TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic cell comprises two electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electron acceptor material comprises inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanorods, or inorganic nanorods. The photoactive material comprises inorganic nanoparticles including titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tin oxide, terbium oxide, tantalum oxide, indium phosphide, cadmium selenide, and/or lead sulfide. At least one of the electrodes comprises indium tin oxide, tin oxide, or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoelectric material polythiophenes, polyanilines, polysulfones, polysiloxanes, and/or poly(carbozylenevinylene)s. The thermoelectric material comprises a substituted polythiophene including poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), or poly(3 -dodecylthiophene). The photoactive material comprises an electron acceptor material including fullerenes (preferably substituted), oxadiazoles, discotic liquid crystals, polymers containing cyano groups, and/or polymers containing CF3 groups. The photoactive material further comprises an electron donor material including polyacetylenes, polyanilines, polyphenylenes, poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s, polythienylvinylenes, polythiophenes, polyporphyrins, porphyrinic macrocycles, polymetallocenes, polyisothianaphthalenes, polyphthalocyanines, and/or discotic liquid crystal polymers. The photoactive material further comprises a dye including cyanines, merocyanines, phthalocyanines, pyrroles, and/or xanthines. The photoactive material comprises dye-sensitized interconnected inorganic nanoparticles. The substrate comprises polyethylene naphthalates, polyethylene terephthalates, polyethyelenes, polypropylenes, polyamides, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonates, and/or polyurethanes. Preferred Property: Thermoelectric material has a Seebeck coefficient of greater than or equal to500 microvolts/K (preferably greater than or equal to5 mV/K).