degrees C. After 30 minutes, the heated was stopped and the product was solidified. The product was cooled and water (100 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred and filtered. The crystals were washed with water (100 ml) and then with isopropyl alcohol to give (5-(1-(1-octadecyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-quinoline-6-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-3-yl)-acetic acid (yield 99%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The impurity solid diffusion source comprises silanol and boron oxide as impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor laser has aluminum- gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) or gallium nitride (GaN) active layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The steam turbine electric power is generated using the remaining heat of the refuse incineration magnetohydrodynamic power generation. A temperature difference is given by giving the remaining heat of the water vapor after turning the turbine to the junction portion of the semiconductor as a hot section and making the mixture of dry ice of carbon dioxide and methanol into low temperature portion, to generate electric power by Seebeck effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The p-type oxide transparent electrically conductive film is copper-aluminum-oxide (CuAlO2), copper-indium-oxide (CuInO2), copper-gallium-oxide (CuGaO2) or strontium-copper-oxide (SrCuO2). The n-type oxide transparent electrically conductive film contains zinc oxide, indium oxide (In2O3), tin oxide, cadmium-indium oxide (CdIn2O4), magnesium-indium oxide (MgIn2O4), zinc-gallium oxide (ZnGaO4) or indium-gallium-zinc oxide (InGaZnO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The semiconductor is metal-oxide semiconductor or metal-sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    X = O;    Z = benzene optionally substituted with up to 4 aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, alkoxy, amino, aryloxy, cyano, nitro, halogen, hydroxyl or carboxyl groups;    n = 0 or 1.    EXAMPLE - Titanium-oxide film was formed on a transparent electroconductive-glass panel. The titanium-oxide film was dipped in solution obtained by dissolving heterocyclic compound (5 g) of formula (I-1) into methanol solution (200 ml). Trifluoro acetic acid (1 g) was further added to the solution. The resulting product was subjected to ultrasonic irradiation, washed using chloroform, and vacuum-dried to form photosensitive layer. An optoelectric transducer having titanium-oxide film, photosensitive layer, charge transferring layer and counter electrode, was formed. A solar cell having the optoelectric transducer was formed, and had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The system comprises a fuel cell stack (50), control electronics (52), a hydrogen canister (54), and a mounting for fuel canister. The mountings include a frame (44) carrying electrical components of the system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Advantageously the tubular nanostructures is in the form of macroscopic fibres are made of carbon (claimed) and may include one or more pigments (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is chosen from the group constituted by the polymers of one or more organic acids or organic hydroxyl acids and their derivatives, organic amine, alcohol or thiol, copolymers or copolymer blocks of one or more organic acids and one or more organic polyamine, polyalcohol or polythiol polymers, copolymers of styrene with ethylene, copolymers of styrene with propylene, copolymers of styrene with butadiene, copolymers of styrene with acrylates, copolymers of styrene with methacrylates and combinations of two or more of these elements
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: An oxidant is fed from an oxidant tank (9) to the cathode side (11) of the fuel cell via a first oxidant conveying system (10), electrochemically converted on an electrode membrane unit in the presence of a catalyst and fed back into the oxidant tank via a second oxidant conveying system (12). Additives (acids, alkalis or stabilizers for the fuels and oxidants) are mixed with the fuels and oxidants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoanode is indium tin oxide coated glass, or indium tin oxide coated fused silica. The photoanode additionally comprises a layer of semiconductor nanoparticles. The nanoparticles comprise tin oxide or titanium dioxide. The catalyst is an hydrogenase (preferably NiFe hydrogenase), platinum (preferably E-TEK PT/C). The catalyst-coupled electrode is contained within the photoanode half-cell; or is coupled to the photoanode half-cell via a semi-permeable device. The semi-permeable device is a membrane, frit or salt bridge. The fuel is reduced carbon. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Carbon is acicular carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotube, or electroconductive carbon black. The metal is platinum, ruthenium, cobalt, titanium, nickel, silver and/or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Carbon is acicular carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotube, or electroconductive carbon black. The metal is platinum, ruthenium, cobalt, titanium, nickel, silver and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The support is removed by oxygen plasma processing, ozone oxidation processing, and/or baking after forming metal nanoparticles on the support, to form a metal nanoparticle continuous material. The support is then carbonized. The support is immersed into a solution containing a metal-ion-containing compound, and the metal-ion-containing compound is adsorbed.Preferred Compound: The metal-ion-containing compound is metal salt or metal-complex compound. The support is porous base material.Preferred Property: Each metal nanoparticle has average particle diameter of 1-100 nm, and electroconductivity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The support is removed by oxygen plasma processing, ozone oxidation processing, and/or baking after forming metal nanoparticles on the support, to form a metal nanoparticle continuous material. The support is then carbonized. The support is immersed into a solution containing a metal-ion-containing compound, and the metal-ion-containing compound is adsorbed.Preferred Compound: The metal-ion-containing compound is metal salt or metal-complex compound. The support is porous base material.Preferred Property: Each metal nanoparticle has average particle diameter of 1-100 nm, and electroconductivity. EXAMPLE - A silver nitrate aqueous solution obtained by dissolving silver nitrate (0.0085 g) in ion exchange water (5 ml) was prepared. A cellulose sheet was dripped for 1 minute, and completely soaked at 25degreesC. After rinsing the obtained sheet using ion exchange water, sodium borohydride aqueous solution obtained by dissolving sodium borohydride (0.0757 g) in ion exchange water (10 ml), was contacted with the sheet. Silver nanoparticles were manufactured with uniform spherical shape, an average particle diameter of 4.8 nm, a standard deviation of 1.2 nm, and a stable color for a long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The methanol is the discharge fluid discharged from the fuel electrode is decomposed into water and carbon dioxide using a catalyst, and then discharged externally. The discharge fluid discharged from the fuel electrode is mixed with air supplied to the air electrode. It undergoes a gas-liquid separation. The fuel cell system further includes control circuit for controlling the fuel supply pump in accordance with an electric current value drawn from the fuel cell main body to minimize a quantity of unused methanol in a discharge fluid discharged from the fuel electrode, air pump for supplying air to a supply port of the air electrode, gas-liquid separator for separating water from a gas-liquid mixed fluid discharged from a discharge port of the air electrode, and return pump for supplying the separated water to the fuel supply section. The discharge port of the fuel electrode is connected to the supply port of the air electrode so that the discharge fluid from the discharge port of the fuel electrode is supplied to the supply port of the air electrode. The purifier is disposed at a gas discharge port of the gas-liquid separator. The purifier and fuel cell main body are disposed in close proximity or thermally coupled to each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating agent is an aminophenol, sulfur compound, crown ether and/or salicylimine.Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer or its precursor is an organic light emitting polymer, an electron transferring polymer or a hole transferring polymer (preferably polyphenylene vinylene, polyfluorene or their derivatives and/or precursors, especially poly(2,3-dibutoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) or its precursor). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - ferred Components: The conjugated polymer or its precursor is an organic light emitting polymer, an electron transferring polymer or a hole transferring polymer (preferably polyphenylene vinylene, polyfluorene or their derivatives and/or precursors, especially poly(2,3-dibutoxy-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) or its precursor).    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating agent is an aminophenol, sulfur compound, crown ether and/or salicylimine.    Preferred Composition: The compos    EXAMPLE - 8-Hydroxyquinoline (chelating agent) was added to poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PF) (1 wt.%). Poly(ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was spin-coated on a clean indium tin oxide (ITO) glass sheet to form a hole transferring layer with a thickness of 60 nm. The PF solution containing the 8-hydroxyquinoline was spin-coated on the PEDOT layer at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm) to form an electroluminescent layer with a thickness of 40 nm. The resultant was vacuumed to a pressure of 10-6 Torr and then a calcium layer as a cathode with a thickness of 50 nm was vapor-deposited over the electroluminescent layer. An aluminum layer as a protective layer was vapor-deposited over the cathode and a device was accomplished.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: One of the plates comprises a cathode, and the other comprises an anode. The apertures comprise gating apertures for accommodating flow of liquid sealing media into and between the plates during the manufacture of the unit. The second sealing media comprises an illustration layer. Preferred Parameter: The pressure is 300-700 pounds/in2 at 300-400degreesF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resilient sealing media is formed of a liquid silicone material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The amorphous metal oxide is metal oxide having a peroxo group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The melt is manufactured by melting mixture (A) containing alkali-metal fluoride, such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride and/or potassium fluoride, and/or alkaline-earth metal fluoride, such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), strontium fluoride (SrF2) and/or barium fluoride (BaF2). Mixture (A) alternately contains carbonate of alkali metal, oxide of alkaline-earth metal, and/or carbonate of alkaline-earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen gas production apparatus has blocking layers (31a-31h) and a stirring unit provided in separation tank. The blocking layer has network structure, and disturbs passing through of hydrogen gas. The storage tank is classified into several chambers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is hydrocarbon-type fuel such as decalin. Preferred Process: The hydrogen gas and the solvent ejected from the separation tank are supplied into the hydrocarbon-type fuel stored by the storage tank. The hydrocarbon-type fuel is supplied to the separation tank, and the solvent ejected to one of the chambers of the separation tank, is stored. The discharge port ejects the hydrogen gas to the storage tank. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The dehydrogenated product is naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The transparent polymer is polycarbonate, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate or polyvinyl carbazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hole transport property material is triphenyl diamine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor microparticles are titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The etching process is carried out with etching parameters so that the aspect ratio of the recesses is increased by the etching process. Fluorine-containing etching gases, preferably fluorine-containing hydrocarbons, are used in the etching process. The etching process is carried out so that regions of the semiconductor surface damaged in the crystal structure and/or foreign particles present on the semiconductor surface are removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The plates (3, 4) have identical embossed surfaces (5) formed by round recesses. The contact sites are gold-plated and are uniformly distributed over the surface of the separator plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The reactor is maintained at a pressure of 0.5 Torr or less, preferably 0.05 Torr or less. Fullerene is sublimated at 700 degrees C or less.Preferred Substrate: The substrate has a thin film of inorganic porous material or inorganic oxide, in which microparticles are formed.Preferred Material: Fullerene contains chemically modified fullerene. The catalyst metal is a transition metal of 5A, 6A and 8 groups periodic table element, which is iron, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, rhodium, platinum and/or palladium. The inorganic porous material is Y-type zeolite, and has thin film of silicon oxide.Preferred Property: The particle diameter of microparticles is 0.5-10 nm. EXAMPLE - Quartz tube (reaction tube) having internal diameter of 26 mm and filled with fullerene (C60) having internal diameter of 4.5 mm, was provided in a heating furnace (A), and sealed such that fullerene portion of tube was at the center of heating furnace. Quartz board having uniformly arranged Y-type zeolite particle (0.3-1 microm) and supported with iron/calcium catalyst microparticles (1-2 nm), was provided in heating furnace (B) parallel to that of flow direction, and made into vacuum of 0.5 Torr or less. Furnace (A) was shifted in opposite direction to that of furnace (B). Argon was poured at 350 Torr and 200 sccm, furnaces (A, B) were heated to 850 degrees C and 900 degrees C, respectively, and argon flow was stopped. Reaction pressure was again reduced to 0.5 Torr or less, and fullerene was heated for 10 minutes. Heating was stopped, and quartz board was removed after cooling, to obtain mono-layer carbon nanotube having uniform diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether and/or methyl ethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The wall on the inner surface facing the reaction chamber has a heat insulating layer (7) having a porous foam and/or fibrous structure. A cylindrical region of the reaction chamber is connected to the inlet region. The cylindrical region and/or the outlet region contain a catalytic material. The heat insulating material is made from aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The heat insulating material is made of polystyrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a photocatalyst. The photocatalyst is an oxide semiconductor, such as titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound semiconductor particle which absorbs light of long wavelength, is selected form gallium-antimonide (Ga-Sb) particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first layer comprises an oxide containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn) and oxygen (O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises titanium oxide or zirconium oxide. The metalloid oxide comprises silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred wax A 22C-36C chain length natural wax is employed. This is obtained e.g. from Sarcocaulon Patersonii or Euphorbia Cerifera plants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A cooling unit (4) is arranged between the reformer and reactors. The cooling unit is a heat exchanger. A further heat exchanger (6) is arranged between the reactors. A educt line is provided through the heat exchanger and is in thermal contact with the reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The solar cells have a strip form with a front surface, a rear surface and the side surfaces and are p- or n-doped on the front and the side surfaces on the one side and on the rear surface on the other side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The silane group(I) is alkyloxysilyl group of formula: -Si(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1-R3 is H or alkyl. The silane group (II) comprises an acid group, preferably an inorganic acid group. The silane group (II) is tetra alkyloxysilane, silane grafted polymer, bisalkyloxy silyl terminated polymer, or a compound having at least two flexibly interconnected silane groups. The terminal group comprises a heterocycle having two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms. The terminal group comprises an imidazole group or benzimidazole group. The linking group comprises a sulfur atom and at least two carbon atoms, or at least 3 carbon atoms. The polymerizable groups (I & II) are both silane.Preferred Material: A material formed from copolymerization of at least three silanes, second silane including an acid group, third silane being a silane-grafted polymer.Preferred Atom: The atom providing a lone pair of electrons is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.Preferred Network: The polymer network is an organic-inorganic hybrid network.Preferred Reaction: The reaction is nucleophilic substitution reaction or nucleophilic addition reaction. The reaction is between halogen atom and thiol group.Preferred Process: The silane precursor is synthesized from nucleophilic substitution reaction between compound(I) containing silane group and compound (II) containing terminal group. Alternately, the proton conductive material is obtained by copolymerizing precursors (I & II). The precursor(I) comprises a polymerizable group (I), a linking group, a terminal group and a polymerizable group (II).Preferred Composition: The proton conducting membrane further comprises an inorganic acid. The precursors (I & II) further comprise an acid group. The material composition further comprises a side chain (II) attached to silicon atom within the network. The side chain (II) comprises an acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Controlling the process parameter includes controlling the oxygen partial pressure. The method also includes supplying a metallic target or a ceramic target. The film is doped with at least one rare-earth ions including erbium or cerium.Preferred Component: The film includes indium-tin oxide.Preferred Property: The characteristics include sheet resistance and roughness. The oxide film includes indium-tin oxide film and the film roughness is characterized by Ra less than 10 nm with root mean square of less than 20 nm. The bulk resistance can be varied at 2x10-4-0.1 mu-ohms-cm. At least one process parameter includes a power supplied to a target, oxygen partial pressure, bias power, deposition temperature, or argon partial pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Controlling the process parameter includes controlling the oxygen partial pressure. The method also includes supplying a metallic target or a ceramic target. The film is doped with at least one rare-earth ions including erbium or cerium.Preferred Component: The film includes indium-tin oxide.Preferred Property: The characteristics include sheet resistance and roughness. The oxide film includes indium-tin oxide film and the film roughness is characterized by Ra less than 10 nm with root mean square of less than 20 nm. The bulk resistance can be varied at 2x10-4-0.1 mu-ohms-cm. At least one process parameter includes a power supplied to a target, oxygen partial pressure, bias power, deposition temperature, or argon partial pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The pores are 2-15 nm in an average diameter of each pore entrance. A total surface area of the porous support body is 200-2000 m2/g, including the outer surface of the porous support body and the inner surface of the pores penetrating into the interior of the support body. A total volume of the pores formed in the porous support body is 0.4-2 m3/g.Preferred Composition: The pores formed in the porous support body comprise 50-80 vol.% of mesopores and 20-50 vol.% of micropores.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The activated metal comprises a platinum-M alloy.M = Ru, Sn, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe or Mn.Preferred Composition: The activated metal is used at 10-80 pbw, based on the total 100 pbw of the porous support body and the activated metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The zirconium oxide is a complex oxide of aluminum and zirconium, or a complex oxide of zirconia, and titanium or zirconium.The upstream-side catalyst body and said downstream-side catalyst body do not contain a halogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The electrolyte contains gamma-butyrolactone or propylene carbonate as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The rigidity in sliding direction of solid material sliding face is higher than that of silicon surface layer.Preferred Composition: The sliding face of solid material comprises diamond, diamond-like carbon and/or silicon carbide.Preferred Process: The formation and irradiation of amorphous silicon layer during manufacture of hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer is repeated one or more times.Preferred Material: The solid material comprises silicon material (2) comprising silicon at surface, which becomes sliding face. The surface layers of both materials (1,2) are made amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The diffusion prevention layer on the substrate contains silicon oxide, silicon nitride, oxynitride silicon, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide or indium tin oxide. The reverse side electrode layer contains zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide or compound of zinc, tin or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode layer is formed using tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, carbon, titanium, iron, niobium, platinum, palladium, iridium or their compound. The laser beam is aluminum-gallium-arsenic group, indium-phosphorus/indium-gallium-arsenic group, indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphorus group or indium-gallium-arsenic-phosphorus group semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst in the cathode is made of alloy or compound selected from the group containing platinum group element, silver and transition-metal elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Laser: The laser is neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), ruby, neodymium-glass, neodymium-YLF, neodymium-BEL, neodymium-yttrium vanadate, LNP, titanium-sapphire, alexandrite, cobalt-magnesium fluoride, chromium-gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (GSGG), emerald, Er-YLF, erbium-glass, furigana, helium-neon, carbon dioxide, argon ion, helium-cadmium, copper, gold, strontium, krypton ion, neon ion, xenon ion, carbon monoxide, hydrohalide, oxygen-iodine, dye, argon fluoride excimer, krypton fluoride excimer, xenon fluoride excimer, argon chloride excimer, nitrogen or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is a polymethine, phthalocyanine, dithiol metallic-complex, quinone, azo-type, triphenylmethane and/or aluminum diimmonium group pigment.Preferred Method: The semiconductor electrode is immersed into a solution containing pigment, and pigment is absorbed to the surface of semiconductor layer. EXAMPLE - P-25 (titanium oxide) (in g) (3), acetyl acetone (0.2) and Triton-X-100 (RTM; surface active agent) (0.3) were dispersed in ethanol (6.5) for 6 hours. A compound (0.3) of formula (1) was added and dispersed for 30 minutes. The resulting liquid was applied on a glass substrate, and irradiated with laser light (25 mW output) having wavelength of 830 nm. A semiconductor electrode was produced. The electrode was immersed in ethanol solution of pigment of formula (2) at room temperature for 15 hours. The pigment was absorbed into the semiconductor layer of the electrode. An electrolyte liquid was dipped between a counter electrode and semiconductor electrode, to produce an optoelectric transducer. Irradiation was carried out from working electrode side, and conversion efficiency of 1.07% was attained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The region for converting the starting material is formed by a porous carrier material (2) for the membrane and has a catalytically active material arranged on the carrier material. The carrier material is made from microstructured silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The water storage section stores water for humidifying a fuel cell. The volume expansion absorber includes a fixed member, a movable member attached to the fixed member by a spring element and a seal member disposed between the fixed member and the movable member. The system further comprises a heater that heats inside of the water storage section of the water storage device. It also comprises a coolant of a cooling system (4) is heated and used as a warming medium. The volume expansion absorber is formed of a material that is deformed more easily than an outer wall of the water storage section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The volume expansion absorber is made of ethylene propylene rubber or of high-density polyethylene on the outside and polyamide on the inside.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell device further comprises an additional preparation unit that is also at least partially composed of a synthetic plastic material. It also comprises a fluid line provided for guiding substances from reformate gas and/or starting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The preparation unit has a reactor for a further chemical conversion of at least a part of the reformate gas. The preparation unit is formed as a heat exchanger for use of waste heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The synthetic plastic has a thermal conductivity of greater than 10 W/mK.Preferred Material: The synthetic plastic is made from PTFE, polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide and/or polyether ether ketone. The synthetic plastic material has a regionally variable carbon content.Preferred Component: The synthetic plastic includes a combination of different synthetic plastics. It also includes a synthetic plastic carrier and a catalytic material applied on the synthetic plastic carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The electrode assembly includes an upper electrode and a lower electrode spaced apart from the upper electrode to define an electrode gap. At least a portion of the upper electrode is positioned in the interior region of the cap. The upper electrode is spaced apart from the cap. The cap is electrically coupled to the lower electrode. The electrode assembly includes a lower electrode housing electrically coupled to the lower electrode. The cap is threaded to the lower electrode housing. The cap comprises a cylindrically shaped sleeve defining the interior region and a flange extending radially from the sleeve to press the upper electrode toward the lower electrode when the cap is threaded to the lower electrode housing. A fuel injection assembly (28) extends into the interior region through an aperture (58) defined by the cap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The inorganic particles are entrained in a carrier stream. A fluorosilane agent is applied to the hydrophobic surface during the glass-forming operation and the glass article is not reheated, and cured at 200-300degreesC. The glass-forming operation is molding, float glass forming, draw down glass forming, tube drawing, pressing, or blowing. Preferred Component: The carrier stream is an inert gas. The inorganic material is silica, alumina, zirconia, glass frit, and/or mixed metal oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen occlusion material contains oxygen atom and/or nitrogen atom. The graphene interlayer distance of the hydrogen occlusion material is 0.7-1.2 nm. The molar ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the hydrogen occlusion material is 0.05-0.34.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is polyacrylonitrile, mesophase pitch and/or rayon. Preferred Method: Baking of the organic compound is performed in controlled oxygen concentration, at 500 degreesC or less. EXAMPLE - A polyacrylonitrile compound was baked at 400 degreesC, in an oxidizing atmosphere, to obtain a hydrogen occlusion material. The obtained hydrogen occlusion material contained oxygen atom and nitrogen atom at a molar ratio 5:95. The graphene interlayer distance of the hydrogen occlusion material was 0.8 nm. The molar ratio of hydrogen atom and carbon atom in the hydrogen occlusion material was 0.148.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The easily oxidizable metallic element is aluminum, silicon, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium and/or molybdenum.Preferred Gas: The molecule gas contains oxygen, water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and/or nitrous oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The semiconductor device further has a positive conductivity type organic semiconductor layer having poly (2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-Para-phenylene vinylene)) or merocyanine pigment. The negative conductivity type organic semiconductor layer contains fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The silicon substrate is made of metallurgical silicon raw material. A portion of the silicon substrate is contacted to the silicon melt to be melted.Preferred Methods: The liquid phase epitaxy is conducted at +/-5degreesC of silicon melting point under condition that the silicon melt is maintained at silicon melting point-+5degreesC of the silicon melting point. The temperature of region of the silicon melt in vicinity of the silicon substrate is maintained lower than silicon melting point. The liquid phase epitaxy includes supporting silicon melt in melt holder (13) formed at sliding type first mechanism, supporting silicon substrate in substrate holder (14) formed at sliding type
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The production of high-pressure hydrogen involves maintaining a pressure of 2000 - 12000 (preferably 3200 - 12000) psi at 375 - 640degreesC in the catalytic reformer; and separating hydrogen from other reformer output gases (including carbon dioxide and water) by using a condenser. The separated carbon dioxide is recovered for sequestration or other utilization option. The hydrogen carrier and water are heated prior to injection into the catalytic reformer.Preferred Components: The hydrogen feedstock is natural gas, methanol, methane, ethanol, propane, butane, naphtha, gasoline, ammonia, military specification turbine fuel, commercial turbine fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene, fuel oil, natural gas condensate liquids or natural gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst : The catalyst contains (a) 0- 40 % manganese oxide and above 50% copper oxide or (b) above 50% cobalt or nickel oxide and 0-49% Cu or Mn oxide, each of these also containing an Mn-Co mixed oxide with Co : Mn ratio above 4 or an Ni-Mn mixed oxide with Ni : Mn ratio 1.5-4. Also optionally present in the catalyst (especially at at least0.5 molar%) are noble metals (especially platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, silver or rhodium), alkali metals (especially oxides or carbonates of potassium, cesium or rubidium) and/or elements comprising aluminum, titanium, silicon and/or zirconium. Especially preferred catalysts are amorphous and have the following characteristics:(1) molar ratio Co and Mn:Pt = above 95;(2) molar ratio Co and Mn:alkali metal = above 90; and(3) molar ratio Co and Mn : Al, Ti, Si or Zr = above 90. EXAMPLE - An Ag4.1Mn33.9Co1.6Ni60.4Ox catalyst was obtained by sequentially adding a 1M solution (3.02 ml)of nickel (II) propionate in methanol, a 1M solution (0.08 ml) of cobalt (II) propionate in ethanol, a 1M solution ( 1.695 ml) solution of manganese (II) propionate in methanol and a 0.1M solution (2.05 ml) of silver nitrate in 2-propanol with stirring to a mixture of ethanol (7.734 ml) and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (1.872 ml), stirring for 3 hours, holding the sol for 5 days and then calcining the gel for 5 hours at 300degreesC (1degreesC/minute). No results for catalyst use are given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises glass, ceramic, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The segmented fuel cell anodes are less than or equal to15 (preferably less than or equal to5) mm in length.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises photo-resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modification catalyst further contains cobalt component and/or alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal component.Preferred Composition: The carrier contains manganese oxide (5-95 mass%) and alumina. The amount of the metal components is 0.1-8 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of the carrier in metal conversion.Preferred Process: The synthesis gas or hydrogen is manufactured by carrying out self-thermal reforming, partial oxidation modification or carbon dioxide modification of the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether.    EXAMPLE - Manganese acetate (in g) (6.32) was dissolved in distilled water (6.7 ml) and impregnated into KHO-24 (TM) (alumina carrier) (20). The metal impregnated carrier was dried at 120 degrees C for 3 hours and baked at 800 degrees C for 3 hours. Alumina carrier containing manganese oxide (10 mass%) was obtained. Aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride (0.75) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O) (1.02) was impregnated into the carrier and left at room temperature for 1 hour. The obtained catalyst was dipped in 5M sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml) and decomposed for 1 hour. The catalyst was washed with distilled water and dried at 120 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used for modifying dimethyl ether. The dimethyl ether conversion ratio was found to be 81 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material (103a) is a conductive polymer, preferably polyphenylene vinylene. The organic material (104a) is poly(quinoxaline-5,8-diyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The sheet is made from synthetic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalytically active metal is platinum, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and palladium. EXAMPLE - Brush-like carbon nanotubes were formed on a substrate by reaction of acetylene gas (30 ml/min) at 730 degrees C for about 10 minutes. The nanotubes were transferred to a polyester sheet, and then platinum was deposited onto the nanotubes by application of an ethanolic solution (50 mg/ml) of chloroplatinic acid followed by heating at 250 degrees C for 2 hours under argon. The resulting catalyst structure was packed into a reaction tube and a mixed gas of 5000 ppm hydrogen/air was flowed through the tube at normal temperature; combustion of hydrogen was seen to occur. For a comparative catalyst in which platinum was deposited on a carbon fiber sheet, no combustion occurred.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidation inhibition component contains antioxidant, inorganic microparticles and/or oxidation inhibition property resin. The antioxidant has radical chain inhibitor and/or peroxide decomposition agent. The chain inhibitor contains phenolic antioxidant or amine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The inorganic microparticles contain amorphous hydrocarbon, coke, black lead, fullerene and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The oxidation inhibition property resin contains polyvinyl phenol type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The sensor(s) solely detects hydrogen and operates where no oxygen is present. It comprises palladium nickel chemiresistor, and hydrogen sensing field effect transistor. The chemiresistor or field effect transistor is being active dependent upon the respective location of the sensor. The nozzle further includes shroud surrounding an output of the nozzle, and coupling position between the nozzle and transfer line from the hydrogen gas source where one of the sensor is positioned inside the nozzle at the coupling position. The sensor(s) is positioned at the shroud, or inside a wall of the nozzle for detecting hydrogen concentrations in the open air immediately adjacent the nozzle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The resistance arms (1030) are affixed to the casing at locations (1015). The casing surrounds the bladder to form a conformable base (1010). The bladder is inflatable or non-inflatable, removable or non-removable, and a spherical. The conformable base supports the weight of the user. The resistance arm is removable and elastic. Handle(s) is affixed to the resistance arm. The handle is removable. Fixture(s) is attachable to the resistance arm to permit the user to manipulate the resistance arm with at least one of the user's feet. The fixture is removable. The casing assumes the shape of the bladder. Preferred Method: The manipulation of the resistance arm by the user, allows the user to perform resistance training exercises to strengthen muscle(s) of the legs, torso, arms, and head. Levels of resistance are achieved by employing the resistance arms of varying or similar strengths.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The casing comprises at least one of nylon, vinyl, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), latex, natural or synthetic or butyl rubber, elastomer, fabric, foam, neoprene, solid foam rubber, plastic, and foam PVC. The bladder comprises at least one of PVC, latex, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, butyl rubber, elastomer, vinyl, nylon, fabric, foam, neoprene, solid foam rubber, plastic, and foam PVC. The resistance arm comprises at least one of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, rubber latex, plastic, elastomer, nylon, foam, and Velcro.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Ti:sapphire lasers or semiconductor lasers may be used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector ink includes a conductive metal selected from silver, gold and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor ink is a transparent conductor selected from tin oxide and/or silver. The electron acceptor ink includes a semi-conductive metal oxide selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron donor ink is selected from poly(3-octylthiophene) and/or copper phthalocyanine. The conductor includes a semi-metal selected from pentacene, polythiophene and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron donor ink is selected from a conjugated polymer and a dye. The substrate is a polymeric material selected from polyester, polycarbonate or acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The device comprise rigid core with the cloth covering the core. The sliding surface includes a friction adjustment/protective layer. The medium comprises video tape, DVD, and printed matter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The exercise program comprises routines performed with the human body in a standing position; routines performed with the human body in a prone position; routines performed with the human body in a supine position; routines performed with the human body in a side-lying position; or routines performed in a seated or partially seated position. The performing comprises a strength development exercise routine to enhance muscle strength development and a stretching exercise routine to enhance muscle flexibility and length. The sliding element comprises a sliding disc (100). The body portion includes upper surface on the opposite side of the plate from the sliding surface and a circumferal member extending away from the plate in a direction at an angle to the upper surface. The limb comprises a foot (101) or a hand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The device is made of a polymer, preferably nylon. The device comprises cloth comprising nylon. The core is foam plastic, e.g. ethylene-vinyl-acetate/polyethylene blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cells are encapsulated with material of fluorocarbons e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene, in a mounting module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner surface of the concave portion consists of an alloy of metals such as Al, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn and Ag.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner surface of the concave portion consists of an alloy of metals such as Al, Ni, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn and Ag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from glass or fiberglass reinforced panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive in the adhesive material is ethylene vinyl acetate. It can be acrylic adhesive, silicone adhesives, urethane adhesive or epoxy adhesive. Preferred Property: The thickness of the adhesive material is 0.03-3 mm. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the protection film is greater than or equal to10 kV. Preferred Material: The insulating film is polyester, polyethylene terephthalate or nylon. The reinforcing sheet is made from plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The water vapor barrier layer is a metal layer or inorganic oxide layer which consists of material selected from silica, titania and zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The canvas is made of synthetic fibers such as polyester, polypropylene and acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The damper is made from a polyurethane mixture. The base plate is bonded with an elastomer mat (6), e.g. a rubber mat of maximum thickness 10 mm
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The titanium film is formed on the transparent electrode film to have a desired pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The computer of the local system receives video data compressed by MPEG from video camera of the user.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves comprises mesa-like banks remaining unetched between the microgrooves. The banks have uniform width and height and are uniformly distributed in a planar direction. The microgrooves are filled with a magnetic material.Preferred Methods: The method includes depositing a magnetic material in the microgrooves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal coating is iron silicon boride (Fe78Si13B9). The metal coating is a metal with iron component (partially) replaced with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or zinc.Preferred Parameters: The time of immersion is 2-600 seconds.Preferred Properties: The metal coating is 100-200 nm thick. A microgroove is 0.5-1.0microns wide, 100-300 nm deep, and greater than or equal to1microns long. The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves has a magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) peak in the wavelength range of 250-900 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal coating is iron silicon boride (Fe78Si13B9). The metal coating is a metal with iron component (partially) replaced with titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and/or zinc.Preferred Parameters: The time of immersion is 2-600 seconds.Preferred Properties: The metal coating is 100-200 nm thick. A microgroove is 0.5-1.0microns wide, 100-300 nm deep, and greater than or equal to1microns long. The region with uniformly distributed microgrooves has a magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) peak in the wavelength range of 250-900 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electronic device is a memory chip, an anti-theft chip, an RF ID chip, a DC to AC converter, a battery and/or a DC-to-DC converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting board comprises a laminate of one or more conducting metals and one or more of a resin or polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Parameter: The predetermined inclination angle is 20-80degrees. The predetermined distance is 0.5-30 mm. The paste has a viscosity of 5-3000 Pa-s. An aspect ratio of a cross section of the electrode is 0.3-0.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate, silicon-germanium substrate, or gallium-arsenide substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor substrate is silicon substrate, silicon-germanium substrate, or gallium-arsenide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: Depositing an anti-reflection coating comprises depositing a metal oxide on the outer surface of each of the semiconductor elements. Bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding the semiconductor elements to the perforated aluminum foil, dissolving the anti-reflection coating at a bond line of each of the semiconductor elements and forming an aluminum-silicon bond between the foil and each of the semiconductor elements. The thermo-compression bonding comprises thermo-compression bonding at less than 577degreesC. Removing the anti-reflection coating comprises exposing the portion of each of the semiconductor elements to hydrofluoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflection coating comprises silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflection coating comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a flexible thermally non-conductive material. The solar cell includes a thermally conductive layer communicating with a black body radiating layer extending through a portion of the substrate. The solar cell has a first periphery having a first dimension, and the substrate has an aperture having a second periphery with a second dimension, where the first dimension is greater than the second dimension.A black body-radiating layer is disposed in the aperture and is thermally coupled to the solar cell. The solar cell and the substrate are configured to maintain a predetermined shape after being bent to the predetermined shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a polymeric substrate, such as polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The semiconductor wafer is the silicon wafer or a multi-crystalline silicon wafer. The silicon wafer has the front surface and the back contact layer comprising a metal on the back surface. It also has grooves in the front surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process further includes depositing a surface coating on the front surface over the first layer. The grooves are formed after depositing the surface coating. The treating step forms a layer comprising a metal at the same time as the back surface field. The dopant material for the back surface is deposited using a paste comprising aluminum and the layer comprising a metal comprising aluminum. It is screen printed on the back surface of the wafer.The process may comprise applying the mask to a portion of a back contact layer of the silicon wafer. It may further comprise adding one or more metal conductors to the grooves in a step after applying the mask, where the mask is applied to protect the back contact layer from attack by materials used to add the metal conductor to the grooves, and to reduce the amount of materials used to add the metal conductors to the grooves.Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell further comprises a textured front surface, and an antireflective coating on the front surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The wafer is made of multi-crystalline silicon.Preferred Component: The layer comprising the metal comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The wafer is made of multi-crystalline silicon.Preferred Component: The layer comprising the metal comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The mask comprises a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing agent is preferably ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The abutting elements are made of the material such SUS or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The abutting elements are made of the material such SUS or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The leadless solder contains tin, silver, copper, bismuth and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic pyroelectric material is selected from group consisting of polyurea, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reverse electrode is made of metal such as silver, copper or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - The sensor signal evaluation unit is a computer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer surface of the punch bag can be of nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The coupling member is placed near a central shaft of the detector unit. A support member contacts partly with the detector unit holding member when the detector unit and the detector unit holding member are coupled together. The coupling member mates with a threaded hole formed in part of the detector holding member. A signal processing device processes output signals output by semiconductor detection elements via connector terminals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The treadmill is made from a plastic material such as glass-filled polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polyurethane and polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: Each trench has a width of &gt; 5,000 Angstrom (preferably greater than or equal to3 microns).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic foils formed inside solder layer, is made of metal such as copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic foils formed inside solder layer, is made of metal such as copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The p-type cladding layer includes a first p-type cladding layer of a first dopant producing p-type conductivity; and a second p-type cladding layer sandwiched between the first p-type cladding layer and the i-type absorption layer. The second p-type cladding layer includes a second dopant producing p-type conductivity and having a diffusion coefficient higher than the diffusion coefficient of the first dopant in the second p-type cladding layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The dopant producing p-type conductivity is beryllium. The beryllium is from bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)beryllium, bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium, dimethyl-beryllium, and diethyl-beryllium as a source of beryllium in the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxial growth of the pin junction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The dopant producing p-type conductivity is beryllium. The beryllium is from bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)beryllium, bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium, dimethyl-beryllium, and diethyl-beryllium as a source of beryllium in the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxial growth of the pin junction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The heat radiating layer comprises a black body radiating layer. The solar cell assembly further comprises a first layer proximate the first side of the conversion layer for absorbing and radiating electro-magnetic radiation from the assembly to reduce a temperature of the conversion layer. Preferred Condition: A temperature of the photovoltaic conversion layer is maintained below a predetermined temperature, preferably 110degreesC by radiating heat energy from the conversion layer. Preferred Property: The first layer is configured to have an emissivity level greater than or equal to0.8. It has a thickness greater than 10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermally conductive layer is made from metal or metal alloy. The metal comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The transparent electrically conductive layer is configured to reflect a portion of light wavelengths greater than 5 microns in length. It is configured to allow a portion of light wavelengths less than 5 microns in length to pass through. It is configured to have an emissivity of greater than or equal to0.8. The solar cell assembly further comprises a second layer of titanium dioxide disposed adjacent the transparent electrically conductive layer, and an emissivity layer disposed between the transparent electrically conductive layer and the first electrical contact layer. Preferred Property: The transparent electrically conductive layer has a thickness of 30-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent electrically conductive layer is constructed from indium tin oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transparent electrically conductive layer is constructed from indium tin oxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The bus bar electrode is joined to the inner lead with a solder (6) at its center portion in the transverse direction. The width of the inner lead is smaller than the width of the bus bar electrode. The solar cell has finger electrodes with ends connected to the bus bar electrode formed on its light receiving surface and/or non-light receiving surface. The finger electrode is brought into direct contact with the filler over its whole length. The finger electrode end connected to the bus bar electrode is coated with a solder resist.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: A solder for joining the bus bar electrode and the inner lead contains bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn). The summation of the product of the contraction coefficient percentage at the time of solidification of each element composing the solder, Vi, and the percentage by weight of each element composing the solder, Wi, ~S(ViWi) is less than 2.8%, where i denotes the number of elements comprising the solder. The bus bar electrode is mainly composed of silver (Ag). Preferred Composition: The solder contains 3-85 wt.% Bi. It may contain Bi (20-60 wt.%), Ag (0.5-5 wt.%) and Sn (balance). Alternatively, the solder contains Ag (1.0-5.0 wt.%), copper (Cu) (0.4-7.0 wt.%) and Sn (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer of thin-film solar cell comprises a composition of formula CuInxGa1-x(SeyS1-y)2, where x and y lies between 0 and 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The optical absorption layer of thin-film solar cell comprises a composition of formula CuInxGa1-x(SeyS1-y)2, where x and y lies between 0 and 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The matrix material is hole-conducting, and consists partially or completely of a metal phthalocyanine complex, a porphyrin complex, an oligothiophene compound, an oligophenyl compound, an oligophenylenevinylene compound, an oligofluorene compound, a pentacene compound, a compound with a triarylamine unit and/or a spiro-bifluorene compound.Preferred Composition: The molar doping ratio of dopant to matrix molecule and monomeric unit of a polymeric matrix molecule is between 1:1 and 1:10,000. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The mesomeric quinoid compound is most preferably selected from N,N'-dicyana-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-quinonediimine, N,N'-dicyano-2,5-dichloro-1,4-quinonediimine, N,N'-dicyano-2,5-dichloro-3,6-difluoro-1,4-quinonediimine, N,N'-dicyano-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexafluoro -1,4-naphthoquinonediimine, 1,4,5,8-tetrahydro-1,4,5,8-tetrathia -2,3,6,7-tetracyanoanthraquinone and 2,2,7,7-tetrafluoro-2,7-dihydro-1,3,6,8-tetraoxa -2,7-diborapentachloro-benzo(e)pyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid back member is composed of molded recycled tire rubber, metal, wood or plastic, preferably injection-molded thermoplastic selected from polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), ethylene-methylene-acrylate (EMAC), neoprene or polychlorosulfonated polymer (Hypalon).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes measured under a load of 2160 g at 190degreesC based on JIS K7210-1999, and gel fraction of 70% or more. The thickness ratio of layer A to B is 90/10-60/40. The layers A and B contains additives chosen from crosslinking agent, crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and/or antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The melt flow rate of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and ethylene (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer are each 0.5-150 g/10 minutes, based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC and load of 2160 g. The thickness ratio ((A)/(B)) of main component layer (A) and sealing layer (B) is 90/10-50/50. Preferred Additive: The sealing layer (B) further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Filler: The back-side filler consists of synthetic resin of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cell module is made of silicon crystals formed on metal substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cell module is made of silicon crystals formed on metal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The chassis is a molded component. The chassis comprises folded sheet metal, and an aperture(s). The transparent portion is located to cover the aperture(s). A rear overlap surface (8) is formed to support a third tile placed above the solar thermal tile. The set of tiles further comprises a photovoltaic tile(s) comprising a photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The chassis comprises a non- transparent material, preferably plastic, more preferably polycarbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-transparent material is a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of the atom chosen from H, fluorine, bromine, nitrogen, aluminum, phosphorus, silicon, germanium and titanium is 0.65 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of silicon atom. The onium salt is ammonium salt. The solar cell unit has reflecting film formed from metal thin film of aluminum or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic solvent has dielectric constant of 10 or more.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains compound which thermally decomposes or volatilizes at 100-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The anti-reflective film in the solar cell unit has thickness of 10-1300 nm. The refractive index of the film is smaller than the refractive index of the transparent surface component (2). A film-form transparent resin layer (10) having embossed pattern, different from the filler layer (3) is further formed on the light receiving surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film-form transparent resin layer is resin layer formed by hardening thermosetting resin with light or heat. The filler layer is a resin layer containing thermosetting resin and/or ultraviolet setting resin, and has light transmittance of 80% or more in the wavelength of 400-1100 nm. The solar cell unit has adhesive film containing conduction material comprising polymeric resin and electroconductive particles. The polymeric resin is acrylic type polymer or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide semiconductor layer contains titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide semiconductor layer contains titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticles are made of anatase-type titanium oxide. The conductive layer has tin oxide or aluminum as main component by which trivalent or pentavalent atom is doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticles are made of anatase-type titanium oxide. The conductive layer has tin oxide or aluminum as main component by which trivalent or pentavalent atom is doped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor nanoparticle layer is sensitized with pigment comprising ruthenium metal complex, metal phthalcyan pigment or polymethyne pigment
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The workout parameter is a distance measurement, and where the graphical representation depicts a virtual competitor(s) in a virtual environment, so that a relative position of the virtual competitor on the display is a function of the instantaneous sensed data and the historical data. It is a physiological parameter, which is a pulse, a blood-oxygen level, or a respiration rate. The graphical representation includes a graph(s) displaying the instantaneous sensed data and the historical data.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material consists of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tantalum oxide, terbium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material consists of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tantalum oxide, terbium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises nanoparticles linked by a polymeric linking agent. The charge carrier material comprises a polymeric electrolyte. At least one of the first and second base materials comprises a polyethylene terephthalate material. One of the base materials is scored.The joining step comprises laminating the first and second conductive layers by disposing an adhesive layer between such that, following the lamination, the wire is embedded in the adhesive layer. The adhesive layer comprises a hot melt adhesive; polyester material; an epoxy; a thermoplastic; a thermoset; or ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer. The (metal coated) wire is coated with adhesive prior to joining. The method comprises curing the adhesive layer. The adhesive has a lower melting temperature than the second metal coating on the wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The intermediate layer is made of tin selenide, zinc telluride, cerium oxide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, or zinc sulfide, or an amorphous semiconductor of selenium or selenium compound doped with an alkali metal such as sodium, a halogen such as chlorine, arsenic, or tellurium.Preferred Dimension: The gold thin film has a thickness of 450-550 Angstrom . The intermediate layer is 0.1-10 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A carrier selective intermediate layer is formed between the amorphous selenium semiconductor film and the common electrode. Collecting electrodes are formed in one-dimensional or two-dimensional matrix arrangement set to a radiation detection effective area. A gate driver (6) is provided for applying read signals for reading electric charges collected by the collecting electrodes. Charge-to-voltage converting amplifiers are provided for amplifying the electric charges read. A multiplexer (8) switches connections for reading. An analog-to-digital converter (9) digitizes amplified electric charges into radiation detection signals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The intermediate layer is made of tin selenide, zinc telluride, cerium oxide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, or zinc sulfide, or an amorphous semiconductor of selenium or selenium compound doped with an alkali metal such as sodium, a halogen such as chlorine, arsenic, or tellurium.Preferred Dimension: The gold thin film has a thickness of 450-550 Angstrom . The intermediate layer is 0.1-10 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Spherical- or grain shaped semiconductor bodies (30) have further functional layers, e.g. a buffer CdS layer, a layer of intrinsic Zn oxide, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer or conductive polymer (epoxide, polyurethane or polyimide, preferably an instrinsically conductive polymer with polyaniline) . Semiconductor body (30) consists of at least one I-III-VI group compound-containing semiconductor, e.g. Cu-In- diselenide, disulfide, Cu-In-Ga diselenide, or Cu-In-Ga diselenide disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier layer consists of a thermoplastic polymer material selected from epoxide, urethane, acrylic, carbonate, ester, and/or imide polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melt flow rate of the light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are 4-8.5 g/10 minutes and 0.8-3.8 g/10 minutes, respectively. The light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are transparent, after polymerization cross-linking by heat-pressing. Preferred Layer: The reverse-side protective layer is optically reflective.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst comprises titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst comprises titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A rake (12a) extends over the feed channels which is made from polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell and substrate are encapsulated in glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming a photovoltaic cell over the mating surface of the substrate comprises forming a first conducting layer (32) over the mating surface of the substrate, forming a semiconductor layer (34) over the first conducting layer formed over the mating surface of the substrate and forming a second conducting layer (36) over the semiconductor layer. The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises the step of forming a semiconductor layer comprising at least one pair of P-type and N-type semiconductor layers stacked one on top of the other. The step of providing a substrate comprises the step of providing the substrate with the protrusions being spaced apart along the mating surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A portion of the photovoltaic cell and substrate is encapsulated in resin or polymer material. The substrate is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The first back-electrode is mounted on an additional transparent or semitransparent substrate, which is distinct from the first and second substrate, which additional substrate is mounted on the second substrate of the second compartment. The additional substrate is mounted on the second substrate via the intermittent material layer. The first back-electrode is mounted directly on the second substrate of the second compartment, preferably without any additional substrate and/or without any intermittent material layer. The layer of semiconducting material has fewer pores than the porous layer of semiconducting material, or has no pores.Preferred Property: The first electrode has a transmittance of at least 80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first dye has an absorption spectrum with a first maximum at lambdamax1, and the second dye has an absorption spectrum with a second maximum at lambdamax2, with lambdamax1 less than lambdamax2. The first and/or second porous layer of semiconducting material comprise particles of semiconducting material, and the first and/or second dye are attached to the particles of semiconducting material, preferably at the surface of the particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The charge-transporting agent is liquid, solid, or preferably quasi-solid. It is a gel, preferably a polymer-gel. It is an electrolyte. It contains a redox couple of which the reducing species is capable of regenerating the dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous layer of semiconducting material comprises an oxide, such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, copper aluminum oxide, strontium titanium oxide, and strontium copper oxide, or a complex oxide containing these oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The apparatus includes a unit for providing a potential difference between the substrate and the ground; unit for changing the value of If during film formation; and a high frequency wave power source with a frequency of 10 MHz to 10 GHz. The insulation may be varied by disposing a material having a volume resistivity during film formation of not less than 1010 Omegacm on the electric path between the substrate and the ground. The high frequency wave has a power density of 0.001-2 W/cm3. A pressure during film formation is 0.5 mTorr to 100 Torr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The wide bandgap semiconductor film is less 3 microns thick and is insulating with a potential difference of greater than or equal to187 volts between the metallic substrate and an electrode applied to the wide bandgap semiconductor film. The wide band gap semiconductor has a bandgap of greater than 5 eV. The insulating film has dielectric constant of greater than 7. Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises electrodes on the insulating film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermally stable substrate is stainless steel, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The light transmissive wall is made from glass or plexiglas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode is a semiconductor photoelectrode. Each of the semiconductor photoelectrodes comprises a wide band gap semiconductor(s). The photoelectrochemical cell further comprises a metallic connector suitable for connecting the photoelectrochemical cell to another photoelectrochemical cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor is a p/n-type semiconductor comprising titanium oxide. It also comprises carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wide band gap semiconductor comprises a Nation emulsion binder or electrically conductive polymer. It also comprises electron conductive polymer and/or a proton conductive polymer. The electrically conductive polymer is polyaniline and/or polypyrrole. It is at least partially sulfonated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The photoresponsive material contains 8 wt.% of polyamic-acid gel. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The trifunctional symmetrical-type amine is 1,3,5-tri(4-aminophenyl)benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The filler layer further contains polyethylene for addition such as low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, extremely ultra-low polyethylene and/or linear low density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The windings in the turbine housings are made of electrically conductive polymers. The turbines have a magnetic polymer placed in its impeller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The primer layers are deposited between the photovoltaic layer and protective coating. The primer comprises aminosilane and epoxy resin. The protective coating layer is derived from a powder coating. The powder coating is low cure or ultraviolet curable. The power coating is thermoset. The thermoset powder comprises polyester film-forming resin and solid melamine cross linker. The protective coating layer is derived from liquid coating or anionic electrodeposited coating. The liquid coating comprises fluoropolymer. The cell also comprises topcoat layer on electrodeposited coating. The transparent supersaturate is glass. The encapsulant comprises protective coating(s). The encapsulant also comprises primer or adhesive layers. The electrodeposited coating is used to deposit the protective coating. Preferred Properties: Each primer layer has dry film thickness of less than or equal to0.5 mils. Preferred Methods: The method also comprises depositing a topcoat on the cured electrodeposited coating, and curing the topcoat. The method also comprises depositing primer or adhesive layer(s) prior to the deposition of protective coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The panels are made from honeycomb or rectangular section polycarbonate, plastic e.g. acrylic, fiberglass, glass or perforated metal fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The heat insulating material is made of polystyrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The solar cells have a strip form with a front surface, a rear surface and the side surfaces and are p- or n-doped on the front and the side surfaces on the one side and on the rear surface on the other side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Laser: The laser is neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), ruby, neodymium-glass, neodymium-YLF, neodymium-BEL, neodymium-yttrium vanadate, LNP, titanium-sapphire, alexandrite, cobalt-magnesium fluoride, chromium-gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (GSGG), emerald, Er-YLF, erbium-glass, furigana, helium-neon, carbon dioxide, argon ion, helium-cadmium, copper, gold, strontium, krypton ion, neon ion, xenon ion, carbon monoxide, hydrohalide, oxygen-iodine, dye, argon fluoride excimer, krypton fluoride excimer, xenon fluoride excimer, argon chloride excimer, nitrogen or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is a polymethine, phthalocyanine, dithiol metallic-complex, quinone, azo-type, triphenylmethane and/or aluminum diimmonium group pigment.Preferred Method: The semiconductor electrode is immersed into a solution containing pigment, and pigment is absorbed to the surface of semiconductor layer. EXAMPLE - P-25 (titanium oxide) (in g) (3), acetyl acetone (0.2) and Triton-X-100 (RTM; surface active agent) (0.3) were dispersed in ethanol (6.5) for 6 hours. A compound (0.3) of formula (1) was added and dispersed for 30 minutes. The resulting liquid was applied on a glass substrate, and irradiated with laser light (25 mW output) having wavelength of 830 nm. A semiconductor electrode was produced. The electrode was immersed in ethanol solution of pigment of formula (2) at room temperature for 15 hours. The pigment was absorbed into the semiconductor layer of the electrode. An electrolyte liquid was dipped between a counter electrode and semiconductor electrode, to produce an optoelectric transducer. Irradiation was carried out from working electrode side, and conversion efficiency of 1.07% was attained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The outer form of the light-emitting diode is used as a core and insertion part in a plastic injection/casting tool. A sealing lip is formed between the cap and the light emitting diode component below the thicker part of the cap. An O-ring is produced as the insertion part in the casting tool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shield unit is made of a metal selected from a group containing beryllium, copper, titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The back sheet has several barrier sheets laminated through an adhesive layer (12) formed from adhesive agent such as polyurethane adhesive. The back sheet contains white pigment dispersed into base film forming using polyethylene terephthalate.Preferred Layer: A synthetic resin layer containing polyester-type resin is laminated on outer surface of the aluminum vapor deposition layer.Preferred Process: The back sheet is subjected to anchor coat processing performed using polyester anchor coat layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is formed using polyurethane adhesive as an adhesive agent. The base film is formed using polyethylene terephthalate and is dispersed with white pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat reflective layer is of a fire-resistant polyethylene film, sandwiched between two layers of polyethylene air-bubble film, also fire resistant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from glass or fiberglass reinforced panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive in the adhesive material is ethylene vinyl acetate. It can be acrylic adhesive, silicone adhesives, urethane adhesive or epoxy adhesive. Preferred Property: The thickness of the adhesive material is 0.03-3 mm. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the protection film is greater than or equal to10 kV. Preferred Material: The insulating film is polyester, polyethylene terephthalate or nylon. The reinforcing sheet is made from plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen surplus type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium and uranium. The n-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen deficiency type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, zirconium and uranium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen surplus type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium and uranium. The n-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen deficiency type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, zirconium and uranium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material is the metal oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, yttria, zirconia, magnesium oxide, magnesium spinel, titania, cerium oxide, chromium oxide, hafnium oxide and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material is the metal oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, yttria, zirconia, magnesium oxide, magnesium spinel, titania, cerium oxide, chromium oxide, hafnium oxide and their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide recovery unit is selected from:(a) a partial vacuum degassing process used during the pumping of seawater from any depth;(b) an extraction process for recovering carbon dioxide from seawater;(c) an absorption process for recovering carbon dioxide from air; and/or(d) any other process for recovering carbon dioxide from air or water.The hydrogen production unit is:(a) an electrolysis process;(b) a thermolysis process; and/or(c) a thermochemical process.The energy required for the hydrogen production unit is provided by nuclear reactor electricity; nuclear reactor waste heat conversion; ocean thermal energy conversion; and/or any other non fossil fuel source such as waves, tide, wind, or ocean current energy. The Fischer Tropsch synthesis unit uses a catalyst. The system is located on a structure at sea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is metals, metal oxides, support type material and/or supported metals, metal oxides, mixed metals, or mixed metal oxides. The metal is iron, cobalt, and/or nickel. The metal oxides are iron oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, and/or ruthenium oxide. The support type material is alumina or zeolites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electronic device is a memory chip, an anti-theft chip, an RF ID chip, a DC to AC converter, a battery and/or a DC-to-DC converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting board comprises a laminate of one or more conducting metals and one or more of a resin or polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a flexible thermally non-conductive material. The solar cell includes a thermally conductive layer communicating with a black body radiating layer extending through a portion of the substrate. The solar cell has a first periphery having a first dimension, and the substrate has an aperture having a second periphery with a second dimension, where the first dimension is greater than the second dimension.A black body-radiating layer is disposed in the aperture and is thermally coupled to the solar cell. The solar cell and the substrate are configured to maintain a predetermined shape after being bent to the predetermined shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a polymeric substrate, such as polyimide.
EXAMPLE - Anatase-type titanium oxide and tantalum oxide were mixed in the molar ratio of 1:0.05, and press-molded. The product was heated in an electric furnace, baked at 1477degreesC in air for 20 hours, and cooled to form a sintered compact. X-ray diffraction pattern of a sintered compact confirmed the presence of Ti0.94Ta0.05O2 complex oxide. The obtained thermoelectric transformation material had output factor of 0.4x10-4 W/K2m, when calculated from following equation: (Seebeck coefficient2/eleterical resistivity) at 500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation layer is made of metallic element selected from the alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi. The insulation layer consists of 1-3 mono-layer. The transition metal in the conduction layer is selected from the group containing Co, Ni, Mn and Fe, and Rh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation layer is made of metallic element selected from the alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi. The insulation layer consists of 1-3 mono-layer. The transition metal in the conduction layer is selected from the group containing Co, Ni, Mn and Fe, and Rh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing agent is preferably ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The film is a semiconductor film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating film comprises a thermosetting resin, preferably thermosetting polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameter: The proportion of a surface area of the electrodes covered by the spacers is greater than (P+F)/sK, preferably approximately a quarter. The gaps are 3-15 nm. The electrodes are greater than or equal to DeltaTasteriskKasteriskns/dasteriskDs. They are less than or equal to 400 (preferably less than or equal to 30).P = atmospheric pressure;K = breaking point of the spacer;s = margin of safety; andF = attractive force between the electrodes.Preferred Component: The gaps are evacuated or filled with an inert gas. The spacers comprise nanotubes, nanowires or buckyballs. One of the electrodes is a thin sheet of metal having surface indentations of appropriate sizing for maintaining the positions of the nanotubes, nanowires or buckyballs. The portions of the surfaces facing one another that do not have a spacer between them are indentations on the inner surface of either electrode face protrusions in the facing surface of the other electrode. The spacers have the form of hexagonal arrays, strips, circles, rings, lattices, pillars or bottom heavy pillars.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spacer(s) comprises silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide. It comprises material that is a thermal insulator and/or an electrical insulator. The electrode(s) comprise a silicon substrate. It comprises a thin layer of silver and a thicker layer of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spacer(s) comprises silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide. It comprises material that is a thermal insulator and/or an electrical insulator. The electrode(s) comprise a silicon substrate. It comprises a thin layer of silver and a thicker layer of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The light focusing element comprises a portion of the first chamber being convex relative to light source. The convex portion is flexed outward by electrolyte retained in the chamber. The focusing element comprises a lens at an exterior surface of the first chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The PV module comprises cells formed of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon triple junction material, cadmium telluride, and/or copper indium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The leadless solder contains tin, silver, copper, bismuth and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A first buoyant component is elongated, and the second buoyant component can move along the length of the first buoyant component. The second buoyant component completely encircles a portion of the first buoyant component. The buoyant components comprise conductive coil(s) and permanent magnet(s), and the coil and magnet are positioned in separate components of the buoyant components. At least one of the buoyant components comprises at least one storage cavity, which comprises an electrical circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reverse electrode is made of metal such as silver, copper or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: Each trench has a width of &gt; 5,000 Angstrom (preferably greater than or equal to3 microns).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent board is a synthetic resin made of polycarbonate (PS), acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES), acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene rubber (ABS) etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The heat radiating layer comprises a black body radiating layer. The solar cell assembly further comprises a first layer proximate the first side of the conversion layer for absorbing and radiating electro-magnetic radiation from the assembly to reduce a temperature of the conversion layer. Preferred Condition: A temperature of the photovoltaic conversion layer is maintained below a predetermined temperature, preferably 110degreesC by radiating heat energy from the conversion layer. Preferred Property: The first layer is configured to have an emissivity level greater than or equal to0.8. It has a thickness greater than 10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The thermally conductive layer is made from metal or metal alloy. The metal comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The black body radiating layer comprises a layer of chromium oxide. Preferred Material: The first layer is made from silicon compound from silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon oxynitrides, silicon oxycarbides, silicon carbides, silicon nitrocarbides and/or silicon oxynitrocarbides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive liner sheet consists of metallic foil e.g. copper foil, silver leaf or aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive liner sheet consists of metallic foil e.g. copper foil, silver leaf or aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cable has strips (4) fixed to the sealing run with an impermeable flexible synthetic plastic, e.g. in high density PE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The turbine comprises an elongated pole running a length of the column, disks coupled to the elongated pole, magnets, and wiring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The bus bar electrode is joined to the inner lead with a solder (6) at its center portion in the transverse direction. The width of the inner lead is smaller than the width of the bus bar electrode. The solar cell has finger electrodes with ends connected to the bus bar electrode formed on its light receiving surface and/or non-light receiving surface. The finger electrode is brought into direct contact with the filler over its whole length. The finger electrode end connected to the bus bar electrode is coated with a solder resist.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: A solder for joining the bus bar electrode and the inner lead contains bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn). The summation of the product of the contraction coefficient percentage at the time of solidification of each element composing the solder, Vi, and the percentage by weight of each element composing the solder, Wi, ~S(ViWi) is less than 2.8%, where i denotes the number of elements comprising the solder. The bus bar electrode is mainly composed of silver (Ag). Preferred Composition: The solder contains 3-85 wt.% Bi. It may contain Bi (20-60 wt.%), Ag (0.5-5 wt.%) and Sn (balance). Alternatively, the solder contains Ag (1.0-5.0 wt.%), copper (Cu) (0.4-7.0 wt.%) and Sn (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each solar cell comprises a primary parabolic mirror facing the sun, and receiving light rays from the sun, the primary parabolic mirror configured, so that it reflects the light rays to a secondary parabolic mirror that faces the primary parabolic mirror, and the secondary parabolic mirror configured, so that it reflects light rays received from the primary parabolic mirror as parallel light rays that pass through a hole provided centrally in the primary parabolic mirror, and into the common light waveguide. The common light waveguides comprise optical waveguides connected by optical elbows, optical reducers, and an optical tee to form a pathway that guides light rays from the solar cells to the solar horn. They are provided with air gaps through which the light rays pass unimpeded, and which provide mechanical clearances to facilitate movement of the solar cells, to track the daily and seasonal apparent movement of the sun in the sky. The solar horn comprises a modified elbow for directing light rays approximately longitudinally into the solar coil in a downstream direction; and a prism structure constructed from high-purity and low expansion silica glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The mercury compound is mercury sulfide. The sludge or soil contains heavy metal chosen from lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, arsenic and/or selenium in addition to mercury compound.Preferred Process: An alkali regulator is added to the sludge or soil after processing, to adjust pH to 6-13. The alkali regulator is calcium hydroxide and/or magnesium hydroxide. An organic chelate group heavy metal processing agent is added to sludge or soil, after adding iron salt. The organic chelate group heavy metal processing agent contains sodium dithiocarbamate and/or potassium dithiocarbamate as a main component. EXAMPLE - Sludge (50 g) containing silicon (in wt.%) (18.4), calcium (11.4), aluminum (8.9), sulfur (7.9), mercury (52 mg/kg), lead (500 mg/kg) and selenium (150 mg/kg), generated in cooling tower of geothermal power station, was supplied to a polyethylene beaker. Iron-chloride (II) tetrahydrate (15 g), calcium hydroxide (5 g) and water (10 ml) were added and mixed, and sludge was made harmless. The treated sludge contained mercury (0.0020 mg/l), cadmium (0.01 or less mg/l), lead (0.05 or less mg/l), chromium (0.01 or less mg/l), arsenic (0.01 or less mg/l) and selenium (0.05 or less mg/l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The main component of thermoelectric element is bismuth and tellurium. The cooling fin contains copper or aluminum. The heat conduction material of thermoelectric element and cooling fin is copper, aluminum, silver and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The main component of thermoelectric element is bismuth and tellurium. The cooling fin contains copper or aluminum. The heat conduction material of thermoelectric element and cooling fin is copper, aluminum, silver and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The wiring conductor is made of compound selected from group comprising copper (Cu), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), tin (Sn) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin component in the composition has a melt flow rate of 0.5-150 g/10 minutes based on JIS K7210-1999 at 190degreesC under 2160 g load. The composition further comprises an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and anti-oxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The power generator also includes first and second circuits, and first and second insulation control switches. The electricity storage device is connected to the first metal layer through the first circuit and connected to the second metal layer through the second circuit. The first insulation control switch is disposed on the first circuit. The second insulation control switch disposed on the second circuit. The first insulation control switch and second insulation control switch are N-type transistors (NMOS). The substrates are composed of insulating materials. The metal layers respectively comprise coil circuit that is formed on the first metal layer and second metal layer by photolithography and etching, or by printing. The vibration chamber is a vacuum that provides a pressure of approximately 10-6 Torr. The electricity storage device is a capacitor or battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrates are silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrates are silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inorganic oxide layer comprises aluminum and copper as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: Part of actuator is supported by a sacrificial layer (8) that is removed in solar cell array forming step. In actuator forming step, the top of actuator is etched to form irregularities. In solar cell forming step, the first layer of solar cell is etched form irregularities. Etching is accomplished by wet etching or by dry etching preceded by patterning. Dry etching is dry etching employing xenon fluoride gas or plasma drying etching employing a process gas containing halogen element such as sulfur hexafluoride or nitrogen trifluoride. Part(s) of solar cell forming step is achieved through plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In solar cell forming step, a solar cell having a layered structure is formed. The layered structure is formed within a single apparatus and by sequentially changing gases within a chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell array apparatus comprises a control mechanism for driving the actuators to maximize an amount of photovoltaic power generated by the solar cells and a secondary cell or a capacitor in which photovoltaic power is stored. The solar cells are packaged for protection and a surface of package facing a solar cell array is transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning board is made of oxide such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, zirconium, tungsten, tantalum, iron and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The layer next to the graphite contains ferrous oxide (FeO) to form the halide salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A film net between the anode and cathode is of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The metal is magnesium. The auxiliary agent is a substance that dissolves the metal and boron and reduces their vapor pressure, especially copper. The copper:magnesium:boron ratio is 5:3:2. The reaction mixture is heated in a sealed vessel at 1600-2000degreesC for 4-40 hours. The mixture is heated at a rate of 100 K/hour and cooled at a rate of 5-10 K/hour. The crude product is digested with nitric acid. The reaction vessel is a crucible made of hexagonal boron nitride or is made of stainless steel, tantalum, molybdenum or titanium, or an alloy of tantalum, molybdenum and/or titanium, or a ceramic material. The mixture is heated under argon, helium or nitrogen. The product is heated in an open vessel at 1000-2000degreesC under vacuum to increase the boron content. Preferred Product: This is a crystalline magnesium boride with a boron:magnesium ratio of 16.2-26.25:1, about 12:1 or 16.37-21.81:1. The particle size of the crystals is at least 0.1 mm. EXAMPLE - A mixture of copper, magnesium and boron in a molar ratio of 5:3:2 was placed in a crucible of hexagonal boron nitride. The crucible was sealed with a screw closure and placed in a tantalum ampoule, which was hermetically sealed by arc welding. All operations were performed under an argon atmosphere. The pressure over the reaction mixture was 2.5 mbar. The mixture was heated at 1600degreesC for 40 hours, cooled to 800degreesC at a rate of 10 K/hour and cooled to room temperature at a rate of 100 K/hour. The product was digested with nitric acid to remove excess copper, giving single crystals of magnesium boride with a boron:magnesium ratio of 20:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Heat energy is supplied by radioactive decay, solar energy, or by burning fossil fuels.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type semiconductor comprises sub-stoichiometric silver composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type semiconductor comprises sub-stoichiometric silver composition. Preferred Definition:    a = 0.2-1;    b = 0.05-1;    x = 0.01-0.6;    y = 0.01-0.6;    m = 2-30;    Q = Te or Se;    M' = Pb.    EXAMPLE - A thermoelectric material of formula Ag0.9Pb9Sn9Sb0.6Te20 was prepared by using stoichiometric amounts of silver (0.2234 g), lead (4.2919 g), tin (2.4586 g), antimony (0.1681 g), and tellurium (5.8726 g). The elements were loaded in 13 mm quartz tube and sealed under vacuum. The tube was placed in a furnace and heated up to 980degreesC in 20 hours. The furnace was maintained still at 980degreesC for 1 hour followed by rocking at 980degreesC for 2 hours. Rocking was carried out at a frequency of 1-2 periods/minute. The furnace was stayed vertically at 980degreesC for another 1 hour. The furnace was then cooled to 450degreesC in 53 hours and further cooled to 50degreesC in 20 hours. This had a Figure of merit of approximately 1.0 at 620degreesK, approximately 1.3 at 700degreesK, and approximately 1.4 at 800degreesK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Filler: The back-side filler consists of synthetic resin of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The magnetic materials are selected from the composition of manganese, arsenic, antimony, ferrous, platinum, lanthanum, silicon, gadolinium and germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The magnetic materials are selected from the composition of manganese, arsenic, antimony, ferrous, platinum, lanthanum, silicon, gadolinium and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fluid can flow around the exterior of the pipe, and where the fluid around the exterior of the doublewalled pipe. The fluid-filled vessel has a length such that the temperature of the rocks at the top of the vessel is lower than the temperature of the rocks near the bottom of the vessel. The apparatus includes a supporting structure (33) comprising a vertical shaft positioned through the length of the vessel. The shaft provides a cableway for the wiring. The supporting structure provides sliding support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is a thermally conductive fluid such as liquid graphite, brine, water, machine oil or mercury.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The fluid-filled vessel comprises a thermally conductive exterior, and the pipe is made of thermally conductive material. The thermally conductive material consists of copper, aluminum, stainless steel, or stainless steel alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is a thermally conductive fluid such as liquid graphite, brine, water, machine oil or mercury.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermally conductive fluid is glycerine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The liquid is alkylene glycol or polyalkylene-glycol ethylene glycol.Preferred Property: The boiling point of liquid is higher than boiling point of the solvent of flux. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The solvent of flux is water or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The light-receiving-surface side sealing agent comprises ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nickel-chromium alloy is doped with carbon, silicon and iron. The nickel-copper alloy is doped with carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (2), is arranged inside the circumference edge portion of the sealing agent (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The melt flow rate of the light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are 4-8.5 g/10 minutes and 0.8-3.8 g/10 minutes, respectively. The light-receiving surface side sealing agent and back side sealing agent are transparent, after polymerization cross-linking by heat-pressing. Preferred Layer: The reverse-side protective layer is optically reflective.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell and substrate are encapsulated in glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming a photovoltaic cell over the mating surface of the substrate comprises forming a first conducting layer (32) over the mating surface of the substrate, forming a semiconductor layer (34) over the first conducting layer formed over the mating surface of the substrate and forming a second conducting layer (36) over the semiconductor layer. The step of forming a semiconductor layer comprises the step of forming a semiconductor layer comprising at least one pair of P-type and N-type semiconductor layers stacked one on top of the other. The step of providing a substrate comprises the step of providing the substrate with the protrusions being spaced apart along the mating surface of the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The substrate is made of metal.Preferred Dimension: The hemispherical profile of each protrusion on the second face of the photovoltaic cell has a diameter of 0.5-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A portion of the photovoltaic cell and substrate is encapsulated in resin or polymer material. The substrate is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat generator contains oxidation compound of tin and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat generator contains oxidation compound of tin and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coolant comprises methanol as main component.
EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of crystalline/polycrystalline silicon or thin film silicon e.g. amorphous and semi crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide and their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of crystalline/polycrystalline silicon or thin film silicon e.g. amorphous and semi crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic energy source comprises 2 layers of semiconductor material. The solar cell further comprises backside metallic electrode (40) overlying and contacting the back face of the energy source. There is a solar concentrator disposed to concentrate solar energy toward the front face of the energy source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide semiconductor particles are sensitized by a compound chosen from organic dye and/or metal complex. The semiconductor microparticles contain titanium dioxide, and support the pigment in presence of an inclusion compound. Preferred Definitions:    X1 = oxygen;    X2,X3 = sulfur;    R1 = alkoxy group;and    Y = group of formula (2), preferably heterocyclic residue.    Z = substituent sufficient to form a ring with R3 and R4;and    R3, R4 = heterocyclic residue, aromatic hydrocarbon residue or aliphatic hydrocarbon residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method includes repeating crosslinking and coupling steps at least once to produce a substrate having an extended, crosslinked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating. The crosslinking step is repeated at least twice, and the coupling step is repeated at least once. Coupling step includes beta or meso coupling step.Preferred Components: The porphyrinic macrocycles are porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin, isobacteriochlorin, oxochlorin, dioxobacteriochlorin, dioxoisobacteriochlorin, pyrophorbin, bacteriopyrophorbin, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, tetraazaporphyrin, core-modified porphyrinic derivative, or expanded or contracted porphyrinic derivative. The non-discotic backbone polymer comprises a double-decker sandwich coordination compound coupled to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is oriented perpendicularly to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is an intrinsic rectifier of excited-state energy and/or an intrinsic rectifier of holes.Preferred Dimensions: The light-harvesting rods have a length of not more than 500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is a transition metal of 7-12 groups of periodic table, which is nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc or iron.Preferred Support: The support having ion exchange ability is a low-grade coal or an ion exchange resin. The low-grade coal is a wood coal. The ion exchange resin is a used waste ion exchange resin.Preferred Solution: The aqueous solution or suspension containing metal ions is an aqueous solution or suspension containing metal ions extracted from mineral or ore.Preferred Microparticles: The functional microparticles are microparticles of metal carbonate, metal oxide, metal carbide or metal. The system produces microparticles to which the size less than sub-micron is equal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is a transition metal of 7-12 groups of periodic table, which is nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc or iron.Preferred Support: The support having ion exchange ability is a low-grade coal or an ion exchange resin. The low-grade coal is a wood coal. The ion exchange resin is a used waste ion exchange resin.Preferred Solution: The aqueous solution or suspension containing metal ions is an aqueous solution or suspension containing metal ions extracted from mineral or ore.Preferred Microparticles: The functional microparticles are microparticles of metal carbonate, metal oxide, metal carbide or metal. The system produces microparticles to which the size less than sub-micron is equal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxidized heat electronic material is layered oxidized heat electronic material in which at least one phase contains cobalt oxide (CoO2) layer containing octahedron cobalt oxide (CoO6), and layers containing cobalt-calcium oxide complex (CCO) compound, sodium-cobalt complex (NCO) compound, copper and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Advantageously the tubular nanostructures is in the form of macroscopic fibres are made of carbon (claimed) and may include one or more pigments (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is chosen from the group constituted by the polymers of one or more organic acids or organic hydroxyl acids and their derivatives, organic amine, alcohol or thiol, copolymers or copolymer blocks of one or more organic acids and one or more organic polyamine, polyalcohol or polythiol polymers, copolymers of styrene with ethylene, copolymers of styrene with propylene, copolymers of styrene with butadiene, copolymers of styrene with acrylates, copolymers of styrene with methacrylates and combinations of two or more of these elements
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Water is used to neutralize pollutants in the conventional exhaust. Acid in the exhaust is neutralized by combusting CaCO3 with the conventional fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The high temperature combustion chamber is maintained at an optimum temperature of 2000degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of calcining at an ultimate maximum of 500-1100degreesC after the step of sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The heat transfer element is a finned element. The generator comprises at least one thermoelectric module comprised of thin film thermoelectric n-legs and p-legs. The generator comprises n-legs comprised of very thin alternating layers of silicon and silicon carbide, and p-legs. The p-legs and the n-legs are electrically connected to produce the thermoelectric module. The p-legs comprise very thin alternating layers of boron carbide. The alternating layers are deposited on a substrate.Preferred Parameters: The very thin alternating layers are each less than 10-100 nm thick. The very thin alternating layers are greater than or equal to1250 layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The phase change material comprises ice and water, or water and ammonia. It can be at a temperature approximately equal to its solid-liquid or liquid-vapor phase change temperature. The very thin alternating layers of boron carbide comprise two different stoichiometric forms of boron carbide (B4C or B9C). The n-legs are comprised of very thin alternating layers of silicon and silicon carbide and the very thin alternating layers of boron carbide. The substrate is silicon or silicon film. The substrate can be polyimide substrate such as Kapton or Kapton film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The phase change material comprises ice and water, or water and ammonia. It can be at a temperature approximately equal to its solid-liquid or liquid-vapor phase change temperature. The very thin alternating layers of boron carbide comprise two different stoichiometric forms of boron carbide (B4C or B9C). The n-legs are comprised of very thin alternating layers of silicon and silicon carbide and the very thin alternating layers of boron carbide. The substrate is silicon or silicon film. The substrate can be polyimide substrate such as Kapton or Kapton film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The brazing material is silver-copper-antimony group or silver-copper-indium group. The electrode component contains alloy of nickel, copper, silver, molybdenum, platinum, gold, iron, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, palladium, iridium, zinc, indium, chromium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: A single heat source is used to produce a) hydrogen and oxygen from water through a chemothermal reaction and b) electricity with a modified Regenerative Brayton cycle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric material for the p-type thermoelectric legs is a semiconductor compound of formula Bi0.5Sb0.85)2Te3 plus 10-30, preferably 18 atom% tellurium excess.Preferred Dimension: The substrate has a thickness of 7.5-50, preferably 25 microns. The thickness of the thermoelectric material is 7 microns. Each p-type thermoelectric leg has a width of 40 microns. Each n-type thermoelectric leg has a width of 60 microns. The length of the n-type and p-type thermoelectric legs is 500 microns.Preferred Method: The semiconductor compound is deposited on the substrate by sputtering at 2-10, preferably 2.7 nm/sec.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric material for the p-type thermoelectric legs is a semiconductor compound of formula Bi0.5Sb0.85)2Te3 plus 10-30, preferably 18 atom% tellurium excess.Preferred Dimension: The substrate has a thickness of 7.5-50, preferably 25 microns. The thickness of the thermoelectric material is 7 microns. Each p-type thermoelectric leg has a width of 40 microns. Each n-type thermoelectric leg has a width of 60 microns. The length of the n-type and p-type thermoelectric legs is 500 microns.Preferred Method: The semiconductor compound is deposited on the substrate by sputtering at 2-10, preferably 2.7 nm/sec.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The porous carbonized material is adjusted to a particle size of 0.5-5 mum or 0.5 mum or less, supplied to modification space and activated by adjusting the temperature of modification space to 800-1100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The biomass processing apparatus further has a gas-engine electric power generating apparatus or fuel cell-type electric power generating apparatus, a cooling unit, a mixing unit, a circulating fluid-bed furnace and a regenerative furnace. The modification-activating furnace has an inlet of the porous carbonized material provided at downward direction of thermal decomposition gas introduction port, while setting temperature of the modification furnace as 800-1100degreesC. The electric power generating apparatus is driven by reformed gas, which is reformed by the modification-activating furnace. The cooling unit cools the thermal decomposition gas, and the mixing unit mixes the liquid component with the ground porous carbonized material. The carbonization apparatus, which is rotary kiln, is equipped with an exclusive burner, which burns with the flow fuel. The circulating fluid-bed furnace reforms the thermal decomposition gas using a fluid-cracking waste catalyst (FCC) as a flow medium, and the regenerative furnace regenerates the FCC waste catalyst. The cooling temperature of the cooling unit is below the condensation point of a high-boiling-point component, preferably 100degreesC or more. The furnace temperature of both circulating fluid-bed furnace and regenerative furnace are 1000degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy contains 0.6-1.2 (preferably 0.8 to &lt; 1.2) wt.% tin, 0.003-0.015 (preferably 0.008 to less than 0.015) or &gt; 0-0.0124 (preferably 0.008-0.0124) wt.% silver, calcium in an amount such that the ratio of tin to calcium is not less than 15:1, and &gt; 0-0.03 wt.% aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage alloy is non-stoichiometric. It is of formula ABxCuy.A = element(s) from La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Mm, or other rare earth elements;B = element(s) from Ni, Mn, Co, Al, Cr, Ag, Pd, Rh, Sb, V, or Pt;x = 4.8-5.2, preferably 4.95-5.05; andy = 0.01-0.35, preferably 0.15-0.30.Preferred Parameter: The percentage of nickel transferred to A-sites from B-sites versus the total amount of copper contained in the hydrogen storage alloy is greater than or equal to35, preferably greater than or equal to45%. The atomic ratio of copper to component B in the hydrogen alloy is 0.01-0.20, preferably 0.01-0.06. A comprises (atomic%): lanthanum (60-65), cerium (24-28), neodymium (2-4) and praseodymium (6-10). B comprises (atomic%): nickel (78-84), cobalt (4-8), manganese (5-9) and aluminum (4-8). The hydrogen storage alloy has a pseudo B/A ratio of 4.80-5.20, preferably 4.95-5.05; hysteresis of less than or equal to0.12. The c/a lattice constant ratio is greater than or equal to0.809.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fluid path void opens on a first side and a second side of the fuel diffusion layer and/or oxidation diffusion layer. An anode side separator (6) is provided on a first face of the fuel diffusion layer at a back of a second face of the fuel diffusion layer facing the anode catalyst layer.A cathode side separator (7) is provided on a first face of the oxidant diffusion layer at a back of a second face of the oxidant diffusion layer facing the cathode catalyst layer. At least one of the anode side separator and the cathode side separator includes a plane surface facing the fuel diffusion layer and/or the oxidant diffusion layer.The path void includes an inlet portion (51a) for supplying the fluid from outside, an outlet portion (51b) for discharging the fluid to outside, and a channel (51c) for flowing the fluid from the inlet portion to the outlet portion. The channel opens to one of the anode catalyst side or the cathode catalyst layer side and one of the cathode side separator side or the anode side separator side. The electrolyte corresponds to an ion-exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The base material is chosen from water, alcohol, glycol and/or glycol ether. The composition further contains rust preventive agent chosen from aliphatic carboxylic acid, aromatic carboxylic acid or their salts, triazole, diazole, thiazole or their salts, phosphoric acid, silicic acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid, boric acid, molybdic acid and/or their salts or amines.Preferred Property: The coolant composition has electric conductivity of 10 muS/cm or less. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The base material is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol and/or octanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, 1,3-butane diol, 1,5-pentane diol and/or hexylene glycol, or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether and/or tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cell is a wound type cell formed into a spiral cylindrical shape. It has a function for outputting a voltage of greater than or equal to10 V, if a current of greater than or equal to400 A is outputted. It comprises cells connected in series. The anode plate is one in which anode active substance paste is applied to coat both front and rear surfaces of an assembly formed by a rolled sheet of lead (Pb)-tin (Sn) alloy and chemically converted.Preferred Parameter: An area of the anode plate is 9000-162000 (preferably 1500-27000) cm2 and an area per unit volume under an assumption, that the maximum outer size of the lead-acid battery is a rectangular parallelepiped, is 1700-30000 cm2/dm3. The separator is 0.01-0.6 mm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: A content of Sn in the alloy is greater than or equal to1.3-less than or equal to2.3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersible carbon is vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) or a carbon nanotube. EXAMPLE - In a tumbling device, 5-7 wt.% of VGCF and 65-75 wt.% PTFE were tumbled 30-60 minutes. During tumbling 15-25 wt.% lubricant was sprayed into the blend. Alternatively, the lubricant may be sprayed to the mixture of VGCF and PTFE before tumbling. After tumbling, the premixed blend was sifted over a sieve to remove larger clumps. The premixed blend was then placed in plastic bags under ambient conditions for 24-48 hours before continuing the paste extrusion process. The premixed blend was then placed into a press under 400-900 psi to make the preform, which was then extruded under 900-1800 psi. The extruded sheet was calendared and introduced into a four heating zone evaporation oven (5). The calendaring speed was 11 foot/minute and the heating zones were 425, 465, 525 and 530degreesF respectively. A tape with a thickness of 4-8 mil was made. The surface resistivity of the tape was 105-103 ohm/square. The axial strength WAS 1000-3000 psi and the axial elongation was 100-300%; the transverse tensile strength was 600-1000 psi and the transverse elongation was 500-800%. To obtain a stronger tape, the tape produced can be sintered. During the sintering process, the tape was heated for long period above the m.pt. of 327degreesC for PTFE to pass the gel state. After sintering, the surface resistivity of the tape decreases up to 102 ohm/square. The axial tensile strength was 4000-7000 psi and the axial elongation was 100-250%; the transverse tensile strength was 3000-5000 psi and the transverse elongation was 200-400%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power conditioning and buffering subsystem comprises a direct current-to-alternating current power inverter; a voltage step-up/step-down device; frequency modulation device; device for storing and releasing electric current upon demand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw fuel is hydrogen, organic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen or inorganic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen. It is a fluid, gaseous or liquid hydrogen source. The inorganic compounds are nitrogen compounds i.e. ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw fuel is hydrogen, organic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen or inorganic compounds capable of evolving hydrogen. It is a fluid, gaseous or liquid hydrogen source. The inorganic compounds are nitrogen compounds i.e. ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic compounds are hydrocarbons, organic alcohols, organic acids and their salts or esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy (A1) further contains copper, titanium, iron and manganese. The metal-coated portion (12) of the metal separator contains gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alloy (A1) further contains copper, titanium, iron and manganese. The metal-coated portion (12) of the metal separator contains gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The perfluoro vinyl monomer is grafted by radiation in presence of 1 or more types of saturated fluorocarbon compound containing halogen and 1 or more types of halogen other than fluorine, and a radical is generated on tertiary carbon. Oxygen is introduced at 50degreesC or less and the radical is converted into an oxy radical and subsequently the perfluoro vinyl monomer is grafted into fluorine type polymer containing halogen(s) other than fluorine. The fluorine type polymer is radiated and radical is generated. The radical is converted into oxy radical and the monomer is grafted. Preferred Monomer: The perfluoro vinyl monomer is tetrafluoro ethylene, hexafluoro propylene and/or perfluoro vinyl ether. The perfluoro vinyl monomer contains halogen(s) other than fluorine and does not contain hydrogen. Preferred Polymer: The fluorine type polymer is cross-linked polymer having short-chain fluoro alkyl group. preferably, the polymer is perfluoro polymer containing tetrafluoro ethylene or hexafluoro propylene and/or perfluoro vinyl ether in principal chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimension: A thickness of the separator is 0.01-0.6 mm. An area of the anode plate is 1500-27000 cm2. An area per unit volume under an assumption that the maximum outer size of the lead-acid cell is a rectangular parallelepiped is 1700-30000 cm/dm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Tin in lead-tin alloy is greater than or equal to1.3 wt.% and less than or equal to2.3 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Tin in lead-tin alloy is greater than or equal to1.3 wt.% and less than or equal to2.3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution is alkyl alkanol amide aqueous solution (22).Preferred Composition: The content rate of non-ionic surfactant in the surfactant aqueous solution is 0.1-10 mass%.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution or bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon with saturated vapor pressure density of 500 ppm or less. The bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon is decalin.Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon-type fuel is decalin, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hyperbranched polymer is poly(bis(oligo ethylene glycol)benzoate) of formula (1), which is obtained by polymerizing dioxy benzoate and A2B-type monomer obtained from oligo ethylene-oxide chain ((CH2CH2O)m).R=acidic functional group chosen from sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, alkyl sulfonic acid, perfluoro alkyl sulfonic acid or fluoroboric acid;andm=1-6.The solid polymer electrolyte membrane further contains a cross-linked polymer having network structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reaction substrate further comprises a catalyst layer formed on a surface of micropores present in a density of 1x105 - 1x1011/m2 (preferably 1x106 - 1x109/m2). The reaction substrate body further comprises a metal oxide layer (15).Preferred Dimensions: The micropores have diameters of 10-1000 (preferably 30-500) nm and depths of 50 nm to 3 microns (preferably 100 nm to 1 microns). The metal oxide layer has a thickness of 50 nm to 3 microns (preferably 100 nm to 1 microns). The catalyst layer has a thickness of 5 nm to 10 microns (preferably 10 nm to 5 microns).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The reaction substrate body comprises aluminum and/or aluminum-containing alloys. The reaction substrate is an alloy of aluminum-manganese (Al-Mn), aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg), aluminum-copper-magnesium (Al-Cu-Mg), aluminum-magnesium-silicon (Al-Mg-Si), aluminum-silicon (Al-Si), and/or aluminum-copper-silicon (Al-Cu-Si). The metal oxide layer comprises aluminum oxide and/or anodized aluminum oxide. The catalyst layer comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), copper/zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO), iron (Fe), and/or nickel (Ni).Preferred Method: The catalyst layer is formed by powder deposition, sputtering, thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced (PECVD), thermal evaporation, and/or e-beam deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen conveyance layer contains a porous metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, palladium and aluminum, and porous ceramics comprising oxide of strontium, calcium, barium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, aluminum, copper, and/or silver. The protective layer contains metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, titanium, palladium, and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen conveyance layer contains a porous metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, palladium and aluminum, and porous ceramics comprising oxide of strontium, calcium, barium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, aluminum, copper, and/or silver. The protective layer contains metal chosen from silver, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, antimony, chromium, nickel, titanium, palladium, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The case for battery cells preferably comprises of foam synthetic resin, especially polystyrene foam or polypropylene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The blocking agent is formed within side edges of one or both of the diffusion media layers a distance so that the blocking agent extends within outside edges of the catalyst layers. It may be provided through the entire thickness of one or both of the diffusion media layers, preferably through a portion of the thickness of one or both of the diffusion media layers. The blocking agent is uniformly dispersed throughout one or both of the diffusion media layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The blocking agent is a thermoplastic polymer, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride, polyaryl, or polyethylene. Preferred Method: The step of depositing a blocking agent includes depositing a blocking agent uniformly throughout the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers. It includes depositing a blocking agent in the anode diffusion media layer through the entire thickness of the anode diffusion media layer and/or depositing a blocking agent in the cathode diffusion media layer through the entire thickness of the cathode diffusion media layer. It includes melting the blocking agent, flowing the blocking agent into the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers, and hardening the blocking agent within the anode and/or cathode diffusion media layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from glass or fiberglass reinforced panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reinforcing sheet is made from aluminum composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive in the adhesive material is ethylene vinyl acetate. It can be acrylic adhesive, silicone adhesives, urethane adhesive or epoxy adhesive. Preferred Property: The thickness of the adhesive material is 0.03-3 mm. The dielectric breakdown voltage of the protection film is greater than or equal to10 kV. Preferred Material: The insulating film is polyester, polyethylene terephthalate or nylon. The reinforcing sheet is made from plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The opening area of the fuel passing hole is 10-50% of the opening area of the fuel supplying manifold.Preferred Component: The fuel throttle member is provided at an exit section of the fuel supplying manifold. A resin-made separator fuel throttle member is provided at an entrance of the liquid fuel flow path of at least one separator, and has a fuel passing hole an opening area of which is smaller than a cross sectional area of the flow path at the entrance.The separator has a fuel supplying vertical hole communicating to the liquid fuel flow path and the liquid fuel inlet of the end separator. An end separator (10b) is stacked on an outermost layer of the cell stack unit (25a, 25b) that is located on an opposite side to the other outermost layer and having an oxidizer inlet. A resin-made manifold plate (21) includes an oxidizer supplying manifold joined to the oxidizer inlet of the end separator. A metal-made clamping plate (20) is stacked on the resin-made manifold plate having the oxidizer supplying manifold or fuel supplying manifold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel contains methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Each of the manifold plate and the fuel throttle member is made of at least one type of polymer resin from polyacetal, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylenesulfide, polybutyleneterephthalate, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, denatured polyphenyleneether, syndiotactic polystyrene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphthalamide, polycyclohexylenedimethyleneterephthalate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, fluorine-based resin, or silicon-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen surplus type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium and uranium. The n-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen deficiency type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, zirconium and uranium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen surplus type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zirconium and uranium. The n-type element for thermoelectric generation is made up of oxygen deficiency type metal oxide such as oxides of titanium, vanadium, zirconium and uranium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heater is made of platinum thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The aqueous alkali solution is ammonia aqueous solution having ammonia concentration of 0.02-0.5 wt.%. Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt contains cation(s) chosen from ammonium, imidazolium, pyridinium, phosphonium and sulfonium, and group having imide anion represented by: X-(N-)-Y, where X,Y are fluoro alkyl group, cyano, fluoro alkyl sulfonyl, fluoro alkyl carbonyl or fluoro phosphonyl group, and X and Y optionally form a ring system. The cation of salt further has a functional group (G) having heteroatom in addition to cation center. The group (G) is alkoxy alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The connecting elements consists of lead alloy containing calcium and tin. The negative pole lattices contains antimony and separator contains silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The connecting elements consists of lead alloy containing calcium and tin. The negative pole lattices contains antimony and separator contains silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode includes anode catalyst layer (103) arranged at its surface on the side which makes contact with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, an anode diffusion layer (105) arranged at a surface of the anode catalyst layer on the side which does not make contact with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane (102) and a liquid fuel passage board arranged outside of the anode diffusion layer. The cathode includes a cathode catalyst layer (104) arranged at its surface on the side which makes contact with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, cathode diffusion layer (106) at a surface of the cathode catalyst layer on the side which does not make contact with the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and an oxidant gas passage board (107) arranged outside of the cathode diffusion layer. The anode diffusion layer is subjected to a hydrophilic process. The anode catalyst layer is formed of a carbon carrier which is subjected to a hydrophilic process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane is an alkylene sulfonic acid group introduced-aromatic hydrogen carbon group electrolyte membrane, and a binder used in the anode catalyst layer is made of an alkylene sulfonic acid group introduced-aromatic hydrocarbon group electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane is a sulfomethylpolyether sulfonhydrocarbon group electrolyte membrane and a binder used in the anode catalyst layer is a sulfomethylpolyether sulfonhydrocarbon group electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The surface layer is less than or equal to1 microns or less than or equal to100 nm. The interfacial contact electrical resistance of the article is less than or equal to50 or less than or equal to30 milliohms/cm2 at a contact force of 100-150 or 150 N/cm2 after ceasing exposure of the surface layer to the atmosphere.Preferred Component: The surface layer further includes precipitates of titanium nitride, and the nitrogen-modified chromium-base oxide is present in the surface layer at a greater concentration than the precipitates of chromium nitride and the precipitates of titanium nitride combined. The surface layer further includes precipitates of aluminum oxide, and the nitrogen-modified chromium-base oxide and the precipitates of aluminum oxide are present in the surface layer at a greater concentration than the precipitates of chromium nitride and the precipitates of titanium nitride combined. The surface layer further includes precipitates of a transition metal nitride. The stainless steel is ferritic or austenitic. The surface layer is a chemically heterogeneous surface and not a uniform or semi-uniform surface layer exclusively rich in chromium. The atmosphere comprises nitrogen or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture. It is free of oxygen.Preferred Composition: The stainless steel comprises nickel at a level of less than 5 or less than 20 wt.% based on the total weight of the stainless steel. It includes 1 wt.% titanium.Preferred Process: The surface layer is exposed to the atmosphere at 800-1,200degreesC. The exposure is ceased when nitrogen uptake for the surface layer exceeds 1 or 0.05-0.75 (0.25-0.5) mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - High purity aluminum conforms to JIS H4170 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid waste is crushed, and gasified after separating moisture content and wet waste to produce wet gas. The gas is cleaned, and carbon monoxide contained in gas is modified to hydrogen, which is used for fuel cell used for generating electric power.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid waste is crushed, and gasified after separating moisture content and wet waste to produce wet gas. The gas is cleaned, and carbon monoxide contained in gas is modified to hydrogen, which is used for fuel cell used for generating electric power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The graphite powder contains boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The graphite powder contains boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin and/or thermosetting resin composition contains crystalline epoxy resin of formula (1). The crystalline epoxy resin is solid at normal temperature, and has viscosity of 1-20 mPa.second at 150degreesC, and melting point of 50-130degreesC.G=glycidyl group;R=univalent group;n=0-4;andX=S or O.The thermoplastic resin contains cumarone resin and/or petroleum resin. The composition of fuel cell separator further contains urea-type hardening accelerator. EXAMPLE - YSLV-80DE (ether-type epoxy resin having melting point of 79degreesC and viscosity of 0.006 mPa.second at 150degreesC) (in mass parts) (11), Tamanol 758 (phenol novolak resin having softening point of 83degreesC and viscosity of 0.35 mPa.second at 150degreesC) (7), N-100S (cumarone resin) (7), U-CAT 3502T (dimethyl urea-type hardening accelerator) (0.2) and high conductivity graphite (75) having average particle diameter of 30 microns and boron carbide amount of 5 wt.%, were blended to obtain a composition of fuel cell separator. The obtained composition was kneaded at 100degreesC, ground, and molded at 175degreesC and 300 kg/cm2 for 3 minutes to obtain a fuel cell separator. The obtained fuel cell separator had excellent dimensional accuracy and release property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber gasket contains plasticizer (2-10) with respect to hydrogenated nitrile rubber (100). The composition contains two or more types of carbon black. Preferred Property: The rubber gasket has TR10 value of -30degreesC or less based on JIS K 6261.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred materials: The spring contains yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide, scandium stabilized zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide or a perovskite of formula ABO2, where A is a lanthanide, alkaline earth or yttrium and B is a transition metal, especially chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A fluid conveying device and a heat exchanger are arranged in the feed lines. A flow of a fluid from the removal line to the feed line is reinforced using a flow reinforcer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution comprising the hydroxide of an alkali metal consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. It comprises an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. It contains a buffering agent from carbonates, borates, silicates, phosphates, or sulfates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode comprises a metal consisting of iron, lead, zinc, cadmium, and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution comprising the hydroxide of an alkali metal consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. It comprises an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. It contains a buffering agent from carbonates, borates, silicates, phosphates, or sulfates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The on-board diagnostic (OBD) communication standards conforms to JI850 PWM, J1850 VPW and ISO9141 or ISO14230. The data bus standard conforms to RS232.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The collector is a porous collector containing two or more types of penetration etching foil, metal mesh, punching metal and expanded metal. The material which comprises the collector is aluminum, copper or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermoplastic resin is polyarylene sulfide resin.Preferred Properties: The ion elution amount of polyarylene sulfide resin molded product when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 cc) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. The ion elution amount of carbon fiber (0.5 g) when immersed in pure water (80degreesC and 100 ml) for 500 hours is 1 mg/l or less. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide resin (in wt.pts) (100) having melt viscosity of 400 Pa.second, Torayca TS12 (polyacrylonitrile group short fiber) (11) and KBM303 ((beta)-(3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl)ethyl trimethoxysilane coupling agent) (0.55), were melt-kneaded by twin-screw extruder and pelletized to form pellets of carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide resin composition. The obtained composition was injection molded, to form molded product. The obtained molded product had bending strength of 174 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 10.2 GPa, tensile strength of 120 MPa, and ion elution amount of less than 1 mg/l when immersed in pure water of 80degreesC and 100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Fluoropolymer further contains repeating unit derived from monomer (B) which does not contain fluorine atom and optionally repeating unit derived from cross-linkable monomer (C). Monomer (B) is acrylate of formula: CH2=CA1COOA2.A1=H or methyl group;A2=1-30C hydrocarbon group (CnH2n+1);andn=1-30.Monomer (C) has at least two reactive groups and/or carbon-carbon double bond and does not contain fluorine. Fluoropolymer contains monomer (B) (0.1-50 wt.pts) and monomer (C) (20 wt.pts or less) with respect to 100 wt.pts of monomer (A). The surfactant is in the form of solution, emulsion or aerosol. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=1-4C perfluoro alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - 5(6)-(perfluoro butyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2-yl 2-chloroacrylate (in g) (3), stearyl acrylate (1.26) and butyl acrylate (12) were introduced into a flask. Perbutyl PB (peroxide) (0.032) dissolved in butyl acetate (0.4) was added and reacted for 10 hours. The reaction solution was filtered and added to methanol. The precipitate was removed and dried to form copolymer (4) with yield of 94%. Obtained copolymer (1.5) was dissolved in HCFC-225 (dichloro pentafluoro propane) (150). A nylon test cloth was immersed in the liquid and the solvent was removed. The nylon test cloth had excellent water repellency, oil repellency and stain resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The content of plastic microfibers in the separators is 0-35 %. Preferred Process: The step of loading the filler into the separator is carried out by the addition of the filler in a fiber dispersion tank under vigorous agitation during the manufacturing process of the separator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica is precipitated silica. The content of silica in the filler is 2-8 % (w/w).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Grids of both positive and negative plates comprise a lead calcium alloy or a lead-tin alloy. The grids of the positive plates comprise a lead-low antimony alloy. The grids of the negative plates comprise a lead-calcium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica is precipitated silica. The content of silica in the filler is 2-8 % (w/w).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plastic microfibers are polyester microfibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The arrangement comprises a connection that is adapted to transport the liquid-free gas from the analyzing instrument to the fuel cell. The fuel cell is provided with a contact(s) (38). The holder unit is provided with a corresponding contact that enables the signal communication. The holder unit has a first indentation to house the water trap and a second indentation to house the fuel behind the water trap so that the fuel cell is easily accessible from the outside of the instrument.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The heat treated metal grid comprises lead and optionally further comprises tin and/or calcium. The paste further comprises lead oxides, water and/or sulfuric acid.Preferred Concentration: The heat-treated metal grid comprises (wt.%) greater than or equal to 98.5 lead, greater than or equal to1.5 tin and greater than or equal to0.08 calcium.Preferred Parameter: The paste coated grid is heated at 35-75degreesC and at 10-90% humidity for a time sufficient to cure the paste onto the surface of the grid prior to heat treating the grid. The grid is heat treated at a temperature of greater than or equal to150degreesC.Preferred Property: The heat treated metal grid has an expiration time of greater than or equal to2,000 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell further extracts a portion of an oxidizer from the flowing fluid. The electrical device is a motor driven pump. The fuel cell comprises fuel source for supplying hydrocarbon fuel; reformer for extracting hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuel; an oxidizer source for supplying oxygen; and reaction device for combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electric current. The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel source is a component of the fluid flowing in the wellbore. The drilling system further comprises a controller having a processor and a memory, the controller acting according to programmed instructions to control the operation of the fuel cell to power the electrical device. It further includes a sensor operatively coupled to the controller for providing a parameter of interest related to the operation of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The light transmittance of a toluene extract (LT) of the carbon black is greater than or equal to40%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The light transmittance of a toluene extract (LT) of the carbon black is greater than or equal to40%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The non-sulfur-based cross-linker is a polyol cross-linker and/or a peroxide cross-linker.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorocarbon rubber has a fluorine content of greater than or equal to66 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the fluorocarbon rubber is 2-40. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the fluorocarbon rubber is greater than or equal to100000. EXAMPLE - A rubber composition comprising fluorocarbon rubber (69 wt.% fluorine content, Mn of 350000, Mw/Mn of 12; 100 parts), carbon black (specific surface area of 8 m2/g, light transmittance of a toluene extract of 83%; 15 parts), calcium hydroxide (3 parts), magnesium oxide (6 parts), and polyol cross-linker (2 parts) was extruded and heated at 160degreesC for 1 hour to produce a monolayer rubber hose for a fuel reforming system. The rubber composition had excellent impermeability to fossil fuel, surface texture of extrudate, extrusion moldability, tensile strength, elongation, sulfur extractivity, and volume resistivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: When charging and discharging is performed to a negative electrode using positive electrode active material, deterioration of capacity with respect to charging and discharging rate at charging and discharging voltage rate of 3-4.3 V, is -6.7 (mAh/(gxC)) or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: When charging and discharging is performed to a negative electrode using positive electrode active material, deterioration of capacity with respect to charging and discharging rate at charging and discharging voltage rate of 3-4.3 V, is -6.7 (mAh/(gxC)) or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube-containing composition further contains a polymer compound (d), a basic compound (e), a surface active agent (f), a silane coupling agent (g) of formula (2) and a colloidal silica (h).R42-R44=hydrogen, 1-6C linear or branched alkyl, 1-6C linear or branched alkoxy, ammino, acetyl, phenyl or halogen;X=-(CH2)l or -(CH2)l-O-(CH2)m;l, m=0-6;andY=hydroxyl, thiol, amino, epoxy or epoxy cyclo hexyl. EXAMPLE - Poly(2-sulfo-5-methoxy-1,4-iminophenylene) (5) having volume resistivity of 9.0 Omega.cm, was stir-dissolved in water (95 g). Benzalkonium chloride aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride (10 g) in water (95 g), was dropped to the obtained polymer aqueous solution. The mixture was stirred at 25degreesC for 1 hour, and the reaction product was dried and filtered. A conductive polymer (A) (10 g) having ammonium salt of sulfonic acid group was obtained.    The obtained conductive polymer (A) (1 pt. wt.) and multilayer carbon nanotube (0.4 pts. wt.) manufactured by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, were mixed with N,N-dimethyl acetamide (100 pts. wt.), at room temperature. A carbon nanotube-containing composition was obtained. The obtained composition was applied on a glass substrate and dried at 150degreesC for 5 minutes. A coating film having surface resistance of 1.4x104 Omega and excellent external appearance was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solute comprises alkali metal hydroxide. The solvent comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solute comprises alkali metal hydroxide. The solvent comprises water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A front edge of the reforming catalyst is heated to a temperature at which fuel-air mixture ignites and generates heat which can be used for vaporization of subsequent fuel. The catalyst causes catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of hydrocarbons with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (H2O). The oxidizing agent facilitates oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The mixture is reacted with catalyst at 25-500degreesC for 30 seconds. The air-to-fuel and steam-to-fuel ratios are adjusted to have a temperature of 600-850degreesC in the reforming fuel catalyst.Preferred Parameters: The maximum temperature in the reforming fuel catalyst is 900degreesC. The air-carbon monoxide-hydrogen gas mixture has oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel may be liquid and/or vapor.Preferred Method: The combustible moieties, e.g. carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are produced by combining the fuel with an oxidant to create a mixture having oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2 or by reacting fuel with a catalyst. A portion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to create heat. The heat raises the temperature of a water-gas shift catalyst so that the catalyst becomes active for its water-gas shift reaction which converts carbon monoxide and generates additional heat. Air is injected downstream of the catalysts to have complete oxidation of all combustible moieties before the combustible moieties have egress from the system. Liquid water is injected when the water-gas shift catalyst temperature exceeds 400degreesC. Liquid water is injected in the form of water droplets having a diameter less than 50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The spiral shape electroconductive material is spiral shape carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The spiral shape electroconductive material is spiral shape carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises anion or cation. The anion is halogenated inorganic anions, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, sulfonates, or carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises anion or cation. The anion is halogenated inorganic anions, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates, carbonates, sulfonates, or carboxylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic group is cyclohydrocarbyl or heterocyclyl group. The cyclic group is not aryl or heteroaryl. The hydroxyalkyl group has hydroxyl group on its free terminal carbon. The cation is ethanol ammonium, N(alkoxyethyl) ammonium, N-methyl ethanol ammonium, N,N-dimethyl ethanol ammonium, diethanol ammonium, N-alkyl diethanol ammonium, putrescinium, 1-(3-hydroxypropyl) putrescinium, butyl diethanol ammonium ion, N,N-di(alkoxyalkyl)ammonium, or triethanol ammonium ion. The sulfonates and carboxylates are alkyl sulfonates and alkyl carbonates, respectively. The alkyl group is alkyl or alkyl substituted at any position with alkenyl, alkoxy, alkeneoxy, aryl, aryl alkyl, aryloxy, amino, aminoalkyl, thio, thioalkyl, hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl, carbonyl, oxoalkyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, or halide function. The anion is preferably organic carboxylate. Preferred Method: The method includes providing nitrogen containing compound of structure NRR'R" and neutralizing the compound in the first step with acid. Preferred Definitions:    R = OH, 1-6C hydroxyalkyl group, 2-6C polyol, 2-8C aminoalkyl group, putrescine, piperidine, or tropine, amino group, or preferably di-, tri-, or tetra-alkanol group;    R', and R" = H or R
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coating is NiCr2O4 and contains less than 35% wt. chromium and is applied by a soldering process. The nickel alloy further incorporates silicon, boron and/or phosphorus in proportions that lower the alloy melting point, together with copper, iron and/or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coating is NiCr2O4 and contains less than 35% wt. chromium and is applied by a soldering process. The nickel alloy further incorporates silicon, boron and/or phosphorus in proportions that lower the alloy melting point, together with copper, iron and/or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy includes (wt.%) calcium (0.01-0.05), and barium and tellurium (0.05-20). The concentration ratio tin/strontium is 7:30. The part(s) of rolled texture is recrystallized structure with average grain size of less than or equal to20microns.Preferred Methods: The part(s) of rolled texture is formed by cold rolling and heat treatment at less than or equal to160degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The outer and center metal plates are made of metal selected from stainless steel, nickel and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fullerene compound contained in the carbon-type material is 1-60 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of fullerene compound contained in the carbon-type material is 1-60 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group of formulae (1,2), and Ar1 consists of group of formula (1 and 2) at a molar ratio of 1:0.8-1:1.2; and    Ar2=group of formula (3).    EXAMPLE - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) (in g) (2150), p-phenylene diamine (27.04) and 3,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (50.06) were stirred at normal temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Terephthalic acid dichloride (101.51) was added to the resulting mixture, cooled, stirred, and counteract by adding calcium hydroxide (37.04). The obtained mixture was gradually heated, and reacted at 80degreesC for 80 minutes, to obtain an aramid resin NMP solution. The resin solution had characteristic viscosity of 3.7 dl/g at 30degreesC. VGCF (RTM: carbon nanotube) (0.12), 60C fullerene and aramid resin NMP solution (247.5) were mixed, and spun to obtain a composite fiber of aramid resin/carbon fiber/fullerene. The composite fiber had fiber size of 2.11 dtex, elasticity of 4.2% and tensile strength of 92.4 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene molecule is high power fullerene, metal endohedral fullerene, or fullerene derivative which is C60 and C70 or more.Preferred Crystal: The needle crystal is modified with heating or electron beam. The needle crystal has shape of closed or opened hole.Preferred Method: The needle crystal contains C60 or C60-platinum derivative. The needle crystal is obtained by toluene saturated solution of C60 containing platinum derivative ((eta2-C60) Pt(PPh3)2) and isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The battery separator has an air permeability of 1-100 sec/10 cc and melt integrity of greater than or equal to 200degreesC. It has a shutdown temperature of 138degreesC and a puncture resistance of more than 300 g/25 microns. It has a thermal shrinkage of less than or equal to 10% both in the machine and transverse directions. It has an average pore diameter of 0.01-1 microns. EXAMPLE - A dry-blend containing 17 pbw ultra high molecular weight polyethylene having molecular weight of 1x106, 3 pbw titanium (IV) oxide with an average particle size of less than 0.2 microns was prepared. To 100 pbw of the dry blend thus prepared were added 0.1 pbw antioxidant. The 25 pbw of the resultant mixture were fed into a twin screw extruder. The dry blend mixture was melt-kneaded in the extruder while feeding 75 pbw liquid paraffin from at least two feed throats making a solution. The above solution was extruded from a coat hanger die into the form of a sheet approximately 5 mil thick. Using a three-roll calender, the gel sheet was hot pressed and cooled down producing a 2-3 mil thick gel sheet. The liquid paraffin in the gel sheet was extracted by hexane and dried. The dried microporous sheet was stretched in transverse direction at 125A-degreesC for 200% and also heat set at 125A-degreesC, producing a microporous membrane of less than 26.5 m in thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst metal film is chosen from iron, nickel or cobalt.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Spiro-(1,1')-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte composition (test) containing dimethyl carbonate and spiro-(1,1')-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate was prepared. Another electrolyte composition (control) containing dimethyl carbonate and triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate was also prepared. The coefficient of viscosity (mPa) and conductivity (mS/cm) for test/control, measured at 30degreesC was 3.11/4.76 and 21.76/19.30, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The container comprises porous container, which has a predetermined volume and many pores for venting the hydrogen gas; and gas-liquid separation membrane (15), which adheres closely to the porous container to block the pores of the porous container and through which the hydrogen gas separated from the aqueous solution passes. The reaction control unit comprises holding casing, which is fixed to the housing and has its portion extending into an inside space of container; and moving casing, which contains the hydrogen-generating catalyst, is installed capable of moving in the holding casing, and is open or closed by moving relative to the holding casing according to a decrease or increase in a pressure in the container. An internal space of the holding casing is open to the outside of the housing through an air hole and the elastic support unit comprises bellows having one end fixed to the moving casing to be sealed in the holding casing and being open to the outside of housing through the air hole to apply an atmospheric pressure to the moving casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-liquid separation membrane is composed of Teflon-based GoreTex, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkylvinyl ether copolymer, and/or polysulfone-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The coupling has a cylindrical portion (1b) for connection, whose end portion(s) is extrapolated with a resin tube (9). The surface of O-ring is low frictionized by carrying out non-adhesive coating or surface treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has the crystallographic structure of K2NiF4. (I) has an surface exchange coefficient (K) of oxygen higher than 2.10-6 per square cm at 900degreesC and 1.10-8 per square cm at 500degreesC, electronic conductivity (sigmae) of 70 S.cm-1 (preferably 90 S.cm-1) at 700degreesC, oxygen diffusion coefficient higher than 1.10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1.10-7 cm2.S-1 at 900degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) has the crystallographic structure of K2NiF4. (I) has an surface exchange coefficient (K) of oxygen higher than 2.10-6 per square cm at 900degreesC and 1.10-8 per square cm at 500degreesC, electronic conductivity (sigmae) of 70 S.cm-1 (preferably 90 S.cm-1) at 700degreesC, oxygen diffusion coefficient higher than 1.10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1.10-7 cm2.S-1 at 900degreesC. Preferred Definition:    A = lanthanum, praseodymium (Pr) or neodymium (Nd) (preferred);    A1 = strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca) (preferred);    M = chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) (preferred) or copper (Cu); and    M1 = manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) (both preferred), cobalt (Co) or iron (Fe).    EXAMPLE - Reacting neodymium (Nd2O3) and nickel oxide (NiO) at 1100degreesC by ground-freezing to leave neodymium and nickel nitrates in the solution to obtain neodymium (1.95) nickel tetra oxide Nd1.95NiO(4+d) and neodymium (1.90) nickel tetra oxide Nd1.90NiO(4+d) with a value of 0.05-0.10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide contains oxide(s) of transition metal chosen from group VA-VIIA and group VIII elements, preferably manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide contains oxide(s) of transition metal chosen from group VA-VIIA and group VIII elements, preferably manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The electroconductive powder contains acetylene black and/or ketchen black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The ionic conductivity of the ion conductor interposed between the support and glass electrode (4) at 23degreesC is higher than the ionic conductivity in the direction orthogonal to the electrodes at 23degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ion conductor further contains cyano compounds of formula (II) or (III).R1, R2=2-10C straight alkyl group.Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains electrolyte (1-30 mol%) and the cyano compound (70-99 mol%). EXAMPLE - (In g) 4-cyano-4'-hydroxy biphenyl (47.9), 2-chloroethanol (24.6) and potassium carbonate (66.4) were dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide (DMF) (150 ml). The obtained solution was heated at 90degreesC for 12 hours and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture was extracted with diethyl ether and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to the filtrate. The obtained organic layer was dried and vacuum concentrated to obtain 4'-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile.    DMF (100 ml) and sodium hydride (1.3) were added to the obtained compound and stirred in argon atmosphere for 2 hours. The solution was further stirred at room temperature for 10 hours and washed with water. Ethyl acetate was added and the organic layer was separated to obtain 4'-(2-propoxy ethoxy) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (3.24) with yield of 34%. Lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (0.03) and 4'-(2-propoxy ethoxy) biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (0.27 g) were dissolved at 100degreesC. The obtained solution was cooled to room temperature to obtain ion conductor.    The ion conductor had ionic conductivity of 8.26x10-6 S/cm at 23degreesC and 4.11x10-5 C at 65degreesC in the orthogonal direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The boron-containing carbonaceous material comprises less than or equal to0.05 mass % boron nitride. The raw material for the boron-containing carbonaceous material is coke, meso-phase carbon, pitch, charcoal, resin charcoal, natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, vapor-phase grown fiber, carbon nanotube, amorphous carbon, or fullerene.Preferred Property: The boron-containing carbonaceous material is capable of providing an electrical conductivity in hydrothermal extract water of less than or equal to150 muS/cm, when subjected to a hot water extraction the conditions such that the mass ratio between pure water and the carbonaceous material is 5:1, and the carbonaceous material is subjected to the extraction at 150degreesC for 120 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The boron-containing carbonaceous material comprises less than or equal to0.05 mass % boron nitride. The raw material for the boron-containing carbonaceous material is coke, meso-phase carbon, pitch, charcoal, resin charcoal, natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, vapor-phase grown fiber, carbon nanotube, amorphous carbon, or fullerene.Preferred Property: The boron-containing carbonaceous material is capable of providing an electrical conductivity in hydrothermal extract water of less than or equal to150 muS/cm, when subjected to a hot water extraction the conditions such that the mass ratio between pure water and the carbonaceous material is 5:1, and the carbonaceous material is subjected to the extraction at 150degreesC for 120 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The tab plate has a notch (15b) formed along a periphery of the current breaking portion, and is perforated by a ventilation hole. The breaking portion, shaped like a trapezoid or a triangle, is fixed to the vent through welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A discharge filter is provided downstream of the compressor and upstream of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The conductive materials comprise micron conductive fiber. They further comprise conductive powder. They are metal. They are non-conductive materials with metal plating. The terminals are molded into the case of the battery charging device. They further comprise ferromagnetic loading. They further comprise a metal layer overlying the conductive loaded resin-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive materials are 20-50 wt.% of the total weight of the conductive loaded resin-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: Bacteria contained in fermentation portion is Clostridium acetobutyricum, Clostridium tertium, Clostridium sartagoforme, Clostridium butyricum and/or Clostridium fimetarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The L and A can be in the form of nitrates, carbonates, or hydroxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The L and A can be in the form of nitrates, carbonates, or hydroxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The nonionic compound is ether-group or ester-type compound, alcohol-type compound, fluoro hydrocarbon, polyalkyl siloxane or fluorine-containing polymer. The nonionic compound is (CO2 affinity portion)-X or -X-(CO2 affinity portion)-X such as F-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-, X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-, F-(CF2)q-(OC3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)p-X-Rh, F-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)pX-Rh-X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-F, or Rh-X-(CH2)p-(CF2O)o-(C2F4O)n-(C3F6O)m-(CF2)q-(OCF3F6)m-(OC2F4)n-(OCF2)o-(CH2)pX-Rh, where m and n are 0-15 and are not 0 simultaneously, sum of n and m is less than or equal to 20, o is 0-20, p is 0-2, q is 1-10, -(OC3F6)m- is -(OCF2CF2CF2)m- or -(OCF(CF3)CF2)n-,-(OC2F4)m- is -(OCF2CF2)m- or -(OCF(CF3))n-, X is single bond, oxygen, sulfur, NH, NRa, C=O, C(O)O, OC(O), C(O)S, SC(O), C(O)NH, C(O)NRa, NH(O)C, NR(O)C, CH2, CHRa, CRa2, SO2NH or NHSO2, Ra is alkyl group, and Rh is hydrophilic portion or liner or branched hydrocarbon group optionally having hetero atom, preferably polyoxyalkylene group. The nonionic compound is of formula: Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X, X-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X, Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh, Y-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-Y, or Rh-X-(CH2)n1-(CF2)m1-(CH2)n1-X-Rh, where Y is fluorine or hydrogen, X is bonding group chosen from COO, oxygen, sulfur, CONH, NHCO, SO2NH or NHSO2, m1 is 3-20, n1 is 0-2, and Rh is hydrophilic portion or liner or branched hydrocarbon group optionally having hetero atom, preferably polyoxyalkylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The surface layer has a thickness of 0.1-500 microns. Preferred Method: The heating temperature of metal substrate having the lanthanum layer on its surface is 300-900degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    M=Ni, Ti, Cr, Mo, W, Al, V, Co, Cu, Fe and/or Mn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of baking, slow cooling and grinding are repeated twice or more. The mixture is baked at 900-1200degreesC.Preferred Material: The crystal is acicular, fibrous or flake form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of baking, slow cooling and grinding are repeated twice or more. The mixture is baked at 900-1200degreesC.Preferred Material: The crystal is acicular, fibrous or flake form. EXAMPLE - Sodium carbonate, manganese oxide and titanium oxide were uniformly mixed in a molar ratio of 1:1:2. The mixture was baked at 1000degreesC in air for 15 hours. Baking, slow cooling and grinding were repeated. A material having crystal structure of Li0.44MnO2, was obtained. The crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element (B) is vanadium. The compound (Z) is vanadium complex oxide having AV2O6 type brownelite structure. The metallic element (A) is cadmium, calcium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The compound (X) is contacted with the solvent, after contacting compound (Y) with the solvent. The non-hydrate of metal chalcogen compound (Z) is obtained without carrying out hydration of metal chalcogen compound (Z).Preferred Properties: The shape of particle of compound (Z) differs from the shape of particle of compound (Y). The metal chalcogen compound has strip-shaped particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element (B) is vanadium. The compound (Z) is vanadium complex oxide having AV2O6 type brownelite structure. The metallic element (A) is cadmium, calcium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc and/or copper. EXAMPLE - Distilled water (100 ml) was added to a flask, heated and stirred slowly. Manganese acetate (Mn(CH3COO)2.4H2O) (12.3 g) having purity of 99% and vanadium oxide (9.1 g) having purity of 99.99% were prepared and separately added to flask. The heating was terminated after reaching 95degreesC and maintained at 95plus minus2degreesC. Supernatant liquid was removed by decantation. The reaction mixture was filtered and dried at 60degreesC to obtain a metal chalcogen compound in the form of dark brown powder. An electrode material was manufactured using the obtained compound with excellent electrochemical capability. An electrochemical device having the electrode was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal fine wire consists of steel, nickel, iron, copper, molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible substrate may be of copper sheet or be non-metallic of a PCB (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane electrode assembly may be a stratified lamination of a proton exchange membrane, a polymer catalyst layer and a carbon paper/carbon tissue (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The air cathode has one surface coated with a porous hydrophobic layer, and another surface coated with an activated carbon powder. The metal frame has bent portions in the four sides of a rectangular frame, where the inner side is formed in a window lattice shape. The rubber housing includes a pair of rubber tubes (21) in the lower sides of the left and right sides. Preferred Dimension: The metal frame has angular corners of bent portions cut away at 45degrees. The bent portions are draw-formed by a depth of 0.8-1.2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal air fuel electrode is a metal composed of aluminum and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal air fuel electrode is a metal composed of aluminum and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator is polypropylene non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fullerene crystal body is in the form of a rod having an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to2, a plate or a granule. The solvent is benzonitrile. Preferred Property: The ratio of the solubility of the fullerene showing a relatively high solubility to the solubility of the fullerene showing a relatively low solubility is greater than or equal to2. Preferred Composition: The content of the fullerene showing a relatively high solubility in the solvent is 0.5-10 mole% based on the total amount of fullerenes. At least two types of fullerenes each having a different molecular weight are composed of a fullerene bearing 60 carbon atoms and a fullerene bearing 70 carbon atoms. Preferred Process: The fullerene showing a relatively low solubility is dissolved in advance in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ionic liquid has a melting point of less than 60degreesC (preferably less than 25degreesC) and a specific conductivity of 1-600 milli-siemens/cm. Preferred Components: The ionic liquid comprises one heterocyclic amine ionic compound or at least two heterocyclic amine compounds. The heterocyclic amine is a single-ring compound containing 5-7 ring members, with 1-3 ring members being a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. At least one of the heteroatoms is nitrogen. The heterocyclic amine is optionally substituted pyrrole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, thiazole, oxyazole, triazole, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone, piperazine, piperidine, or pyrroline, preferably pyridine or picoline. The heterocyclic amine may be a multi-cyclic fused ring structure containing from 8-14 ring members, with 1-3 ring members being a heteroatom, e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The heterocyclic amine may be optionally substituted imidazole, quinoline, quinoxyaline, purine, or isoquinoline. Preferred Composition: The etching solution comprises ionic liquid in an amount effective to remove silicon oxide layer at up to 1250 Angstrom /minute. The etching solution comprises pyridine trihydrofluoric acid in propylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (60 g) was added slowly to pyridine (55 g) in an autoclave with stirring, giving a pyridine to hydrogen fluoride mole ratio of 1:3. When the heat of the reaction subsided and the mixture cooled down, the autoclave contained liquid (115 g) boiling at 180degreesC. Analysis of the material confirmed the structure of the new compound as the ionic liquid (pyridine.3HF). The conductivity of pure ionic liquid was measured as 98 mS/cm. The liquid did not etch borosilicate glass unlike Olah's reagent which reacted with glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Neither of the inner layer nor the outer layer contains a plasticizer. The outer layer material contains a compatibilizer.Preferred Composition: A blending ratio of the polyolefin resin to the styrene-isobutylene block copolymer in the inner layer material is 20/80 - 80/20. A blending ratio of the polyamide resin to the styrene-isobutylene block copolymer in the outer layer material is 20/80 - 90/10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The catalyst layers are annealed at 70-200degreesC. The pressure of 1-200 kg/cm2 is applied to the first and second surfaces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous solvents when combined have a dielectric constant greater than 5. Preferred Component: The catalyst ink further comprises a conductive filler. The conductive filler comprises graphite particles, carbon particles or graphitized carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous solvents when combined have a dielectric constant greater than 5. Preferred Component: The catalyst ink further comprises a conductive filler. The conductive filler comprises graphite particles, carbon particles or graphitized carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous solvent is alcohols, alkyl ethers, alkyl ketones, alkyl esters, alkyl amides, alkyl sulfones, alkyl sulfoxides, or alkyl carbonates. It can be dimethylacetamide (preferably), dimethylformamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentane, 2-butoxy ethanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2 propanediol, isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, 1-octanol, butanol, 2-methoxyethyl ether, and/or methyl propyl ketone. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent is greater than 95 wt.% liquid in the catalyst ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The hydrogen permselective barrier layer comprises palladium or tantalum foil coated with palladium. The hydrogen permselective barrier comprises catalyst and a polymer electrolyte. The catalyzed fuel oxidation electrode comprises gas diffusion backing and a platinum-ruthenium oxide layer comprising polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The separator has an air resistance of less than or equal to100 sec/100 ml. The filler grains have a primary average grain size of not greater thanone half the thickness of the porous film. The separator has a film thickness of 1-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The synthetic resin comprises polyamide, polyamide imide, polyimide, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyphenyl sulfone, and/or polyacrylonitrile. The filler grains are inorganic grains with electrical insulation property or polytetrafluoroethylene grains.Preferred Composition: The filler grains are contained in 25-85 wt.% of the total solid content of the porous film. EXAMPLE - Polyamide imide with a glass transition temperature of 300degreesC was dissolved in a good solvent comprising N,N-dimethyl acetamide, and then a poor solvent comprising ethylene glycol and filler grains comprising polytetrafluoroethylene grains with a primary average grain size of 0.25 microns and melting point of 320degreesC were added and mixed to obtain a coating material. The coating material had a solid content of 30 wt.%, and the content of filler grains was 30 wt.% of the solid content. It was applied on a resin film base comprising polyethylene phthalate, and then dried at 80degreesC. The resin film base was peeled to obtain an electronic component separator. The thickness of the obtained porous film was 25 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The oxygen/air plenum also confronts the nickel hydroxide electrode and supplies oxygen/air to the nickel hydroxide electrode. The hydrogen plenum also confronts the metal-hydride electrode and supplies hydrogen to the metal-hydride electrode. An electrolyte absorbent separator is adjacent the NiOOH and metal-hydride electrodes and wetted by the electrolyte. An electrolyte compartment (12) remote from the first set of electrodes contains the electrolyte between the gas-diffusion electrodes. The separator communicates with the chamber. The gas diffusion electrodes comprise a hydrogen gas-storing catalyst. The oxygen/air gas diffusion electrode comprises an oxygen gas-storing catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydride is a hydride of a transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydride is a hydride of a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A surface layer of the base plate is oxidized including the through holes. A catalyst is supported on the oxidized surface layer. An electric heating film is made on one surface of the base plate. The base plate comprises two metal plates and an electric heating film sandwiched between the metal layers. The through holes are made to be in parallel with one another along the lengthwise direction of the base plate and to run straight so as not to wind halfway. The reactor main body has a reformer containing a base plate with through holes. The reformer reforms fuel and supplies the reformed fuel to the fuel cell. The reactor man body has a carburetor containing a base plate with through holes. A hydrogen reformer comprises a base plate with through holes. The base plate is a resistor base plate. The resistor base plate is of a carbon-based material. The reactor includes a voltage application section directly applying a voltage to the resistor base plate to generate heat from the resistor base plate. A catalyst component is supported on a surface layer of the resistor base plate including through holes. A support film is made on the surface layer of the resistor base plate including through holes. A catalyst component is supported on the support film. The through holes are in parallel to one another along the lengthwise direction of the resistor base plate and run straight so as not to wind halfway. The generator includes load operating on power generated by the fuel cell. The reactor includes a heating section directly applying voltage to the base plate to heat up the base plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery terminal connector further comprises insulator; spindle arising from insulator; and clamping nut rotatably connectable onto the spindle, where the insulator permits the clamping nut to be handled by the individual changing the fuse with a lowered risk of shock. The spindle and insulator are integrally secured to a bracket (32). The bracket is made of an insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating material is a polymer which is polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electrodes comprise a woven or non-woven fabric comprising electrically conductive fibers. The organic material is a sugar, fatty acid or lignocellulosic material. The organic material is derived from waste water. The organic material in the first compartment is inoculated with the electrochemically active microorganisms during start-up of the fuel cell. Substances that promote the operation of the fuel cell are added to the water on the inside of the electrode system in the first compartment. EXAMPLE - The electrode system comprised a membrane header (20), e.g. of polypropylene, a conductor wire (23) connected to the external circuit, a membrane (24), a conductive material (25) on the inside of the membrane, and a spacer (26) through which water or liquid can be transported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A polymeric electrolyte film is used for reducing the fuel consumption and preventing the corrosion of the carbon member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The oxygen enrichment device (21) is a gas separation device, specifically a membrane device or an adsorption-desorption device. The oxygen feed line includes two valves (27, 28) (preferably 3-way electrical valves, with a control device), upstream and downstream respectively of the enrichment device respectively and linked by a gas pipe (29) to form a diversion circuit (26). The compressor is driven by an electric motor (12). The gas entering the enrichment device is air, previously filtered by an air filter (19) upstream of enrichment device. A turbine (11) is provided for expansion of the anodic and cathodic residual gas from the motor (12); and a burner is provided for the anodic residual gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The oxygen enrichment device (21) is a gas separation device, specifically a membrane device or an adsorption-desorption device. The oxygen feed line includes two valves (27, 28) (preferably 3-way electrical valves, with a control device), upstream and downstream respectively of the enrichment device respectively and linked by a gas pipe (29) to form a diversion circuit (26). The compressor is driven by an electric motor (12). The gas entering the enrichment device is air, previously filtered by an air filter (19) upstream of enrichment device. A turbine (11) is provided for expansion of the anodic and cathodic residual gas from the motor (12); and a burner is provided for the anodic residual gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: An atom ratio of chromium to iron contained in the nitride compound layer is lower than that of chromium to iron contained in the base material. A nitrogen content and an oxygen content at a depth of 3-4 nm from an outermost surface of the nitride compound layer are greater than or equal to9 (preferably greater than or equal to10) atom% and less than or equal to43 (preferably less than or equal to25) atom%, respectively. A ratio of an oxygen content to a nitrogen content at a depth of 3-4 nm from an outermost surface of the nitride compound layer is less than or equal to4.8 (preferably less than or equal to3.5). At a depth of 10 nm from an outermost layer of the nitride compound layer, a nitrogen content is greater than or equal to15 atom% and an oxygen content is less than or equal to26 atom%. At a depth of 100 nm from an outermost layer of the nitride compound layer, a nitrogen content is greater than or equal to16 atom% and an oxygen content is less than or equal to21 atom%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Dimensions: A thickness ratio of the nitride compound layer to the base material is 1/200 - 1/10. A thickness of the nitride compound layer is 0.5-10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Nitriding is performed at less than or equal to500degreesC. It is ion nitriding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ceramic material is at least one kind from AlNx1, AlOx2, SiNx3, or SiOx4. The substrate is a glass sheet or a ceramic sheet.x1=0.5-1;x2=0.8-1.5;x3=0.7-1.3;x4=1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The rare earth metal film has a thickness of 5-1000 nm and the protective film has a thickness of 5-40 nm. The rare earth metal film has a thickness of 5-100 or 100-1000 nm and is used for detection of hydrogen concentration of less than or equal to1 vol.%.Preferred Composition: The content of the hydrogen-permeable metal particles in the protective film is 30-70% by mass.Preferred Component: The rare earth metal film is constituted by at least one kind from yttrium, cerium, or lanthanum. The hydrogen-permeable metal particles are palladium, platinum, niobium, vanadium, or tantalum. The heater is a resistor film formed on one side of the substrate made of platinum, ruthenium oxide, or a silver-palladium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The protective film is constituted using the same or different two or more layers. The substrate is provided with a heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The rare earth metal film has a thickness of 5-1000 nm and the protective film has a thickness of 5-40 nm. The rare earth metal film has a thickness of 5-100 or 100-1000 nm and is used for detection of hydrogen concentration of less than or equal to1 vol.%.Preferred Composition: The content of the hydrogen-permeable metal particles in the protective film is 30-70% by mass.Preferred Component: The rare earth metal film is constituted by at least one kind from yttrium, cerium, or lanthanum. The hydrogen-permeable metal particles are palladium, platinum, niobium, vanadium, or tantalum. The heater is a resistor film formed on one side of the substrate made of platinum, ruthenium oxide, or a silver-palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metallic foil portions comprises metal selected from a group containing copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: A reducing agent (14) such as phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid and trimethyl amine borane is introduced to reaction bath, after forming supercritical state and emulsion state in reaction bath. Preferred Bath: The palladium bath contains palladium chloride as palladium ion supply source, thioglycolic acid as improvement agent, ethylene diamine as complex agent, and reducing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: A reducing agent (14) such as phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid and trimethyl amine borane is introduced to reaction bath, after forming supercritical state and emulsion state in reaction bath. Preferred Bath: The palladium bath contains palladium chloride as palladium ion supply source, thioglycolic acid as improvement agent, ethylene diamine as complex agent, and reducing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dissociating step comprises dissociating hydrogen sulfide present in the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction, by thermal decomposition under plasma conditions. It is performed between 1500-2000degreesC, and between 200-500 kilopascals. It is performed in a plasma reactor, which is driven by electromagnetic energy comprising microwave energy. The first separating step comprises passing the feed gas through an amine based reagent (34), which is capable of selectively absorbing hydrogen sulfide, so that the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction is absorbed by the amine based reagent; regenerating the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction to recover the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction.Preferred Component: The amine based reagent comprises Flexsorb (RTM; amine based reagent).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dissociating step comprises dissociating hydrogen sulfide present in the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction, by thermal decomposition under plasma conditions. It is performed between 1500-2000degreesC, and between 200-500 kilopascals. It is performed in a plasma reactor, which is driven by electromagnetic energy comprising microwave energy. The first separating step comprises passing the feed gas through an amine based reagent (34), which is capable of selectively absorbing hydrogen sulfide, so that the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction is absorbed by the amine based reagent; regenerating the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction to recover the amine based reagent from the first purified hydrogen sulfide fraction.Preferred Component: The amine based reagent comprises Flexsorb (RTM; amine based reagent).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Naphthalene is naphthalene, tetralin or biphenyl. Preferred Method: Naphthalene and/or tetralin and hydrogen are reacted, and decalin and/or tetralin are synthesized. EXAMPLE - Naphthalene (in g) (0.2993) and activated carbon supported rhodium catalyst (0.1019) were introduced into a stainless steel high pressure reactor. Hydrogen with pressure of 6.1 MPa and carbon dioxide with pressure of 10.2 MPa were introduced into the reactor and hydrogenation reaction was performed at 80degreesC for 120 minutes. Reaction temperature was lowered, hydrogen and carbon dioxide were discharged and decalin was recovered, after completion of reaction. The conversion ratio of naphthalene was 100% and selectivity of decalin was 100%. Decalin contained 23.9% cis decalin and 76.1% trans decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall and the outer wall of the heat insulator are made of material selected from the group containing stainless steel, ceramics, aluminum and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall and the outer wall of the heat insulator are made of material selected from the group containing stainless steel, ceramics, aluminum and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pipe is formed from the materials selected from group 8,9,10,11, and 12 elements. Specifically the pipe is formed from the material selected from the group containing copper, nickel, zinc, platinum, cobalt and alloys of these materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pipe is formed from the materials selected from group 8,9,10,11, and 12 elements. Specifically the pipe is formed from the material selected from the group containing copper, nickel, zinc, platinum, cobalt and alloys of these materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid electrolyte contains tetraethylammonium tetrafluoro borate, ethylmethyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate, propylene carbonate    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid electrolyte contains tetraethylammonium tetrafluoro borate, ethylmethyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate, propylene carbonate
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate is a solid polymer electrolyte or a porous electrically conductive sheet material. The substrate may be a fuel cell electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Vapor deposition is carried out by sputter deposition at 1x10-7 - 1x10-2 Torr in inert gas (preferably argon). Activating the catalyst precursor includes immersing the catalyst precursor in caustic solution. Preferred Parameters: The catalyst precursor loading on the substrate is less than 4 mg/cm2 (preferably less than 1 mg/cm2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Vapor deposition is carried out by sputter deposition at 1x10-7 - 1x10-2 Torr in inert gas (preferably argon). Activating the catalyst precursor includes immersing the catalyst precursor in caustic solution. Preferred Parameters: The catalyst precursor loading on the substrate is less than 4 mg/cm2 (preferably less than 1 mg/cm2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solution of a strong acid functional material is a solution of below pH 2, which becomes a solution of pH greater than or equal to2 by adding the specific amount of the base.Preferred Materials: The base may be ammonia. The solution of a strong acid functional material is a strong acid solution of a platinum group compound, preferably a hexachloroplatinic acid. The component of an ejection device comprises a metal having a higher ionization tendency compared to a platinum group element and/or a compound of the metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solution of a strong acid functional material is a solution of below pH 2, which becomes a solution of pH greater than or equal to2 by adding the specific amount of the base.Preferred Materials: The base may be ammonia. The solution of a strong acid functional material is a strong acid solution of a platinum group compound, preferably a hexachloroplatinic acid. The component of an ejection device comprises a metal having a higher ionization tendency compared to a platinum group element and/or a compound of the metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base may be an organic base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The production of hydrogen comprises providing a chemical reactor (30).Providing the first composition comprises providing sodium hydroxide (11) to the reactor.The method includes providing a second composition by providing hydrocarbon (methane) to the reactor to react with sodium hydroxide to produce chemical hydride.The chemically reaction of the first and second compositions includes providing a burner (70); supplying a portion of byproducts produced by the chemical reaction of the first and second compositions; and supply heat energy produced by the burner to increase temperature of the compositions.The method includes providing a container (13) defining a cavity (21); supplying liquid (90) to the cavity; increasing pressure of liquid within the container to high pressure; and supplying the chemical hydride to the cavity.It includes providing an expansion engine and coupling the engine in fluid flowing relation relative to the high pressure hydrogen gas; coupling the engine to a refrigeration assembly; and energizing the refrigeration assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound capable of producing electron by light irradiation is a pigment having porphyrin structure of formula (P1). Preferred Fuel: The biological fuel contains starch, glucose, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The self-integrated component has ribbon-like or tube shape. Preferred Definitions:    X=bromine atom or iodine atom, preferably bromine atom;    R1=10-30C alkyl, preferably 10-20C alkyl;    R2=C6H4OH, C6H4OCH3, C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH or C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOCH3;and    R4=-C6H4-COOH, -C6H4-CO2CH3 or -C6H4-CO2C2H5.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hexa peri hexa benzo coronene derivative is 2,8-dibromo-11,14,17-tridodecyl-(4-methoxy phenyl) hexa peri hexa benzo coronene (disclosed).    EXAMPLE - Nitro methane (7 ml) solution of iron (III) chloride (1.10 g) was added to dichloro methane (70 ml) solution of 1,3-bis(4-bromophenyl)-4,5,6-tris(4-dodecyl phenyl)-2-(4'-methoxy biphenyl-4-yl) benzene. Argon was succeedingly introduced into the mixture and stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into excess methanol, and the produced precipitate was filtered. The precipitate was purified with silica gel column chromatography, and 2,8-dibromo-11,14,17-tridodecyl-(4-methoxy phenyl) hexa peri hexa benzo coronene (420 mg) was obtained as yellow solid with yield of 87%.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=10-20C alkyl;    R2=C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOCH3;and    X=hydrogen atom or alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 4-Diphenyl-2,3-bis(4-n-dodecyl phenyl)-5,6-bis(4'-(2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-4-biphenylyl) benzene (0.70 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (200 ml) and stirred at room temperature. Anhydrous FeCl3 (2.7 g) dissolved in nitromethane (5 ml) was added, and color of the solution was changed from dark-red-black to orange. The mixture was stirred for 90 minutes and methanol (100 ml) was added. The obtained yellow precipitate was filtered and purified. The purified material was further purified by dichloromethane/ethanol, vacuum-dried and 2,5-di(n-dodecyl)-11,14-bis(4'-(2-(2-(2-methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-hexa-peri-hexa benzo coronene (0.49 g) was obtained with a yield of 73%. The obtained compound was added to tetrahydrofuran and heated at 40degreesC. The obtained transparent solution was gelatinized at room temperature. A tube of narrow nano size having wire diameter distribution of aspect ratio of 1000 or more was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The circuit board with LED lights assemblies at the edges.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The production of chemical hydride further comprises providing a chemical reactor (11) having internal cavity (15), and supplying the composition and the source of hydrocarbon to the internal cavity to chemically react at a selected temperature (greater than -40degreesC) and pressure (greater than ambient); and controlling the temperature and pressure to optimize the production of the chemical hydride.A source of catalyst (32) is provided to react with the composition and the source of hydrocarbon.A source of water (50) is also provided to chemically react water with the composition and the source of hydrocarbon.The chemical hydride is recovered at greater than 20degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier comprises an evaporator for evaporating the hydrogen-containing fuel. The heater comprises combustor combined with the evaporator. The compressed-air supply source comprises a compressor connected to a modifying-air supply passage communicating with the modifier and the residual gas passage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The transformation element (2) consists of a leaf-spring with a piezoelectric layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transformation element (2) consists of a composite material with a rubber or Keflar film carrier and piezoelectric fibers. A silicone or Teflon layer is located between the transformation surface (3) and the tire fitting section (sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reforming reaction is performed by a steam reforming method, a partial oxidation method, and/or an autothermal reforming method that is a combination of the steam reforming method and the partial oxidation method. The partially oxidizing step, the cracking step, and the reforming step are performed in atmospheres of air, oxygen and steam. They are continuously performed. EXAMPLE - A reforming catalyst rhodium-platinum/aluminum oxide (Rh-Pt/Al203) was prepared by impregnation. A 20 g powder of Rh/Al203 was weighed out and, separately, hydrogen chloroplatinate was weighed out to be 1 wt.% in terms of a platinum metal. Hydrogen chloroplatinate was dissolved in 200 ml ultra-pure water contained in a beaker. The aqueous solution of platinum was stirred. Rh/Al203 was slowly added to the aqueous solution of platinum. The dispersion containing Rh/Al203 was slowly stirred for 60 minutes and left to stand for 6 hours. The dispersion in slurry state was dry-solidified by evaporation and, then dry-solidified. The yield of hydrogen using the catalyst was 88.5% at a reaction temperature of 72.3degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The catalyst is made by impregnating zirconia with solution containing ruthenium and potassium, calcining, and reducing. A test in which the catalyst is placed in a reaction chamber and contacted with a reactant gas mixture containing 8% carbon monoxide (CO), 7% carbon dioxide (CO2), 38% hydrogen (H2), and 47% water (H2O), at a contact time of 50 milliseconds and 325degreesC, or contact time of 25 milliseconds and 420degreesC, results in greater than 70% CO conversion and at least 80% CO2 selectivity. The porous substrate comprises FeCrAlY. It comprises felt.Preferred Properties: The catalyst comprises a large pore support, where at least 20% of the catalyst's pore volume is composed of pores having diameter of 0.1-300 microns, preferably 1-100 microns. It comprises ZrO2 with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area greater than 10 m2/g. It has a pore volume of 30-95%. At least 50% of the material's pore volume comprises pores of 0.3-200 microns.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.1-10 wt.% each of ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K). It comprises 0.2-3 wt.% Ru and 0.1-10 wt.% K, preferably 0.5-3 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A powder catalyst, Ru/ZrO2 promoted with K was prepared. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) was ground and sieved. Ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K) were co-impregnated onto ZrO2 support to its incipient wetness point (0.4 g/cc) from an aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) hydrate and potassium nitrate. The impregnated sample was set at room temperature for 30 minutes to drying under vacuum at 100degreesC overnight. The catalyst was calcined under ambient conditions with a ramping rate of 5degreesC/minute to 350degreesC and isothermally held at that temperature for 1 hour. Water gas shift reaction was carried out. At a catalyst bed temperature of 420degreesC, the conversion of carbon monoxide reached 85% while the selectivity to carbon dioxide was greater than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is ceramics, cements, glass, zeolites, perovskites, fibers, fibrous material, or mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A hydrogen-consuming device uses a portion of the hydrogen gas reaction product. It is connected with the system. It is a fuel cell, a combustion engine, and/or a gas turbine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic pigment catalysts are a solid, loose powder attached to a substrate. The hydrogen generating catalysts comprise organic pigments having an orbital structure with a low unoccupied molecular orbital (lumo) energy. The organic pigments are pyranthrenedione, indanthrene gold orange, ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, indanthrene black, dimethoxy violanthrone, 1,4-diketopyrrolo-3,4C pyrrole, quinacridone, indanthrene yellow, copper phthalocyanine, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, isoviolanthrone, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, or indigo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polymeric resin or plastic. The hydrogen generating catalyst is obtained through blending the catalyst powder with a poly (methyl methacrylate) binder and fixing the blended material onto a plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic compound is a liquid in room temperature. ADMINISTRATION - Preferred Definitions:    C+=cation chosen from 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium, propyl trimethyl ammonium, butyl trimethyl ammonium, hexyl trimethyl ammonium, trimethyl ammonium (2-methoxyethyl), trimethyl ammonium (3-methoxy propyl), trimethyl ammonium (4-methoxy butyl), trimethyl ammonium (6-methoxy hexyl), trimethyl ammonium (2-hydroxy ethyl), trimethyl ammonium (3-hydroxypropyl), trimethyl ammonium (6-hydroxy hexyl), N-propyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium, N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium and/or N-methoxyethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium.    EXAMPLE - 1-Ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (in g) (10) was dissolved in deionized water (50 ml). Then, imido (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (fluorosulfonyl) potassium salt (18.4) was added and ionic liquid was extracted with dichloromethane (50 ml). The liquid was then washed 5 times with deionized water (50 ml), dichloro methane was depressurizingly distilled and ionic liquid (19.7) was obtained. The ionic liquid had electrical conducitivity of 14.8 mS/cm and viscosity of 18 mPa.second at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of graphite powder with respect to epoxy resin binder is 3-5. Preferred Compound: The crystalline epoxy resin is of formula (1).G=glycidyl;R=univalent group;n=0-4;andX=S or O. EXAMPLE - YSLV-80DE (ether-type epoxy resin) (in weight parts) (100), Tamanol 758 (phenol novolak resin having softening point of 83degreesC and viscosity of 0.22-0.35 Pa.second) (65), U-CAT 3502T (dimethyl urea group promoter) (1.6) and high conductivity graphite (495) were melt-kneaded at 100degreesC. The kneaded material was ground and molded, to obtain a molded product. The ground material had viscosity of 220 Pa.second, and molded product had excellent dimensional accuracy and specific resistance of 26.8 mOmega.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The burner is a gas-blast burner. The reactor is operated with an lambda value of 1.5 in the start-up phase and less than 0.5 in the second phase. The flue gas leaving the reactor in the start-up phase is used to heat a shift converter (2), a gas purification unit (3) and a fuel cell (4). The flue gas leaving the reactor in the second phase is used to heat the shift converter, gas purification unit and fuel cell, additional heat being provided by exothermic carbon monoxide conversion taking place in the shift converter and gas purification unit. No flue gas is supplied to the reactor, shift converter, gas purification unit or fuel cell in the steady-state phase. The gas purification unit is a methanization unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The finely divided metal particles distributed in the support are 150-100 Angstrom or less in size, and include non-noble metal particulates.Preferred Components: The finely divided metallic particulates at least partially cover the surface of the support. The metal includes nickel, cobalt, or copper. The catalyst is permeable to the diffusion and transport of hydrogen. The finely divided metallic particulates are distributed in the support as catalytic clouds, and are native to the support. They are embedded within the support and below the surface of the support. They are mixture of particles with different compositions, the particles being an alloy of two or more metals.Preferred Composition: The metal is 0-20 wt.% of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide removing portion has a carbon monoxide reducing catalyst comprising a selective oxidization catalyst and/or a methanation catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen generator comprises a carbon monoxide reducing portion temperature sensor configured to detect a temperature of the carbon monoxide reducing portion, where controller is configured to perform control, such that the carbon monoxide reduction heater is caused to operate in the stop operation period for at least a period, during which the temperature of the carbon monoxide reducing portion is not higher than the first predetermined temperature. The controller is configured to perform control, such that the carbon monoxide reduction heater is caused to operate in response to a stop instruction to initiate a stop operation in the stop operation period, and such that the carbon monoxide reduction heater is caused to stop operating after lapse of a predetermined time from issuance of the stop instruction in the stop operation period. It is configured to perform a control process in the stop operation period, the control process including: stopping supply of the source material and supply of water; causing the carbon monoxide reduction heater to operate; supplying the source material to purge an interior of the hydrogen generator when the temperature detected by the reformer temperature sensor becomes a temperature, which fails to allow carbon to be deposited on the reforming catalyst; and stopping the supply of the source material and operation of the carbon monoxide reduction heater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide removing portion has a carbon monoxide reducing catalyst comprising a selective oxidization catalyst and/or a methanation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles comprise 0-40% silver, with the balance of palladium.Preferred Dimension: The nanoparticles have diameters of 1-100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles comprise 0-40% silver, with the balance of palladium.Preferred Dimension: The nanoparticles have diameters of 1-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A solder containing:Cu, Co, Au and/or Ni is used in heat treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: During the rotation at the second rotation speed, the loading mass oscillates around a first equilibrium position, substantially disposed along the plane orthogonal to the radial direction of the tire. During the rotation at the first rotation speed, the loading mass oscillates around a second equilibrium position within the gap, different from the first equilibrium position. The given speed is at 30-70 (preferably 40-60) km/h.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A material of the piezoelectric element is lead zirconium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The tire portion is a portion of an inner surface of the tire. The piezoelectric element has a longer side disposed according to an axial direction of the tire. The loading mass is U-shaped. The piezoelectric element is a bimorph element or planar element. The measurement device includes a pressure sensor, temperature sensor, acceleration sensor, or counter of tire revolutions. The sensor device includes a microcontroller being adapted for enabling the measurement device and the transmitter device, associated to the power supply. Preferred Parameters: A resonance frequency of the piezoelectric element associated to the loading mass within the housing is higher than 150 (preferably higher than 300) Hz. The loading mass is lower than 3 grams. The gap has a maximum extent of 400 pm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A material of the piezoelectric element is lead zirconium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The carbonaceous porous body, which is the base material has an average pore diameter of 1-100 microns and a porosity of 10-85%, and has a liquid-impregnating property given by a capillary phenomenon. The liquid fuel is the methanol solution, and its concentration is 0.5-20 M. Preferred Component: The carbonaceous porous body, which is the base material comprises amorphous carbon or a composite of amorphous carbon and carbon material powder, or a composite of amorphous carbon and carbon material powder. It has a form of a plate, a circular cylinder, a prism, and/or a tube. It has a through hole in its inside. A partition wall for controlling absorption of the liquid fuel and diffusion of the air is provided, at an opposite side having no electrode layer in the unit cell. The liquid fuel is a methanol solution, an ethanol solution, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, or an ammonia solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen generator generates hydrogen by mixing with the element of group (3B) or group (4B) of periodic-table, and an alkali liquid, or mixing with an amphoteric metal and an alkali liquid. The gas generation unit produces hydrogen by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a hydrogen production microbe, and produces methane by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a methanation microbe. Alkali liquid ammonia produced in the gas generation unit is supplied to the hydrogen generator. Raw food is used for gas generation unit.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator uses silicon or aluminum, preferably silicon waste or aluminum waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The phenol resin mixed with coated carbonaceous powder is powder-form phenol resin and liquid phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The innermost layer contains component (B) (5-50 wt.pts) and component (C) (1-10 wt.pts) with respect to 100 wt.pts of component (A). EXAMPLE - A rubber composition was prepared by blending Butyl268 isobutylene-isoprene rubber (in wt.pts) (100), zinc oxide (5), Lunac S30 stearic acid (1), carbon black (20), dibenzo thiazyl disulfide (vulcanization accelerator) (1), tetra methyl thiuram monosulfide (vulcanization accelerator) (1), sulfur (3), organized layered clay mineral (processed using alkyl dimethyl ammonium) (10) and UC-1 methacrylic acid modified liquid polyisoprene rubber (5). Subsequently, a hose was produced by extrusion molding of the rubber composition. The hose had breaking point strength of 7 MPa, elongation at break of 900%, hardness of 50 measured based on JIS A and nitrogen gas permeability coefficient of 4.10x10-10 cm3cm/cm2 second cmHg at 80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition is produced by mixing epoxy resin binder with graphite powder amounting to 3-7 times the weight of epoxy resin binder. The epoxy resin contains one or more crystalline epoxy resins having viscosity of 1-20 mPa.second at 150 degrees C, melting point of 45-130 degrees C and are solid at normal temperature.Preferred Property: The molded product of the composition made into fuel cell separator, has electric specific resistance of 40 mOmegacm or less in terms of resistivity.Preferred Resin: The crystalline epoxy resin is of formula (1).G=glycidyl group;R=univalent group;n=0-4;andX=S or O. EXAMPLE - Phenol-novolak resin (in wt.pts) (65), hardening accelerator (1.6) and graphite powder (495), were blended with epoxy resin YSLV-80DE (100) with melting point of 79 degrees C and viscosity at 150 degrees C of 0.006 Pa.second. The obtained composition was kneaded for 10 minutes, and ground. The ground material was introduced into a metallic mold, and molded for 3 minutes at 175 degrees C and pressure of 300 kg/cm2. The product was de-molded. The molded product had specific resistance of 26.8 mOmegacm, and had favorable dimensional accuracy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel gas odorization agent is deodorized using absorption agent such as polymer-type absorbent or non-polymer type absorbent. Preferred Process: The fuel gas odorization agent is deodorized, by reducing odorization agent using hydrogen or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group, which is easily adsorbed to a support base material, is arranged at the periphery of the granular macromolecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The granular macromolecules have an average particle diameter of 10 nm or less. EXAMPLE - Dinitro diamine platinum nitric acid aqueous acid and cerium nitrate aqueous solution were supplied to an aqueous solution which contained granular macromolecules having an average particle diameter of 5 nm and a nitro group, imino group and carbonyl group. The catalyst metal and co-catalyst metal were coordinately bonded to the polar functional group of the polymer chain. Hydrazine as reducing agent and 10% ammonia aqueous solution were added. The obtained solution was impregnated into a support base material obtained by immersing alumina powder into a mixed solution containing catalyst component-containing granular macromolecules, and dried. The polymeric component contained in the granular macromolecule was removed by baking at 400degreesC for 1 hour. A catalyst powder having a platinum content of 1 mass% and a cerium content of 20 mass% was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thermoelectric converter further has intermediate layer which contains iron, germanium and/or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The thermoelectric converter further has intermediate layer which contains iron, germanium and/or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of lithium transition metal complex oxide, and the negative electrode is made of carbon or lithium transition metal complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of lithium transition metal complex oxide, and the negative electrode is made of carbon or lithium transition metal complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing layer consists of material selected from the group comprising polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoro ethylene, silicon, polyester, polyamide, epoxy, acryl and urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The starting device comprises, between the multi-way valve and the hydrogen buffer reservoir, a membrane with a base of palladium and/or polymer connected to the multi-way valve by piping systems (12, 24) and to the buffer reservoir by a piping system (12) and the volume of the buffer reservoir is reduced (claimed). The membrane is connected to the burner of the reformer by a piping system (23) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A coating on at least one surface of the condenser comprises a fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous base is organic type, silicone type and/or freon group liquid. A phase transition substance and a high heat convective substance are dispersed in the non-aqueous base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas is hydrogen. The thin film having catalytic action is platinum, constantan or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gas is hydrogen. The thin film having catalytic action is platinum, constantan or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biogas is dried to a dew point below 0degreesC. The desiccant is a glycol, especially triethylene glycol. The biogas is dried at a temperature below 40degreesC. The biogas is contacted with the desiccant in countercurrent. The desiccant is regenerated at 60-95degreesC. The biogas used to regenerate the desiccant is cooled to a temperature below 40degreesC and the resulting condensate is separated. The regenerated desiccant is cooled to a temperature below 40degreesC and used to dry the condensate-free biogas. The heat required for regeneration is produced using the biogas.Preferred Apparatus: The drying column and regeneration column are of similar construction. The wet desiccant is heated in a first heat exchanger (3). The regenerated desiccant is cooled in a second heat exchanger (7). The biogas used to regenerate the desiccant is cooled in a third heat exchanger (4) and condensate is removed in a separator (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The low and high elastic modulus layers are formed of material selected from phenolic resin, epoxy resins, vinyl ester resins, polyvinylidiene fluoride, allyl ester resins, 1,2-poly butadiene, polyolefins, polyphenyl sulfides, fluorine-containing resin, polyamides, polyacetals, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-ethylene-butylene-crystalline olefin block copolymers, styrene-isoprene-styene block copolymers and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The coating has a contact resistance of 50 psi. The noble metal coating has contact resistance of 1.5-6.5 milliohms/cm2 at pressure of 50-270 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal coating consists of gold. The metal substrate comprises a member such as stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or foamed conductive metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a hydroxide of alkali metal from lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. The alkaline electrolyte contains a buffering agent from carbonates, borates, silicates, or phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a hydroxide of alkali metal from lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. The alkaline electrolyte contains a buffering agent from carbonates, borates, silicates, or phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkaline electrolyte is an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte contained sodium carbonate. The sodium carbonate solution was prepared by heating 96.8 g of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to 500degreesF and dissolving the product in 185 ml of water. The positive electrode was formed from a 1 inch wide strip of lead obtained from a plumbing supply business. The negative electrode was a 1 inch wide strip of zinc which had been removed from a flashlight battery of the Leclanche type. The cell was composed a glass jar. After charging the cell for 23 minutes at 2.50 v, an open circuit voltage of 2.32 v was observed for the cell. The cell was repeatedly discharged and charged during the course of the run. At the end of the experiment, the electrodes were in perfect condition and the electrolyte was water-white.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel hydroxide further comprises 2-4 at.% cobalt, 0.5-5.5 at.% zinc, and less than or equal to1.5 at.% magnesium.Preferred Property: The nickel hydroxide material has a tap density of 2-2.35 g/cc, preferably 2.2-2.35 g/cc. It has an average particle size based on volume of 5-25 microns, and has a BET surface area of 5-30 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel hydroxide further comprises 2-4 at.% cobalt, 0.5-5.5 at.% zinc, and less than or equal to1.5 at.% magnesium.Preferred Property: The nickel hydroxide material has a tap density of 2-2.35 g/cc, preferably 2.2-2.35 g/cc. It has an average particle size based on volume of 5-25 microns, and has a BET surface area of 5-30 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal nano colloidal particle is nano colloidal particle of metal chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium and gold. The dispersion medium is aqueous medium.Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using carbon type material, electroconductive metal oxide type material, metal type material, ceramic type material or non-electroconductive metal oxide type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal nano colloidal particle is nano colloidal particle of metal chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium and gold. The dispersion medium is aqueous medium.Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using carbon type material, electroconductive metal oxide type material, metal type material, ceramic type material or non-electroconductive metal oxide type material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The metal holder is formed using an electroconductive substrate formed using organic polymeric type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first dielectric layer comprises a ferroelectric material consisting of titanates, niobate or zirconates. The first catalytic electrode layer comprises a catalytic layer disposed on electrode layer. The electrode layer comprises a material consisting of copper, nickel, silver, palladium or platinum. The catalytic layer comprises a material consisting of palladium, platinum, nickel, scandium, titanium or vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The electrons are permitted to flow back through electrical connection to the first catalytic electrode layer for recombination with protons to form hydrogen. Recombination is controlled by applying an external field. The first dielectric layer comprises a material having a dielectric constant over 100. It comprises a material having a hydrogen permeability of less than 0.2, preferably less than 0.1 ppm/s of stored hydrogen.Preferred Components: The hybrid capacitive storage system further comprises an electrical device in which electrons are flowed through the electrical device to generate power prior to recombination with protons. The field generator comprises a direct current voltage source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first dielectric layer comprises a ferroelectric material consisting of titanates, niobate or zirconates. The first catalytic electrode layer comprises a catalytic layer disposed on electrode layer. The electrode layer comprises a material consisting of copper, nickel, silver, palladium or platinum. The catalytic layer comprises a material consisting of palladium, platinum, nickel, scandium, titanium or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Compositions: The content of the binder in the porous body layer is 6.5-12 mass%. The porous body layer comprises the porous particles at 88-92 mass%, the binder at 6.5-12 mass% and a conductive assistant having electronic conductivity of 0-1.5 mass%.Preferred Materials: The conductive assistant is carbon black. The binder is fluoro rubber. The collector is made of aluminum.Preferred Methods: The pressing step is the step of pressing the collector and the porous body layer together by a roll-press.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The pad comprises a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The structure comprises a rotational part and that material is operatively connected to the rotational part. The rotational part includes a tire comprising radial plys between which the material is integrated, an outer wall for contact with a surface, and opposite sidewalls. The apparatus also includes a wheel associated with the tire body, and an electrical connection between the pad and a circuit position on the wheel. The circuit portion includes an operational amplifier. The vehicle body is a golf cart body. The pad produces electrical energy in response to changes in thickness and not changes in strain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The pad comprises a polymeric film material. The layers comprise polyolefin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The material is a fabric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platinum group metal compound consists of complex slats such as nitrate, nitrite and chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The platinum group metal compound consists of metal selected from a group comprising platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and rhodium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platinum group metal compound consists of complex slats such as nitrate, nitrite and chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platinum group metal compound consists of dinitro diammine platinum or nitric acid ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyamido imide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyether sulfone and/or polyether imide, preferably polypropylene or polyphenylene sulfide. The thermoplastic resin composition contains thermoplastic resin, ketchen black (5-30 wt.%) and vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber (10-60 wt.%, fiber diameter 50-200 nm); or the thermoplastic resin composition contains thermoplastic resin, carbon nanotube (1-20 (4-10) wt.%, fiber diameter 1-50 nm) and vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber (10-70 (30-70) wt.%, fiber diameter 50-200 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode active material in the battery contains lithium manganese oxide, lithium-nickel oxide or lithium-cobalt oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode active material in the battery contains lithium manganese oxide, lithium-nickel oxide or lithium-cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution comprises first imidazolium salt of formula (2) and second imidazolium salt of formula (3) in total amount of less than or equal to 10 mole%, and non-aqueous solvent.Y1=carboxyl group (-CO2H) or carboxyoxy group (-OCO2H); andY2=carboxylate group (-CO2-) or carboxylate oxy group (-OCO2-).Preferred Components: The electrolyte salt comprises cation(s), e.g. 1,2,3-trimethyl imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium, or 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl imidazolium. The non-aqueous solvent is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulforan, methyl sulforan, acetonitrile, gamma -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    R1=Me;    R2, R3=Me or Et;    R4, R5=H, Me, or Et;    X-=PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3-, RfSO3-, F-, ClO4-, AlF4-, AlCl4-, TaF6-, NbF6-, SiF6-, CN- or F(HF)n-;    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl; and    n=1-4    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The electrolyte salt is 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate.    EXAMPLE - White solid (212 parts, containing 99.95 mole% 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 0.05 mole% 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-carboxylate imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-carboxylate imidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-carboxylate-5-carboxy imidazolium, and 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-carboxy-5-carboxylate imidazolium) was dissolved into a mixture solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (weight ratio of 1: 1) to obtain an electrolyte solution. Molecular sieve (3 parts) was added into the electrolyte solution (100 parts), and left and dried at 25 degrees C for 60 hours to obtain an electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution had water content of 5 ppm. An electrochemical capacitor was prepared using the above electrolytic solution. The capacitor had self-discharge property of 2.43 and capacitance retention rate of 97%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The charge transporting organic material further contains an electron accepting dopant substance or hole accepting dopant substance. The acidic catalyst used in manufacture of compound (1) is ethyl aluminum dichloride or diethyl aluminum chloride. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound containing 1,4-dithiin ring is 2,6-bis(2,2'-bithiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin.    EXAMPLE - Dehydrated dichloromethane (240 ml) and 2,2'-bithiophene (12 g) were added with manganese-hexane solution of ethyl aluminum dichloride (82.7 ml). The solution was cooled to 0 degrees C and then reacted at 20 degrees C for 150 minutes. The obtained solution was added with chloroform (250 ml) and saturated sodium hydride (500 ml). Water layer was extracted and organic layer was washed and concentrated to obtain 4-chloroacetyl-2,2'-bithiophene (CABT). A solution of pure water (53 ml), sodium sulfide-nonahydrate (2.632 g) and acetone (106 ml) was added to CABT and stirred for 30 minutes at 50 degrees C and then at 20 degrees C for 3 hours, and cooled to room temperature. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and distillation processed, to yield 2,6-bis(2,2'-bithiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin precursor (4.68 g, 96 % yield). Lawson's reagent (2.172 g) and dehydrated dichloroethane (60 ml) were added to the precursor, stirred, concentrated and dried. Silica gel (2.5 g) was added to the residue and purified by silica gel chromatography, to yield 2,6-bis(2,2'-bithiophenyl)-1,4-dithiin (1.012 g, 51 % yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The ignition device is located upstream of the reforming catalyst, within the reforming catalyst at the front face of the reforming catalyst, or within the reforming catalyst at the rear face of the reforming catalyst. The ignition device comprises a catalytic substrate or a non-catalytic substrate for receiving electric current from a voltage source, a spark plug, and/or a glow plug. The substrate is wire or gauze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst may be a metal, a cermet or a lanthanide (claimed). The metal may chosen from platinum, cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, rhenium, iridium, osmium or gold (claimed). The cermet may include at least one transition metal of the type Ni-ZrO2 (claimed). The lanthanide may be of the type LaxSr1-xMO3plus minusdelta with M = Mn, Al or Fe (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface is a gas flow channel face. The surface is a surface of contact between the fuel cell separator and an electrode. The surface has an average spacing between peaks of 100-200 microns. Preferred Method: The gas flow channel face and the surface are obtained by surface treatment with an alumina abrasive grain having a grit size of 150-320. The gas flow channel face has a wetting tension of 40-70 mN/m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The artificial graphite is obtained by firing needle coke at 2000-3000degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The artificial graphite is obtained by firing needle coke at 2000-3000degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell separator contains 10-30 parts by weight (pbw) thermosetting resin, and 0.1-1.5 pbw internal mold release agent per 100 pbw artificial graphite. EXAMPLE - Fuel cell separator forming composition was prepared by charging a mixer with 100 pbw artificial graphite powder having an average particle size of 70, 24 pbw phenolic resin as the thermosetting resin, and 0.3 pbw carnauba wax as the mold release agent for mixing for 3 minutes at 1500 rpm. The resulting composition was poured into a mold, and then molded at 180degreesC and 29.4 MPa for 2 minutes to form molded bodies. The molded bodies were surface treated and found to have an average surface roughness of 4.6, average spacing between peaks of 200, specific resistance of 4.8 mOmega-cm, contact resistance of 5.2 mOmega-cm2, and wetting tension of mN/m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The fuel cell diffusion layer comprises carbon. The fuel cell diffusion layer is in the form of a sheet. The fuel cell diffusion layer further comprises a catalyst (preferably platinum) (1 - 50 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Article: The article comprises a proton conducting material. The proton conducting material comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid. The article has an initial contact angle with water of less than 125degreesC (preferably at least 15% less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, more preferably at least about 30 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, especially at least about 40 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, particularly at least about 20degreesC less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer).Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell; direct-feed liquid fuel cell or direct alcohol fuel cell. The sulfonic acid precursor moiety is formed from chlorosulfonic acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfonating agent diluted in an organic solvent, sulfonating agent diluted in acetic acid and sulfonating agent, which is neat. In (M1), the carbon particles are in the form of a sheet. The sheet is a fuel cell diffusion layer. The diffusion layer also includes a microporous layer.Preferred System: The fuel cell system is a direct methanol fuel cell system; or direct propanol fuel cell system. Preferred Definitions:    R = bond, alkyl substituted with halogen, aryl substituted with halogen, or an alkyl moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supporting member has clamp pieces which are filled with filler made up of insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supporting member has clamp pieces which are filled with filler made up of insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The compliant structure is reinforced with stiffener(s). It is directly bonded with the first electrode interconnect and the separator plate. It is a passage for the oxidant or fuel, and is configured to supply fuel or oxidant to the first electrode.Preferred Properties: The compliant structure has an effective modulus of 0.00001-50x109 N/m2, preferably 0.00001-0.2x109 N/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The compliant structure is made of a metal, which is electrically conductive. It consists of sigma shaped structure and/or diamond shaped structure. It is made of metallic mesh, woven wire, and/or felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is formed on a valve metal containing tantalum, niobium or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A current collection material layer formed between the oxide layer and conductive layer, contains metal paste, carbon paste, graphite paste, polya- niline, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, (beta)-manganese dioxide, tetrathiafulvalene, tetracyano quinodimethanes or their mixtures. The insulating oxide layer is formed with thermoplastic resin selected from polyolefin, ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic- acid copolymer, styrene-group block-copolymer, polyamide, polya- cryl, polyurethane and/or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode plate has active material consists of lithium manganese type oxide, lithium-nickel type complex oxide or lithium cobalt type complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode terminal contains aluminum, iron, copper or nickel. POLYMER - The package contains polypropylene, modified polypropylene, polyethylene, modified polyethylene or ionomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode plate has active material consists of lithium manganese type oxide, lithium-nickel type complex oxide or lithium cobalt type complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode has active material consisting of crystalline carbon material or amorphous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cross-linkable fluorine-containing composition further contains another fluorine-containing copolymer (A') which performs peroxide cross-linking, and a reinforcing agent. The amount of copolymer (A') is 10-100 weight parts with respect to total of 100 weight parts of fluorine-containing copolymer (A) and copolymer (A'). The amount of reinforcing agent is 0.1-14 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of fluorine-containing copolymer. The total amount of fluorine-containing copolymer with respect to copolymer composition containing fluorine-containing copolymer (A) and copolymer (A') is 85 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The surface of the plate has an average roughness of 0.4-5.2microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive inclusion includes chromium bromide, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, chromium nitride, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, or chromium carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive inclusion includes chromium bromide, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, chromium nitride, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, or chromium carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The chemical recycle apparatus preferably has two sets or five sets of catalyst decomposition tanks. The catalyst decomposition and regeneration are alternately performed in the two sets of the decomposition tanks, or successively performed in the five sets of the decomposition tanks. The catalyst regeneration is performed by heating at 500-550 degreesC in presence of air having oxygen concentration of 5% or less, and by further heating at 525+/-25degrees C in the presence of the air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains complex oxide having layered rock-salt structure of formula: LiaMnxNiyXzO2.X = Co, Al;a = 1-1.2;x = 0-0.65 or 0.2-0.5;y = 0.35-1;z = 0-0.65; andx+y+z = 1.Preferred Process: The raw material containing lithium salt and transition metal oxide is dispersed in a solvent, pulverized, granulated and dried to form granular slurry. The granule slurry is baked at 800-1100degreesC in air, nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen, pulverized and heat processed at 400-900degreesC in air, nitrogen atmosphere or oxygen. The heat processed slurry is classified and packed. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, manganese dioxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide were pulverized and mixed with pure water. The obtained mixture was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol and the slurry was dried to obtain granular slurry containing granules with diameter of 10-100 microns. The obtained slurry was baked at 1000degreesC in air for 4 hours and pulverized in an environment containing 20 g/m3 of water vapor. The baked slurry was heat processed at 600degreesC for 4 hours, classified and packed in a vinyl bag to obtain anode active material. The ratio of median size of the anode active material before and after applying ultrasonic wave was 1.3. The battery produced using the anode active material had internal resistance of 22 Ohm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The porous sheet consists of a central layer comprising polyphenylene-sulfide fiber, whose both surfaces are laminated by a porous layer comprising an aliphatic polyamide fiber. The porous sheet contains a non-woven layer containing 5-120 g/m2 of polyphenylene sulfide fiber having diameter 1-50 microns and a non-woven layer containing 15-150 g/m2 of aliphatic polyamide fiber having diameter 1-50 microns. EXAMPLE - A polyphenylene sulfide Lighton 2888 ((RTM: PPS) resin of melting point 316degreesC was made into a PPS non-woven sheet (A) of thickness 160-180 microns containing 40 g/m2 of fiber of diameter 5-10 microns, by melt blowing method. Similarly, a nylon UBE nylon1011 (RTM) resin of melting point 220degreesC was made into a nylon non-woven sheet (B) of thickness 140-160 microns containing 65 g/m2 of fiber of diameter 5-10 microns, by melt blowing method. The non-woven sheet (B) was laminated on both surfaces of the sheet (A), and heat-crimped, to obtain a three-layered non-woven porous sheet. The obtained porous sheet had a total thickness of 260 microns and a fabric-weight amount of 170 g/m2. The obtained porous sheet had excellent gas humidification property and gas-leak-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The sobriety interlock device further comprises a solenoid valve upstream from the fuel cell along the gas sampling channel for limiting a size of the breath sample across the fuel cell by opening for a finite period of time. The solenoid valve (98) is electrically coupled to the microprocessor and opens for a predetermined period of time in response to the microprocessor receiving a signal that a level of air pressure is present within the gas sampling channel. The sobriety interlock device further includes a handset having a top portion and a front and back housing member. It has mouthpiece attached to an entrance port of the handset gas intake channel. It has temperature sensor within the gas sampling channel. It has water filter (72) mounted within a passageway (70) in fluid communication with the gas sampling channel. It has a capillary tube (52) providing fluid communication between the breath sampling housing and the pressure transducer. There is an accelerometer for measuring movement of the motorized vehicle. A display screen (12) is coupled to the microprocessor for displaying messages relative to operation and test results of the interlock device. The interlock device further includes a housing sensor (122) and a housing heater (124). It has base unit (138) electrically coupled to the handset; data interfacing mechanism for coupling to a computing device; data log stored on the computing device; and output coupled to a starter mechanism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lanthanum comprises 0.1-20 wt.% of the catalyst. The platinum plus rhenium comprises 20 wt.% of the catalyst. The platinum is present at a higher concentration than rhenium. The platinum to rhenium ratio is 1 Pt:0.9 Re-5 Pt:1 Re. It is 3:1. The additive is present at up to 20 wt.% in the catalyst.Preferred Components: The catalyst further comprises an additive consisting of cerium, zirconium, and/or tungsten. EXAMPLE - Loss-on-ignition (LOI) and water-pickup of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) doped with lanthanum oxide (La2O3) powder were determined. Based on LOI of powder, a 100-g catalyst sample was prepared by mixing anatase TiO2 powder (100.14 g) doped with lanthanum oxide (La2O3) (9.9 wt.%) with platinum solution (30 g) and adding water (116.21 g) drop wise to dried powder with stirring and resulting powder was dried and calcined at 440degreesC for 2 hours. Rhenium (Re) solution (5 g) mixed with water (141.21 g) was added drop wise to platinum-containing material with stirring. The rhenium containing mixture was dried and calcined at 440degreesC for 2 hours. The catalyst comprised anatase TiO2 doped with 9.9 La2O3 (96 wt.%), Pt (3 wt.%), and Re (1 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The ion-exchange efficiency emphasizing type cartridge includes an ion-exchange resin accommodating portion (11a) having a hollow cylindrical structure with both ends closed by end members (19), and which is filled up with the ion-exchange resin. At least one of the end members is formed with flow-in hole (20) and flow-out hole (21) covered with a mesh member having a mesh net size smaller than a size of the ion-exchange resin disposed inside the ion-exchange resin accommodating portion, and the other is disposed to be slidable in the its axial direction. The pressure-loss emphasizing type cartridge includes an ion-exchange resin accommodating portion having a hollow cylindrical structure, having an inner cylindrical member and an outer cylindrical member, which has both ends closed by end members. Holes are located both at the face of the inner cylindrical member and the face of the outer cylindrical member, and are covered with a mesh member having a mesh net size smaller than a size of the ion-exchange resin. An orifice (16) is further formed to at least one of the inlet and outlet of the case.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The deposited material is ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The preparation material is selected from stainless steel, ruthenium, rhodium, cobalt, iron, nickel, palladium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, tungsten or their alloys. The deposited catalytic material is a metal, a conductive polymer or a biological material. The method further involves preparing the surface of the silicon wafer for film deposition by applying at least one preparation material on the wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deposited material is Nafion(RTM; conductive polymer).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The biological material is lipid, protein, enzyme, antibody, DNA, RNA, amino acid or carbohydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The separator substrate is provided with a front surface and a back surface, a pair of the film coating members is provided on the front and back surfaces, and the portion of the pair of the film coating members that correspond to the peripheral edge portion of the open portion is adhesion treated. Preferred Methods: The adhesion treatment is consisting of welding, high-frequency welding, ultrasonic welding, or adhesion by adhesive. The manufacture of the fuel cell separator includes thermo-compression process in the adhesion treatment. Preferred Materials: The film coating member is made from material consisting of resin material or elastomeric material. The separator substrate is made from SUS310, SUS304, SUS316, or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The secondary battery further comprises an anode active material containing amorphous carbon. The cathode active material is spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide of formula Lia(NixMn2-x-yMy)(O4-wZw) (I).M=Li, Al, Mg, Ti, Si, or Ge;Z=F or Cl.x is greater than 0.4 but less than 0.6, 0less than or equal toy, 0less than or equal toz, (x+y) less than 2, 0less than or equal towless than or equal to1, and 0less than or equal toaless than or equal to1.2 are satisfied.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The secondary battery further comprises an anode active material containing amorphous carbon. The cathode active material is spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide of formula Lia(NixMn2-x-yMy)(O4-wZw) (I).M=Li, Al, Mg, Ti, Si, or Ge;Z=F or Cl.x is greater than 0.4 but less than 0.6, 0less than or equal toy, 0less than or equal toz, (x+y) less than 2, 0less than or equal towless than or equal to1, and 0less than or equal toaless than or equal to1.2 are satisfied.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A volume ratio of the high-permittivity solvent with respect to the electrolyte is 10-70%.Preferred Component: The high-permittivity solvent is ethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high-permittivity solvent is propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitric acid solution containing rare element FP of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium is a nitric acid solution generated from a reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuels, used in nuclear power generation facilities including light water reactors or fast reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coal-based carbon foam is prepared from bituminous coal.Preferred Method: The coal-based carbon foam is prepared by comminuting coal to a small particle size to form a ground coal, placing the ground coal in a mold, heating the ground coal in the mold under a non-oxidizing atmosphere to 300-700degreesC and soaking at this temperature for 10 minutes to 12 hours to form an electrode preform, controllably cooling the electrode preform, and graphitizing the electrode preform at 1600-3000degreesC.Preferred Dimension: The particulate coal has a diameter of less than 1 mm.Preferred Property: The coal-based carbon foam has a compressive strength below 6000 psi, and exhibits a pore size below 100 microns. It has been graphitized at 1600-3000, preferably 2200degreesC. The bituminous coal has a swell index of 3-9, Gieseler plasticity of 500 DDPM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The voltage is 15 kV at a frequency of 50- 100 kHz, preferably pulsed. The dielectric layer covers all visible surfaces of the electrodes. The electrodes comprise melt-extracted metal fibers. The metal is nickel, stainless steel with a high nickel content or stainless steel with a Raney nickel surface. The dielectric layer is a thin layer of anatase titanium dioxide. There is a transitional layer of titanium between the electrodes and the dielectric layer. The electrodes are flat, tubular or spherical and are arranged one on the other or side by side or concentrically, either directly or with a discharge gap between them. The dielectric layer is disposed on a porous plate, e.g. of foamed ceramic of sintered ceramic fiber material, located in the discharge gap. Fluids flow through the thickness of the electrodes. Several pairs of electrodes are stacked parallel to one another in the direction of flow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Each the wafer comprises expanded metal. The filter comprises a metal filter having compressed stainless steel powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The connector comprises an electrically conducting connector rod upon which the wafers are mounted. The electrode also comprises at least one electrically conducting support rod spaced laterally from the connecting rod and on which the wafers are support, spaced from each other by electrically conducting wafers. The hydrolysis cell comprises a chamber for electrolytic fluid; an anode and cathode; electrical connections for connecting the anode and cathode to an electrical power source and ground; and a liquid level sensor (58) for detecting the level of electrolytic fluid within the chamber. The level sensor comprises a light source for directing a beam of light into the chamber into the chamber; and a receiver for receiving light from the source. The receiver is capable of discriminating between a first light level indicative of liquid at the level of the sensor and a second reduced light level indicative of liquid below the level of the sensor. The light source comprises an infrared LED.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The flow channel machining is performed by an electrical discharge machine, a computer numerical control machine, an electrochemical mechanical polishing machine, a laser machining machine, a press, or an injection-molding machine. Grinding is an anisotropic grinding. Degreasing is performed by two ultrasonic tanks and a 3-5% nitric acid tank, where one of the ultrasonic tanks is filled with an alkaline solution and another is filled with diluted water. The electrochemical machining is performed in a tank filled with a predetermined electrolyte and having an auxiliary electrode, where the voltage is 2-10V and its operation time is 3-25 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline solution is prepared by adding 30 g 136R powder to every liter of water and is heated to 60-80degreesC. Preferred Component: The electrolyte includes 50-80% phosphoric acid, 25-10% sulfuric acid, 20-5% lactic acid, 0.5-1% wetting agent, 1-2% metallic ion, and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic bipolar plate is made of a stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline solution is prepared by adding 30 g 136R powder to every liter of water and is heated to 60-80degreesC. Preferred Component: The electrolyte includes 50-80% phosphoric acid, 25-10% sulfuric acid, 20-5% lactic acid, 0.5-1% wetting agent, 1-2% metallic ion, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous lithium secondary battery consists of anode active material selected from group comprising lithium cobaltate (LiCoM)), lithium nickelate (LiNiM), and lithium manganate (LiMnM), where M is selected from the group containing manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous lithium secondary battery consists of anode active material selected from group comprising lithium cobaltate (LiCoM)), lithium nickelate (LiNiM), and lithium manganate (LiMnM), where M is selected from the group containing manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of 2N HCl eluted iron content with respect to the total iron content in the anode active material fine particles, is 0.5 or less. The anode active material is lithium transition metal compound, preferably lithium manganese oxide obtained using electrolytic manganese dioxide as raw material, or mixture of lithium manganese oxide and another lithium transition metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Manganese dioxide was precipitated on anode containing titanium. The precipitated dioxide was pulverized and mixed with lithium carbonate in the ratio of 1.1:1.9 to obtain lithium manganate fine particles. The spinel-type lithium manganate fine particles (10 g) were boiled in 12N hydrochloric acid and dissolved. The obtained solution (100 ml) was filtered, and the iron content in 100 ml of the solution was measured and found to be 12 ppm. Spinel-type lithium manganate fine particles (5 g) were boiled in 2N hydrochloric acid (15 g) and stirred for 10 minutes at 25 degrees C. The supernatant liquid was extracted and spinel-type lithium manganate was separated. The iron eluted in 2N hydrochloric acid was 1 ppm with respect to the fine particles. The battery produced using the anode had capacitance of 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The band-like structure comprises slit space (13). The structure contains 200 or less atomic layers.Preferred Properties: The width of space is 1-2 times, preferably 1.9-2 times of width of band-like structure. The density of hydrogen storage material measured from helium equilibrium is 0.7-1 g/cm3, preferably 0.7-0.8 g/cm3.Preferred Method: A foreign element is inserted between atomic layers, and heat-processed. Heat processing is performed at 300-500 degrees C in inert gas atmosphere for 1 time or less. The hydrogen storage structure is press-molded at 4.9-19.6 MPa.Preferred Element: The foreign element is acidic portion element, which is nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution and/or phosphoric acid.Preferred Material: The graphite group carbon material is natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite and/or mesophase pitch type graphite.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen storage apparatus has heat exchange apparatus. EXAMPLE - Sulfuric acid was inserted in natural graphite interlayer, and heat-processed at 400 degrees C for 1 time, to obtain hydrogen storage material. The material had density of 0.75 g/cm3, distance between band inner layers of 0.336 nm, average band width of 30.8 nm, average slit width of 60.1 nm, average number of layers of 92 and hydrogen storage ability of 7.3 mg/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Low loss ferrite further comprises stannic oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide and titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Low loss ferrite further comprises stannic oxide, silicon oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide and titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric layer further comprises temperature-sensing device(s). Each thermoelectric layer is located between adjacent fuel cell assemblies. A thermoelectric layer is located between each pair of adjacent fuel cell assemblies. The thermoelectric device is a Peltier device. The temperature-sensing device is thermocouple. The thermoelectric devices and the temperature-sensing devices in each layer are arranged in an alternating configuration. Each thermoelectric device is electrically connected to a battery. Each thermoelectric device is electrically connected to at least one of the fuel cell assemblies. The fuel cell assembly is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell, or an alkaline fuel cell. The power source is a battery or a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The storage battery is conforms to Japanese industrial standard (JIS) D 5301 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive carbon comprises carbon black, Super P, ketjen black, denka black, acetylene black, thermal black, channel black, activated carbon, or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polybenzoxazine and conductive carbon is 1.5-2.5:1. The mole ratio of aromatic diamine, and aromatic alcohol is 1:2:2, and the mole ratio of aromatic dialcohol, formaldehyde, and amine is 1:2:2. Preferred Component: The conductive carbon is dispersed in a matrix of a polymer polymerized from monomers such that a volume reduction percent is less than 5, most preferably less than 1% after polymerization of the monomers with respect to total volume of the monomers before the polymerization of the monomers. The polymer is thermosetting polymer consisting of polybenzoxazine, poly(propylene sulfide), or polypropylene. The monomers are of formula (1 and 2).R = single bond CH2, O, S, C(CF3)2, or SO2;andR' = alkyl or aryl.Preferred Property: The volume reduction percent is less than 3, preferably less than 1%. EXAMPLE - 100 g (0.54 mol) Benzidine, 102 g (1.09 mol) phenol, and 33 g p-formaldehyde were agitated in a mixer and heated to 130degreesC for 15 minutes while agitating. 115 g Conductive carbon were added and further agitated at 130degreesC for 10 minutes. Partially polymerized polybenzoxazine was input into a mold for a bipolar plate, and further polymerization reaction was carried out at 300degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain a bipolar plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte in the anode and cathode layers, and the electrolyte of gel electrolyte layer are in continuous phase.Preferred layer: The gel electrolyte layer contains an air permeable porous thin film in the inner surface.Preferred Structure: The micro phase-separation structure has a binder between anode and cathode layers.Preferred Matrix: The matrix polymer of gel electrolyte comprises binder-containing copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride.Preferred Process: The anode on bipolar electrode, and cathode are dried, after applying a slurry containing matrix polymeric raw material of cross-linkable gel electrolyte, an electrode active material, and copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride or vinylidene fluoride, on the collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The activated gas is ozone produced by carrying out ultraviolet radiation or electric discharge of air.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ozone and oxygen is 1:9-9:1, at the time of starting.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst used for reactor (A) is an acidic catalyst chosen from silicon dioxide/alumina, aluminum oxide, zeolite and/or titania. The catalyst used for reactor (B) is a modification catalyst chosen from nickel, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or ruthenium. The catalyst used for reactor (C) is copper/zinc oxide-type catalyst and/or palladium/zinc oxide-type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel supplied to reactor (A) is alcohol, preferably ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator has water supply unit and air supply unit for supplying water and air, respectively between reactors (B,C) and/or directly to device (C). Water is directly supplied to reactor (A), by water supply unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The molding component is a resin mixed with carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The workpiece material comprises at least one element selected from:Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo, Ma, Cu, Ti, or Nb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The workpiece material comprises at least one element selected from:Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo, Ma, Cu, Ti, or Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second gas flows through a housing that is provided with an inflow port for introducing the first gas from a non-parallel direction to the flow direction of the second gas. The inflow port is provided to enable the first gas to flow in from an offset position from the axial center of the housing. A flow passage is provided with hole structures through which the gases pass. At least part of the flow passage is sealed by the housing. A liquid discharge port is provided in a lower portion of the housing in the vertical direction of the housing. The housing comprises in at least one part of the housing an agitating member for agitating the gases. The agitating member is disposed on the downstream side of the gas flow direction through the housing (101). A space is formed on the upstream side of the gas flow direction through the housing. The liquid discharge port is provided in a lower portion of the space in the vertical direction of the space (102). The agitating member is glass wool (103). A first flow passage for flowing first gas comprises a diffusion structure for diffusing the first gas outside. A second flow passage surrounds the first flow passage to cause the second gas to flow around the first flow passage (110). The diffusion structure is hole structures (111) emitting the first gas flowing through the first flow passage in a different direction to the flow direction of the second gas. At least one of the gases comprises a bent portion. The first gas is hydrogen gas discharged from the fuel cell system. The second gas is air diluting the hydrogen gas. The volume of the second flow passage is smaller than the amount of purge gas produced during a low load operation of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material particle is metal oxide of cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, tungsten, iron, strontium and/or yttrium. Preferred Precursor: The metal precursor is metal oxide, metal chloride, metal ammonium salt, metal nitrate or its derivatives. Preferred Layer: The metal coating layer contains transition metal(s) chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, gold, silver, rhenium, osmium, cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten. Preferred Method: A reducing agent is added to the solvent which is mixed with the base material particle and metal precursor. The ratio of the reducing agent is 0.01 wt.% or more in liquid phase. The frequency of the ultrasonic wave is 20-300 kHz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is alcohol, amines, saccharides or surface active agent. EXAMPLE - Cerium oxide microparticle (base material particle with primary particle diameter of 10 nm), platinum chloride (metal precursor) and water (solvent) were mixed. The obtained dispersion was mixed with ethanol (reducing agent) and irradiated with ultrasonic wave of irradiation frequency of 24 kHz at 20 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. The platinum metal was reduced and made to precipitate on the base material particle, to obtain catalyst particle. The primary particle diameter of deposited platinum particle was 2 nm. The obtained catalyst particle was found to have excellent purification capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: An oxidizing catalyst is provided downstream of the filter to reduce the amount of any oxygen in the reformate stream. The fuel processing system may include a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor downstream of the filter, a heat exchanger downstream of the WGS reactor, and a preferential catalyst downstream of the heat exchanger. The system introduces water and air to the second vaporization zone to oxidize any soot accumulated on the filter in the hydrogen atmosphere of reformate stream. It can detect soot accumulated on to the filter. Soot is detected by a differential pressure gauge connected to the system for measuring the pressure of the reformate stream before and after the filter or by determining the operational history of the reformer. The filter outlet temperature during the oxidation of the soot is estimated by a temperature sensor connected to the system to detect the temperature of reformate stream in a third vaporization zone, and the temperature of the filter outlet gas is controlled by introducing water to the reformate stream passing through the filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Property: The electrically conductive metal coating has a thickness of less than 15, preferably 2-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive metal coating comprises gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A flow field is formed in the electrically conductive region of the first and second substrates, respectively. The substrates are arranged together in a stack. The seal creates a barrier that impedes fluid migration from the electrically conductive region to the electrically non-conductive region. It is formed by an adhesive. A contact resistance across the first substrate to the second substrate through the electrically conductive paths is less than 10 milliohms-cm2 under a compressive stress of greater than or equal to1400 kPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first and second conductive metallic substrates are stainless steel, aluminum or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive metal coating comprises gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive comprises an adhesive polymer from thermoset or thermoplastic polymers. The adhesive polymer is epoxides, phenolics, polymethyl methacrylates, polyurethanes, silicones, polysulfides, butyls, fluoroelastomers, fluorosilicones, polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins, or polyvinyl acetate. The seal is formed by remote scanning laser welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet product coating (SPC) consists of Al, Cr, Ag, Zn, Sb, or Mo, or a zinc, tin, or indium oxide or an alloy of these. The sheet can be made from Al, Cr-treated Al, Cu, stainless steel, Cr-treated stainless steel, Ti alloy, or Fe-containing compounds. The doped metal oxide can be doped with Al, Cr, Ag, B, F, Sb, Cl, Br, P, Mo, C, or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet product coating (SPC) consists of Al, Cr, Ag, Zn, Sb, or Mo, or a zinc, tin, or indium oxide or an alloy of these. The sheet can be made from Al, Cr-treated Al, Cu, stainless steel, Cr-treated stainless steel, Ti alloy, or Fe-containing compounds. The doped metal oxide can be doped with Al, Cr, Ag, B, F, Sb, Cl, Br, P, Mo, C, or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proton conductive material is a perfluoronated sulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The plug is arranged on a support (14) and lies linearly on the substrate. The plug rotates opposite the substrate. The coating material is applied in a galvanostatic or potentiostatic manner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The anode comprises a nickel-containing cermet. It comprises a component consisting of nickel mixed with gadolina doped ceria, nickel mixed with yttria doped ceria zirconia, or nickel mixed with yttria doped zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: (1) is dimethyl ether. Preferred Component: The second mixture comprises methane. Preferred Parameter: The molar ratio in the first mixture of molecular oxygen to (1) is 0.1-3.0, preferably 0.1-1.0. Preferred Method: The first mixture is heated to less than 650 or greater than or equal to 550, preferably 550-650degreesC. It is formed by combining air and (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The conductive metal substrate has a surface facing the layer which is patterned with grooves (66) and lands (64), where the lands are in contact with respective metallized regions. The porous media defines pores forming flow paths through the layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic substrate is stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium. The conductive metal substrate comprises stainless steel from 316L, 317L, 256 SMO, Alloy 276, or Alloy 904L. The stainless steel has regions of surface oxides formed opposite the electrical contact regions. The media comprises carbon. The electrically conductive metal of the metallized regions comprises a noble metal. The electrically conductive metal of the metallized regions is chromium, chromium nitride, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum, osmium, and/or gold. Preferred Parameter: A thickness of the electrically conductive metal of each the metallized region is less than or equal to15 nm. Preferred Method: The depositing is conducted by electron bean evaporation, magnetron sputtering, physical vapor deposition, electrolytic deposition, or electroless deposition. The contacting is accomplished by compressive force imparted on the fuel cell in an assembled fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The media is paper, woven cloth, non-woven cloth, fiber or foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen occlusion alloy is chosen from aluminum or its alloy, titanium or its alloy, nickel or its alloy, iron or its alloy, niobium or its alloy and vanadium or its alloy. Alternately, magnesium-lithium misch metal alloy is used instead of magnesium-lithium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Tube: The polyester-resin tube is obtained by drawing non-expanded tube with a draw ratio of 1-1.5 along length direction and with a draw ratio of 1.2-2 along radial direction. The thermal contraction rate of the tube after immersing into 100degreesC hot water for 30 seconds is 20% or less along length direction and 20-50% along radial direction. Preferred Composition: The resin composition comprises (in weight parts) organic lubricating agent (C) (0.02-4) and/or inorganic lubricating agent (B) (0.02-4) with respect to thermoplastic resin (A) (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: At least one layer of the organic solar cell, comprises conjugated polymer buckminster fullerene. A Tefzel(RTM) layer is included. Between substrate (7) and the organic solar cell a partition layer of polyimide or RTV-silicone is arranged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The binder contains an acrylate rubber and/or acrylic resin. The mixture is applied in the form of a paste onto the contact element and/or the substrate. The solder material contains a high temperature metal solder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic matrix comprises polyolefin and/or polyester and/or polyamide (preferably polypropylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - - Preferred Properties: The value obtained by integrating atomic concentration of gold by Auger analysis from the surface to the interface of the gold layer and metal substrate divided by the value obtained by integrating the atomic concentration of gold given by Auger analysis from the surface to the interface where gold disappears multiplied by 100% is greater than or equal to90%. The atomic concentration of gold given by Auger analysis at the surface divided by the sum of the atomic concentration of gold given by Auger analysis at the surface and the total of the atomic concentrations of the elements other than gold given by Auger analysis at the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate metal is austenitic stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pure-water pipe for fuel cell further comprises a layer in the outside of the innermost layer, which contains polyamide (preferably non-plastic polyamide), polyester elastomer, or polyolefin elastomer. The fuel cell further comprises a low hydrogen-permeable layer in the outside of the innermost layer. The body of the pipe is partly corrugated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The low hydrogen-permeable layer is made of polymethaxylyleneadipamide and polybutylene naphthalate. The innermost layer contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polymethaxylyleneadipamide, or polybutylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The fins may be joined by friction, stud, or ultrasonic welding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Disperser: The disperser is a stirrer having shear rate more than 100 s-1 and strength more than 2 kW/m3, ultrasonic pressure or emulsifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The copolymer precursor has melt flow index of 6 or less at 270degreesC. The copolymer dispersion liquid contains copolymer (10-30 wt.%). The alcohol aqueous solution contains alcohol (1 wt.% or less) when heat processed at 20-100degreesC under reduced pressure with absolute pressure of 0.5-90 kPa. The dispersion liquid has viscosity of 0.1 Pa.second at 25degreesC when heat processed at 60-100degreesC in a disperser under normal pressure. Preferred Definitions:    n = 0.    EXAMPLE - Copolymer (in g) (130) having repeating unit of formula: -(CF2CF2)- and repeating unit of formula (4) and melt flow index of 3 g/10 minute at 270degreesC, ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were taken in an autoclave. Ethanol (50) was introduced, and mixture was stirred at 175degreesC for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and transparent gelatinous dispersion liquid was obtained. The dispersion liquid had viscosity of 0.2 Pa.second at 25degreesC. The dispersion liquid was irradiated with ultrasonic wave at 20-60degrees for 2 hours and dispersed to obtain homogeneous solution. The obtained solution had viscosity of 0.06 Pa.second at 25degreesC, and contained copolymer (6.2 wt.%), ethanol (37.5 wt.%), water (56.3 wt.%) and volatile component (0.01 wt.%). An electrode catalyst layer for fuel cells, was produced using the dispersion liquid. The fuel cell had excellent durability and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The water-soluble organic solvent is alcohol chosen from methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. EXAMPLE - A pellet of sulfonic acid-type copolymer was produced from a pellet of SO2F-type copolymer precursor. The copolymer pellet had moisture content of 32 wt.%. The copolymer was used as a raw material, to obtain a dispersion liquid. The copolymer (in g) (130), ethanol (800) and distilled water (800) were prepared in an autoclave. The temperature was increased to 165degreesC, and the mixture was stirred slowly. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. After purging and removing volatile components such as ether, the viscosity in 25degreesC of the obtained transparent dispersion liquid was 0.04 Pa.second. The dispersion liquid had copolymer content of 5.8 wt.%, ethanol content of 38.8 wt.%, water content of 55.4 wt.% and volatile component content of 0.01 wt.%. An electrode catalyst layer formed using the dispersion liquid had high thermal and chemical stability. A fuel cell comprising the electrode catalyst layer, had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: The solid electrolyte material contains (in wt.%) 0.0001-2.5 SiO2, 0.0001-0.13 iron oxide, 0.0001-0.2 CaO, 0.0001-0.1 MgO, 0.0001-0.4 TiO2, 0.0001-0.25 Na2O, 0.001-0.08 K2O, 0.0001-0.1 rare earth compounds, 0.0001-3.0 Al2O3, 0.0001-10 Y2O3, 0.0001-0.5 Co and a balance of ZrO2 and/or HfO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is formic acid, acetic acid, n-propanoic acid, isopropanoic acid and ethanoic acid. Preferred Separator: The separator is polyethylene, which contains a surface-active agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The processor comprises the shell having the heat exchange inlet and a heat exchange fluid outlet; at least one reactor tube disposed in the shell; a catalytic structure disposed in the catalytic reaction zone of the reactor tube; and additionally several catalytic partial oxidation reactors including the at least one catalytic partial oxidation reactor. The reactor tube having a hydrocarbon fuel inlet and an exit gas stream outlet. The fuel inlet receives a feed gas mixture comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and an oxygen containing gas. The exit gas stream outlet discharges an exit gas stream comprising the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The reactor tube forms a reaction flow passage extending from the hydrocarbon fuel inlet to the exit gas stream outlet; and a catalytic reaction zone between the hydrocarbon fuel inlet and the exit gas stream outlet. The catalytic structure comprises an oxidation catalyst for catalyzing a partial oxidation reaction of the feed gas mixture to form the exit gas stream, so that when the feed gas mixture is fed through the hydrocarbon fuel inlet, the feed gas mixture passes along the reaction flow passage and through the catalytic structure to convert into the exit gas stream. The exit gas stream discharged through the outlet and heat from the partial oxidation reaction transfers from the reaction tube to the heat exchange fluid in the shell. Preferred Method: The partial oxidation reaction is maintained at a temperature greater than 900 degrees Celsius.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy hydrocarbon fuel comprises several hydrocarbon molecules, with substantially all of the molecules containing at least 6C. The heavy hydrocarbon fuel is selected from gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxidation catalyst is a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is a water-soluble conductive polymer. The carbon nanotube containing composition further contains a polymer compound, a basic compound, a surfactant, colloidal silica and silane coupling agent of formula: Y-X-Si(R42)(R43)(R44)R42-R44 = H, 1-6C alkyl or alkoxy, amino, acetyl, phenyl or halogen;Y = hydroxyl, thiol, amino, epoxy or epoxy cyclohexyl group; andX = -(CH2)l- or -(CH2)l-O-(CH2)m-;l, m = 0-6.The carbon nanotube containing composition is irradiated with ultrasonic waves before fiber forming process. EXAMPLE - A conductive polymer was prepared using poly(2-sulfo-5-methoxy-1,4-imino phenylene) (100 mmol) and 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid in aqueous triethyl amine solution. A carbon nanotube containing composition was prepared using the conductive polymer (5 mass parts) and carbon nanotube (0.4 mass parts), with water (100 mass parts) at room temperature. The obtained composition was discharged in a coagulation bath of acetone, to form a base thread. The thread was dried at 80 degrees C and drawn at 200 degrees C to form carbon nanotube containing fiber. The fiber had a volume resistivity of 0.5 OMEGA.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is obtained by carrying out polymerization reaction of a polymeric monomer or a pre-polymer, and organometallic complex in a solvent, and baking obtained reaction product.The polymeric monomer or the pre-polymer is monomer or pre-polymer of polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide, preferably precursor of aromatic polymer, and more preferably polyamic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atom is iron atom, nickel atom, iron ion and/or nickel ion.The organometallic complex is metallocene chosen from ferrocene, nickelocene and their derivatives.The atomic binding substance has a hexagonal net plane having a carbon atom as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid material is selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium superoxide, urea peroxide, sodium perborate, peracetic acid, peracetic salt, persulfate acid, persulfate salt, peroxide adduct, percarbonate acid and percarbonate salt. The solid peroxide is selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid material is selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, lithium peroxide, potassium superoxide, urea peroxide, sodium perborate, peracetic acid, peracetic salt, persulfate acid, persulfate salt, peroxide adduct, percarbonate acid and percarbonate salt. The solid peroxide is selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst layer comprises platinum as its main component, and is made into a porous shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The thin-film thermistor is made of transition metals such as manganese, cobalt, iron and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluid separation membrane contains silicon-carbon-oxygen bond, and titanium. The porous support consists of oxide ceramic. The fluid-separating filter further has an intermediate layer (5) formed in between the porous support and the fluid separation membrane. The intermediate layer having thickness of 0.5-10 microns, consists of oxide ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The portion(s) of polycarbosilane is substituted by polytitano carbosilane. A solution containing liquid organosilicon compound, liquid organic compound which produces carbon by thermal decomposition and polymerization catalyst is applied on porous support, and heat-processed at high temperature in non-oxidizing atmosphere, and fluid separation membrane is formed on surface of porous support.Preferred Compounds: The liquid organosilicon compound is alkylsilicate. The liquid organic compound is phenol resin and furfuryl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrocarbon evaporator is located in the bottom part of the combustion and mixing (CM) chamber. The igniter is elongated and extends parallel to the evaporator. The heater is an electric heater. A second heater is provided to heat the wall of the CM chamber and/or a wall downstream of the CM chamber. The second heater is a heat exchanger or electric heater.Preferred Process: The heater is activated for evaporation and remains activated during ignition and combustion. Combustion is ended by reducing or interrupting the hydrocarbon and/or air supply. The hydrocarbon and air and/or steam supplies are continued or restored after combustion has ended. The heater is not activated during or after ending combustion. The hydrocarbon liquid is e.g. diesel fuel, gasoline or biodiesel. The air and/or steam can be replaced or supplemented with reformate from the reformer and/or with flue gas produced by burning residual reformate from a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst precursor is hexachloro platinum (IV) acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst precursor is hexachloro platinum (IV) acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The vapor-phase epitaxy carbon fiber is multilayer carbon nanotube.
EXAMPLE - A resol resin PR-51501B, novolak resin, glass fiber of diameter 9-15 microns and length 20-300 microns, fused silica F-160, polyethylene of number average molecular weight 3000, carbon black and calcium hydroxide were blended. Kneading was performed, followed by cooling and grinding for 5 minutes between rolls heated to about 90degreesC. A granular-form phenolic molding compound was obtained. The obtained phenolic molding compound had excellent adhesion with metal. Using the obtained phenolic molding compound, a sealing board having reduced resin outflow in metal terminal, was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one of the pair of electrode layers contains a lithium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionic liquid is a salt containing a quaternary ammonium cation comprising at least one of a cation having a structure of R4N+. It is also a salt containing a trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide anion. It is also a salt containing a lithium ion.R=organic group, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation, imidazolium cation, or pyridinium cation.Preferred Property: The ionic liquid has a viscosity of 35-630 x 10-3 Pa-s.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one of the pair of electrode layers contains a lithium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The detecting unit and compensating unit are provided in a gas-detecting chamber for introducing the gas to be inspected. The control device includes a heater provided in the gas-detecting chamber, a heater current conductance stopping mechanism for gradually decreasing an amount of current conductance to the heater, and a state detecting mechanism for detecting humidity state of an atmosphere in the gas detecting chamber. The heater current conductance stopping mechanism decreases the amount of current conductance to the heater depending on the humidity state of the atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber. The heater current conductance stopping mechanism sets the amount of current conductance to the heater in such way that surface temperature of the detecting unit and compensating unit are higher than a dew-point temperature of an atmosphere in the gas detecting chamber. The unit current conductance stopping mechanism decreases the amounts of current conductance to the detecting unit and compensating unit in accordance with the humidity state of the atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber. The unit current conductance stopping mechanism sets the amounts of current conductance to the detecting unit and compensating unit in such way that surface temperature of the detecting unit and compensating unit are higher than a dew-point temperature of an atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material comprises an austenitic or ferritic stainless steel base material (11).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material comprises an austenitic or ferritic stainless steel base material (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fibrous carbon is 2-50 wt.%. The electroconductive component further contains a fibrous carbon having carbon net surface parallel with respect to fiber axis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fibrous carbon is 2-50 wt.%. The electroconductive component further contains a fibrous carbon having carbon net surface parallel with respect to fiber axis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating material is an insulating resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermosetting resin is unsaturated polyester resin and/or vinyl ester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main-component portion (13) further contains gold, silver, platinum or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main-component portion (13) further contains gold, silver, platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The storage tank is material such as SUS301, SUS304, SUS420J2, SUS631.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The active material is a carbon material, preferably graphite material. The peeling prevention material is electroconductive material. The electroconductive material is carbon group electroconductivity material, such as vapor-phase epitaxy carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The polyvalent metal complex is alcoholate or chelate compound. The metal of complex is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The polyvalent metal complex is alcoholate or chelate compound. The metal of complex is aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The modified fluororesin is grafted with the modified substance comprising acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methacrylic acid or methyl methacrylate, such that the trunk polymer forms 99-70 wt.% and the modified substance forms 1-30 wt.% of the resin. The modified fluororesin has a weight average molecular weight of 50000-700000. The weight ratio of fluoro resin to modified fluororesin is 0/100-50/50. The fluororesin comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride or its copolymer. The trunk polymer comprises vinyl fluoride or vinylidene fluoride. Preferred Process: A plasticizer (0.001-25 wt.%) containing dialkyl phthalate is further added to the electrolyte film forming slurry. After film formation, the plasticizer is removed, and the polymeric electrolyte film containing pores is molded. The obtained film is pressurized at 0.01-50 MPa, and heated at 80-150degreesC, and laminated with the electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The steel further contains molybdenum, nitrogen, copper, silicon and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The steel further contains molybdenum, nitrogen, copper, silicon and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Initiator: The radical polymerization initiator is an organic peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The modified novolak type phenol resin is modified novolak resin composition obtained by reacting glycidyl (meth)acrylate by an equivalence ratio of 20-90 or N-methylol acryl amide by an equivalent ratio of 20-200 with respect to 100 equivalent of phenolic hydroxyl group of novolak resin. EXAMPLE - Novolak type phenol resin (with weight average molecular weight of 3000) (in weight parts) (100), methylethyl ketone (100), glycidyl methacrylate (101) and dimethyl ethanol amine (2) were reacted at 80degreesC for 7 hours to obtain modified novolak resin with weight average molecular weight of 6000. The equivalence ratio of phenolic hydroxyl group and gycidyl methacrylate of the phenolic resin was 100:75. The obtained novolak resin (10), dicumyl peroxide (radical polymerization initiator) (0.1) and artificial graphite (carbon filler with average particle diameter of 35 microns) (90) were mixed at 70degreesC for 30 seconds to obtain resin composition. The resin composition was subjected to pressure-heating molding to obtain separator. The bending strength, bending elastic modulus, volume resistivity of the separator was 50 MPa, 21 GPa and 6 milliohm.cm, respectively. The separator had excellent moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The multivalent oxazine compound (B) (in wt.pts) (5-200) is present with respect to novolak type phenol resin (A) (100). The resin composition contains a mixture (5-40) of components (A,B), polymerization initiator (C) (0.05-10) and carbon filler (D) (60-95). The novolak type phenol resin (A) is a modified novolak resin composition obtained by reacting 20-90 equivalent glycidyl (meth)acrylate or 20-200 equivalent N-methylol acrylamide, with respect to 100 equivalent of phenolic hydroxyl groups of novolak resin. The radical polymerization initiator (C) is an organic peroxide. EXAMPLE - A modified novolak resin (in wt.pts) (7) of polystyrene conversion weight average molecular weight 6000, bisphenol A benzoxazine (3), artificial graphite (90) of average particle diameter 35 microns and dicumyl peroxide (0.1), were blended for 30 minutes at 70degreesC, to obtain a resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded for 3 minutes at 180degreesC, to obtain a test piece of thickness 4 mm. The bending strength of the obtained test piece was found to be excellent. Using the obtained test piece, a separator of maximum thickness 2 mm and minimum thickness 1 mm, was obtained. The obtained separator had a volume resistivity of 6 mOmega.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Gas is hydrogen gas. The tar is coal tar pitch (3) which is mixed with particle-form porous material or fiber substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Gas is hydrogen gas. The tar is coal tar pitch (3) which is mixed with particle-form porous material or fiber substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the anode flow field plate and the cathode flow field plate comprises manifold apertures; and a flow field, fluidly connecting two of the manifold apertures, having open-faced flow channels (522, 523) that are all substantially the same length and arranged to uniformly distribute both a first process gas/fluid and heat produced by an electrochemical reaction involving the first process gas/fluid over an area covered by the flow field.Preferred Dimension: The size of the openings of the first screen is 0.004-0.025 inch. The size of the openings of the second screen is 0.02-0.04 inch. The thickness of the first screen is at most 0.003 inches. The thickness of the second screen is at most 0.01 inches. A maximum dimension of the openings of the first screen is approximately 0.017 inches. A maximum dimension of the openings of the second screen is approximately 0.0254 inches. The spacing between the openings of the second screen is at most 0.01 inches.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The open-faced channels include, in sequence, a first straight portion in fluid communication with a first one of the manifold apertures, a tortuous portion, an arc portion, and a second straight portion in fluid communication with a second one of the manifold apertures. A coolant flow field is provided on the rear surface, fluidly connecting two of the manifold apertures, having open-faced flow channels that are all substantially the same length and arranged to uniformly distribute coolant on the rear surface of the flow field plate. The flow field plate further comprises coolant inlet distribution flow channels that are fluidly connected between a first one of the manifold apertures and the primary coolant flow channels, and where each of the coolant inlet distribution flow channels has a longitudinally extending portion and a transversely extending portion; and coolant outlet collection flow channels that are fluidly connected between a second one of the manifold apertures and the primary coolant flow channels, and where each of the collection flow channels has a longitudinally transversely extending portion. A first set of aperture extensions extends from the first one of the manifold apertures to the first slot, over a portion of the rear surface; and a second set of aperture extensions extends from the second one of the manifold apertures to the second slot, over a portion of the rear surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The nickel group amorphous metal materials are niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, cobalt, iron and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The monomer (a) is 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and/or 2-methacrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid or their salts. The monomer (b) is N-methylol acrylamide and/or N-methylol methacrylamide. Preferred Composition: The cross-linking electrolyte polymer comprises (in mass%) monomer (a) (50-99.9) and monomer (b) (0.1-50). Preferred Process: The monomer solution or dispersion liquid of the cross-linking electrolyte polymer, is filled in the pore of a porous base material. The monomer is polymerized and cross-linked to obtain electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The lubricant is selected from functionalized waxes and silicone compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lubricant is selected from functionalized fatty esters and fatty acid compounds and has carboxylic acid functionality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The permeable diffusion media includes fibers comprising carbon or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The permeable diffusion media further comprises strips made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The permeable diffusion media includes fibers comprising carbon or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The ultracapacitor assembly includes a wind rack end support plate made of glass fabric laminate with epoxy resin and a pattern of holes for mounting the ultracapacitor. The ultracapacitor further comprises two polycarbonate wine rack middle plate supports with cutouts that receive the ultracapacitors and balancing resistors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon is fibrous carbon having a diameter of 1 microns or less and an aspect ratio of 10-10000. The fibrous carbon is a carbon nanotube or a vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon fiber. The compounding quantity of carbon is 0.01-70 mass%, preferably 0.01-20 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon is fibrous carbon having a diameter of 1 microns or less and an aspect ratio of 10-10000. The fibrous carbon is a carbon nanotube or a vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon fiber. The compounding quantity of carbon is 0.01-70 mass%, preferably 0.01-20 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Carbon is selectively dispersed in only one type of resin phase in the resin mixture. The compounding quantity of the resins is 5-95 mass%. The heat-conductive resin material has a heat conductivity of 0.4 W/m.K or more.Preferred Materials: The resin is a thermoplastic resin. The resin mixture is obtained by blending two types of resins. EXAMPLE - A heat-conductive resin material was prepared by blending high-density polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate (50/50 mass ratio) and vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon fiber (10 mass%) having a diameter of 150 nm and L/D ratio of 100. A sheet of thickness 1 mm was molded using the obtained material. The molded sheet had a heat conductivity of 0.73 W/m.K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing-molar ratio of organic acid and alkali are same, or the molar ratio of organic acid is more than that of alkali.Preferred Property: The alkali and/or organic acid has melting point of 20 degrees C or less. The proton exchange material is hydrophobic material.Preferred Compound: The alkali is cyclic compound or nitrogen compound. The nitrogen compound is a compound having imidazole structure, pyrazole structure and/or triazole structure, preferably 1-methyl imidazole, 4-methyl imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole, 1-methyl pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole and 5-methyl-benzimidazole. The nitrogen compound has alkyl group(s).Preferred Group: The alkyl group is methyl group.Preferred Acid: The organic acid is carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton exchange material contains a gelatinization material and a reinforcing material conjugated by ionic liquid. The gelatinization material contains a polymer compound and a polar group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The components are placed over each other and welded together using a laser, preferably on their front faces (8). The components are held in a final position using positioning units (3) and pressure plates (6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separator is formed from the metal thin plate which is formed from alloy selected from group such as iron, titanium and stainless steel alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The normal temperature desulfurizing agent comprises metal component chosen from silver, copper or cobalt, supported on a support chosen from beta-type zeolite, zeolite-X,Y type zeolite or MFI type zeolite. The heated desulfurizing agent is nickel, copper, zinc and iron, or its oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The heated desulfurizing agent is installed in modifier of fuel cell, and heated using heat energy inside the modifier.Preferred Cylinder: The gas is circulated from several LPG cylinders arranged in parallel. Each LPG cylinder has a detection unit for detecting gas residual amount in consumed gas by sending detection signal when consumption rate of requirement is reached, and a switching unit for switching supply gas leading to desulfurizing agent between two cylinders by detection signal.Preferred Process: LPG is filled into cylinder after switching process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur compound contained in LPG cylinder contains dimethyl sulfide, methyl ethyl sulfide and/or tert-butyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The graphite particles are natural graphite or artificial graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains 0.02-0.5 mols of transition metal with respect to noble metal. The noble metal contains platinum. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxide of transition metal is tungstic trioxide and molybdenum trioxide.    EXAMPLE - Pt(NO2)2(NH3)2 aqueous solution of predetermined amount was impregnated into ceria powder (20 g) of specific surface area 120 m2/g. Molybdenum oxide powder was further mixed such that Mo/Pt molar ratio was 0.1. The mixture was baked at 300 degrees C for 3 hours and catalyst powder which supported platinum (2 wt.%) was prepared. The catalyst powder was ground to particles of size 0.5-1 mm. The catalyst particle was tested for hydrogen formation rate in low temperature region, which was found to be favorable. Generation of methane was suppressed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium phosphoric acid type compound is of formula: Li1+xFeyMzP1-mO4-nSm+n, where M is metallic element other than iron, chosen from cobalt, nickel, copper, chromium, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, boron and niobium, x is between 0 and 0.2, y+z is 1, ygreater than or equal toz, m, n are 0-0.1, and m+n is between 0 and 0.1 (including 0.1). Preferred Property: The anode material has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 0.2-3 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium phosphoric acid type compound is of formula: Li1+xFeyMzP1-mO4-nSm+n, where M is metallic element other than iron, chosen from cobalt, nickel, copper, chromium, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, boron and niobium, x is between 0 and 0.2, y+z is 1, ygreater than or equal toz, m, n are 0-0.1, and m+n is between 0 and 0.1 (including 0.1). Preferred Property: The anode material has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 0.2-3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The Casson yield value of the ink is 1.5-2.3 Pa. The catalyst-supporting particles have a mean particle diameter of 0.1-1 mum. The ink is filtered through a membrane filter having pores of 0.2 or 0.1 mum in diameter. The polymer electrolyte is caught on the membrane filter by the capture ratio A (%), which is equal to 50-90 and satisfies the equation A=(1-C/B)x100.B = weight of polymer electrolyte/(sum of the weight of polymer electrolyte and dispersion medium);C = weight of polymer electrolyte/weight of filtrate obtained through filtration.Preferred Material: The dispersion medium contains water, methanol, propanol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, or tert-butyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The adjusting valve is an electromagnetic valve whose opening/closing amount is controlled based on an operating state of the fuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electric or shaft power produced is utilized to operate the compressor. The shaft power produced by the internal combustion engine and the expander is utilized to generate electric power or perform mechanical work. Heat transfer devices heat or cool the internal combustion engine working fluid, internal combustion engine product gas, air supplied to the fuel cell cathode or spent gasses from fuel cell anode and cathode. They are connected such that thermal energy gained from cooling high temperature streams is used to heat low temperature streams. The gas transfer mechanism includes processing chemical species from the product gas mechanism to remove stream. hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons are added to the working fluid. They are contained in depleted product gas recycled from the fuel cell anode. The water and carbon dioxide are contained in gas recycled from the afterburner exhaust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The hybrid fuel cell further comprises anode section including anodes. The fuel cell portion comprises cathode having carbon matrix with active catalyst material. The cathode further comprises peroxide decomposing material. The battery portion comprises auxiliary electrode having positive electrode material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The anode comprises anode active material including zinc, cadmium, magnesium, or aluminum. It further comprises hydrogen storage material and/or Raney nickel. The active catalyst material is consisting of silver, silver alloys, silver oxide, cobalt, cobalt oxide, cobalt manganese oxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, and/or pyrolyzed macrocyclics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hose material comprises (parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ethylene-propylene copolymer) hydrophobic silica (10-150), and carbon black (20-120). EXAMPLE - A hose material comprises (parts by weight) carbon black (70), process oil (50), co-cross linking agent (3), and anti-aging agent (0.5) was prepared and evaluated. The hose material had tensile strength of 8.7 MPa, elongation of 300%, mold surface volume resistivity (1x107), electrical conductivity of extracted solution (2.5), and electrical conductivity of less than 3muS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer liquid contains biodegradation polymer, citric acid, alcohol and distilled water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes of the bipolar battery contains a complex oxide of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes of the bipolar battery contains a complex oxide of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high resistant layer contains a polymeric resin selected from the group consisting of fluorine resin, polystyrene-type resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride type-resin, polyethylene-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyamide-type resin, polytetra-fluoro-ethylene resin, rigid-polyvinyl-chloride resin and GP-polystyrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The nonwoven flat sheet is provided with a coating or surface treatment of ceramic material, e.g. alumina, silica, and/or zirconia compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The adhesive comprises swellable polymer and wetting agent. The swellable polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl (meth)acrylate, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polytetraethylene glycol diacrylate, and/or copolymer of these swellable polymers. The wetting agent is phthalate-based ester, cyclic carbonate, and/or polymeric carbonate. The microporous membrane is made from thermoplastic polymer, e.g. polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylic, polyacetal, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, polyether imide, polyimide, polyketone, polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, or polysulfone. The nonwoven flat sheet is made of polymer, e.g. thermoplastic polymers, cellulosic, and/or ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal hydride is lithium hydride.The chloride component is titanium chloride (TiCl3), zirconium chloride (ZrCl4), vanadium chloride (VCl3), niobium chloride (NbCl5), tantalum chloride (TaCl5), hafnium chloride (HfCl4), molybdenum chloride (MoCl3), tungsten chloride (WCl4), iridium chloride (IrCl4), neodymium chloride (NdCl3), nickel chloride (NiCl2), chromium chloride (CrCl3), iron chloride (FeCl3), cobalt chloride (CoCl2), palladium chloride (PdCl2), platinum chloride (PtCl2), rubidium chloride (RuCl3), rhodium chloride (RhCl3), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and aluminum chloride (AlCl3).The hydrogen storage functional material is graphite, amorphous carbon, activated carbon, carbon nanotube or fullerene.The total amount of chloride component comprised in the hydrogen storage material is 0.3-20 mass%, with respect to the amount of hydrogen storage functional material. EXAMPLE - Lithium hydride, titanium chloride (TiCl3), and graphite powder of average particle diameter 36 mum (1.95 g) were added to a container made of zirconia. The container was evacuated and 1.0 MPa of hydrogen gas was introduced. Mechanical grinding was carried out. Balls made from zirconia and hydrogenation catalyst (fine aggregate chloride content component which dissociated hydrogen molecule to hydrogen atom) were added. Hydrogen storage material was obtained. The hydrogen storage material had high hydrogen storage capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive metal oxide layer is formed of tin oxide or preferably zinc oxide. The metal thin plate is made of aluminum.Preferred Method: At least one of the two electrodes is obtained by dipping a metal thin plate into a solution in which conductive metal oxide is dissolved, drying the resulting metal thin plate with hot wind to form a conductive metal oxide layer on the metal thin plate, and coating the metal thin plate having the conductive metal oxide layer with a slurry containing an electrode active material, followed by drying and pressing to form an electrode active material layer on a surface of conductive metal oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive metal oxide layer is formed of tin oxide or preferably zinc oxide. The metal thin plate is made of aluminum.Preferred Method: At least one of the two electrodes is obtained by dipping a metal thin plate into a solution in which conductive metal oxide is dissolved, drying the resulting metal thin plate with hot wind to form a conductive metal oxide layer on the metal thin plate, and coating the metal thin plate having the conductive metal oxide layer with a slurry containing an electrode active material, followed by drying and pressing to form an electrode active material layer on a surface of conductive metal oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The nitrogen oxide reduction catalyst used in nitrogen oxide sensor, comprises alkali/alkaline earth metal and another metal selected from rhodium, platinum and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The surface of the second component to be joined with a metal is coated with a metal layer comprising titanium or nickel.Preferred Composition: The brazing alloy contains 70-95 wt.% nickel or 45-55 wt.%, and the remainder containing at least one of boron, silicon, phosphorus, chromium, iron, or tungsten.The brazing alloy may comprise titanium and the compositions of AMS4776, AMS4777, AMS4778, AMS4779, AMS4782, AMS4783, or BNi-6.The second component comprises alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, single crystal sapphire, or zirconia.Preferred Property: The brazing alloy is in a form of a tape (B), foil, or preform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The surface of the second component to be joined with a metal is coated with a metal layer comprising titanium or nickel.Preferred Composition: The brazing alloy contains 70-95 wt.% nickel or 45-55 wt.%, and the remainder containing at least one of boron, silicon, phosphorus, chromium, iron, or tungsten.The brazing alloy may comprise titanium and the compositions of AMS4776, AMS4777, AMS4778, AMS4779, AMS4782, AMS4783, or BNi-6.The second component comprises alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, single crystal sapphire, or zirconia.Preferred Property: The brazing alloy is in a form of a tape (B), foil, or preform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred material: The battery further contains an active material powder and the rubber-type binder whose glass transition is 20 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The collector contains aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc, tungsten, bismuth and/or antimony, or stainless alloy. Preferred Material: The electrode is anode, and anode active material contains composite oxide or salt containing cobalt, nickel, manganese, titanium, vanadium and/or iron, and lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The collector contains aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc, tungsten, bismuth and/or antimony, or stainless alloy. Preferred Material: The electrode is anode, and anode active material contains composite oxide or salt containing cobalt, nickel, manganese, titanium, vanadium and/or iron, and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The process parameter is controlled by providing a controlled density of pores in individual fibers of the webbed fibrillar material. The controlling controls a ratio of an amount of ultrafine fibers to an amount of nanoporous fibers present in the webbed fibrillar material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous synthetic resin film consists of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The 4-7C isomonoolefin monomers are isobutylene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene. The 4-14C multiolefin monomers are isoprene, butadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,4-dimethylbutadiene, piperyline, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, and/or 1-vinyl-cyclohexadiene. The alkylstyrene monomers are p- or m-methylstyrene, p- or m-ethylstyrene, or 4- or 3-n-propylstyrene. The co-agent(s) are m-phenylene-bis-maleimide, 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene, triallyl cyanurate, and/or triallyl isocyanurate. The peroxide system is an organic peroxide. The compound further comprises filler(s). EXAMPLE - To methyl chloride (5586 g), isobutylene (1344 g), isoprene (52.8 g) and p-methylstyrene (PMS) (305 g). The reactor contents were cooled to -95 degrees C at which point a catalyst solution was introduced. The rubber which was recovered from the reactor was mill dried and submitted for compositional analysis. The resulting polymer was found to contain 82.8 mol% isobutylene, 15.7 mol% PMS and 1.49 mol% isoprene and was gel-free.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The concentration of halogen ions in solution is 1x10-3-1x10-5 molarity. The solution has a pH of 2-4. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises water. The solution comprises sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It comprises hydrofluoric acid. It comprises water, sulfuric acid, and fluoride ions at a concentration between 1x10-3-1x10-5. Preferred Material: The halogen ion is from chlorine-, bromine-, iodide-, and/or preferably fluorine-. Preferred Method: Contacting is conducted at 25-100degreesC for less than 600 seconds. Separating comprises rinsing the surface with a rinse solution, thus removing the acidic solution and metal halide from the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The concentration of halogen ions in solution is 1x10-3-1x10-5 molarity. The solution has a pH of 2-4. Preferred Component: The solvent comprises water. The solution comprises sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It comprises hydrofluoric acid. It comprises water, sulfuric acid, and fluoride ions at a concentration between 1x10-3-1x10-5. Preferred Material: The halogen ion is from chlorine-, bromine-, iodide-, and/or preferably fluorine-. Preferred Method: Contacting is conducted at 25-100degreesC for less than 600 seconds. Separating comprises rinsing the surface with a rinse solution, thus removing the acidic solution and metal halide from the surface. EXAMPLE - An acidic treatment solution was prepared by mixing (weight %): sulfuric acid solution (3), deionized water solvent (97), and hydrofluoric acid (284 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite lamellar compound is ionic bond-, dispersion force- or covalent bond-type compound, and is obtained using graphite raw material chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite or mesophase pitch group graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite lamellar compound is ionic bond-, dispersion force- or covalent bond-type compound, and is obtained using graphite raw material chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, kish graphite or mesophase pitch group graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The raw material of lead alloy contains (i) calcium (in mass%) (0.02-0.05), tin (0.002-0.014), barium (0.4-2.5), remaining lead and impurity, or (ii) calcium (0.02-0.05), tin (0.002-0.014), barium (0.4-2.5), silver (0.005-0.07), bismuth (0.01-0.1), tantalum (0.001-0.05), remaining lead and impurity    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The raw material of lead alloy contains (i) calcium (in mass%) (0.02-0.05), tin (0.002-0.014), barium (0.4-2.5), remaining lead and impurity, or (ii) calcium (0.02-0.05), tin (0.002-0.014), barium (0.4-2.5), silver (0.005-0.07), bismuth (0.01-0.1), tantalum (0.001-0.05), remaining lead and impurity
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The bulk density of the complex oxide is more than 2.4 g/cm3. Preferred Method: The precursor mixture is obtained by carrying out wet blending of nickel compound, manganese compound, cobalt compound and compound of aluminum, iron, titanium, magnesium, chromium, gallium, copper, zinc or niobium, drying and mixing obtained mixture with lithium compound. The precursor mixture is baked in oxygen-containing atmosphere at 1050degreesC or more. Preferred Compound: The lithium compound is optionally hydrated lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The bulk density of the complex oxide is more than 2.4 g/cm3. Preferred Method: The precursor mixture is obtained by carrying out wet blending of nickel compound, manganese compound, cobalt compound and compound of aluminum, iron, titanium, magnesium, chromium, gallium, copper, zinc or niobium, drying and mixing obtained mixture with lithium compound. The precursor mixture is baked in oxygen-containing atmosphere at 1050degreesC or more. Preferred Compound: The lithium compound is optionally hydrated lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The bondline resistance is less than 20 m-Ohms/cm2 after exposure to fuel cell operating conditions in excess of 500 hours.Preferred Components: The conductive sheets comprise an electrically conductive metal or electrically conductive polymeric composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive particles of the primer coating is consisting of gold, platinum, nickel, tin, silver, palladium, noble metals, graphite, and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder is a polymeric resin consisting of polyamide imide, polyimide, and/or polyvinyl ester.The adhesive polymer is consisting of elastomers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and/or thermoset adhesives, preferably ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethylene propylene diene (EPDM), ethylene propylene monomer, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, isobutylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitride rubber, epoxy, urethane, acrylics, silicones, phenolics, novolacs, and/or polymethyl methacrylates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchanger comprises graphitic carbon foam. It is a radiant cooler. The scrubber comprises carbon fiber composite molecular sieve material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises platinum (about 80%) supported on carbon (about 20%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cation-selective ion permeable membrane comprises a sulfonate-containing polymer layer facing the anode and a carboxylate-containing polymer layer facing the gas diffusion cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The cell further comprises a catalyst loading of about 5 mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The conductive electrode substrate is processed to produce the unevenness by pressing between dies in which the upper and lower dies are formed to have the same unevenness to engage with each other; pressing between rollers in which the upper and lower rollers are formed to have the same unevenness to engage with each other; or depositing nickel with electrolytic nickel deposition. The electrode substrate has alternating columns of numerous concave parts or concave part groups and columns of numerous convex parts or convex part groups which are in parallel and spaced at a constant interval while making an angle of 30-60degrees w.r.t. the longitudinal direction of the substrate. The conductive electrode substrate employed to form the non-sintered thin electrode is roll pressed and contoured in one direction of both surfaces of the conductive electrode substrate. After being cut into a desirable size, the electrode is immersed in a liquid, where a fine powder of synthetic resin is dispersed or the same liquid is sprayed onto the surfaces of the electrode so that the electrode is thinly coated with the fine powder of the synthetic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The synthetic resin is fluoride resin, polyolefin, polyvinyl-type and polysulfone resin powders or copolymers of which the main material is the above resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol and the antifoamer is silicone-type emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressure and temperature of the fuel in supercritical or subcritical state, is 4-50 MPa and 150-500 degreesC, respectively.Preferred Fuel: The fuel is contacted with a modified catalyst (31) or a mixture of adsorption agent and modified catalyst.The fuel cell is a fuel used for diesel engine, gasoline engine and fuel cell of motor vehicle.Preferred Apparatus: The sulfur-compound adsorption unit contains a mixture of sulfur-compound adsorption agent and modified catalyst.The heating unit uses the heat of engine waste gas (100) or combustion heat of hydrogen-containing gas ejected from waste gas and/or fuel cell of fuel modification-reaction device.The sulfur-compound adsorption agent is an exchangeable compound, and is replaced with the modified catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The piezoelectric compound is BaTiO3, Pb(Zr-Ti)O3, PbTiO3 and/or (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3. The catalyst contains catalytically active powder supported on the compound. The powder is cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide and/or their complex oxide. The modification catalyst contains rhodium, platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A nonaqueous electrolyte cell-oriented electrode in which the electrode active material layer is formed on a collector (1), has the density gradient developed with a gradient of a solid concentration increasing along a thickness from a surface of the electrode active material layer toward the collector. The electrode active material layer comprises laminated thin film layers different in the solid concentration. The solid concentration includes concentrations of an electrode active material, an electrically conductive material, and a binder. The electrode active material layer has a thickness of 1-100 microns. The secondary cell comprises a positive electrode comprising a first collector and a positive-electrode oriented active material layer, negative electrode comprising second collector and negative-electrode oriented active material layer, and electrolyte layer (3). Preferred Method: The electrode slurry is coated onto the collector by an ink jet method, which employs a piezo system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is alkyd, diallyl phthalate, epoxide, phenolic, melamine, polyester, urea, acrylate, polyolefin, polystyrene or its copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoro ethylene or its copolymer, polyimide, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, nylon, liquid crystal polymer, polyarylketone, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, chloroprene, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone, ethylene propylene rubber, polyurethane, ether-amide block copolymer and/or styrene olefin block copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plate component further contains a filler material chosen from glass fiber, glass bead, stainless steel fiber, metal particle, mineral, carbon powder, carbon fiber, graphite, carbon fibril and carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic component comprises a fluorinated polymer or PTFE. The coating is provided as a mixture comprising 15-40 (preferably 20) wt.% hydrophobic component, 60-85 (preferably 80) wt.% hydrophilic component, and 0-15 (preferably 5) wt.% pore forming agent. The hydrophilic component comprises a carbonaceous substance such as carbon fibers and/or carbon particles. The carbonaceous substance has a surface area of 50-250 (preferably 60) cm2/g. The carbonaceous substance comprises acetylene black. The pore forming agent comprises a material selected such that the mesoporous layer is free of components of the pore forming agent upon decomposition of the pore forming agent; or a material selected to decompose in a mixture with the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components upon heating above room temperature, where the decomposition is particulate free and comprises gaseous and liquid components. The pore forming agent comprises ammonium carbonate. The coating further comprises a solvent selected from water and/or isopropanol. Preferred Properties: The porosity of the diffusion media including the substrate and the mesoporous layer is 84%. The mesoporous layer has a thickness of 10-25 microns. The diffusion media substrate has a thickness of 100-300 microns. Preferred Process: The heat treating process is performed at 75-100 (preferably greater than 65)degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The separator of the fuel cell is produced by injection molding of a melt containing carbon powder, in which a high pressure inert gas is poured into the melt. The pressure voltage supply apparatus is controlled by the injection molding machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The particle-form polymer free from fluorine, is diene group elastomer or acrylate group elastomer. The fluorine-containing polymer contains polytetrafluoroethylene. The blend further contains a molding support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer (23a) is composed of polyethylene series resin, polypropylene series resin and/or polyamide series resin (preferably low-density polyethylene, non-modified polypropylene, nylon 6,6 and/or nylon 6,10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode contains Li-Mn based composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The contact device has holding elements (47) made from an elastomer for holding and/or aligning the contact device on a fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrophobic surface layer contains PTFE and consists of a PTFE-metal or PTFE-carbon mixture on electrical connecting points (48). The hydrophobic surface layer consists of a water repellent material made completely or partially of an amorphous fluoropolymer which is an amorphous modification of Teflon, preferably made completely or partially of a polysiloxane compound or alkylsilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is sawdust, wood chips, rayon, acryl, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, and/or phenol resin.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio (H/C) of hydrogen atom (H) with respect to carbon atom (C) of the hydrogen storage material, is 0.079-0.09.Preferred Condition: The impregnated product is baked by adjusting the temperature conditions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is a combination of aromatic quinone and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or aromatic amine and aromatic carboxylic dianhydride, or acrylic-type monomer, or ammonium dicarboxylate. A polymer is obtained by polycondensation or polymerization of the monomer. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution (in weight parts) (50) obtained by mixing 10% anthraquinone and pyromellitic dianhydride in a molar ratio of 1:1, and zinc chloride (1) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, were impregnated into wood chip as raw material at normal temperature. The impregnated product was vacuum-heat dried at 120degreesC and baked at 500degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a hydrogen storage material containing hydrogen and carbon in a molar ratio of 0.083. The obtained hydrogen storage material had pore having diameter of 1.12 nm and hydrogen storage capacity of 1.5 wt.% at 10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymerization is carried out at room temperature-130, preferably 75-100degreesC, using radiation in conjunction with heating, where radiation source is UV light, gamma-rays, x-rays, and/or electron beam. It is carried out on a substrate comprising polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, or polyamide. It is carried out on an electrode.Preferred Component: The aqueous solution comprises a chemical polymerization initiator.Preferred Parameter: The quantity and concentration of the alkaline solution is selected, such that the thickness of the membrane after species replacement deviates from the thickness of the membrane before species replacement, by less than 50, preferably less than 5%. EXAMPLE - Methylenebisacrylamide (3.5 g), acrylamide (5.3 g), 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (2.6 g), methacrylic acid (42.9 g), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (6.3 g), 1-phenyl-2-methyl-2-hydroxypropanone (1.8 g), and triethanolamine (7.0 g) were dissolved in water (224.6 ml), and 50% potassium hydroxide (56.1 g) was added to the resulting solution, which was maintained at room temperature. A piece of fabric was soaked in the resulting monomer solution, and sandwiched between a piece of glass and a piece of polyethylene terephthalate transparent film. This was irradiated under strong UV light for 1 minute, where a strong polymer film was formed. This film was soaked in 45% potassium hydroxide for 24 hours. The resulting film was highly conductive of hydroxide ions (0.45 S/cm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is nickel filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The electroconductive substance is nickel filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The lubricative coating film and electroconductive coating film contain 400-1000C polyester resin and wax as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The capacitor has electrolyte liquid that consists of electrolyte of tetra alkyl ammonium and non aqueous solvent consisting of propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The fabrication of fuel cell includes forming a porous conductive layer on the surface of the membrane electrode assembly.Preferred Properties: The membrane is 1-100 micrometers thick. An operating temperature of the transfer is 25-100degreesC. Heat pressing of the adhesive to the membrane is at 100-250degreesC and 1-50 MPa. The thermosetting adhesive is baked at 60-200degreesC.Preferred Materials: The b-stage adhesive comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide containing conductive particles. The insulation frame comprises a fiber enhanced resin or ceramic plate. The fuel cells are attached to the frame using waterproof adhesive comprising epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide. Thermosetting adhesive applied to the conductive nets comprises epoxy, polyurethane or polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive net comprises nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum, and/or their alloys. It is coated with gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, or chromium-nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first additive is (vinyl) pyridazine, (vinyl) quinoline, (vinyl) pyridine, (vinyl) indole, triethanolamine, 1,3-dimethyl butadiene, butadiene, vinyl (ethylene) carbonate, (vinyl) imidazole, (vinyl) piperidine, (vinyl) pyrimidine, (vinyl) pyrazine, (vinyl) isoquinoline, (vinyl) quinoxaline, biphenyl, 1,2-diphenyl ether, 1,2-diphenylethane, o-terphenyl, N-methyl pyrrole, and/or naphthalene. It is N-methyl pyrrole, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinyl pyridine, triethanolamine, or biphenyl. The second additive is a lithium(chelato)borate. It is Li((C2O4)2B), or Li(C2O4)BF2. The alkali metal salt is a lithium salt. It is LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3SO2)3C, LiN(SO2C2F5)2, and/or lithium alkyl fluorophosphates. The polar aprotic solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl ether, and/or gamma butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The plasmatron and catalyst(s) include a mechanism for receiving as an input air, fuel and water/steam. The plasmatron and catalyst(s) include a mechanism for receiving exhaust gas from the engine. The catalyst(s) includes a heat exchanger in heat exchange relation with the catalyst to preheat air, fuel and water/steam; catalyst sections that receive air/fuel or water/steam; and water-shifting catalyst, a partial oxidation catalyst, and/or a steam reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The quaternary ammonium organic cation contains at least imidazolium ion of formula (2) or pyridinium cation having structure of formula (3).R1, R2 (in formula 2)=group of formula CnH2n+1;n=1-6;R3 (in formula 2)=H or CnH2n+1;R1 (in formula 3)=CnH2n+1;andR2, R3 (in formula 3)=H or CnH2n+1.Preferred Electrolyte: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains at least tetra fluoroboric acid anion.Preferred Compound: The cyclic organic compound having S=O bonding, is ethylene sulfite, propylene sulfite, sulfolane, sulfolene, 1,3-propane sulfone, 1,4-butane sulfone and/or their derivatives. A carbonaceous material is used as cathode active material. The cathode contains the compound having sulfur. The metal-resin composite film (5) is used as cladding material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The raw fuel is hydrocarbon, hydride, methanol, dimethylether, synthesis gas, land fill gas, bio gas, liquid natural gas, and/or liquid petroleum gas, preferably dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel or molten carbonate type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal contains platinum. Preferred Support: The oxide support contains complex oxide of ceria and alumina dispersed on nanometer scale. Preferred Condition: The high temperature oxidation atmosphere is 600-800 degrees Celsius.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred features: The frame and fibers are made from the same material or share a component. The fibers have an internal diameter of not more than 1 mm, especially 0.05-280 microns, and a wall thickness of 0.01-50 microns. The fibers open into an annular groove in the frame. The system contains a static mixer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Hydrogen and oxygen are produced in the electrolysis partial system with simultaneous concentration of the electrolyte of the electrolysis partial system. The electrolysis consumes water from the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is oxygen or proton conductor. When two auxiliary electrical circuits are used, one of the circuits comprises anode and the other the cathode of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The carbon containing fuel comprises a solid carbon containing fuel consisting of coal or pyrolyzed biomass; or solid, electrically conductive carbon fuel rod. The carbon fuel rod is an anode electrode in contact with the ceramic membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method includes repeating crosslinking and coupling steps at least once to produce a substrate having an extended, crosslinked, non-discotic backbone polymer coating. The crosslinking step is repeated at least twice, and the coupling step is repeated at least once. Coupling step includes beta or meso coupling step.Preferred Components: The porphyrinic macrocycles are porphyrin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin, isobacteriochlorin, oxochlorin, dioxobacteriochlorin, dioxoisobacteriochlorin, pyrophorbin, bacteriopyrophorbin, phthalocyanine, naphthalocyanine, tetraazaporphyrin, core-modified porphyrinic derivative, or expanded or contracted porphyrinic derivative. The non-discotic backbone polymer comprises a double-decker sandwich coordination compound coupled to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is oriented perpendicularly to the substrate. The non-discotic backbone polymer is an intrinsic rectifier of excited-state energy and/or an intrinsic rectifier of holes.Preferred Dimensions: The light-harvesting rods have a length of not more than 500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The microparticles of calcium salt are microparticles of calcium phosphate. The battery contains aluminum as cathode, and carbon as anode.Preferred Process: Electricity is supplied to the dispersion liquid of calcium salt microparticles in presence of a substance chosen from ceramics and mineral having hydroxyl group or crystal water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The microparticles of calcium salt are microparticles of calcium phosphate. The battery contains aluminum as cathode, and carbon as anode.Preferred Process: Electricity is supplied to the dispersion liquid of calcium salt microparticles in presence of a substance chosen from ceramics and mineral having hydroxyl group or crystal water. EXAMPLE - Calcium hydroxide (1100 g) was dissolved in water (10 l). Then, phosphoric acid (2500 g) was added and reacted at normal temperature for 0.5 hours, to obtain calcium phosphate. The obtained calcium phosphate was filtered and washed with water, to obtain pure calcium phosphate. The obtained pure calcium phosphate (1 kg) was dispersed to water (100 l) in a water tank containing spodumene tourmaline and phlogopite, to obtain a dispersion liquid. The dispersion liquid was used as an electrolyte. An aluminum plate (cathode) and copper board (anode) were arranged at preset interval. The change in electromotive force during change in distance between electrodes was measured. The result showed that when the distance between the electrodes was 4 cm and 1 cm, the electromotive force was 1.354 V and 1.359 V, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The opposing surfaces of the slide rings are provided with a PTFE coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The synthesis gas is supplied to fuel cell (26) for generation of electricity, when gas is rich in hydrogen, and supplied to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor (32) for generation of liquid hydrocarbon, when gas is rich in carbon monoxide. The biogas is desulfurized and condensed by cooling, and water vapor is separated, before supplying biogas into catalytic reformer unit.Preferred Unit: The biological waste material treatment plant further has fuel cell, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, control unit for controlling proportion of synthesis gas supplied to fuel cell or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, and unit for removing water vapor from biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The rigid strip comprises fiberglass-reinforced plastic or polymer-coated metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The power output of the battery pack is 20-200, preferably 40-100 kW. The power output of the fuel cell battery charger is 0.5-10, preferably 1.5-5 kW. A backup internal combustion engine is provided to the power supply. The liquid fuel is short chain alcohol. The liquid fuel is made of methanol, and/or ethanol. The liquid fuel is converted to hydrogen prior to use by the fuel cell. The air separator is membrane system comprising membrane(s) and/or compressor(s). The regenerative fuel cell is stack containing at least two groupings of fuel cells where the groupings are connected in series. Each fuel cell group has cathode entrance for oxidation to enter the fuel cell and cathode exit purging inert gases from the fuel cell. The oxidant enters the cathode entrance of the first fuel cell group. The first fuel cell group has higher ratio of mass of catalyst to surface area of membrane than the first fuel cell group. A recycle stream connects the cathode exit of the last fuel cell group to the air separator where oxygen in the recycle stream is separated in the air separator and is returned to the fuel cell group. The line is filled with liquid freely flowing between the tow tanks and equilibrates the pressures of the two tanks. The fuel cell system also includes second and third lines with one end connected to the oxygen tank and to the exit of the pump, respectively, and monitoring and control mechanism pumping the water from oxygen tank to cathode side of the fuel cell to flood the cathode side of the fuel cell and allows electrolysis generation of oxygen and hydrogen by the fuel cell. Preferred Properties: The ratio of the volume of hydrogen tank to the oxygen tank is 1:1.6-1:2.1. The pressure hydrogen storage tank is capable of storing hydrogen of 0.025-12.5 kg. The hydrogen storage tank has volume with the hydrogen at 50-500 bars of the pressures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Raw material containing metallic element chosen from group 3-12 and precursor polymer comprising carbon and sulfur are reacted to obtain the organosulfur compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains electroconductive material such as carbon material, metal material and electrical conductivity polymer. The cathode contains metallic element capable of occluding-discharging, chosen from groups 1 and 2. The electrolyte is gel electrolyte, solid polymer electrolyte or single ionic conductive polymer electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electrical conductivity polymer is polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene, phenylene, vinylene, copolymers of thienylene and vinylene or their derivatives. Preferred Definitions:    M = titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc;    x = 0-2 (excluding 0);and    n = 4 or more.    EXAMPLE - Carbon disulfide was plasma polymerized in mixed argon gas for 12 hours. The precipitated product (6 g) was collected and vacuum dried at 150degreesC. Polycarbon disulfide (5 g) containing carbon (in mass%) (19.5) and sulfur (80.5) was obtained. Polycarbon disulfide (80), polyvinylidene fluoride (10) and acetylene (10) were dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and stir-mixed to obtain anode mix slurry. Anode was produced using the anode mix slurry. A battery was fabricated using the produced anode, cathode and electrolyte containing ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and lithium hexafluoro phosphate. The battery had excellent discharge capacitance, discharge-and-recharge cycle life and irreversible loss of 8.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The nylon type resin contains glass fiber of about 15-35 wt %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (B) has maximum storage capacity of one H atom per C atom i.e. about 8 wt.%. (A) is generated in e.g. a plasma source and/or tungsten capillary atom source and (B) is placed either in a flow of (B) or in the atom source. Optionally a metal is first applied to (B) and then adsorbed on this metal. Adsorption is at 150-300, preferably not over 200, degrees K, and desorption at over 350, preferably 750-800, degrees K, with recombination of atoms taking place in the gas phase. The energy released by recombination may be used in other processes or process stages.Preferred Materials: (B) preferably comprises nanotubes (single- or multi-walled), nanofibers and/or nanoshells, optionally in the form of oriented materials. The storage medium is contained in a pressure vessel, as a powder, agglomerate and/or pellets. EXAMPLE - Single-walled carbon nanotubes (made of pyrolytic graphite of purity 85 wt.%), of diameter 1.2-1.4 nm and length up to 10 microns, were exposed, at 200 degrees K, to a stream of hydrogen atoms, generated at 2000 degrees K. The hydrogen atoms taken up by the nanotubes could be desorbed at 780 degrees K, and they recombined to form molecular hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A pair of the first set of plates encloses a membrane (M1) permeable to the carbon dioxide. A pair of the second set of plates encloses a membrane (M2) permeable to air or to water vapor. The system further comprises through holes through the plates to directly connect at least two flow fields or to directly connect an input or an output stream of the DMFC stack with one of the flow fields. A fourth set of the plates forms an air-to-air heat exchanger. The third plate or third set of plates is as a thermal regulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The filler comprises particles. The current collector comprises a metal substrate having a coating of the composite. The particles are fibrillose and oriented in the general direction that the electrical current flows through the composite. The current collectors are a bipolar plate confronting the anode of one the cells and the cathode of the next adjacent cell. The substrate comprises a first acid-soluble metal underlying a second acid-insoluble, oxidizable metal layer engaging the composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal is titanium, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer matrix comprises epoxies, polyamide-imides, polyether-imides, polyphenols, fluoroelastomers, polyesters, phenoxy-phenolics, epoxide-phenolics, acrylics, or urethanes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic phase (I) consists of particles of oxides of silicon, titanium, zirconium, aluminum and/or phosphorus, especially of silicon oxide. The oxide particles are optionally modified with organic and/or organometallic groups, especially basic organic groups of formula -(CH2)n-R1.n = 0-3;R1 = NR2R3R4, H or OR5;R2 - R5 = H or alkyl.The modifying group is particularly 3-aminopropyl. The layers contain (I) at 1-20 (preferably 3-15) wt. %; alternatively the layer adjacent to the cathode may be free of (I). The PEM especially comprises a single anode side layer and a single cathode side layer. EXAMPLE - An inorganic-modified polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), formed using Nafion (RTM; perfluorocarbon-sulfonic acid polymer) as electrolyte medium, consisted of a silicate-containing first (anode) layer and a silicate-free second (cathode) layer. The first, silicate-free Nafion (RTM) layer was covered with a mixture of Nafion (RTM), 5 wt. % tetraethoxy silane and 0.5 wt. % triethoxy-propylamine-silane and subjected to sol-gel processing to give the second, silicate particle-containing layer. The obtained 25 micron thick membrane was incorporated in a conventional membrane-electrode arrangement (MEA) of a fuel cell. The MEA was operated for more than 500 hours in a standard measuring cell at 84 degrees Celsius using non-wetted reaction gases (i.e. hydrogen and air at pressures of 1.7-3 bars absolute and air to H2 ratio 2.0 : 1.5), while extracting a current density of 1A/cm2. The potential reduced from an initial value of 0.65 V (after 3 hours) to 0.52 V (after 360 to 499 hours). No breakdowns due to flooding or silicon poisoning occurred.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The selectively positioned bond(s) is silicon-metal eutectic-silicon bond, silicon-frit-silicon bond, silicon-metal-silicon microwave bond, silicon-polymer adhesive-silicon bond, silicon-polymer adhesive-plastic bond, silicon-polymer adhesive-glass bond, or silicon-glass anodic bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: the electrolyte liquid contains fluorinated aromatic compound (0.01-10 wt.%) of general formula (I).R = H, fluorine, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or phenyl, arbitrary R combine with each other to form optionally substituted ring.The aromatic compound which has halogen other than fluorine is compound of general formula (2).X = halogen other than fluorine;R = H, fluorine, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, phenoxy or phenyl, arbitrary R combine with each other to form optionally substituted ring containing oxygen atom. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved in solution formed by mixing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in the molar ratio of 3:7. Fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene and vinylene carbonate were added, and electrolyte liquid was prepared. A coin-type battery was produced using the electrolyte liquid, positive electrode (formed using carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride and lithium cobaltate) and negative electrode (formed using polyvinylidene fluoride and artificial graphite powder). The battery was charged at final voltage of 4.2 V and constant current of 0.5 mA and discharged at final voltage of 3 V at 25degreesC, and charging and discharging test was carried out. The storage test of the battery was performed at 85degreesC for 3 days in charged condition. The remaining capacity of the battery after preservation was found to be 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: the electrolyte liquid contains fluorinated aromatic compound (0.01-10 wt.%) of general formula (I).R = H, fluorine, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy or phenoxy, arbitrary R groups combine with each other to form optionally substituted oxygen containing rings.The aromatic compound which has halogen other than fluorine is compound of general formula (II).X = halogen other than fluorine;R = H, fluorine, optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkoxy, phenoxy or phenyl, arbitrary R groups combine with each other to form optionally substituted oxygen containing rings. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved in solution formed by mixing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in the molar ratio of 3:7. Fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene and vinylene carbonate were added, and electrolyte liquid was prepared. A coin-type battery was produced using the electrolyte liquid, positive electrode (formed using carbon black, polyvinylidene fluoride and lithium cobaltate) and negative electrode (formed using polyvinylidene fluoride and artificial graphite powder). The battery was charged at final voltage of 4.2 V and constant current of 0.5 mA and discharged at final voltage of 3 V at 25degreesC, and charging and discharging test was carried out. The storage test of the battery was performed at 85degreesC for 3 days in charged condition. The remaining capacity of the battery after preservation was found to be 63%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, activation processing of raw coke produced by delayed coker is performed. Then, the material is ground such that circularity becomes 1-5. Activation processing temperature is higher than the manufacture temperature of raw coke.Preferred Oil: The raw coke is obtained using carboniferous system heavy oil and/or petroleum type heavy oil as raw material.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the ground raw coke is 1 mm or less. EXAMPLE - Carboniferous system heavy oil containing soft pitch (0.1 wt.% or less) was caulked at 480 degrees C in a delayed coker, to obtain isotropy raw coke. The coke was ground to 3 mm or less. A pellet form potassium hydroxide (4 pts.wt) was added with respect to anisotropic raw coke (1 pt.wt), and mixed uniformly. Activation processing of the mixture was performed at 900 degrees C for 2 hours under argon air flow. The material was ground to obtain ball-shaped carbon particles having average particle diameter of 32 microm. The particles had specific surface area of 380 m2/g and circularity of 2.3. An electrical double layer capacitor formed using the carbon particles as electrode, had electrostatic capacitance of 30.5 F/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A spring housing (140) formed of epoxy resin is formed around the spring. A surface of the supporting unit opposite to the cells is covered with silicon resin for insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The adhesion step is conducted by heating at 100-1500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal catalyst layer comprises a metal, an alloy or an oxide, nitride, carbide, sulfide, chloride, nitrate, or sulfonate. The nanostructures, preferably carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns or nanowires are surface-treated with ozone, nitrogen oxide (NOx), ammonia, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sulfoxide (SOx), chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, fluoric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, potassium iodide, pyridine or hydrogen sulfide prior to coating. The material used for the coating step is the same as the constituent of the metal electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal catalyst layer comprises a metal, an alloy or an oxide, nitride, carbide, sulfide, chloride, nitrate, or sulfonate. The nanostructures, preferably carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns or nanowires are surface-treated with ozone, nitrogen oxide (NOx), ammonia, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sulfoxide (SOx), chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, fluoric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, potassium iodide, pyridine or hydrogen sulfide prior to coating. The material used for the coating step is the same as the constituent of the metal electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage material and aluminum are present in a ratio of 10:1-1:10 (preferably 1:1) within the alloy. The negative electrode active composition comprises (wt.%): hydrogen storage material (0.0-94), alloy (1.0-95), binder material (3.0-9.0), and conductive material (2.0-5.0). Preferred Materials: The hydrogen storage material included in the alloy is rare-earth/Misch metal alloys, zirconium alloys, and/or titanium alloys. It consists of AB type alloys, AB2 type alloys, and/or AB5 type alloys. The negative electrode active composition further comprises sodium borohydride. The conductive material consists of carbon, nickel, copper, and/or copper plated nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Raman full width at half maximum of wave number 1350 cm-1 of crystal grain, satisfies relation given by: dat most(376/La)+19, where d is Raman full width (cm-1) at half maximum, and La is crystal grain size (nm) in surface having a-axis and b-axis of graphite structure. Raman full width half crystal grain is measured by Raman spectrum.Preferred Method: The crystal grain is processed by halogen and/or sulfur oxide, after grinding. EXAMPLE - Graphite (5 g) was added to a stainless steel container having stainless steel balls. Nitrogen gas was introduced, and mechanical grinding processing was carried out for 12 hours at 400 rpm. Nitrogen-containing graphite crystal grain was obtained. The obtained crystal grain contained nitrogen atom and carbon atom in the atomic ratio of 0.11. Raman half value width of crystal grain was 87 cm-1. The obtained crystal grain was added to a reaction container, and pressure was reduced to 0.1 Torr. The container was heated at 200degreesC under reduced pressure, and maintained for 1 hour. Fluorine gas was introduced, and maintained at room temperature and at pressure of 5 MPa. The container was pressure-reduced, and fluorine was discharged to obtain a hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material had excellent hydrogen storage-releasing ability, and maximum amount of hydrogen desorption of hydrogen storage material was 5.6 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The heat exchange unit has a hydrogen gas separation unit for separating and ejecting hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas production apparatus further has a storage unit having a hydrocarbon group fuel storage portion (41) and dehydrogenated product storage portion (42). The catalyst exists in ring-form, and ring enclosure of heater is carried out. The catalyst is supplied using several gas-liquid supply units.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fuel storage portion and dehydrogenated product storage portion contain elastic resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complexes: The noble metals complex is chloroplatinic acid, hexa ammine platinum chloride, dinitro diammine platinum, palladium chloride, tetra ammine palladium chloride, rhodium chloride, ruthenium chloride, hexa chloro iridium acid or chloroauric acid preferably chloroplatinic acid. Further, a transition metal complex of iron chloride, nickel chloride, chromium chloride, cobalt chloride or manganese chloride, is used during manufacturing of noble metals type catalyst support conductive polymer composite.Preferred Catalyst: The noble metal type catalyst is noble metal catalyst, alloy catalyst of noble metal and transition metal or alloy catalyst of noble metals. Noble metal catalyst is platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, gold, palladium or rhenium catalyst preferably, platinum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline and polythiophene, preferably polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The step of heating a vessel containing a catalyst includes heating a vessel containing a catalyst to 600-700degreesC. The pressure swing absorbent includes calcium oxide, which is introduced at twice a stoichiometric ratio. The steam is introduced in a steam to carbon ratio of about four. The method further comprises venting a product gas from the vessel, and venting a by-product gas from the vessel, where the product is hydrogen and the by-product gas is methane. The by-product may be recycled as a feedstock or recycled as a fuel for heating the vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The inlet (110) and outlet (120) of air duct (100) transversely extend with a width the same as a width of the battery tray (200). A transversely extending protruding portion is formed on a front wall of the bottom tray (220) to induce the external air into the inlet of air duct. A fan is disposed in outlet passage of the top tray. A filter (130) is disposed in the inlet of air duct, and water drain holes (140) are formed through bottom portion of the air duct.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises improving the selectivity of the conversion of hydrocarbon into carbon monoxide by catalytic partial oxidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Suitable for use with X-by-Wire automobile industry standard systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sealing surface includes a gasket groove.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sealing surface includes a gasket groove.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuels are selected from the group consisting of methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen gas production apparatus has blocking layers (31a-31h) and a stirring unit provided in separation tank. The blocking layer has network structure, and disturbs passing through of hydrogen gas. The storage tank is classified into several chambers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is hydrocarbon-type fuel such as decalin. Preferred Process: The hydrogen gas and the solvent ejected from the separation tank are supplied into the hydrocarbon-type fuel stored by the storage tank. The hydrocarbon-type fuel is supplied to the separation tank, and the solvent ejected to one of the chambers of the separation tank, is stored. The discharge port ejects the hydrogen gas to the storage tank. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The dehydrogenated product is naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layer which is not in contact with the electrolyte layer is made of platinum, gold, silver, nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The exposed portion of the current collector serves as a detection tab (4'A-4'K). Preferred Property: The thickness of the current collector assuming the outermost position of the stack structure is 2-50 times the thickness of the other current collector of the stack structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The resin portion includes resin with a hardness of 5-95, and dielectric tangent of 1x10-3-5x10-1 under a temperature of -30-80degreesC at a frequency of 10 Hz-1 kHz. Preferred Material: The resin includes epoxy, urethane, nylon, and/or olefin family resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode layer includes positive electrode material comprising lithium (Li)-manganese (Mn) composite oxides. The negative electrode layer includes negative electrode material comprising crystalline carbon material and amorphous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The plates (3, 4) have identical embossed surfaces (5) formed by round recesses. The contact sites are gold-plated and are uniformly distributed over the surface of the separator plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The reactor is maintained at a pressure of 0.5 Torr or less, preferably 0.05 Torr or less. Fullerene is sublimated at 700 degrees C or less.Preferred Substrate: The substrate has a thin film of inorganic porous material or inorganic oxide, in which microparticles are formed.Preferred Material: Fullerene contains chemically modified fullerene. The catalyst metal is a transition metal of 5A, 6A and 8 groups periodic table element, which is iron, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, rhodium, platinum and/or palladium. The inorganic porous material is Y-type zeolite, and has thin film of silicon oxide.Preferred Property: The particle diameter of microparticles is 0.5-10 nm. EXAMPLE - Quartz tube (reaction tube) having internal diameter of 26 mm and filled with fullerene (C60) having internal diameter of 4.5 mm, was provided in a heating furnace (A), and sealed such that fullerene portion of tube was at the center of heating furnace. Quartz board having uniformly arranged Y-type zeolite particle (0.3-1 microm) and supported with iron/calcium catalyst microparticles (1-2 nm), was provided in heating furnace (B) parallel to that of flow direction, and made into vacuum of 0.5 Torr or less. Furnace (A) was shifted in opposite direction to that of furnace (B). Argon was poured at 350 Torr and 200 sccm, furnaces (A, B) were heated to 850 degrees C and 900 degrees C, respectively, and argon flow was stopped. Reaction pressure was again reduced to 0.5 Torr or less, and fullerene was heated for 10 minutes. Heating was stopped, and quartz board was removed after cooling, to obtain mono-layer carbon nanotube having uniform diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A half peak width of a (002) diffraction peak ascribed to the graphite is within 6.50-8.62 degrees (preferably 6.50-7.78 degrees), as measured by X-ray diffraction method using copper as a radiation source. The ratio of the maximum length in top and back flat portions to the thickness of the hydrogen storage material in a flake form is 5-350.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The heat treatment is conducted at 500-1000 degrees C in an inert gas.Preferred Materials: The organic polymer material is polyacrylonitrile or polyimide processed into a thin film form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage material is contained in a high-pressure resistant container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal oxide is cerium oxide or titanium oxide of formula TiOx where x=0.65-1.25.Preferred Oxide: The single oxide is of formula AnO2n-1, AnO3n-1, or AnO3n-2. The binary or higher non-stoichiometric, solid solution oxide can be of formula Bx(AnO2n-1), Bx(AnO3n-1), or Bx(AnO3n-2). n=4-50; A=Ti, V, Mo, or W;B=Ti, Mo, V, W, Sn, Mn, In, Y, Sm, Nb, Ce, or Misch metal alloy;x=0-1.Preferred Composition: The active material composition comprises (wt.%) nickel hydroxide (78.6-85.6), cobalt (3-6), cobalt oxide (3-8), additive material (3-10), and binder material (0.4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal oxide is cerium oxide or titanium oxide of formula TiOx where x=0.65-1.25.Preferred Oxide: The single oxide is of formula AnO2n-1, AnO3n-1, or AnO3n-2. The binary or higher non-stoichiometric, solid solution oxide can be of formula Bx(AnO2n-1), Bx(AnO3n-1), or Bx(AnO3n-2). n=4-50; A=Ti, V, Mo, or W;B=Ti, Mo, V, W, Sn, Mn, In, Y, Sm, Nb, Ce, or Misch metal alloy;x=0-1.Preferred Composition: The active material composition comprises (wt.%) nickel hydroxide (78.6-85.6), cobalt (3-6), cobalt oxide (3-8), additive material (3-10), and binder material (0.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode layer contains metal material and electrolyte material. The metal material is nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium. Another electrode layer comprises perovskite-type oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Base Material: The fibrous base material is nonwoven fabric or mesh which consists of fiber(s) selected from polyethylene terephthalate fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber and polyimide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The silane group(I) is alkyloxysilyl group of formula: -Si(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), where R1-R3 is H or alkyl. The silane group (II) comprises an acid group, preferably an inorganic acid group. The silane group (II) is tetra alkyloxysilane, silane grafted polymer, bisalkyloxy silyl terminated polymer, or a compound having at least two flexibly interconnected silane groups. The terminal group comprises a heterocycle having two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms. The terminal group comprises an imidazole group or benzimidazole group. The linking group comprises a sulfur atom and at least two carbon atoms, or at least 3 carbon atoms. The polymerizable groups (I & II) are both silane.Preferred Material: A material formed from copolymerization of at least three silanes, second silane including an acid group, third silane being a silane-grafted polymer.Preferred Atom: The atom providing a lone pair of electrons is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.Preferred Network: The polymer network is an organic-inorganic hybrid network.Preferred Reaction: The reaction is nucleophilic substitution reaction or nucleophilic addition reaction. The reaction is between halogen atom and thiol group.Preferred Process: The silane precursor is synthesized from nucleophilic substitution reaction between compound(I) containing silane group and compound (II) containing terminal group. Alternately, the proton conductive material is obtained by copolymerizing precursors (I & II). The precursor(I) comprises a polymerizable group (I), a linking group, a terminal group and a polymerizable group (II).Preferred Composition: The proton conducting membrane further comprises an inorganic acid. The precursors (I & II) further comprise an acid group. The material composition further comprises a side chain (II) attached to silicon atom within the network. The side chain (II) comprises an acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The pores are 2-15 nm in an average diameter of each pore entrance. A total surface area of the porous support body is 200-2000 m2/g, including the outer surface of the porous support body and the inner surface of the pores penetrating into the interior of the support body. A total volume of the pores formed in the porous support body is 0.4-2 m3/g.Preferred Composition: The pores formed in the porous support body comprise 50-80 vol.% of mesopores and 20-50 vol.% of micropores.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The activated metal comprises a platinum-M alloy.M = Ru, Sn, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe or Mn.Preferred Composition: The activated metal is used at 10-80 pbw, based on the total 100 pbw of the porous support body and the activated metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst comprises an elemental metal, permanganate, metal oxide, decomposition product of a metal heterocycle, cobalt complex, and/or naphthenate. The catalytic layer further comprises conductive carbon. The non-gaseous oxidizing agent comprises a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide. It comprises silver oxide (Ag2O), copper oxide (Cu2O), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), and/or lead oxide (PbO2); or gold bromide (AuBr), silver bromide (AgBr), and/or lead bromide (PbBr2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The gas diffusion electrode further comprises a backing layer coupled to the catalytic layer.Preferred Material: The metal particles comprise zinc or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst comprises an elemental metal, permanganate, metal oxide, decomposition product of a metal heterocycle, cobalt complex, and/or naphthenate. The catalytic layer further comprises conductive carbon. The non-gaseous oxidizing agent comprises a metal oxide and/or metal hydroxide. It comprises silver oxide (Ag2O), copper oxide (Cu2O), nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), and/or lead oxide (PbO2); or gold bromide (AuBr), silver bromide (AgBr), and/or lead bromide (PbBr2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The backing layer comprises poly(ethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(propylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride), or their copolymers. The polymer binder comprises a fluorinated polymer, a perfluoronated polymer, or poly(tetrafluoroethylene). The separator comprises a porous polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: A co-generation unit produces electric power using the gas obtained from the digester, as a fuel. The unit comprising a gas engine, fuel cell, or gas turbine, has a boiler which produces high-pressure steam using a portion of the produced electric power. A desulfurizer performs desulfurization of the gas obtained from the digester, a holder which stores the desulfurized gas, a pump and a dehumidifier, are provided between digester and steam generator, and the digester and cogeneration unit. An impurity absorption/removal unit is provided between the holder and the pump, or at the downstream side of the dehumidifier. The pump and the cogeneration unit are operated based on the detected amount of gas stored in the holder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Carbon material is expansible black lead. The carbon material and organic electrolyte are mixed in a supercritical fluid, which is carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diamine compounds in electrolyte are 1,6-diamino hexane or 1,3-bis (aminomethyl) cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Halogenation is effected thermally and in the presence of a catalyst, especially iron. (III) is an azole, azolidine, diazole, diazolisine, triazole, triazolidine, tetrazole or tetrazolidine derivative with at least one substituent and at least one unsubstituted ring nitrogen atom. At least one substituent is one that improves proton conductivity, especially an amino group. At least one substituent is a fused aromatic (especially benzene ring) with a substituent that improves proton conductivity, especially an amino group. Preferred Product: The degree of substitution is 20-200 (especially 100-120) mole%. EXAMPLE - A solution of Udel (RTM) polyarylether sulfone (50 g) in chloroform (500 ml) was mixed with iron powder (225 g) and stirred while adding bromine (6.15 cm3) over 1 hour. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The product was crystallized, washed and recrystallized to give a ring-brominated polyarylether sulfone (41.3 g, 70%). Part of the product (2 g) was added to magnesium turnings (0.079 mole) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml). The rest was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and added dropwise after the reaction had started. The mixture was refluxed for 1 hour, treated with 2-chlorobenzimidazole (12.1 g) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml), refluxed for 3 hours and worked up to give 31.8 g (72%) of product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reaction phase is selected from nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn) and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The water storage section stores water for humidifying a fuel cell. The volume expansion absorber includes a fixed member, a movable member attached to the fixed member by a spring element and a seal member disposed between the fixed member and the movable member. The system further comprises a heater that heats inside of the water storage section of the water storage device. It also comprises a coolant of a cooling system (4) is heated and used as a warming medium. The volume expansion absorber is formed of a material that is deformed more easily than an outer wall of the water storage section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The volume expansion absorber is made of ethylene propylene rubber or of high-density polyethylene on the outside and polyamide on the inside.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell device further comprises an additional preparation unit that is also at least partially composed of a synthetic plastic material. It also comprises a fluid line provided for guiding substances from reformate gas and/or starting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The preparation unit has a reactor for a further chemical conversion of at least a part of the reformate gas. The preparation unit is formed as a heat exchanger for use of waste heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The synthetic plastic has a thermal conductivity of greater than 10 W/mK.Preferred Material: The synthetic plastic is made from PTFE, polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide and/or polyether ether ketone. The synthetic plastic material has a regionally variable carbon content.Preferred Component: The synthetic plastic includes a combination of different synthetic plastics. It also includes a synthetic plastic carrier and a catalytic material applied on the synthetic plastic carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The electrode assembly includes an upper electrode and a lower electrode spaced apart from the upper electrode to define an electrode gap. At least a portion of the upper electrode is positioned in the interior region of the cap. The upper electrode is spaced apart from the cap. The cap is electrically coupled to the lower electrode. The electrode assembly includes a lower electrode housing electrically coupled to the lower electrode. The cap is threaded to the lower electrode housing. The cap comprises a cylindrically shaped sleeve defining the interior region and a flange extending radially from the sleeve to press the upper electrode toward the lower electrode when the cap is threaded to the lower electrode housing. A fuel injection assembly (28) extends into the interior region through an aperture (58) defined by the cap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Layer: Layer (A) is further contains binder fiber chosen from ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer fiber and vinylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The organic electrolyte layer (11) contains fluorine resin containing a sulfonic acid group. The organic electrolyte layer (12) contains polymer compound having NH group, preferably polyindole-type polymer compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid organic fuel is methanol or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton donating group is -OPO(OH)2 or -PO(OH)2. EXAMPLE - Compound (formula (1-10)) (in g) (3.55) and compound (formula (2-1)) (1.06) were dissolved in ethanol (3). Water (0.135), Irgacure 907 (TM) (photoinitiator) (24 mg) and Kyacure-DEPX-S (TM) (8 mg) were added to the obtained solution. The obtained mixture was flow-spread on a Teflon sheet. Photopolymerization was performed in nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours using ultraviolet irradiation device. The polymerized product was dried at room temperature for 24 hours, and solidified. The solidified coated component was peeled from the Teflon sheet, and a pale yellow film of thickness 120 mum was obtained. The obtained film had favorable resistance with respect to methanol aqueous solution. The obtained film was used for fuel cell. The fuel cell had stable voltage.    CH2=CH-PO(OH)2 (2-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A gas manifold is composed of an elastic material. The electrically insulating layer comprises a resin or a rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The production of high-pressure hydrogen involves maintaining a pressure of 2000 - 12000 (preferably 3200 - 12000) psi at 375 - 640degreesC in the catalytic reformer; and separating hydrogen from other reformer output gases (including carbon dioxide and water) by using a condenser. The separated carbon dioxide is recovered for sequestration or other utilization option. The hydrogen carrier and water are heated prior to injection into the catalytic reformer.Preferred Components: The hydrogen feedstock is natural gas, methanol, methane, ethanol, propane, butane, naphtha, gasoline, ammonia, military specification turbine fuel, commercial turbine fuel, diesel fuel, kerosene, fuel oil, natural gas condensate liquids or natural gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The modification catalyst further contains cobalt component and/or alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal component.Preferred Composition: The carrier contains manganese oxide (5-95 mass%) and alumina. The amount of the metal components is 0.1-8 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of the carrier in metal conversion.Preferred Process: The synthesis gas or hydrogen is manufactured by carrying out self-thermal reforming, partial oxidation modification or carbon dioxide modification of the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether.    EXAMPLE - Manganese acetate (in g) (6.32) was dissolved in distilled water (6.7 ml) and impregnated into KHO-24 (TM) (alumina carrier) (20). The metal impregnated carrier was dried at 120 degrees C for 3 hours and baked at 800 degrees C for 3 hours. Alumina carrier containing manganese oxide (10 mass%) was obtained. Aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride (0.75) and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O) (1.02) was impregnated into the carrier and left at room temperature for 1 hour. The obtained catalyst was dipped in 5M sodium hydroxide solution (20 ml) and decomposed for 1 hour. The catalyst was washed with distilled water and dried at 120 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used for modifying dimethyl ether. The dimethyl ether conversion ratio was found to be 81 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The effluent contains phosphorus in solution.Preferred Compound: The calcium compound is lime.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biogas is combusted to produce energy. The grain feed is dry milled to the fermenter for producing ethanol utilizing the energy produced by the combustion. The grain is milled before fermenting. The digesting is either plug flow or mechanical mixed digestion. The wet cake from the ethanol production is fed to the livestock without drying. The fermenting produces the wet cake in an amount equal to 25-80% of a total feed requirement of the livestock. The stillage in admixture with collected manure is regulated, along with the transfer of waste heat from the ethanol unit, to maintain the digesting at greater than or equal to99degreesF. It is regulated to prevent build-up of ammonia in a digester where digesting is effected. A calcium compound and a portion of the carbon dioxide are added to the liquid effluent to precipitate a portion of the phosphorus as calcium phosphate and obtain a phosphorus depleted liquid. The calcium phosphate is separated from the phosphorus depleted liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The effluent contains phosphorus in solution.Preferred Compound: The calcium compound is lime.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel contains 10 vol.% of the mixed alcohols and the octane number of the gasoline fuel is greater than 90. The mixture of alcohols comprises 5-30 vol.% of the fuel. The mixed alcohols further comprise 1-6 vol.% hexanol, 0.1-6 vol.% heptanol, 0.1-6 vol.% octanol, 0.1-3 vol.% nonanol and 0.1-3 vol.% decanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst in the first catalytic reactor- comprises alumina, titanium oxide, or a vanadium-antimony catalyst. The catalyst in the second catalytic reactor comprises a cobalt molybdenum catalyst, a ceria catalyst, or a zirconia catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst in the first catalytic reactor- comprises alumina, titanium oxide, or a vanadium-antimony catalyst. The catalyst in the second catalytic reactor comprises a cobalt molybdenum catalyst, a ceria catalyst, or a zirconia catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The promoter compound is a substituted organic compound or cyclic organic compound. It is a cyclic organic compound with an atom other than carbon (preferably oxygen), which is pendant or incorporated in the ring, e.g. cyclobutanone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran or their derivatives such as tetrahydrofuranol, or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The promoter compound is an organic compound which is at least partially halogenated such as trifluoromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The odorant removing unit is provided at a position close to the hydrogen gas storage unit.The hydrogen gas storage unit comprises a hydrogen gas tank provided with a hydrogen storing alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The low-k dielectric material comprises a carbon-doped silicon oxide. Preferred Gas: The first gas is an etchant gas, and the second gas is a non-etchant gas. The hydrogen-free fluorocarbon of the first gas comprises CF4, C2F2, C2F4, C3F6, C4F6, C4F8, C5F8, or C6F6. The second gas comprises a diatomic hydrogen, silane, or fluorine-free hydrogen gas. The gas mixture further comprises a carbon monoxide gas. Preferred Property: The dielectric material has a dielectric constant of less than 4 (preferably 2.2-2). The gas mixture has a gas ratio of the non-etchant gas to the etchant gas of 0.6-5 (preferably 1-2.5). Preferred Parameter: The gas mixture is applied at a pressure of 5-400 (preferably 5-30) mTorr.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The low-k dielectric material comprises a carbon-doped silicon oxide. Preferred Gas: The first gas is an etchant gas, and the second gas is a non-etchant gas. The hydrogen-free fluorocarbon of the first gas comprises CF4, C2F2, C2F4, C3F6, C4F6, C4F8, C5F8, or C6F6. The second gas comprises a diatomic hydrogen, silane, or fluorine-free hydrogen gas. The gas mixture further comprises a carbon monoxide gas. Preferred Property: The dielectric material has a dielectric constant of less than 4 (preferably 2.2-2). The gas mixture has a gas ratio of the non-etchant gas to the etchant gas of 0.6-5 (preferably 1-2.5). Preferred Parameter: The gas mixture is applied at a pressure of 5-400 (preferably 5-30) mTorr.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The second gas comprises hydrocarbon, preferably CH4 or C2H4. The gas mixture further comprises hydrofluorocarbon gas comprising C2HF5, CHF3, CH2F2, CH3F, C3H2F6, C3H2F4, C3HF5, or C3HF7.
EXAMPLE - Liquid cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in YPD medium (peptone (20 g/l), yeast extract (10 g/l) and glucose (20 g/l)) or defined mineral medium, supplemented with glucose (20 g/l) or xylose (50 g/l) as carbon source and buffered with phthalate (phthalate (10.21 g/l), KOH (2.1 g/l), pH 5.5) before sterilization. The xylose used contained glucose (0.5 - 1%) impurity equivalent to 0.5 - 1 g/l glucose in medium when xylose (50 g/l) was used. Plate cultures were done using YPD-agar or SC-plates (Difco yeast nitrogen base(6.7 g/l), agar (30 g/l)). When required, uracil (40 micrograms/ml) was added. Pre-cultures for aerobic growth experiments with were cultivated until late exponential phase in defined mineral medium with xylose (50 g/l) or glucose (20 g/l). The cells were washed with sterile water and inoculated. Cultures (50 ml) were grown in buffled shake flasks (500 ml) and incubated at 30degreesC with shaking (130 rpm). All cultivations were repeated at least twice. The growth rates on xylose were determined after the impurity glucose had been consumed. TMB 3055 grew aerobically in shake-flask cultures with defined mineral medium supplied with xylose (50 g/l) as the sole carbon source with growth rate of 0.16plus minus0.01 l/h. In oxygen limited batch fermentations, xylose was consumed with rate 0.048plus minus0.024 g xylose/g cells/hour and ethanol was produced with yield 0.32plus minus0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The separated hydrogen having a purity greater than 90 mole% is injected into the syngas-containing intermediate reaction product and before performing the methanol-forming reaction. H2 is separated from at least part of the offgas by a pressure swing absorber process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The syngas discharged from syngas reactor comprises H2, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) whereby their molar contents (H2), (CO) and (CO2) satisfy a relation ((H2)-(CO2))/((CO)+(CO2)) is less than a stoichiometric ratio for forming methanol in the methanol-forming reaction. The oxygen-containing fluid comprises gaseous oxygen (O2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The methanol reactor is a single-pass reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The syngas discharged from syngas reactor comprises H2, carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) whereby their molar contents (H2), (CO) and (CO2) satisfy a relation ((H2)-(CO2))/((CO)+(CO2)) is less than a stoichiometric ratio for forming methanol in the methanol-forming reaction. The oxygen-containing fluid comprises gaseous oxygen (O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The vegetable pieces comprise whole, frozen vegetable pieces; whole, fresh vegetable pieces; sectioned, frozen vegetable pieces; sectioned, fresh vegetable pieces; or whole or sectioned vegetables. The cellular stabilizing agent is glycerin, polydextrose, sorbitol, or propylene glycol. Preferred Composition: The immersion solution comprises 10-20 wt. % glycerin and/or 5-10 wt. % polydextrose. It may contain 0.1-0.5 wt. % preservative(s), e.g. potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, or sulfite; acid, e.g. citric acid and/or ascorbic acid (when the vegetable piece is potato or mushroom); 0-2 wt. % salt; and 0.1-35 wt. % sweetener(s), e.g. corn syrup, maltodextrin, and/or high-maltose corn syrup.Preferred Method: The vegetable pieces are held in the immersion solution for 1 hour at ambient temperature. Preferred Product: The processed vegetable pieces have water activity of 0.82-0.98 and moisture content of 39-55 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic dielectric material is an insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Configuration: Each of the linear ground electrodes is orthogonal to the linear high-voltage electrodes. Preferred Component: The linear ground electrodes, linear high-voltage electrodes, and the porous inorganic dielectric constitute a cartridge (19) that is capable of being taken out of and into the plasma gas treatment apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic dielectric material is an insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon stream is an olefinic or paraffinic stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is 2-4C hydrocarbon, preferably ethylene or propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a carbon monoxide decreasing part to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas and produce fuel gas. The reformation part of the apparatus is maintained at greater than or equal to 450 degreesC and the carbon monoxide decreasing part is maintained at less than or equal to 550 degreesC.Preferred Materials: The inorganic foam is formed by foaming a mixture containing a silica-alumina type microparticle powder and curing or hardening it. The inorganic foam and inorganic porous material are covered by a surface material, especially an inorganic short fiber felt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a carbon monoxide decreasing part to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas and produce fuel gas. The reformation part of the apparatus is maintained at greater than or equal to 450 degreesC and the carbon monoxide decreasing part is maintained at less than or equal to 550 degreesC.Preferred Materials: The inorganic foam is formed by foaming a mixture containing a silica-alumina type microparticle powder and curing or hardening it. The inorganic foam and inorganic porous material are covered by a surface material, especially an inorganic short fiber felt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the microorganisms are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the porous ceramic immobilized with the microorganisms, is a hard porous ceramic or a hydroxyapatite. The ceramic for crushing is a super hard ceramic. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel storage container is made of material such as polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, cellophane, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene and polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ratio of concentrations (A2) is calculated on the basis of the measures carried out on: the gaseous effluent obtained in step (b); the cooled effluent obtained in step (c); the gaseous effluent enriched with carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained in step (d); or the effluent recycled towards step (b) of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In the process: adjusting the concentrations in hydrogen and/or in carbon monoxide in the synthesized gas obtained at step (a) is carried out to minimize the difference between the two ratios (A1) and (A2); regulating the operatory conditions, which is carried out in order to regulate the ratio of concentration H2/CO to a level corresponding to a ratio of required usage in concordance with a distribution of target products; the generation of synthesized gas is carried out from natural gas; and the step (a) of generation of synthesized gas is followed by a step (a1), which is carried out for the adjustment of concentrations of hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide in synthesized gas. The step (a1) is carried out from a feed of a part of synthesized gas produced at step (a), which is 1-50 wt.%. The step (a1) comprises: implementing a means for extraction of hydrogen or carbon monoxide; and implementing a membrane which extracts the hydrogen from a mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The step (b) comprises implementing one or more reactors of bubble column type. The catalyst implemented in step (b) is cobalt (preferred) or iron. In the process the step (b) is carried out at 200-250degreesC with a pressure of 1-4 MPa approximately.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat reflective layer is of a fire-resistant polyethylene film, sandwiched between two layers of polyethylene air-bubble film, also fire resistant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: This includes one or more submerged fermenters of any available type, e.g. a a stirrer with feed pipe; an air-lift reactor or a jet nozzle reactor. It is made at least partly of a quartz pipe, fitted, on the inside or outside, with a UV source. The solid-state fermenter is e.g. a rotary, trickle film or endless screw reactor and is provided with inert carriers of any suitable type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process is a single stage process, or a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process. The recycle gas stream is present and fed into the slurry bed at a volumetric ratio of recycle gas stream/gaseous reactants feed of greater than or equal to0.4. The method includes feeding the recycle gas stream as an additional gas feed into the slurry bed above the level at which the gaseous reactants feed is fed into the slurry bed. Preferred Parameter: The catalyst particles are present in the slurry bed in an average concentration of greater than or equal to14 vol.%. The recycle ratio is high so that the slurry bed is operated at an overall CO and H2 conversion of more than 80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The expanded slurry bed has a height of less than 40 m and a diameter of greater than or equal to6 m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode structure and the cathode structure include tubular dimensions and include a central axis that is about normal to the planar chassis. At least one chassis includes a wafer substrate and the anode structure for each cell is etched from a material deposited onto the wafer substrate. The fuel cell further comprises electrical connectivity to the anode structure and the cathode structure. The anode structure includes a porous structure and the hydrogen catalyst is coated onto surfaces of the porous structure. The fuel cell further comprises multiple electrical outputs. The fuel cell further comprises a controller that determines which cells in the fuel cell are used to generate electrical energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming the electrical connectivity for the set of anode structures includes etching a set of vias in the substrate; and depositing a conductive material in the set of vias. Depositing the cathode catalyst includes pumping a catalyst suspension including the cathode catalyst into a cavity including the set of cathode structures. The method further comprises applying heat to the cavity to evaporate solvent used in the catalyst suspension; blocking inlet and outlet ports to the fuel cell; and pumping the electrolyte into the closed volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming the electrical connectivity for the set of anode structures includes etching a set of vias in the substrate; and depositing a conductive material in the set of vias. Depositing the cathode catalyst includes pumping a catalyst suspension including the cathode catalyst into a cavity including the set of cathode structures. The method further comprises applying heat to the cavity to evaporate solvent used in the catalyst suspension; blocking inlet and outlet ports to the fuel cell; and pumping the electrolyte into the closed volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The separator unit comprises an array of three centrifuge units (26a-c) connected in series. The distillation unit comprises a continuous flow distillation unit (28). The reactor unit comprises a reactor tank (24) having a cone-shaped bottom portion. The reactor tank includes a pump driven nozzle jet adapted to provide mixing of the contents of the reactor tank. The biodiesel production unit further comprises a mixing unit upline in a flow path from the reactor unit. The processing plant further comprises a finished product processing unit downline in a flow path from the biodiesel production unit, where the finished product-processing unit comprises a finished product-settling tank for removing impurities from a finished biodiesel product, and a filtration unit. The raw materials processing unit and the finished product-processing unit are incorporated onto a second transportable platform or into a second transportable housing. The reactor unit comprises at least two reaction tanks. Each reactor tank has a cone-shaped bottom portion having a drain located at or near the bottom of the bottom portion. Each reactor tank has a heat exchanger. The distillation unit comprises a continuous flow distillation unit. The biodiesel production unit further comprises an alcohol holding tank connected to an output of the distillation unit, where the alcohol holding tank and the distillation unit are maintained under a vacuum. The biodiesel production unit further comprises a feedstock heater, a feedstock filter, a feedstock water removal unit, and a mixing unit. The heater, the filter, the water removal unit, and the mixing unit are incorporated onto the transportable platform or into the transportable housing upstream from the reactor unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the cathode or anode is selected from group consisting of magnesium, tin, zinc, copper or zinc alloy, zinc or tin alloy, nickel, and zinc, tin or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the cathode or anode is selected from group consisting of magnesium, tin, zinc, copper or zinc alloy, zinc or tin alloy, nickel, and zinc, tin or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Metalloxane polymer has M1-O-M2 bonding group, where M1 and M2 are metallic elements, preferably the bonding group is Si-O-Si. The polymer chain has three-dimensional cross-linked structure and is bonded to organic group (A) bonded with acidic radical group, and organic group (B). Preferred Layer: The electrolyte film is a laminate of layers comprising metalloxane polymer. The composition of metalloxane polymer in each layer of the laminate differs. EXAMPLE - Phenyl triethoxysilane (in g) (4.8), hexyl trimethoxysilane (0.8) and tetra ethoxysilane (0.8) were dissolved in ethanol (3.2 ml). 37% hydrochloric acid (0.6 ml) was added. Tetrafluoroethylene resin porous film of thickness 15 microns was immersed to the solution. The film was vacuum dried at 50degreesC and heated at 130degreesC. Metalloxane polymer was produced. Further, the film was immersed into fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature overnight. The phenyl group of the polymer was sulfonated. The obtained polymer had proton conductivity of 0.76 S/cm and excellent heat resistance and strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The deposited coating is of gold, aluminum or chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The solid fuel is heated by hot gas, which is used for heating the solid fuel. It is heated into a temperature of over 100degreesC before it is mixed into the sludge. It is heated in the fuel heating apparatus where the heating of the fuel takes place in two phases. In the first phase, hot gas is conveyed downward in view of the moving fuel flow in its cross-direction; and in the second phase, hot gas is conveyed to the horizontally moving fuel bed from below the bed. The fuel sludge mixture is dried before it is burned in the power boiler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hot gas is hot air, hot steam, or hot flue gases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus includes duct(s) for conveying hot gas to the fuel heating apparatus and arranged in the heating apparatus. The fuel heating apparatus comprise a first heating part (1a) provided with ducts (5-7) for conveying hot gas to the fuel flow in its cross-direction, in which the fuel flow is arranged to move downward in the first heating part; and a second heating part (1b) provided with ducts for conveying hot gas to the fuel bed from below it in the second heating part, in which the fuel bed is arranged to move horizontally by the conveyor. The wastewater treatment plant is arranged to produce the sludge. The apparatus includes a drier for drying the fuel-sludge mixture before it is burned in a power boiler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hot gas is hot air, hot steam, or hot flue gases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The solid fuel is peat, bark, wood chips, and/or sawdust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reduction process is electrochemical reduction.The electrode contains an amorphous substance and/or platinum alloy, supported on the base material.The X-ray diffraction pattern of amorphous substance differs from both platinum or platinum alloy and transition-metal-element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition-metal element is nickel, copper, cobalt, silver or iron.The molar ratio of platinum in the platinum alloy, is 0.4-0.99.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reduction process is electrochemical reduction.The electrode contains an amorphous substance and/or platinum alloy, supported on the base material.The X-ray diffraction pattern of amorphous substance differs from both platinum or platinum alloy and transition-metal-element. EXAMPLE - A nickel expand mesh of size 10x10 cm was subjected to roughening using 10 wt.% hydrochloric acid solution. Etching was performed for 15 minutes at 50degreesC, followed by water-washing and drying. Dinitro diammine platinum nitric acid solution containing 4.5 wt.% of platinum, 8 wt.% of nitric acid solution, nickel-nitrate hexahydrate and water, was applied. Drying was performed at 80degreesC for 15 minutes. Thermal decomposition was performed at 500degreesC for 15 minutes, in air atmosphere. The process was repeated for 5 times, followed by performing reduction process for 5 minutes at 88degreesC and -1V, in 32 wt.% sodium hydroxide solution. The obtained electrode had reduced hydrogen overpotential and was free from any influence of poisoning by iron ions.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution is alkyl alkanol amide aqueous solution (22).Preferred Composition: The content rate of non-ionic surfactant in the surfactant aqueous solution is 0.1-10 mass%.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is non-ionic surfactant aqueous solution or bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon with saturated vapor pressure density of 500 ppm or less. The bicyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon is decalin.Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon-type fuel is decalin, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The surface-active agent is a non-ionic surfactant of formula:R-X-(AO)n-R'R = 6-21C alkyl or alkenyl;R' = H, 1-6C alkyl or alkenyl;X = O or COO;AO = 2-4C oxyalkylene group; andn = 1-100.Preferred Composition: The combustion adjuvant further contains a water-soluble polymer compound and polyhydric alcohol, esterified substance of polyhydric alcohol and/or alkylene oxide addition product of polyhydric alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is of silver or platinum as Pt, Pd, Rh or a mixture of them, in a particle size of 1-30 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic waste slurry is made by, guiding the organic waste into a pretreatment apparatus to be shattered, and heating using a heating apparatus. The mixture is decomposed and sterilized by, guiding the mixture into a decomposing apparatus, heating using a heating apparatus, and milling the slurry into a fine-slurry using a milling device. The microbial enzymes and raw material are added into an open spare tank placed between the milling device and the decomposition apparatus, to mix the fine-slurry to make the mixture. The mixture is decomposed to become a liquid fertilized composting-free organic fertilizer product, or decomposed and dried to become a solid fertilized composting-free organic fertilizer product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The decomposing apparatus comprises a compression exhaust device, a heat exchanger, a water storage device, and a filter device. The treatment apparatus comprises a storage tank, a shattering device, and an oil-water separation device.Preferred Function: The compression exhaust device draws out vapor generated from the mixture. The heat exchanger cools the vapor into liquid water that is further guided into the water storage device. The filter device filters the liquid water to become drinking water.Preferred Component: The decomposition tank is an airtight high-pressure reaction tank or a vacuum tank. The spare tank has a diaphragmatic pump that conveys the mixture into the decomposition tank of the decomposition apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The swirling motion producing mechanism comprises mechanism shaped in spiral or helically shaped along a flow direction of second gas stream, or mechanism with end where a flow of the second gas stream impinges first. The end is twisted by 70-270degrees with respect to other end of the mechanism. The annular space is arranged in an area of an end of the bundle of hollow fiber membranes where the first gas stream flowing through the hollow fiber membranes exits the bundle. The conduit communicates with annular space centrally or tangentially with respect to a cross section of bundle of hollow fiber membranes. The deflector is arranged in the annular space between conduit mechanism and shell space. The deflector is arranged for deflecting the flow of second gas stream to prevent the gas stream from flowing directly into the shell space. The deflector is arranged and configured so that the second gas stream is deflected by deflector mechanism so that the second gas stream flows in the flow direction parallel to the hollow fiber membranes of bundle at least over part of its path. A perforated plate is arranged in annular space between conduit and shell space so that the second gas stream flows from the annular space into the shell space through openings formed on the perforated plate. The moisture exchange module is arranged to humidify supply air to the fuel cell system using moist exhaust gas from fuel cell(s) of fuel cell system. The fuel cell system includes compression device arranged to delivery the supply gas along outer surface of hollow fiber membranes to the fuel cell system. The moist exhaust gas is arranged to flow through hollow fiber membranes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The (per)fluorinated ionomers comprise monomeric units deriving from fluorinated monomers containing ethylene saturation, and fluorinated monomeric units containing sulfonyl groups in amount to give an equivalent weight in the indicated range. The fluorinated monomers comprise vinylidene fluoride; 2-8C perfluoroolefins, preferably tetrafluoroethylene; CF2CFORf1 (per)fluoroalkylvinylethers; or CF2CFOX perfluoro-oxyalkylvinylethers. The ionomer mixture further comprises 0.5-100 wt.% cross-linking co-agent; 1-15 wt.% metal compound comprising divalent metal oxides or hydroxides such as magnesium, zinc, calcium, or lead, optionally combined with a weak acid salt, preferably stearates, benzoates, carbonates, oxalates, or barium, sodium, potassium, lead, or calcium phosphates; thickening additives, pigments, antioxidants, stabilizers; and inorganic or polymeric reinforcing fillers, preferably optionally fibrillable polytetrafluoroethylene, the fillers having a particle size of 10-100 nm, preferably 10-60 nm.Rf1=1-6C (per)fluoroalkyl), preferably trifluoromethyl, bromodifluoromethyl, or pentafluoropropyl;X=1-12C perfluorooxyalkyl having ether group(s), preferably perfluoro-2-propoxy-propyl. EXAMPLE - About 2 kg polymer powder was fed into a cylindrical mold, The mold was placed in a vertical press and on the upper bronze ring a pressure of 20 MPa was applied to remove the most part of air and of the gases contained in the powder. After 20 minutes the applied pressure was decreased and the mold was wound with an electrical heater and placed in vertical press with heated plates. The mold was cooled at room temperature, and a sleeve was extracted. During exfoliation the sleeve was let advance towards the blade. Films of various thicknesses were obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The sludge is preferably pre-processed before hydrogen fermentation. A scum is made into the substrate of hydrogen fermentation.Preferred Apparatus: The sludge processing apparatus is equipped with a drying and/or incineration apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the organic acid is lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malic acid. The organic waste liquid is generated during the manufacture of shochu liquor. EXAMPLE - Production of hydrogen by anaerobic bacterium or facultative anaerobic bacterium using organic acid as a substrate was carried out as follows. Sample containing anaerobic bacterium or facultative anaerobic bacterium was cultured in a culture medium containing organic acid obtained from organic residue generated during the manufacture of shochu liquor. Sodium hydroxide solution was added to the organic residue (pH 6.8). After adding a reducing agent such as L-ascorbic acid (in w/v%) (22), sodium carbonate (11) and L-cysteine hydrochloride (2) to an organic residue, the sludge sample was inoculated. The sample was incubated at 37degreesC in a thermostat, and gas chromatography was performed. The production of hydrogen in 24 hours and in 48 hours was found to be 3.9 ml and 4.4 ml, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide conversion catalyst contains porous oxide of zirconia of average crystalline diameter 2-20 nm, upon which rhodium is supported. The catalyst has a specific surface are of 10-300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide conversion catalyst contains porous oxide of zirconia of average crystalline diameter 2-20 nm, upon which rhodium is supported. The catalyst has a specific surface are of 10-300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Cell: The packing or melt comprises a metallic, ceramic or cermet material. The cell has a metal housing (2). An electrode rod (17) extends into the inner channel. The anode comprises a conductive ceramic material with a high oxygen diffusion coefficient and the cathode comprises a doped zirconium oxide layer covered with a platinum electrode. The solid electrolyte is in the form of a tube open at one end (the oxygen outlet). The pressure vessel has a ceramic or metal seal (9). The cell is heated electrically and/or indirectly using a liquid metal heat transfer medium.Preferred Process: The steam is introduced at 800degreesC and 50 bar. The steam is heated in a superheater using waste heat recovered from the oxygen from the oxygen outlet and/or hydrogen/steam mixture from a hydrogen outlet (5) and/or synthesis gas from a thermal gasification unit. The hydrogen/steam mixture is passed to a condenser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol contained in the liquid fuel is methylated ethanol. The ignition improver is mixture of n-hexane and petroleum benzin, or n-hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fluid-dynamic separation of flyaway materials are aspirated, consisting of plastic and paper, forming the quality SF, while the heavy materials are not entrained and are extracted and the dust is filtered by the entrainment air. Upstream of the fluid-dynamic separation, a phase of screening for eliminating fine material and the screened waste and a phase of grinding to a size of 2-3 cm and removal of metals are provided for the production of SF. On exhaustion of bioreactor, the materials possibly recovered are plastic, metals, and inert materials. The fluid-dynamic separation takes place by feeding the raw or refined bio-dried material into a chamber where the heavy materials are extracted from the base, while the light materials and dust are entrained by a current of air aspirated in a sedimentation chamber by a fan, the coarse solids being sedimented and extracted from the base of the sedimentation chamber, while the finer particles consisting of organic and inert materials are aspirated by the fan and sent for filtering. The bioreactors, containing the mass of compacted residues in an impermeable sheet, comprise a network of slotted pipes on the base, intermediate network(s) of slotted pipes, and upper network of slotted pipes, all connected to a unit for regulation and aspiration of biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The housing of (H1) further defines: a first inlet to direct the post water-gas shift reformate flow into the first passage at one end of the first passage; a first outlet to direct the flow from the first passage at an opposite end of the first passage; a second inlet to direct the combustor feed into the second passage at a location adjacent the opposite end; and a second outlet to direct the combustor feed from the second passage. The first passage is located radially inward from the second passage. The fins of (H1) are bonded to opposite sides of a wall that separates the first passage from the second passage. At least one (preferably both) of the convoluted fins of (H1) and the fins of (H2) have surface enhancers in the form of fin louvers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first reformer comprises a first discharge port that discharges the hydrogen, and a second discharge port that discharges byproducts that are generated along with the hydrogen. The second reformer comprises a heat source unit that generates thermal energy, and a reformation unit that generates hydrogen through the reformation reaction that uses the thermal energy from the heat source unit. The heat source unit is coupled to the second discharge port and generates the thermal energy through an oxidation reaction of the byproducts that are discharged through the second discharge port. It is connected to the stack and generates thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of unreacted hydrogen that is discharged from the stack. It is coupled to a fuel tank (51) that stores the fuel and generates thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the fuel that is supplied from the fuel tank. The second discharge port and the heat source unit are coupled to each other through a first connection unit. The heat source unit generates the thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the byproducts that are supplied through the first connection unit. The stack includes electricity generating unit(s) that generates the electrical energy, and an unreacted hydrogen discharge port that discharges unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen discharge port and the heat source unit are coupled to each other through a second connection unit. The heat source unit generates the thermal energy through the oxidation reaction of the unreacted hydrogen that is supplied through the second connection unit. Preferred Method: The driving of the first reformer is stopped after allowing the second reformer to generate and supply an adequate amount of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sensor isolates the rocket plume wavelength of interest selected from aluminum, aluminum perchlorate, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, copper, copper hydride, hydrogen chloride, hydroxyl, methane, mono-methyl hydrazine, nitric acid, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, polybutadiene, potassium, sodium, sulfur dioxide, and water to detect a rocket launch plume. The sensor can spectrally isolate or detect the emission wavelength of interest in the plume of a rocket being launched through fog, clouds and other water vapor. The sensor can spectrally detect the emission wavelength of sodium or potassium in a rocket engine plume. The detector includes a narrow band filtered radiometer when carried on the aircraft or includes a spectrographic imager when carried on the satellite or vice versa. The sensor has a narrow band filtered photometer (16, 18, 20), data acquisition electronics (26), or a computer (34) to monitor and record resulting data. The plume detector comprises collection optics for plume emissions, a focal plane assembly which includes a spectral filter, data acquisition avionics, global positioning system (GPS) receiver and a computer for receiving the detector data signal and the GPS data for data acquisition, storage, processing and display. The focal plane assembly includes a photomultiplier and the spectral filter serves to pass the emission of interest and to reject the background emission. The GPS receiver records the flight path of the detector platform. A 10-nm-wide or spectral filter suitable for nighttime emission detection is replaced with 0.005 nm atomic line filter for daytime emission detection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: More than 2 types of hard porous ceramic are used. The usage amount of hydroxyapatite is 20-300 g with respect to 10 kg of organic refuse.Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are aerobic bacterium e.g. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The nitrogen concentration of the nitrate solution is 10 mg/l or less.Preferred Process: The nitric acid concentration of underground water flowing through the contaminated soil is measured and the injection rate of nitrate solution is controlled based on the measured value.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The nitrogen concentration of the nitrate solution is 10 mg/l or less.Preferred Process: The nitric acid concentration of underground water flowing through the contaminated soil is measured and the injection rate of nitrate solution is controlled based on the measured value. EXAMPLE - Contaminated soil (2.5 kg) containing lubricating oil (25 g) was charged in a bottle and sodium nitrate solution (190 mg/l) was added. The soil was purified under anaerobic conditions. A portion of the contaminated soil was extracted after 32 days and hexane extract concentration was measured. The hexane concentration reduced to 4000 mg/kg and the oil in the soil was decomposed to 41 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The wall (1) is made of organic-inorganic raw materials and wastes (e.g. manure or compost), in which the components (proteins, peptides, sugars, starch, (hemi)cellulose and fats) are of plant or animal origin and, after brief localized/thermal treatment can form a stable wall. Filling (2) is comminuted manure or compost, compressed into pellets at 5-20 N, optionally after blending with organic and/or inorganic additives to provide a predetermined plant nutrient composition, containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. The cylindrical material releases nutrients in a temporally controlled manner according to the climatically determine growth patterns of plants, particularly over a 2-8 month period, so that nutrient losses are minimized and soil biology is activated by the incorporation of humus. In the soil a region of high nutrient concentration is formed; this draws in water (which is retained by the organic filling), so plant roots are attracted to, and penetrate, the nutrient/water region, resulting in a hydroponic effect. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No details of tests for fertilizer activity are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reaction temperature of thermal decomposition furnace, waste material moving speed in furnace, and feed rate of combustible waste material to furnace are adjusted based on detected thermal decomposition degree. Preferred Material: The combustible waste material is waste tire or material containing waste tire as main component. Preferred Apparatus: The thermal decomposition apparatus further has reaction temperature adjusting device, raw material feed rate adjusting device and waste material moving-speed adjusting device. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1-3C hydrocarbon gas is methane and/or ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A base metal catalyst or noble metal catalyst (preferably nickel) is used as a modification catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon is 0.5-1.0.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A base metal catalyst or noble metal catalyst (preferably nickel) is used as a modification catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen to hydrocarbon is 0.5-1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biological stimulant comprises (wt.%): lactose (40 - 85, preferably 70); Brewer's yeast (15 - 60, preferably 30); and additionally comprise fatty acids and vegetable oil. The vegetable oil coats the biodegradable sugar and the Brewer's yeast. The vegetable oil coating reduces the biological stimulants aqueous solubility.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodegradable sugar comprises a sugar selected from lactose, dextrose or sucrose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The processing chamber has an inner surface having a guiding mechanism for guiding insertion of the container. It further comprises an electrode structure for producing the plasma reactions. It also comprises gas and vacuum conduits (60, 70). The guiding mechanism comprises chamfers (15). It is adapted to conduct inductively coupled plasma reaction. The electrode structure comprises an inductive coil (16) and a source of radio frequency energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The tower overhead stream is compressed after the warming of the tower overhead stream. It is also compressed by compressing the tower overhead stream with a compressor having a high pressure stage so that a pressure of the recycle reflux stream can be raised above that of the residue gas stream. The 2C recovery in the tower bottoms stream is 95 % and 3C recovery in the tower bottoms stream is 99 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The water holding layer is also arranged at an interface of anode diffusion layer and anode catalytic layer. The catalytic layer contains a graphitized support and catalyst. The separator is a metallic separator. At least one polymer electrolyte membrane or ion exchange resin contains sulfonated polyarylene of formula (I).Y = bivalent electron donating group;Z = single bond or bivalent organic group;W' = bivalent electron attracting group;T = bivalent organic group,R1 - R8 = H, F, alkyl, allyl, aryl or nitrile;x = 0.5 - 100;y = 99.5 - 0;m and n = 0 - 10;p = 1 - 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method includes feeding the engine exhaust from the engine to the reboiler and using the engine exhaust in step (J) to heat the dehydrating agent/water mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The rotary screw compressor is operatively connected to and powered by an internal combustion engine that produces an engine exhaust. An engine exhaust supply line feeds the engine exhaust from the engine to the reboiler. The dehydrating agent pump is connected to and powered by the engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dehydrating agent is glycol, preferably diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, and/or hexylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The microorganism is Pseudomonas capable of decomposing straight mineral oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Culture Agent: In (I), the iron or iron compound added to the ore of silicic acid is chosen from a mixture of green vitriol, iron polysulfate ferric chloride. (I) further comprises Bacillus bacteria for waste water treatment management and microbial cell management. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The apparatus is equipped with an alkali treatment tank for treating sludge with alkali, and a microorganism treatment tank for carrying out microorganism processing of the sludge. At least one type of solubilization processing is performed, chosen from the ozone method, the crushing method for performing mechanical crushing, the heating method which performs degradation by heat, an enzyme for performing enzyme degradation, or a chemical agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The waste plastic is plastic for container packaging. The common waste plastic is mixed with industrial waste plastic. The mixture is heated at 250-350degreesC, and cooled to obtain solid waste plastic.
EXAMPLE - Bergamot oil (in mass parts) (100), lemon oil (30), orange oil (10), mandarin oil (5), grapefruit oil (5), ethyl linalool (10), linalool (20), linalyl acetate (19), styralyl acetate (1), cis-3-hexenol (1), cis-3-hexenyl acetate (0.5), galbanum oil (0.1), allyl amyl glycolate (0.2), tagete oil (0.2), ylang-ylang extract (1), lavender oil (5), rosemary oil (5), benzyl acetate (10), methyl-dihydrojasmonate (100), rose oil (10), rose absolute (5), geranium oil (10) and 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentyl)-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxy aldehyde (lyral) (80) were blended to obtain fragrance composition. Obtained fragrance composition (in mass%) (2.5), ethanol (34.3), plant squalane (0.5), ethyl glucoside (1), olive oil (0.1) and camellia oil (0.1) were blended uniformly, to obtain solution-A. KF-96H (RTM: silicone) (0.5), light flow isoparaffin (10) and dimethyl polysiloxane (1) were blended to obtain solution-B. The solution-A and solution-B were filled in pressurized container and finally filled with liquefied petroleum gas (50), to obtain aerosol-type spray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cell is of the direct methanol type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The glue used to stick the separator to the cathodes, or the separator is a polyvinyl chloride resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallofullerene comprises rare earth element or group III element. The metallofullerene comprises scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, and/or thulium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallofullerene increases the ionic conductivity and mobility of the membrane at elevated temperatures. The metallofullerene comprises a trimetasphere and nitrogen. The trimetasphere includes portions derivatized on an outer portion of the carbon fullerene cages with organic or inorganic group or groups. The membrane comprises an ion conductive membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane material comprises polysulfone (PSU), polyether sulfone (PES), cellulose acetate (CA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyether etherketone (PEEK), polyimide (PI), and/or polybenzimidazole (PBI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal composite reactant material comprises a mechanical amalgam of metallic aluminum and calcined alumina compressed to pellet form, which enables hydrolytic reaction to proceed under near-neutral pH conditions.The buffer vessel comprises a vessel holding a supply of metal hydride material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The voltage each of the respective unit cells is measured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid bed particles consist of catalyst pellets such as dolomite pellets.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid bed particles consist of catalyst pellets such as dolomite pellets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The tip, which advances when pressurization apparatus rotates by a ball screw, compresses the wood chips with a plane piston. The heating apparatus heats the container at 200-400degreesC. The cooling device carries out air quenching of cylindrical container, and cools wood chips to 40degreesC or less. Preferred Method: The wood chips are chipped to cylinder shape. The wood chips are inserted into the heated cylindrical container at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The impurity discarding system further has a drive device (14) and apparatus for removing carbon dioxide ejected from drive device and its off site facilities. The removed carbon dioxide is mixed with impurity gas, and discarded to water bearing stratum. The drive device, which drives the compressor is gas turbine, gas engine or steam turbine. The exhaust heat ejected from gas turbine or gas engine is recovered using boiler, and steam ejected from boiler is used as heat source for removing impurity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The impurity gas is carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The impurity gas is carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The diamond-like carbon (DLC) layer is formed using methane gas, an acetylene gas or benzene gas as source gas. An intermediate layer chosen from carbide-material content layer, nitride content layer, oxide content layer, or silicon content layer is formed at the blade portion, before forming DLC layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The diamond-like carbon (DLC) layer is formed using methane gas, an acetylene gas or benzene gas as source gas. An intermediate layer chosen from carbide-material content layer, nitride content layer, oxide content layer, or silicon content layer is formed at the blade portion, before forming DLC layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is waste material, preferably waste plastic, waste material biomass and fuel coal.Preferred Process: The air supplied to fluid bed is pre-heated by one portion of waste heat of gasification gas of sewage sludge using an air preheater (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal is zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The supramolecular complex compound is of formula (1): R1(-N(-R2-N(-R3-N(-R4-NHCO-R5-CONH-R6-R7)2)2)2)2.R1-R5=alkylene, preferably -C3H6-;R6=porphyrin having transition metal bonded to central portion of each porphyrin; andR7=(un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido.Preferred Component: The (un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido is N-pyridyl-N'-alkyl-naphthalene diimido. The porphyrin has phenyl group, alkylated phenyl group or halogenated phenyl group in 5, 10, 15 and 20-positions, preferably phenyl group, 3,5-di-tert-butyl phenyl group or 2,6-dichlorophenyl phenyl group in 5, 10, 15 and 20-positions. The solvent is benzonitrile.Preferred Process: The porphyrin dendrimer of formula: R1(-N(-R2-N(-R3-N(-R4-NHCO-R5-CONH-R6)2)2)2)2, and (un)substituted pyridyl naphthalene diimido are mixed in the solvent, to obtain supramolecular complex compound. EXAMPLE - 5-(amino-2-(5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl phenyl)-porphyrinate)zinc (II))-5-oxo pentanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide (in mg) (259) and propylene imine dendrimer (5) were dissolved in dichloromethane (3 ml) and triethyl amine (20 mul). The reaction mixture was stirred in dark place under nitrogen atmosphere for 1.5 hours, and diluted by dichloromethane (30 ml). The resulting solution was washed with water, and dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in minimum quality of toluene, and passed through exclusion column to remove the solvent. Thus, dendrimer zinc (II) porphyrin was obtained. The obtained porphyrin and pyridyl naphthalene diimino were mixed in benzonitrile, to obtain a supramolecular complex having 16 reaction centers. The supramolecular complex had favorable light collection ability and charge separation ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The Rhodococcus genus microorganism is Rhodococcus eqis TB-60 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The green waste is ground one or more times and graded prior to composting in stacks (1) on a hard surface. During composting the leachate (2) from the compost (1) is collected, preferably in a tank (3) with an agitator (4). Solids in the leachate are removed by a filter (5), and the liquids are returned to the compost, optionally after dilution with water. The solids removed from the leachate are treated to remove valuable compounds, e.g. by precipitation with solvents such as saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and after filtering (9) the recuperated solids (10) provide a residue (11) rich in heavy metals that can be incinerated or stored (19). The extracted valuable organic compounds are distilled by fractionation (14) and the distillate (15) is purified (17) e.g. by recrystallisation, while the residues (16) from the distillation can be eliminated as having low toxicity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbes are animal plankton, which are copepoda.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The harmless organo arsenic compound is arsenobetaine.
EXAMPLE - A hydrocarbon mixture of kerosene fraction, was subjected to hydrodesulfurization processing, and a fraction was separated at 140-195degreesC. Thus, hydrocarbon oil was obtained. The hydrocarbon oil had density of 0.7359 g/cm3 measured at 15degreesC according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 42degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, initial boiling point of 145degreesC, 10 vol.% distillation temperature of 154degreesC, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 166degreesC, 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 173degreesC, 95 vol.% distillation temperature of 179degreesC and end point (EP) distillation temperature of 188degreesC measured according to JIS K 2254, steam-reforming index of 44.3 sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, aromatic content of 0.1 vol.%, naphthene content of 0.1 vol.% molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon of 2.13 when measured according to ASTMD5291-01. The hydrocarbon oil was reformed relatively at low temperature, with reduced discharge of nitrogen oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modifier is steam-reforming type modifier containing mixture of hydrocarbon oil heat-vaporized with water vapor and catalyst containing group VIII elements as active metal. The blend ratio of water and hydrocarbon oil is 1-5 mol/mol at 400-1000degreesC. Alternately, the modifier is self-thermal reforming type modifier containing mixture of hydrocarbon oil heat-vaporized with water vapor and catalyst containing group VIII elements as active metal. The blend ratio of water and hydrocarbon oil in the modifier is 0.5-5 mol/mol and the blend ratio of oxygen and hydrocarbon oil is 0.1-0.5 mol/mol, at 400-1000degreesC. EXAMPLE - Hydrocarbon oil having density of 0.817 g/cm3 measured according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 65degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, 13C component content of 26 mass%, naphthene hydrocarbon content of 91.6 vol.% and aromatic content of 8.4 vol.% was prepared. The hydrocarbon oil did not contain peroxide after storing at 43degreesC for 13 weeks. The conversion ratio of the hydrocarbon oil was maintained stably over a long period of time and the generation of catalyst caulking in the modifier was suppressed.
EXAMPLE - A hydrocarbon mixture of kerosene fraction having sulfur content of 300 mass ppm or less, was subjected to hydrodesulfurization processing, and a fraction was separated at 150-195degreesC. Thus, hydrocarbon oil was obtained. The hydrocarbon oil had density of 0.7756 g/cm3 measured at 15degreesC according to JIS K 2249, flash point of 41degreesC measured according to JIS K 2265, initial boiling point of 152degreesC, 10 vol.% distillation temperature of 158degreesC, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 168degreesC, 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 181degreesC, 95 vol.% distillation temperature of 185degreesC and end point (EP) distillation temperature of 193degreesC measured according to JIS K 2254, sulfur content of 0.18 mass ppm measured according to ASTM D4045-96, Saybolt color of +30 measured according to JIS K 2580, 13C hydrocarbon component ratio of 0.2 mass% measured according to JIS K 2536, and favorable copper strip corrosion measured according to JIS K 2513. Molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the hydrocarbon oil was 2.02 measured according to ASTMD5291-01. The hydrocarbon oil was reformed relatively at low temperature, and reduced discharge of nitrogen oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Part of the natural gas is passed through a steam reformer and then mixed with the rest of the natural gas and passed through a catalytic partial oxidation reactor. The oxygen (13) is taken from an air separation unit. Carbon dioxide is removed by scrubbing with cold methanol or glycol ether or with an alkanolamine, polyalkanolamine or potassium carbonate. The carbon dioxide is used for urea production.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide carrier contains complex oxide of cobalt and zirconium, and has cobalt/zirconium atomic ratio of 1/20-1/0.05, preferably 4/3-2/1. The noble metal catalyst is preferably ruthenium. The amount of noble metal catalyst is 1-5 mass% with respect to total amount of noble metal catalyst and oxide support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide carrier contains complex oxide of cobalt and zirconium, and has cobalt/zirconium atomic ratio of 1/20-1/0.05, preferably 4/3-2/1. The noble metal catalyst is preferably ruthenium. The amount of noble metal catalyst is 1-5 mass% with respect to total amount of noble metal catalyst and oxide support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A front edge of the reforming catalyst is heated to a temperature at which fuel-air mixture ignites and generates heat which can be used for vaporization of subsequent fuel. The catalyst causes catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of hydrocarbons with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (H2O). The oxidizing agent facilitates oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The mixture is reacted with catalyst at 25-500degreesC for 30 seconds. The air-to-fuel and steam-to-fuel ratios are adjusted to have a temperature of 600-850degreesC in the reforming fuel catalyst.Preferred Parameters: The maximum temperature in the reforming fuel catalyst is 900degreesC. The air-carbon monoxide-hydrogen gas mixture has oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel may be liquid and/or vapor.Preferred Method: The combustible moieties, e.g. carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are produced by combining the fuel with an oxidant to create a mixture having oxygen/carbon ratio of more than 1 but less than 2 or by reacting fuel with a catalyst. A portion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to create heat. The heat raises the temperature of a water-gas shift catalyst so that the catalyst becomes active for its water-gas shift reaction which converts carbon monoxide and generates additional heat. Air is injected downstream of the catalysts to have complete oxidation of all combustible moieties before the combustible moieties have egress from the system. Liquid water is injected when the water-gas shift catalyst temperature exceeds 400degreesC. Liquid water is injected in the form of water droplets having a diameter less than 50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas delivery and cooling assembly combines water from the water supply with the gas from the gas supply that is delivered to a first of the methanation reactors, and heats the mixture of water and gas. The gas delivery and cooling assembly delivers gas from the gas supply to each next methanation reactor by adding the gas to the mixture being conveyed to the next methanation reactor after the mixture has been formed or as the mixture is being formed. The gas delivery and cooling assembly comprises water injection unit(s), each combining water from the water supply and the output of a methanation reactor which cools the mixture being conveyed to a next methanation reactor; gas dividing unit(s) for dividing gas from the gas supply into gas streams, each gas stream for delivery to a different one of the methanation reactors; and connecting line(s), each connecting a water injection unit to a different one of the methanation reactors. Each of a number of the gas streams is conveyed to a methanation reactor by delivery to one of the connecting lines. Alternatively, each of a number of the gas streams is conveyed to a methanation reactor by delivery to a different one of the cooling assemblies. A further connecting line is connected to a first of the methanation reactors, and one of the gas streams is conveyed to the first methanation reactor by delivery to the further connecting line. The gas delivery and cooling assembly conveys water from the water supply to the further connecting line. A heat exchanger heats the mixture of water and gas in the further connecting line. The methanation assembly may comprise 3 methanation reactors. Each methanation reactor comprises a catalyst containing greater than 50% nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The slurry is processed in an autoclave at 500-2000 psi. The filtrate is separated by centrifugation. The first portion is a wet pigment cake.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). The catalyst is Pt/carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The slurry of water and solvent comprises a ratio of 160 g water to 25 g normal propanol. The slurry of water and solvent comprises 20-90 wt.% of water; and 10-80% of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dioxane, and/or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises platinum (Pt). The catalyst is Pt/carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane is a fluorine-containing polymer or a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (C1) Are sent from collector to a classification means. The increased gas flow comprising nitrogen, steam and light hydrocarbons is periodically introduced into the filtration means or aimed directly towards (C1) to disperse (C1) from the filter and to move (C1) to the collector. The gas flow directs (C1) so that at least a portion of (C1) returns to the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The filtration means comprises at least one vessel containing at least one filter to pass the flow of gas and to collect majority of the (C1). The filter has a pore size designed to remove all (C1) from (S1) and comprises sintered metal and ceramic (preferably ceramic metal powder). The classification means divides (C1) into a first portion having a size above the predetermined value to be returned to (R1) and a second portion having a size below the predetermined value to be sent to a discarded catalyst storage container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (C1) Are sent from collector to a classification means. The increased gas flow comprising nitrogen, steam and light hydrocarbons is periodically introduced into the filtration means or aimed directly towards (C1) to disperse (C1) from the filter and to move (C1) to the collector. The gas flow directs (C1) so that at least a portion of (C1) returns to the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The spiral shape electroconductive material is spiral shape carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The spiral shape electroconductive material is spiral shape carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biomass fuel supplied to boiler and fell in the lower portion of boiler is recovered and mixed with coal. The mixture is ground, supplied to boiler and burned. The recovered biomass fuel is mixed with coal, after drying until moisture content is 50% or less. The recovered biomass fuel is mixed with new biomass fuel, without mixing with coal after drying. Preferred Condition: The recovered biomass fuel is mixed with coal, when degree of coalification of recovered biomass fuel is high. The recovered biomass fuel is mixed with new biomass fuel, when degree of coalification of recovered biomass fuel is low. Preferred Apparatus: The combustion apparatus has a unit for receiving recovered biomass fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The biomass is reacted with water vapor at 800-1100degreesC. The tar present in the mixed gas is converted into hydrogen and carbon monoxide with water vapor in the presence of water vapor modification catalyst. The unreacted tar is removed by activated carbon. The biomass, water vapor and oxygen are reacted during gasification process. Preferred Condition: The tar is removed at 150-500degreesC. The mixed gas is pressurized at 1-10 MPa, and reacted at 150-400degreesC. Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of moles of oxygen with respect to number of moles of carbon in the gasification process is 0.5 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area and mean pore diameter of activated carbon are 100 m2/g or more and 0.1 nm or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Nitrification is carried out after biological denitrification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total of Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Co3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ is 0.5-30 mol% or less with respect to the sum total of M(II)2+ and M(III)3+. Preferred Component: The modifier is chosen from air, water vapor, oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total of Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, Co3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ is 0.5-30 mol% or less with respect to the sum total of M(II)2+ and M(III)3+. Preferred Component: The modifier is chosen from air, water vapor, oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The impurities contained in fuel gas are removed using a absorption liquid, or catalyst and an absorption liquid, which promote shift reaction from carbon monoxide to diacid-ized oxygen, or removed using an adsorption agent. The hydrothermal reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst, and sulfur or sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The fiber mixture is subjected to water repellent finishing process before decomposing.
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - (I) is A.psychralcaliphilus, preferably A.psychralcaliphilus IDR2-2^T strain or A.psychralcaliphilus FERM P-19648 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Isolation of indigo reducing microorganisms was carried out as follows. PYA culture medium comprising peptone (in g) (8), yeast extract (3), indigo (0.1), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (1), EDTA (3.5 mg), zinc sulfate hydrate (3 mg), ferrous sulfate hydrate (10 mg), manganese sulfate hydrate (2 mg), copper sulfate hydrate (0.1 mg), cobalt nitrate hydrate (2 mg), boric acid (1 mg) and distilled water (900 ml) was prepared. Woad-vatting liquid (5 ml) containing indigo was introduced into a flask (100 ml) comprising PYA culture medium, and cultured at 27degreesC. Enrichment culture was performed using the prepared PYA culture medium. The change in color of the culture solution was determined. The microorganisms capable of reducing indigo were selected based on the color change of the culture solution (turning dark green or green) due to the reduction of indigo. The culture solution (1 platinum loop) was transferred into alkali-Reinforced Clostridial agar (RCA) medium, and cultivated at 27degreesC. A single colony was taken after 48 hours of cultivation, to obtain the microorganisms having indigo reduction ability.
EXAMPLE - A medium comprising (g/L): PVA-117 (having polymerization degree of 1700) (0.5), bacto gelatin (0.5), ammonium sulfate (1), monobasic potassium phosphate (0.4), dibasic potassium phosphate (3.2), magnesium sulfate (0.98), sodium chloride (0.1), iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate and (0.01), and yeast extract (1) was inoculated with Sphingomonas aromaticivorans (strain UF-7) (accession number: FERM BP-10187) on shaker at 28degreesC and 140 rpm. Samples were taken and analyzed at regular intervals for degradation of PVA. The PVA content (g/L) of the medium was 0.2/0.7 in presence/absence of the bacteria. The results also showed that the bacteria exhibited high level of PVA decomposition activity regardless of the type of PVA involved. The bacteria were found to degrade PVA-217 (having polymerization degree of 1700), PVA-500 (having polymerization degree of 500) and KL-118 (having polymerization degree of 1800) even in presence of gelatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Boron nitride content is 30-100 wt.% of a gross weight of boron nitride and a material that would have the highest proportion in the sintered body, if the sintered body did not include the boron nitride. It is 10-80 wt.% of a gross weight of boron nitride and a material that would have the highest proportion in the catalyst layer (23), if the catalyst layer did not include the boron nitride. The sintered body includes a catalyst layer for causing the combustion; and a heat-conducting layer (21) that includes the boron nitride and transfers heat to the heater coil. It includes, between the catalyst layer and the heat-conducting layer, an intermediate layer that has a higher combustion activity than that of the catalyst layer. The heater coil includes a coiled coil or a single coil that is covered by the sintered body. Preferred Material: The material is alumina, tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Boron nitride content is 30-100 wt.% of a gross weight of boron nitride and a material that would have the highest proportion in the sintered body, if the sintered body did not include the boron nitride. It is 10-80 wt.% of a gross weight of boron nitride and a material that would have the highest proportion in the catalyst layer (23), if the catalyst layer did not include the boron nitride. The sintered body includes a catalyst layer for causing the combustion; and a heat-conducting layer (21) that includes the boron nitride and transfers heat to the heater coil. It includes, between the catalyst layer and the heat-conducting layer, an intermediate layer that has a higher combustion activity than that of the catalyst layer. The heater coil includes a coiled coil or a single coil that is covered by the sintered body. Preferred Material: The material is alumina, tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The ceramics is porous ceramics. The cap and mount base are made of alumina ceramics, alumina-zirconia ceramics, or alumina-diatomaceous earth ceramics. They are made of material that does not allow an organic solvent gas to permeate. Preferred Component: The mount base includes a groove to which the heat shielding board is fixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The microbe for decomposing root of herbs is aerobe, facultative anerobe or anerobic bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The organic-acid secondary liquid is softened, calcium and/or magnesium are removed from secondary liquid and used as organic-acid tertiary liquid. The organic-acid tertiary liquid is separated to electrodialysis concentrated water containing inorganic salt and organic-acid quartic potential liquid, by electrodialysis process.Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus of organic waste further comprises a unit to perform softening process and removing calcium and/or magnesium from organic-acid secondary liquid, and a unit to perform electrodialysis processing of organic-acid tertiary liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The liner components are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Material containing polyorganosiloxanes, organofunctional siloxanes, organosilanols or fragments thereof.Preferred Electron Acceptors: Fumarate, succinate, oxidised iron ions, sulfate or nitrate (II).Preferred Method: The anaerobic or micro-aerobic conditions are such that the mixture contains less than 5 (preferably less than 1) % free or dissolved oxygen, most preferably less than 250 ppm. The process is carried out at 20-80 (preferably 30-70, especially 40-60) degreesC with an incubation time of 1-200 (preferably 10-150, especially 24-100) hours, using (II) in a concentration of 0.1-100 mM. EXAMPLE - Sludge from a local sewage plant was taken off under oxygen-free conditions, resuspended in an O2-free buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate; pH 6.8) and centrifuged off; resuspension and centrifuging were repeated 3 times. The washed cellular material (10 g) was mixed with 100 ml culture medium containing calcium chloride, magnesium sulfate, mono- and di-potassium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron(II) sulfate and trisodium citrate (concentrations given), plus the trace elements molybdenum, cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc. The mixture was also treated with 5 g/l potassium nitrate as electron acceptor and 1 mmol/l water-soluble dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) as the only source of carbon. After cultivation for 11 days at 30degreesC under anaerobic conditions, the DMSD content of the mixture had fallen from 90 (87) to 55 (79) mg/l, i.e. a decrease of 39 (9) %. Values in brackets are for autoclaved (deactivated) sewage sludge processed by the same method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The plate catalyst used in plant for converting plastic material into diesel fuel is ceramics, zeolite, silicate of iron Fe3+, cobalt Co2+, nickel Ni2+ or Raney nickel, manganese Mn2+, chromium Cr3+ and/or copper Cu2+, or MCM-41 catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The carbon based fuel product is fuel equivalent to the diesel fuel standard in Australia, specified as AS 3570-1998.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The plate catalyst used in plant for converting plastic material into diesel fuel is ceramics, zeolite, silicate of iron Fe3+, cobalt Co2+, nickel Ni2+ or Raney nickel, manganese Mn2+, chromium Cr3+ and/or copper Cu2+, or MCM-41 catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process further comprises trapping soot in the synthesis gas for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, after the cooling step; and supplying steam generated by heat which is recovered in the cooling step to the reaction step.Preferred Parameter: A space velocity (SV) in the active carbon in the adsorbing step is set to be 2000-3000 Nm3/hour/m3-CAT. The SV in the hydrogenation catalyst is set to be 900-1500 Nm3/hour/m3-CAT. The SV in the adsorbing agent is set to be 600-1100 Nm3/hour/m3-CAT. In the reaction step, a temperature at the catalyst outlet is set to be 850-900degreesC, a pressure is set to be 1.5-2.5 MPa, a molar ratio of steam to carbon of hydrocarbon in natural gas is set to be 1-1.6 at the catalyst inlet, and a molar ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon of hydrocarbon in natural gas is set to be 0.4-0.6 at the catalyst inlet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content in the outlet gas is set to be less than or equal to100 ppb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a soot filter for trapping soot in the synthesis gas for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, downstream of the cooler; and a steam drum for generating steam by heat recovered by the cooler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content in the outlet gas is set to be less than or equal to100 ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The housing further defines a first inlet to direct the fluid flow into the first passage at one end of the first passage, a first outlet to direct the fluid flow from the first passage at an opposite end of the first passage, a second inlet to direct the fluid flow into the second passage at a location adjacent the opposite end, and a second outlet to direct the fluid flow from the second passage. The first and second convoluted fins (70, 72) have surface enhancements. The surface enhancements are fin louvers. The heat exchanger further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the housing at a location radially inward from the first and second passages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst is a catalyst for the feed mix, and the second catalyst is a catalyst for the combustor feed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The second convoluted fin has turbulated surfaces in a downstream section of the second fin, and unturbulated surfaces in an upstream section of the second fin. At least one of the first and second convoluted fins has surface enhancements that are varied along an axial length of the at least one of the first and second convoluted fins to vary a reaction over the axial length. The assembly further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the housing at a location radially inward from the first and second flow passages. The assembly further comprises a cylindrical water-gas shift reactor extending centrally through the assembly at a location radially inward from the first fin. The integrated fuel processing unit further comprises a recuperative heat exchanger in the housing, comprising third and fourth axially extending, concentric annular passages in heat transfer relation to each other, the third passage aligned with and directly connected to the first passage to direct the feed mix into the first passage, the fourth passage located radially inward from the third passage and connected to the first passage to receive the feed mix after the feed mix has been reformed in the first passage.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst is a catalyst for the feed mix, and the second catalyst is a catalyst for the combustor feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The passage is formed three dimensionally and in a network. Preferred Materials: The inorganic dielectric substance is a ferroelectric substance and is calcined after covering the porous ceramic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Formulation: In (I), the organic type nitrogen source is corn steep liquor, and the carbon source is polyhydric alcohol. The microorganisms are of Burkholderia genus and are cultured in the liquid medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The to-be-processed raw material mixture is heated at 500-800degreesC under 1.5-50 MPa conditions. The holding time of temperature and pressure conditions is 10-60 minutes.Preferred Composition: The ratio of organic matter in paper manufacture sludge or used paper and water is 200-5000 parts weight (pts.wt) of water with respect to 100 pts.wt of organic matter. The content of catalyst with respect to 100 pts.wt of organic matter in paper manufacture sludge or used paper is 5-100 pts.wt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The to-be-processed raw material mixture is heated at 500-800degreesC under 1.5-50 MPa conditions. The holding time of temperature and pressure conditions is 10-60 minutes.Preferred Composition: The ratio of organic matter in paper manufacture sludge or used paper and water is 200-5000 parts weight (pts.wt) of water with respect to 100 pts.wt of organic matter. The content of catalyst with respect to 100 pts.wt of organic matter in paper manufacture sludge or used paper is 5-100 pts.wt. EXAMPLE - Paper manufacture sludge ejected from paper making plant was gasified. The used composition of paper manufacture sludge was 25% of inorganic substances (kaolin, calcium carbonate and titanium oxide) and 75% of organic matter. A stainless steel reaction tube was filled with organic matter, inorganic substances, paper manufacture sludge, water and caustic potash as catalyst. The organic matter in the paper manufacture sludge was decomposed and gasified at 700degreesC using 10 MPa super critical water. The molar ratio of water to carbon was 20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbide material formed by carbonizing sewage sludge is also used as water purification material. The recycling of sewage sludge is carried out as follows. The sewage sludge is carbonized to form charcoal and/or activated carbon, which can be used as water purification material. A molded charcoal is formed by using charcoal and/or activated carbon as raw material. The molded charcoal is then inserted into a gasifier and heated. The slag ejected from the gasifier is used as road surfacing material. The gasifier comprises coke bed provided inside a furnace. EXAMPLE - Sewage sludge having moisture content of 45%, dry ash content of 17% and calorific value of 7.95 MJ/kg, was carbonized by rotary-kiln type carbonization furnace to form a carbide material having relative bulk density of 0.23 kg/l, surface area of 48 m2/g, dry ash content of 55% and average particle size of 3 mm. A molded charcoal was formed using the obtained carbide material as raw material. The molded charcoal was used as coke alternative of gasifier. The slag ejected from the gasifier was effectively used as road surfacing material and cement raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electronic acceptor is alkyl viologen of formula (4), and electronic donor is trialkanol amine of formula (5): N((CH2)nOH)3.R1=1-4C alkyl group, preferably methyl or ethyl group; andn of formula (5)=1-4, preferably 1 or 2.The reduction catalyst is platinum colloid stabilized in polyvinyl alcohol.Preferred Process: The aqueous solution containing catalyst composition is irradiated with sunlight. Preferred Definitions:    R=dendron residue having hydrophilic substituent having aromatic polyether structure and negative charge in aromatic ring of formula (3); and    X,n=same as defined above.    EXAMPLE - Monomer (1L4) was obtained using compound (L4Br) of formula (A), 2,5-bis(trimethyl-silyl ethynyl)hydroquinone, potassium carbonate, 18-c-6 crown ether and acetone. Hydrophilic dendron side-chain-containing polyphenylene ethynylene was obtained using the obtained monomer, 1,4-diiodo benzene, tetrakis triphenyl phosphine palladium, copper iodide, diisopropyl amine and tetrahydrofuran. Hydrophilic dendron side-chain-containing polyphenylene ethynylene, electronic acceptor, electronic donor and reduction catalyst were mixed to obtain photolysis catalyst composition. The photolysis catalyst composition had favorable solubility to water and optical characteristics, and efficiently performed photolysis of water and produced hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A gas burner (6) is connected to the cracking reactor. The filters are regenerated by oxidizing carbon to carbon dioxide with oxygen. The filters are designed as particulate filters. The filters are designed as mechanically cleanable rotating disk filters. The filter unit is connected to a fuel cell (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus includes a disposal container having a filling opening attached and sealed to the discharge opening; mechanism to move shredded waste from the processing chamber through the discharge opening into the disposal container; a chamber discharge door operative to close and seal the discharge opening in the processing chamber; an agitator in the processing chamber operative to lift shredded waste and drop the shredded waste through the atmosphere inside the processing chamber; a screen under the shredder; a pusher mechanism in the waste input container operative when activated to exert a force on waste in the waste input container toward the input opening, and operative to force the waste into the shredder; and a waste cart (155) elevator operative to raise a waste cart from floor level adjacent to the apparatus and invert the waste cart to empty waste contained in the waste cart into waste input container. The moving mechanism comprises a upright wall located in the processing chamber opposite to the discharge opening, and an actuator operative to move the wall toward the discharge opening and push the shredded waste through the discharge opening. The screen prevents shredded material larger than a desired size from dropping into the processing chamber. The exhaust comprises vent(s) connected to an exterior atmosphere and a filter. The water source comprises a steam source. The waste cart elevator is linked to the input door of the waste container so that opening the input door operates the waste cart elevator to empty waste into the waste input container, and so that closing the input door returns the waste cart to floor level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The container comprises porous container, which has a predetermined volume and many pores for venting the hydrogen gas; and gas-liquid separation membrane (15), which adheres closely to the porous container to block the pores of the porous container and through which the hydrogen gas separated from the aqueous solution passes. The reaction control unit comprises holding casing, which is fixed to the housing and has its portion extending into an inside space of container; and moving casing, which contains the hydrogen-generating catalyst, is installed capable of moving in the holding casing, and is open or closed by moving relative to the holding casing according to a decrease or increase in a pressure in the container. An internal space of the holding casing is open to the outside of the housing through an air hole and the elastic support unit comprises bellows having one end fixed to the moving casing to be sealed in the holding casing and being open to the outside of housing through the air hole to apply an atmospheric pressure to the moving casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-liquid separation membrane is composed of Teflon-based GoreTex, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkylvinyl ether copolymer, and/or polysulfone-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Controlling an amount of moisture in the solids waste stream comprises heating the solids waste stream to control a moisture content of the solids waste stream. It comprises heating the solids waste stream to be applied to the energy conversion process using a heating and drying source; sensing an amount of moisture in the heated solids waste stream to be applied to the energy conversion process with a moisture sensor; sensing an output of the moisture sensor with a moisture controller; and controlling the heating and drying source with the moisture controller to control an amount of moisture in the solids waste stream to the energy conversion process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterium: The partial base sequence of (I) is analyzed by 16SrDNA base sequence analysis. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - To isolate Ureibacillus thermosphaericus, stevia powder was diluted and inoculated in a tryptosoy agar medium comprising meat extract. The agar medium was incubated for 2 days at 55 degreesC. The cells cultured in the medium was isolated and further identified as Ureibacillus thermosphaericus by 16SrDNA base sequence analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The source of brine comprises deionizer for deionizing water in fluid communication with source of water; and salt saturator (803) for producing brine from the water deionized by the deionizer. The electrolyzer comprises electrode stack of interleaved anode plates and cathode plates separated from one another in each stack by electrically non-conductive partitions separating the electrode stacks from one another, the electrode stack connected to the source of electrical power. The inventive apparatus further comprises an element for controlling hypochlorite dosing and a hypochlorite storage for receiving and storing hypochlorite removed from the separator. The hydrogen storage system is further comprised of a compressor that is coupled to storage vessels structured to contain hydrogen. The power generation module is further comprised of an electrical converter that is electrically coupled to an electrical load that receives the electrical energy of the power generation module. The source of oxidizer provides atmospheric air. The electrolytic production unit is further comprised of a vent in fluid communication with the electrolytic production unit. It has non-combustible gas source in fluid communication with the electrolytic production unit, controller to operate the flow of non-combustible gas into the electrolytic production unit, and vacuum source in fluid communication with the electrolytic production unit. It is further comprised of a dedicated water electrolyzer or dedicated water electrolyzers to be used in tandem.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas hydrate slurry of low purity ejected from device (1) is pumped to dehydration device with a slurry pump. The gas hydrate accompanied with source gas extracted from device (3) is separated from source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The mordenite type zeolite is calcium mordenite type zeolite, barium mordenite type zeolite, or silver mordenite type zeolite. The mordenite type zeolite has cation with ionic radius of 0.07-0.15 nm. Preferred Cation: The cation is copper ion, cobalt ion, zincion, calcium ion, strontium ion, silver ion, potassium ion and/or barium ion. Preferred Method: The gas comprising multiple isotopes is separated at room temperature except 0degreesC using sodium mordenite type zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The mordenite type zeolite is calcium mordenite type zeolite, barium mordenite type zeolite, or silver mordenite type zeolite. The mordenite type zeolite has cation with ionic radius of 0.07-0.15 nm. Preferred Cation: The cation is copper ion, cobalt ion, zincion, calcium ion, strontium ion, silver ion, potassium ion and/or barium ion. Preferred Method: The gas comprising multiple isotopes is separated at room temperature except 0degreesC using sodium mordenite type zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is methane, ethane, ethylene, propane and/or butane, or carbon dioxide or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The exhaust gas is pass through a constant-temperature chamber at 1100-1400degreesC. Preferred Condition: The exhaust gas is passed through the high temperature region for 0.5 second or less, and retained for 1-5 seconds in constant temperature chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The treatment apparatus further has a constant-temperature chamber through which the exhaust gas from the decompose-treatment furnace is passed. The decompose-treatment furnace is a plasma-cracking unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heavy metal dissociated from the fishery waste material is absorbed and removed by a chelate resin. The water is extracted by centrifuged method, by heating the fishery waste material at a temperature at which yeast and lactobacillus in culture solution do not become extinct.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas is natural gas at 1-15 MPa and 20-60degreesC. Thermo-acoustic cooling lowers the temperature of the liquid and/or refrigerant by 1-20degreesC. The thermo-acoustic cooling devices a heat engine that is supplied with heat and generates an acoustic wave, a resonator in which the acoustic wave is established, and a downstream refrigerator that utilizes the energy of the acoustic wave to produce a cold spot. Several such devices are used in parallel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at 200-475degreesC (preferably 250-425degreesC).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anti-methanation agent comprises 0.1-10 wt.% copper compound, 0.1-5 wt.% manganese compound and 0.1-5 wt.% iron compound, by total weight of catalyst. The catalyst comprises 1-4 wt.% noble metal and 0.1-1 wt.% promoter. Preferred Materials: The noble metal is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and/or iridium. The promoter is cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, and/or barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anti-methanation agent comprises 0.1-10 wt.% copper compound, 0.1-5 wt.% manganese compound and 0.1-5 wt.% iron compound, by total weight of catalyst. The catalyst comprises 1-4 wt.% noble metal and 0.1-1 wt.% promoter. Preferred Materials: The noble metal is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and/or iridium. The promoter is cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, and/or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The catalyst is adapted to perform the water gas shift reaction at high temperatures. The method includes pressurizing the vessel before the passing of the hydrogen-rich gas stream through the vessel; depressurizing the vessel after the passing the hydrogen-rich gas stream through the vessel; and purging the vessel with a gas having a low carbon dioxide concentration. The hydrogen-rich gas stream is not passed through a preferential oxidizer (PROX). The method is conducted in a fuel cell system having a fuel cell stack. The hydrogen-rich gas stream having reduced carbon monoxide content is reacted in the fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The housing is a rotating pressure swing adsorber. The vessel further houses a second adsorbent adapted to adsorb carbon monoxide from the hydrogen-rich gas stream at low temperatures, and adapted to desorb carbon monoxide at high temperatures. EXAMPLE - The following cycle was run over adsorbent/catalyst mixture with production for 40 seconds, depressurization for 5 seconds, purge with gas mixture containing 50% water (H2O) and 50% nitrogen (N2) for 160 seconds, and pressurization with pure N2 for 30 seconds. This cycle was repeated 9 times. The product from the production step consistently contained less the 10 ppm carbon monoxide and no detectable carbon dioxide. The results were shown in figure 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A portion of the segments has faces that are positioned radially outward in relation to the longitudinal axis of the firelog. The corners of the square circumference are radiused. The segments are adhered together in an overlapping configuration and are densely compacted together during an extrusion process. Preferred Property: The faces of the segments are compressed to a ratio of approximately 5:1-8:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A modification process, which involves pressurizing the material above the pressure of water or medium oil, is performed. Grinding process is performed in medium oil. The mass ratio rate of medium oil with respect to catalyst raw material and biomass (100), is 20-120. The organic acid generated in dehydration process and modification process, is neutralized by the catalyst raw material. The method further involves carrying out carbonization in inert gas atmosphere. EXAMPLE - A slag extracted from coffee (3 kg), kerosene (3 kg) and calcium hydroxide powder (10 g), were supplied to an autoclave, and dehydrated at 120degreesC and 0.1 MPa pressure for 250 minutes. Temperature was raised to 200degreesC over 30 minutes and maintained for 1 hour. A gasification fuel (1.2 kg) was obtained by solid-liquid separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iron compound or calcium compound is powder form. The iron compound is added to iron hydroxide oxide. Preferred Method: Portion(s) of the oxidizing agent is supplied by gas reforming burner of gas reforming device. The supply amount of iron or calcium compound is controlled by result of monitor, which measured the water quality of component of reformed gas or wash water of gas cleanup apparatus (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iron compound or calcium compound is powder form. The iron compound is added to iron hydroxide oxide. Preferred Method: Portion(s) of the oxidizing agent is supplied by gas reforming burner of gas reforming device. The supply amount of iron or calcium compound is controlled by result of monitor, which measured the water quality of component of reformed gas or wash water of gas cleanup apparatus (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium compound is titanium oxide, and is obtained from a precursor chosen from titanium chloride, titanium tetra alkoxide and titanium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium compound is titanium oxide, and is obtained from a precursor chosen from titanium chloride, titanium tetra alkoxide and titanium complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is lower saturated hydrocarbon and/or lower unsaturated hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - A composite material powder containing titania (2 wt.%) and silica (98 wt.%), was prepared using titanium peroxo ammonium citrate tetrahydrate (in g) (0.6), distilled water (50 ml) and silica powder (9.8) having specific surface area of 100 m2/g, mean pore diameter of 30 nm, pore volume of 1 ml/g and particle diameter of 75-500 microns. The obtained powder as catalyst, and quartz sand (3) were mixed, and filled in a reaction tube. The reaction tube was heated to 330degreesC, and helium was circulated. Mixed gas of propane, oxygen and helium was further circulated, and reaction was started. Temperature and pressure were maintained at 330degreesC and 3.5 atm after 25 minutes. The reaction product was analyzed using gas chromatography, and the result showed that conversion ratio of propane was 19.4%. Selectivity and yield of methanol was 9.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Main byproducts were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, aldehyde, ketone and hydrocarbons containing ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode comprises titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The co-catalyst is zirconium. The catalyst is supported by a porous inorganic compound such as porous silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The co-catalyst is zirconium. The catalyst is supported by a porous inorganic compound such as porous silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol is secondary alcohol. EXAMPLE - Copper-zinc oxide-zirconium oxide in ratio of 45:45:10 (in g) (3) was prepared using copper nitrate, zinc hydrate and zirconium nitrate, as raw material. The catalyst was added to 2-butanol (40 ml) containing water (1 mass%) as solvent, in a reactor. Synthesis gas (carbon monoxide 31.5%, carbon dioxide 5.05%, argon 2.98 and hydrogen) was supplied at a flow rate of 20 ml/minute at 170degreesC and reacted for 20 hours. The reaction product was recovered in a cold trap in the reactor. The unconverted gas and reaction product were analyzed by gas chromatography. The carbon monoxide conversion ratio was 48.5%, carbon dioxide conversion ratio was 8.4%, carbon conversion ratio was 43%, methyl formate selectivity was 0.3%, butyl formate selectivity was 0.2%, methanol selectivity was 99.5% and methanol yield was 42.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic waste is solubilized by dry-type anaerobiosis or aerotropism before fermentation process. The wastewater treatment contains upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) method and processing method by sulfuric acid reduction microbe, sulfur oxidation microbe and denitrifying bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The catalyst may be a heterogeneous acidic catalyst comprising an acid agent which has been adsorbed on a carrier endowed with a well-developed surface. The carrier comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide. It may be an aluminosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The acid agent is a mineral acid, preferably sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: An ester of a 1-6C monohydroxy alcohol with fatty acids contains a methyl ester and/or an ethyl ester of rapeseed oil acids. An ester of glycerol with 1-7C carboxylic acids contains glycerol acetate. Preferred Composition: In the reaction, a vegetable fat, an animal fat or a mixture of those fats is used in a mole ratio to the ester of a 1-7C carboxylic acid with a 1-6C alcohol of 1:3 - 1:6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The acid agent is a mineral acid, preferably sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: An ion-exchange acidic resin may be used as a catalyst for the reaction. EXAMPLE - A biofuel comprising 20 wt.% methyl esters of rapeseed oil fatty acids, 45 wt.% diesel oil, 2.4 wt.% other esters of glycerol with carboxylic acids, 0.5 wt.% free fatty acids and methyl alcohol, and 1.2 wt.% butylhydroxytoluene as antioxidant had the appearance of a clear homogeneous liquid. It had an ignition temperature of 114degreesC, a sulfur content of 3 ppm, a phosphorus content of 0.5 ppm and a cetane number of 52.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The temperature of the gas at the outlet of the gas reformer is maintained at a level above the predetermined temperature level, preferably at 1100degreesC by intermittently feeding a gasifying agent containing oxygen to the gas reformer when the temperature of gas at the outlet of the gas reformer approaches the predetermined level.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gasifying agent feed mechanism comprises mechanism for intermittently feeding the gasifying agent containing oxygen to the gas reformer. It comprises pipes, arranged to feed a gasifying agent containing oxygen both to the high-temperature gasification part, and to the gas reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fermenting tube shell, heating flow channels and gas storage cushion are of a polyethylene (PE) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: A gas is introduced into the fuel flow path to purge the aqueous methanol solution from the fuel flow path; and introducing the proton-acid antifreezing liquid into the fuel flow path. A concentration of the aqueous methanol solution flowing the fuel flow path is measured and controlled to a constant value. Preferred Component: The direct methanol type fuel cell comprises a solid polymer electrolyte membrane as an electrolyte membrane (5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-acid antifreezing liquid is an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-acid antifreezing liquid is an aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Enterococcus faecalis TH-10.Preferred Component: The water purification agent contains fermentation product of microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The koji (malt) is soybean koji (malt). ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Cholesterol-Antagonist.    No biological data given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: (M1) involves measuring the number of microorganisms being proteolytic bacteria having nucleic acid consisting of one of 4 fully defined 1528 nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO. 1-4) given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-carbon type material is obtained by heating bamboo in presence of titanium tetrachloride. The carbon material is obtained by contacting a titanium compound (e.g. titanium tetrachloride) with a carbon precursor, and heating the precursor in presence of inert gas, such as nitrogen gas. The carbon precursor contains carbon, oxygen and cellulose. The carbon material has titanium-oxygen bonds on its surface region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The titanium-carbon type material is obtained by heating bamboo in presence of titanium tetrachloride. The carbon material is obtained by contacting a titanium compound (e.g. titanium tetrachloride) with a carbon precursor, and heating the precursor in presence of inert gas, such as nitrogen gas. The carbon precursor contains carbon, oxygen and cellulose. The carbon material has titanium-oxygen bonds on its surface region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the contaminant is a chlorinated organic compound. The sustained release electron donor is substance capable of proliferating dechlorinating bacteria. The dechlorinating bacteria proliferated by supplying sustained release electron donor is detected. The step of estimating the natural damping capacity of the contaminant involves providing an electron donor to the process target and proliferating facultative anaerobic bacterium or aerobic bacterium which makes a process target anaerobic, (dechlorinating bacteria which dechlorinate the contaminant in an anaerobic condition), and detecting the dechlorinating bacteria, where the sustained release electron donor is the substance which activates the facultative anaerobic bacterium or an aerobic bacterium, and the anaerobization is promoted by supply of the sustained release electron donor, and the dechlorinating bacteria are proliferated. (M1) evaluates the applicability of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) or enhanced natural attenuation (ENA). The target specific gene sequence is detected by PCR. The sustained release electron donor is an organic compound or a biodegradable plastic. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium or potassium hydroxide comprise less than 15 wt.% water. The aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide comprises less than 50 wt.% water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sodium or potassium hydroxide comprise less than 15 wt.% water. The aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide comprises less than 50 wt.% water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The saponified crude tall oil comprises less than 25 wt.% water. The first and second fractions comprise less than 2 wt.% unsaponifiable matter and have a Gardner color of less than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The power production method further includes introducing an oxygen containing gas at a pressure lower than in the step of passing the feed stream into the second end of the second zone for combustion with a portion of the separated hydrogen, thus heating the first zone to reforming temperatures and creating a flue gas which exits through the first end of the first zone.The amount of feed in the step of passing the feed stream is adequate to produce adequate hydrogen for the step of introducing part of the separated hydrogen and the step of introducing the oxygen containing gas. It is in excess of that needed to produce adequate hydrogen for the step of introducing part of the separated hydrogen and the step of introducing oxygen-containing gas where the power and the hydrogen are produced.The step of removing all of the high-pressure synthesis gas and through the step of passing the hydrogen enriched gas are conducted in a membrane separator in which a portion of the flue gas from the step of introducing the oxygen-containing gas is fed to the separator as a sweep gas.The separation comprises using a solvent-based system or solid adsorbents to absorb CO2 from the hydrogen-enriched stream.The pressure swing reformer and the gas turbine are sized to provide only adequate hydrogen for combustion with air to power the turbine and for combustion in the pressure swing reformer when operating in the regeneration stage. They are sized to provide hydrogen in excess of that required to power the gas turbine and that for combustion in the pressure swing reformer when operating in the regeneration stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The catalytic layers comprise an oxidation catalytic layer (25) to generate the thermal energy through oxidation reaction between the fuel and air, and a reformation catalytic layer (26) to generate hydrogen gas from the fuel through reformation reaction of steam by absorption of the thermal energy. A heat-insulating layer is arranged on an inner surface of the first pipe line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of zirconium. The second pipe line is made of aluminum, copper, or iron. The oxidation catalytic layer is made of platinum or ruthenium. The reformation catalytic layer is made of copper, nickel, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of steel use stainless.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first pipe line is made of zirconium. The second pipe line is made of aluminum, copper, or iron. The oxidation catalytic layer is made of platinum or ruthenium. The reformation catalytic layer is made of copper, nickel, or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat-insulating layer is made of polybenzoimidazole, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylenesufide, or polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material used in the gas holder is copper complex group coordination polymer of 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas hydrate particle dispersed in reaction container is separated from source gas using a collection apparatus, and returned to the reaction container. Preferred Apparatus: The reaction container has a cooling jacket, or cooling pipe. A wainscot is provided in reaction container and agglomeration division and increase division in concentration are formed in the reaction container. The fluidization gas supplied to agglomeration division is adjusted, and gas-hydrate fine particle is granulated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The fermented liquor is put in low-pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere, to obtain decarboxylated fermented liquor. The decarboxylation process carries out evacuation process of fermented liquor.Preferred Gas: The low concentration gas is air.Preferred Waste: The organic waste contains pig excrements.Preferred Liquor: The fermented liquor contains chemical having pKb value of greater than 7 as basic component. The ammonia nitrogen concentration of the fermented liquor is 2 g/l or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photocatalyst is selected from the oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium-titanium, tantalum, potassium-niobium, sodium-titanium, potassium-titanium, barium-titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is potassium aluminate and/or potassium aluminosilicate.Preferred Method: Hydrogen and oxygen are separated and recovered by gas passageways on each side of the reaction cell. The pressure of the reaction container containing the reaction cell is raised and hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide are manufactured.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is potassium aluminate and/or potassium aluminosilicate.Preferred Method: Hydrogen and oxygen are separated and recovered by gas passageways on each side of the reaction cell. The pressure of the reaction container containing the reaction cell is raised and hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide are manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Support: The installation pattern of immobilization support is fixed-bed type pattern. Preferred Process: The to-be-processed material is contacted with polyurethane foam, and anaerobic digestion sludge containing souring microorganisms and/or methane-fermentation microorganisms is anaerobically digested in the presence of support. The digested product is separated into liquid phase and solid phase portions. The solid phase portion is recovered. The gaseous phase portion containing methane generated during digestion is used as fuel. The recovered solid phase portion is used as organic fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Foam: The polyurethane foam has pores connected mutually. The number of pores of foam is 20 or more per 25 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The functional substance is structural component of base material. The base material with functional substance is obtained by carrying out the chemical bond of functional substance or adsorbing the functional substance after molding the base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The functional substance is substance with ionic group and hydrophobic group, and bioactive substance. The ionic group is cationic polymer such as amino-group containing polymer. The amino-group containing polymer is selected from polyalkylene imine, polyvinyl amine, polyallyl amine, diethylamino ethyl dextran, polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or their derivatives. The nonionic hydrophilic polymer is polyalkylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and their derivatives. The radiation exposure is performed after contacting nonionic hydrophilic polymer with base material such as medical base material. The base material is incorporated into the module for blood purification and artificial kidney. The medical base material is separation membrane, preferably hollow fiber membrane (5). The separation membrane is polysulfone base polymer.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process Details : The first stage of the process is a deposition of several partially superposed layers of copper alloy by cold projection, each layer of thickness up to 3 mm. The deposition is effected without pre-heating of the zone to be treated. The process is used to manufacture a heat exchanger, preferably of copper, comprising a collector and distributor of exchanger fluid on a pile of plates separated by cross-pieces with brazed matrices. The collector and soldered fluid distributor may be of copper or stainless steel. To effect the soldering of the piece(collector) to the brazed copper zone, one can also use arc soldering such as MIG(metal inert gas) or TIG(tungsten inert gas).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process Details : The first stage of the process is a deposition of several partially superposed layers of copper alloy by cold projection, each layer of thickness up to 3 mm. The deposition is effected without pre-heating of the zone to be treated. The process is used to manufacture a heat exchanger, preferably of copper, comprising a collector and distributor of exchanger fluid on a pile of plates separated by cross-pieces with brazed matrices. The collector and soldered fluid distributor may be of copper or stainless steel. To effect the soldering of the piece(collector) to the brazed copper zone, one can also use arc soldering such as MIG(metal inert gas) or TIG(tungsten inert gas). EXAMPLE - During trials it was observed that an alloy of type Cu-Sn6P(i.e of 6% Sn, less than 1% P) had a melting point lower than pure Cu and thus closer to that of the brazing alloy ; this gave an improved 'wetting' and more effective penetration in the brazed joints.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Module: The inlet pipe is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (11) of the fiber bundle and opens tangentially into the inlet zone. The inlet zone contains an annular flow diverter forming a gap with a cross-section that is annular in the vicinity of the inlet pipe and circular in the vicinity of the fiber bundle. The flow diverter includes a conical part with its tip facing the fiber bundle. The inlet pipe includes a swirl nozzle. The module includes a droplet separator upstream of the fiber bundle., especially in the form of a groove in the wall of the inlet zone and/or the flow diverter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.6-4% hydrocarbon.The proportion of hydrocarbon to hydrofluorocarbon in the vapor phase does not differ from the equivalent proportion in the liquid phase by more than 40 (preferably does not differ by more than 20)% at equilibrium at 25 degreesC.The composition may include 0.6-2 (preferably 0.6-1) wt.% isopentane, and 0.6-5 (preferably 0.6-1) wt.% butane.The composition may include 93.1-81.5 (preferably 83)% R134a, 5-15 (preferably 5)% R125, 0.6-1% (preferably 0.6)%, isopentane, and 1.3-2.5 (preferably 1.4)% butane. The composition may include 10-30 (preferably 16.5)% R134a, 80-40 (preferably 60)% R125, 10-30 (preferably 21)% R143a, 0.6-2 (preferably 0.6)% isopentane, 0.6-5 (preferably 0.9)% butane, and 0.6-5 (preferably 1)% isobutene.Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon component consists of isopentane, butane, and isobutene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The crude biodiesel and adsorbent are filtered to separate the biodiesel from the adsorbent mixed with methanol and other substances. About 1 wt.% water is added to the crude biodiesel in addition to the adsorbent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicone-based absorbent comprises a magnesium silicate adsorbent of formula 2MgO:65:O2 nH20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The amount of adsorbent mixed with the crude biodiesel is not greater than 1 wt.%, preferably 0.4-0.8 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicone-based absorbent comprises a magnesium silicate adsorbent of formula 2MgO:65:O2 nH20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The wastewater after methane fermentation is a wastewater obtained after anaerobic fermentation of polylactic acid group biodegradable plastics. The residue after methane fermentation is subjected to solid liquid separation, and the resulting wastewater is used for solubilizing the polylactic acid group biodegradable plastics, or for adjusting water content in the mixture of plastic and organic waste. Alternately, biogas is produced by mixing the plastic solution with an organic waste, and carrying out methane fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The adsorption-and-desorption isothermal line of the polymer metal complex related to at least one type of gas (G) shows a hysteresis loop.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The adsorption-and-desorption isothermal line of the polymer metal complex related to at least one type of gas (G) shows a hysteresis loop.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas (G) is chosen from hydrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and/or nitrogen, or from hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxide and/or ammonia. Preferred Definitions:    X=cupric ion; and    L=4,4'-bipyridyl.    EXAMPLE - Ethanol solution (80 mmol/l) of 4,4'-bipyridyl (bpy) was applied on an aqueous solution (80 mmol/l) of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid copper (II) complex. The mixture was made to stand for 12 days and filtered under reduced pressure. The precipitate was dried to form crystals of dark blue colored polymer metal complex with a yield of 74 %. The crystals were dried at 100 degrees C and 3 Pa for 3 hours. The crystals (1 g) were dissolved in 1 mol/l of aqueous ammonia and extracted with dichloromethane. The obtained solid (447 mg) was found to contain crystals of (Cu(CF3SO3)2(bpy)2)n. Methane absorption characteristics of the gas absorption material showed maximum absorption amount of 182 cm3/1 cm3 of the absorption material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred features: The flexible section is made up of an inner lining (2) and an inflated outer skin (5) which protects it from the weather. A sensor determines the composition of the gas mixture between the lining and skin to detect leakage of biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The membrane and chamber surfaces can be coated with polyacrylic acid (PAA), or polyethylenimine (PEI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The saccharide processed material is further processed at 110-150degreesC in 0.5-5 mass% sulfuric acid. The saccharide-processed material is solid-liquid separated, and saccharide and acid are separated from the filtrate (F). The mass mix ratio of sulfuric acid/biomass is 0.3-5. The filtrate after saccharide processing is washed to remove solid substance. A pseudo moving bed chromatography separation apparatus is used to separate the saccharide and acid. A low concentration sulfuric acid is used after saccharide processing. The biomass is cellulose type biomass. EXAMPLE - Japanese cedar (conifer) chip (in g) (700) having moisture content of 9.1%, holo cellulose (414) and 71.5 mass% sulfuric acid (1100) were added to a reactor. The mixture was conditioned at 50degreesC for 40 minutes. The warm water was added when the mass mix ratio of sulfuric acid to biomass was 1.25, so that the sulfuric acid was 30 mass%. Saccharide processing was performed to resulting material at 85degreesC for 90 minutes and the concentration of xylose was 0.5 mass% after 90 minutes. Subsequently, the processed liquid was cooled to 40degreesC and solid-liquid separated. The monosaccharide concentration in the obtained filtrate was (249). The conversion rate of the holocellulose to monosaccharide was 60.1%. The saccharide and acid were separated from the resulting filtrate using a pseudo moving bed chromatographic separation apparatus. The recovery of glucose and sulfuric acid were 99% and 97.2%, respectively. The sulfuric acid concentration in the outflow saccharide liquid (raffinate) was 1 mass%. The outflow saccharide liquid was maintained at 121degreesC for 30 minutes and monosaccharide processing was performed. Then sugar liquid was collected and monosaccharide concentration in the sugar liquid was (312). The conversion rate of holo cellulose to monosaccharide was 75.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The metal vessel can be a single vessel or one composed of several vessels interconnected and communicating, e.g. a steel-made vessel for chemical engineering or a cracking tube with diameter of 50-2000 mm. The metallic filler can be repeatedly used during the production process, which is particularly a single unit with a metal-constructed outer surface that is solid or hollow with density of 500-9000 kg/m3, and a maximum outer dimension of 5-300 mm. Such metallic filler individual can be made by basing on properties of the material to be processed, with structure incorporating different densities and maximum external sizes. EXAMPLE - Standing or lying type cracking reactors to enable wider heating, adjustable cracking time and automatic decoking as in sealed unit, were assembled as specified for testing, e.g. in cracking waste plastics. A remarkable reduction in air pollution was observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: (I) and (II) produces acid from glucose, sucrose, glycerol, lactose, mannose, salicin and sorbitol. (I) is CBTCC/Micro/8 MTCC 5092. (II) is CBTCC/Micro/8 MTCC 5093.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The recycle stream is contacted with polyolefin forming catalyst. The intermediate grade propylene stream contains propylene (less than 99, preferably greater than or equal to95-less than 97 wt.%). The polypropylene forming catalyst is Ziegler Natta or metallocene catalyst. The propane is removed from unreacted by-product by distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid mouth and lips cosmetics contain para-hydroxybenzoic acid ester (C) (0.005-0.5 mass%). EXAMPLE - Heavy flow isoparaffin pearl ream 18, NOF (in mass%) (60), ceresin (8), squalane (19.3), stearyl glycyrrhetinate (0.5), cis-6-hexadecenoic acid (0.5), propylparaben (0.1), red No. 202 (2), titanium oxide (2), titanium oxide coated mica (7), hyaluronic acid (0.5), were mixed and heated at 70degreesC. The pigment and fine particle were dispersed uniformly. Then defoaming was performed and the resulting mixture was poured into a container of cylindrical shape plastics, and cooled to room temperature. Liquid form lip color was obtained. Then brush integrated with lid portion was inserted in the contents. The obtained liquid form lip color had water content transpiration separation rate of 52%, without irritation or roughness when applied to lip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas produced by thermal decomposition of solid component is subjected to combustion process. The gas obtained by exchanging heat with hot gas obtained by combustion process and hot gas or water vapor produced by thermal decomposition process, is used as heat source of heating unit. The rotary kiln is heated with the hot gas obtained from combustion process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flammable component is petroleum or fuel oil. The liquid component is carbide material derived from the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biocell is destroyed by heating or ultrasonic wave. The rotary kiln is heated with the hot gas obtained from the gas combustion unit in the thermal decomposition plant which does not have the heat source for heating the rotary kiln.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flammable component is petroleum or fuel oil. The liquid component is carbide material derived from the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process : The reaction vessel and sedimentation tank are operated continuously or discontinuously. By distillative work-up of the upper phase the aromatic component serves as an entraining agent for removal of the water arising in the reaction or during the washing of the ester phase, the aromatic component being recycled to the reaction after separation from the water. The methanol is distilled off during work-up of the lower phase and by processing the free fatty acids in a further step the sulfuric acid which has been diluted under the reaction conditions can be concentrated and part of this concentrated acid is removed and replaced by fresh sulfuric acid before being recycled to the reaction. EXAMPLE - A conversion of 97.8 % was achieved by discontinuous pressureless reaction at 71degreesC for 115 minutes in a reactor (110) of a mixture comprising split fatty acids (24.3 kg), methanol (3.2 kg), toluene (0.44 kg) and 67 % sulfuric acid (0.48 kg), the product being cooled to 45 degrees C in a settling tank (111) and separating after 180 minutes before being recycled to reactor (110) for 115 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent is bauxite, alumina, silica-alumina and/or distillation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty acid glyceride is vegetable oil, animal oil and/or fatty acids.The catalyst is alkyl tin oxide.Preferred Process: The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 150-200degreesC.The treatment with adsorbent is carried out at 20-60degreesC.The method involves recovering and recycling excess alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent is bauxite, alumina, silica-alumina and/or distillation. EXAMPLE - Refined soya oil (200 g) having acid value of 0.5 mg KOH/g, methanol (72 g) and dioctyl tin oxide catalyst (1.2 g) were taken in a reaction vessel, fitted with external heating system and cooling coil. The reactant was heated to 150degreesC. The reaction was proceeded for 0.5 hours at 150degreesC and then the temperature was raised to 175degreesC. and maintained for 3 hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, glycerol was separated as lower layer and methyl ester was obtained as upper layer. Methyl ester thus obtained was distilled under vacuum. The final methyl ester (bio-diesel) had an acid value of 0.03 mg KOH/g and viscosity of 5.19 cSt at 40degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reactor is a transport reactor, which is a riser-reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chilled recycle stream comprises a hydrogen halide, and the condensed phase comprises greater than or equal to99% of the hydrogen halide in the chilled recycle stream. The hydrogen halide comprises hydrogen chloride. At least a portion of the refrigerant exchanger feed comprises a hydrogen halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: At least a portion of the condensed stream at least partially condenses in the refrigerant heat exchanger, the chilled recycle stream comprises a condensed phase, and the recycling of the at least a portion of the chilled recycle stream comprises recycling the condensed phase. Alkylating occurs in the presence of a solid catalyst. At least a portion of the refrigerant exchanger effluent is separated at separation conditions comprising a pressure of 0-483 kPa(g) and a temperature of -9-32degreesC. The effluent vapor-liquid separator operates at a phase separation temperature, and the chilled recycle stream is at a chilled recycle temperature of from 2-11degreesC greater than the phase separation temperature. Preferred Component: The vapor phase comprises a light component having fewer carbon atoms than the alkylation substrate, a reject stream comprising the light component is formed from a stream consisting of the vapor phase, compressed stream, condensed stream, or chilled recycle stream, and the light component in the reject stream is rejected from the process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chilled recycle stream comprises a hydrogen halide, and the condensed phase comprises greater than or equal to99% of the hydrogen halide in the chilled recycle stream. The hydrogen halide comprises hydrogen chloride. At least a portion of the refrigerant exchanger feed comprises a hydrogen halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ejector has a main passageway for ejecting the modifying air from a nozzle and an auxiliary passageway for drawing (I) with the modifying air ejected from by the main passageway. (M1) Has an ejector disposed upstream of the ejector. The modifier has pressure meter disposed upstream of the ejector for detecting the pressure of the modifying air. (M1) Has an orifice disposed to each other upstream of the ejector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electrodes comprise a woven or non-woven fabric comprising electrically conductive fibers. The organic material is a sugar, fatty acid or lignocellulosic material. The organic material is derived from waste water. The organic material in the first compartment is inoculated with the electrochemically active microorganisms during start-up of the fuel cell. Substances that promote the operation of the fuel cell are added to the water on the inside of the electrode system in the first compartment. EXAMPLE - The electrode system comprised a membrane header (20), e.g. of polypropylene, a conductor wire (23) connected to the external circuit, a membrane (24), a conductive material (25) on the inside of the membrane, and a spacer (26) through which water or liquid can be transported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the processing method, the service condition chosen from the mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS), sludge residence time (SRT), and the dissolved oxygen concentration of a bioreaction tank are controlled in the water treating unit, by adding the microorganism capable of degrading female hormone into the water treating unit, separately, culturing the microorganisms and controlling the amount and flow of water into the female hormone processing unit provided at the end of bioreaction tank of the water treating unit. The concentration of the microorganism which degrades female hormone is maintained at 1x106 cells or more/ml. The microorganism which degrades female hormone is a Sphingomonas, preferably Sphingomonas sp. JEM-3 strain (FERMP-19235), Sphingomonas sp. JEM-14 strain (FERMP-19236) or its related bacteria which shows 97% or more homology with respect to 16S rDNA, and/or Novosphingobium bacteria, preferably Novosphinogbium sp. JEM-1 strain (FERMP-19234) or its related bacteria which shows 97% or more homology with respect to 16S rDNA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas contains hydrogen molecule (H2), hydrogen atom (H), tritium (H3), hydrogenated deuterium (HD), hydroxyl (OH), and oxygen (16O, O2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-oxygen mixed gas contains hydrogen molecule (H2), hydrogen atom (H), tritium (H3), hydrogenated deuterium (HD), hydroxyl (OH), and oxygen (16O, O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The culture solution is obtained by cultivating Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus natto. The culture solution is a polysaccharide. The culture solution containing the cross-linkable polymer is obtained by cultivating Bacillus polyglutamicum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cross-linkable polymer contained in the culture solution is a polyamino acid such as polyglutamic acid. The cross-linking agent is a polyepoxy compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lipophilic emulsifying agent (W/O) has a HLB value of 4 - 6. The hydrophilic emulsifying/detergent agent (O/W) has a HLB value of higher than 12. The fuel has an average microcell diameter of less than 0.15 microns. The fuel comprises primary fuel (10 - 15 wt.%). The fuel comprises (b) (50 - 95, preferably 55 - 75 parts by weight relative to total weight of (a) and (b)) and (c) (5 - 50, preferably 25 - 45 parts by weight relative to the total weight of (c) and (b). The lipophilic emulsifying agent is a fatty ester of sorbitol. (c) is a mixture of glycol esters (preferably polyglycol oleate). (c) is a mixture of esters selected from PEG esters other than polyglycol oleate, such as complex esters and compound esters, glycerin esters, glycol esters, monoalcohol esters, sorbitol POE esters, polyalcohol esters, and trimethylpropane esters (preferably mixture of diethylene glycol monococoate, PEG 200 cocoate, PEG 400 cocoate, diethylene glycol monooleate, PEG 200 monooleate, PEG 300 monooleate, PEG 400 monooleate, PEG 600 monooleate, PEG 1000 monooleate, PEG 40000 monooleate, PEG 6000 monooleate, PEG 400 oleate, dipropylene glycol monooleate, PEG dioleate, PEG 400 dioleate, PEG 600 dioleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, PEG 300 monolaurate, PEG 400 monolaurate, PEG 400 dilaurate, diethylene glycol monostearate, PEG 200 monostearate, PEG 300 monostearate, PEG 400 monostearate, PEG 15000 monostearate, PEG 40000 monostearate, PEG POE 40 stearate, PEG 400 distearate, PEG 600 distearate, PEG 2000 distearate, and PEG 6000 distearate, particularly mixture of PEG 200 and PEG 6000).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The reforming catalyst comprises a precious metal (preferably platinum, iridium, platinum/iridium or rhodium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The reforming catalyst comprises a precious metal (preferably platinum, iridium, platinum/iridium or rhodium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The temperature of reducing gas and water vapor is raised by exchanging heat of reducing gas and water vapor with high temperature gas after reaction and high temperature hydrogen, supplying process waste heat, or adding high temperature gas to the reducing gas. Preferred Condition: The driving electrolytic voltage is 20-40% of required energy. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas contains hydrochloric acid and/or sulfur compound (10 ppm or less). The reducing gas is reducing gas produced by thermal decomposition of organic material, byproduct gas produced by coke oven and blast furnace of iron manufacturing plant, and byproduct gas of petroleum plant. Preferred Material: The organic material of thermal decomposition raw material is biomass and petroleum residue of scrap-wood and organic refuse. Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of hydrogen further has a flow control valve at each of the pipeline supplying reducing gas to anode side, and the pipeline supplying water vapor to cathode side, and carrying out optimum control of the service condition, and a thermometer at gas outlet line of anode side and cathode side, for controlling the flow control valve so that temperature remains fixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanation reactor comprises an active metal-containing catalyst. Preferred Concentration: The pressure swing adsorber is sized to produce a stream containing less than 400 ppm carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide content of the third stream is less than 5, preferably less than 1 ppm. The carbon monoxide content of the second stream is less than 400, preferably less than 100 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The adsorbent apparatus comprises a pressure swing adsorber and multiple stage fixed beds. The adsorbent removes carbon dioxide from the first gas stream. The system further comprises water gas shift reactors disposed between the first reactor and the adsorbent apparatus. It further comprises a heat exchanger disposed between the pressure swing adsorber and the methanation reactor that raises the temperature of the second hydrogen rich stream before entry into the reactor. It also comprises a recuperator disposed in such a way that the output stream (21) of the pressure swing adsorber is heated in the recuperator by the methanator output stream before input into the methanator. It also comprises a fuel cell stack disposed to receive the methanator output stream as anode fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanation reactor comprises an active metal-containing catalyst. Preferred Concentration: The pressure swing adsorber is sized to produce a stream containing less than 400 ppm carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide content of the third stream is less than 5, preferably less than 1 ppm. The carbon monoxide content of the second stream is less than 400, preferably less than 100 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds contain shift catalyst of platinum supported on an oxide carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds are arranged in a gas flow direction such that they are shorter on the upstream side where a gas containing carbon monoxide and water is introduced and longer on the downstream side where a gas containing the produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide is discharged. A heat exchanger is disposed upstream of each shift catalyst bed. Preferred Method: The temperatures of the shift catalyst beds are controlled to less than or equal to330degreesC during the shift reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The shift catalyst beds contain shift catalyst of platinum supported on an oxide carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blade (3) for stirring refuse, is made of copper or copper alloy. A bearing ring made of graphite and a copper seal are provided in a rotary joint for warm-water supply provided in the warm-water supply apparatus. The rotary unit has a rotary water pipe and a retainer for holding the water pipe, which are made of SUS. The horizontal drum is made of SUS. The corrosion treatment of the inner face of the drum, with respect to hydrofluoric acid is performed beforehand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filter unit contains ion adsorption agent such as zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filter unit contains ion adsorption agent such as zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the seaweed is chosen from Ulva, Laminaria japonica, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Porphyra yezoensis, Undaria pinnatifida (wakame seaweed), Ulva pertusa, Porphyra, Chondrus ocellatus (red algae), Sargassum serratifolium, Monostroma nitidum (black algae), ribbon Ulva, button Ulva, U. arasakii, Enteromorpha prolifera, and E. intestinalis. The seaweed is heat-processed in a solution at 50 degreesC or more. The seaweed is crushed and heat processed. (M1) Further involves processing microorganisms capable of producing an organic acid from the heat-processed seaweed before culturing a methane producing microorganism by making heat-processed seaweed into a substrate, where the microorganisms capable of producing organic acid are of Bacillus genus or Lactobacillus genus, preferably B. cereus 0Z-6 strain having accession number (FERM AP-20381), Lactobacillus sp. 0Z-7 strain having accession number (FERM AP-20382), or its related species. The organic acids are chosen from acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, pyruvic acid, glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid. The organic acid is converted into a biochemical target at an acetic acid.Preferred Apparatus: (I) Further comprises a microorganism treatment tank (13) for producing organic acid by microorganisms from the heat-processed seaweed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pure gas is emitted from the upper portion of the tower, using gas compression machine (4). The machine (4) is used as drive source for introducing the sewage gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low-temperature desulfurizing agent contains iron. The high-temperature desulfurizing agent contains nickel, zinc, or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The methane fermentation and ammonia nitrogen removal are performed by stripping. An alkali is added at the time of ammonia nitrogen removal, and pH of organic waste is adjusted to 7-10. Then, the organic waste is cooled to 60degreesC or less, and isolated into process gas and process liquid. The recovered process liquid is mixed with an alkali and returned to the ammonia removal tank. At least one of the gases produced by methane fermentation, air and nitrogen are preferably used in the stripping process.Preferred Properties: The concentration of solid substance in the organic waste subjected to methane fermentation and ammonia nitrogen removal process is 5-30%. The ammonia nitrogen removal by stripping is performed by maintaining the gas liquor ratio at 20-1000. The gas liquor ratio is given by a relation: G/L=G(V/t), where G is gas flow rate (m3/hour), L is organic waste amount (m3/hour), V is organic-waste volume (m3) and t is processing time (hour). The removal process of ammonia nitrogen is performed at 30-90degreesC and -0.03 MPaG to 0.03 MPaG.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonized material is obtained by a high temperature carbonization method. The carbonized material is preferably charcoal. A moisture content adjustment material and nitrogen concentration adjustment material are contained in the carbonized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin composition contains polyphenylene ether and polystyrene in weight ratio 5/95-50/50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water-containing organic sludge is sewage sludge, human waste sludge, livestock excretion sludge, residue sludge generated in food processing, residue sludge generated in fish processing and/or residue sludge generated in paper/pulp processing. Preferred Process: The organic dehydrated cake is supplied to biaxial mixer with organic sludge dry particulate material formed by granulating and drying the organic dehydration cake, in a weight ratio of 1:0.5-10, based on solid content weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The livestock farming related waste material consists of cattle feces, pig feces and/or hen droppings. The foodstuff related waste material consists of bean curd lees, rice bran and wheat bran. The fermented mixture consists of 100 g of solid content with respect to 30-80% of livestock forming waste material. The water content rate of the waste material mixture is 40 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Time of sending the surplus sludge from activated sludge tank to methane-fermentation tank, is set as completion time of anaerobic process in activated sludge tank. The fuel cell generates electric power using methane gas ejected from the methane-fermentation tank. Preferred Apparatus: The activated sludge tank has an anaerobic tank (14) and an aerobic tank (15). The surplus sludge from anaerobic tank is supplied to methane-fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The waste products are bark, fibers, edge trimmings and the like. The hydrocarbon components of the waste products are converted to synthesis gas in a reformer (10) by autothermal reforming, partial oxidation or steam reforming.The synthesis gas is passed to a shift converter to reduce the carbon monoxide content and increase the hydrogen content.The carbon monoxide content is further reduced in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit (14) or a selective oxidation unit (16). If the waste products are not sufficient to cover the energy requirements, the reformer can be supplied with additional hydrocarbons and/or hydrogen.The additional hydrocarbons are supplied in the form of natural gas, biomass, wood chips or the like.The process heat and/or electrical energy is generated in a fuel cell or the process heat is generated by catalytic combustion.Claimed Variant: The waste products are converted to methanol, which is used in a direct methanol fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The fuel and oxidizer are reacted into reformate by partial oxidation (POX) or catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). The process includes dissipating heat from the reaction zones with a heat exchanger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reaction zones are in thermal contact and have an axially symmetrical arrangement with one reaction zone surrounding the other. Main flow directions of fuel and oxidizer are axial and opposite in adjacent reaction zones. The reformer includes a heat exchanger (26) for dissipating heat from the reaction zones. Output from the reaction zones is separately adjustable. At least one of fuel and oxidizer inputs is adjustable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further involves adjusting temperature of each vessel to 55 - 60 degreesC, moisture of organic waste to 50 wt. %, pH at 6.5 - 7 and ratio of carbon to nitrogen at 1:22. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reaction vessel is made of fused quartz silica and having an aluminum coating along its outer surface.Preferred Component: The electrolysis apparatus has coating of nickel oxide along the interior surface of the second end of the reaction vessel and proximate the two outlet ports.The catalyst comprises a noble gas, or a coating of transition metal oxide along the interior surface of the reaction vessel.The transition metal oxide is titanium dioxide, zirconia, nickel oxides and/or sodium tantalate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The radiolysis apparatus comprises a radio frequency (RF) port(s) configured to couple a RF emitter emitting RF signal into the interior region of the reaction vessel. It is defined as a wireless RF waveguide emitter in communication with the outer surface of the reaction vessel.The RF signal operates at 5-96 GHz. The photolysis apparatus comprises a mercury vapor lamp(s) emitting ultra violet light into the interior of the reaction vessel. It further comprises a nonlinear optical crystal(s). It further comprises a shroud in communication with the outer surface of the reaction vessel.The ultraviolet light has wavelengths of 150-385 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reaction vessel is made of fused quartz silica and having an aluminum coating along its outer surface.Preferred Component: The electrolysis apparatus has coating of nickel oxide along the interior surface of the second end of the reaction vessel and proximate the two outlet ports.The catalyst comprises a noble gas, or a coating of transition metal oxide along the interior surface of the reaction vessel.The transition metal oxide is titanium dioxide, zirconia, nickel oxides and/or sodium tantalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The light focusing element comprises a portion of the first chamber being convex relative to light source. The convex portion is flexed outward by electrolyte retained in the chamber. The focusing element comprises a lens at an exterior surface of the first chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The PV module comprises cells formed of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon triple junction material, cadmium telluride, and/or copper indium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of polycarboxylic acid is 0.5-25 wt.%. The reaction time is 5 minutes to 10 hours. The solvent is non-aqueous solvent. The reactants react while stirring. EXAMPLE - Trans-1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (in g) (0.5), cupric acetate monohydrate (0.579) and methanol (20 ml) were introduced into autoclave. The contents were stirred and the concentration of carboxylic acid in the reaction system was 3.1 wt.%. The temperature was raised under 0 MPa of nitrogen. The reaction was performed at 150degreesC for 2 hours. Copper complex of dicarboxylic acid was produced. The product was precipitated, filtered and dried. Copper complex of dicarboxylic acid (0.75) with yield of 110% was obtained. The obtained complex had specific area of 411 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum group-metal supported catalyst is rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum. The support of catalyst is activated carbon and/or alumina. Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa or carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions, and hydrogen is hydrogen at 20-250degreesC and 0.1-50 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Naphthalene is naphthalene, tetralin or biphenyl. Preferred Method: Naphthalene and/or tetralin and hydrogen are reacted, and decalin and/or tetralin are synthesized. EXAMPLE - Naphthalene (in g) (0.2993) and activated carbon supported rhodium catalyst (0.1019) were introduced into a stainless steel high pressure reactor. Hydrogen with pressure of 6.1 MPa and carbon dioxide with pressure of 10.2 MPa were introduced into the reactor and hydrogenation reaction was performed at 80degreesC for 120 minutes. Reaction temperature was lowered, hydrogen and carbon dioxide were discharged and decalin was recovered, after completion of reaction. The conversion ratio of naphthalene was 100% and selectivity of decalin was 100%. Decalin contained 23.9% cis decalin and 76.1% trans decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal membrane additionally comprises palladium (Pd) films or Pd alloy films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis gas is passed over a bed of granular sorbent at 100-500degreesC. The purified gas is reacted with steam at 300-900degreesC.Preferred Apparatus: The sorbent or catalyst is embedded in a support material, especially an alumina ceramic material. The first reaction chamber has a sluice for sorbent replacement. The second reaction chamber has a sluice for catalyst replacement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameters: The gas hourly space velocity is 2000-10000/hour. The temperature is 340-400 degrees C. The gas pressure is 1 bar. A mean residence time of the feed gas mixture in the fluidized bed catalyst is 0.1-5, preferably 0.2-1 seconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic active component is nickel and/or nickel compound, preferably a mixture of nickel and nickel oxide, disposed on a ceramic carrier, e.g. alumina (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and/or yttrium oxide (Y2O3). The content of the catalytically active component is 20-100, preferably 40-60 wt.%, as compared to the weight of the catalyst particles.Preferred Property: The size of the catalyst particles is 10-1000, preferably 50-500 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed gas mixture comprises 2C components and/or aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, toluene and naphthalene, in less than 10, preferably less than 5 vol.%. The content of H2/CO in the feed gas mixture is 0.8-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalytic active component is nickel and/or nickel compound, preferably a mixture of nickel and nickel oxide, disposed on a ceramic carrier, e.g. alumina (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and/or yttrium oxide (Y2O3). The content of the catalytically active component is 20-100, preferably 40-60 wt.%, as compared to the weight of the catalyst particles.Preferred Property: The size of the catalyst particles is 10-1000, preferably 50-500 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The housing comprises a pressure release mechanism. The heat exchanger contacts the electrolyte solution, or the heat exchanger exchanges heat with the housing and the housing exchanges heat with the electrolyte solution. The heating and cooling system comprises coolant from the engine. It includes a manual controller or an automatic controller. The electrodes comprise concentric metal cylinders. The electrode array and electrolyte solution are disposed in a container. The system includes a device for measuring aqueous electrolyte solution levels in the housing. A tube is coupled to the outlet port and internal combustion engine for conducting hydrogen and oxygen gases to the internal combustion engine for mixing with the hydrocarbon fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution comprises distilled water; and greater than or equal to80% (preferably greater than or equal to99%) pure acid, salt, and/or preferably base. It may contain 5-10 wt.% hydrogen peroxide. The base comprises 15-45 wt.% (preferably 25-35 wt.%) metal hydroxide, preferably potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The spaced-apart electrodes are made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution comprises distilled water; and greater than or equal to80% (preferably greater than or equal to99%) pure acid, salt, and/or preferably base. It may contain 5-10 wt.% hydrogen peroxide. The base comprises 15-45 wt.% (preferably 25-35 wt.%) metal hydroxide, preferably potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: To-be-processed liquid is flowed into bio-reaction unit comprising anammox bacteria and ammonia oxidation microbe adhered in gaseous phase. Predetermined amount of oxygen-containing gas which does not inhibit proliferation of anammox bacteria is supplied to the bio-reaction unit, ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen nitrate are reacted by anammox bacteria, and denitrified while carrying out nitrous acid formation by reacting a portion of ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen nitrate with ammonia oxidation microbe.Preferred Apparatus: The bio-reaction unit has porous columnar materials connected to up-down direction through a constriction unit (7) with a liquid introduction property sheet (6). The processing apparatus further has a gas supply unit (15) to supply oxygen-containing gas to the bio-reaction unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Module: The droplet separator is a groove in the wall of the gas inlet; the groove runs at right angles to the direction of gas flow. The droplet separator is a lattice, perforated plate or knitted fabric. The droplet separator is located at a point where the gas flow aids movement the droplets towards the separator. The modules includes a device for draining the collected liquid from the separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is chosen from methane, ethane, propane, butane, methanol and dimethyl ether, preferably methane. Preferred Method: The composition ratio of carbon dioxide and methane is source gas is 1-3 and that of steam and carbon dioxide is 0.01-1.0. EXAMPLE - A palladium film was used as selective permeable membrane. A catalyst comprising zirconia support coated with platinum, was used. Methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor were supplied to the reactor such that ratio of carbon dioxide and methane was 1 and that of water vapor and carbon dioxide was 0.05. Reformation reaction of methane was performed by carbon dioxide. Hydrogen was separated from reaction product. Reaction temperature was adjusted to 550degreesC and reaction pressure was 1 atmosphere. Flow rate of methane was 100 ml/minute. Conversion ratio of methane was 51% initially, and conversion ratio of methane after 2 days was 35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The heavy fuel stream is used in a burner (30) to generate thermal energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reformer is a steam reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The water retention member can comprise ceramic material having some fine passed-through holes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The water retention member is an aeration water retention member having fine holes passed through its front and rear surfaces, OH radical and ethylene gas can be contacted each other by passing gas containing ethylene gas from any one of the front surface or rear surface of the water retention member to the other surface at the reaction step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The aeration water retention member comprises of material containing at least one of a group of knitted product composed of non-organic fibrous material, woven fabric and non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The combination is consisting of impregnated, deposited, coated, mixed, layered, wetted, physisorbed, chemisorbed, chemically bound, and/or polymerized.Preferred Conditions: The hydrogen release is at below 95, preferably below 85degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support is consisting of interconnected, non-interconnected, porous, channeled, silica, silicon dioxide, mesoporous silica, titanium dioxide, mesoporous titanium dioxide, carbon, mesoporous carbon, zeolites, aerogels, and/or porous polymers.The compound is a material consisting of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, or phosphorus. It consists of hydrogen storage materials, chemical hydrides, complex hydrides, metal hydrides, conducting polymers, or nitrogen boron compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support is consisting of interconnected, non-interconnected, porous, channeled, silica, silicon dioxide, mesoporous silica, titanium dioxide, mesoporous titanium dioxide, carbon, mesoporous carbon, zeolites, aerogels, and/or porous polymers.The compound is a material consisting of lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, or phosphorus. It consists of hydrogen storage materials, chemical hydrides, complex hydrides, metal hydrides, conducting polymers, or nitrogen boron compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms - The microorganisms are selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Aspergillus flavus belonging to Oryzae family, Lactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisia group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The binder is starch paste. Preferred Method: The carbonized material is pulverized to fine ground material having diameter of 0.1 mm or less. The fine ground material is pressed to a shape having diameter of 25-65 mm and length of 150-400 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The carbonization gas is cleaned with a dust removal apparatus (8). The gas after dust-removal is sucked by the blower, and stored in a gasholder (10). The surplus gas from the gasholder is burned in a secondary combustion chamber (4). The tarry material (31) produced from the gas cooler is supplied to the secondary combustion chamber. The secondary combustion chamber burns the ash carbide material (32) guided from the gasifier. The engine is a gas engine or a gas turbine engine. A storage device (5) stores the heat carrier heated in the process which cools the carbonization gas, and a supplier supplies the heat carrier in the storage device to the organic-matter processing apparatus. A heat exchanger (13) changes the exhaust heat from the engine into warm water (42). A storage device stores the warm water obtained from the heat exchanger, and a supplier supplies the warm water to the processing apparatus. The processing apparatus carries out fermentation or drying of the organic matter. The odor from the processing apparatus is thermally decomposed. Air is heated in the secondary combustion chamber or gas cooler, and the heated air is guided in the intake portion of the gasifier. The secondary combustion chamber is equipped with a burner (12).
EXAMPLE - Diamond foamer Z732 (amine oxide group-containing resin) (in mass%) (2), isostearic acid mono isopropanol amide (1), methacryloyl ethylbetaine-methacrylic ester copolymer (3), 95% ethanol (8), polyoxyethylene-methyl siloxane copolymer (0.15), polyoxyethylene-60-hydrogenated castor oil (0.3), mono oleic acid polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan (0.3), methyl paraben (0.1), disodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (0.1), sage extract (0.1) and purified water (remaining quantity) were blended uniformly and filled in an aerosol can under pressure. Finally, liquefied petroleum gas (6) was added to the container, to obtain a foam-type aerosol. The obtained aerosol when evaluated had excellent foamability, foam retaining property, stability at low temperature and quality (negligible stiffness and greasiness).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The wall of the expansion vessel makes an angle (alpha) of 5-70degrees to the vertical, this angle being optimized for condensation of heavy hydrocarbons on the wall under gravity. The expansion vessel and condenser are themally insulated. The heat transferred to the heat-transfer fluid is fed to an external energy-generating device and part of the resulting energy is used to operate a gas injection pump and the pump (H) for apirating the gas into the condenser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A multicircuit heating system using an oil, salt or gas heat transfer medium is used to provide process heat for the melting vessel, evaporator and heater. The feed system includes a tamping screw for compressing the starting material. The cracked gas is quenched to an intermediate temperature to condense medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons. The uncondensed fraction of the cracked gas is used as fuel for the heating system. The condenser comprises a precondenser and a main condenser and heat from these is supplied to the heating system. The starting material is comminuted after sorting. Sediment from the melting vessel is concentrated and cooled below 120degreesC. The cooled sediment is used to prepare and oil-water emulsion which is used as fuel for the heating system. The main condenser and optionally the precondenser is connected to a multicircuit cooling system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The content of the first anaerobic region flow down to an aerobic region where biomass takes up phosphorus. A portion of the biomass is returned to the first anaerobic region and a second portion is wasted with phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is carbohydrate.Preferred Process: Methane fermentation of fermented liquor after hydrogen fermentation, is carried out by microorganisms for methane fermentation, and a fermentation gas having methane as main component is generated. A hop or hop component is added to the to-be-processed liquid. The staining microorganisms, which inhibit hydrogen generation are inactivated, without affecting proliferation or activity of microorganisms for hydrogen fermentation, and hydrogen fermentation is performed. Thus, biogas is generated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier comprises an evaporator for evaporating the hydrogen-containing fuel. The heater comprises combustor combined with the evaporator. The compressed-air supply source comprises a compressor connected to a modifying-air supply passage communicating with the modifier and the residual gas passage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The layer of compostible material is covered with an impervious sheet of plastic or similar material. A layer of compacting material, e.g. dirt is formed over the compostible material and/or over the sheet. Compostible vegetable matter is positioned to a depth and over an area to cover the underground extent of the nest. The method includes subduing insect activity on or around the surface of nest, e.g. by application of heat, and urging an insertable conduit into the body of the nest and injecting a fluid, e.g. liquefied petroleum gas. The compostible material is wetted. A burner or similar equipment is used to control surface ants. A hole is bored in the nest angularly or vertically. A probe is positioned in the hole connected to the source of gas. The gas is injected into the nest through the probe. The compostible material is spread over the nest. It is covered with a sheet of plastic. A soil layer is applied to the ground around the edges. A gas impermeable layer is placed over the nest and the edges of the layer are sealed before injecting the gas.Preferred Component: The compostible material is gardent mulch, leaves, grass clippings, manure, or similar.Preferred Property: The layer of compostible material is approximately 10-2 cm in depth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The treatment member includes an adsorbent for adsorbing a target component included in the target fluid. The adsorbent is a porous ceramic, activated carbon, activated carbon fiber, zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite, or silicalite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The point angle of the first electrode is 60-90, preferably 60, more preferably 80degrees. The pointed portion of the first electrode is in a spherical shape. The first electrode has a needle-shaped effective length of 4-30 mm. It has a curvature radius of 0.1-0.7 mm. A ratio between a needle-shaped effective length of the first electrode and an electrode gap is 0.2-1.5. A ratio between a needle-shaped effective length and a diameter of the first electrode is 2-15. A ratio between curvature radius of the pointed portion of the first electrode and an electrode gap is 0.005-0.035. Preferred Components: The second electrode has an opening through which said target fluid passes. The plasma reactor further comprises a treatment member (23) for treating the target fluid. The treatment member is disposed between or downstream of said first electrode and said second electrode. It has a catalytic substance for accelerating the treatment of the target fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalytic substance includes platinum, palladium, nickel, iridium, rhenium, cobalt, osmium, ruthenium, iron, manganese, gold, silver, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, or chromium. It includes 10-60, preferably 30-40 mass% of a manganese-based catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The treatment member includes an adsorbent for adsorbing a target component included in the target fluid. The adsorbent is a porous ceramic, activated carbon, activated carbon fiber, zeolite, mordenite, ferrierite, or silicalite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil contains waste edible oil obtained from mixed oil. The oil contains at least one type of free fatty acid, mono glyceride and diglyceride. The bio-diesel fuel further contains additive(s).Preferred Compound: The fatty acid alkyl ester is chosen from fatty acid methyl ester, fatty acid ethyl ester, fatty acid normal propyl ester, fatty acid isopropyl ester, fatty acid normal butyl ester and fatty acid isobutyl ester. The bio-diesel fuel contains fatty acid methyl ester as fatty acid alkyl ester.Preferred Properties: The bio-diesel fuel has iodine number of 50 or less. The fatty acid alkyl ester has mean molecular weight of 275 or less.Preferred Process: The manufacture of bio-diesel fuel involves adjusting 95% distillation temperature (BP) such that the bio-diesel fuel specification is adapted. The distillation temperature (BP) is calculated by a relation: BP = (0.357 x MT + 243.6) x (1 + USV), where BP is the 95% distillation temperature, MT is the mean molecular weight (RCOOR) of fatty acid alkyl ester, and USV is the content rate of highly unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester, more than linolenic acid. EXAMPLE - Palm oil and coconut oil in ratio of 50:50 (raw material oil fat) (in g) (100), methanol (13), ethanol (19), 2-propanol (24), 1-butanol (30) and potassium hydroxide (1.5) were mixed and heated to a temperature of 65degreesC for 10 minutes. The by-product glycerol was removed after reaction completion, using a separating funnel. The volatile component in the obtained fatty acid alkyl ester (light liquid layer) was distilled, and impurities such as soap were removed through activated clay, and bio-diesel fuel sample was produced. The obtained bio-diesel fuel had a purity of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of nucleus with respect to regenerated foamable styrene resin particles is 30-70 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Deionized water (in g) (1900), regenerated styrene resin particles (1100) having weight average molecular weight of 185000 and specific gravity of 0.91, tricalcium phosphate (12) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (0.090 were stirred at 75degreesC. Deionized water (400) and polyvinyl alcohol (1.3) were mixed. Styrene monomer (200) dissolved with t-butyl peroxide (0.2) and benzoyl peroxide (2.9) was added and stirred for 120 seconds. The styrene monomer dispersion liquid was added over 30 minutes at 60degreesC and temperature was raised to 90degreesC. Styrene monomer (900) was added continuously over 5 hours, and subsequently, tricalcium phosphate (2.2) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (0.05) were added. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 115degreesC and maintained for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to 100degreesC and butane (180) was added as a foaming agent, and the foaming agent was impregnated. Regenerated foamable styrene resin particles impregnated with the foaming agent were obtained. The obtained particles were dried, and classified. Zinc stearate (0.1 wt.%) and curing castor oil (0.1 wt.%) were added and surface coated with respect to the obtained resin particles. Thus, regenerated foamable styrene resin particles were obtained. The molded product formed using the obtained particles had excellent external appearance and strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The poly-lactic acid group biodegradable plastic is mixed with organic waste. The methanation microbe is anaerobic sludge origin. The anaerobic fermentation is performed for 10 days. The mixture containing poly-lactic acid group biodegradable plastics, crushed organic waste and liquid containing methanation microbe is supplied to the methane fermentation tank at 50-60 degreesC. The residue is separated after methane fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The hydrolase enzyme is lipase or esterase. The foodstuff waster material is contacted with the enzyme for three hours or more. The biodegradable resin molding comprises an aliphatic polyester resin having a number average molecular weight of 1000000-20000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1) the algae is a green algae and comprises a genome which is genetically engineered to reduce sulfate permease expression. The algae is a unicellular, photosynthetic, anoxygenic algae. The algae is chosen from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and genetically modified Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The algae is Rhodobacter sphaeroides an anoxygenic photosynthesis bacterium of lineage Proteobacteria, alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae. The algae is an isolated strain with a level of sulfate permease of 50% or less of that of wild-type. The algae is genetically modified by insertion of an antisense sequence to CrcpSulP. The algae is modified by insertion of a sense or antisense strand of CrcpSulP, ablation of CrcpSulP, and targeted gene deletion of CrcpSulP. The antisense sequence hybridizes to a portion of SEQ ID NO:2.(M5) preferably further comprises providing Clostridium in the media.(M2) preferably further comprises inducing fermentation of the biomass of Chlamydomonas/Rhodobacter via Clostridium sp.Preferred Composition: The composition comprising a sulP1 strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and a Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacterium further comprises a Clostridium sp having the lineage Bacteria, Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridales, Clostridiaceae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reforming reaction is performed by a steam reforming method, a partial oxidation method, and/or an autothermal reforming method that is a combination of the steam reforming method and the partial oxidation method. The partially oxidizing step, the cracking step, and the reforming step are performed in atmospheres of air, oxygen and steam. They are continuously performed. EXAMPLE - A reforming catalyst rhodium-platinum/aluminum oxide (Rh-Pt/Al203) was prepared by impregnation. A 20 g powder of Rh/Al203 was weighed out and, separately, hydrogen chloroplatinate was weighed out to be 1 wt.% in terms of a platinum metal. Hydrogen chloroplatinate was dissolved in 200 ml ultra-pure water contained in a beaker. The aqueous solution of platinum was stirred. Rh/Al203 was slowly added to the aqueous solution of platinum. The dispersion containing Rh/Al203 was slowly stirred for 60 minutes and left to stand for 6 hours. The dispersion in slurry state was dry-solidified by evaporation and, then dry-solidified. The yield of hydrogen using the catalyst was 88.5% at a reaction temperature of 72.3degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The catalyst is made by impregnating zirconia with solution containing ruthenium and potassium, calcining, and reducing. A test in which the catalyst is placed in a reaction chamber and contacted with a reactant gas mixture containing 8% carbon monoxide (CO), 7% carbon dioxide (CO2), 38% hydrogen (H2), and 47% water (H2O), at a contact time of 50 milliseconds and 325degreesC, or contact time of 25 milliseconds and 420degreesC, results in greater than 70% CO conversion and at least 80% CO2 selectivity. The porous substrate comprises FeCrAlY. It comprises felt.Preferred Properties: The catalyst comprises a large pore support, where at least 20% of the catalyst's pore volume is composed of pores having diameter of 0.1-300 microns, preferably 1-100 microns. It comprises ZrO2 with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area greater than 10 m2/g. It has a pore volume of 30-95%. At least 50% of the material's pore volume comprises pores of 0.3-200 microns.Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises 0.1-10 wt.% each of ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K). It comprises 0.2-3 wt.% Ru and 0.1-10 wt.% K, preferably 0.5-3 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A powder catalyst, Ru/ZrO2 promoted with K was prepared. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) was ground and sieved. Ruthenium (Ru) and potassium (K) were co-impregnated onto ZrO2 support to its incipient wetness point (0.4 g/cc) from an aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) hydrate and potassium nitrate. The impregnated sample was set at room temperature for 30 minutes to drying under vacuum at 100degreesC overnight. The catalyst was calcined under ambient conditions with a ramping rate of 5degreesC/minute to 350degreesC and isothermally held at that temperature for 1 hour. Water gas shift reaction was carried out. At a catalyst bed temperature of 420degreesC, the conversion of carbon monoxide reached 85% while the selectivity to carbon dioxide was greater than 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upstream catalyst(s) comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide fast light-off ability, thermal durability and/or the ability to reform high concentrations of fuel, and the downstream reforming catalyst comprises catalyst(s) selected to provide the ability to reform low concentrations of fuel. It comprises a catalyst material on a support material, where the catalyst material comprises rhodium and platinum and the support material comprises an oxidic support. It comprises platinum group metal(s) on a support, and the support material comprises an oxidic support, a promoter comprising ceria and zirconia, and a stabilizing material comprising lanthanum and/or neodymium. The downstream reforming catalyst comprises a platinum group metal on an oxidic support material and Group I, Group II, manganese, and/or iron metal promoter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biocatalyst is a microorganism or an enzyme. The production of a fermented product further comprises modeling the desired fermentation process and performing bifurcation analysis to determine the chaotic conditions; providing a membrane selective for the product to remove inhibition of the product; separating the product from the fermentation broth using pervaporation membrane separation; controlling the conditions to operate the process under chaotic conditions; hydrolysis of biomass to provide the substrate; and utilizing bifurcation analysis to determine the periodic chaotic attractors of the fermentation process. The fermentation under chaotic condition comprises operating the process at its periodic/chaotic attractors. The controlling is by control of dilution rate or substrate feed concentration, or by using a fuzzy logic controller. The fermentor is a continuous stirred tank reactor, or an immobilized packed bed reactor. The fermented product is ethanol. The substrate comprises xylose and/or arabinose. The improved method further comprises providing an ethanol selective membrane. The increased yield relative to a conventional process is about 100%. The fermentor is continuous stirred tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is ceramics, cements, glass, zeolites, perovskites, fibers, fibrous material, or mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A hydrogen-consuming device uses a portion of the hydrogen gas reaction product. It is connected with the system. It is a fuel cell, a combustion engine, and/or a gas turbine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, and/or tetramethyl ammonium borohydride. The stabilizing agent is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic pigment catalysts are a solid, loose powder attached to a substrate. The hydrogen generating catalysts comprise organic pigments having an orbital structure with a low unoccupied molecular orbital (lumo) energy. The organic pigments are pyranthrenedione, indanthrene gold orange, ditridecyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, indanthrene black, dimethoxy violanthrone, 1,4-diketopyrrolo-3,4C pyrrole, quinacridone, indanthrene yellow, copper phthalocyanine, 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, isoviolanthrone, perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, or indigo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is polymeric resin or plastic. The hydrogen generating catalyst is obtained through blending the catalyst powder with a poly (methyl methacrylate) binder and fixing the blended material onto a plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 4C hydrocarbon is 2-3+0.07 xIc. The content rate of ethanol (CETOH) and ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (CETBE) are 3-10 volume% and 5-15 volume%, respectively. The ratio between CETOH and CETBE is 0.5-5. EXAMPLE - Butane (in volume%) (1), straight gasoline (2) having density of 0.669 g/cm3, research octane number of 65.1 and leading vapor pressure of 76.5 kPa; alkylate gasoline (4) having density of 0.701 g/cm3, research octane number of 95.7 and leading vapor pressure of 48.5 kPa; cracked gasoline (80) having density of 0.741 g/cm3, research octane number of 91.4 and leading vapor pressure of 59 kPa; light reformed gasoline (5) having density of 0.859 g/cm3, research octane number of 94 and leading vapor pressure of 92 kPa; ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (5); and ethanol (3) were mixed, to obtain a gasoline composition. The composition had aroma content of 17 volume%, vapor pressure inhibition index of 50.6, research octane number of 94, leading vapor pressure of 59 kPa and sulfur content of 10 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane separation unit is ceramic film, polymer film or carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane separation unit is ceramic film, polymer film or carbon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred : The method involves grinding a porous particle to a maximum particle size of 0.2-0.6 mm. The method involves grinding the porous particle, and separating the ground particle into particles (A) of size 0.5-1 mm or more and particles (B) of size 0.5-1 mm or less. The particles (A) are ground again and separated. The porous particle contains the carbide material of sludge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred : The method involves grinding a porous particle to a maximum particle size of 0.2-0.6 mm. The method involves grinding the porous particle, and separating the ground particle into particles (A) of size 0.5-1 mm or more and particles (B) of size 0.5-1 mm or less. The particles (A) are ground again and separated. The porous particle contains the carbide material of sludge. EXAMPLE - A sewage sludge of moisture content 30% was dried, and carbonized. The obtained carbide material was classified to obtain particle of average particle diameter 3 mm and bulk density 0.18. The particle was ground to a maximum particle size of 1 mm. The obtained particle had average particle diameter and bulk density of 0.6 mm and 0.82, respectively. Classification was performed again to obtain particle of average particle diameter of 0.5 mm. It was found that the bulk density of the particle was reduced during volume reduction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The compost is turned while adding the nitrification inhibitors and/or adsorbents. The threshold temperature is 50 degrees C. The threshold nitrite content is 5 mg per liter of aqueous phase. The nitrite content is measured when the temperature is 50 degrees C or less. The carbonaceous material is municipal refuse, sewage sludge, organic waste or agricultural material (animal feed or fertilizer). The adsorbent is a zeolite. The amount of nitrification inhibitors and/or adsorbents added is dependent on the measured nitrite content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The burner is a gas-blast burner. The reactor is operated with an lambda value of 1.5 in the start-up phase and less than 0.5 in the second phase. The flue gas leaving the reactor in the start-up phase is used to heat a shift converter (2), a gas purification unit (3) and a fuel cell (4). The flue gas leaving the reactor in the second phase is used to heat the shift converter, gas purification unit and fuel cell, additional heat being provided by exothermic carbon monoxide conversion taking place in the shift converter and gas purification unit. No flue gas is supplied to the reactor, shift converter, gas purification unit or fuel cell in the steady-state phase. The gas purification unit is a methanization unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Process: (claimed) Decontamination of samples contaminated with (II) comprises:(i) preparing (I);(ii) preparing the sample; and(iii) treating the sample with (I) in such a way that (II) is degraded productively by (I).Preferred Process: (I) is prepared from a sample of water or soil.(II) is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The sample may contain other contaminants, selected from 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-HADNT), 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-HADNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 3,5-dinitroaniline (3,5-DNA), 1,8-dinitronaphthalene (1,8-DNN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (hexogen), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (octogen).The (II) sample may be recovered from a sample of water or soil and preferably is centrifuged. It may be treated with a source of additional nitrogen (N) and/or carbon (C), preferably glucose and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). The process is carried out completely or partly under aerobic or microaerophilic conditions and completely or partly in vitro or in situ. EXAMPLE - The microorganisms used were (A, A') Klebsiella terrigena HB (DSM 16101), (B, B') Serratia sp. M3 (DSM 16102), which were isolated from water and soil samples and earlier munitions production sites. Before inoculation, (A, B) were washed with 3 times mineral salt medium, whereas (A', B') were unwashed.    Culture tests were carried out in mineral salt medium containing 0.1 g/l trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 3.0 g/l glucose, with incubation for up to 7 days at 30degreesC in a rotary shaker (200 rpm). The OD 600 nm was (A) 0.66, (A') 1.02, (B) 0.60, (B') 0.77. The residual TNT content (with respect to the control) was (A) 3.8, (A') 5.9, (B) 0.0, (B') 6.0%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The air has 21% oxygen.Preferred Component: The air is oxygen-enriched air. The catalyst zone comprises a nickel-containing catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The natural gas/steam/air mixture is above the flammability envelope. The autothermal reformer steam and natural gas having a ratio of greater than 0.5 or greater than 2:1 can be introduced before the introducing step. The pre-catalyst zone residence time of the natural gas/steam/air mixture is less than the auto-ignition onset time. The autothermal reformer is maintained at 60 psig and the gas feed temperature is 790-870degreesF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The air has 21% oxygen.Preferred Component: The air is oxygen-enriched air. The catalyst zone comprises a nickel-containing catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode and the cathode comprise apertures having an area of 0.01-2500 mm2. The cell further includes monopolar electrodes. The anode and the cathode have the shape of a mesh. The cathode has a hydrogen formation overvoltage higher than 300 mV. Preferred Properties: The open cross section area of the anode and the cathode is 20-75%. The distance between the anode and the cathode in the electrode pair is 0.2-10 mm. The distance between two adjacent electrode pairs is 1-150 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The flow of the water stream is turbulent.Preferred Properties: The volumetric flow is 1-750 m3/hour. The average current density is 10-5000 A/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The cavity has a dimension of 0.5-5 mm in a direction perpendicular to walls on the interior side and exterior side of the base or lid which define the cavity. The interior side wall and exterior side wall of the base or lid have thicknesses of greater than or equal to 0.1 mm, respectively. A distance of the gap is 0.5-5 mm. Thicknesses of the lid portions are greater than or equal to 0.1 mm. The cavity formed in the base or lid has a pressure reduced to lower than the atmosphere pressure.Preferred Components: The lid has lid portions attached to the surface of the base to be layered and have a gap between them, and lid portions which are on more interior side are attached to more inner periphery of the surface of the base. The base or lid has a gas suction port for reducing pressure of the cavity provided in a portion on its fuel reformer side. A second gas suction pipe protrudes outwardly from the opening of the first gas suction pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The finely divided metal particles distributed in the support are 150-100 Angstrom or less in size, and include non-noble metal particulates.Preferred Components: The finely divided metallic particulates at least partially cover the surface of the support. The metal includes nickel, cobalt, or copper. The catalyst is permeable to the diffusion and transport of hydrogen. The finely divided metallic particulates are distributed in the support as catalytic clouds, and are native to the support. They are embedded within the support and below the surface of the support. They are mixture of particles with different compositions, the particles being an alloy of two or more metals.Preferred Composition: The metal is 0-20 wt.% of the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support includes a multicomponent, metastable oxide. It includes a corroded surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal expansion adjusting layer is made of oxide of elements selected from magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and calcium (Ca). The interconnector is made of lanthanum chromite type ceramic. The solid electrolyte is either zirconia or lanthanum gallate type ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal expansion adjusting layer is made of oxide of elements selected from magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and calcium (Ca). The interconnector is made of lanthanum chromite type ceramic. The solid electrolyte is either zirconia or lanthanum gallate type ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid is selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves decomposing halogenated organic compound using transition metal salt of the protein degradation product. Heat processing is performed at 50-200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises semiconductor material with p-type electroconductivity such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs), gallium-nitride (GaN), aluminum-gallium-nitride (AlGaN) or indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises semiconductor material with p-type electroconductivity such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs), indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs), gallium-nitride (GaN), aluminum-gallium-nitride (AlGaN) or indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The lignin decomposition microbe is Candida tropicalis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composition preferably contains a salt, amide or imide of a primary or secondary fatty amine with 8-36 carbon atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: This has a molecular weight of 1000-200000 and is crosslinked with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, ethylene glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, resorcinol, glycerol or polypropylene glycol; a triglycidyl ether of glycerol, propoxylated glycerol, p-aminophenol, trimethylolpropane or castor oil; a tetraglycidyl ether of pentaerythritol or diaminobiphenyl; a polyglycidyl ether of polyglycerol or sorbitol; epoxidized soya oil; adipic, maleic or phthalic acid; maleic, succinic, dodecylsuccinic, phthalic, trimellitic or pyromellitic anhydride; dimethoxy or diethoxy dimethylsilane; or toluene or diphenylmethane diisocyanate.Preferred Composition: The composition also contains a phenol-formaldehyde resin derived from an optionally alkoxylated C4-C30 alkyl or alkenyl phenol; a copolymer of ethylene and 10-40 wt.% vinyl acetate, optionally 1-40 wt.% vinyl C4-C13 alkanoate and optionally 0.5-20 wt.% C3-C10 olefin; a copolymer derived from maleic acid amides, imides and/or esters; or a comb polymer of formula (I).A = R', COOR', OCOR', R"COOR' or OR';D = H, Me, A or R';E = H or A;G = H, R", R"COOR', aryl or heterocyclyl;M = H, R", COOR", OCOR", OR" or COOH;N = H, R", COOR", OCOR", COOH or aryl;R' = 8-150C hydrocarbyl;R" = 1-10C hydrocarbyl;m = 0.4-1.0; andn = 0-0.6. EXAMPLE - Fuel comprising 95 wt.% middle distillate and 5 wt.% canola methyl ester contained 250 ppm of a copolymer P1 as demulsifier. P1 had a molecular weight of 3000 and a water number of 12.0 (no further details given).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The far infrared radiator is made of metal oxides, nitrides, carbide and boride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The protective shell is made of metal such as iron, stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The far infrared radiator is made of metal oxides, nitrides, carbide and boride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The waste plastics are selected from polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or other plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: An illuminating device is provided for flooding the scene of interest with electromagnetic energy of wavelengths corresponding to at least the pass band wavelengths of the first and second narrow pass band filters. The imager comprises first and second imagers. The first imager is in optical communication with the first filter for sensing the first image radiation and for providing first image data and the second imager being in optical communication with the second filter for sensing the second image radiation and for providing second image data. A light source is provided for illuminating the scene, and emits light in a wavelength band comprising the absorption wavelength of the fugitive gas. The first and second imagers are provided by a unitary infrared imager comprising a sensor array having mutually exclusive first and second areas each in optical communication with the first and second filters respectively, for sensing the first and second image radiations, exclusive one from another, for providing the first and second image data.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The temperature of the tuyere provided at the just overhead of the deposit of waste material is controlled to 800degreesC or more, by blowing oxygen at a concentration of 90 volume% or more and/or water or water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus further has hydrogen supply unit (7) for supplying a portion of the manufactured hydrogen as fuel to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydrogen-containing organic compound is 2-propanol, cyclohexane and/or decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A hydrogen purification unit is installed between the hydrogen generation unit and fuel cell unit. EXAMPLE - Methylamine-borane complex (4.49 g) was dissolved in mono-glyme (100 ml). (Rh(1,5-cod)(micro-Cl))2 (3 g) was added in the solution, and stirred. Hydrogen was generated. The generation of residue was suppressed, and reactor was washed and reused easily.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen generator generates hydrogen by mixing with the element of group (3B) or group (4B) of periodic-table, and an alkali liquid, or mixing with an amphoteric metal and an alkali liquid. The gas generation unit produces hydrogen by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a hydrogen production microbe, and produces methane by carrying out anaerobic fermentation of an organic material or organic wastewater using a methanation microbe. Alkali liquid ammonia produced in the gas generation unit is supplied to the hydrogen generator. Raw food is used for gas generation unit.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator uses silicon or aluminum, preferably silicon waste or aluminum waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The plastic plate is cut to fine powder fuel having average particle diameter of 2 mm or less.Preferred Process: The plastic waste is washed by sprinkling plastic, and molded to plastic plate. The plastic waste is conveyed using up-and-down conveyor-belt (5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Several saw blades are arranged in parallel. The processing apparatus has a washing apparatus (3), which sprinkles plastic waste, a conveyor belt, a hot plate (6), which heats plastic waste through the conveyor belt, a conveyance roller (10) to which saw blade apparatus transfers plastic plate, several circular saw (11) which cuts plastic plate transferred by the roller, several driving shaft (12), which is fixing circular-saw, and a motor (13) which rotate the driving shaft. The saw blade apparatus has a guide plate (22), and is extended towards transfer direction of plastic plate. The rotary shaft of conveyance roller is arranged in a position, which is inclined with respect to rotary shaft of driving shaft. The plastic plate is transferred using conveyance roller along guide plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process gives continuous high-productivity ethanol production without the need for centrifugation.Preferred Embodiment: Top and bottom sheets keep the bed semi-fluidized, and heat exchangers and plates control the fermentation temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process gives continuous high-productivity ethanol production without the need for centrifugation.Preferred Embodiment: Heat exchangers and plates control the fermentation temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The biomass is suspended to water at 100degreesC or less or under atmospheric pressure, to form low concentration slurry. The obtained slurry is heated at 100-250degreesC, with stirring under pressure. The biomass is further added and the slurry is concentrated, to obtain high concentration slurry. Preferred Biomass: The biomass is timber. EXAMPLE - Wood meal (in mass parts) (6) of Cryptomeria japonica and water (100) were mixed at 25degreesC, to obtain low concentration slurry containing 5.6 mass% of biomass. The obtained low concentration slurry was heated at 200degreesC for 10 minutes under 2 MPa pressure. Then, wood meal (6) was further added to the slurry, to obtain high concentration slurry containing 10.7 mass% of biomass. Subsequently, high concentration slurry was supplied to tubular type reactor, and hydrolyzed at 300degreesC under 10 MPa pressure for 10 minutes, to obtain slurry containing saccharides. The obtained slurry was cooled to 60degreesC. Then, aqueous solution containing saccharides, and water-insoluble component were separated from the cooled slurry. The obtained aqueous solution was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and confirmed the production of glucose and cellobiose. The aqueous solution contained glucose (1.1), cellobiose (0.5) and cellotriose (0.4). The water-insoluble component was then dehydrated to form solid fuel. The heat energy release amount per 1 kg of solid fuel was measured at 300degreesC and found to be 2.8x107 J/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The biomass, which is timber, is suspended in water at 100degreesC or less under reduced pressure. The suspension is heated at 100-250degreesC, and stirred at a pressure, which is more than vapor pressure of water, to obtain low concentrated slurry. EXAMPLE - Wood meal (in mass parts) (1.5) was mixed with water (15) at 25degreesC under reduced pressure, to obtain low concentrated biomass slurry having biomass (9 mass%). The obtained low concentrated slurry was introduced to an autoclave, and heat-processed at 200degreesC and 1.6 MPa for 10 minutes. Then, wood meal (1.5) was further added to the heat-processed slurry to obtain highly concentrated biomass slurry. The finally obtained highly concentrated biomass slurry had biomass (17 mass%). The obtained highly concentrated biomass slurry was used for manufacturing solid fuel. The obtained solid fuel had high heat-energy release property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The exhaust gas purification catalyst contains ternary catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The exhaust gas purification catalyst contains ternary catalyst.
EXAMPLE - A copper/zinc oxide catalyst was ground to form 0.25 ml of granules of diameter 0.5-1 mm and filled into a tubular type reactor of internal diameter 8 mm. The catalyst was subjected to hydrogen reduction processing at 300 degreesC for 1 hour. A mixture comprising methanol, water and 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide solution in a molar ratio of 1:1.88:0.12 was prepared and circulated to the tubular reactor at a GHSV of 100000h-1. The conversion rate of methanol was 70.8% and the concentration of carbon monoxide in the product gas was 0.14%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The generated high-pressure hydrogen gas is directly packed in a direct cylinder (B_O), such as high-pressure hydrogen gas cylinder of fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenation aromatic compound is monocyclic compound, such as cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, and 1,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, bicyclic compound, such as decalin and methyl decalin, or tricyclic compound, such as tetra-deca hydro acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal catalyst comprises platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium, nickel, copper, manganese, ruthenium, iridium and rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is palladium type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is palladium type catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, the liquid organic material is oxidized in supercritical or sub-critical conditions. A slurry-like gaseous product containing carbon dioxide is obtained which is hydrated below reaction pressure of oxidation reaction. The liquid organic material is a slurry which consists of organic compound content liquid and/or solid organic material crushed product and water. Liquid is removed from slurry containing gas hydrate and solid gas hydrate is recovered. Carbon dioxide is separated from gaseous product obtained by melting the gas hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst further contains a solid-acid property material such as alumina, and alkali metal component or alkaline earth metal component. The active metal component further includes noble metal components chosen from ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst further contains a solid-acid property material such as alumina, and alkali metal component or alkaline earth metal component. The active metal component further includes noble metal components chosen from ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is subjected to self-thermal reforming, partial-oxidation modification or carbon dioxide modification. The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether or methyl ethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (0.475) was dissolved in distilled water (7 ml). The obtained solution was impregnated into KHD-24 (RTM: alumina support having pore volume of 0.38 ml/g) (20) and dried at 120degreesC for 3 hours. The dried material was baked at 400degreesC for 3 hours, and 1.5 mass% silver/alumina (catalyst) was obtained. Modification reaction of hydrogen and dimethyl ether was carried out using the obtained catalyst, and conversion ratio of dimethyl ether and hydrogen concentration were evaluated and found to be 87% and 69.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas occlusion material contains the nanotubes in the form of a dispersion or a mono-layer structure. The first nanotube (50-80 mass%) has an average diameter of 2 nm and the second nanotube (0.1-1 mass%) has an average diameter of 2-5 nm. A further nanotube is included having an average diameter of 10-100 nm. The gas occlusion material further contains microparticles having particle diameter of 2-10 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas occlusion material contains the nanotubes in the form of a dispersion or a mono-layer structure. The first nanotube (50-80 mass%) has an average diameter of 2 nm and the second nanotube (0.1-1 mass%) has an average diameter of 2-5 nm. A further nanotube is included having an average diameter of 10-100 nm. The gas occlusion material further contains microparticles having particle diameter of 2-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Parameter: The aerobic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 45-70degreesC (preferably 45-65degreesC). In the course of the anaerobic fermentation process, the temperature is maintained at 25-65degreesC. The anaerobic biologic fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 30-40degreesC or 50-60degreesC and at a pH of 6.5-8.5 (preferably 6.8-8.2). The hydrolysis is carried out at a pH of 10-12 or 1-3, and a temperature of 35-150 (preferably 45-65)degreesC.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell stacks are connected in strings, where the voltage of the strings corresponds to the direct current voltage that is required in the electrochemical process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A partial stream from the recovered concentrate is subjected to a second membrane separation, and the filtrate from both separation steps is discharged. Particularly both separations are microfiltrations and (A) may be divided into two streams, both of which are subjected to the first separation. Both steps are performed using a symmetrical membrane, over which (A) flows in parallel (cross-flow filtration).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The symmetrical membranes are made of polypropylene and allow separation of solids of particles size 0.1-200 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (a) enters at least one partial condenser to provide at least a portion of the reflux to the ethylene distributor column. The third stream is introduced into a second separation column to produce a fourth stream substantially methane enriched and a fifth stream substantially ethylene enriched. The (a) comprises a mixture of H, 1C or ethylene and is substantially free of ethane. The second separation column is a demethanizer. The separation step comprises rectification, condensation, membrane separation, dephlegmation, adsorption, either individually and/or in combination. The fourth stream comprises essentially little or no ethylene. Directing the fourth stream to an expansion device to produce a lower temperature, lower pressure fifth stream followed by reheating to give cooling duty to the overall process and recovering purified hydrogen product from (b).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (a) enters at least one partial condenser to provide at least a portion of the reflux to the ethylene distributor column. The third stream is introduced into a second separation column to produce a fourth stream substantially methane enriched and a fifth stream substantially ethylene enriched. The (a) comprises a mixture of H, 1C or ethylene and is substantially free of ethane. The second separation column is a demethanizer. The separation step comprises rectification, condensation, membrane separation, dephlegmation, adsorption, either individually and/or in combination. The fourth stream comprises essentially little or no ethylene. Directing the fourth stream to an expansion device to produce a lower temperature, lower pressure fifth stream followed by reheating to give cooling duty to the overall process and recovering purified hydrogen product from (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: The method further comprises densely compacting the segments. The forming step comprises adhering the segments in an overlapping configuration. The method further comprises compressing the segments to form planar segment faces; and positioning the faces circumferentially around the longitudinal axis of a longitudinally shaped structure. The method further comprises adding biomass material prior to the forming step; and extruding the segments through a die.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): A biologically pure culture of yeast capable of growth in a medium comprising cellulose or a cellulose derivative as the sole carbon source, is produced by providing a sample of waste material comprising a yeast; culturing a yeast derived from the waste material in a medium comprising cellulose or a cellulose derivative as the sole carbon source; and isolating a biologically pure culture of the yeast, therefore yielding a biologically pure culture of yeast capable of growth in a medium comprising cellulose or a cellulose derivative as the sole carbon source.Preferred Material: The yeast is of the species Kluyveromyces marxianus. The yeast is SSSJ-O.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pentose is selected from the group consisting of xylose and L-arabinose.Preferred Method: The method further comprises recovering the ethanol. The aqueous medium is incubated at 43-45degreesC. The method further comprises culturing the sample of the waste material in an enrichment medium containing glucose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cellulose or cellulose derivative is carboxymethylcellulose, Avicel, and/or Sigmacell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The cellulose or cellulose derivative can be recycled paper sludge, brewer's spent grain, corn stover hydrolysate and/or sugared lignin hydrolysate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum supported by a support containing zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, lanthanum trioxide, zeolite, layered clay compound and/or their complex oxides, preferably zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel reformer further has a fuel heating unit and a mixing unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fuel is contacted with a catalyst (142) during ultrasonic wave application, and is mixed with fluid capable of modifying. Preferred Condition: Temperature during the application of ultrasonic wave is -10degreesC to 500degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains rhodium, ruthenium, palladium and/or platinum supported by a support containing zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, lanthanum trioxide, zeolite, layered clay compound and/or their complex oxides, preferably zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plaster is waste plaster board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The plaster is reacted to cracked gas of plastic or hydrocarbon gas by heating, and decomposed into hydrogen sulfide, and calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfide. Alternately, the plaster is reacted to cracked gas of chlorine-containing plastic by heating, and decomposed into hydrogen sulfide, and calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfide. The plaster is reacted to cracked gas of fluorine-containing plastic by heating, and decomposed into sulfur dioxide and calcium fluoride. The resulting product is further reacted with sulfur dioxide-containing gas or oxygen, and converted into sulfur.Preferred Gases: The cracked gas is cracked gas obtained by dried distillation of plastic waste or directly obtained from plastic waste, or by decomposition of plaster and plastic waste. Hydrocarbon gas is liquid petroleum gas (LPG), or gas generated by decomposition of biomass by microorganisms. The sulfur dioxide-containing gas is smelting waste gas which produces nonferrous component. Hydrogen sulfide reacted with calcium sulfide contains water vapor, or high temperature water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plaster is waste plaster board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic catalyst particles comprise Pt or Pt alloy material selected from titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and/or ruthenium (Ru).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Coupling: This is in the form of a disc with the following segments: an annular outer segment with peripheral holes for fixing the coupling to the housing; a circular middle segment with peripheral holes for fixing the coupling to the cell block, an opening for the buffer chamber, openings for the oxygen and hydrogen separation chambers, which extend parallel to the axis of the cell block, two axially symmetric slits for supplying makeup water to the anolyte and catholyte chambers of the cells and a circular opening for an electrolytic process region extending parallel to the axis of the cell block; and a circular inner segment comprising a current-conducting bipolar plate sandwiched between two adjacent cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biogas is dried to a dew point below 0degreesC. The desiccant is a glycol, especially triethylene glycol. The biogas is dried at a temperature below 40degreesC. The biogas is contacted with the desiccant in countercurrent. The desiccant is regenerated at 60-95degreesC. The biogas used to regenerate the desiccant is cooled to a temperature below 40degreesC and the resulting condensate is separated. The regenerated desiccant is cooled to a temperature below 40degreesC and used to dry the condensate-free biogas. The heat required for regeneration is produced using the biogas.Preferred Apparatus: The drying column and regeneration column are of similar construction. The wet desiccant is heated in a first heat exchanger (3). The regenerated desiccant is cooled in a second heat exchanger (7). The biogas used to regenerate the desiccant is cooled in a third heat exchanger (4) and condensate is removed in a separator (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: (III) is coco or agave fiber; (IV) is finely powdered guano (milled to the consistency of flour and sterilized) and (V) is a polymer. (II) is milled to particle size 0.03-1/16 inch, with density 43 pounds/foot3; (I) has mean density 60 pounds/foot3, while (III) has density 9.6 pounds/foot3 (coco) or 4 pounds/foot3 (agave).(V) is prepared from maize starch; acrylonitrile, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.Preferred Composition: This comprises, by volume, 20-60% (I); 15-25% (II) and 20-60% (III). The (IV) added contains less than 11% nitrate-N and (V) is 5-10 g/kg.Preparation: (I)-(III) are mixed and milled; sterile (IV) and (V) are added and mixed in; then agriculturally useful bacteria added, preferably at 2 ml/kg, as a spray, followed by final mixing. The initial mixing is combined with sterilization by supplying air at 60-70degreesC to the mill.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binding agent is flour type-00, or concrete. The mixture has olive husk (greater than or equal to45-less than or equal to70, preferably 55.5 vol.%), water (36.2 vol.%), and binding agent (greater than or equal to3-less than or equal to15, preferably 8.3 vol.%). The binding agent is vinyl glue. The mixture can also comprise (vol.%) olive husk (greater than or equal to40-less than or equal to75, preferably 59.8), water (38.922), and binding agent (greater than or equal to0.5-less than or equal to10, preferably 1.198).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power source includes a plastic case for housing the night light; a plug extending from the case for connecting the night light to a wall outlet power source; and a battery power supply for supplying power to the night light. The night light further comprises a light sensor connected between the light and the power source for switching off the light when ambient light is detected, and for switching on the light when ambient light is not detected; and a motion sensor connected to light sensor which activates the light when motion and lack of ambient light is detected. The night light further comprises a monitor sensor from an electric power failure sensor, a smoke detector, a heat detector, an oxygen detector, a carbon dioxide detector, a carbon monoxide detector, a radon detector, a propane detector, a radiological substance detector, a bacteriological substance detector, a noxious fume detector, a poisonous gas detector, or a sound detector; and an alarm for being triggered when a pre-selected threshold level is detected by the monitor sensor, the alarm being a visible alarm, an audible alarm, or a remotely transmitted alarm. The night light further comprises a refrigerator door for mounting the light inside of the refrigerator door, so that the light activates when the refrigerator door is opened. The night light further comprises a clock face over the emission from the light, for supplying visible light to the clock face.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal catalyst is an imperial chemical industrial catalyst; and comprises Mg (5 - 15 wt.%) as a metal preventing carbon deposition and at least two transition metals, as promoters, supported on a porous support e.g. gamma-alumina and silica-alumina.Preferred Method: The alumina slurry used for wash-coating the support having concentration of 30 - 45 wt.%. During step (iv), polyvinyl alcohol (0 - 7 wt.%), methyl cellulose (0 - 7 wt.%) and phosphoric acid (0 - 5 wt.%) are added as binder.The structured catalyst is dried in a constant temperature/humidity chamber of 60 - 110 degrees C and 60 - 90% relative humidity; and then calcined at 500 - 700 degrees C in air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The promoters are selected from Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, Cr, Ti and Zr.The promoters comprise (wt.%): Ni or Co (0.1 - 15), Fe or Mo (2 - 15), Cr (0.1 - 1) or Ti or Zr (0 - 0.005).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganism utilized in (M1) is C. ariakeii FERM P-19576. (M1) further utilizes microorganisms that belong to Bacillus (short Gram-positive Bacillus) being capable of exhibiting manoeuverability, to decompose Nori seaweed waste, which propagates in freshwater. EXAMPLE - To decompose Nori seaweed waste, Bacillus W2-17B and WS-17A was mixed with the Nori seaweed waste. The reaction mixture was cultured for a period of time. The cultured cells were centrifuged and the resultant supernatant was discarded. The pellet was utilized for measuring the dry weight, to determine the decomposing activity of Bacillus. The result showed maximal decomposing activity (90%) of Bacillus against the Nori seaweed waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The processed material collected in the storage unit is irradiated with the sterilization ray, preferably an electron beam or X-ray from the top of the storage unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A case of electrolytic bath is made of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first treatment unit includes a heating and cooling module for heating and cooling the process fluid; a chiller device through which a first heat exchange fluid passes for removing heat from the heating and cooling module; and a flow control valve between the heating and cooling module and the chiller device, for regulating the flow of the first heat exchange fluid between them. The treatment system comprises a second treatment unit downstream of the filter capable of imparting a second range of temperatures to the process fluid. The second treatment unit raises the temperature of the process fluid, by 5-30degreesC. Heating and cooling module includes a first heat exchanger for transferring heat to the first heat exchange fluid; a second heat exchanger coupled to the process fluid for exchanging heat between them; a heater for heating a second heat exchange fluid flowing through the first and second heat exchanger; a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the second heat exchange fluid; a pump for pumping the second heat exchange fluid; and a temperature control unit for controlling the temperature of the second heat exchange fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The pressure between rolls of a roll-die forming machine is 35-60 kN/cm.
EXAMPLE - A gasoline composition was prepared by mixing straight gasoline composition (DS-LG) (in volume%) (3), alkylated gasoline (ALKG) (4), cracked gasoline (FCCG) (80), light reformed gasoline (AC7) (10), and industrial ethanol (ETOH) of 99.5% purity (3). DS-LG contained aroma (1.5), paraffin and naphthene (98.5), and had phase separation index (Ph) of 7, moisture content (H) of 20 volume ppm, octane number of 65.1, density of 0.669 g/cm2 and sulfur content of 0.2 ppm. ALKG contained paraffin and naphthene (100), and had Ph of 7, moisture content of 20 volume ppm, octane number of 95.7, density of 0.701 g/cm2 and sulfur content of 0. FCCG contained olefin (20.9), aroma (22), paraffin and naphthene (57.1), and had phase separation index (Ph) of 7.8, moisture content (H) of 80 volume ppm, octane number of 91.4, density of 0.741 g/cm2 and sulfur content of 13 ppm. AC7 contained aroma (92), paraffin and naphthene (8), and had phase separation index (Ph) of 7.9, moisture content (H) of 50 volume ppm, octane number of 108, density of 0.859 g/cm2 and sulfur content of 0. ETOH contained ethanol (99.5), and had moisture content (H) of 5700 volume ppm, octane number of 16, density of 0.794 g/cm2 and sulfur content of 0.    The obtained gasoline had phase separation index (Ph) of 7.6, moisture content (H) of 750 volume ppm, and octane number of 93.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The benzene content and sulfur content of ethanol-containing gasoline are 1 volume% or less and 10 mass ppm or less, respectively. EXAMPLE - A light catalytically reformed gasoline, heavy catalytically reformed gasoline, light catalytic cracked gasoline and alkylate were mixed in capacitance ratio of 3:47:37:10. The mixture was mixed with base gasoline and distilled water. Gasoline layer was separated after still-standing. An ethanol-containing gasoline was obtained. The obtained gasoline had ethanol content of 3 volume%, moisture content of 0.01 mass%, ratio of moisture content and ethanol of 0.003, research octane number of 100, 50% distillation temperature of 98degreesC, gas-liquid ratio of 39.5, benzene content of 0.7 volume%, sulfur content of 6 mass ppm and Reid vapor pressure of 63 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gasoline: The ethanol-containing gasoline has benzene content of 1 volume% or less and sulfur content of 10 mass ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Light catalytically reformed gasoline, heavy catalytically reformed gasoline, light catalytic cracked gasoline and base gasoline containing alkylate were mixed in the ratio of 5:46:36:9 and further mixed with distilled water. The separated gasoline layer was aliquoted. Tertiary butyl alcohol of purity 98% or more and dehydrated ethanol having moisture content of 50 ppm or less and purity of 99.5% were mixed with the base gasoline. Distilled water (1300 mass ppm) was added and ethanol-containing gasoline was prepared. The ethanol-containing gasoline had ethanol content of 3.0 volume%, moisture content of 0.140 mass%, water to ethanol mass ratio of 0.047, tertiary butyl alcohol content of 2.0 volume%, Y value of 0.78, research octane number of 101, 50% distillation temperature at 97degreesC, gas to liquid ratio of 40.7 at 60degreesC, benzene content of 0.5 volume%, sulfur content of 4 mass ppm and Reid vapor pressure of 64 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The fossil fuel and catalyst are contacted in a high-pressure environment. The catalyst is heated at 120-150degreesC. The reaction container is maintained at high pressure. Preferred Component: The heat source contains exhaust gas heat generated from the internal combustion engine. The reaction container is provided at exhaust manifold vicinity, and comprises a portion of fuel return pipe, injector and fuel delivery pipe. Preferred Process: The catalyst is molded to metal honeycomb form, ceramic honeycomb form or pellet form having particle size of 100 mesh or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The fossil fuel and catalyst are contacted in a high-pressure environment. The catalyst is heated at 120-150degreesC. The reaction container is maintained at high pressure. Preferred Component: The heat source contains exhaust gas heat generated from the internal combustion engine. The reaction container is provided at exhaust manifold vicinity, and comprises a portion of fuel return pipe, injector and fuel delivery pipe. Preferred Process: The catalyst is molded to metal honeycomb form, ceramic honeycomb form or pellet form having particle size of 100 mesh or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The modified hydrocarbon has 4-9 carbon atoms. EXAMPLE - Gasoline and MFI90 (zeolite catalyst having platinum load of 10 wt.% and Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 300 m2/g) were sealed in a reaction container, and heated to 150degreesC. Pressure inside the reactor was increased to 5 kgf.cm2, and hydrogen was generated along with alkene of propylene or 1-butene. The container was cooled to room temperature vicinity. The gas filled in the container was collected, and found to be modified gasoline, measured by gas chromatograph analyzer. The catalyst was not fully deactivated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The solubilizing microorganisms are capable of growing under the temperature of 66degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ester: The fatty acid ester is preferably obtained by performing transesterification of raw material fatty acid ester and raw material alcohol. The raw material fatty acid ester is fatty acid glyceride. EXAMPLE - Zirconium chloride-octahydrate (in g) (38.67) was dissolved in water (1000). Solution obtained by diluting titanium chloride (IV) (34.14) with ice water (500), was added to the resulting solution, such that the atomic ratio of zirconium and titanium was 4:6. 10 wt.% ammonia aqueous solution (156 ml) was added to the mixed solution. The obtained precipitate was filtered, washed 5 times with ion exchange water (2 l) for 15 hours and dried at 110degreesC. The dried product was ground and baked at 600degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain a zirconia-titania complex oxide catalyst. The obtained catalyst had acid amount of 0.35 mmol/g. Methanol (55.8), palm kernel oil (triglyceride) (200) and obtained catalyst (10), were subjected to transesterification at 200degreesC for 5 hours. The catalyst was separated from the reaction solution, by filtration. The reaction liquid was washed with water, to obtain methyl ester. The obtained methyl ester had triglyceride conversion ratio of 99%, yield of 82% and ether amount of 0.5%.
EXAMPLE - Cells of Escherichia coli FERM BP-5252 were separated from a culture broth obtained in the fermentative production of L-lysine by centrifugation (after sterilization for 2 minutes at 120degreesC). The obtained viscous liquid, containing the cells at 4-20 wt. %, was dried under reduced pressure to increase the cell content to 15-25 wt. %, then spray-dried using hot air at 150-250degreesC to give dry cells of moisture content 2-10 wt. %. The dried cells (5 g) were contacted with gas initially containing 500 ppm of gaseous ammonia in a 3 l enclosed. The ammonia concentration was reduced to 400 ppm after 2 minutes, 250 ppm after 5 minutes, 140 ppm after 10 minutes, 20 ppm after 30 minutes and less than 10 ppm after 60 minutes. For comparison, the ammonia concentration after 60 minutes was 60 ppm if the cells were replaced by activated carbon powder and 440 ppm in the absence of adsorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The organic compound is produced by fermentation. The organic compound is ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1-butanol, glycerol, tetrahydrofuran, lactic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, butyric acid, formic acid or gluconic acid. The adsorbent is silica gel, alumina, a zeolite, a metal organic framework compound, active charcoal or a carbon molecular sieve. The zeolite has a silica/alumina molar ratio of 2-100. The zeolite is in metal ion-exchanged form. The adsorbent contains 0.1-75 wt.% silver and/or copper. The compound is contacted with the adsorbent at 10-200 degreesC and 1-200 bar. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (300 ml) spiked with dimethyl sulfide to give a sulfur content of 84 ppm was stirred with 20 g of silver-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite (2.1 wt.% silver). After 5 hours, the sulfur content was less than 2 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water-based emulsion body comprises an acrylic binder and an acrylic thickener. The acrylic binder comprises vinyl acetate-ethylene polymer, vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene terpolymer, or a vinyl-acrylic polymer. The acrylic binder is 25-95 wt.% of the decorating medium. Preferred Component: The expandable polymer is a polyvinylidene chloride polymer encapsulating an alkane blowing agent. The blowing agent is isobutane.Preferred Property: The decorating medium has a viscosity of 3000-25000 cP at 7-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biological sludge is dehydrated to a moisture content of 60% or less. The sludge is gasified in the gasifier maintaining an excess air ratio of 0.5 or less. The primary air blown into the fluid bed (32) is pre-heated such that the temperature of the fluid bed is maintained at 900-1000degreesC, before blowing-in into the fluidized-bed gasifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The heating burner uses emulsified oil-and-water mixture as fuel. Preferred Apparatus: The high temperature processing apparatus further has cooling unit (21) for cooling gas ejected to furnace outdoor, filtration unit (22) for filtering the cooled gas, and a circulation path for supplying one portion of gas of furnace chamber to air supply path. At least one portion of heat supply path is arranged at inside of auxiliary wall (8) protruded to furnace chamber interior from inner surface of heat-resistant internal insulation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic substance fine particle is iron-oxide fine particle or aluminum fine particle. Preferred Component: The heat-resistant internal insulation contains quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic substance fine particle is iron-oxide fine particle or aluminum fine particle. Preferred Component: The heat-resistant internal insulation contains quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel: This is self-compacting because of the marked retraction of starting materials during drying and can be molded without compaction or heating. During grinding, mixing and blending of woody components and the binder paste, a large amount of oxygen is taken up, then by drying, the water in the binder is replaced by further oxygen, resulting in a saturated fuel. The high oxygen content results in almost complete conversion to carbon and water, without the need to supply additional oxygen. Some of the nitrogen in the plant material is converted to nitrogen oxides, a reaction that releases a great deal of heat, related directly to the carbon and hydrogen contents, which are thus consumed rather than being released into the atmosphere. (A) is essentially free of sulfur. After combustion, the ashes (0.2-2wt.% of dry material burnt) can be used as fertilizer; they consist mainly of potash with a little calcium and traces of magnesium, sodium and iron, but are free from heavy metals. Some materials are specifically excluded from the product, e.g. newspapers and magazines; used industrial oils; plastics and related materials; petroleum-derived products; any non-plant material; manure, and sludges from water purification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric sheath material is made of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: First (i) the amount of process heat released in a time interval; (ii) the mean change in absolute moisture content of the air caused by passage through the compost and (iii) the change in process air enthalpy caused by passage through the compost are determined and used to calculate the amount of water needed for secondary wetting. The aeration rate is regulated by changing the duration of on and off periods during an intermittent aeration sequence, and the algorithm for determining the amount of water needed is corrected using an empirical factor for a characteristic quantity of the water balance. Specifically the amount of water required (Nf; kg), over a predetermined time interval, is given as Nf = DeltaH(Deltax/Deltah-c) where DeltaH = mean process heat (kJ) released over the time interval; Deltax = mean change in absolute moisture content of the air caused by passage through the compost (kg water/ kg dry air); Deltah = mean change in process air enthalpy caused by passage through the compost (MJ/kg of dry air) and c = characteristic quantity of the water balance (kg water/MJ).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The coils are wound around a fuel pipe (3) and/or an air pipe (4) or are wound around an element, e.g. a plate, cylinder, sleeve or rod, located in the vicinity of the fuel supply and/or air supply, especially on or in an air filter. The coils are supplied with alternating current (9, 9'), preferably in the form of square-wave pulses. The frequency of the alternating current in the the region of audible vibrations or higher frequencies or in the ultrasound region. The frquency passes through a certain frequency range in a predetermined time. The coils are placed in or on the air supply of an automobile engine, especially in the vicinity of the air intake or turbocharger or between the turbocharger and air intake. The coils are incorporated into an engine or furnace, especially as a retrofitted unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanostructured material comprises single walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or silica nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The device for imparting energy to a chemical element, species or composition further comprises an ion beam gun. It is adapted to impart 2-100 keV to the chemical element, species, or composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanostructured material comprises single walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or silica nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Layer: The dielectric layer formed between the high voltage electrode and field enhancing electrode, contains dielectric material selected from the group containing glass, fused silica (quartz), ceramics, porcelain, diamond and diamond-like carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The high voltage electrode and the field enhancing electrode are made of materials selected from the group containing aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel, inconel, titanium, tungsten and alloyed metals. The tubes for additive gas introduction, arranged between the high voltage electrode and field enhancing electrode, are made of material selected from the group containing stainless steel, aluminum, copper, tungsten and alloyed metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The inside of the hydrate producing container is maintained at a condition in which both methane and carbon dioxide hydrate. Circulation supply of water is carried out at the hydrate-producing container in a circulation path (11), after gasifying and diffusing carbon dioxide from the slurry ejected from the container. The cooling heat accompanying gas diffusion of initially produced gas hydrate is supplied to the raw material water of final gas hydrate, or to purified gas used as raw material of final gas hydrate, or to the hydrate producing apparatus (A2), or to storage container of final gas hydrate, using a heat exchange unit. The heat carrier in the heat exchange unit is decomposition water obtained after decomposing initially obtained gas hydrate by diffusing gas in gas diffusion tank.Preferred Apparatus: The gas discharge portion of the hydrate producing apparatus (A1) is connected to the gas-introducing portion of the hydrate producing apparatus (A2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrate supply unit is arranged at the downward direction of water retention portion. The water retention portion has pipeline arranged along perpendicular line.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrodes are formed using aluminum, copper, iron, stainless steel and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is alcohol, hydrocarbon and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrodes are formed using aluminum, copper, iron, stainless steel and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The diaphragm is formed using insulating material chosen from polytetrafluoro ethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The passage-forming portion is composed of a flat metal plate. The cells are formed such that the flat metal plate is stamped out and then pressed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Hydrocarbon and water are contained in the fuel gas introduced into the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Air or oxygen is contained in the fuel gas. The catalytic component contains rhodium. It also contains alumina, titania, zirconia, and/or ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The reforming stage is conducted at a higher pressure than the regeneration stage, preferably at 1000-10000 (preferably 200-1500) kPa. At least part of the oxygen employed in the regeneration stage is provided as compressed air extracted from a gas turbine. At least part of the flue gas produced in (2) is returned to the gas turbine. Part of the oxygen-containing gas employed in (2) is recycled flue gas. Part of the tail gas stream produced in (3) is returned to the reforming stage (1) or returned to the regenerating stage (2). The steam reforming stage is conducted in the presence of a catalyst comprising nickel, nickel oxide, rhodium and/or platinum. The reforming stage is conducted at a space velocity of 500-150000/hr (preferably 2000-50000/hr) based on 1C hydrocarbon feed basis.The process comprises providing a reforming reactor having a first zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a second zone comprising a packing material, the first and second zones being in fluid communication and the reformer being cyclable between a reforming stage and a regeneration stage. The reforming catalyst is supported on a further packing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon steam reformed in (1) comprises methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanol synthesis catalyst includes an oxide of copper, silver, zinc, boron, magnesium, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, gallium, palladium, osmium and/or zirconium. The packing material comprises a honeycomb monolith having a bulk volumetric heat capacity greater than 0.2 cal/cm3 degrees C. The packing material comprises a magnesium aluminum silicate, an aluminum silicate clay, mullite, alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia and/or a zeolite.Preferred Parameter: The packing material has a wetted area greater than 6 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The gasket arrangement comprises a molded gasket(s) disposed proximate a periphery of each of the manifolds. The gasket arrangement comprises a contact face, and a portion of the contact face bears a raised-ridge microstructured contact pattern. A joint is defined between the flow field plate and the frame, the joint defining a seal and an interlocking arrangement between the flow field plate and the frame. The interlocking arrangement comprises a dovetail joint or a partial dovetail joint formed between the flow field plate and the frame. Registration features are formed in the molded frame and intra-cell or inter-cell registration. The registration features comprise registration recesses and/or registration posts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first polymer comprises a thermosetting polymeric material, and the second polymer comprises a thermoplastic material. The gasket arrangement is formed of the non-conductive material comprising the second polymer. The gasket arrangement is formed of a non-conductive material comprising a third polymer, the third polymer dissimilar from the second polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A second independent channel is disposed in the first rotatable section for regulating the equalization of a gas flow from a PSA bed. A third independent channel is disposed in the first rotatable valve section for regulating the equalization of a gas flow from a different PSA bed. A fourth channel is disposed in the first rotatable valve section for accommodating a purge gas from the PSA. A separate adjustment valve is disposed in the four channels to control the gas flow. The spaced-apart opening in both first and second rotatable valve sections is spaced at the same setting as the setting of the indexing drive mechanism. The PSA system is a 4- or 6-bed with a constant bed inlet flow rate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The intervals between steps in the PSA cycle can vary. The PSA process is 12-step PSA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The high purity gas product is helium or preferably greater than 99.99% hydrogen. The undesirable impurities are carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and inert gases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The high purity gas product can be methane or natural gas. The undesirable impurities include methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The absorption water is sprayed on the gaseous phase in the absorption tower. The absorption water removes hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and is circulated to the absorption tower again.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is a gas having hydrocarbon such as methane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred catalyst: The shift catalyst consists of oxide or complex oxide supported with noble metals. The oxides or complex oxides contain titanium, vanadium, indium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, ytterbium or tungsten, aluminum or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The discharge electrode consists of aluminum at which a porous oxide film treated by oxidation is formed in the outer surface. The modification-reaction catalyst consists of nickel, manganese, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, vanadium, osmium, chromium, iron, cobalt, lanthanum and/or cerium. The modification-reaction catalyst consists of a catalyst support which supports the metal oxide consisting of silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, and/or calcium oxide. The support consists of meso-porous substance, micro porous material, porous zeolite, activated carbon, carbon nano fiber, carbon nanotube, and/or carbon nano horn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal (A) is platinum, palladium and/or rhodium. Noble metal (B) is platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium. The weight of noble metal (A) is 0.25-1 wt.% of the weight of catalyst (I). The solid acid is (gamma)-alumina. The solid base has alumina supported with magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, potassium, cerium and/or rhenium. The carbon monoxide removal portion has catalyst containing ruthenium for promoting methanation of carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide shift portion has catalyst (III) containing alumina support supported with magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, potassium, cerium and/or rhenium, and contains platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium.Preferred Method: Carbon monoxide and water is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by modification and shift reaction.Preferred Condition: The ratio of catalyst (I) becomes higher in the upstream side of flow path, and ratio of catalyst (II) becomes higher in the downstream. The reaction temperature of modification reaction and shift reaction is 300-400 degrees C. The reaction temperature inside carbon monoxide removal portion is less than temperature inside modification portion by 140 degrees C or more. The reaction temperature of shift reaction inside the shift portion is 200-300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel contains dimethyl ether, water and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (14) comprises a combustion chamber with an array of apertures for allowing steam to be added to combustion chamber.(10) further comprises a stream modulator (28) for diverting predetermined portions of hydrogen enriched stream to a secondary combustion system (38) (comprising a cogeneration turbine (56) and utilized for combusting at least a portion of the hydrogen enriched stream to produce electricity) and a hydrogen processing unit (40) (comprising a hydrogen generator (60) configured to receive hydrogen enriched stream (32) and utilized for processing at least second portion of the hydrogen enriched stream to produce hydrogen).The fuel is natural gas, methane, naphtha, butane, propane, diesel, kerosene, an aviation fuel, a coal derived fuel, a bio-fuel and/or an oxygenated hydrocarbon feedstock.(10) further comprises repeating units (connected in series) comprising a combustion system, an injection system and (16), where hydrogen enriched stream is fed into combustion system of a first repeating unit and a first hydrogen enriched stream from reformer of first repeating unit is fed into combustion system of a second repeating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains catalyst chosen from platinum, platinum-ferrous metal, platinum-nickel alloy, platinum-cobalt alloy, platinum-tin alloy, platinum-ruthenium alloy and platinum-gold alloy. The catalyst is supported by electroconductive substance such as carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer contains catalyst chosen from platinum, platinum-ferrous metal, platinum-nickel alloy, platinum-cobalt alloy, platinum-tin alloy, platinum-ruthenium alloy and platinum-gold alloy. The catalyst is supported by electroconductive substance such as carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide catalyst support comprises at least one of alumina, titania, zirconia and ceria. The promoting metal comprises silver (1 - 4 mol% of (A)), cobalt (1 - 4 mol% of (A)) and further comprises indium (1 - 5 mol% of (A). (A) Comprises (mol%) gallium oxide (25 - 31), tungsten (1 - 5) and molybdenum (1 - 5) or gallium oxide (20 - 30) and indium oxide (1 - 4). The reductant is gasoline. The reductant and the nitric oxides are present in a C: nitric oxide ratio of 1:1 - 24:1. The gas mixture further comprises (vol.%) water (at least 1, preferably 7 - 9) and is at 300 - 600 (preferably 350 - 450)degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The thermal conductivities of the supply pipe and the discharge pipe are at most 120 W/m-K. An absolute value of a difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the member and the fuel reformer is not more than 20 x 10 to the power of -6 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The protective thermal resistant barrier comprises a refractory barrier and an apron. The apron is mounted adjacent to the quench ring. The refractory barrier is mounted between the apron and (27). The apron is removably fixed to (36), and comprises a cylindrical side wall that is matted to the quench ring hot face, an apron lip, and an apron floor that supports the refractory barrier. The refractory barrier is removably fixed to the apron and (27). The quench ring hot face is perpendicular to the upper plate of (36) and is removably fixed to a cylindrical side wall that extends from bottom edge of the quench ring hot face.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The refractory barrier comprises dense refractory brick (49), dense refractory ramming mix (73) and refractory ceramic fiber (53).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxygen (18) and chlorine (19) produced in the anode side of electrolysis tank, are separated by diaphragm separation apparatus (20). The waste liquid of methane-fermentation is aerated by the separated oxygen, and nitrification and denitrification of waste liquid is carried out. The waste liquid after dehydration is aerated with chlorine, and sterilized. The hydrogen (23) generated in cathode side of electrolysis tank is with mixed with methane gas (generated in methane fermentation) and used as fuel gas (24) for fuel cell power generating device and gas-engine generator. Preferred Apparatus: A pipe line is provided for introducing the separated oxygen to processing unit of methane fermentation waste liquid. A sterilization tank (22) is provided for sterilizing dehydrated waste liquid using chlorine. The hydrogen generated in cathode side is introduced to fuel gas lines such as fuel cell power generating device and gas-engine generator. A structure which supplies electrolysis tank, is also provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The enriched absorption stream is passed to a decompression column (6) to produce a methane-rich product stream (6a) and a stream (6b) which is enriched with carbon dioxide and trace materials and is fed to the stripping stage. Alternatively it is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to reduce the hydrogen sulfide content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials : The sand is poured in to height of e.g. 5 cm and the mixed-in electrically-conductive and - insulating materials and stone are of a range of sizes, the conducting material being gold and the insulating material 'Baladoch resin', while the stone is an onyx such as cornelian. The water is pure spring water rising to 2 cm below the surface of the aggregated sand and the housing and pipe bend are of glass, the U-shaped pipe having a 3 cm water column in each arm. The plates are electrically chargeable, especially being of platinum, copper or iron.Preferred Process : The container is round and after aggregation the sand reaches a height of e.g. 10-15 cm. The vacuum is drawn when all the contents of the container are at 4degreesC. The motion of the water is circular around the sand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises coal; and additionally comprises water and methane. The methane is desorbed from the coal. The temperature is 20 - 40 degrees C. The pressure in the container after the periodic removals of the hydrogen is about 10 psi. The coal contains methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacteria is Vitreoscilla, Thermotoga or Xanthobacter. EXAMPLE - A coal sample were placed inside desorption canister. Water added to fill the canister to 70 - 80% level. Bacterial were added to the coal. The coal samples were then saturated with industrial grade methane gas. In addition to adding methane, the coal itself if methane bearing, desorbed the methane into the canister to initiate a reducing environment. After being sealed, the canister was placed in water bath, with water temperature of 20 - 40 degrees C. Every 24 hours, the canister was vented to release some gas and reduced the pressure to 10 psi in order to maintain disequilibrium and enabled the bacteria to produce hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sour gas stream is not subjected to a change in pressure and temperature before the first step. The sulfur recovery process is conducted between 10-110, preferably between 20-50 atm, and between 250-500, preferably between 300-400 degrees F. The sulfur species removal process is amine scrubbing, solvent absorption, adsorption, electrochemical oxidation, or membrane treatment. The sulfur recovery process converts hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to elemental sulfur, which is a liquid. It is a sub-dew point Claus process, which is a Richards sulfur recovery process. It increases the carbon dioxide mole fraction in the sweet gas stream. A gas from air, oxygen (O2), and/or sulfur dioxide is introduced into the sulfur recovery process. The method comprises regenerating the catalyst. Regenerating step comprises depressurizing the sulfur recovery process; heating the catalyst; converting the solid sulfur and liquid sulfur into sulfur vapor; removing the sulfur vapor from the sulfur recovery system; and cooling the catalyst. Preferred Parameter: The sulfur species mole fraction in the sour gas stream is at most 10%. The sulfur recovery process decreases the mole fraction of sulfur species in the sweet gas stream by at least 70, preferably at least 98%. Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises solid sulfur and liquid sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is configured in a way that at the time of shutdown or emergency shutdown, carbon dioxide is introduced as purge gas from a carbon dioxide gas-feeding unit into a reforming reactor and an anode chamber. It is a solid oxide fuel cell provided with a solid oxide as electrolyte. Preferred Method: At the time of startup, carbon dioxide is fed from the carbon dioxide gas-feeding unit into the reforming reactor or the anode chamber. At the time of the stationary operation, the discharged gas from the anode chamber or a mixed gas comprising the discharged gas and carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide gas-feeding unit is fed into the reforming reactor or the anode chamber. At the time of shutdown or emergency shutdown, carbon dioxide is introduced as purge gas from the carbon dioxide gas-feeding unit into the reforming reactor and the anode chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Portion(s) of de-chlorinated and dehydrated carbide material is introduced in active carbonization conveyor (50). Heating activation is carried out with combustion heat in carbon burn up cell, to obtain activated carbide. Portion of carbon burn up cell waste gas is introduced in portion (22), and potential heat of waste gas is utilized as heat source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Raw Material: (I) is in granular or pellet form. The clay mineral is vermiculite materials. (I) comprises solid medium (A) for culturing antagonistic microorganism, solid nutrient medium (B) and clay mineral (C) at a ratio of A:B:C of 0.01-1:1-50:1-50 by mass reference. The solid medium for culturing the antagonistic microorganism is obtained from the solid culture method, which used the organic plant residue obtained from a foodstuff factory. The organic plant residue is chosen from wheat bran, rice bran, bean curd lees and adzuki bean dregs. ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial.    The microorganism raw material containing the antagonistic microbe and vermiculite was applied to the soil in which a potato seedling was planted. Pathogenic microbe capable of causing scab was also applied to the soil. The potatoes were harvested after 3 months and were seen free of scab.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria are cultured and provided to removal processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The anaerobic ammonia oxidation treatment tank is connected with bottom portion of circulation water storage tank. The microorganisms carrier has ammonia absorption capacity. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation treatment tank and circulation water storage tank are connected so that water of anaerobic ammonia oxidation treatment tank can be re-circulated to the circulation water storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte (2) contains hydrogen fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The absorber is packed with a granular agent for absorbing an unnecessary gas or gases.Preferred Parameter: The pressure drop in the absorber is at most 0.05 MPa. The absorber inside is heated to not less than 50degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The filter has a porous structure or mesh structure constituted of a sintered metal or alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The fuel bales comprises compressed organic material. The bales are continuously moved through the gate at a constant speed. The bales are moved through the gate on sliders (4). Preferred Apparatus: There is a seal between the fuel bales and the surrounding charging gate. The gate is cooled with nitrogen. The supply path is horizontal. One oxygen lance is in the vicinity of the charging gate. The gasification chamber is tubular and the slag discharge system is in the lower part of the chamber. The charging gate is located in the middle parallel to the longitudinal axis of the chamber. There is a pressure chamber on the opposite side of the charging gate from the gasification chamber. The upper part of the gasification chamber has several oxygen lances arranged at different angles across the direction of motion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The impurity removing section has adsorption agent or absorber of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene derivatives are NC60, C59N or C58BN. The derivative extracting atom is selected from nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium, neon or boron gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The fuel cell diffusion layer comprises carbon. The fuel cell diffusion layer is in the form of a sheet. The fuel cell diffusion layer further comprises a catalyst (preferably platinum) (1 - 50 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Article: The article comprises a proton conducting material. The proton conducting material comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid. The article has an initial contact angle with water of less than 125degreesC (preferably at least 15% less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, more preferably at least about 30 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, especially at least about 40 % less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer, particularly at least about 20degreesC less than an initial contact angle of water with the diffusion layer).Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell; direct-feed liquid fuel cell or direct alcohol fuel cell. The sulfonic acid precursor moiety is formed from chlorosulfonic acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfonating agent diluted in an organic solvent, sulfonating agent diluted in acetic acid and sulfonating agent, which is neat. In (M1), the carbon particles are in the form of a sheet. The sheet is a fuel cell diffusion layer. The diffusion layer also includes a microporous layer.Preferred System: The fuel cell system is a direct methanol fuel cell system; or direct propanol fuel cell system. Preferred Definitions:    R = bond, alkyl substituted with halogen, aryl substituted with halogen, or an alkyl moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The lactic acid fermentation is carried out, by using cultured Lactobacillus that utilizes carbohydrate as a culture substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iron oxide is iron oxide (FeO), iron sesquioxide (Fe2O3) and/or triiron tetraoxide (Fe3O4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The biomass is wood biomass.Preferred Process: Decomposition reaction of tar is performed at 800degreesC or less, preferably 200-600degreesC. The biomass filled in a reaction tank is heated at 800degreesC or less, preferably 200-600degreesC. During thermal decomposition of biomass air and/or water vapor is introduced.Preferred Property: The filling ratio of catalyst is more than 1/4 than that of filling ratio of biomass. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution of ferric nitrate processed by ammonia was settled. The obtained deposit was filtered, dried at 110degreesC for 25 hours, and baked at 700degreesC for 1 hour to obtain iron oxide. The aggregate-form iron oxide was threshed, to obtain catalyst having average particle diameter of 0.38 mm. Volatile substance obtained by thermally decomposing biomass, was decomposed using obtained catalyst. The catalyst had favorable durability and decomposition ability of tar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The petroleum based fuel is diesel fuel, fuel oil or kerosene. The vegetable oil is soybean oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, palm kernel oil, copra oil and other oils of similar composition produced by plants. The vegetable oil can be crude oil and/or degummed oil. The petroleum based fuel can be No. 2 fuel oil. Preferred Composition: The vegetable oil is present at greater than 0 and up to 50 (preferably greater than 0 and up to 20) vol.%. Preferred Method: The method also comprises adjusting the fuel spray pattern angle, fuel spray pattern shape, pump pressure, fuel flow rate, and/or the air shutter of the heating device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: The system further comprises an electric generator and a heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance containing iron hydroxide is limonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance containing iron hydroxide is limonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate:The solid electrolyte substrate is made of oxide of barium, cerium, zirconium or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Bubbling is performed in a sulfur recovery tank (2) provided at the downstream of methane fermentation tank. The water used is river water, lakes and marshes water, tap water, underground water or industrial water. Bubbling is performed as micro bubble. A portion of biogas with low content of hydrogen sulfide, obtained by the method is supplied from bottom portion of methane fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves performing saccharified processing of the agricultural-products origin raw material containing starch and carbohydrate to obtain process liquid and carrying out alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation of the process liquid obtained by saccharified processing. The alcohol fermented liquor is concentrated such that the concentration of alcohol becomes 90 % or more. Alcohol was removed from fermentation dregs generated in alcohol fermentation process and the alcohol fermentation dregs (5) are used as agricultural-products origin raw material for lactic acid fermentation.The lactic fermentation liquid is concentrated such that the concentration of lactic acid becomes 90 % or more. The method further involves performing anaerobic methane fermentation of the lactic acid fermentation dregs (8) obtained by lactic acid fermentation to obtain methane gas (13). The alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation processes are carried out by heating in a boiler. The methane gas generated at the methane fermentation process is used as supplementary fuel for boiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas containing ammonia is passed through the charcoal. The water-permeable container loaded with the charcoal is placed into the water area of a fishery, and ammonia generated in the water area is adsorbed to the charcoal. The charcoal adsorbed with ammonia is ground and the ground charcoal is used as nitrogenous fertilizer. The organic material is livestock excrements, hen droppings and fish droppings. The adsorption tank is attached or detached freely to the upper portion of the fermenter. The layer of the charcoal in the adsorption tank is two layer or more. The particle size of the charcoal is varied for each layer. The particle size of the charcoal in lower layer and upper layer is 3-5 cm and 1-2 cm, respectively. The adsorption tank has cartridge, which holes the charcoal. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No test details are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The MOF material comprises zinc, cobalt, nickel, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iron, manganese or silver. The gas is hydrogen, a hydrogen-containing gas, a hydrogen-producing or -releasing compound, methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, acetylene, neon, argon, krypton, xenon or carbon dioxide. The gas is adsorbed at 0-100degreesC and 1-300 bar (absolute) and is released by lowering the pressure or increasing the temperature. The MOF material is contained in a gastight container. The container is connected to a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - Methane was adsorbed at 25degreesC on an copper metal-organic framework (MOF) material produced as described in DE10355087. The equilibrium loading was 0.161% at 0.29 bar and 3.721% at 19.73 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Extruder: The melting extruder is a screw conveyor having a heater (12) twisted around the periphery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The chemical recycle apparatus preferably has two sets or five sets of catalyst decomposition tanks. The catalyst decomposition and regeneration are alternately performed in the two sets of the decomposition tanks, or successively performed in the five sets of the decomposition tanks. The catalyst regeneration is performed by heating at 500-550 degreesC in presence of air having oxygen concentration of 5% or less, and by further heating at 525+/-25degrees C in the presence of the air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The waste water treated may be sewage or industrial waste water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fermentation of metal removed waste liquid is performed under controlled pH and temperature monitored by a thermometer. The gas generated during fermentation is removed using suction blower. The fermented product obtained is cooled and finally processed with activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic polymeric gel layer consists of a cross-linked material obtained by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with boric acid. The organic fuel is methanol. EXAMPLE - A gel obtained by uniformly mix-gelatinizing water (in g) (100), polyvinyl alcohol (10) and boric acid (0.8) was applied on a carbon paper (diffused layer of thickness 0.1 mm) to form a moisture film of thickness 100 micrometers. The obtained moisture film was dried at 90degreesC to obtain an organic polymeric gel layer. A paste obtained by mixing carbon (100 mg) supported with 60 wt.% platinum-ruthenium catalyst, and 5 wt.% Nafion (RTM: poly perfluorosulfonic acid) solution (1) was applied on the obtained gel layer, and dried to obtain a catalyst layer of anode. A paste obtained by mixing carbon (100 mg) supported with 60 wt.% platinum catalyst, and 5 wt.% Nafion solution (1) was applied on carbon paper to obtain catalyst layer of cathode. The obtained anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer were pressed to obtain a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The obtained MEA was integrated in an evaluation cell, and a direct methanol fuel cell was produced. 5 wt.% methanol aqueous solution was supplied to the fuel electrode side at 10 ml/minute, and air of normal pressure was supplied to oxidizing agent electrode side at 200 ml/minute. The terminal voltage of the obtained fuel cell, when discharging at current density of 0.25 A/cm2, was 0.36 V. Thus, the fuel cell had excellent output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The solid-like heat carrier is an alumina ball (D). 90% or more of the total of alumina ball, has diameter of 5-15 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The gasifier has the region which modifies the thermal decomposition gas in the upper stage, and the region which thermally decomposes organic waste in the lower stage. A heater is provided at the outer side of each stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent consists of activated carbon, zeolite, alumina or molecular sieve.Preferred Refiner: The gas is a digestion gas. The outlet pipe is connected to power generation equipment such as a gas engine, micro gas turbine, or fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reaction medium is (m)ethanol and/or di(m)ethylformamide, and (I) is an aromatic di-, tri- and/or tetra-carboxylic acid. The preferred conductivity salt contains a quaternary ammonium cation and an alkoxysulfate anion. EXAMPLE - A glass cylinder, fitted with two zinc electrodes 1 cm apart, was filled with a mixture of 45 g dimethylformamide; 4 g terephthalic acid; 5 g dimethylmaleate; and 1 g methyltributylammonium methosulfate. Electrolysis was performed, under nitrogen, at 53-57 degrees C at constant 0.2 A, with voltage increasing gradually from 15.8 to 19.2 V, with a final increase to 30 V at the end of electrolysis. The resulting white suspension was allowed to settle; the precipitate filtered off (under nitrogen), washed twice with chloroform (50 ml), then activated at 5 x 10 -5 mbar. The yield of zinc-organometallic framework compound was 40.8 g; it had surface area 350 m 2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precipitated iron catalyst is prepared by precipitating an iron product in the form of iron and/or an iron composition from an iron containing solution; adding at least one catalyst promoter prior, during or subsequent to the precipitation process; subjecting the precipitated iron product to heat treatment to provide the catalyst with a decreased surface area; and subjecting the iron product to reducing conditions to reduce the iron product to metallic iron. The high temperature Fischer-Tropsch process is a two-phase Fischer-Tropsch process, in which the reactants and products are in a gas phase and the catalyst is in a solid phase. The process is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor (preferably fixed fluidized bed reactor) for 250 - 400degreesC at a pressure of 10 - 60 bars (1 - 6 MPa).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of chromium as incorporated into the precipitated catalyst is an oxide of chromium (preferably Cr2O3). The catalyst promoter comprises a source of alkali metal and/or an alkaline earth metal (preferably alkali metal oxide such as sodium oxide (Na2O), potassium oxide (K2O) or cesium oxide (Cs2O) or alkaline earth metal). EXAMPLE - To the aqueous solution (400 ml, 1M) of Fe(NO3)3.9H2O (161.6 g) was added ammonium hydroxide solution (up to 100 ml, 25%) until a pH of 7. Sodium carbonate (0.075 g) and Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (0.48 g) were added to the precipitation mixture together with Cr(NO3)3.9H2O (0.67 g) to achieve 0.3g Cr/100 g Fe to form a catalyst (test). A control catalyst was prepared similarly without using chromium salt. The acid number (mgKOH/gH2O), conversion rate (%CO + CO2 conversion) and CH4 selectivity (%) of test and control was tested. Acid number: conversion rate: methane selectivity of test/control was 15.38/17.30:49.12/36.79:10.46/13.93 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Supply: The chemical supply comprises chemical hydride, metal hydride (preferably sodium-borohydride (NaBH4) solution or mixture of NaBH4 solution and alkali metal salt(s). The gas permeable member comprises metal (e.g. palladium), palladium alloy, ceramic or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises metal (preferably ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, rhenium, or nickel), metal boride or polymer. The piston is a ceramic or is made of thermally-conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant extract is Ascophyllum sp. extract. The vitamin mixture is vitamins B1, niacinamide, B6, d-panthenol, B2 or B12. The vitamins act as intra-cellular enzymes. The surfactant is a natural coconut oil soap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline earth compound is magnesium oxide. The nickel compound is nickel carbonate, nickel hydroxy carbonate, or nickel oxide.Preferred Composition: The catalyst adsorbent comprises nickel or nickel compound (30-90 wt.%), silica carrier (5-25 wt.%), alumina promoter (1-10 wt.%), and alkaline earth compound promoter (0.01-15 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The base exists in a weight that is 0.5-8 times the weight of the cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer medium is encased by a housing, and is shredded. It is in the form of ingots, or made into powder form. It is made of nonwoven or woven web. The medium is wetted before use. It is placed in a fuel supply, mixing chamber, or byproduct chamber (256).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell system comprises a double-walled pipe including a tubular inner pipe and a tubular outer pipe enclosing the inner pipe, where one of the inner and outer pipe forms the gas supply pipe, and the other of the inner and the outer pipe forms the gas recovery pipe; and a first pressure sensor provided in the gas recovery sub-pipe (33), and configured to measure a gas pressure of the off gas in the gas recovery sub-pipe.The inner pipe forms the gas recovery pipe, and the outer pipe forms the gas supply pipe. The hydrogen gas station includes a first combustor configured to supply heat required for the reforming reaction, and the first combustor is configured to combust the off gas to generate the heat. The gas recovery pipe comprises gas recovery sub-pipes respectively connected to the fuel cells, and a gas recovery main pipe into which the gas recovery sub-pipes are collected, the gas recovery main pipe being connected to the hydrogen gas station.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) has a melting point of 0-10 degrees C, preferably 5 degrees C and a viscosity of 1-5 centipoises. The composition further comprises (in wt.%) a fragrance (1-10, preferably 5) and a dye mixed with the base formulation and the alcohol having less than 6C (90-99). The composition comprises (in wt.%) methyl palmitate (50), methyl stearate (35) and myristyl alcohol (15).The lighter fluid composition (C2) comprises (in wt.%) methyl laurate (60), methyl stearate (30) and ethyl alcohol (10). The flash point of (C2) is 180-220 degrees F, preferably 200 degrees F, and the viscosity is 1-5, preferably 2 centipoise. The lighter fluid composition further comprises a fragrance mixed with the base formulation.Preferred Components: The alcohol having less than 6C atoms is ethyl alcohol. The amount of lamp oil in the chamber is 1-32 ounces. The wt.% of the fragrance in (C2) is 1-10, preferably 3 wt.% and that of the base formulation is 90-99.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fragrance in (C1) is synthetic or pure essence consisting of floral notes, citrus notes, woody notes and/or sweet notes. The fragrance in (C2) is apple wood, mesquite, cilantro, herbal or citrus blends.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Assembly: The quantity of lighter fluid in (II) is a quart. The container in (II) is a plastic container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The electron beam induces chemical reaction with the precursor gas, causing the precursor gas to dissociate. Addition of capping layer may include etching an absorber layer and a buffer layer to form a patterned mask, inspecting the capping layer for a second pinhole, depositing a second capping filling at the second pinhole, cleaning the EUV mask surface, inspecting the capping layer for a third pinhole, depositing a third capping filling at the third pinhole, modulating growth rate of the first capping filling by adjusting voltage of the electron beam, and increasing the voltage of the electron beam to increase a spatial resolution of the first capping filling. The electron beam is generated by an electron optical system. Preferred Components: The multilayer workpiece is a mask blank or a multilayer blank. The electron beam is scanned to deposit a film in a desired shape. Preferred Properties: The electron beam has a landing voltage of 500-20000 volts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: When the capping layer comprises silicon, the precursor gas comprises silane or disilane. When the capping layer comprises ruthenium, the precursor gas comprises ruthenium hexafluoride (RuF6), Ru(CO)5, or Ru3(CO)12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: When the capping layer comprises carbon, the precursor gas comprises methane or any other hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components:The container is selected from metals e.g. aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy and nickel copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is selected from zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, bismuth oxide, lead oxide and cadmium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The time for converting ammonia nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen is determined by measuring the pH of the activated sludge tank, concentration of dissolved oxygen and ammonia concentration in time. The aeration is terminated when the time reaches the upper and lower limit. The aeration is performed at a temperature which the proliferation rate of ammonia oxidation microbe becomes higher from the proliferation rate of nitrous acid oxidation microbe, preferably at 25-35 degreesC. The air is supplied intermittently at a rate of 1-4 cycles and stops alternately.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Nickel oxide (NiO), chromium oxide (Cr2O3) or ruthenium oxide (RuO2) is supported as a co-catalyst on the light water-splitting catalyst. The light water-splitting catalyst comprises ZnO-GaN solid-solution compound obtained by supplying ammonia (NH3) with respect to mixed powder of zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium oxide (Ga2O3) at molar ratio of 0.5-2:1, at flow rate of 50-1000 mL/minute, and baking the obtained product at 750-950 degreesC for 1-20 hours. EXAMPLE - Ammonia was supplied with respect to mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) and gallium nitride (GaN) at a molar ratio of 2:1, at air flow of 2.5x10E5 mm3, nitrided, and baked at 950 degreesC for 10 hours, to obtain solid solution of oxy nitride complex of formula: Zn0.05Ga0.95O0.05N0.95. A portion of zinc component was volatilized during baking, to obtain compound having zinc ratio less than the starting material. The solid solution had favorable photocatalytic activity, and efficiently decomposed water.
ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; Antiviral; Virucide.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The agent used for forming colloid of metal particles, is chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene imine and tetramethyl ammonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen supply material is hydrogenated derivative of aromatic compound containing 1-methyl decalin and/or decalin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel gas feed rate control unit increases the fuel gas feed rate immediately after the control for preventing deterioration of the fuel cell is started. The fuel cell system further comprises a cathode oxygen consumption determination unit for determining whether or not oxygen in a cathode for the fuel cell is consumed. The operational status detector comprises s voltage sensor for sensing voltages of cells of the fuel cell. It has fuel gas detector for detecting fuel gas present in an air passage in the fuel cell. It has current detector for detecting output current of the fuel cell. The fuel gas feed rate control unit performs control of the gas feed rate by changing a target pressure value of the fuel gas, or by changing opening of a valve for discharging the fuel gas from an anode. The fuel cell system has valves for discharging fuel gas from the anode of the fuel cell. It has cathode gas supply start command unit for commanding start of cathode gas supply to the fuel cell, and deterioration possibility determination unit for determining the possibility of deterioration of the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanol and water are in vapor form or in liquid form. The shift step is a Medium Temperature or High Temperature shift step which are followed by a Low Temperature shift step. The carbon monoxide-containing gas is obtained from reforming and/or partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feed. The hydrocarbon feed is pre-reformed before the reforming step. Unreacted methanol is separated from the shift step effluent and recycled to the pre-reforming step. The shift inlet temperature is at least 280 degrees C and the pressure is 0-10 MPa g, preferably 2-6 MPa g. EXAMPLE - MK121 (15.1 g) comprising oxides of copper, zinc and aluminum was reduced in dry diluted hydrogen (1-5 vol.%) at 185 degrees C at a pressure of 0.1 MPa and a synthesis gas comprising (%): hydrogen (43.1), carbon monoxide (14.3), carbon dioxide (11.1) and nitrogen (31.5) was introduced. The pressure was increased to 2.5 MPa and the temperature was raised to 216 degrees C. A solution of methanol (22.37 wt./wt.%) in water was evaporated and co-fed with the synthesis gas. The dry gas flow was 50 Nl/hours, whereas the liquid flow was 16 g/hour corresponding to a steam flow of 15.5 Nl/hour and a methanol flow of 2.5 Nl/hour. The exit gas was analyzed after condensation of residual steam and methanol. At these conditions the CO exit concentration was 0.64 % and the CO2 exit concentration was 22.3 % and the dry flow gas flow was increased to 63 Nl/hour. The production of urea was preformed by adding methanol upstream of the shift reactor in a conventional ammonia plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The system comprises a pre-treatment unit (20) for receiving wastewater influent, piping from the deep bed denitrification filter back to the pre-treatment unit to recycle dirty backwash from the deep bed filter to the wastewater influent entering the pre-treatment unit, piping from the submerged aerated filter to the wastewater influent entering the pre-treatment unit, and piping (42) from the submerged aerated filter back to the reactor to recycle a portion of the wastewater effluent from the submerged filter back to the reactor. It includes clarification unit(s) (50) positioned between the filters to reduce suspended solids in the wastewater effluent from the submerged filter to the deep bed filter. It has piping (52) between clarification units and reactors for recycling the clarified effluent to the reactor. The deep bed filter comprises down flow filters. The submerged reactor is an up flow filter or down flow filter. The microorganisms comprise heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic bacteria. The aerated filter comprises aerobic microorganisms to oxidize organic matter comprising carbonaceous organics, organic, and ammonium nitrogen to produce nitrite (NOx), carbon dioxide, and water. The reactor utilizes biologically oxygen demand within the wastewater influent as an organic carbon source for anoxic microorganisms to denitrify the NOx.Preferred Property: The media bed of the reactor comprises media particles of 6-45 mm in diameter. It includes fine media particles of less than 6 mm. It may include relatively uniform particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitric acid solution containing rare element FP of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium is a nitric acid solution generated from a reprocessing step of spent nuclear fuels, used in nuclear power generation facilities including light water reactors or fast reactors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heated air system comprises rotary drum(s). The exhaust system comprises dust collector(s) (150). It also comprises wet scrubber(s), plasma system(s), and/or carbon bed(s). It also comprises blower(s) or fan (155). Preferred Condition: The heated air system heats air to greater than or equal to150, preferably greater than or equal to175degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A mixing tank for mixing solid organic waste containing impurity in the front of the methane fermentation tank with water. The water-supplying rate with respect to mixing tank is set, so that the TS concentration of methane fermentation tank is turned into predetermined TS concentration. The mixing tank supplies the mixing tank into the MFT. The digested sludge from the MFT is returned to the mixing tank. The predetermined TS concentration is made into 7-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Plasmid: In (II), the heterologous DNA is a selective marker gene. The selection marker gene is drug resistance gene. (I) connects pHSG plasmid with kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistant gene of Escherichia coli, where the resistant gene contains 3582-6475 base pair of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferred Host Cell: In (III), the host bacteria is Sphingobium genus or Sphingomonas genus. The bacteria is E.coli. EXAMPLE - Preparation of plasmid pAMI-1 from Sphingobium amiensis JCM11777 strain was done as follows. S.amiensis JCM11777 strain were inoculated to meat extract culture medium (100 ml) (meat extracts (0.4 g) dissolved in 100 ml water). Phenol processing was carried out after a bacteriolysis using sodium hydroxide or a sodium dodecyl sulfate of the microbial cells that is obtained by culturing at 30degreesC for one day. The plasmid DNA was purified by the ethanol precipitation. Plasmid DNA was spliced by restriction enzyme. The base pair length of the obtained plasmid DNA fragment was determined by an agarose gel electrophoresis. Results showed that the pAMI-1 was a cyclic double-stranded DNA plasmid has one recognizing site of SaII, KpnI, PstI and SaclI All. The base sequence of pAMI-1 has a fully defined 9978 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO:1) sequences given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The temperature-difference measuring unit has an inlet thermometer (10) to measure temperature of the to-be-processed gas supplied to heater, an outlet thermometer to measure temperature of the to-be-processed gas supplied to activated carbon filled layer from heater, and a temperature difference calculating unit (13) to calculate the difference of temperature of the to-be-processed gas measured by outlet thermometer, and temperature of to-be-processed gas measured with inlet thermometer.Preferred process: The biogas is obtained from an anaerobic fermentation process.Preferred Condition: The activated carbon treatment apparatus has preset temperature of 12-17 degreesC.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: (I) is a gram negative Bacillus. (I) is cultured under aerobic conditions at the temperature of 15-40degreesC, in the medium containing organic polymer or endocrine carbon source. (I) has a generation time shorter than 40 hours in the culture medium containing alkylphenol compound, or 1-4 hours in the culture medium containing alkylphenol polyethoxylate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Bacteria: (I) enable degradation of alkylphenol polyethoxylate compound or alkylphenol compound, in the medium containing alkylphenol polyethoxylate compound (in wt.%) (0.05-20) or alkylphenol compound (0.001-0.01) as an only carbon source. The oxygen consumption activity of (I) during conversion of alkylphenol polyethoxylate compound or alkylphenol compound, is 1-50 nM/minute. EXAMPLE - None given
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quantity of oil remained in adsorbent after separation of oil component by centrifugal separator, is 150 wt.% or less. Preferred Apparatus: The storage tank is an oil-water separation tank for separating oil and water, and water contained in waste oil is separated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Mat: The oil component adsorption mat is a sheet article formed using kapok fiber as main raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen peroxide contained in the modified gas is removed, where at least a portion of the hydrogen peroxide is formed from the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas ejected from the fuel cell, under reduced pressure. The catalyst is a noble metal carried on a metal oxide or metal nitride, preferably rhodium or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogen generation catalyst is carbon monoxide shift catalyst and hydrocarbon modification catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The voltage is 15 kV at a frequency of 50- 100 kHz, preferably pulsed. The dielectric layer covers all visible surfaces of the electrodes. The electrodes comprise melt-extracted metal fibers. The metal is nickel, stainless steel with a high nickel content or stainless steel with a Raney nickel surface. The dielectric layer is a thin layer of anatase titanium dioxide. There is a transitional layer of titanium between the electrodes and the dielectric layer. The electrodes are flat, tubular or spherical and are arranged one on the other or side by side or concentrically, either directly or with a discharge gap between them. The dielectric layer is disposed on a porous plate, e.g. of foamed ceramic of sintered ceramic fiber material, located in the discharge gap. Fluids flow through the thickness of the electrodes. Several pairs of electrodes are stacked parallel to one another in the direction of flow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The fuel contains carbon black, coal and brake linings, and additionally paper and fiber residues. The fuel especially contains a mixture of carbon black, collecting material, water and surfactants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus includes silo (80) for temporarily storing the waste pulverizing in pulverizer. The crusher comprises crusher body (31) with large and small inlets (31a-b) formed in, crusher drums in the crusher body for crushing introduced waste, and driving units for rotating the crusher drums. The crusher drums are sequentially disposed in order of smaller diameter. The interior of the crusher body has semi cylindrical shape and has crushing vanes formed on. The crusher drums have crusher gears formed on the outer surfaces of the cylindrical drums, respectively in a crossing manner. The underwater separator serves to secondly remove metallic waste from the waste that is crushed by crusher. The underwater separator comprises water tank for containing water, transfer drums rotating in the water tank, valve disposed in outlet port, and collection container for collecting the metallic waste discharge through the valve. The water tank has inflow port and outlet port. The transfer drums have transfer vanes, and rotary driving units for rotating transfer drums. The transfer vanes have nets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Each the wafer comprises expanded metal. The filter comprises a metal filter having compressed stainless steel powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The connector comprises an electrically conducting connector rod upon which the wafers are mounted. The electrode also comprises at least one electrically conducting support rod spaced laterally from the connecting rod and on which the wafers are support, spaced from each other by electrically conducting wafers. The hydrolysis cell comprises a chamber for electrolytic fluid; an anode and cathode; electrical connections for connecting the anode and cathode to an electrical power source and ground; and a liquid level sensor (58) for detecting the level of electrolytic fluid within the chamber. The level sensor comprises a light source for directing a beam of light into the chamber into the chamber; and a receiver for receiving light from the source. The receiver is capable of discriminating between a first light level indicative of liquid at the level of the sensor and a second reduced light level indicative of liquid below the level of the sensor. The light source comprises an infrared LED.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The compressed air has a pressure in pounds/square inch of 40-60. The oxidative agent includes hydrogen peroxide. The colloidal-active solution contains colloidal microspheres having an average particle size of 105-l07 cm. The compressed air is added with force, agitation and circulation. The organic contaminant is PCB. (I) further comprises a solvent (diesel fuel) to aid in the breakdown of the PCB.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process further comprises dewatering the flashed sludge so as to remove water from the sludge; treating the dewatered sludge so as to remove pathogens from the sludge; and passing the removed water from the sludge to a wastewater treatment facility. The carbon dioxide gas being injected at no less than 14.7 p.s.i.a of pressure. The chamber being a pipeline, the step of passing comprising introducing the sludge into one end of the pipeline, the step of injecting comprising injecting carbon dioxide gas into the sludge adjacent to the one end of the pipeline. The pipeline has a length suitable for allowing the carbon dioxide gas to reach equilibrium saturation within the sludge. The process further comprises adding an alkaline material (preferably lime) to the flashed sludge prior to passing to the step of dewatering; adding an acid (preferably sulfamic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) to the carbon dioxide-injected sludge so as to reduce the pH of the sludge less than 6.5 (preferably between 2-6); and capturing and reinjecting the released carbon dioxide gas into the chamber. The gas used for removing water from wastewater sludge is carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen gas or nitrogen dioxide. The process further comprises returning the flashed sludge to a digester and digesting the returning sludge; and dewatering the flashed sludge, so as to remove water from the sludge. The step of injecting the carbon dioxide gas into the sludge is carried out until the sludge reached equilibrium saturation with the carbon dioxide gas. The step of flashing comprises passing the gas-injected sludge through an orifice of restricted diameter into a vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adding decomposition microbe of mowed grass and adhesive (N), which decreases scattering of mowed grass at the time of spraying the liquid, into the mixer.Preferred Microorganism: The decomposition microbe is Bacillus subtilis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The porous adsorption material and the to-be-processed water are reacted in basic reaction conditions. EXAMPLE - Magnetic activated carbon was suspended to ion exchange water (500 ml) deaerated with powder activated carbon (50 g). Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)2.nH2O) (18.5) in water (1300 ml) was added to activated carbon suspension and ferrous sulfate (Fe(SO4).7H2O) (20 g) in water (150 ml) was added. The suspension was stirred slowly for 30 minutes, and 10 N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and PH was adjusted to 10-11. The reaction material was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and permanent magnet was put into the reaction container. Sedimentation of the activated carbon was carried out, filtered and dried. Magnetic activated carbon (66.5 g) was obtained. Magnetic activated carbon (10-100 mg) was taken in a volumetric flask, and methylene blue solution (4.1x10-4 mg) was added to the flask. The adsorption amount of methylene blue was 0.75x10-3 mol/g (ca.280 mg/g) with respect to magnetic activated carbon (1 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The spraying unit is provided at the upper portion of the water tank using sealed water tank. The spraying chamber (18) of the water tank upper portion is adjusted to inert gas atmosphere. The sprayed inert gas is extracted from the chamber and circulated. The apparatus further has circuit (17) leading to water tank, separation tank and chlorine removal tank (16).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cracked distillate sprayed with inert gas is pulverized and desalined by blowing into water. The cracked distillate with viscosity of 200-1000 cp is sprayed with inert gas by oil temperature of 150-300degreesC, inert gas temperature of 20-150degreesC and water temperature of 20-80degreesC, and fine desalined solid powder fuel with chlorine content of 500 ppm or less and average particle diameter of 200 microns or less is obtained. EXAMPLE - Cracked distillate with viscosity of 300 cp was sprayed with inert gas at 300degreesC and solidified by cooling, to obtain solid powder fuel with average particle diameter of 25 microns, chlorine content of 120 ppm and high desalination rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion of hydrogen used as raw material is produced from wind-powered electricity generation apparatus and water electrolysis apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The return line is connected, such that aeration processed liquid is supplied to two or more stir-mixing portion. The front stage of aeration processing unit is equipped with a solid-liquid separation unit for solid-liquid separating methane-fermented material from methane-fermentation tank.The supernatant liquid isolated by solid-liquid-separation unit is supplied to aeration processing unit. The processing apparatus has a digested-sludge storage tank, which stores the methane-fermented material from methane-fermentation tank, aeration processing unit for carrying out aeration processing of digested sludge from digested-sludge storage tank, and return line, which returns aeration processed liquid from aeration processing unit to methane-fermentation tank and digested-sludge storage tank.One or whole portion of aeration processed liquid is returned to at least one of methane-fermentation tank and/or digested-sludge storage tank. The processing apparatus has a solubilization tank, which solubilizes nitrogen-containing organic waste at front stage of methane-fermentation tank, return line, which returns aeration processed liquid to solubilization tank, and digested-sludge storage tank. One or portion of aeration processed liquid is returned to at least one of each tank.A piping line, which throws solubilized organic waste to digested-sludge storage tank is provided. The front stage of aeration processing unit is equipped with a solid-liquid separation unit for solid-liquid separating methane-fermented material from digested sludge tank. The supernatant liquid isolated by solid-liquid-separation unit is supplied to aeration processing unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The treatment container consists of a symmetrical container provided with an upper mouth with its hermetic lid for introducing the materials to be treated, an inlet mouth for introducing water and the bioactive product and for subsequent extraction of the liquids and pastes produced by the treatment, where the bottom of the container comprises an electrical resistance battery for generating the heat, which helps the performance of the process and can be regulated by an associated thermostat. The treatment container is buried at three quarters of its height with its upper part emerging in a fourth part of its height. The upper mouths of the container are accessible. Initial loading of the treatment container comprises introduction of the materials to be transformed and the bioactive product and water up to a minimum height of three quarters of the height of the mass of the introduced materials. The bioactive product, operating as a cooperating catalyst during process, is integral sodium alginate in 100% concentration in liquid dispersion with a very basic character and high ion exchange capacity. Degradation by liquefaction of the soft and soluble proteinic materials is verified by bacteria in the mesophilic phase at temperatures between 35-60 degrees centigrade. Degradation by liquefaction of the soluble polymeric materials is verified by actinomycete in the thermophilic phase at temperatures between 60-70 degrees centigrade. Degradation by liquefaction of the materials of a greater consistency and hardness is verified by enzymes in the mesophilic phase at temperatures between 70 and 40 degrees centigrade. Treating the organic materials results in a bio-degraded material in a liquid-paste state able to be extracted by means of a suction pump suitable for dense liquids and to be incorporated in products such as fertilizers without generating harmful or offensive effects for the environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system includes shredder to reduce the size of material to be converted, synthetic coal cooler disposed downstream of pyrolysis reactor. The heat recovered from the cooler is used for heating feed water entering the boiler. The pyrolytic zone comprises at least two distinct heating or mixing zones.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The waste is dried and pyrolized in single reactor. The pyrolysis is conducted in twin screw mixer using friction shear forces of mixing to produce in-situ heating of waste materials. The Preferred Parameters: The pyrolysis is conducted at 450-600degreesF. The energy requirement of pyrolysis is met by introducing mechanical energy converted to in-situ heating of waste material in the reactor. Preferred Components: The product in pyrolysis of urban waste has ash content of 9-20%. The product in pyrolysis of the urban waste is similar in handling, storage, and burning characteristic to high voltage bituminous coal. The byproduct oils, gases, and sensible heat are used in boiler to produce mechanical work. Preferred Properties: The product produced in pyrolysis of urban waste has gross calorific value of 9000-10500 Btus/lb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The absorbent is an aqueous solution containing methyldiethanolamine and piperazine. The loaded absorbent is heated by heat exchange with the regenerated absorbent and passed to the top of a column for countercurrent contact with steam, where the absorbent is heated sufficiently for its water content to be partially evaporated. The temperature difference between the regenerated absorbent leaving the heat exchanger and the loaded absorbent entering the heat exchanger is 5 to -100degreesC. The temperature difference between the loaded absorbent entering the heat exchanger and the regenerated absorbent leaving the heat exchanger is 50-200degreesC. The acid gases also include carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptans, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen cyanide. The carbon dioxide content is at least 50 mole% with respect to the other acid gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An ammonia is driven off from the feedstock. The first reaction takes place at 20-120, preferably 50 atm and at 150-330degreesC. The reacting drives off a contaminant(s), e.g. sulfur-containing material or mercury-containing material or steam. Heating takes place at 275-380, preferably 300-325degreesF. It breaks down protein in the feedstock. The removal step is achieved by gravity separation; liquid/solid centrifugation; filtration; or use of a screen. The steam is redirected to heat the slurry during the preparation. A portion of the liquid product is converted or diverted, and separately converting the portion into a specialty chemical. The second reaction takes place at 400-600degreesC.Preferred Component: The liquid product comprises fat derivative and/or fatty acid. The specialty chemical comprises a fatty acid. The useful material is pathogen-free. The liquid mixture comprises a non-aqueous portion that contains fats. It also comprises an aqueous portion that contains amino acids. The insoluble material comprises bone material.Preferred Composition: The fuel oil has (wt.%) paraffin (22), olefins (14), naphthenes (3), aromatics (6), and 14C/14C+ (55).Preferred Property: The fuel oil has a cloud point of -10degreesC; pour point of -20degreesC, a cetane index of 40; and heat content of 18800 BTU/lb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid product comprises mineral compound(s). The carbonaceous material is depleted of mercury/sulfur-containing contaminants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The animal is turkey, poultry, swine, fish or elk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The solid decomposition product is press-formed to mat-like material and used as civil engineering material (11) or molded into pellets and used as solid fuel (12). The solid decomposition product is formed into fine particles, molded into predetermined shape and set as a waterproof membrane having water resistance. The mechanical strength of a structure is increased by molding the solid decomposition product with reinforcing materials such as iron core and piano wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The activated gas is ozone produced by carrying out ultraviolet radiation or electric discharge of air.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ozone and oxygen is 1:9-9:1, at the time of starting.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst used for reactor (A) is an acidic catalyst chosen from silicon dioxide/alumina, aluminum oxide, zeolite and/or titania. The catalyst used for reactor (B) is a modification catalyst chosen from nickel, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or ruthenium. The catalyst used for reactor (C) is copper/zinc oxide-type catalyst and/or palladium/zinc oxide-type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel supplied to reactor (A) is alcohol, preferably ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generator has water supply unit and air supply unit for supplying water and air, respectively between reactors (B,C) and/or directly to device (C). Water is directly supplied to reactor (A), by water supply unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method of methane fermentation, the liquid obtained from the upper part of filter bed of the first fermenter is supplied to the second fermenter and the sludge accumulated in the lower part of the filter bed of the first and second fermenters is obtained as the processed liquor. The processed liquid, which is reintroduced into the first fermenter is heated and then supplied to the first fermenter. The method involves stirring the liquid passing from the filter bed to the second fermenter using a stirring blade. The volume of the filter bed of the first and second fermenters is 30 % or more. The filter bed is washed by continuous bubbling, ultrasonic irradiation or by gas blowing. The filter bed is a fluid bed and the fermenter further comprises a washing tank (19) for washing the fluid bed. The methane fermentation is carried out in the first and second fermenters at 50-60 degrees centigrade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the benzoyl coenzyme A reductase or its affinity enzyme is detected by detecting the nucleic acid encoding the enzyme, preferably the A subunit of benzoyl coenzyme A reductase. The detection of the nucleic acid is carried out by nucleic acid amplification or hybridization, or by using an antibody with respect to the enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The holding structure is made of glass ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The holding structure is made of aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite or cordierite. The ceramic structure is made of aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, cordierite, magnesium-calcium-titanium group oxide, barium-titanium-zinc-based oxide or barium-titanium group oxide. The electrically conductive film is made of zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive film is made of metal selected from a group comprising tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, titanium, nickel, iron, silver, copper, platinum and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The holding structure is made of aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite or cordierite. The ceramic structure is made of aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, cordierite, magnesium-calcium-titanium group oxide, barium-titanium-zinc-based oxide or barium-titanium group oxide. The electrically conductive film is made of zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Catalyst: The metal is a Group VIII metal, especially nickel, platinum or palladium. The layered silicate is in hydrogen form. The metal can also be chemically encapsulated in the silicate by deposition of an organosilicon compound. The acid component is a zeolite in hydrogen form, especially a pentasil, mordenite, faujasite, beta, erionite or MCM zeolite.Preferred Silicate: The layered silicate is ilerite, kenyaite, magadiite or a synthetic or natural silicate of formula (I): Na2O.xTO2.yH2O (I)x = 1-30;y = 2-10; andT = Si or a combination of Si and another element, especially Al.Preferred Organosilicon Compound: This is tetraethoxysilane or a compound of formula (II): R1R2R3R4Si (II)R1-R4 = 1-30C alkoxy, 1-30C alkyl or OH. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 0.4016 g platinum/sodium-ilerite (2 wt.% platinum) and 1.5984 g hydrogen-erionite was ball-milled for 2 hours. The mixture was compressed, crushed and sieved to a particle size of 215-315 microns. The product (0.498 g) was heat treated in an air stream at 430degreesC for 3 hours, cooled to 150degreesC in a nitrogen stream over 3 hours and reduced in a hydrogen stream at 430degreesC.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors are initially seeded with anaerobic sludge and aerobic sludge, respectively. They may be both initially seed with anaerobic sludge. The anaerobic bioreactor (1) comprises anaerobes, or anaerobes and facultative bacteria. The aerobic bioreactor (2) comprises facultative bacteria or aerobes. The anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors may be capable of denitrification. The aerobic bioreactor can be used as a tripper by shortening the hydraulic retention time, where the pH value of wastewater is increased and crystals or suspended solids are inserted in the floc matrix of aerobes through bioflocculation. The aerobic bioreactor and membrane separation reactor (3) can comprise a device for recycling microbes from the aerobic bioreactor or membrane separation reactor to the anaerobic bioreactor. The membrane separation reactor comprises a gas-sparging device for scouring membrane. The gas-sparging device can reduce pH value of water by 0.2-1 unit and prevent membrane scaling. Inorganic acid may be added to adjust the pH in water. The treatment system may include a pretreatment device (4) arranged upstream of the anaerobic bioreactor for removing toxic organic substances in the wastewater to reduce toxic inhibition in anaerobic bioreactor, and an alkaline sludge hydrolysis apparatus (5) arranged upstream of the anaerobic bioreactor for promoting the hydrolysis of aerobic wastewater and enhancing the digestion capability of anaerobic sludge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is biogas or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fats and oils are animal fats and oils and/or vegetable oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: In (I), the organic refuse contains fiber, carbohydrate, protein and lipid.Preferred Apparatus: (III) Further comprises a moisture content adjusting unit to maintain the moisture content of the mixture (microorganisms of genus Bacillus and organic refuse) in the degradation treatment tank, under (in mass%) (30). EXAMPLE - The microorganism Bacillus sp. SP.ITINOMIYA was isolated and identified during the degradation of organic waste. The obtained microorganism was inoculated into a selective medium comprising rapeseed oil (2 %), ammonium chloride (0.3 %), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.1 %), potassium chloride (0.025 %), ferrous sulfate hydrate (0.0002 %) and yeast extract (0.03 %), and subjected to enrichment culture process for 7 days at 55 degreesC. A single colony of the microorganism was obtained by cultivating it in agar medium. The obtained microorganism was analyzed for its organic matter degradation ability in the presence of moisture content (in mass%) (30-50). The microorganism was contacted with organic refuse comprising cabbage (in g) (160), Burdock (170), onion (120), skin of grapefruit (40), skin of banana (40), Sardine (100), shell of egg (20), macaroni salad (120), donburi dish (35), curry (75), used tea leaves (40) and fried chicken (80), in organic refuse degradation treatment apparatus. The carbon dioxide concentration in the gas emitted from the tank was measured and taken as a parameter for measuring the degradation activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The spore nutrition materials are sodium nitrate and potassium phosphate. The microbe selection material is germination property lactic acid diluted liquid. The spore growth promotion materials are alanine, glycine, arginine and glutamic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The useful soil microbe is Actinomyces, filamentous fungi, Trichoderma and photoheterotroph.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The surface active agent is talc, a bentonite, white carbon, starch, glucose, lactose or fructose. The disintegrating agents are selected from calcium salts, an ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, polyacrylic acid ammonium and a polyvinylpyrrolidone. The molding agent is selected from unbranched polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, a carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, starch, dextrin, a ligninsulfonic acid, metal salt and crystalline cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Highly active photocatalyst is used for producing hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide which is odor component dissolved in alkaline water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microbes are bacteria and/or yeast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The carrier-supported (A) is completely protected against the ingress of water (by enclosing, sheathing and/or pressing together) during its passage through the body of water to reach the predetermined volume of water, protected against free ingress of water or at least mainly protected against flow of water from all sides. During the reaction the carrier-supported (A) is completely or mainly enclosed, or is in the form of fixed bed(s) through which the predetermined volume of water flows. The carrier-supported (A) is kept in contact with the predetermined volume of water until equilibrium is reached in the reaction between (A) and (I). The pigment carrier is a flexible, linear and/or flat solid material suspendable in water, specifically one or more of paper, paper wool, metal wool, metal wire, pulp, textile, textile strip, wound filaments, non-wovens, non-woven strips, rovings, films, flocculated fibers, glass fibers, glass wool, glass flakes, activated carbon fibers, plastics fibers, cellulose, carbon fiber, glass bubbles, plastics bubbles, activated carbon powder, plastics powder, oxides, mixed oxides, hydroxides, ion exchangers, mica particles and/or graphite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Each anti-chamber is arranged for reducing the level of oxygen in the organic matter, as the matter passes to the main reaction chamber. The bioreactor includes first and second anti-chambers arranged, so that organic matter can pass from the first to the second anti-chamber, before passing into the main reaction chamber. The anti-chambers are arranged, so that the level of oxygen in the organic matter is successively reduced as the matter passes from the first anti-chamber to the second chamber, and into the main reaction chamber. The first anti-chamber is arranged above the second anti-chamber. The first and second anti-chambers are arranged for passage of matter, between the first and second anti-chambers under gravity. They are arranged above the main reaction chamber. The main reaction chambers are arranged for receiving matter from the first and second anti-chambers under gravity. Each anti-chamber is arranged for passage of organic matter between adjacent chambers, under predetermined conditions. The bioreactor includes limiting mechanism for limiting the passage of organic matter between adjacent chambers. The limiting mechanism is configured to permit matter to pass from a first of the chamber, under a predetermined mass of matter present above the limiting mechanism. A closed loop control system is provided, to automatically maintain a set process window for anaerobic digestion of waste. A rotary vane (42) is arranged between adjacent chambers, where each rotary vane is configured to enable matter to pass between adjacent chambers, under a predetermined mass of organic matter present above the rotary vane. The inlet includes a hatch (16) operable between an open position and a sealed closed position.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Promoter: The fermentation promoter consists of silicic acid aqueous solution and chitosan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reduction step is carried out with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, natural gas or any other reducing gas at 400-550, preferably 500 degrees C during 5-30, preferably 5 minutes.The separation of impurities rich in iron, silicates, secondary phosphates, monazite, calzirtite, zirconolite, uranium or thorium containing minerals after reduction takes place through the sequential use of operations of low intensity and high intensity magnetic separations.The step of high-density magnetic separation is done in a rare-earth roll or permanent magnet separator with magnetic field intensity of 16000-20000, preferably 20000 Gauss. The hydrochloric acid leaching operation after low intensity and high intensity magnetic separations takes place with a solution containing 20-30 w/w. % hydrochloric acid, preferably 25% during 2-4, preferably 4 hours at 90-107, preferably 105 degrees C without addition of any or nay other oxidizing agent during leaching or with the presence of sodium fluoride or hydrofluoric acid with 10-30, preferably 20 g fluoride ion/l of leaching solution.The oxidation step of the product resulting from the first hydrochloric acid leaching is carried out in rotary horizontal kiln or in fluidized bed at 1000-1100 degrees C in the presence of a mixture of sodium fluoride and amorphous silica with 3-20% silicon dioxide with respect to the amount of ore fed into oxidation continuous air or oxygen injection with a duration of 30-120, preferably 60 minutes. The material resulting from the oxidation step is quenched in water or any other cooling mechanism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluoride containing compound used in the oxidation step includes substances of lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, or ammonium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The device is connected to a fuel cell, especially a direct methanol fuel cell. The device has a heater for heating the fuel in the storage unit and/or the fuel-carrier mixture and/or the device is in thermal and physical communication with the fuel cell. The storage unit is thermally insulated. The mixture cab be passed through the passage more than once. The storage unit comprises a container or tank. The storage unit contains fuel in pure or concentrated form. The contents of the storage unit comprise 75-100% fuel. The storage unit contains a foam. The membrane comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid/polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer in acid form. The flow rate of the mixture through the passage is 1-100 ml/minute. The passage is a channel with a circular cross-section. The passage contains a filter. The carrier comprises water and/or water vapor and includes as acid, especially sulfuric acid. The fuel comprises an alcohol, especially methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: An oxidizing catalyst is provided downstream of the filter to reduce the amount of any oxygen in the reformate stream. The fuel processing system may include a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor downstream of the filter, a heat exchanger downstream of the WGS reactor, and a preferential catalyst downstream of the heat exchanger. The system introduces water and air to the second vaporization zone to oxidize any soot accumulated on the filter in the hydrogen atmosphere of reformate stream. It can detect soot accumulated on to the filter. Soot is detected by a differential pressure gauge connected to the system for measuring the pressure of the reformate stream before and after the filter or by determining the operational history of the reformer. The filter outlet temperature during the oxidation of the soot is estimated by a temperature sensor connected to the system to detect the temperature of reformate stream in a third vaporization zone, and the temperature of the filter outlet gas is controlled by introducing water to the reformate stream passing through the filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first gasifier comprises rotary kiln reactor. The second gasifier comprises autothermal reformer. The autothermal reformer converts the calcium carbonate into calcium oxide prior to its reaction with gaseous sulfur species and oxygen. The second gasifier receives a mixture of moisture, organic oxides, alcohols, oils, tars, other gases and entrained particulate matter from the first gasifier, which are reacted with oxygen-bearing gases to produce a mixture of gases comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen. All of the gases are flowing concurrently.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The appliance further includes a controller (18) for regulating the cooperation of the converter, the charger, and the discharger; an exhaust; and a hydrogen gas supply communicating with the charger. The converter is for propulsion and is combustion-based or chemical-based. The combustion-based propulsion converter is an internal combustion engine or a turbine. The chemical-based propulsion converter is a fuel cell-based system. The fuel cell-based system is a hydrogen-oxygen electrical generator. The converter can be a power generation system, a heating system, or a cooling system. The charger further includes a conditioner for facilitating hydrogen charging of the nanostructured material. The conditioner is a cooler or a pressurizer. The discharger includes a restoring mechanism capable of controllably releasing condensed hydrogen to provide gaseous hydrogen to the converter. The restoring mechanism includes a heating mechanism, a subcontroller (40), and a sensor. The sensor includes a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a partial pressure sensor, chemical sensor, or a flow sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The condenser comprises high thermal conductivity members or a semiconductor dehumidifier. The sensor is a gas sensor or a fire sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The condenser comprises a metal member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Alternately, methane fermentation of portion(s) of dried sludge dried in the drying process is carried out, and biogas is taken out. The methane fermentation processed sludge is composted with the dried sludge. The dewatered sludge is dried by supplying the steam as a heat source to the absorption refrigeration machine of drying apparatus. Methane fermentation of high-moisture-content organic waste is carried out with surplus sludge, and methane fermentation of low-moisture-content organic waste is carried out with dried sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The granular flammables release heat energy of 4000 kcal/kg or more. EXAMPLE - Composite material containing carbon fiber and unsaturated polyester resin (fiber-reinforced plastic crushed material having average particle diameter of 25 mm or more) (35 wt.%) and polypropylene (granular flammables having releasable heat energy of 11000 kcal/kg) were mixed and combustible composition was obtained. The composition had favorable handling property and combustion stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Several adsorption towers (9,A,B) filled with resin adsorption agent are provided. A to-be-processed gas (RA) containing siloxane is distributed to at least one adsorption tower, and siloxane is absorbed and removed. The gas for regenerating is simultaneously passed to other adsorption towers in which the resin adsorption agent is adsorbed with siloxane. The siloxane is desorbed and simultaneously resin adsorption agent is regenerated. Ventilation of to-be-processed gas and gas for regenerating is changed after a fixed time. Adsorption and regeneration are exchanged and siloxane is continuously removed from the to-be-processed gas. The adsorption tower filled with resin adsorption agent is heated, when ventilating the gas for regenerating, and regenerating resin adsorption agent.Preferred Agent: The resin adsorption agent is a non-functional group-type ion-exchange resin, preferably styrene-divinyl benzene copolymerization system synthetic adsorbent material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the bacteria is chosen from Methylococcus genus, Methylopsphaera genus, Methylomonas genus, Methylomicrobium genus, Methylobacter genus, Methylosinus genus, Methylocystis genus, and Methanotrophic genus, or Type II methane oxidation bacteria such as Hyphomicrobrium methylovorum T2-06, H. facilis T2-07, Hyphomicrobrium.sp.S4 T2-17. The carrier is chosen from charcoal, activated carbon, pearlite, pumice-stone material or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: The reactor is preferably of metallic construction and the region downstream of the mixing nozzle may be clad with a ceramic material e.g. alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride or silicon carbide. Characteristic dimension of heating zone (17) is less than 1000 microns, preferably less than 500 microns; typical operating conditions are temperatures in the range 800-1500degreesC, at pressures of 20-2000 bar. Heterogeneous catalysts are e.g. rhodium, palladium, platinum or nickel. One of the feed components may be gaseous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sorbate gas comprises a gaseous hydride selected from silane, germane, stibine or diborane. The solid phase physical sorbent medium comprises silica, carbon molecular sieves, alumina, macroreticulate polymers, kieselguhr, carbon or aluminosilicates. The gas permeable membrane comprises perfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The zeolite adsorbent is SSZ-13, and has chabazite (CHA) structure. The alkali metal cations are introduced by performing ion-exchange process at pH greater than 7.5. The cation is sodium, potassium or cesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The Zeolite adsorbent is dealuminated, before contacting with the light hydrocarbon mixture, by steaming the zeolite adsorbent at 923-1123 K and water pressure of 5-202 kPa.Preferred Components: The component (I) is propylene, and the component (II) is propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cold recovery material is selected from a mixture of materials selected from acetic acid, ethylenglicol, n-decane, n-octane, 1-methyl 4-ethyl benzene, n-pentane, 2-methyl pentane, propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidation catalyst is a noble metal, preferably rhodium. The steam reforming catalyst comprises nickel, rhodium, and cerium. The feed gas mixture is free of water. Preferred Condition: The catalytic structure is maintained at greater than 900 degrees C.Preferred Parameter: The catalyst contact time is 10-500 milliseconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The open-channel support comprises a ceramic monolith and a porous alumina monolith.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process deposits less than 1 atom% of total carbon in the hydrocarbon fuel, as elemental carbon and carbon-rich compounds. EXAMPLE - The catalyst was prepared by impregnating the catalysts on the surface of the open channel support structure. Rhodium and nickel configured in series on alpha-alumina support was the catalyst system used. A soluble salt of the hydrated form of rhodium chloride was dissolved in demineralized water, to make an aqueous solution with a concentration of rhodium of 10 wt.%. The alumina support was prepared by baking in air at 500 degrees C for 2 hours. Rhodium solution was added dropwise to the alumina monolith support, until the point of incipient wetness was reached. The catalyst was dried in air at room temperature for 2 hours. The dried catalyst was re-wetted (dropwise) with rhodium chloride solution and re-dried. The dried catalyst was baked in a nitrogen stream at 800 degrees C for 10 hours. The nickel catalyst structure was prepared except that a 10% solution of a nickel salt was used, and the resulting monolith had 4-8 wt.% nickel.
EXAMPLE - Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) was soaked into methanol obtained from methane, which was obtained from organic refuse. Wax was covered on the obtained product, to obtain RDF improvement fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The persulfate is peroxo monosulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - The free flowing granulated material produced may also have an addition of between 5 and 12 % by weight of clay (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process water contains lactose, especially in an amount of 0.4 - 40 wt%, particularly 3.5 - 9 wt%. It is milk and/or milk permeate. It is supplemented with a P- and/or N source and/or trace elements and/or vitamins. It is sterilized and concentrated. The yeast is chosen from Candida, Kluyveromyces, especially K. fragilis or K. marxianus, Debaromyces, Trichosporon, Pichia, Saccharomyces or Torolopsis. Fermentation is continuous and carried out at 20 - 40, particularly 29 - 31degreesC, with a pH below 4 for 1 - 48, particularly 8 - 12 hours. The fermentation mixture is separated by filtration, especially ultrafiltration. The fermentation solution ids converted to biogas using corn cob mix or cereals
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate used comprises a mixture of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers with a specific surface area of 600-700 m2/m3 and a specific gravity of 900-960 kg/m3. show. The density is modified by addition of up to 30% beechwood- or oak shavings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adsorbent material comprises 50-70% (preferably 60%) molecular sieve; and 20-40% (preferably 30%) alumina.The adsorbent material further comprises 5-15% (preferably 10%) catalytic sorbent.Preferred Component: The molecular sieve is near the inlet (14).The catalytic sorbent is near the outlet (16).The alumina is between the fist adsorbent material and the catalytic sorbent.Preferred Method: The step of passing the input stream through the adsorbent bed to obtain an output stream involves passing the input stream through the adsorbent bed to obtain an output stream comprising not more than: 0.1% of the input level of water vapor, 1% of the input level of hydrocarbons, 1% of the input level of NOx, 1% of the input level of SOx, 1% of the input level of CO2, and 1% of the input level of CO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reactant compound (42) is supplied by supplying a chemical hydride that chemically reacts with the liquid to produce a resulting high pressure hydrogen gas. A fluid stream which is disposed in fluid flowing communication with the container and which receives and moves the enclosure along a coarse of travel is provided.An assembly is provided along the source of travel that fractures the enclosure to release the reactant composition. The liquid pressure is greater than 100 lb/in2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The electrode pattern is a pattern to provide a surface discharge that maximizes production of nitric oxide from a nitrogen-containing gas stream. The dielectric substrate is a dielectric plate. The reactor further comprises a protective coating provided over the first and second polarity electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Property: The organic matter decomposition ratio in hydrothermal electrolysis process is 1-50 % with respect to chemical oxygen demand of waste liquid. Preferred Method: Hydrogen gas is collected in hydrothermal electrolysis process. The valuable production apparatus is apparatus producing hydrogen and/or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The modification catalyst contains copper, zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The modification catalyst contains 30-80% of gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid type polyimide and a benzcyclobutene compound are irradiated at 180degrees to form the passivation film and a flushed layer. Polymer liquid which has a fluorene structure is applied and solvent evaporated at a room temperature within a vacuum chamber then heated at 150-250 degrees C in a vacuum heating chamber. Two or more heating vacuum dehydration chambers heat and dehydrate a polymer membrane of polyamic acid applied to the substrate, to form a polyimide poly membrane are arranged in cluster structure. After the imidization reaction, dehydration, and degasifying processes are carried out in the vacuum heating chamber and ion beam is irradiated on a front face to orientate the front face of the polyimide membrane.The electrostatic chuck has a hollow elastic body (rubber-like tube) which can be inflated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The organic compound is supported by a porous material. The organic compound and hydrogen gas are contacted under pressurized conditions, and hydrogen is discharged by heating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is a compound which forms hydrogen-molecule compound by contact with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen-molecule compound is a hydrogen clathrate compound using the organic compound as a host compound. The host organic compound is single molecule-type host compound, polymolecule-type host compound and polymeric-type host compound, preferably phenol-type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The hydrogen gas is hydrogen waste gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The steam is made into subcritical water state. The ground weed is supplied to low temperature gas furnaces. The furnaces produce gas containing hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and gas having methane and carbon dioxide, respectively. Methanol is obtained by steam reforming of methane. The sea weed is grown by a network fixed to net-like binding substance having 2 or more pumping tubes which pump up seawater of medium rise region from depth of 200-1000 m, and 2 or more buoys in the sea surface layer water. The surface layer water contains iron and/or iron compound, and calcium compound and/or silicon compound. A hollow pipe made of thermal conductive material is produced, and is filled in seawater of medium rise region. End(s) of the pipe is sealed, and is arranged vertically. The pipe is left until the seawater temperature inside and outside the pipe is equilibrating. The sealing portion is released. Carbon dioxide is separated by pressure swing adsorption method or pressure temperature swinging method. Oxygen is produced using cryogenically cooling air separation system. Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is molten carbonate type or solid oxide fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process : The ratio of steam to carbon in the natural gas/steam mixture is set to a value of 0.6-3.0. Preferred Reactor : Gas outlets (11) are provided in kettle (2) and vessel (1). Tubes (32) in cooling zone (10) form an annular space (33) for passage of synthesis gas and have heat-exchangers (36, 37) and in the lower part of these tubes (32) there is at least one opening (34) for the passage of the synthesis gas while at the upper end there is a gas outlet (35). Annular space (33) especially contains superimposed heat-exchangers (36, 37), especially spiral exchangers, and there are also heat-exchangers in cooling zone (10). A vertical separation wall defines two zones for feeding the synthesis gas to the catalyst bed with at least one of these zones having a heat-exchanger and a collector (26) is provided at the top of the kettle (2) between the outlet for the steam/coolant mixture and the connector (27) for the steam drum (25). The gas pressure in the space (3) between the inner side of pressure vessel (1) and the outer side of kettle (2) is 0.5-3.5 bar. EXAMPLE - (A) When the natural gas and steam were fed via burners (6, 7) into the furnace (8) at 650degreesC together with oxygen at 300degreesC to give a reaction achieving a temperature above 1200degreesC, the synthesis gas then flowed through the catalyst bed (9) and exited at 960degreesC into the cooling zone (10). (B) When operating with a catalytic autothermal reformer at 560degreesC with a furnace (8) to form synthesis gas the calculated flows in the reactor components were as follows : feed (6, 7) 477.5t/hour at 560degreesC/6200 kPa; synthesis gas (35) 477.5 t/hour at 412degreesC/5970 kPa; natural gas (30) 100.5 t/hour at 128degreesC/7000 kPa; natural gas (31) 100.5 t/hour at 138degreesC/6950 kPa; steam (29) 504 t/hour at 328degreesC/12500 kPa; and fresh water (28) 504 t/hour at 307degreesC/12700 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composting adjuvant contains a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer having a repeat unit of formula (I) or its cross-linked material. The polyvinyl alcohol copolymer cross-linked material has cross-linked structure of formula -C(C(O)O-)- (II) and/or -C(C(O)N(R7)-)- (III).R1 = H, methyl or CH2COOX;R2,R3 = H or 4C or less alkyl;R4 = COOX, SO3X, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2 or CONR5R6;Y = H or COOX;X = H, 4C or less alkyl, alkali metal or ammonium;R5,R6 = R2;n = 0-5;andR7 = H, methyl or ethyl.Preferred Amount: The composting adjuvant contains a polyvinyl alcohol copolymer having repeating unit (I) (before cross-linking) (0.1-30 mol%). In the gelatinization or solidification process, the composting adjuvant is used at 0.1-30 mass%), with respect to the composting raw material.Preferred Properties: The composting adjuvant has moisture content of 80% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support is selected from platinum mesh, platinum foil, platinum sponge, gold mesh, metal foil, tantalum mesh, tantalum foil or iridium sponge. The support is Raney metal treated support comprising a layer of Raney metal deposited on the support. The Raney metal is selected from Raney nickel, Raney cobalt, and/or Raney titanium (preferably Raney nickel). The metals that are active to ammonia oxidation are selected from iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron and platinum. When the noble metal is platinum, the metal that are active to ammonia oxidation is selected from iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, gold, silver, nickel, and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline electrolyte is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The processor comprises the shell having the heat exchange inlet and a heat exchange fluid outlet; at least one reactor tube disposed in the shell; a catalytic structure disposed in the catalytic reaction zone of the reactor tube; and additionally several catalytic partial oxidation reactors including the at least one catalytic partial oxidation reactor. The reactor tube having a hydrocarbon fuel inlet and an exit gas stream outlet. The fuel inlet receives a feed gas mixture comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and an oxygen containing gas. The exit gas stream outlet discharges an exit gas stream comprising the mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The reactor tube forms a reaction flow passage extending from the hydrocarbon fuel inlet to the exit gas stream outlet; and a catalytic reaction zone between the hydrocarbon fuel inlet and the exit gas stream outlet. The catalytic structure comprises an oxidation catalyst for catalyzing a partial oxidation reaction of the feed gas mixture to form the exit gas stream, so that when the feed gas mixture is fed through the hydrocarbon fuel inlet, the feed gas mixture passes along the reaction flow passage and through the catalytic structure to convert into the exit gas stream. The exit gas stream discharged through the outlet and heat from the partial oxidation reaction transfers from the reaction tube to the heat exchange fluid in the shell. Preferred Method: The partial oxidation reaction is maintained at a temperature greater than 900 degrees Celsius.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heavy hydrocarbon fuel comprises several hydrocarbon molecules, with substantially all of the molecules containing at least 6C. The heavy hydrocarbon fuel is selected from gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The oxidation catalyst is a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The partial combustion solid carbonized material is performed with less than theoretical combustion air amount of carbonized material, and combustible gas is generated. One portion of combustible gas is utilized as heat source for indirect heating of thermal decomposition or gas modification in the later stage, and remaining combustible gas is used for thermal decomposition after modification. At least one portion of solid carbonized material is utilized as heat source for another boiler and iron manufacture, or heat source for general-waste melting furnaces. The water vapor used for modification reaction is produced by heat exchange with indirect heating waste gas of thermal decomposition or gas modification process, and added in thermal decomposition. The thermally decomposed gas after modification is cooled, purified and utilized as gas fuel. Preferred Condition: The biomass is thermally decomposed using external-heating rotary kiln with residence time of 20 minutes to 3 hours.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The siloxane compound-containing gas is a sewage-sludge digestion gas which is specifically claimed as containing octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane and decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, cumene is obtained by process (a or b). Process (a) involves dehydrating cumyl alcohol obtained in epoxidization process, in presence of solid catalyst to obtain (alpha)-methyl styrene, and hydrogenating methyl styrene to obtain cumene. Process (b) involves carrying out hydrocracking of cumyl alcohol in presence of solid catalyst, to obtain cumene, which is recycled as raw material for oxidation process.Preferred Compound: The 4C hydrocarbon compound is n-butane and/or 1-butene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Atom: The metal atom is copper, nickel, tungsten, palladium, chromium, rhodium, molybdenum, zinc, zirconium, manganese, iron, ruthenium, osmium, silver, cadmium, rhenium, iridium, cobalt and/or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The organic ligand (II) is a bidentate ligand chosen from triethylenediamine, pyrazine, bipyridyl, quinoxaline, naphtha lysine, and/or phenazine.Preferred Complex: The polymeric complex is a porous material having mean pore diameter of 5-15 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Raw Material: The cotton raw material comprises non-woven fabric, cotton cloth, cotton thread or absorbent cotton.Preferred Method: The carbonized cotton is inserted into a purification tank with nitrifying bacteria and the microbes are immobilized on the surface of the cotton fiber. Alternately the nitrifying bacteria are cultivated independently and then implanted into culture solution containing carbonized cotton and immobilized.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The nitrifying bacteria are nitric bacteria or nitrate forming bacteria. EXAMPLE - Carbonized cotton was based at 700 degrees C for 6 hours. Photosynthetic bacteria such as Escherichia coli cultivated in seawater was further processed and filtered. The filtrate (10 ml) was then impregnated on carbonized cotton (1 g) and the microbes were fixed, to obtain filter. The filter when evaluated had excellent cleansing property and ammonia decomposing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganisms are further cultured in a culture solution containing formic acid under anaerobic conditions and are added to the solution for producing hydrogen in a reduced state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The treatment apparatus further comprises a base plate mounted beneath the operative position of the diffuser. Te base plate has upper profile complementary to a lower profile of the diffuser to locate and support the diffuser when in the operative position. The diffuser is mounted to the down pipe by coupling mechanism permitting the diffuser to be removed and replaced. The diffuser comprises perforated sleeve of elastomeric material supported by a resilient core, and an air conduit permitting air from the down pipe to be introduced between the core and sleeve. The base plate is provided with depressions having cut-away sections. The apparatus further comprises walkway above the maximum level of liquid in the tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The scrubber is supplied with water that is colder than the gas. The temperature of the gas before entering the compressor is 30-40degreesC. The gas is cooled in a heat exchanger (8) between the compressor and the scrubber. The heat exchanger also heats the gas leaving the scrubber. The scrubber has a closed water circuit with a pump (3) and a cooler (4). The scrubber has a spray head (5). The gas is at 60-100degreesC and 400-1000 mbar gauge pressure before entering the scrubber. The temperature of the gas leaving the scrubber is 15-25degreesC. The expansion device is a turbine (12). The turbine can be connected by a shaft to an impeller of the compressor. The gas is at 5-60degreesC and 80-150 mbar gauge pressure after leaving the turbine. The gas has a relative humidity of 40-80% after leaving the turbine. the conditioned gas is passed to an internal combustion engine (13), especially a biogas engine. The gas has a temperature of 25-40degreesC, a gauge pressure of 80-150 mbar and a relative humidity of 50-80% before entering the engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The heat generated in the first reactor is balanced with the heat transferred to the first reactor from the exhaust stream. Inputting the oxidant into the combustor is based on the temperature of the first reactor. The fuel cell stack creates a cathode effluent that is input into the combustor as the oxidant. The temperature of the exhaust stream is controlled by extracting heat from the exhaust stream prior to transferring heat to the first reactor. This is done by introducing a cooling spray stream into the exhaust stream. Extracting heat from the exhaust stream comprises passing the exhaust stream through a vaporizer to produce steam stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is dimethoxymethane, tetramethylorthocarbonate, or methylorthoformate. The fuel comprises (mole%) dimethoxymethane (20), tetramethylorthocarbonate (10), or methylorthoformate (10). The fuel includes indicating dye (less than 0.1 wt.%). The indicating dye includes sulfonated activated carbon particles. The additive can also be trimethylborate (7 mole%) or tetramethylorthosilicate (5 mole%). The metal hydride is lithium aluminum tetra hydride, sodium boron tetra hydride, lithium boron tetra hydride dimethyl, ammonium boron trihydride, sodium aluminum hydride boron hydride, sodium cyano boron trihydride, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, potassium hydride, or sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)dihydridealuminate. The fuel can include methanol and metal hydride.Preferred Methods: The method includes providing supply of concentrated methanol, and adding metal hydride(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A pH-modifying substance is included. It is an alkaline pH-modifying substance. It comprises sodium hydroxide. High surface area carbon particles are included. They are amorphous carbon black powder. Preferred Composition: The pH-modifying substance is greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. The high surface area carbon particles are greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The pH-modifying substance is in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonaceous fuel substance comprises neat methanol. Safety enhancing additives are included. They are colorants, bitters, odorants, or flame retardants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A pH-modifying substance is included. It is an alkaline pH-modifying substance. It comprises sodium hydroxide. High surface area carbon particles are included. They are amorphous carbon black powder. Preferred Composition: The pH-modifying substance is greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. The high surface area carbon particles are greater than 0 and less than 5 wt.%. Preferred Property: The pH-modifying substance is in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening substance comprises Carbopol EZ-3. Polymeric additives are included. Preferred Composition: The thickening substance comprises greater than zero and less than 10 wt.%. Preferred Property: The gel fuel has a viscosity of 300-5000 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The open cell foam has mean pore diameter of 1-65 microns.Preferred Compounds: The hydrophilic group is a carboxyl group. The polar liquid is water, methanol or methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The water vapor absorbent substance is chemical absorber and/or physical absorption agent. The chemical absorber is oxide of aluminum, magnesium, alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal. The physical absorption agent is activated carbon, active silica, activated alumina and/or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The orifice gas is hydrogen, methane, ethane and/or ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The support is removed from methane fermentation tank using a filtration film (30) of pore size. The filling factor of support is determined, such that microbial cell number is obtained and then set to optimal microbial cell number. The microbial cell number adhered to support is measured, after peeling microbial cells from support using a peeling unit. A reagent capable of producing a fluorescent material with esterase enzyme existing in microbial cells is mixed with to-be-measured sample. Then, fluorescence of fluorescent material is measured to measure microbial cell number.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The moisture content concentration of propylene is controlled using waste water. Propylene oxide is recovered from gaseous-phase fraction using water as a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst further contains carbonate of alkali metal, nitrate, sulfate and/or hydroxide. The catalyst is supported by the porous inorganic compound. The alkali-metal carbonate is sodium carbonate. The porous inorganic compound is a porous silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The desulfurizing agent has bulk density of 1.2-2 g/cm2.Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent further contains support and copper in a content of 40 mass% or less as copper oxide equivalent amount. The content of nickel is 50-90 mass% as equivalent amount of nickel oxide. The support contains at least one type chosen from silica, alumina and silica-alumina. The catalyst is used for modification of desulfurized raw material, is ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst. The support component of catalyst used for modification contains at least one type chosen from manganese oxide, cerium oxide and zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygen-containing hydrocarbon raw material is at least one type chosen from kerosene oil, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, natural gas and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is obtained by carrying out polymerization reaction of a polymeric monomer or a pre-polymer, and organometallic complex in a solvent, and baking obtained reaction product.The polymeric monomer or the pre-polymer is monomer or pre-polymer of polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide, preferably precursor of aromatic polymer, and more preferably polyamic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atom is iron atom, nickel atom, iron ion and/or nickel ion.The organometallic complex is metallocene chosen from ferrocene, nickelocene and their derivatives.The atomic binding substance has a hexagonal net plane having a carbon atom as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The chemical reaction is Fischer-Tropsch reactions, condensation reactions and dehydration reactions. The reaction comprises a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis or the production of alkene from alkanol. It is also a slurry phase reaction and the reaction mixture is continuously passed along the surface of the membrane.Preferred Condition: The removal of water through the membrane occurs at elevated temperature at at least 100 degreesC, preferably at 150-500 degreesC. The hydrothermal reaction is stopped once the membrane has been formed. The hydrothermal conditions are at at least 125 degreesC for at least 2 hours under an autogenous or higher pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support is an alpha-alumina support. The membrane is a tubular supported membrane. Between the hydroxysodalite membrane and the ceramic support, an intermediate layer of mesoporous material, such as silica, is present.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The hydroxysodalite membrane is supported on a porous support, preferably a ceramic support. EXAMPLE - Tests were carried out at 160 degreesC and low pressures. The pressure was high enough to have a certain pressure drop over the membrane. A pressure drop of 2 bar was chosen and with the permeate side at atmospheric pressure, a total absolute pressure of 3 bar at the feed side was used. To ensure that the mixture was in the vapor phase, temperatures were chosen well enough above the boiling temperatures of octane and water at 3 bara. A working temperature was chosen well above the boiling point of at least volatile component (i.e. octane) at the specific pressure applied. The resulting permeate was obtained and analyzed. No octane was found, only water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chosen from alkali metal type catalyst and alkaline earth metal type catalyst. The catalyst contains copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese or rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: A solvent, such as 3-10C hydrocarbon is used for purification of propylene oxide.Preferred Process: Distill-separation of propylene oxide from solvent is performed, after contacting aqueous phase and oil substance. EXAMPLE - Propylene oxide containing aldehyde was water washed at 20 degrees C to obtain aqueous phase containing propylene oxide (in wt.%) (19), acetaldehyde (1), methanol (0.3) and formaldehyde (0.1). n-heptane (11 t/hour) was mixed as solvent with obtained aqueous phase (1.9 t/hour). Oil-and-water separation was performed. The propylene oxide was purified. The content of acetaldehyde in oil phase and formaldehyde in purified propylene oxide was 5 ppm and 10 ppm, respectively. The content of propylene oxide in oil phase was 3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fermentation catalyst is a natural Bacillus subtilis bacteria which is packed in a cloth bag. The B. subtilis produces metabolism and fermentation catalyst to block germs from growing, which eliminates accumulation of waste in a pipeline. As a result no odor is produced and the pipeline is not clogged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent material(s) comprises magnesium silicate.The magnesium silicate has mole ratio of magnesium oxide to silicon dioxide of 1:3-1:3.8.The biodiesel fuel is contacted with the adsorbent material(s) (0.01-20 wt.%).The biodiesel fuel is contacted with the adsorbent material(s) at 0.5-4 wt.% based on weight of biodiesel fuel.The free fatty acids are removed from the biodiesel fuel.The chlorophyll is removed from biodiesel fuel.Preferred Properties: The magnesium silicate has surface area of at least 300, preferably 400-700 m2/gram.The magnesium silicate has particle size of 20-175 micrometers.The magnesium silicate has bulk density of 15-35 lb/ft3.The magnesium silicate is amorphous hydrous precipitated synthetic magnesium silicate.The magnesium silicate is treated to reduce pH of less than 9.The magnesium silicate has pH in 5% slurry of 8.2-8.9, preferably 8.5-8.8 or 9-9.5.The magnesium silicate has surface area of at most 150, preferably 50-150 m2/gram.The water suspension (5%) has pH of 9.5-10.5. EXAMPLE - A biodiesel fuel samples of (3733g) with fatty acid methyl esters derived from corn oil (20 wt.%), and fatty acid methyl esters derived from crude soy oil (80 wt.%) were treated with 1 wt.% Magnesol R60 or 2 wt.% Magnesol R60 at 200 degrees F for 20 minutes. Unwashed and treated samples were tested for presence of various impurities, flash point, kinematics viscosity, cetane number, cloud point, and copper corrosion. The sample exhibited flash point of 92 and 141 degrees C, kinematics viscosity of 4.22 and 4.156, cetane number of 53.2 and 55, cloud point of -3 degrees C and 0 degrees C, and copper corrosion or 1A, respectively for 1 wt.% Magnesol R60 and 2 wt.% Magnesol R60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: (A) is an oil refinery process wastewater containing free and soluble oil. The filter comprises a filter media as a solid sorbent (clay, cellulose, starch and/or activated carbon) will absorb or otherwise remove a quaternary amine compound from an aqueous solution. (A) is an oil refinery stripped sour water and the primary form of the selenium is selenocyanate. The quaternary amine compound is of formula R1R2R3R4N+ X- (where R1-R4 are alkyl or aryl groups (preferably 3-30C paraffins) and X is an anion (preferably halo)). The process further comprises a prefiltering step. The effluent is passed through a filter medium comprising activated carbon to produce a second effluent, which is depleted in selenium content relative to the first effluent. The second effluent is contacted by an anion exchange resin to produce a third effluent, which is depleted in selenium content relative to the second effluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The periphery opening area (B(m2)) of grinding table and ejected air quantity (A(m3/minutes)) satisfies the relation: A=basteriskB, where b is 800-1500, and height (H(mm)) of dam ring and diameter (D(m)) of grinding table satisfies the relation: H=casteriskD0.5, where c is 20-60. The roller of vertical mill has 6degrees bearing of 10-25 N/mm2. Preferred Apparatus: The wood raw material is subjected to primary grinding using a hammer crusher, and secondary grinding using a vertical mill.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The wood fuel has average particle diameter of 0.5-3 mm, and residue rate of 30 mass% or less in 5 mm sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: 20-40% of water content of the mowed grass is dried. Preferred Method: Used paper is mixed with mowed grass along with waste plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: 20-40% of water content of the mowed grass is dried. Preferred Method: Used paper is mixed with mowed grass along with waste plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst main material is woody material, sawdust, or coppiced timber. The organic raw material is chitin derivative or sea weed.Preferred Method: Hydrolysis mixing is carried out at 60 degrees C or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst secondary material contains material, such as zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multiple component glass material contains 15% or more, preferably 15-60%, most preferably 20-55% of total content of niobium, titanium and tungsten, in mol% display of positive ion which comprises glass (3). The glass is a phosphate glass. The glass material contains phosphorus (20-50%), niobium (0-50%), titanium (0-20%) and tungsten (0-40%), in mol% display of positive ion which comprises the glass. The hydrogen processed composite material contains a hydrogen storage property alloy containing at least one type of palladium, nickel and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluid separation membrane contains silicon-carbon-oxygen bond, and titanium. The porous support consists of oxide ceramic. The fluid-separating filter further has an intermediate layer (5) formed in between the porous support and the fluid separation membrane. The intermediate layer having thickness of 0.5-10 microns, consists of oxide ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The portion(s) of polycarbosilane is substituted by polytitano carbosilane. A solution containing liquid organosilicon compound, liquid organic compound which produces carbon by thermal decomposition and polymerization catalyst is applied on porous support, and heat-processed at high temperature in non-oxidizing atmosphere, and fluid separation membrane is formed on surface of porous support.Preferred Compounds: The liquid organosilicon compound is alkylsilicate. The liquid organic compound is phenol resin and furfuryl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The main component of ceramic layer of plasma generating electrode, is one type of compound selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, dense-substance cordierite, aluminum oxide group composite material, silicon-carbide group composite material and mullite group composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The main components of conductive layer includes metal selected from tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, iron, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The main component of ceramic layer of plasma generating electrode, is one type of compound selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, dense-substance cordierite, aluminum oxide group composite material, silicon-carbide group composite material and mullite group composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Conductive Film: The electrically conductive film is made of metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, zirconia, nickel. iron, silver, copper, platinum, palladium. The protective film is made of metal film selected from nickel-boron, nickel-phosphorus, cobalt-boron, cobalt-phosphorus, chromium, silver, silver-palladium, platinum or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Plate: The ceramic plate is made of compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, mullite, cordierite, magnesium-calcium-titanium type oxide, barium-titanium-zinc based oxide and barium-titanium type oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The biogas system further has a co-generation apparatus for recovering heat and electric power using the biogas obtained by the methane-fermentation process as fuel, and a heat supply unit for supplying the recovered heat as a heat source for concentration process and/or carbonization process. The concentration apparatus is a multiple utility system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The two-phase turbine is a rotodynamic turbine. Additional stages involve expanding the solvent poor in impurities through a second two-phase turbine to release a second quantity of impurities in gaseous form and obtain an expanded solvent, then separating the second quantity of impurities from the expanded solvent. Both turbines have at least one impulsor and at least one distributor, with the impulsors mounted on the same axle. In addition, the solvent poor in impurities is distilled to separate the impurities from the solvent and the distilled solvent is recycled to the first stage. The gas is placed in contact with the solvent at a pressure of between 1 MPa and 15 MPa absolute and the solvent is expanded to a pressure between 0.1 MPa and 3 MPa absolute in the first stage. The solvent is a solvent of physical nature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrocarbon evaporator is located in the bottom part of the mixing chamber. The heater is an electric heater. A second heater is provided to heat the wall of the mixing chamber and/or a wall downstream of the mixing chamber. The second heater is a heat exchanger or electric heater. The steam generator comprises a heat exchanger (38) for heating water with heat from a burner (36) used to burn exhaust gas from a fuel cell (34), and a heat exchanger (40) for heating water with heat from reformate leaving a reformer (32).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: This is improved by adding a fat-dissolving substance (II), e.g. an alcohol or washing-up liquid, to prevent separation of organic and aqueous components. Optionally the water-(I) mixture also contains a plant oil (rapeseed oil) and/or an acid present in the oil, to improve the herbicidal effect. Typical acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic or linolenic, and the plant oil forms a protective film over (I).Preferred Materials: (I) is particularly material formed as by product during manufacture of biodiesel fuel. ACTIVITY - Herbicide.    No details of tests for herbicidal activity are given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The light metals are alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, preferably lithium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The heat treatment is conducted at a temperature of 580-900degreesC when the substrate is silicon; a temperature of 580-1250degreesC when the substrate is silicon boride or silicon carbide; a temperature of 600-1250degreesC when the substrate is silicon nitride; a temperature of 400-600degreesC when the substrate is aluminum or germanium; a temperature of 660-1000degreesC when the substrate is boron; a temperature of about 660-1250degreesC when the substrate is boron nitride; or a temperature of 500-1000degreesC when the substrate is graphite. Preferred Process: A reactant is disposed in the substrate and forms a binary couple or ternary triple upon heat treatment. The method further comprises identifying and analyzing phase(s) of the diffusion couple using electron microprobe; slicing and grinding the diffusion multiple; and/or analyzing the diffusion multiple by electron microprobe analysis or electron backscatter diffraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Device: The metallic agent is selected from iron, manganese, nickel, copper, titanium or a similar metal from the transition element group having similar properties (preferably iron).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The adsorptive agent and the hydrophobic agent comprise clinoptilolite. The nutrients comprise phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. The alkaline buffer is selected from silicates, fly ash or similar alkaline material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganisms are selected from Thiobacillus thioparus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The microorganisms are provided by including a source of innoculation e.g. agar or broth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline pH-modifying substance (0.04 wt.%) comprises sodium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The alkaline pH-modifying substance is sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Safety enhancing additives are included. They comprise colorants, bitters, or flame retardants. Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous fuel substance comprises 90-100 wt.% neat methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline pH-modifying substance (0.04 wt.%) comprises sodium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The alkaline pH-modifying substance is sufficient to adjust the pH to 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thickening substance (2 wt.%) comprises Carbopol EZ-3. Polymeric additives are included. Preferred Property: The gel fuel has a viscosity of 1000-48000 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The membrane is formed of polycarbonate or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises of a polymer, especially acrylamide, alginate and/or carrageenan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterial Strain: The base pair sequence of (I) is identical to SEQ ID No. 1-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microbial mixture composition further comprises having DNA signature bands at 3437 base pairs, at 991 base pairs and at 676 base pairs. The mixture further comprises having 23% relative ratio of m/e equal to 264 and 38% relative ratio of m/e equal to 414. The microbial mixture composition further comprises a prokaryote, a yeast or their mixtures.Preferred Bioremediation System: The Bacillus sp. in the bioremediation system is the anaerobic bacteria, the aerobic bacteria, or both the anaerobic and the aerobic bacteria. The enzyme digests a carbohydrate, a protein, a lipid, or a surfactant. The yeast is a Saccharomyces sp.The system further comprises adding elements selected from iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, or their combinations, maintaining the predetermined volume by adding water having less than 2 ppm chlorine, maintaining the phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium compositions, and adding to the liquid bioremediation system a starch selected from corn meal, wheat bran, rice bran, or other cellulosic material to form a solid.Preferred Method: The solid matter in operating a sewage treatment system is reduced by 100% relative to the initial amount of solid matter, and comprises total suspended solids or volatile suspended solids. The total suspended solids are reduced by 36% in 5 days or in the range of 34-40% over a period of time up to 18 days. The volatile suspended solids are reduced by 30% in five days or in the range of 23-36% in 18 days. The sewage comprises dissolved oxygen in at least 0.5 or 1.0 ppm. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filter press has a filter cloth made of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The thermophilic-digestion process is performed at 50-60degreesC.Preferred Process: The wet slaking process of organic waste involves carrying out thermophilic digestion of one portion of to-be-processed material anaerobically on light-irradiation conditions in the presence of anaerobic digested sludge containing souring property microorganisms and/or methane-fermentation property microorganisms, separating the digestive product obtained by digestion process into liquid phase and solid phase, and recovering the solid phase obtained by separation process.Preferred Composition: The gaseous phase containing methane generated in the thermophilic process is used as a fuel, and the solid phase recovered by recovery process is used as an organic fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The chemical oxygen demand of the supernatant is 200-1000 mg/l, less than 200 mg/l or more than 1000 microg/l, where the supernatant is subjected to aerobic treatment.The aromatic compound is terephthalic acid, para-toluic acid, benzoic acids and their salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: (M1) involves separating non-fermentable organic waste after hydrolysis process. (M1) involves adjusting the input of the concentration of hydrolyzed decompose product and/or fermentable organic waste prior to methane fermentation process. The hydrolysis step is carried out at a temperature of 120-250 degrees C, for 5-60 minutes. The hydrolysis of non-fermentable organic waste is carried out by adding water, until the solid content of non-fermentable organic waste becomes 50 % or less. (M1) uses the dehydrated supernatant liquid of the digest that is emitted from methane fermentation step, as a dilution agent (water) for hydrolysis step. The biodegradable plastic is used as a container for organic wastes and as foodstuffs packaging container. The container is made up of polyester type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: (P1) Further comprising the step of converting the final product to a further refined product selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, synthetic fuels and/or chemicals. (P1) Additionally further comprising the step of entraining the particles of petroleum coke and heavy crude oil in a flow of steam, oxygen, or other gaseous oxidant. The exposing step is carried out using only steam as oxidant, resulting in a product mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The source of external radiation provides sensible and latent heat required to bring the reactants to the reaction temperature. The conversion uses an oxidant, and the oxidant is selected from steam, oxygen, metal oxides, and/or other oxygen-containing compounds (preferably steam). The source of external radiation is created by hybrid operation with fossil fuels or concentrated solar energy. The fossil fuel comprises petroleum coke particles and heavy crude oil directly exposed to the external source of radiation, whereby the fossil fuel simultaneously serves as radiant absorber and chemical reactant. The flow serves simultaneously as reactant and as an aerodynamic curtain to keep a window clean for access of radiation to the fossil fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogenated hydrocarbon in the preparation of a polymerized hydrocarbon is of formula X-R or Xa-R-Xb.R = a hydrocarbon group containing a heteroatom and conjugated multiple bonds and at least one ring structure (having a substituent) selected from benzene, thiophene, fluorene or pyridine;X, Xa and Xb = halo.The diene as a raw material for constituting the magnesium-diene complex is a conjugated diene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymerized hydrocarbon is of formula R-R or -(R)n-.n = at least2Preferred Method: The production of the polymerized hydrocarbon involves an equation (a) or (a1).The dehalogenation in the preparation of a polymerized hydrocarbon is performed in the presence of a nickel complex catalyst or a palladium complex catalyst. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (2-Butene-1,4-diyl)magnesium is specifically claimed as the magnesium-diene complex.    EXAMPLE - 2,7-Dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene (0.615 g), Pd(diphenylphosphinopropane)Cl2 (0.0339 g) and dry toluene (15 ml) were mixed in a tube purged with an inert gas. After 1.5 hours of stirring at room temperature, tetrahydrofuran suspension of (2-butene-1,4-diyl)magnesium (3.2 ml, 1.7 mmol) was added and the mixture was reacted for 35 hours at reflux temperature of toluene/tetrahydrofuran while stirring. The reaction solution was then fed into a mixture of methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid (7:1) to terminate the polymerization, the product was recovered, and purified by acid washing, alkali washing and reprecipitation, and dried to obtain poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) (number average molecular weight = 2400, weight average molecular weight = 3600) (0.358 g, 82%). No odor was detected during the reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - COMPUTING AND CONTROL - The composting container has an automatic control through an on-board computer, or remotely from an office personal computer (PC) by the contractor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vegetable oil is sunflower oil. Unsaturated bond of triglyceride in the oil forms ozonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Methods: The treatment is carried out with the inoculating substance applied onto carrier of 3-12 vol.% calculated to 100 m3 of liquid manure. Aeration is carried out during 10 days blowing in air at 0.02-0.08 m3/minute and 0.1-0.4 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The first apparatus comprises a first chamber containing a first media supporting sufficient aerobic bacteria to substantially reduce the oxygen concentration of the water, preferably to below 2 ppm. The second apparatus comprises a second chamber comprising a media of sulfur which supports sufficient anaerobic bacteria to substantially reduce the nitrate concentration of the water, preferably to 0-20 ppm. The process further comprises adding calcium to the water, adjusting pH of the water to 6 - 8, skimming protein using a mixing eductor, reducing sulfate concentration in the water using anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria in a desulfator, flowing the water with reduced nitrate levels to an oxytower such that as the water flows down side walls contacts the algae to raise the pH of the water, adding catholyte and anolyte to the water.The aerobic bacteria is chosen from Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria.The anaerobic bacteria is chosen from Thiobacilus denitrificans, Thiobacillus versutus, Thiobacillus thyasiris, Thiosphaera pantotropha, Paracoccus denitrificans and Thiomicrospira denitrificans (preferably Thiobacilus denitrificans).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The detecting unit and compensating unit are provided in a gas-detecting chamber for introducing the gas to be inspected. The control device includes a heater provided in the gas-detecting chamber, a heater current conductance stopping mechanism for gradually decreasing an amount of current conductance to the heater, and a state detecting mechanism for detecting humidity state of an atmosphere in the gas detecting chamber. The heater current conductance stopping mechanism decreases the amount of current conductance to the heater depending on the humidity state of the atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber. The heater current conductance stopping mechanism sets the amount of current conductance to the heater in such way that surface temperature of the detecting unit and compensating unit are higher than a dew-point temperature of an atmosphere in the gas detecting chamber. The unit current conductance stopping mechanism decreases the amounts of current conductance to the detecting unit and compensating unit in accordance with the humidity state of the atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber. The unit current conductance stopping mechanism sets the amounts of current conductance to the detecting unit and compensating unit in such way that surface temperature of the detecting unit and compensating unit are higher than a dew-point temperature of an atmosphere in the gas-detecting chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reactant compound formed includes metal chloride or oxy-chloride. The contaminant includes volatile or semi-volatile metal, preferably mercury, mercury chloride, or mercury perchlorate. The source of plasma gas includes air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, water, or hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The novel contaminant removal method includes recirculating the removed contaminant compound to the source of plasma. It includes adjusting a temperature of the gas stream to 100degreesC prior to discharging the activated species into the gas stream.Preferred Components: The removal device is a particulate species-type removal device, soluble species-type removal device, wet scrubber, or electrostatic precipitator. The non-thermal plasma generation device is a wet scrubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reactant compound formed includes metal chloride or oxy-chloride. The contaminant includes volatile or semi-volatile metal, preferably mercury, mercury chloride, or mercury perchlorate. The source of plasma gas includes air, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, helium, water, or hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The digestive liquor contains nitrogen component (500 mg/L or more) as total nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The Lactobacillus is agar fixed Lactobacillus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zirconia group oxide consists of sulfur (0.5-30 mol%) as sulfate ion with respect to 100 mol% of zirconium oxide and aluminum oxide. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride aqueous solution (containing 99.2 g of zirconium as zirconium oxide) and aluminum-nitrate aqueous solution (containing 0.8 g of aluminum as aluminum oxide) were mixed, and pH was adjusted to 8 using 25% aqueous ammonia. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, to obtain composite hydroxide gel. The solid was separated from the obtained composite hydroxide gel, and washed with water (2000 g). The obtained gel was dried at 100 degrees C, to obtain a composite hydroxide. An ammonium sulfate aqueous solution (containing 4.5 g of sulfur) was impregnated into the composite hydroxide, and dried at 110 degrees C. The obtained dried product was baked at 650 degrees C, to obtain zirconium group oxide.    The obtained oxide contained 0.7 wt.% of alumina and 10.7 wt.% of sulfate (SO4). SO4 decomposition temperature was measured and found to be 612 degrees C. The oxide had bond energy of 182.61 eV. The conversion ratio and selectivity of the oxide were evaluated during shift reaction of n-butane to i-butane in presence of zirconia group oxide and found to be 25.5% and 90.6%, respectively. The zirconia group oxide was excellent in heat stability at high temperature. The crystal growth of zirconium oxide was effectively suppressed by addition of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The upper catalyst layer has catalyst containing platinum as main component. The down-stream catalyst layer has catalyst containing platinum, ruthenium and/or their alloys as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Parameter: The solids digestion vessel is operated at a temperature of 20-80 degrees C (preferably 50-60 degrees C) during the solids digestion phase. The series of liquid digester tanks is operated at a temperature of 30-40 degrees C for mesophilic digestion or 50-60 degrees C for thermophilic digestion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The flow is measured when the overhead fluid is a gas prior to cooling. The high-pressure tower is controlled by maintaining a constant ratio between the reflux flow and the flow rate of dehydrated gas feed to the process. To smooth the variation of low-pressure tower overhead gas, a small amount of dehydrated gas feed is added to the reflux gas to make a desired ratio of the reflux flow. In situations where there is an excess of overhead gas from the low-pressure tower, the surplus is process with the main dehydrated feed gas that is cooled, chilled, partially condensed, and fed to the bottom of the high-pressure tower.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ceramic structure consists of ceramic glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic structure consists of alumina, mullite, zirconia, cordierite, silicon nitride and aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive film consists of tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, iron, silver, copper, platinum or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic structure consists of alumina, mullite, zirconia, cordierite, silicon nitride and aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises phosphate catalyst. The phosphate catalyst comprises platinum (less than 30 wt.%). The phosphate catalyst is doped with transition metal or p- or n-type conductor. The transition metal is molybdenum. The phosphate catalyst is combined with conductive support. The combination of phosphate catalyst and conductive support comprises conductive support (at least 50 wt.%). The conductive support is carbon black or Vulcan carbon. The cathode and anode are coated on opposite surfaces of proton-conducting membrane. The proton-conducting membrane comprises perfluoro sulfonic acid polymer. Preferred Definitions:    M1 = platinum (group alloys) or palladium;and    M2 = iron (preferred), niobium (preferred), tin, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, tantalum, vanadium, zirconium, zinc, titanium, chromium, and/or cobalt;    X = 1-5;    y = 1-20;and    z = 0-2
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactant comprises elemental lithium, germanium and/or lithium.Preferred Process: Potassium and/or sodium is further disposed adjacent to the reactant, and a binary or ternary couple is formed after heat treatment. At least one phase of diffusion multiple is identified and analyzed by electron microprobe analysis. The diffusion multiple is sliced and ground, after heat treatment. The suitability of phase(s) of diffusion multiple for adsorption of hydrogen, is determined by time of flight secondary mass ion spectrometry or thermal imaging method, or by using tungsten oxide detector. The hydrogenated compound is heated by microwave irradiation, convectional heating and/or electrical resistive heating, by using heat from fuel cell exhaust, to recover hydrogen. The hydrogen recovery method further involves adding 20 wt.% or less of dopant to compound (A). The dopant comprises titanium, vanadium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, nickel, manganese, cobalt, silicon, gallium, germanium and lanthanide series elements. The hydrogen generation reactor (H) is in fluid communication with downstream of slurry production reactor (B) and upstream of drying and separation reactor (C). Reactor (B) is in fluid communication with downstream of reactor (C). The hydride recycle reactor (D) is in fluid communication with reactor (B). A metal hydride slurry is transferred from reactor (D) to reactor (B), and water is introduced into reactor (H). Hydrogen is generated in reactor (H), by using heat from microwave radiation, convective heat and fuel cell exhaust heat.Preferred Condition: The substrate is heat treated at 400-600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reactant is disposed in at least one hole of substrate, and a binary couple or ternary triple is formed by heating. The substrate is heated at 600-1000degreesC, 650-1250degreesC and 660-1250degreesC, when substrate contains boron, boron carbide and boron nitride, respectively. At least one phase of diffusion couple is analyzed and identified using electron microprobe analysis or electron backscatter diffraction. The diffusion couple is further sliced and ground, after heating. The absorption of hydrogen is determined by secondary mass ion spectroscopy, thermal imaging or by using tungsten oxide detector. Heating is conducted using microwave radiation, convectional heating and/or electrical resistive heating.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generation reactor is in fluid communication with downstream of slurry production reactor, which is in fluid communication with downstream of drying and separation reactor. The hydride recycle reactor is in fluid communication with slurry production reactor. Slurry from slurry production reactor is transferred to hydrogen generation reactor, and regenerated metal hydride is transferred from hydride recycle reactor to slurry production reactor. Water is introduced into hydrogen generation reactor, and hydrogen is generated by using the heat from microwave radiation, convective heat and exhaust heat of fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A dopant comprising titanium, vanadium, zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, nickel, manganese, cobalt, boron, gallium, germanium and lanthanide series element, is added to the compound of diffusion couple in an amount of 20 wt.% or less. Heating is effected by the heat from exhaust of fuel cell.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No agricultural data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The processing method of organic waste further involves co-generation process and thermogenesis process. The co-generation process recovers heat and electric power produced in methane fermentation process by using biogas as fuel. The heat recovered in co-generation process is used as a heat source of concentration process and/or drying process. The thermogenesis process generates heat using the biogas. The heat generated in thermogenesis process is used as heat source of concentration process and/or drying process.Preferred Apparatus: The concentration process is performed using a multiple utility concentration unit. The organic-waste processing system further comprises a co-generation unit (80), thermogenesis unit and a heat supply unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The naturally occurring triglyceride is a vegetable oil, e.g. rapeseed oil, soybean oil and/or palm oil. The alpha-beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid or anhydride is maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid. The normally liquid fuel is diesel fuel. Preferred Method: The naturally occurring triglyceride is transesterified with a monohydric alcohol 1-22C. The rapeseed oil, the soybean oil and/or their palm oil are transesterified with methanol. Preferred Composition: The ester composition is present in the fuel composition is 30-99.99 wt.% and the low temperature operability composition is 100-10000 ppm by weight. The fuel composition further comprises an additional fuel additive and normally liquid fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The copolymer is formed from styrene or maleic anhydride. It further comprises an additional comonomer from 1-4C alkyl alpha-beta unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester, di(1-4C alkyl) alpha-beta-unsaturated dicarboxylic acid ester, vinyl monocarboxylic acid ester and/or alkyl vinyl ether. The additional comonomer is methyl methacrylate. Preferred Property: The copolymer before to esterification has a reduced specific viscosity of 0.05-2. Preferred Method: The copolymer is esterified with a mixture of two or more alcohols having 5-20C. The esterified copolymer is reacted with an amine having one amino group that is a primary or a secondary amino group. EXAMPLE - A cold filter plugging points (CFPP) of biodiesel fuel composition containing rapeseed methyl ester samples and varying levels of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer esterified with alcohol mixtures that varied in average carbon length (ACL) was evaluated. The CFPP of the composition with an ACL of 10.4 with rapeseed methyl ester samples of 6000 ppm by weight treatment level was -13degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method for manufacture of proton conductive film involves preparing precursor solution containing water, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, surface active agent and tetra ethoxy silane.The precursor solution is applied on substrate to form a cross-linked structure.The cross-linked structure is silylated by exposing to mercapto propyl tri methoxy silane or mercapto methoxy silane, or phosphatized by exposing to ethyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The dispenser further comprises a mixer (180) that mixes the treated liquid with a flavoring; a canister containing a soft drink syrup or carbonator and a mixer that mixes at least some of the treated liquid with at least some of the syrup or carbonator; a locked cabinet that includes the RF plasma wave generator and a money slot; charcoal filter fluidly positioned between the on-line source and a product liquid dispenser; and a display that displays a price for the product liquid.The RF plasma wave generator has a basic frequency of 0.44-40.56 MHz, a modulation frequency of 10-35 kHz, a pulse amplitude of 2-40 kV, a pulse width of 5-45 microseconds and a repetition rate of 10-35 kHz.The on-line source comprises a municipal water outlet and it provides unhealthy amount of a microorganism (preferably E. Coli, Salmonella, Polio, Hepatitis A or Cryptosporidium parvum).The conduit passes the treated liquid to an outlet without adding any additional chemical and it carries the source liquid in at least two substantially separate streams past the waves and then recombines the separate streams.Preferred Method: The dispensing further comprises treating at least one of the contaminated water and the treated water with a filter, combining the treated water with a flavoring and accepting a payment for an amount of the treated water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first covered containment mechanism comprises pond covered with membrane. The membrane impervious to oxygen flow. The second covered fluid container comprises cylindrical vessel. The first liquid outlet comprises loop seal for controlling the fluid level in the second covered fluid container. The gas processing mechanism for receiving and processing gas from first gas outlet comprises gas scrubbing system. The liquid processor comprises third covered fluid container (39) hydraulically connected to the first liquid outlet. The third covered fluid containment mechanism comprises third upper section and third lower section. The third upper section comprises second gas outlet. The third lower section comprises second liquid outlet. The first covered vessel is rectangular. The aqueous slurry comprises solids (1-15%). The gas processor comprises gas scrubbing system. The fourth covered vessel of the second digester module is rectangular.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Features: The shape of the anode, cathode, polymer membrane, gas diffusion medium and bipolar plate is curved outward in a concave manner or curved inward in a convex manner. The anode has a catalytic surfaces to form a gas (hydrogen) from an ion species (hydrogen ions).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The microorganisms are non-infectious Bacilli. The carbon source is starch, glucose, saccharose or organic acids, especially acetic or citric acid or their salts. The ammonia concentration in the water is stabilized to below 1.0 mg/l and has a neutral pH. The process temperature is 18 - 26degrees. Biomass is removed by sieving when it exceeds a specific threshold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The coil could be in one single length or in sections propeller blades Pike. The body of the vessel has openings provided with sliding tracks (5) on which one will be able to position a solid door (6) and/or a screen (7). Air driven solid inoculants will be introduced via side body openings, presented by an all directions traveling hoist.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vessel is made of plastic, wood, fiber glass, and/or metal possibly, with a preservative coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method includes cooling gaseous material discharged from the pretreatment step to recover arsenic compound and/or pyroligneous acid component. The pretreatment step is carried out in a pretreatment chamber provided in fluidized-bed gasification furnace. Alternatively, gasification of raw material includes drying raw material in a drying apparatus, gasifying the dried raw material in a gasification chamber to produce combustible gas and residue, combusting the residue in a combustion chamber to generate combustion gas, and supplying the combustion gas to the drying apparatus to dry the raw material. This method may include cooling gaseous material discharged from the drying apparatus to recover essential oil component and/or pyroligneous acid component, and recovering heat from the combustion gas discharged from the combustion chamber and supplying the combustion gas to the drying apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a cooling apparatus to cool gaseous material discharged from the pretreatment chamber. The gasification and combustion chambers are provided in a fluidized-bed gasification furnace to allow a bed material to circulate between the gasification and combustion chambers. The apparatus also includes bed material settling chamber(s) for allowing the bed material to descend and delivering the bed material to at least one of the gasification and combustion chambers. Alternatively, a gasification apparatus comprises a drying apparatus to dry raw material, a gasification chamber to gasify the dried raw material, a combustion chamber to combust the residue, a cooling apparatus to cool gaseous material discharged from the drying apparatus, a heat recovery device to recover heat from the combustion gas discharged from the combustion chamber, and bed material settling chamber(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The methane from carbon monoxide separation system is recycled to the monolith reactor. A high purity hydrogen is produced. The compressor compresses the feed gas to 10-50 bar. The CO2 is removed from the feed gas. The hydrogen is removed from the feed gas stream as a raw hydrogen gas stream and further purified.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monolith reactor comprises a metal catalyst consisting of a metal supported by a ceria coating disposed on a ceramic monolith. The metal is nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium or osmium. The ceria coating has 5-30 wt.% with respect to the monolith.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide (CO2) separation system comprises a compressor, a CO2 adsorption column and a CO2 stripper column. The hydrogen separation system is a pressure swing adsorption system. The carbon monoxide separation system comprises a cold box containing a separator vessel, stripper column and carbon monoxide/methane splitter column.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ceramic is zirconia, alumina, yttria, titania, magnesia, ceria or cordierite. The tail gas comprises 2:1 vol.% hydrogen to carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The polymer is a high molecular weight cationic polymer. The high molecular weight cationic polymer is a polymer of acrylamide and one or more cationic monomers (diallyldimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminoethylacrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt or dimethylaminoethylacrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt). The dewatering is accomplished by sedimentation, flotation, centrifugation or filtration (preferably by a belt filter press or a centrifuge).The process further comprises measuring the amount of high molecular weight water-soluble polymer in the filtrate or mixed liquor; and adjusting the amount of water-soluble polymer added to the excess activated sludge to minimize the amount of polymer in the filtrate water or mixed liquor. The measuring is by fluorescence emission spectroscopy.The measuring is performed by adding to the excess activated sludge at least one fluorescent material to form a fluorescent complex between the fluorescent material and the water soluble polymer prior to the dewatering or adding to the excess activated sludge at least one fluorescent polymeric dewatering aid; and detecting the amount of fluorescent complex in the filtrate water or the mixed liquor. The measuring is in the mixed liquor.The fluorescent material is added to the excess activated sludge is about 0.01-200000 ppm, based on the weight of the water-soluble polymer. The measuring is carried out continuously. The amount of water-soluble polymer is adjusted continuously. The amount of high molecular weight water-soluble polymer added to the excess activated sludge is adjusted to obtain a level of less than about 5 ppm of polymer in the mixed liquor. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The control which decreases or increases the processing load in the fermentation tank, is carried out by setting the pH in the fermentation tank or by setting the amount of organic waste supplied to the fermentation tank.Preferred Unit: The densitometer is a diaphragm-type carbon-dioxide densitometer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrated-compound processing apparatus further comprises a fermenter (40) which performs third order dehydration and fermentation of the hydrated compound dehydrated to predetermined moisture content in the dehydration tank, a pressure reduction unit to reduce pressure inside the dehydration tank, and primary and secondary boiling are performed under reduced pressure, and a sprayer (26) to spray the heated oil in the shape of shower, provided at the dehydration tank. Preferred Composition: The hydrated compound after primary boiling process comprises 5-30 wt.%, when the amount of oil thrown into the dehydration tank is 100 wt.%.Preferred Process: A heat source of condensed water produced by condensing vapor is used to heat and ferment the hydrated compound in the fermenter. The hydrated compound is subjected to third order dehydration and fermentation, after secondary boiling to give a fuel or fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The module is accessed via a bypass inlet (10) to a tubular heat exchanger through which cold combustion gas containing hydrocarbons is passed into the catalyst chamber. The fuel cell waste gases and the waste gases from the catalytic combustion chamber are conveyed through a catalyst support in the form of a plate heat exchanger with the aid of a ventilator which removes the waste gases.
EXAMPLE - Fuel pellets can be made from a mixture of 50% wood shavings and 50% oat bran by adjusting the moisture content to 5-40% and compressing the mixture in a pelletizer press.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid comprises an alcohol compound selected from methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, secondary butyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol and benzyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The exhaust gas purification system (1) further comprises a power circuit (150, 151) for applying a periodically varying current to the one or more sub-electrodes; and controller for varying a frequency of the current output from the power circuit according to operating condition of the engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The movable plate is a part of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The MEMS device includes a stationary support structure and springs attached between the plate and the support structure. It further includes an electrostatic actuator for moving plate relative to the stationary support structure in response to an electrical signal applied to the actuator. The system further includes a light source, a lens, and a signal processor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The selective combustion layer contains paste of alumina, ethyl cellulose and isopropyl alcohol solution of alkoxide compound and catalyst.Preferred Compounds: The alkoxide compound is tetraethoxytin, tetrapropoxytin, tetrabutoxytin, triethoxy indium, trimethoxyindium, tripropoxyindium, diethoxyzinc, dimethoxyzinc or dipropoxyzinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The digested supernatant liquid is removed from methane fermentation tank, and aeration gas is introduced to anaerobic tank (12), to decompose the organic matter in the digested supernatant liquid, in the anaerobic tank. The aeration step is carried out for the digested supernatant liquid within the methane fermentation tank, and where the amount of digested supernatant liquid that is introduced in the methane fermentation tank and the amount of aeration gas are controlled based on the ammonia concentration. The method further involves nitrogen removal methods and aeration processing simultaneously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The pH adjustment of nitrous acid type nitrification is carried out using a carbonate-containing alkaline solution obtained by contacting biogas produced during anaerobic process with an alkaline solution. The treated water from denitrification process is processed using a heterotrophy denitrifying microorganism, and aeration processing of treated water is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing-molar ratio of organic acid and alkali are same, or the molar ratio of organic acid is more than that of alkali.Preferred Property: The alkali and/or organic acid has melting point of 20 degrees C or less. The proton exchange material is hydrophobic material.Preferred Compound: The alkali is cyclic compound or nitrogen compound. The nitrogen compound is a compound having imidazole structure, pyrazole structure and/or triazole structure, preferably 1-methyl imidazole, 4-methyl imidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole, 1-methyl pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole and 5-methyl-benzimidazole. The nitrogen compound has alkyl group(s).Preferred Group: The alkyl group is methyl group.Preferred Acid: The organic acid is carboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton exchange material contains a gelatinization material and a reinforcing material conjugated by ionic liquid. The gelatinization material contains a polymer compound and a polar group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The harmful-substance removal unit comprises a dehumidifier to remove moisture content, a desulfurizing unit to remove sulfur component, and a de-siloxane unit to remove siloxane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) is R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane), R-125 (pentafluoroethane) or R-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane). (I) contains 80-99 (preferably 90-99) wt. % (A) and 1-20 (preferably 1-10) wt. % (B). (A) optionally also contains at least one oil of polyol ester or polyalkylene glycol type, specifically at 5-85 wt. %.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (A) optionally contains polyalkylene glycol type oil(s). EXAMPLE - In tests for the removal of oil from a refrigeration coil, 10 g of Suniso 3GS (RTM; mineral oil) was placed in the coil within a cryostat at 0degreesC. The coil was connected upstream to a vessel containing test composition (within a bath at 30degreesC) and downstream to a receiving vessel (within a bath at 60degreesC) equipped with a gas analyzer. Test composition was passed through the circuit for 15 minutes at a flow rate of 1 m3/h (measured at room temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure) and the amount of oil recovered in the receiving vessel was weighed. The amount of oil recovered using a mixture of 95 wt. % R-134-a (1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane) and 5% trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was 204% relative to that recovered using pure R-134a.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process : The separated-off solids have a dry content of 20-50% and a moisture content of 50-80%. The heat and biogas production is effected by a process involving addition of fermenting inoculants, especially in the presence of other (in)organic additives as co-fermenting agents, the residue being used as a new inoculant or, following fermentation, as a fertilizer. EXAMPLE - Cattle manure was conventionally separated (e.g. by filtration) into    (i) a storable solids fraction of nitrogen content ca. 28%, a phosphorus content of ca. 35%, a potassium content of ca. 26% with a dry content of ca. 31% and which could be transported for subsequent biogas production; and    (ii) a residual liquid with corresponding contents of 72%, 65%, 74% and 3% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The housing comprises a plastic reinforced with glass fibers, the plastic being polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, Halar (RTM; ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer), polyfluoroethylenepropylene, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, tetrafluoroethylene/perfluorovinyl ether copolymer or polytetrafluoroethylene. Alternatively the housing is a steel scrubbing column with an internal rubber coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Absorbent: The absorbent is an aqueous solution containing methyldiethanolamine and piperazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The engine exhaust gas is introduced into the SOFC via the inlet for air and/or engine exhaust gas. It is introduced into the evaporator as a mixture with an oxygen-containing gas, e.g. air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating of the heat storing is carried out a temperature of 800-1600 degrees C, preferably 1200-1400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The mixer and the grinder are rotatably supported about an upright axis for rotation relative to the composting chamber which remains fixed. The mixer comprises a sweep arm movable about the composting chamber in a sweeping motion adjacent a peripheral wall of the composting chamber. The sweep arm is movable past a ramp bar supported on the peripheral wall which is sloped upwardly in a direction of movement of the sweep arm past the peripheral wall. The grinder and the mixer are supported for rotation together. The grinder comprises first and second grinding components rotatable relative to one another to produce a shearing action. A floor (16) of the composting chamber tapers downwardly and inwardly towards the grinder which is located adjacent a bottom end of the composting chamber. The mixer is supported above the grinder. A vent is in communication with a top end of the composting chamber. The composting chamber is surrounded by insulating material. It includes a loading opening at a top end and a discharge opening at a bottom end. The discharge opening includes a lid (26) which is sealed in a closed position by a resilient seal. A discharge chute (52) projects outwardly from a bottom end of the composting chamber. A heater provides heat to the composting chamber. It is supported adjacent a top end of the composting chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The electrolysis method further includes subjecting the excess gas containing oxygen to the catalytic converter. The hydrogen reduction method further comprises subjecting excess oxygen, air and/or oxygen-enriched air to the catalytic converter at 120-300 degrees C; sending excess oxygen, air and/or oxygen-enriched air through the catalytic converter at 120-300 degrees C; and re-supplying excess oxygen, air and/or oxygen-enriched air to the cathode half-element after the catalytic oxidation. The pressure drop when flowing through the catalytic converter is less than 100, preferably less than 10, mbar. The temperature is 150-180 degrees C. The catalytic oxidation involves using the catalytic converter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The catalytic converter comprises a support body made of ceramic and/or metal; a coating with a catalytically active noble metal, capable of oxidizing hydrogen; and an interlayer comprising aluminum oxide, between the support body and the coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating comprises platinum, or platinum and/or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The agro feedstock added to sweet sorghum is molasses. The base is sweet sorghum. The agro feedstock is molasses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The sweet sorghum juice and the molasses are mixed and heated to 105 degreesC and then rapidly cooled down to 30 degreesC when yeast is added and the fermentation takes place for 72 hours, where after the fermented juice is distilled to produce the alcohol.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The membrane cleaning method uses membrane cleaning particles consisting of non-porous material or material with independent pores. The membrane cleaning particle has immobilized antimicrobial component such as silver or copper. The membrane cleaning particles are added periodically under anaerobic state, and the microorganisms on the surface of the particle are removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), (II) is used as the PCR primer. EXAMPLE - To detect ferrooxidizing bacterium in an activated sludge, DNA was extracted from microorganisms in the sludge. The extracted DNA was purified and subjected to PCR using the primer pair tgcgtaggcggttgagtc (SEQ ID No. 2) and cgccactaagggtgtatatacc (SEQ ID No. 3), comprising a GC clamp (cgcccgccgcgccccgcgcccgtcccgccgcccccgcccg) at their 5' terminal. The obtained PCR product was subjected to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and stained using ethidium bromide. The results showed that the DNA fragment of target length was amplified and the ferrooxidizing bacterium was detected with high efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The normal temperature desulfurizing agent comprises metal component chosen from silver, copper or cobalt, supported on a support chosen from beta-type zeolite, zeolite-X,Y type zeolite or MFI type zeolite. The heated desulfurizing agent is nickel, copper, zinc and iron, or its oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The heated desulfurizing agent is installed in modifier of fuel cell, and heated using heat energy inside the modifier.Preferred Cylinder: The gas is circulated from several LPG cylinders arranged in parallel. Each LPG cylinder has a detection unit for detecting gas residual amount in consumed gas by sending detection signal when consumption rate of requirement is reached, and a switching unit for switching supply gas leading to desulfurizing agent between two cylinders by detection signal.Preferred Process: LPG is filled into cylinder after switching process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur compound contained in LPG cylinder contains dimethyl sulfide, methyl ethyl sulfide and/or tert-butyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Adsorbent: The eelgrass may be left in the crude state and/or used after drying, cleaning and/or removing dust. It may also be modified chemically (preferably by phosphorylation and/or boration), biochemically (preferably by enzymatic and mycological treatment) or by physical methods (preferably by mechanical and thermal treatment).Preferred Process: A cylindrical fixed-bed adsorber with conventional controls and regulators is used. Before elimination of the metals, the water is adjusted to pH 4-10, preferably 5-7. The water is treated several times to attain a predetermined target value. EXAMPLE - Cleaned and dried eelgrass, freed from dust, was tested for adsorption of various heavy metals. With initial concentrations of (A) 596 mg/l nickel (Ni2+), (B) 638 mg/l copper (Cu2+), (C) 514 mg/l manganese (Mn2+), (D) 505 mg/l chromium (Cr3+), (E) 2031 mg/l lead (Pb2+), (F) 1141 mg/l cadmium (Cd2+), the ion exchange capacity was (A) 1.54, (B) 1.37, (C) 1.16, (D) 1.31, (E) 2.04, (F) 1.79 molar equivalent/kg and capacity (A) 45.1, (B) 43.4, (C) 31.8, (D) 22.7, (E) 211.1, (F) 100.6 g/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen is supplied at a low pressure (16-25 millibars, preferably 20 millibars) and burnt at 200-450degreesC (preferably 300degreesC). Heat from the combustion is used for heating a cooling fluid such as cooling water. The cooling water is heated by causing it to pass through a heat exchanger traversed by burnt gases free of oxides or polluting compounds. The cooling water or heated water is stored in a storing tank and used e.g. for heating purposes or for providing sanitary hot water. Water heated in the thermal exchange chamber is accumulated in a hot water accumulator. The generated hot water is used in domestic and industrial heating systems, sanitary hot water delivery systems, and in industrial systems. Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis in the same system or place where the hydrogen combustion is performed. Hydrogen is stored in a storing tank and is used for forming hydride by reacting it with metal or its alloy, e.g. titanium, iron, manganese, nickel, or chrome.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Air and hydrogen in the combustible mixture are present in a maximum ratio of 3.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyzer is palladium, platinum, or other metal or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: An air and hydrogen supply assembly is provided upstream of the burner inlet side, forming, in a mixing chamber a combustible mixture for supply to the combustion chamber through an injection nozzle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterial Strain: (I) expresses XI derived from a Thermus thermophilus xylA gene, overexpresses XK by an addition of a plasmid YipXK (Lonn et al. 2003) linearized with NdeI coding fro XK, overexpresses PPP by adding the genes TAL1, TKL1, RPE1, RKI1, and non-expresses AR by deletion of the gene GRE3 and being adapted to growth in mineral defined medium with xylose as sole carbon source. (I) exhibits growth rate of at least 0.12 h-1, and a xylose uptake rate of at least 0.10 g xylose/g cells/hour. (I) is TMB3050 deposited at Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen under deposition number DSM 15834.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The texture is varied by changing the texture from doughty or liquid cream. The method further involves pressing the organically clean biomass fuel, to further vary the texture of the organically clean biomass fuel; forming the fluid to be substantially free of gum; and forming the solid to be substantially free of black liquor and tar. The powder is mixed with enough fluid to cause the texture to become doughty, liquid cream, or viscous liquid.Preferred Function: Moisturizing the powder causes the texture to become doughty. Pressing the organically clean biomass changes the doughty texture into texture of briquettes or ingots.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves desorbing the methanol, ethanol and/or dimethyl ether from the adsorbent bed. Adsorbing and desorbing are in a kinetic-based pressure and/or temperature swing adsorption process.The adsorption is carried out at 273-523 K and at a pressure of 100-2000 kPa.Preferred Components: (A1) or the first stream is in a vapor phase and comprises propane or hydrocarbon containing greater than 4C.(A2) has a system of three interconnecting 8-membered ring channels and contains framework silicon (preferably silica chabazite (Si-CHA), decadodecasil 3R (DDR) or ITQ-3 (ITE)) and framework phosphorus (preferably aluminophosphates such as AIPO-34 and AIPO-18, and gallophosphates such as GaPO-34 and GaPO-18).The first stream comprises methanol and water during the step of separating.The chabazite has a composition of formula X2O3(n)YO2.X = trivalent element (preferably aluminum, boron, iron, indium and/or gallium);Y = tetravalent element (preferably silicon, tin, titanium and/or germanium); andn = greater than 100 (preferably greater than 200, especially greater than 1000). EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The ash content produced by gasification reaction of biomass is introduced to the reaction system. The ash content is circulated inside the gasification reaction system, made to flow inside the gasifier or fixed in the gasifier. A filter is used for maintaining the ash content in the upper portion, central portion or upper portion besides gasifier of the gasifier. Gasification reaction is performed at 650-1000 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen storage apparatus is equipped with an ammonia adsorption material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst further contains metal chosen from groups Ia or IIa of periodic table.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. Preferably, the hydrocarbon is mixing oil consisting of aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aromatic hydrocarbon, and further contains an organosulfur compound. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate (in g) (0.619), and ammonium molybdate and ammonium salt of perrhenic-acid (0.247), were dissolved in distilled water. Commercially available activated alumina (2.5) was suspended into the solution and metal was supported on alumina. The distilled water was removed by evaporation, and baked at 500 degrees C after leaving overnight at 100 degrees C for 6 hours, and nickel/rhenium/alumina catalyst (2.81) was obtained. The catalyst was filled in a quartz reaction tube and maintained at 600 degrees C for 30 minutes and reduced at 400 degrees C in hydrogen for 2 hours. Methylcyclohexane (MCH)/steam/nitrogen-mixed gas in molar ratio of 1/7/2.2 was supplied into the reaction tube and temperature was raised to 580 degrees C. After 2 hours, the gas composition was analyzed and found that the MCH conversion ratio was 62.4% and hydrogen production rate was 111.1 micromol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The cavitation nozzle is provided for the supply unit (U2). The mixing apparatus further has a circulation unit for extracting oil from oil bath and returning to the cavitation nozzle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bio-fat is refined vegetable oil (preferably mustard oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, olive oil, coconut oil or palm oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: (I) Is chosen from Geobacillus species SPT4 (FERM BP-08452), SPT5 (FERM BP-08453), SPT6 (FERM BP-08454) and SPT7 (FERM BP-08455).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Effluent is supplied to the bottom of the first digester via a fired silicate tube with a diameter greater than or equal to 2 inches and lacking 90 deg. turns, using an open coil-type vacuum pump. The acidogenic fermentation chamber is located in the upper part of the sludge digestion chamber and lined with clay silicate (especially sepiolite) tubes having a honeycomb structure in their upper part. These tubes have inverted V-shaped deflectors located at a height of 40 cm. The digester walls are heated from the outside by a serpentine flow of hot water. The first digester has an external concentric tank with a capacity equal to approximately one third of the daily effluent intake, which contains an outlet and discharge valves. The first digester has a hydraulically operated stainless steel cover provided with a gas extraction system and located above channels for carrying clean water. A variable flow pump is used to remove the water from the first digester and supply it to the bottom of the second digester. The second digester includes a means for generating an ascending flow and contains slats which are separated by a distance of 20 cm and slant at an angle of 45 deg. A U-shaped channel around the outside of the second digester contains perforations in its lower part which have a size of 5 mm and are separated by distances of at least 10 cm. Purified water exits the second digester via the perforations in the U-shaped channel, which are in communication with an outlet pipe. The second digester is hermetically sealed with a hydraulic cover with a U-shaped channel around its periphery. The cone-shaped cover has a biogas outlet tube connected to its highest point, which leads to a gasometer for storage or burning of the gas. The second digester contains one or more stainless steel layers with wings extending from their widest points into the channel in the cover. The channel has a float to regulate the entrance of the wing into it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum hydride is of formula X(AlH4).X = Group IA alkali metals, Group IIA alkali earth metals, Group IIIB lanthanides, or Group IVB transition metals, preferably sodium, lithium, zirconium or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalytic material is a hydrogen storage alloy, and/or Raney catalytic material. The hydrogen storage alloy is rare-earth/Misch metal alloy, zirconium alloy, titanium alloy, and/or magnesium alloy. The Raney catalytic material is Raney nickel, Raney iron, Raney cobalt, and/or Raney manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The element is silicon, titan, nickel, or samarium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The ceramic body comprises particles having diameter of 30-150 micrometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The anaerobic fermentation in tank (I) is performed under a pH of 6-7 at 50-60degreesC. The activated sludge-anaerobic digestion sludge is used as a solubilization hydrogen production microbe. Activation sludge anaerobic digestion sludge (25-35 volume%) is added with respect to the discarded bread-containing suspension. The load velocity of the discarded bread-containing suspension is performed at 12.5-25 g/l/day for half-continuous culture.Preferred Apparatus: A tower UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor is used for anaerobic fermentation in the tank (II). The solubilization liquid obtained in the tank (I) is diluted, so that the total organic acid concentration is set to 2000-5000 ppm and used. The load velocity of TOC (total organic carbon) is performed at 9-10 g TOC/l/day in the tank (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The Aspergillus is Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus sojae or Aspergillus saitoi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The alcohol concentration of the adjusted solution is 20-80 wt.%. The addition of inorganic acid is carried out at 5-60degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The wood chip is obtained from processed coppiced timber, pruning trees and wooden building waste material. The wood chip removed from the manure by sieving is seasoned, and is recycled as a regenerative auxiliary material. The livestock excretion is mixed with animal and plant residue, such that its weight is less by 1.3 with respect to the weight of animal and plant residue. The moisture content is adjusted to 58-62% by the auxiliary material comprising wood chip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Biomass is preferably reacted with water vapor and oxygen.Preferred Properties: The carbon dioxide absorber is present in an amount, such that all the carbon dioxide is absorbed. The ratio of number of moles of carbon dioxide absorber with respect to number of moles of carbon in the biomass is 1-5. Water vapor is supplied such that the ratio of number of moles of water vapor with respect to number of moles of carbon in the biomass is 2 or more. The concentration of oxygen supplied for the reaction is 5% or less than that contained in the reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Absorber: The carbon dioxide absorber is oxide or hydroxide of calcium, magnesium or iron, or oxide or hydroxide of biomass of shellfish shell containing calcium. The carbon dioxide absorber is capable of absorbing carbon dioxide and carbonate, which is formed during the reaction. The absorbed carbon dioxide and carbonate are removed. The removed carbonate is decomposed into carbon dioxide absorber, and again used for the reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is a transition metal catalyst containing Groups IB-VIIIB metals or compounds made of these metals. The transition metal catalyst is ruthenium, cobalt, ruthenium compound, and/or cobalt compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The functional membrane system further comprises a hydrophilic layer, a metallic catalyst layer, and a microporous diffusion layer. The hydrophilic layer and metallic catalyst layer comprise a single layer that is a coating on the microporous diffusion layer. The metallic catalyst layer and microporous diffusion layer may comprise a single layer, with the catalyst being embedded in the microporous diffusion layer. The hydrophilic layer may be coated on the metallic catalyst layer. The metallic catalyst layer is affixed on the microporous diffusion layer by vapor deposition, ionic bonding, or electrostatic bonding. The membrane is a flat sheet, hollow fiber, or asymmetric membrane having a skin. The functional membrane system may comprise a bundle of hollow fiber functional membrane systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquids: The ionic liquid or fluorine group inactive liquid exists in the form of liquid at very low temperature. The ionic liquid is an acid rich liquid. The fluorine group liquid is a liquid containing perfluoro alkyl sulfonic acid. Preferred Method: Ionic liquid of different composition capable of solidifying during mixing, is supplied to gas supply ports of hydrogen pole and air electrode. The ionic liquid consisting of acid rich liquid or base rich liquid, is supplied to hydrogen pole and air electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pH of the composition is adjusted by adding pH regulator such as slaked lime, calcium carbonate, magnesia lime, super phosphate of lime, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate or calcium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The bark compost in the composition is partially sterilized with disinfectant such as copper sulfate. The composition further contains chitin obtained from crustacean. The composition is sealed in plastic bags. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No agricultural data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Bark (80 pts. wt.) was mixed with cattle feces (20 pts. wt.) to obtain a plant fragment composition having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 38. The obtained composition was fermented for 13 months and adjusted to a moisture content of 60% and ground. The obtained bark compost had pH 7.37. Copper sulfate (0.1 pts. wt.) was added to the compost (88.6 pts. wt.) and sterilized. Ammonium sulfate (0.3 pts. wt.) was further added to the sterilized compost, adjusted to pH 6.63, blended with super phosphate of lime (1.0 pts. wt.) and adjusted to salt content of 2.4 mS/cm. Finally, Trichoderma fungi (10.0 pts. wt.) was added to the prepared mixture and blended to obtain Trichoderma fungi containing composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The plastic and non-plastic portions are classified by sieves selection, wind force selection and submergence selection. The biodegradable substance comprises foodstuffs residue, excrements of animal, plants, woody material, paper, fiber and sewage sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Portion(s) of the foaming agent is 1 or more type of 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon or 1 or more type of hydrofluoro carbon having ozone depletion potential of 0. The styrene resin foam contains 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon (100-1 wt.%) as foaming agent and another foaming agent (FA) (0-99 wt.%) or hydrofluoro carbon (100-1 wt.%) and another foaming agent (0-99 wt.%). The styrene resin foam contains 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon (1-10 pts.wt.), with respect to the styrene foam (100 wt.pts), or hydrofluoro carbon (1-10 pts.wt.), with respect to the styrene resin foam (100 pts.wt.). The styrene resin foam contains halogenated flame retardant (0.1-20 pts.wt.), with respect to styrene resin (100).Preferred Components: The 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon is propane, n-butane and/or i-butane. The foaming agent (FA) is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, water and/or carbon dioxide, preferably, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate, tetrabromo bisphenol-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) or tetrabromo bisphenol S bis (2,3-dibromopropyl ether).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The styrene resin foam contains phosphorus-containing compound, nitrogen compound and/or boron-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode layer is formed from rhenium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. The cathode is formed from strontium samarium cobaltite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite or lanthanum strontium magnetite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic solid substrate is polyethylene terephthalate resin, polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin or polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The sediment fermenter and water tank are both supplied through a feed shaft (17) located between them, the sediment fermenter being supplied by a feed channel (11a). The feed shaft is connected to the biogas fermenter via a screw conveyor (15) for transferring fermented biomass and is fed via a feed channel (11b) for transferring material from a storage tank (4) to the biogas fermenter. The storage tank is a gas-tight heatable prefermenter from which prefermented and heated biomass is pumped into the biogas fermenter via the feed shaft. The prefermenter is separated into a small sanitizing section for heating up to 70 degrees C and a large hydrolysis section for heating up to 50 degrees C. Liquid biomass and sedimentation water are transported by a pumping station (14) in a machine room (8) located above the water tank (3). The pond has photosynthetic plant species producing biomass for use as animal feed or as biosubstrate for the fermenter. The apparatus includes a ventilation pipe with low- and high-pressure valves between a pyramidal outer shell and a gas bubble.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Worms: The earth worms include a red worm Lumbricus rubellus, blue worm Peripnyx excavatus or Tiger worm Eisentia fetida.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lean oil is a liquid hydrocarbon, preferably liquid ethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The non-condensable gas comprises carbon monoxide or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The stripping is accomplished in a train of strippers connected in series so that the feed stream flows serially through the strippers from the upstream stripper downstream through the strippers and the temperatures in the strippers decrease from stripper to stripper moving downstream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The residue comprises imide and the regenerating forms the amide. The starting materials comprise an amide, MId(NH2)d+1 and a hydride, MIIfHf. The residue comprises an imide, Mc(NH)c/2+2; and the regenerating forms the amide and hydride. The starting material comprises imide, and alanate M'M''H4, such as LiAlH4, NaAlH4, LiBH4 and/or NaBH4. The amide is LiNH2 or LiH. The residue comprises a hydride which is different from the hydrogenated state hydride. The hydrogenated state hydride is a borohydride and the different hydride is an alkali or alkaline earth hydride.M, MI, MII, M' = CH3, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sm, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y, Yb, Zn, and/or Zr; andM'' = +3 charge species such as aluminum and/or boron, or mixture of elements having average +3 charge such as mixture of Ti+4 and Zn+2.Preferred Method: The heating step is conducted in two stages; a first stage where the alanate is decomposed in the presence of the amide to release hydrogen, and to produce a hydride and aluminum; and second stage, where the amide and the hydride react in the presence of the aluminum to further release hydrogen. The first and second stages are conducted according to reaction schemes (1)-(3).LiNH2 + LiAlH4 = LiNH2 + LiH + Al + 3/2 H2 = Li2NH + Al + 5/2 H2 (1)4 LiNH2 + LiAlH4 = 4 LiNH2 + LiH + Al + 3/2 H2 = (Li5Al)(NH)4 + 4 H2 (2)LiNH2 + NaAlH4 = LiNH2 + NaH + Al + 2 H2 = (LiNa)NH + Al + 5/2 H2 (3)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The filamentous imperfect fungi is immobilized filamentous imperfect fungi such as Acremonium microbe e.g. A. butyri and A. zonatum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The low temperature gas is made to flow through supply path (1A) of the combustible gas from the partial oxidation furnace to the dust removal apparatus or low temperature gas is made to flow into the dust removal apparatus. The low temperature gas reduces the temperature of waste gas of combustion furnace to a temperature less than the melting point of the salt by heat exchange. The heat received from the combustion furnace is used for generating water vapor from the boiler (4).Preferred Apparatus: The supply unit is connected to the supply path of the combustible gas from partial oxidation furnace to dust removal apparatus or connected to dust removal apparatus. The supply unit mixes the combustible gas with the low temperature gas or water vapor generated from the boiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nutrient excluding nitrogen source is oxygen and carbon source such as saccharide (monosaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose, saccharose, lactose and maltose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The reformer is a microscale reformer. The fuel cell is a cylindrical cell having a central bore. The central bore accommodates a cylindrical fuel source (19). The fuel source comprises a hydrocarbon fuel source, preferably a disposable butane canister. The system comprises a controller (23), and a fuel inlet comprising a female portion for mating with a male outlet portion of the fuel source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel is methanol, butane, jet fuel or diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrolytic reduced water includes sodium hydroxide (0.0001 - 0.02 preferably 0.0001 - 0.002) N and hydrogen radical. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.    The inhibition of cancer cell metastasis by the reduced electrolytic water was tested using highly metastatic human fiber sarcoma cell strains HT1080 in a metastasis model system in vitro. The HT1080 cells were cultured in fetal bovine serum (10%) added MEM at 37 degrees C under carbon dioxide (50%) and air environment (95%). Sub-confluent HT1080 cells were suspended MEM medium comprising BSA (0.1%), after which MEM (containing 10 microg/ml of fibronectin) (700 micro l), was added and cultured in a carbon dioxide incubator in presence of purified water (control) or electrolyzed water (test). After 16 hours the cells were stained and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm. The invasive metastasis of HT1080 cells in test/control sample was found to be 0.08/0.19 (unit not defined) respectively.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Tumor growth inhibitor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The thiobacteria comprise a mixture of the types Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and the sorption material is an iron compound which binds with the sulfur compounds in the gas and which is regenerated by microbial oxidation by the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to give sulfuric acid as the enriching product.Preferred Process: The wet medium is enriched with an oxygen-containing medium prior to being contacted with the thiobacteria and the wet medium-forming, oxygen- enriched mineral nutrient salt solution (9) is introduced into reactor (1) in admixture with the gas to be purified, the solution (9) especially being in aerosol form. The sulfuric acid formed in the regeneration of the iron compounds is partially neutralized so as to allow separation and recycling of the iron hydroxide from solution (9) and a part of solution (9) is recovered as ammonium sulfate.Preferred Apparatus: The tube (6) connected to reactor (2) is also connected to the inlet (14) for the oxygen-containing medium and tube (5) connected to reactor (1) is also connected to the inlet (13) for the gas to be purified. Reactor (2) also contains immobilized thiobacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The methanolysis is carried out at 370-500degreesC and pressure of 20-60 MPa for 4-12 minutes.Preferred Process: The carbon chain of the fatty acid group is decomposed simultaneously with the methanolysis reaction. The methanolysis is performed in the tubular reaction tube made from hastelloy which can maintain an appropriate mixed state.Preferred Composition: The animal and vegetable fats or its waste edible oil, and methanol are mixed in the volume ratio of 1:2-2:1. EXAMPLE - Canola oil and methanol were mixed in the volume ratio of 2:1 and the temperature was raised to 395degreesC. The contents were reacted at 270degreesC and pressure of 440 MPa for 4 minutes, and bio-diesel fuel containing fatty acid methyl ester (in wt.%) (50), mono acyl glycerol (25), diacyl glycerol (20), aliphatic compound (5), triacyl glycerol and glycerol (1) was obtained. The fuel had flash point of 136degreesC measured according to JIS K2265, cetane number of 51.6 measured according to JIS K2280, dynamic viscosity of 15.1 m2/second measured according to JIS K2283 and pour point of -5degreesC measured according to JIS K2269.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The fuel processor system further comprises a bypass passage providing fluid communication between the recirculation loop and the combustor inlet; and a recirculation valve for controlling fluid communication in the recirculation loop. Preferred Component: The fuel processor (12) further comprises a recirculation pump in fluid communication with the recirculation loop; a fuel cell having an anode inlet in fluid communication with the fuel processor outlet and an anode outlet; a pressure regulator between the anode outlet or anode bypass valve (26), and the combustor inlet; a cathode bypass valve between a cathode air supply and a cathode inlet of the fuel cell for selectively providing fluid communication between the cathode inlet and the combustor inlet, bypassing the fuel cell; and a condenser in fluid communication with the fuel processor outlet. The bypass passage further comprises a check valve (60) to prevent backflow; and an anode bypass valve between the fuel processor outlet and the anode inlet for selectively providing fluid communication between the anode inlet and the combustor inlet, bypassing the fuel cell. The recirculation loop further comprises an exhaust valve for selectively providing fluid communication between the recirculation loop and the combustor inlet. Preferred Condition: The exhaust valve and the bypass valve are operable together to set a recirculation ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method also involves adjusting the ratio of the steam to the air to adjust the ratio of the hydrogen to the nitrogen gas; terminating the injection of steam; and contacting a metal oxide in the reactor with a reductant to reduce metal oxide back to the reactive metal.Preferred Component: The reactive metal comprises iron.Preferred Composition: The gas stream has a molar ratio of hydrogen gas to nitrogen gas of 3:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The determination method further includes supplementing the sensor array of emission sensors at fixed locations with portable sensors; when monitoring outdoors, including data relating to wind speed and direction in the spatial temporal emission concentration analysis; superimposing know emission concentrations upon the sensors during a monitoring cycle to enhance sensor sensitivity; superimposing a gas compound that will react with the emission concentrations and the sensor will measure the reaction products as a way to amplify or isolate the signal from the gas of interest, superimposing a gas compound that will react with a gas that causes interference as a way to remove the interference and amplify or isolate the signal from the gas of interest, or superimposing a gas compound that will coat the surface of the sensor with reaction products that make the sensor hyper-sensitive or hyper-specific to the gas of interest; varying the superimposed know emission concentrations to verify sensor calibration; using emission specific filters during a monitoring cycle to isolate the sensors sensitivity to emissions of interest; and providing a humidity module to maintain sensor operation at an ideal operational humidity level. Redundant sensors are used to improve accuracy and identify sensors with erroneous readings. They are tuned to measure different gases. Preferred Component: A varying mechanism is provided for varying the superimposed known emission concentrations to verify sensor calibration. The emission sensor combination further includes an emission specific filter adapted to isolate sensor sensitivity to emissions of interest, and a humidity module adapted to maintain sensor operation at an ideal operational humidity level.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The sensors are electro-chemical sensors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat exchanger is at least partially coated with the catalytic agent for producing the water gas shift reaction. The heat exchanger and the hydrogen separator are connected by a reformate gas connection. A still further proportion of the catalytic agents for producing the water gas shift reaction is arranged in a region of the reformate gas connection. The heat exchanger has the further proportion of the catalytic agents for producing the water gas shift reaction assigned to a region predominantly facing an outflow region for the reformate gas. The further proportion of catalytic agents is located in an exit third (15) of the heat exchanger. The hydrogen separator has areal membranes selectively permeable to hydrogen, with a porous material coated with the proportion of catalytic agent for producing the water gas shift reaction being arranged, on the reformate gas side, at least partially between the membranes. The porous material simultaneously serves as a support material for a layer selectively permeable to hydrogen of one of the membranes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layer selectively permeable to hydrogen at least includes palladium and/or elements from transition group 5 or its alloys. The catalytic agent includes at least one of nickel, iron, chromium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antenna body and cap is made of aluminum. The antenna enclosure is made from a material having low dielectric constant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antenna body and cap is made of aluminum. The antenna enclosure is made from a material having low dielectric constant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The RF windows are formed from a material selected from glass fiber or TEFLON (RTM; polytetrafluorethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzymes: The container comprises enzymes which are selected from proteases, cellulases, lipases or amylases.Preferred Bacteria: The bacterial spores are bacilli.Preferred Apparatus: The container is plastic, glass or opaque. The transport mechanism is an aerosol sprayer. The transport mechanism is a pump sprayer where the deposit of feces has a physical shape and the pump sprayer ejects liquid accelerator with sufficient force to result in altering the physical shape of the feces and increasing the surface area of the feces exposed to oxygen in the air and covered with liquid accelerator to result in an increased degradation rate for the deposit of feces. The transport mechanism is a sprinkle bottle. The transport mechanism is a pressurized liquid ejection device coupled to a garden hose where the pressure of water passing through the garden hose draws the liquid accelerator and mixes the liquid accelerator with water in an output from the garden hose to eject toward the deposit of feces the accelerator for accelerating the biological degradation of the feces. The accelerator comprises enzymes and bacterial spores. The appliance further comprises a nitrogen source, preferably urea. The appliance further comprises a preservative, (preferably ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). The liquid accelerator comprises Nipacide. The dye is photoluminescent. The applying is performed by spraying from a distance from on top of a vehicle such as a tractor.
EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid component is char or ash content. The gas component is gaseous tar. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is Rh/CeO2/M, where M is silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) or zirconia (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The thermal decomposition is performed at 800degreesC or less. Preferred Biomass: The biomass is plant, animal or substance derived from fungi. The plant is Japanese cedar, bagasse, rice straw and/or jute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gasifier further has gas injecting nozzle (3) in portion (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The high-temperature-carbonization system dry-distillates low-content aqueous organic waste and generates carbonized material. The biogas is generated when the methane-fermentation system carries out methane fermentation of high water content organic waste mixed with carbonized material.Alternately, the high-temperature-carbonization system is driven using biogas obtained by the methane-fermentation system, and the dehydrogenation coke oven gas, which does not contain hydrogen as an energy source. The coke oven gas obtained by the high-temperature-carbonization system, and dehydrogenated coke oven gas are separated by hydrogen separation system to produce hydrogen.Preferred Material: The carbonized material is charcoal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Resource: The biomass resource is used after crushing and making into paste form.Preferred Oil: The oil generated in subcritical apparatus is bio-diesel-fuel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The processing method further involves heat-exchange process which generates hot superheated steam between combustion and gas modification, and carbonization process for producing carbonized material. The gas modification process thermally decomposes the remaining methane gas produced in methane fermentation, using the heat energy of the hot superheated steam generated by the heat-exchange process. The digestive liquor is heated to 320-400degreesC. Electric power is generated at the gas modification process, using the collected hydrogen gas, or the collected hydrogen is used as a raw material of hydrogen fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Catalyst: The oxidation catalyst comprises noble-metals supported on a fireproof inorganic support.Preferred Method: After making the waste gas contact with an oxidation catalyst, the heat energy of a waste gas is recovered by waste heat recovery equipment,During contact with a NOx removal catalyst, ammonia or a compound which generates or ammonia is added to the waste gas.The waste gas contains a non-methane hydrocarbon,The waste gas is made to contact with an oxidation catalyst at 350-600 degreesC, the heat energy of the waste gas is recovered, and the gas is made to contact with a NOx removal catalyst at 180-350 degreesC.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: In (I), the G+C content of the DNA is 74%. (I) is isolated by culturing them in a culture medium that contains mineral oil as the only carbon source.
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria belonging to beta-proteobacteria is beta-proteobacteria CDB21 strain or its mutant. The symbiotic microbe is Bradyrhizobium japonicum CSB1 strain, Rhodococcus rhodochorous, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Nocardioides, N. simplex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Material rich in iron oxide is removed from the bottom of the retort. Hydrogen gas (4) is removed from the retort. The steel products are oxidized by a combustion process. Initiation of the combustion process is fueled by hydrogen and oxygen (5) gases obtained by electrolysis of water. When the combustion process reaches a first critical temperature, the supply of hydrogen is shut off and the combustion process continues fueled by oxygen. When the combustion process reaches a second critical temperature, the supply of oxygen is shut off and steam is fed into the retort. The gaseous hydrocarbon products are refined and distilled.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The retort is surrounded by a boiler (8) which is used to supply steam to drive an electricity generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid oxide substrate is a glass substrate, sintered alumina substrate or samaria-doped ceria ceramic substrate. The anode layer is formed from rhenium, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, and copper. The cathode is formed from strontium samarium cobaltite, lanthanum strontium cobaltite or lanthanum strontium magnetite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The incondensable gases are separated before the partial oxidation step. The effluent from the partial oxidation step is recycled to the pyrolysis step. The heavy hydrocarbons and/or the solid phase are subjected to partial oxidation. The separation step includes cooling the effluent. The separation step includes absorbing acid gases in an aqueous phase containing a basic compound. Part of the energy required for pyrolysis is provided by burning part of the incondensable gases.Preferred Apparatus: One of the separators (3) is contained in a rear compartment of the pyrolysis reactor. The installation includes a combustion chamber (10) for burning the product gas to generate energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The first and second members are coaxially disposed cylinders having at least one opening to allow or inhibit the flow of air. The mechanism is an actuator comprised of high force, low displacement shape memory alloy (SMA). The actuator is a wire, or ribbon.Preferred Monitoring Circuit: A fluorescent detector/sensor is used to monitor levels of oxygen in the cell. The fluorescent sensor comprises a polymer matrix with a fluorescent dopant. The fluorescent sensor comprises an LED emitter and a photodiode.Preferred Cell: The cell is a fuel cell, a direct methanol cell, a metal-air-cell, or a zinc-air-cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sensor: The fluorescent sensor is made of platinum tetraphenylporphryin, or platinum octaethylporphyrin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sensor: The fluorescent sensor is made of ruthenium complexes (Ru(BaThO)3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liquid hydrocarbon is oil, and contains polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) (less than 50 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The velocity of mixture of liquid and gas at the outlet of flow channel is preferably more than 50 m/second. The refractory lining of reaction vessel is maintained at temperature of more than 750 degrees C. The ratio of length and diameter of flow channel is at least 30.Preferred Method: Liquid hydrocarbon containing PCB is mixed with hydrocarbon does not containing PCB before introducing contaminated hydrocarbon to reaction vessel, for securing autothermic partial combustion of hydrocarbon mixture.The hydrocarbon mixture contains less than 50 wt.% PCB (preferably less than 10 wt.%), before introducing the mixture to reaction vessel. Water used for cooling of gas is mixed with an alkaline compound for neutralizing the acidity derived from chlorine absorption by water. Water is heated for concentrating and recuperating hydrochloric acid derived from chlorine absorption by water. EXAMPLE - A liquid hydrocarbon (54 kg/hour) containing toxic material was mixed with steam (NCM/hour) and molecular oxygen-containing gas (NCM/hour), in a flow channel. The flow rates of liquid hydrocarbon and steam and oxygen gases were regulated, such that the velocity of mixture of liquid and gas at the outside of flow channel was more than 40 m/second. The mixture of liquid and gas was introduced to a reaction vessel having a refractory lining, at temperature of more than 650 degrees C. A high temperature gas containing molecular hydrogen was produced, and maintained for at least 2 seconds. The outlet of reaction vessel was maintained above 1000 degrees C, and gaseous products were cooled and washed with water. A reducing gas containing hydrogen (47.9 volume%), carbon monoxide (30.23 volume%), carbon dioxide (18.79 volume%) and methane (2.61 volume%) was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the talc is 7-45 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains carbon black (0.01-1 wt.pts) with respect to mixture (100 wt.pts) of the polypropylene and talc. Preferred Property: The electric conductivity of the resin composition is 2 muS/cm or less. EXAMPLE - A mixture (in weight parts) (100) of J-784HV (block polypropylene with melt flow rate of 12 g/10 minutes) (75 wt.%) and TP-A25 (talc with average particle diameter of 4.96 microns, whiteness degree of 98% and specific surface area of 40 m2/g) (25 wt.%) was mixed with ADEKA STAB AO-20 (antioxidant) (0.2), Yoshitomi DMTP (antioxidant) (0.2), F-CO chem MGS-1 (magnesium stearate) (0.2), and carbon black (0.5) to obtain resin composition. The electric conductivity of the composition was 1.1 muS/cm. The bending strength, bending elastic modulus, and Izod impact, measured at 25degreesC, of molded product of the obtained resin composition was 3300 MPa, 45 MPa, and 53 J/m, respectively. The molded product had favorable heat-aging proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proton exchange membrane includes a solid polymer selected from the group consisting of a perfluorinated ionomer, polybenzimidazole and sulfonated polyether ether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprise selectively adding additives from stabilizers, colorants, preservatives, organic metallic compounds or pour point depressants. Preferred Composition: The thermal bio-diesel oil, comprises 47-96% (preferably 78-94%) (w/w) synthetic alkylation matter; 3-95% (preferably 5-50%) (w/w) alkyl fatty ester; 1-10 (preferably 1-3) ppm colorant; 10-500 (preferably 50-80) ppm preservative; and the balance is pour point depressant. Preferred Material: The organic metallic compounds are organic alkaline-earth metal compounds. The stabilizers are amine-typed compounds, or phosphorus-type compounds or preferably metallic carboxylic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pour point depressants are alkyl-methacrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid hydrogen source includes a solid hydride that is a pellet, tablet, cylinder, layer, or tube. The solid hydride is sodium borohydride. The solid hydrogen source comprises a solid hydride combined with a hydrophilic material including a catalyst. It is a blend of the hydrophilic material with the solid hydride. The fluid includes water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solid hydrogen source includes a wicking region (24) and a region of a solid hydride. The wicking region comprises a region of a hydrophilic material that is a channel through the region of the solid hydride. The channel extends along a long axis or a radial of the housing. The region of the hydrophilic material forms a layer adjacent to the region of the solid hydride. The region of the hydrophilic material and the region of the solid hydride form a layered roll. The inlet contacts a region of the hydrophilic material. The housing includes a hydrogen gas outlet having a gas permeable membrane. An end cap (30) is included at one end of the housing including the inlet and the hydrogen gas outlet (26). The inlet is fluidly connected to a fluid control system to control fluid flow to the solid hydrogen source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The control apparatus controls the fuel ejection device so that the fuel ejection device so that the borohydrido fuel might set a predetermined time interval to the catalyst and be supplied intermittently.The hydrogen generation apparatus has a washing liquid ejection device which sprays a liquid towards the catalyst.The fuel ejection device is equipped with the fuel tank in which the borohydrido fuel is stored and the washing ejection device is equipped with the washing liquid tank which stores the liquid.The ejector with the cleaning liquid is sprayed towards the catalyst.It is integral with the booster pump which pressurizes and supplies with washing liquid sent out from the borohydrido fuel sent towards the ejector from the fuel tank.When spraying the cleaning liquid on the catalyst, the rotational control apparatus controls the rotational drive apparatus so that the rotation speed of the rotary body may be raised.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mean pore diameter of the activated carbon is 2-4 nm. The volume of pore of 1 nm or less of activated carbon is 0.2 ml/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the culture medium is a liquid medium. The mycelium of mushroom is cultivated in a liquid medium comprising saccharide (in wt.parts) (0.3-10) with respect to water (100). The amount of the remaining saccharide contained in the mushroom mycelial culture, decreases by degradation until its amount reaches at least below 2/3 the amount of the saccharide contained in the liquid medium during the time of its preparation. The fermenting microorganisms are Lactobacillus and/or yeast. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic; Antilipemic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Antioxidant; Activates natural killer cell; Immunestimulator. In vitro analysis of the anti-oxidant effect of the fermented mushroom mycelial culture was carried out as follows. The anti-oxidant activity was studied by the process of The Japan food science, Volume 38, 8, 18-21 (1999). The result indicated an increased antioxidation ability of the fermented mushroom mycelial culture.    SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The mushroom mycelium is Agaricus blazei or Phellinus linteus mycelium (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Production of fermented mushroom mycelial culture was carried out as follows. The Agaricus blazei mycelium was inoculated into liquid medium comprising yeast extract (in wt.parts) (2), malt extract (2), glucose (2) and water (100). Shaking culture was performed for 33 days at 25 degreesC. Then, the starter culture solution of Lactobacillus (in wt.parts) (1) was inoculated and maintained at 35 degreesC. Shaking culture was carried out at 20-35 degreesC for 4-48 hours. Thus, the fermented A.blazei mycelial culture was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The useful microorganism is inoculated to the bean curd lees. The microorganisms are processed with organic-waste at 30-60degreesC and at pH 5-10. The mixture of microorganisms formulation and organic waste is fermented at 40-60degreesC.Preferred Microorganisms: The bean-curd-lees indigenous microbe is Bacillus licheniformis. The microorganisms useful for organic-waste processing are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus megaterium. Preferably, the microorganisms are photosynthetic bacteria, Lactobacillus, yeast, Actinomyces and filamentous fungi. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Transgenic Plant: (I) is transduced with the ppk gene, merB gene encoding organic-mercury degrading enzyme and/or merT gene encoding mercury transport protein. The ppk gene is derived from Klebsiella sp., preferably K. aerogenes having 281-2338 coding sequence of a fully defined 2376 nucleotides (SEQ ID No .1) sequence given in specification. The ppk gene is transduced into the plant along with a beta-glucuronidase (Gus) gene. The merB gene and merT gene are derived from Pseudomonas sp.. The merB gene has a coding sequence 4097-4735 of fully defined 5508 nucleotides (SEQ ID No .3) sequence given in specification. The merT gene has a coding sequence of 791-1141 of (SEQ ID No .3).Preferred Method: In (M1), the transgenic plant is produced by transforming with Agrobacterium. (M1) involves carrying out mating pollination of the plant, which has been transduced with the ppk gene, merB gene and/or merT gene. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.