TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrates may be conductive transparent glass coated with conductive indium-tin oxide or fluorine-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The conductive material is dispersed at 0.01-10 wt.%, based on organic solvent. The method includes repeating all the three steps to form an electron transfer layer, e.g. conductive polymer layer, platinum nanoparticle layer, thin platinum layer, carbon compound layer, inorganic oxide particle layer, and/or conductive polymer blend layer. The counter electrode is produced by applying conductive polymer on a substrate; applying platinum layer containing either nanoparticles or thin film layer on a substrate; sequentially applying platinum layer containing either nanoparticles or thin film layer, and conductive polymer on a substrate; applying carbon compound on a substrate; sequentially applying carbon compound and conductive polymer on a substrate; sequentially applying carbon compound and platinum nanoparticles on a substrate; sequentially applying carbon compound, platinum nanoparticles and conductive polymer on a substrate; sequentially applying inorganic oxide particles and thin platinum layer on a substrate; sequentially applying inorganic oxide particles, thin platinum layer, and conductive polymer on a substrate; sequentially applying inorganic oxide particles and conductive polymer on a substrate; applying conductive polymer blend on a substrate; sequentially applying platinum nanoparticles and conductive polymer blend on a substrate; sequentially applying carbon compound and conductive polymer blend on a substrate; sequentially applying carbon compound, platinum nanoparticles, and conductive polymer blend on a substrate; or sequentially applying inorganic oxide particles, conductive polymer blend, and platinum layer on the thin platinum film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The platinum nanoparticles and inorganic oxide particles have a particle size of 10-1000 nm. Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide particles comprise titanium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, aluminum oxide, and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon compound has a large reaction area. Preferred Components: The carbon compound is carbon 60 (60C) fullerene, carbon 70 (70C) fullerene, carbon 76 (76C) fullerene, carbon 78 (78C) fullerene, or carbon 84 (84C) fullerene. The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, toluene, and/or acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The conductive polymer or polymer blend has excellent affinity for electrolyte. Preferred Materials: The conductive polymer is poly-2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly-3-tetradecylthiopene, poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylenesulfide, polythiopene, polyelementophthalocyanine, or copolymer of these polymers. The conductive polymer blend comprises first and second polymers blended with each other in a weight ratio of 1:0.01-10. The first polymer is poly-2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene-1,4 -phenylenevinylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly-3-tetradecylthiopene), poly-3,4-ethylene-dioxythiopene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylenesulfide, polythiopene, polyelementophthalocyanine, or copolymer of these polymers. The second polymer is polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin-ethylene oxide, or copolymer of these polymers. The polymer blend is inter-blended between first polymers or second polymers in a weight ratio of 10-50:50-90, respectively. The substrates are conductive, flexible, transparent polymer sheets coated with conductive indium-tin oxide or fluorine-tin oxide.