TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The aqueous acid is selected from sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, periodic acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoro arsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The basic aqueous solution is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, hydrated tetramethyl ammonium, hydrated tetraethyl ammonium, hydrated tetrapropyl ammonium and hydrated tetrabutyl ammonium. The alkali metal salt is selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate. The electrodes are made of material selected from platinum, platinum black, platinum oxide coating, gold, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, carbon, amorphous carbon or glassy carbon. The acid medium contains ionic conductive gel that gelatinizes aqueous acids by anhydrous silicon dioxide, agar and crosslinked polyacrylic acid or its salts. The basic medium comprises ionic conductive gel that gelatinizes basic aqueous solution by carboxymethylcellulose, crosslinked polyacrylic acid or its salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The aqueous acid is selected from sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, periodic acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoro arsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The basic aqueous solution is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, hydrated tetramethyl ammonium, hydrated tetraethyl ammonium, hydrated tetrapropyl ammonium and hydrated tetrabutyl ammonium. The alkali metal salt is selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate. The electrodes are made of material selected from platinum, platinum black, platinum oxide coating, gold, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, carbon, amorphous carbon or glassy carbon. The acid medium contains ionic conductive gel that gelatinizes aqueous acids by anhydrous silicon dioxide, agar and crosslinked polyacrylic acid or its salts. The basic medium comprises ionic conductive gel that gelatinizes basic aqueous solution by carboxymethylcellulose, crosslinked polyacrylic acid or its salts.