TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate can be a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The porous membrane includes conducting particulates and/or light scattering particles. The buffering layer comprises a first layer having a conduction band energy level that is less than a conduction band energy level of the porous membrane; and a second layer provided between the first layer and the porous membrane and having a conduction band energy level that is higher than that the conduction band energy level of the first layer.Preferred Property: Each first and second layer has a more compact structure than a structure of the porous membrane.Preferred Method: The formation of the buffering layer involves sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, evaporation, thermal oxidation or electrochemical anodization. The buffering layer is deposited to a thickness of ca. 1-400 nm at a temperature of approximately room temperature to 400degreesC by sputtering. The formation of the porous membrane involves dispersing particles for forming the porous membrane on the buffering layer and drying the porous membrane having the dispersed particles. It includes adding any one of conducting particulates to the particles dispersed on the buffering layer, adding light scattering particles with an average particle diameter of greater than or equal to150 nm to particles dispersed on the buffering layer, or adding both the conducting particulates and the light scattering particles to the particles dispersed on the buffering layer. The preparation of the second electrode involves applying a first conducting film on a transparent plastic substrate (11) and coating a second conducting film on the first conducting film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous membrane comprises nanoparticles of transition metal oxide. The porous membrane comprises titanium (Ti) oxide, zirconium (Zr) oxide, strontium (Sr) oxide, zinc (Zn) oxide, indium (In) oxide, lanthanum (La) oxide, vanadium (V) oxide, molybdenum (Mo) oxide, tungsten (W) oxide, tin (Sn) oxide, niobium (Nb) oxide, magnesium (Mg) oxide, aluminum (Al) oxide, yttrium (Y) oxide, scandium (Sc) oxide, samarium (Sm) oxide, gallium (Ga) oxide and/or SrTi oxide. The first layer comprises W oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, SrTi oxide, FeTi oxide, MnTi oxide and/or BaTi oxide. The second layer comprises Ti oxide, W oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, SrTi oxide, iron titanium (FeTi) oxide, manganese titanium (MnTi) oxide and/or barium titanium (BaTi) oxide. The first electrode comprises InSn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, sulfur (S) oxide and/or fluorine (F) oxide. The second electrode comprises InSn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, S oxide and/or F oxide. The second electrode comprises platinum (Pt) or a noble metal. The dye is adsorbed in the surface of the nanoparticles of transition metal oxide. The dye comprises a material capable of absorbing visible rays that includes a ruthenium (Ru) composite. Preferred Parameter: The nanoparticles of transition metal oxide have an average particle diameter of less than or equal to100 (preferably ca. 10-40) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous membrane comprises nanoparticles of transition metal oxide. The porous membrane comprises titanium (Ti) oxide, zirconium (Zr) oxide, strontium (Sr) oxide, zinc (Zn) oxide, indium (In) oxide, lanthanum (La) oxide, vanadium (V) oxide, molybdenum (Mo) oxide, tungsten (W) oxide, tin (Sn) oxide, niobium (Nb) oxide, magnesium (Mg) oxide, aluminum (Al) oxide, yttrium (Y) oxide, scandium (Sc) oxide, samarium (Sm) oxide, gallium (Ga) oxide and/or SrTi oxide. The first layer comprises W oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, SrTi oxide, FeTi oxide, MnTi oxide and/or BaTi oxide. The second layer comprises Ti oxide, W oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, SrTi oxide, iron titanium (FeTi) oxide, manganese titanium (MnTi) oxide and/or barium titanium (BaTi) oxide. The first electrode comprises InSn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, sulfur (S) oxide and/or fluorine (F) oxide. The second electrode comprises InSn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, Zn oxide, S oxide and/or F oxide. The second electrode comprises platinum (Pt) or a noble metal. The dye is adsorbed in the surface of the nanoparticles of transition metal oxide. The dye comprises a material capable of absorbing visible rays that includes a ruthenium (Ru) composite. Preferred Parameter: The nanoparticles of transition metal oxide have an average particle diameter of less than or equal to100 (preferably ca. 10-40) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent plastic substrate includes polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalene (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), PI (sic) or TAC (sic).