TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: The first substrate and/or the second substrate is transparent to light having a wavelength of 300 - 1100 nanometers. The conductive surface of the first substrate is in electrical communication with the conductive surface of the second substrate through an electrical circuit that is external to the photovoltaic cell. The conductive surfaces of the first and/or the second substrate comprise at least one layer of electrically conducting materials that can comprise metals, semiconductors, doped semiconductors and/or intrinsically conducting polymers. The electron transporter and hole transporter are in the form of interdigitated fingers that form an interpenetrating structure and are parallel to each other. The interdigitated fingers have a random configuration or have a characteristic dimension that is greater than or equal to 2 nanometers. The characteristic dimension is a layer thickness or a diameter and the interdigitated fingers and/or the insulating sheath have a cross-section that is substantially rectangular or circular. The electron transporter and the hole transporter are of a similar chemical composition and comprise intrinsically conductive polymers. The electron transporters are in the form of nano-structures. The nano-structures include nanowires, nano-rods, or nanosheets, and comprise metals, semiconductors and/or inherently conducting polymers. The electrically insulating sheath is bonded to the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter and prevents electrons from recombining with holes and the electrically insulating sheath has a characteristic dimension that is greater than or equal to0.2 nanometers. The electrically insulating sheath can comprise a partial monolayer or multiple layers of electrically insulating material. The electrically insulating material can comprise non-conductive inorganic compounds, non-conjugated monomers, polymeric molecules, oligomeric molecules and/or nanoparticles. The first conductive surface is a patterned electrically conductive surface. The second conductive surface is a patterned electrically conductive surface. The absorber is disposed between the electron transporter and the hole transporter and is capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation. The patterning of the second/first substrate permits electrical communication with the electron transporter/the hole transporter respectively, while prohibiting electrical communication with the hole transporter/the electron transporter. The patterned electrically conductive surface comprise nanowires. The electron transporter and the hole transporter self assemble into structures that have a lamellar, cylindrical, bicontinuous or interpenetrating morphology. The photovoltaic cell further comprises the electrically insulating sheath that is disposed between the electron transporter and the hole transporter; and electrically insulating sheath minimizes electron transport from the electron transporter to the hole transporter. The absorber resides in an interface between the electron transporter and the hole transporter. In the composition, the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter comprises the intrinsically conducting polymer. The electrically insulating molecules comprise non-conductive inorganic oxides and/or non-conjugated organic molecules. The electron transporter is in the form of a nanowire that comprises an oxide of titanium. Preferred Method: The photovoltaic cell is manufactured by a process involving self assembly of the electron transporter and the hole transporter. The self assembly is accomplished by using templates, masks, electrical fields, magnetic fields, shear fields, and/or hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions. The patterned electrically conductive surface is chemically bonded to the electron transporter or the hole transporter through a self assembled monolayer or a polymer brush. The patterned electrically conductive surface is patterned by using e-beam lithography, nano-imprinting, extreme UV lithography, and/or block copolymer lithography. The blending involves solution blending and/or melt blending. The method further involves reacting the absorbing molecule with the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter, or reacting the absorber and/or the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter with the insulating molecule. The depositing the composition on a substrate facilitates a self-assembly into cylinders that comprise the electron transporters surrounded by a matrix that comprises the hole transporters. The self-assembly promotes the electron transporters to be in electrical communication with a conductive surface of one substrate, while the hole transporters are in electrical communication with a conductive surface of another substrate; promotes an absorber to be disposed on an outer surface of the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter; or promotes a sheathed layer to be disposed on an outer surface of the electron transporter and/or the hole transporter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole transporter and/or the electron transporter comprise hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, diamine compounds, aromatic tertiary amine compounds, butadiene compounds, indole compounds, carbazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives having an amino group, triphenylmethane, bis(4-diethylamine-2-methylphenyl) phenylmethane, stylbene, hydrozone; aromatic amines comprising tritolylamine; arylamine; enamine phenanthrene diamine; N,N'-bis-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-biphenyl amine; N,N'-bis-(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-1,1'-3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl)-4,4'-diamine; 4-4'-bis(diethylamino)-2,2'-dimethyltriphenylmethane; N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine; N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine; N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(alkylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine; or N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine; 1,1-bis(4-di-para-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane; 1,1-bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)-4-phenylcyclohexane; 4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)quadriphenyl; bis(4-dimethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-phenylmethane; N,N,N-Tri(para-tolyl)amine; 4-(di-para-tolylamino)-4'-(4(di-para-tolylamino)-styryl) stilbene; N,N,N',N'-tetra-para-tolyl-4-4'-diaminobiphenyl; N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl; N,N,N',N'-tetra-1-naphthyl-4,- 4'-diaminobiphenyl; N,N,N',N'-tetra-2-naphthyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl; N-phenylcarbazole; 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)para-terphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(3-acenaphthenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 1,5-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)naphthalene; 4,4'-bis(N-(9-anthryl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(1-anthryl)-N-phenylamino)-para-terphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(2-phenanthryl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(8-fluoranthenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(2-pyrenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(2-naphthacenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(2-perylenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-(1-coronenyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl; 2,6-bis(di-para-tolylamino)-naphthalene; 2,6-bis(di-(1-naphthyl)amino)naphthalene; 2,6-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino)naphthalene; N,N,N',N'-tetra(2-naphthyl)-4,4'-diamino-para-terphenyl; 4,4'-bis (N-phenyl-N-(4-(1-naphthyl)-phenyl)amino) biphenyl; 4,4'-bis(N-phenyl-N-(2-pyrenyl)amino)biphenyl; 2,6-bis(N,N-di(2-naphthyl)- amine)fluorine; and/or 1,5-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)naphthalene. The electron transporters are functionalized fullerenes, 6,6-phenyl-61C-butyl acid-methylester, difluorovinyl-(hetero)arylenes, 3-(1,1-difluoro-alkyl)thiophene group, pentacene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), alpha,omega-substituted sexithiophenes, n-decapentafluoroheptyl-methylnaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide, dihexyl-quinquethiophene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(3-alkylthiophene), di-hexyl-hexathiophene, dihexyl-anthradithiophene- , phthalocyanine and/or 60C fullerene. The absorber comprises an absorbing molecule and a charge separator that is chemically bonded to the absorbing molecule. The absorbing molecule comprises at least one long wavelength absorbing molecule and at least one short wavelength absorbing molecule capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 700 - 1100 and 300 - 700 nanometers respectively. The short wavelength absorbing molecule and the long wavelength absorbing molecule are chemically compatible with one another and can reside in a single phase. The charge separator is a substituted phenothiazine moiety, a substituted carbazole moiety, and/or a substituted dibenzochalcophene moiety and comprises an electron donating moiety and/or a reducing agent. The absorber displays a push-pull capability and the push-pull capability enables an ejected electron to move towards the electron transporter rather than towards the hole transporter. The absorber has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level to eject an electron directly into the conduction band of the electron transporter, and a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level effective to eject a hole directly into the hole conduction band of the hole transporter. The matrix is a liquid electrolyte, ionic liquid, inorganic or organic hole conducting compound. The ionic liquid is methylpropylimidazolium triflate, methylpropylimidazolium bistriflimide; methylpropylimidazolium nanoflate, methylpropylimidazolium ethersulfonate, methylpropylimidazolium iodide, methylpropylimidazolium triiodide, methylpropylimidazolium pseudo-halides and/or metal complex cations with a phosphonium anion. In the composition, the absorbing molecules are dyes and/or pigments. The dyes and/or pigments are anthranones; anthraquinones; croconines; azos; benzimidazolones; diketo pyrrole pyrroles; dioxazines; diarylides; indanthrones; isoindolines; isoindolinones; naphtols; perinones; perylenes; ansanthrones; dibenzpyrenequinones; pyranthrones; bioranthorones; isobioranthorone or their respective derivatives; diphenylmethane and triphenylmethane pigments; cyanine and azomethine pigments; indigoid pigments; bisbenzoimidazole pigments; azulenium salts; pyrylium salts; thiapyrylium salts; benzopyrylium salts; phthalocyanines, pryanthrones or their derivatives; quinacidones; quinophthalones; squaraines and/or squarilyiums or their respective derivatives. The azos and their derivatives comprise monoazos, disazos, trisazos or their derivatives. The azos comprise azo pigments having a triphenylamine structure, a carbazole structure, a fluorene structure, an oxadiazole structure, a bisstilbene structure, a dibenzothiophene structure, a distyrylbenzene structure, a distyrylcarbazole structure, distyryloxadiazole structure, an anthraquinone structure or a stilbene structure; trisazo pigments having a carbazole structure; and/or bisazo pigments having a diphenylpolyene structure. The electron transporter/the hole transporter comprises reactive groups that only permit chemical bonding with the second substrate/the first substrate respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intrinsically conducting polymers are poly(acetylene) and its derivatives; poly(thiophenes) and its derivatives; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedithiathiophene) and their derivatives; poly(isathianaphthene), poly(pyridothiophene), poly(pyrizinothiophene), and their derivatives; poly(pyrrole) and its derivatives; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) and its derivatives; poly(aniline) and its derivatives; poly(phenylenevinylene) and its derivatives; poly(p-phenylene) and its derivatives; poly(thionapthene), poly(benzofuran), and poly(indole) and their derivatives; poly(dibenzothiophene), poly(dibenzofuran), poly(carbazole) and their derivatives; poly(bithiophene), poly(bifuran), poly(bipyrrole), and their derivatives; poly(thienothiophene), poly(thienofuran), poly(thienopyrrole), poly(furanylpyrrole), poly(furanylfuran), poly(pyrolylpyrrole), and their derivatives; poly(terthiophene), poly(terfuran), poly(terpyrrole), and their derivatives; poly(dithienothiophene), poly(difuranylthiophene), poly(dipyrrolylthiophene), poly(dithienofuran), poly(dipyrrolylfuran), poly(dipyrrolylpyrrole) and their derivatives; poly(phenyl acetylene) and its derivatives; poly(biindole) and derivatives; poly(dithienovinylene), poly(difuranylvinylene), poly(dipyrrolylvinylene) and their derivatives; poly(1,2-trans(3,4-ethylenedioxythienyl)vinylene), poly(1,2-trans(3,4-ethylenedioxyfuranyl)vinylene), poly(1,2-trans(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrolyl)vinylene), and their derivatives; poly(bis-thienylarylenes) and poly(bis-pyrrolylarylenes) and their derivatives; poly(dithienylcyclopentenone); poly(quinoline); poly(thiazole); poly(fluorene); and/or poly(azulene). The oligomeric molecules or polymeric molecules are polyacetals, polyurethanes, polyolefins, polyacrylics, polycarbonates, polyalkyds, polystyrenes, polyesters, polyamides, polyaramides, polyamideimides, polyarylates, polyarylsulfones, polyethersulfones, polyphenylene sulfides, polysulfones, polyimides, polyetherimides, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyetherketones, polyether etherketones, polyether ketone ketones, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polybenzothiazinophenothiazines, polybenzothiazoles, polypyrazinoquinoxalines, polypyromellitimides, polyquinoxalines, polybenzimidazoles, polyoxindoles, polyoxoisoindolines, polydioxoisoindolines, polytriazines, polypyridazines, polypiperazines, polypyridines, polypiperidines, polytriazoles, polypyrazoles, polycarboranes, polyoxabicyclononanes, polydibenzofurans, polyphthalides, polyacetals, polyanhydrides, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl thioethers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl nitriles, polyvinyl esters, polysulfonates, polysulfides, polythioesters, polysulfones, polysulfonamides, polyureas, polyphosphazenes, and/or polysilazanes. The electron transporter, the hole transporter or the absorber are present in the form of a block copolymer. The matrix comprises a second intrinsically conducting polymer that is not chemically similar to the first intrinsically conducting polymer, which that is used as the electron transporter.