TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The flowing reactant stream comprises vapor reactants, and/or aerosol reactants. The reactant stream is confined within shielding gas. The non-porous substrate has a non-planar surface onto which the coating is applied. The coating material is non-porous, amorphous, crystalline, or single crystalline.Preferred Method: The substrate is moved relative to the flow of the product stream, while directing the product stream at the substrate. It is mounted on a conveyor and is moved relative to a reaction chamber (100). The reactant nozzle and corresponding optics are mounted on a drive. The product flow is swept relative to the substrate by moving the reactant nozzle and optics.Preferred Parameter: The density of the coating material is greater than or equal to75 (preferably greater than or equal to90)% of the density of the fully densified coating material. It can be approximately the density of the fully densified coating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactant stream comprises a compound with metal/metalloid species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of resin layer conforms to JIS-A standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material layer comprises Li and Mn complex oxide. The negative electrode active material layer comprises crystalline or amorphous carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer comprises polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer or modified polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder used in solid proton conductive film is polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid proton conductive film consists of phosphate hydrate crystallization containing main material of zirconium-phosphate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton conducting electrolyte material in each PEM cell comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer having thickness of 50-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive ceramic powder contains metal carbide, metal nitride and/or metal carbonitride. The metal separator contains stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, copper, nickel and steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The low contact resistance layer contains carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The shape correction member can be made of ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The shape correction member can be made of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The shape correction member is made of resin, preferably epoxy resin, or fiber reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material layer comprises silicon nitride, amorphous silicon, phosphorus doped amorphous silicon, and/or microcrystal silicon. The precursors for the material layer are silane (SiH4), hydrogen gas (H2), ammonium (NH3), phosphine (PH3), and/or nitrogen gas (N2). The silicon-containing gas is silane, SiF4, and/or Si2H6. The nitrogen-containing gas is nitrogen gas (N2), ammonium (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and/or nitric oxide (NO). Preferred Property: The surface of the material layer has a fluid contact angle of less than 50degrees in the presence of a water drop. The material layer comprises a resistivity of less than 100 omega-cm on the surface of a carbon composite. The phosphorus-containing gas is at a low flow rate of less than or equal to500 sccm. The hydrogen gas is at a high flow rate of greater than or equal to4500 sccm. Preferred Parameter: The material layer adheres to surface of the substrate after greater than or equal to10 hours in the presence of 10 ppm of hydrofluoric acid in water. The temperature of the substrate in side the process chamber is maintained at a substrate temperature of less than or equal to200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanowires are selected from ruthenium-dioxide (RuO2), silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), titanium-dioxide (TiO2), tin-dioxide (SnO2), tungsten carbides (WCx), molybdenum carbides (MoCx), zirconium carbide (ZrC), tungsten nitrides (WNx), and molybdenum nitrides (MoNx) nanowires    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst metal is selected from platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The free alkali is hydroxides of sodium, lithium or potassium. The electrolyte further contains indium compound and fluoride. The indium compound is indium sulfate, indium acetate or indium fluoride. The electrolyte contains organic compound such as polyethylene glycol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or alkyl phosphate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The housing has rectangular parallelepiped shape. It is electrically insulated from the electrodes, and the electrodes being located on one plane of the housing. The mounting portions are installed at the bottom of the housing. They are placed in a zigzag arrangement or dispersedly. The mounting portions and the housing are formed in one piece. The capacitor unit cells are serial-connected to each other through electricity. The electric double layer capacitor comprises light emitting diode display for displaying output voltage and remaining capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor. Preferred Parameter: The output voltage of the laminated capacitor cell per housing is 15-60 V direct current; and the capacitance of the laminated capacitor cell per housing is 1-100 F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The delivery system consists of hydrogen generator having chemical hydride reactor that reacts water reactive chemical hydride selected from group consisting of alkali metal hydride, alkali metal borohydride, alkaline earth metal hydride, alkaline earth metal borohydride, with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric generator includes a low dimensional thermoelectric material. The low dimensional thermoelectric material is a zero-dimensional quantum dots thermoelectric material, one-dimensional nano wires thermoelectric material, two-dimensional quantum well thermoelectric material or superlattice structured thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric generator includes a thermoelectric material with a figure of merit ZT of 0.5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The weak and/or strong cell(s) may be used at once. The weaker cell of the pair is made of mesh cylinders. The cells are separated by a spacing of at least their own diameter, set around in a circle surrounding a larger central cylinder of the same material. The outer cylinders have a larger cylinder surrounding them. The six separate cylinders and the innermost cylinder are electrically connected to one common source of polarity. The pipes inside and outside adjoining the pipes are connected to the opposite electrical polarity. The strong cell is converse in design. The outer pipes of the strong cell are surrounded by a larger pipe joined physically and electrically to one polarity. The larger cylinders have a smaller pipe at their common center and a larger pipe surrounding them in opposite electrical polarity with the first outer six. The weaker cell is supplied or fed from a separate water tank above it. The outlet from the Kinnam Cell is connected via a plastic or copper tube to an opening in the air intake. The outlet from the cell can also be connected to a blind fitting or blank plug on the carburetor housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - The sealing resin is selected from the group consisting of silicone-type rubber, fluorine-type rubber, olefin-type rubber nitrile-type rubber silicone, epoxy, urethane, polybutadiene, polypropylene, polyethylene and paraffin wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material - The shape retention material is a resin such as phenol resin, epoxy resin or unsaturated polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel gas diffusion layer is non-proton conductive, and has carbon fiber (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hardening accelerator is phosphorus-type compound. The equivalent ratio of hardener with respect to epoxy resin is 1-1.15.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting resin component contains epoxy resin, hardener and hardening accelerator. The melting point of epoxy resin is 70-130degreesC. Alternately, the thermosetting resin component contains phenol resin, preferably resol-type phenol resin having melting point of 70-80degreesC. The thickness of thinnest portion of fuel cell separator is 0.1-0.2 mm. EXAMPLE - EOCN-1020-75 (in wt.pts) (10.85), PSM4357 (6.43), triphenyl phosphine (0.12), WF-50A-100M (graphite particle (80) containing 87.07% of particle with particle size of 98.9 microns and 99.69% of particle having particle size of 197.84 microns, A187 (0.6), F1-100 (1) and J-100 (1) were mixed to form resin composition. A molded product having excellent moldability and volume resistivity of 9 mohm.cm, measured according to JIS K7194.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The gaseous hydrocarbon compound is chosen from natural gas, town gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethane, propane, propylene, butane, butylene, dimethyl ether and butadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode catalyst is selected from a group containing titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), Hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The capacitor is from super capacitors, double layer capacitors, or ultra-capacitors. The fuel cell system comprises a switched resistor (52, 54) electrical coupled in parallel with the capacitor or the battery to provide long-term SOC (sic) equalization of the system; alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) traction motor system electrically coupled to the power bus line, the motor system providing a voltage on the power bus line during regenerative braking for recharging the battery and the capacitor. The battery is from lithium batteries, nickel-metal-hydride batteries, or lead-acid batteries. Preferred Parameter: The capacitor has a state of charge swing of 85%; and the battery has a state of charge swing of 20%. The battery provides 2/3 of a desired supplemental power in addition to a fuel cell stack power; and the capacitor provides 1/3 of the desired supplemental power. The fuel cell stack provides 70 kW of power, the battery provides 20 kW of power, and the capacitor provides 10 kW of power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of mixture of lithium, ferrous, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. The negative electrode is made of mixture of lithium, titanium, oxygen. The polar polymer is a polyalkaline oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The anode is made of metal cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The low-adhesivity substance is a high-conductivity substance, preferably noble metal, or hydrophilic substance, preferably titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The intermediate layer is made of ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte layer contains a metal oxide material exhibiting proton conductivity. The intermediate layer comprises a metal oxide layer. A composite layer is disposed between the metal oxide layer and comprises ceramic intermediate layer and a layer in contact with this metal oxide layer, and is formed with a mixture of the constituent components of the two adjacent layers. A catalyzing layer is disposed at, among the interfaces of the various layers laminated between the hydrogen-permeable metal layer and the electrolyte layer, the interface of a layer having proton conductivity, and exhibits activity that generates protons from hydrogen atoms and further has multiple pinholes that permit the layers above and below the catalyzing layer to come into contact with each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The holder is made of foaming resin or ultraviolet curable resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (F1) Is comprised of nanoclusters having an average diameter of less than or equal to 10 nanometers. The metal nanoclusters are mobile with respect to each other. (S1) Has a stiction-reducing coating on them; a hydrophobic surface and a self-assembled layer on them. (S1) Has a siloxane coating on it, which is a monolayer. The siloxane is an alkylsilane containing fluorine atoms (preferably fluorinated undecyl trichlorosilane) or containing chlorine atoms (preferably octadecyl trichlorosilane). The self-assembled layer is a carboxy terminated alkylsilane. (F1) Has a thickness of less than or equal to 10 (preferably 5, especially 3.3 - 3.6) nanometers. (F1) Is at least one of palladium, copper, gold, nickel, rhodium, platinum, yttrium, lanthanum or their alloys (preferably palladium or their alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device is a hydrogen detector, where (S1) is glass or material having a low free surface energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (S1) Is polyethylene, polypropylene or wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The mixture comprises 25 - 75% of CeO2 and 0.1 - 5% of Pt. Preferred Process: The mole ratio of water/methanol and oxygen/methanol is 1 - 3 and 0.1 - 0.8, respectively. The catalyst is prepared by impregnating the mixture of CeO2 and ZrO2 in an aqueous solution containing Pt ions having an amount so that the mixture is subjected to an incipient wetness impregnation; and heating the resulting impregnated mixture so that only Pt ions in the aqueous solution are deposited on the mixture oxide. Heating the mixture includes drying the incipient wetness impregnated mixture oxide at 100 - 150degreesC and calcining the dried mixture oxide at 400 - 600 (preferably 450 - 550)degreesC. EXAMPLE - A catalyst (test) comprising platinum on cerium oxide/zirconium oxide was prepared and tested in an autothermal reaction of methanol, oxygen and water was carried out, where mole ratio of water/methanol is 1.3 - 1.8 and of oxygen/methanol is 0.25. It was compared with conventional copper-zinc-aluminum catalyst (control). Results show that conversion ratio of methanol for control catalyst decreases rapidly indicating poor thermal resistance, while test catalyst has higher stability in the repeated methanol autothermal reactions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin material of the thermal insulation plate is selected from polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, polyimide, polyamidoimide, polybenzimidazole, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene terephthalates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Anode active material is lithium transition metal complex oxide. Cathode active material is carbon or lithium transition metal complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation exchange material contains a compound containing at least one group selected from sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonyl acid group and/or their derivatives. The acid is carboxylic acid or phosphoric acid.Preferred Component: The dendrimer is poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, carboxylin dendrimer, polyphenylene dendrimer and/or phosphorus-containing dendrimer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cation exchange resin is a polymer. The composite electrolyte membrane contains the cation exchange material (in weight parts) (100) and the acid-treated dendrimer (0.1-10). The cation exchange material is a compound having structure of formula (1).X = H, Li, Na, K or NR1R2R3R4;R1-R4 = H, CH3 or C2H5;m = 1-3;n = 2;x = 5-13.5; andy = 700-1500. EXAMPLE - 5 wt.% solution (in g) (100) of NAFION 117 (polymer electrolyte surface treated with carboxylic acid and having a molecular weight of 1100), water and 2-propanol, was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Water and alcohol were removed, and NAFION 117 gel was left. Dimethyl acetamide (95) was added to 5 wt.% solution of NAFION 117 and dimethyl acetamide. The resulting solution was maintained at 60degreesC for 24 hours in a hot water bath, and the remaining water was evaporated. Then, poly(amido-amine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (0.1) was added to 5 wt.% solution of NAFION 117 and dimethyl acetamide (100) and mixed by ultrasonic pulse. The resulting solution was coated on a glass plate and heated for 12 hours at 100degreesC. A polymer membrane having a thickness of 50 microns and high proton conductivity and low fuel permeability even under low humidity conditions and at elevated temperatures, was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The first liquid separator is arranged in a first region of the fuel cell system in which a first pressure prevails. The first bypass line joins the liquid outlet of the first liquid separator to a second region of the fuel cell system in which a second pressure prevails which is less than the first pressure. A first conveying line for conveying liquid removed from the liquid outlet of the first liquid separator is arranged in the cathode gas removal line or the second liquid separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluoride liquid contained in ferrofluid, is selected from group consisting of fluorinert liquid (FC-87,FC-72) and performance liquid (PF-5052).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Molding material comprises plastic coated metal or ceramic beads.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate molecular chain contains bivalent metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium and zinc. The porous material contains an inorganic acid. The inorganic acid is phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid. The inorganic acid contains proton donation group in an amount of 10-70 mol% by acid molecule conversion.Preferred Material: The porous material is nano carbon material, mesopore material containing mesopore silica or silica group and organic functional groups, such as FSM-16, MCM-22, MCM-41, HMM-1, zeolites such as ZSM-5, NaY, NaX, mordenite and LTA, micropore material, carbon nano tube and carbon nano horn.Preferred Method: The proton conduction gel is made to interpose proton conduction substances, such as other inorganic acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid, imidazole and nafion monomer. Phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid, imidazole, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid are interposed into mesoporous material, as proton conduction composition in molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The sublayer comprises conductive particles and partially fluorinated polymer. The microporous layer coating contains carbon black particles and partially fluorinated polymer(s), and further contains pH-adjusting chemical such as ammonium carbonate. The sublayer preferably comprises carbon black, graphite powder and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode layer of battery comprises lithium-manganese (Li-Mn) oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The zirconia porous material is obtained by molding a raw material into predetermined shape, followed by baking. The raw material is obtained by mixing and granulating starting material containing coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder (100 wt.pts), particle zirconia powder (20 wt.pts) more fine than electromelting zirconia powder, and zirconium-containing solution and/or titanium-containing solution. The coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder has average particle diameter of 5-100 microns, and the particle zirconia powder has average particle diameter of 0.01-3 microns. The zirconium-containing solution is a zirconium complex-acid salt or zirconia sol. The zirconium complex-acid salt is acetic-acid zirconium, zirconium nitrate, zirconia sol, zirconium chloride and/or zirconium carbonate. EXAMPLE - A coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder (100 wt.pts) having average particle diameter of 10 microns, fine particle zirconia powder (20 wt.pts) having average particle diameter of 0.01 microns, and zirconium-containing solution and/or titanium-containing solution, were mixed and granulated. Molding was performed followed by baking, to obtain a zirconia porous material having a bending strength of 141 MPa. The obtained zirconia porous material had excellent mechanical strength, porosity and permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is a mixed solvent consisting of an aprotic solvent having dielectric constant of 20 or more, and an aprotic solvent having dielectric constant of less than 20. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony;and    Aa+=tetraethyl ammonium, tetramethyl ammonium or triethylmethyl ammonium ion.    EXAMPLE - An ionic metal complex of formula (4) having melting point of 20-30degreesC, was dissolved in a mixed solvent containing propylene carbonate (0.65 mol/l) and ethyl methyl carbonate (0.65 mol/l). Thus, an electrolyte liquid was obtained. The electrolyte liquid had ionic conductivity of 9.7 mS/cm and 11.3 mS/cm measured at 25degreesC using mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, and propylene carbonate, respectively, and low viscosity, dielectric constant and excellent solvent solubility without precipitation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel cells contain Nafion polymeric membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cap material is an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a rare earth cerium oxide, an alkaline earth cerium oxide, scandium cerium oxide, an yttrium-doped cerium oxide or a lanthanum-doped cerium oxide. The substrate comprises an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, silicon or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic component includes gold, platinum, copper, rhodium, palladium, silver, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, ruthenium or iridium, preferably gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: At least a portion of the coating is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The coating overlies a multiple of regions along the surface or overlies the entire surface of the element. The coating comprises a multiple of layers. A thickness of the coating is 2-200 microns. The flow field comprises lands interspersed with grooves (66), where the coated regions correspond to the grooves. An electrically conductive path is established between the MEA and the impermeable element having an electrical resistivity of less than 100 (preferably less than 50) mOmega-cm2 under a compressive force of greater than or equal to1350 kPa. Preferred Properties: A surface free energy of the coated region of the surface is less than 70 (preferably less than 30) dyne/cm. The coated region of the surface is corrosion resistant. Preferred Method: The depositing step comprises contacting the region(s) of electrically conductive surface with an electrolytic solution comprising an electroconductive monomer; and applying a first potential to the element and a second and opposite potential to a counter-electrode in contact with the electrolytic solution for a duration sufficient to electropolymerize the monomer along the region(s), thus forming the electroconductive polymeric coating on the region(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The element comprises aluminum, magnesium, platinum, stainless steel, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, and/or their co-polymers. The element comprises polymer composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is liquid electrolyte fuel cell, a solid membrane fuel cell, an alkaline fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, and/or a solid oxide fuel cell. The membrane includes any cationic and anionic membrane. The membrane includes non-fluorinated, partially fluorinated, or perfluorinated membranes. The membrane is a proton exchange membrane. The membrane includes cationic or anionic membrane. The membrane includes non-fluorinated, partially fluorinated, or perfluorinated membranes. The membrane is a proton exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium-transition metal oxide contains cobalt. The lithium-transition metal oxide with a layered structure is lithium cobalt oxide. A combination of a solution containing a compound containing the element M and a solution containing a compound containing the element P and/or M.Preferred Composition: The amount of the element M is 0.01-10 atom.% of the total amount of transition metal in the lithium-transition metal oxide.Preferred Method: The positive electrode material is heat treated at 200-1000degreesC for 1-20 hours.Preferred Parameter: The pH of the solution that contains the elements M and P is 6-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first semiconductive material comprises a semiconductive material consisting of a single semiconductive material area contacting the respective second conductive material, two semiconductive material areas of the same type each contacting the respective second conductive material, or two semiconductive material areas of different types each contacting the respective second conductive material. The first semiconductive material is doped consisting of p-doping, n-doping, depletion, or no doping.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first semiconductive material is made from nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, silicon nanowires, nanomaterials, nanostructures, bismuth (Bi), boron (B), silicon (Si), silicon-on-insulator, germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), polonium, SiGe, Bi2Te3, or superlattice materials. At least one of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the third conductive material are made from nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, silicon nanowires, nanomaterials, nanostructures, superlattice materials, aluminum, copper, tin, palladium, gold, silver, titanium, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, hafnium, tantalum, gallium, indium, thallium, lead, bismuth, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the third conductive material are also made from flexible conductive materials, conductive plastics, or conductive polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton conductive resin is impregnated with an acid from a phosphoric acid or a phosphonic acid. EXAMPLE - In an argon atmosphere, 1.040 g of 4,4'-diphenyletherdiamine (ODA) was dissolved in 15 ml N-methylpyrrolidone, and 1.250 g of diphenylmethanediioscyanate was slowly dripped thereto. Then, the resulting solution was heated to 120degreesC for 3 hours and immersed in methanol so that a white aromatic polyurea resin (PU-MDOD) was obtained. Then, in an argon atmosphere, 0.120 g of sodium hydride (NaHl) was dispersed in 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone at 80degreesC. 1.035 g of the PU-MDOD obtained above was dissolved in 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone. The PU-MDOD in N-methylpyrrolidone was slowly dripped into the NaH in N-methylpyrrolidone. After the resulting solution became transparent, 0.681 g of 1,4-butanesultone was added to produce a solid. The solid was separated by filtering under a reduced pressure and washed with ethanol to produce a sodium salt of a proton conductive resin in light yellow solid (s-PU-MDOD(Na)). The s-PUMDOD(Na) was dissolved in dimethylacetoamide. The resulting solution was cast onto a glass substrate and dried at 80degreesC, thus producing a transparent light yellow film. The film was immersed in a 1 M hydrogen chloride solution for more than 12 hours so that a Na ion was substituted with a hydrogen ion. A film of a proton conductive resin (s-PU-MDOD(H)) was obtained. In particular, an aromatic polyurea resin including an alkylsulfonic acid group at its side chain, which is a solid polymer electrolyte membrane was obtained. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane was 37 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluorocyclobutane-containing polymer further comprises a structural unit of formula (6).Ar2=structural unit of formulae (7)-(9).Preferred Method: The structural unit (1) is obtained by chemical reaction of a compound of formula F2C=FC-O-Ar1-O-CF=CF2 (5). The structural unit (6) is obtained by chemical reaction of a compound of formula F2C=FC-O-Ar2(O-CF=CF2)-O-CF-CF2 (10) with a compound of formula (5). Preferred Parameter: The perfluorocyclobutane-containing polymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 5000-10000000. Preferred Material: The perfluorocyclobutane-containing polymer is a homopolymer, a random copolymer, and/or a block copolymer. Preferred Definition:    Ar1=one or two sulfonic acid groups.    EXAMPLE - A monomer (6.4 g) was dissolved into dry n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (15 g) in a three-necked, round-bottom flask with a nitrogen purging system. The mixture was refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 ml) to separate the polymer, which was dried in vacuo at 80degreesC for two days. A 20 wt.% dimethylsulfoxide solution of the obtained polymer was prepared, and was applied onto a glass plate. The solvent was removed at 50degreesC for one hour, 120degreesC for one hour and 200degreesC for one hour, to form a membrane with a film thickness of 48 microns. The membrane was immersed in a 1 mol/L sulfuric acid solution for 24 hours, and then washed with deionized water until no acid was detected. The methanol permittivity of the sample film obtained was 2.61x108 mL/s.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The thermoplastic polymer is polyacrylonitrile, polyfluoride vinylidene-hexafluoro propylene or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is methanol aqueous solution or dimethyl-either aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The carbon nano fiber is dispersed in infusible and insoluble phenol resin. Preferred Fiber: The carbon nano fiber-phenol resin composite material contains carbon nano fiber (0.05-60 mass%). The carbon nano fiber has diameter of 1000 nm or less. Preferred Molded Product: The carbon nano fiber-containing resin molded product is formed as thin plate having flow-path pattern in its surface, and is used as separator for fuel cells. EXAMPLE - VGCF (carbon nano fiber) (in mass parts) (6), water (1300), phenol (450), 37 mass% formalin (460), hexamethylene tetramine (50) and gum arabic (4.5) were stirred at 80degreesC for 60 minutes. Addition-condensation reaction was performed for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 30degreesC, filtered, and dried at 45degreesC for 48 hours. Spherical shaped carbon nano fiber-phenol resin composite material having carbon nano fiber (1 mass%) was obtained. The obtained carbon nano fiber-phenol resin composite material was filled in a metal mold heated at 160degreesC. The composite material was heated for 3 minutes under 15 MPa pressure, and carbon nano fiber-containing resin molded product was obtained. The obtained molded product had bending strength of 50 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 4.7x103 MPa and maximum arcuation amount of 0.3%, each measured according to JIS K 6911 and resistivity of 2.3x104 Omega.cm measured by JIS K 7194, contact resistance of 3x106, and heat conductivity of 0.27 W/m.K and favorable electromagnetic wave blocking performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The spread of the high frequency field is spatially controlled using a suitable antenna. One or more antennae, preferably patch or coxial antennae, are used to inject the high frequency field. One of the antennae is used as a current collector of the electrodes and a filter is used for decoupling low frequency and high frequency parts. Locally high heating rates in the high frequency field are achieved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method includes providing a cover layer on the corrosion-resistant coating for minimizing contact resistance of the corrosion-resistant coating. The method may involve providing a bipolar plate substrate, a gas/powder mixture comprising metal powder particles, and a stream of heated gas; forming a gas/particle stream by mixing the gas/powder mixture with the stream of heated gas; and providing the corrosion-resistant coating on the bipolar plate substrate by ejecting the gas/particle stream against the bipolar plate substrate. The ejecting step involves ejecting the gas/particle stream against the bipolar plate at a velocity of 500-1500 m/sec. Preferred Component: The cover layer comprises a sputtered layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cover layer can be made of gold, platinum, rhodium, or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The bipolar plate substrate comprises 304L or 316L grade stainless steel. The corrosion-resistant coating comprises C-276 grade stainless steel. It may comprise a material of 904L alloy, 254SMO alloy or Carp-20 alloy. The cover layer is made of platinum alloys, ruthenium alloys, or palladium alloys. The metal powder particles comprise metal powder particles of 904L alloy, 254SMO alloy or Carp-20 alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal layer is niobium, vanadium, tantalum, palladium, iron, and/or their alloys. The large surface area metal layers are formed from palladium-black, tantalum-black, iron-black, vanadium-black, palladium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or palladium alloy, tantalum-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, iron-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, and/or vanadium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy. The frame can be nickel and/or silver.Preferred Property: Each of the large surface area metal layers has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. The metal layer has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. Each of the electrolyte membranes has a thickness of 1-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame can be polyimide membranes and/or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel of fuel cell is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gasket: The skin layer has thickness of 50-1500 microns. The thermoplastic elastomer has water absorption amount of 1 wt.% or less at 70degreesC. The thermoplastic elastomer is olefin type elastomer, preferably styrene group elastomer. EXAMPLE - Ethylene propylene diene copolymer rubber having ethylene content of 66 mol%, iodine number of 12 and Mooney viscosity of 38 (in weight parts) (75), polypropylene (20), low molecular polypropylene having melting point at 140degreesC (5), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(tertiary butyl peroxy) hexyne-3 (cross-linking agent) (1) and trimethylol propene trimethacrylate (1.0) were mixed, temperature was raised to 200degreesC and thermoplastic olefin type elastomer was obtained. The elastomer had water absorption amount of 0.1 wt.% at 70degreesC. The obtained elastomer (100) and VINYFOR AC#FC (nitrogen group chemical blowing agent) (0.5) were mixed and molded at 200degreesC and foam gasket was obtained. The foam gasket had foaming ratio of 1.06 and heat loss of 0.1%/22 hours after heating at 150degreesC for 22 hours in a vacuum oven. The gasket was left in oven at 70degreesC for 22 hours containing 10 g of moisture content, and weight reduction amount of moisture content was measured to be 0.22 g/22 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lead mixing suppression unit is an ion exchanger which has sulfonic acid group and/or imino diacetic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus in the alloy surface is 0.05% or more, when phosphate of metal is fixed to the alloy surface. The content of fluorine in the alloy surface is 0.05% or more, when fluoride of metal is fixed to the alloy surface.Preferred Metal: The metal is iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, manganese, titanium, silver, cerium, lanthanum, yttrium and/or aluminum. Preferred Method: The alloy is contacted with acid before contacting with solution. Platinum, metal or its compound is partially removed by acid treatment process. EXAMPLE - 20 weight% of platinum/carbon (5 g) was dispersed in iron nitrate aqueous solution (0.5 g). Aqueous ammonia was added in the solution, and pH was adjusted to 10. Stirring was performed at normal temperature for 3 hours. The solution was filtered, and carrier was vacuum dried at 90degreesC for 2 hours. Platinum-iron alloy catalyst was obtained. The obtained catalyst (0.5 g) was dispersed in 1M phosphoric acid aqueous solution (0.2 l). Stirring was performed at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution was filtered and washed with water, to obtain electrode catalyst. The catalyst had excellent battery characteristics, small amount of fluorine ion elution rate and suppressed generation of peroxide radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pulse voltage is 0.5-1V vs. Ag/Ag+. The number of cycle is 100-10000 cycles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process of (I), polymer complex compound of the transition metal is a polymer metal complex of tetra-dentate Schiff's base. Preferred Components: The polymer metal complex of tetra-dentate Schiff's base comprises the polymer complex of formula (A).Me=transition metal (preferably Ni, Pd, Co, Cu or Fe);R=H or electron donating substituent (preferably CH3O, C2H5O-, HO- or -CH3);R1=H or halo;Y1=-CH2-CH2, -CH3-C(CH3)-C(CH3)-CH3 or benzene-yl; andn=2-200000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The electrolyte is made of glass of structure Li2S-X, Li2S-X-Y or (M2O)-X(AnDm)Y(MH), where X = SiS2, Al2S3, P2S5, or B2S3, Y = Li2O, Li3PO4, Li2SO4 or Li2CO3; M = alkali metal; A = boron, aluminum, silicon, or phosphorus; D = oxygen or sulfur; Y = coefficient; MH = metal halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The glass electrolyte is in a thin film form with a thickness not greater than 10, preferably not greater than 1 microns. It has an ion conductivity of 5x105-2x103 S/cm.Preferred Method: The electrolyte is prepared by a deposition technique from simple vacuum evaporation, sputtering, laser ablation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-assisted PVD or plasma-assisted CVD.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises lithium silicate, lithium borate, lithium aluminate, lithium phosphate, lithium phosphorus oxynitride, lithium silicosulfide, lithium borosulfide, lithium aluminosulfide or lithium phosphosulfide.The metal-containing electro-active anode is lithium. It can be an alkali metal from sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium. It can be an alkaline earth metal from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and/or their alloys. It is a metal from zinc, iron, aluminum, titanium chromium or nickel.Preferred Material: The oxygen cathode comprises a carbon material and a binder that form a porous structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal-containing electro-active anode is a lithium alloy from lithium-aluminum, lithium-tin, lithium- magnesium, lithium-lead, lithium-zinc or lithium-boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Water from an air-side exhaust is condensed and stored from the fuel cell in a fuel reforming process. The fuel reforming process is used to provide reformed fuel for the fuel cell. The fuel cell oxidizes greater than or equal to 50% of carbon monoxide (CO) in the engine exhaust. It operates at 250-600, preferably 100degreesC. The internal combustion engine is diesel-powered and is operated, where the engine exhaust contains not greater than 0.4 g/bhp-hour nitrogen oxides and not greater than 0.04 g/bhp-hour PM without further treatment. The fuel cell reduces unburned hydrocarbon and CO contents of the exhaust. The engine is operated with direct injection of fuel into engine cylinders containing compressed air, where combustion is heterogeneous. It is configured to operate, after warm-up, with adiabatic flame temperature at less than or equal to 2000degreesK.Preferred System: The power generation system further comprises a condenser configured to recover water from an exhaust of the fuel cell's air side. It also comprises a fuel reformer configured to use water from the air side of the fuel cell. It comprises an external exhaust gas recirculation system configured to draw exhaust from upstream of the fuel cell, and oxidation catalyst configured to treat exhaust from the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises a perovskite. (The fuel cell can comprise any type of cell, but a solid oxide fuel cell is preferred.) The engine exhaust comprises CO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The exhaust from the fuel cell, optionally after treatment by an oxidation catalyst, contains not greater than 0.28 g/bhp-hour non-methane hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes are made of conductive material such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The forced circulation circuit comprises a pressurization apparatus used to maintain the pressure of the electrolyte inside the circuit at a preset value, ensuring perfect adhesion, by expansion of the gap of the lamina of the solid electrolyte to the electrodes and of the electrodes to respective pole plates. The lamina of electrolyte in the solid state are of the polymeric type and each one is deposited on the respective electrode and is provided with bipolar plates (18) with thin layers of catalyst at the interface (11). The electrodes (2, 3) are provided with channels for feeding the fuel and the oxidant, respectively. The fuel is constituted at least partially by hydrogen and the oxidant is constituted at least partially by oxygen.Preferred Property: The gap occupied by the electrolyte has a thickness of less than 0.1 mm. The device has operating temperatures which can even exceed 120degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: conductive filler comprises an expanded graphite. The separator for the fuel cell contains 20-60 wt.% expanded graphite. The particles for blast treatment may be ceramic particles or glass beads.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A contact angle of water on a surface of the separator for fuel cell is 40-60degrees.Preferred Process: The blast treatment is a dry blast treatment. It is carried out by using particles having a diameter of 5-1000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The particles for blast treatment may be metal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin is a thermosetting resin. The particles for blast treatment may be resin particles or plant particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Element : The element comprises a multilayered tube, a feed vessel, a connector, an adapter, a filter and a part of a pump or of a valve. Preferred Materials : The polyamide molding material is PA-46, -66, -610, -612, -88, -810, -1010-, -1012, -1212, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 or -12, a copolyamide based on these polyamides and/or a branched polyamide-polyamine copolymer and has an antistatic finish.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises a layer III from a polyamide molding material, layer IV from a molding material from a functionalized polyolefin and a layer V from a polyolefin molding material, with which the polyolefin is not functionalized. (A) is a multi-layer pipe, reservoir container, binding element, adapter, filter and a construction unit of a pump or valve. In (A), one of the layers of the group is equipped anti-electrostatically.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: A battery pack in which the cross-section of the heat compensator (18) over at least part of its length is complementary to that of the space between the cells (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic Material: Polyolefin (especially polyethylene, preferably HDPE), elastomeric plastic material, plastically-formable material or a casting compound. This material shows a thermal conductivity of more than 0.3 (preferably 0.4-0.5) W/mK and may contain filler(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive electrode plate is made of Pa-Ca type alloy. The electrode plate is plated using elements such as Sb, Bi and Sn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The housing of the generating unit comprises a first height and the housing of the dispensing unit comprises a second height greater than the first height. The generating unit further comprises a compressor and/or a hydrogen pump for supplying compressed reformate to the storage unit. It may further comprise a first compressor and a hydrogen pump for compressing reformate, a purifier for purifying reformate from the compressor, and/or a high pressure compressor for supplying compressed purified reformate to the storage unit. The generating unit further comprises a vent for venting reformate from the dispensing unit after supplying reformate to a vehicle. The dispensing unit comprises a nozzle for dispensing reformate to a vehicle.The generating unit further comprises: a heat exchanger for providing heat to the building; a fuel cell for generating electricity from the reformate; and a valve (22) for supplying stored reformate in the storage unit to the fuel cell.At least one of the generating unit and the dispensing unit further comprises a controller for controlling the reformer, the fuel cell, and the dispensing unit. The generating unit further comprises an inverter for supplying electricity from the fuel cell to the building.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises applying a coating of an adhesive to at least one of the two bonding surface areas. Preferred Component: The adhesive comprises electrically conductive particles of a material comprising a metallic element, the size of the particles being no greater than the thickness of the adhesive bond to be formed between the two bonding surface areas. The two metallic members are ferrous-based members or aluminum-based members. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from iron-silicon intermetallic compounds, iron-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, nickel-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, or eutectic alloys of iron-phosphorus, iron-silicon, iron-carbon, or nickel-phosphorus. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from aluminum-silicon compositions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive is made of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic porous material is A-type zeolite (18). The inorganic porous material contains manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or platinum. The material (M) is honeycomb-form, corrugate-shaped, sheet-type and/or rectangle column-shaped material. Preferred Property: The diameters of the inorganic porous material contained in the inorganic layer at different.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material (A) has sequential lamination of organic polymer layer and layer containing inorganic porous material. The layer is laminated based on size of pore diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The carbon fiber is a phenol-type ultra fine carbon fiber having diameter of 0.01-1 microns and aspect ratio of 10-100000. A sea-island-type composite fiber (A) consists of a composite resin consisting of phenol resin (I) and a resin (II) having incompatibility or low compatibility with the phenol resin. Fiber (A) has resin (II) as sea component and phenol resin (I) as island component. The phenol resin of island component is cross-linked. Selective removal of resin (II) is carried out by dissolving only resin (II) or thermally decomposing resin (II). The obtained fiber is carbonized to obtain phenol-type ultra fine carbon fiber.Preferred Composition: The composition used for forming the separator contains carbon fiber (in wt.%) (1-10), graphite (55-88) and thermosetting resin (10-35). EXAMPLE - A phenol-type ultra fine carbon fiber having diameter of 0.2-0.4 microns and length of 40 microns-2 mm was prepared using phenol, 37% formalin, oxalic acid, tetrahydrofuran, polystyrene resin, 8% formaldehyde aqueous solution and 3% ammonia aqueous solution. Phenol and 50% formalin were reacted at 80degreesC and 80 mmHg. 25% aqueous ammonia was added to the reaction mixture, reacted at 80degreesC and 80 mmHg, and cooled to room temperature. Thus, solid-state resol-type phenol resin was obtained. The obtained phenol-type ultra fine carbon fiber (in wt.%) (80), obtained phenol resin (15) and graphite (5) having average particle diameter of 15 microns, were compression molded at 180degreesC and 60 MPa for 3 minutes, to obtain a test piece. The test piece had volume resistivity of 20x10-3 Omegacm measured according to JIS K 7194, bending strength of 68 MPa measured according to JIS K 6911, heat conductivity of 70 W/mK measured according to JIS A 1412 and favorable exterior.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separator is formed on base metal that is made of metals selected from stainless steel, nickel, molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of compound of formula (1) is 0.1-5 wt.% with respect to whole quantity of the non-aqueous electrolyte. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Compound (1) is ethylene glycol diacetate, ethylene glycol dipropionate, ethylene glycol dibutylate, 1,2-propylene glycol diacetate, 1,2-propylene-glycol dipropionate, 1,2-propylene-glycol dibutylate, 1,3-propylene-glycol diacetate, 1,3-propylene-glycol dipropionate and 1,3-propylene-glycol dibutylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solid electrolyte used in fuel cell, consists of yttria stabilized zirconia, scandium stabilized zirconia or lanthanum gallate type solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Oxidation is performed by introducing liquid oxidant. Alternatively, performing an electrochemical reaction in an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes separated by an ion-exchange membrane includes including a reactant that is capable of undergoing or imparting a change in visual appearance upon oxidation or reduction, and monitoring any change in visual appearance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The membrane is ionically inactive and of low conductivity in the absence of introduced components. The ionic conductivity of the membrane is less than 60% of the ionic conductivity of Nafion 117.Preferred Device: The cell is in the form of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) or a stack of MEAs. The membrane is a composite membrane of neutral, anionic exchange, and/or cationic exchange materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One of the oxidizable component and oxidant is an acid and the other is an alkali. The fuel is borohydride, preferably sodium borohydride. The electrolyte is alkaline, preferably sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The anode comprises a catalyst containing platinum or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel may be alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol. The reactant is or is present in a fuel, e.g. methanol or ethanol present in an aqueous solution comprising calcium hydroxide. The reactant may be an oxidant, preferably aqueous potassium permanganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The resistive paste contains electroconductive filler such as carbon black and black lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion material consists of an oxide selected from a group containing zinc oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, manganese oxide. The intermediate conductive material consists of an oxide selected from a group containing zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, bismuth oxide, yttrium oxide, samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide, calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The dividing portion comprises a sheet-shaped member comprising a flexible member. The first outlet is configured in a position in which gaseous dimethyl ether can be taken out through the first outlet. The second outlet is configured in a position in which liquid water can be taken out through the second outlet. The fuel tank further comprises a float comprising a suction port, a weight provided in a position in which a center of gravity of the float is away from the suction port, and a flexible tube for communication between an interior of the float and the first outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alanate is NaAlH4 or M1(1-2x)M2x(AlH4). The metal alanate material is doped with unstable metal oxide, hydroxide, nitrate or a carbonate. It is doped with 0.5-30 mol% oxygen. The oxygen is from an oxygen gas mixture.M1=alkali metal;M2=alkaline metal; andx=0-9Preferred Method: The method comprises doping the metal alanate material with unstable metal oxide, hydroxide, nitrate and/or carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The microreactor body comprises a glass or ceramic microreactor body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst comprises a nanostructured material comprising 10-50 Angstrom spherical subunits organized into a three dimensional porous arrays with high surface area and porosity. It also comprises an aerogel or a solgel. It comprises an aerogel of zirconia, or alumina, or ceria, or calcia or silica, and combinations of zirconia, or alumina, or ceria, or calcia or silica. It also comprises a nickel-silica aerogel. It also comprises copper-zinc-oxide alumina aerogel. It also comprises carbon nanotubes, or zeolites. It also comprises copper, zinc, zirconium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, cerium, silicon, silica, titanium, and aluminum nitrates, acetates, chlorides, oxychlorides or other soluble salts, or their oxides. The microreactor body comprises a silicon microreactor body or a metal microreactor body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite fibers have an ordered molecular structure. The graphitized graphite-forming precursor has a disordered molecular structure. Preferred Properties: The graphite fibers have a diameter of 50-250 nm, and a length of 25- 250 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The graphite-forming precursor is in a solvent. The step of forming the precursor matrix includes removing the solvent. The step of removing the solvent includes heating. In the first heating step, the matrix is heated to 1000degreesC. In the second heating step, the carbonized matrix is heated to 3000degreesC. The compressing step compresses the mixture in a mold. During the first heating step, the matrix is in the mold. The carbonized matrix is removed from the mold prior to the second heating step. The compressing and forming steps are carried out concurrently or simultaneously. The process further includes stabilizing the graphite-forming precursor by heating in an atmosphere comprising oxygen prior to the first heating step. The graphite fibers are randomly curled. Preferred Properties: The microporous graphitized foam has a void fraction of 10-98%, and an average pore size of 0.1-10 microns. Preferred Component: The microporous graphite foam comprises graphite fibers joined by the graphitized graphite-forming precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The graphite-forming precursor comprises one or more of a phenolic resin, a urethane resin, furfuryl alcohol, and mesophase pitch (preferably).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc and iron in oxide is 0.25-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-graphite group carbon materials are hardly graphitized carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is phenol resin and/or furan formaldehyde resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The end of the gas venting duct that is connected with the sealing element has a cylindrical shape or a tapered shape. The sealing element that is connected to the venting duct has a cylindrical shape. It has an external strengthening ring in the proximity of the edge that also has a cylindrical shape. The sealing element (9) connected to the venting outlet has a cap shape or a cylindrical cap shape. It is inserted into a housing located in the mouth of the venting duct (83) and having a portion that is smaller in width. The venting duct is connected to the internal cylindrical surface (85) of the plug (8) having a venting hole (84). The sealing element, connected with the venting outlet, is disc-shaped. It is inserted into a housing located in the mouth of the venting duct and having a portion that is smaller in width. The venting duct is connected to the internal cylindrical surface of the plug. The gas venting duct is connected to each plug of the cover.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The elastic sealing element is made of plastic material. The plastic material belongs to the group of synthetic rubbers that are resistant to mineral acids. The sealing element is made of material belonging to the group of fluoro-silicone rubbers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The indicator may comprise inorganic dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The light is UV light or visible light. The indicator changes its response calorimetrically or luminescently. The indicator is a change in acidity indicator, potentiometric indicator, or galvanometric indicator. The catalyst is loaded on the fuel cell component. The fuel cell component is a flow field plate, gas diffusion layer, electrode, membrane electrode assembly, and/or membrane. The apparatus may include a source of UV and a detector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid is capable of undergoing oxidation or reduction. The fluid is hydrogen, oxygen, and/or alcohol. The indicator may comprise organic dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The single phase nitrided structure comprises expanded austenite. The alloy further comprises nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), carbon (C), and/or nitrogen (N). It comprises an austenitic stainless steel. Preferred Property: The single phase nitrided structured defines a thickness of 0.5-6 microns. Preferred Parameter: A temperature of the bipolar plates is maintained above 350-400degreesC (preferably 375degreesC) during the plasma nitriding process. The plasma nitriding process comprises a pressure of 0.5-5 Torr and a bias voltage of 350-650 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The coupler comprises one side plate formed with the opening and the penetrating passages to expose the manifolds and the flow passages of the separator plate and with coupling bosses along a periphery; and the other side plate formed with the opening and the penetrating passages to expose the manifolds and the flow passages of the separator plate and with coupling holes that receive the coupling bosses of the side plate along a periphery. The separator plate has a periphery formed with through holes through which the coupling bosses penetrate. The coupling bosses of the side plate of the coupler penetrate through the through holes of the separator plate and are then fitted into the coupling holes of the other side plate of the coupler so that the separator plate and the coupler are coupled to each other. The separator plate and the coupler are coupled to each other by heating and pressing. Contact surfaces of the separator plate and the coupler are treated by physical processing including grinding or sand blasting, or chemical processing including etching to improve sealing performance. The fixing unit comprises end plates (430) positioned at both ends of the stack; bolts (410) that connect the end plates to each other; and nuts (420) that secure the bolts.Preferred Method: Upon performing the heating and pressing, the heating is performed by inserting hot wires as heating media into the couplers and cooling water is caused to flow through the flow passages of the separator plates to prevent thermal damage to the membrane electrode assemblies.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coupler is made of thermoplastic elastomer to perform insulation and sealing functions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Dimension: The thickness of the conductive bumps is greater than 0.1 mm. The thickness of the plurality of conductive bumps is greater than 0.1 mm. Preferred Components: The membrane electrode assembly is a solid state membrane electrode assembly. The bipolar plate (420, 450) includes a substrate (422, 452), in which an electrode region is formed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive bumps comprise tin, lead or tin-lead alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass fiber reinforced polymeric materials, preferably ANSI-grade FR-1, FR-2, FR-3, FR-4, FR-5, CEM-1, or CEM-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solid oxide fuel cell uses at least one of stabilized zirconia solid solution, lanthanum gallate group salt solution, ceria group solid solution and bismuth group solid solution as an electrolyte. The fuel cell uses at least one of cermet material chosen from lanthanum manganese oxide, lanthanum cobalt oxide, lanthanum iron oxide, strontium cobalt oxide and metal-oxygen ion conductive substance, as electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plate: The plate contains resin-reinforcing material. One side of the plate consists of laser transmissive resin, which permeates the laser light, and other side of the plate consists of laser absorption resin, which absorbs laser light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation portion of zwitterion is onium cation of formula (1). The anion portion is of formula (2). The proton donor is R3SO3H, H3PO4, R4COOH, H2SO4 or group of formula (3).R,R'=H or 1-18C alkyl;R''=1-18C alkylene;R1,R2,R5,R6=(un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon or 1-5C fluoro carbon group;andR3,R4=1-5C hydrocarbon or 1-5C fluoro carbon group. EXAMPLE - Acetone solution of n-butyl imidazole and acetonitrile solution of 1,4-butane sultone were mixed in equimolecular amount at 0degreesC. Temperature of solution was raised to room temperature, stirred for 5 days and reacted at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was vacuum-dried, and residue was washed, to obtain 1-(-1-butylimidazolio)butane-4-sulfonate as zwitterion type ionic liquid. The obtained liquid was mixed with proton acid (formula I) in molar ratio of 0.5-0.67 in methanol. The mixture was vacuum-dried, to obtain a proton conductor. The proton conductor had high ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: Tungsten or molybdenum microparticles are simple substance, its oxide or carbide material. The particle size of the microparticles is 5-500 nm. EXAMPLE - Polyvinyl alcohol (50 mass %) and ammonium tungstate ((NH4)6W7O24.4H2O) (50 mass %). The obtained mixture was filled in ceramic boat and baked with electric furnace. The mixture was cooled, ground, washed with hydrochloric acid and distilled water, and dried at 105degreesC. Carbon coated tungsten microparticles were obtained. The obtained microparticles had BET specific surface area and bulk density of 8 m2/g and 24.5 cm3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber composition further contains at least one diene rubber (E) selected from polyisobutylene rubber, polybutadiene rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber. The rubber composition contains 3-30 wt.% of white carbon (B). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The peroxide type crosslinking agent (C) is 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy isopropyl) benzene.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene-propylene type copolymer Esprene 501A (in weight parts) (100), white carbon Nipsil ER (60) of pH 6.5 or more and DBA value 180 mg-mol/kg, 1,4-bis(tert-butylperoxy isopropyl) benzene (5), carbon black Acorus calamus rack IP-200 (100), process oil Diana Process PW-380 (60), antiaging agent (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) (1) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (3) were blended to obtain a rubber composition. The obtained rubber composition had excellent kneading workability and heat resistance. The rubber composition provided hose having excellent durability, pressure resistance and external appearance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The connecting member is made of the electrically conductive material having an electrical resistance value of greater than or equal to50 to less than or equal to300 Omega-cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: Removing the solvent comprises heating above room temperature, exposing the substrate to infrared radiation, or evaporating the solvent while the coated substrate is held in contact with a pattern member comprising openings, and where the first fluorocarbon polymer is deposited at the openings upon evaporation of the solvent. One side of the substrate is blocked during the heating or exposure to the infrared radiation, or both sides of the substrate are open during the heating or exposure to infrared radiation. The method comprises a continuous process. It comprises applying the first fluorocarbon polymer in a pattern on surface of the sheet, and applying the microporous layer on the other surface. Preferred Parameter: The method comprises heating the substrate above 290degreesC to remove the surfactant and sinter the fluorocarbon polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a carbon fiber based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The fluorocarbon polymers comprise polytetrafluoroethylene. The microporous layer comprises acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A surface of the substrate is covered with a layer comprising the material mixture and having a thickness of 10-100 microns. Preferred Parameter: The substrate has a thickness of 200-1500 microns and a porosity of 88-97%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material comprises nickel oxide particles that carry, as a conductive material, cobalt oxihydride having an oxidation number of 2.9-3.4 on the surface of the nickel oxide particles.Preferred Method: A compressed gas is sprayed onto a portion of the substrate corresponding to the unfilled portion while the material mixture paste is filled into the substrate. The step of filling the material mixture paste into the substrate comprises placing die nozzles (21) facing towards each other with a gap having a predetermined width, allowing the substrate to pass through the gap in a longitudinal direction, and spraying the material mixture paste onto the passing substrate from slit-shaped outlets of the die nozzles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: A porous metal that forms the substrate is made of iron plated with nickel or made of nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material mixture further comprises xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan and/or diutan gum. The material mixture further comprises xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose.Preferred Property: The elastic polymer has a glass transition temperature of -100 to 20degreesC. The material mixture paste has a viscosity at 20 rpm of 3-15 Pa.second and a viscosity ratio: viscosity at 2 rpm/viscosity at 20 rpm of greater than or equal to2.Preferred Composition: The amount of the elastic polymer contained in the material mixture is 0.2-5 pbw per 100 pbw of the active material. The volume of the material mixture paste tilled in the substrate is 95-150 vol.% of the pores of the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The half-value width of any diffraction peak that appears at angles of 60-80degrees or 20-80degrees in terms of 2(theta) value in an X-ray diffraction measurement using the Cu-Kalpha line is less than or equal to0.1degrees. The tap density is 1.6-2.1 g/cm3. Preferred Definition:    M=quadrivalent element(s) such as silicon, germanium, or tin;    M'=trivalent element such as boron, aluminum, or indium.    EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, nickel hydroxide, manganese dioxide, germanium oxide, tricobalt tetroxide, and aluminum hydroxide were mixed as raw materials such that the metal elements had predetermined compositional ratios. The mixture was then subjected to a first calcination process at 870degreesC for 10 hours in the air. The process was performed in a box-shaped calcination furnace, with the powder materials put in a high-purity alumina container. The materials after the first calcination process were then pulverized in a ball mill, and then subjected to a second calcination process at 1000degreesC for 10 hours, thus obtaining the inventive complex oxide material having a presence of good crystallinity. A secondary battery utilizing the obtained product was found to have higher capacity maintenance ratio relative to the number of cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameters: A wall thickness of the elastic filler is designed less than or equal to 0.3 mm at position of tops of the corrugation hills of the corrugated metal tube. The elastic filler has a storage modulus of 5x108 MPa to 5x109 MPa (preferably greater than or equal to 1x109) under -30degreesC to 150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The elastic filler is made of ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer, styrene butadiene rubber, or silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode material has coating layer (3) containing lithium compound which covers the particles containing lithium iron phosphoric acid compound. The lithium compound is compound having lithium ionic conductivity. The lithium compound is lithium sulfate (Li2SO4), lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), lithium-phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), complex oxide of lithium-boron (Li2O-B2O3), lithium-boron complex oxide-lithium iodide (Li2O-B2O3-LiI), lithium oxide-silicon sulfide (Li2O-SiS2), lithium sulfide-silicon sulfide-lithium phosphate) (Li2O-SiS2- Li3PO4), lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and/or lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). The anode material contains electroconductive material adhered on the surface of the particles containing lithium iron phosphoric acid compound. The electroconductive material is carbon, silver, platinum, palladium, gold, iridium, aluminum, titanium and/or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous metal collector contains aluminum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, zinc, tungsten, bismuth, antimony, their alloy and/or their stainless alloy. The thin film layer contains electrode active material containing complex oxide or salt of cobalt, nickel, manganese, titanium, vanadium, iron, and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: There is a diffusion-inhibiting structure between the NOx storage structure and the exhaust gas. The period during which regeneration takes place is shorter than the period during which no regeneration takes place. The diffusion-inhibiting structure is a layer. The NOx storage structure is layered. The NOx storage structure comprises alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts. The NOx storage structure comprises noble metals. A fuel-derived reducing agent is supplied for regeneration. A vacuum is applied to S2 for regeneration. An ion-conducting membrane with porous electrodes is mounted on S2 and a reducing medium is supplied through the membrane for regeneration. An electric current is applied to the porous electrodes to effect electrochemical decomposition of NOx. The membrane conducts oxygen ions or protons. The diffusion-inhibiting structure is a support for the NOx storage structure. The NOx storage structure is deposited on or integrated into a porous support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The protrusion of graphite material has height to base length ratio of 0.1-15. The average particle diameter of graphite material is 3-100 microns. The graphite material is obtained by graphitizing mesophase pellet.Preferred Method: Alternately, the manufacturing method involves mixing powder form metal material with precursor, or mixing metal material and precursor in a dispersion medium and removing the dispersion medium. Alternately, the method involves mixing metal material, carbon and carbon substance, which form crystal structure having optical isotropy property after graphitization, adhering the blend to precursor of graphite material and heating at 1500degreesC or more, preferably 1500-3300degreesC. The metal material is bonded to precursor by plasma vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition. EXAMPLE - Mesophase pellet (in mass parts) (100) was added to ferric chloride aqueous solution (100). Further, sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was added and solution was neutralized. Mesophase pellet was dispersed in the suspension of iron oxyhydroxide. The dispersion liquid was heated at 100degreesC and water was removed. The dispersion was vacuum dried at 150degreesC for 5 hours and water was completely removed. The precursor was bonded with iron hydroxide. Further, the bonded precursor was heated at 3000degreesC in non-oxidizing atmosphere for 6 hours. Graphite material was obtained. The graphite material had average particle diameter of 24 microns and aspect ratio of 1.2. The graphite material had protrusion with average height of 3 microns and height to base length ratio of 1.2. A cathode was formed using the obtained graphite material. A lithium ion secondary cell comprising the obtained cathode, anode and non-aqueous electrolyte was formed. The cell had excellent discharge capacitance, initial charging and discharging efficiency, and cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises: preparing (I); and nitriding a surface of (I) at 590degreesC or lower to form (II). Preferred Components: In (A), an atom ratio of chromium to iron contained in (II) is lower than that of chromium to iron contained in (I). (I) comprises a stainless steel containing at least one kind of metallic element such as iron, chromium, nickel or molybdenum. The cubic crystal structure is an M4N-type crystal structure in which a nitrogen atom is located in an octahedral gap at a center of a unit cell of a face-centered cubic lattice formed of at least one kind of transition metal atom. The thickness ratio of (II) to (I) is 1/2000-1/10. The thickness of (II) is 0.05-10 microns. The nitrogen content and oxygen content at a depth of 3-4 nm from an outermost surface of (II) are 5 (preferably 10) atom.% or higher and 50 (preferably 35) atom.% or lower respectively. The ratio of oxygen content to nitrogen content at a depth of 3-4 nm from an outermost surface of (II) is 10 (preferably 3.5) or smaller. In (A), at the depth of 10 nm from an outermost layer of (II), a nitrogen content is 10 (preferably 15) atom.% or higher and an oxygen content is 30 (preferably 26) atom.% or lower and a depth of 100 nm from an outermost layer of (II), a nitrogen content is 16 atom.% or higher and an oxygen content is 21 atom.% or lower. (II) has a density gradient of nitrogen from a surface of (II) towards an inside. Preferred Method: The nitriding process is performed at 570 (preferably 500)degreesC or lower. The nitriding process is the plasma nitriding, which is performed by applying a negative bias voltage to (I) within low temperature non-equilibrium plasma obtained by electric discharge of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The filter component comprises a pressure indicator; and indicator regions provided on the pressure indicator for indicating pressures of the coolant corresponding to degrees of blockage of the filter component. The indicator regions comprise a first indicator region for indicating a blockage of 0-25% of the filter component; a second indicator region for indicating a blockage of 25-50% of the filter component; a third indicator region for indicating a blockage of 50-75% of the filter component; and a fourth indicator region for indicating a blockage of 75-100% of the filter component. The particle filter comprises a reverse flow conduit provided in fluid communication with the upstream end of the filter housing, and where pressure gauge is connected to the reverse flow conduit. The reverse flow conduit is disposed at a 90degrees angle, with respect to a longitudinal axis of the filter housing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The filter component is conical, and includes a mouth adjacent to the upstream end and an apex (20b) adjacent to the downstream end of the filter housing. It is a stainless steel mesh. It has a 40 microns screening capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The support is a-alumina.The active ingredient is ruthenium.The loading of ruthenium is at least 3.0 wt.% with respect to the support.At least 80 % of a active ingredient exists in 10% of the surface layer of the support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The moisture content controlling agent is an electroconductive material subjected to hydrophilization treatment, or additive(s) chosen from silica, zirconium phosphate, titania, cesium hydrogen sulfate (CsHSO4, CsH2SO4) and inorganic solid acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel processor comprises a first catalytic zone for converting the hydrocarbonaceous fuel into an intermediate product gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a second catalytic zone for converting part of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide; and a third catalytic zone for selectively and partially oxidizing or methanazing the remaining carbon monoxide. The second catalytic zone comprises an upstream section having a relatively high working temperature and a downstream section having a relatively low working temperature. The fuel processor comprises a pressure vessel and all the catalytic zones are accommodated inside this vessel.Preferred Parameter: The thermal mass of the catalytic zone is less than 4 k J/degreesC per meter of catalytic zone per gram oxygen to be contained in the chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The physical vapor deposition comprises sputtering, thermal evaporation, or electron-beam evaporation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film has a contact angle of less than 10degrees. The thin film comprises bismuth. It comprises metals, ceramics, and/or composites of metals or ceramics. It comprises noble metals, semi-metals, and/or carbon based materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkaline electrolyte may be an aqueous solution of a hydroxide of an alkali metal, preferably lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. It contains carbonate, borate, silicate, or phosphate as a buffering agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkaline electrolyte may be an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The wall has a catalyst for an endothermic or exothermic reaction. A hydrocarbon, preferably gasoline, diesel, methane or methanol, takes part in the reaction one side and hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide take part in the reaction on the other side. The catalyst is formed as a coating applied by a sol-gel method or a vaporizing method. An increasing temperature profile is formed along a fuel channel, an oxidant channel and/or tempering channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Capacitor: The capacitor uses polyfluorene or its derivative as positive electrode, and derivative of polyfluorene as negative electrode. A solution of dope polyfluorene or its derivative(s) in basic solvent, is adhered to a collector and solvent is evaporated such that a film of polyfluorene or its derivative(s), is formed on the collector surface. Preferred Compounds: The derivative of polyfluorene has alkyl, carboxyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl cyano, phenyl, halogen atom, halogenated phenyl, alkyl phenyl base and alkyl halogenated phenyl group, in 9th position.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electrical double layer capacitor has anode or cathode formed using the polyfluorene or its derivative(s), cathode or anode containing the electrode having electrical double layer capacitance, and (non)aqueous electrolyte liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substituents in 9-position of the derivative of polyfluorene are alkyl group, carboxyl group, nitro group, cyano group, alkyl cyano group, phenyl group (-Ph), halogen atom (-X), -CX3, halogenated phenyl group, alkyl phenyl base and alkyl halogenated phenyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A solution obtained by dissolving the doped polyfluorene or its derivative(s) in a basic solvent, is adhered to a collector. The solvent is evaporated, and a film of polyfluorene or its derivative(s) is formed on the collector. Thus, an electrode is obtained. EXAMPLE - Fluorene derivative and iron chloride (III) were dissolved in acetonitrile. The resulting mixture was stirred for 72 hours, and polymerization was carried out. The reaction liquid was filtered under reduced pressure. The filtrate was vacuum-dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours. The resulting crude product was dissolved in chloroform, and re-precipitated using methanol. The resulting solution was filtered under reduced pressure, vacuum-dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours, and purified to obtain polyfluorene derivative. The polyfluorene derivative (1.2 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting solution was repeatedly dropped on collector consisting of carbon, and dried to form a polyfluorene derivative film (electrode). Thus, a secondary battery was produced using the electrode. The battery had operating voltage of 3 V and excellent charging-and-discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anodic oxidation film anodizes aluminum base material in electrolyte liquid containing metal ion of manganese, tin, iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead or silver in sulfuric acid or sulfate. The anodic oxidation film contains metallic element of manganese, tin, iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon contained in the electroconductive film is graphite or carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal component of metal-coated portion is aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, magnesium, iron or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Derivative of polyfluorene has alkyl, carboxyl, nitro, cyano, alkyl cyano, phenyl, halogen (-X), -CX3, halogenated phenyl, alkyl phenyl or alkyl halogenated phenyl group in its 9-position. EXAMPLE - Fluorene derivative was dissolved in acetonitrile. Ferric chloride was dissolved and stirred for 72 hours. Polymerization was performed and reaction liquid was filtered. The crude product was dissolved in chloroform and the product was reprecipitated by adding methanol. The solution was filtered and polyfluorene derivative was vacuum dried. Subsequently, the derivative was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran solvent. The solution was dropped on collector consisting of carbon. The solvent was dried and electrode material was formed. An electrochemical element was formed using the electrode material. The obtained element had charging and discharging electric current value of 0.5 mAcm-2. The operating voltage of the element was 4.3 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substituents in 9-position of derivative of polyfluorene are alkyl group, carboxyl group, nitro group, cyano group, alkyl cyano group, phenyl group (-Ph), halogen atom (-X), -CX3, halogenated phenyl group and alkylphenyl group and alkyl halogenated phenyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The solution obtained by dissolving the doped polyfluorene or its derivative(s) and a high crystalline carbon material in basic solvent, is adhered on a collector. The solvent contained in the coat is evaporated, and film of polyfluorene or its derivative(s) is formed on the collector, to obtain electrode. EXAMPLE - Fluorine derivative and iron chloride (III) were dissolved in acetonitrile. The resulting mixture was stirred for 72 hours, and polymerization was performed. The reaction liquid was filtered under reduced pressure. The resulting product was vacuum-dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours. The resulting crude product was dissolved in chloroform and re-precipitated using methanol. The resulting solution was filtered under reduced pressure, vacuum-dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours and purified, to obtain polyfluorene derivative. The polyfluorene derivative (1.2 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran solvent, to obtain solution of polyfluorene derivative. Gaseous-phase method carbon fiber was dispersed in the resulting solution. The resulting solution was adhered on aluminum collector and dried, to obtain an electrode having film of polyfluorene derivative formed on aluminum collector. An electrochemical element was produced using the electrode. The obtained electrochemical element had operating voltage of 4.8 V, and excellent charging-and-discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The chemical treatment includes exposing the fuel cell element in a material selected from chromic acid, sulfuric acid, chromic oxide, chromic anhydride, tetrachloroethane, acetic acid, potassium dichromate, cycloallylchromate, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, and/or chlorosulfonic acid. It comprises submerging the fuel cell element in an acidic bath, or oxidizing the fuel cell element. The process further comprises anodic roughening the fuel cell element by immersing the fuel cell element in an acidic solution; and applying an electric current to the acidic solution. The oxidation modifies the surface of the fuel cell element to form polar and/or hydrophilic groups or to impart roughness to the surface of the fuel cell element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The diffusion medium has a surface free energy of greater than 50 (preferably greater than 80) dyne/cm. Preferred Components: The fuel cell comprises an electrophilic material adjacent both the anode and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The electroconductive polymer is deposited from a solution of monomers by electrochemical polymerization. Electropolymerization includes providing the substrate as the anode of an electrochemical circuit, exposing the anode to a solution of monomer, and passing current through the anode for a time sufficient to oxidize the monomer and form an electroconductive polymer on the carbon fiber paper surface. A pulse voltage is delivered to the anode. Preferred Components: The monomer is pyrrole, thiophene, aniline, furan, azulene, carbazole, and/or substituted derivatives of these polymers, preferably aniline or pyrrole. The electroconductive polymer is polypyrrole or polyaniline. Preferred Composition: The diffusion medium comprises 5-15 wt.% electroconductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a carbon fiber paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pressurized hydrogen is delivered in a fluid stream at a constant pressure from the ballast vessel to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell comprises an anode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material comprises a composition of structure MyHy.M=cationic species other than hydrogen;y=average valence state of M.The hydrogen storage material is a hydride material having a dehydrogenated nominal structure of AB, A:B, AB2 or AB5.A=first cationic species;B=second cationic species.The hydrogen storage material comprises a nitrogen-containing compound or magnesium-containing compound. It comprises a composition from lanthanum pentanickel, magnesium nickel, lithium amide, lithium boron dinitrogen hydride, lithium alanate, magnesium metal and/or its alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The ballast vessel supplies hydrogen to an inlet of the anode assembly. The hydrogen delivery system further comprises a fluid handling system for transporting fluids to and from the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer made of diamond is doped by boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen or sulfur. The electrolyte is selected from the group of lithium, beryllium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium and gallium, hydrofluoric acid, weak acid and weak base
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aqueous electrolyte liquid has pH of 6-10. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate (II) hexahydrate and anhydrous manganese acetate (II) were dissolved in water, and subsequently, 10% aqueous ammonia was dropped. Mixed hydroxide of nickel and manganese was obtained. The obtained hydroxide was washed, dried and calcined at 400degreesC. To the obtained oxide solid solution of nickel and manganese, lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added and mixed for 12 hours. The mixture was heated at 150degreesC for 1 hour, and further baked at 1000degreesC for 12 hours. LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 of layered structure was obtained and used as anode active material. An aqueous lithium secondary battery having an anode which had LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2, a cathode having Li1.5V3Oy (where y = 7-8), and an electrolyte liquid formed by dissolving lithium nitrate (LiNO3) in water, was prepared. The aqueous lithium secondary battery had excellent charging and discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material having starch, further contains coke powder and/or graphite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Starch is corn starch, rice starch and/or potato starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible envelope is made of polyvinyl chloride material or nylon coated with rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The precious metal catalyst comprises carrier for carrying precious metal chosen from platinum, ruthenium, iridium and silver, or alloy of 2 or more precious metal, as catalyst component. The fuel is pure hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The water decomposition layer comprises mixture of precious metal catalyst and water repellent resin, and ion exchange resin. The reaction layer comprises mixture of precious metal catalyst and ion exchange resin, and water repellent resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is metal chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, gold, rhenium, nickel, cobalt, and iron. Preferred Support: The support of catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecular sheave, zeolite, alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and/or cerium oxide. Preferred Condition: The catalyst is heated at 0-50degreesC, 100-200degreesC or 200-350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An acryl isocyanate compound or a sultone compound is bound to urea group and/or urethane group in the polyurea resin, and the active hydrogen group is bound to the acryl isocyanate compound. The active hydrogen group is a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or a hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group is bound to a polyoxyalkylene chain. Preferred Property: A pyrolysis temperature of the electrolyte is greater than or equal to180degreesC. A storage modulus of the electrolyte at 150degreesC is lxl07-lxl09 Pa. EXAMPLE - Polyurea resin (1 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (10 ml), and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (MOI) (0.4 g) and dibutyl tin dilaurylate (0.002 g) were added and reacted at room temperature. The isocyanate group was observed to have disappeared. To the resulting solution, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (TBAS) (50 wt.% aqueous solution) (1 pbw), 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (0.002 pbw) as a polymerization initiator, and THF (6 pbw) were mixed and degassed. Then, the mixture was irradiated with ultraviolet rays (400 W) for 7 minutes. The resulting compound was then washed with hot water (80degreesC) for 1 hour and dried. Thus, a proton-conducting electrolyte was prepared. The proton conducting resin was formed into a sheet to obtain an electrolyte membrane. The proton conductivity of the electrolyte membrane was 4x104 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare-earth oxide is yttrium oxide and/or ytterbium oxide. The iron group metal is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric material is selected from group consisting of PbTe, SiGe, compound of Co, Sb and Te.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The porous metal collector contains aluminum, tantalum, niobium, silicon and/or their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atom: The insertion atom is atom of aluminum, chlorine, potassium, titanium, nickel, platinum and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is graphite, carbon black, electronically conducting polymer and/or electronically conducting oxide. Preferred Membrane: The gas diffusion membrane is woven or non-woven carbon fibers. Preferred Catalyst: The oxidation catalyst contains platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or their alloys, and copper, gold and/or their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The acid resistant material comprises a polymer, preferably PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The layer other than the outermost positive electrode layer is in contact with the positive electrode current collector. The separator is an electron-beam cross-linked separator in which cross-linking is effected by irradiating a microporous polyethylene film with an electron beam. The separator comprises a microporous polyethylene film, and a microporous film having a melting point of greater than or equal to200degreesC stacked over the microporous polyethylene film. The battery includes a flexible battery case for accommodating a power-generating element containing the electrodes and separator. Preferred Properties: The separator has a meltdown temperature of greater than or equal to180degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The main active material of the layer other than the outermost positive electrode layer comprises spinel-type lithium manganese oxide or olivine-type lithium phosphate compound of formula LiMP04.M = Fe, Ni, and/or Mn.The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode active material, and the total mass of lithium cobalt oxide is greater than the total mass of spinel-type lithium manganese oxide or olivine-type lithium phosphate compound in the positive electrode active material layer. The lithium cobalt oxide exists in the outermost positive electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The microporous film having a melting point of greater than or equal to200degreesC (preferably 200-400degreesC) is a microporous film of polyamide, polyimide, or polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A fuel processing system provides the electrochemical catalytic reaction cell with first reactant comprising hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stainless steel alloy further comprises not greater than 0.02 wt.% sulfur plus phosphorus. The weight percentage of chromium plus molybdenum is greater than 1.66 times the weight percentage of nickel. The stainless steel alloy further comprises 1-1.5 wt.% silicon, 1-2 wt.% niobium, not greater than 0.02 wt.% carbon, not greater than 0.001 wt.% sulfur, not greater than 0.019 wt.% phosphorus, not greater than 0.05 wt.% titanium, not greater than 0.001 wt.% nitrogen, not greater than 2 wt.% manganese, and the remainder iron and incidental impurities.Preferred Concentration: The ratio of chromium equivalent to nickel equivalent is greater than 1.66.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The filled layer is arranged at the entrance side of the process gas. Preferred Gas: The high purity process gas is high purity hydrogen gas for fuel cells, or high purity nitrogen gas for semiconductor manufacture. EXAMPLE - A filled layer filled with a carbon monoxide adsorption agent containing copper chloride carried on alumina gel, and a filled layer filled with manganese oxide-copper oxide (MnO2-CuO) group carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst, were formed. Air containing 2500 ppm of carbon monoxide was supplied at 30 l/minute through the filled layers. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the processed gas was measured and found to be 0 ppm after 5-6 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Catalyst concentration monotonically increases as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases for positions between the first position and the second position. Catalyst concentration increases linearly or stepwise between the first and second position as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases. The catalyst is present at 1-50 wt.% of the total weight of the anode. The anode, cathode, and electrolyte layer are arranged in parallel sheets or concentrically. The fuel cell further comprises additional anode flow channels. The cathode defines at least a portion of a cathode flow channel, which has a cathode flow channel entrance for the introduction of an oxidizing component into the cathode flow channel and a cathode flow channel exit. The cathode flow channel is adapted to allow flow of the oxidizing component in a direction opposite to the flow of the fuel in the anode flow channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive core comprises copper, nickel, aluminum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: The total amount of impurity is less than 0.5% total weight. Preferred Component: The surface of the sheet anode includes porosity extending from outer into inner surface. The porosity is generated by pre-digestion of the sheet anode, which is connected with a noble metal and both immersing into an alkaline solution of pH 8.5-10. Preferred Material: The alloy is prepared from scrapped and/or recycled zinc, aluminum, and magnesium metals. The scrapped zinc metals are zinc (Zn)-aluminum (Al) alloys. The scrapped Al metals are Al-Zn, Al-magnesium (Mg), Al-Si, Al-Cu, and/or Al-Mn alloys. The scrapped Mg metals are from Mg-Al and/or Mg-Zn alloys. Preferred Definitions:    M=Mg, and includes minor amount of impurity elements Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti;    y=greater than 10, less than 35;and    z=greater than 1, less than 5, preferably 2-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The carbon in the vapor phase is deposited on a metal substrate by condensation process. The ratio of activated lamp black carbon, graphite and binder is 75:20:5, 80:10:10 or 80:15:5. The homogeneous mixture of carbon is activated by heating at 600-900degreesC for 5-9 hours in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fatty substance is butter oil or vegetable oils selected in turn from groundnut oil or sunflower oil. The solvent is tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylacetamide, ethyl alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is ethyl cellulose, polybenzimidazole, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl stearate, or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid includes sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, periodic acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicyclic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The base includes sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide, hydration tetramethyl ammonium, hydration tetraethyl ammonium, hydration tetrapropyl ammonium and hydration tetrabutyl ammonium or group containing alkali metal salt selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, specific silicate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The anode active material contains calcium and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder layer consists of metals selected from Sn, In, Ag, Cu, Zn, Bi, Al, Ge, Au, Si, and their alloys. The intermetallic compound layer consists of metals selected from Cu, Ag, Ni, and Au. The metal layer consists of metals selected from Al, Mg, Ag, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo, Ti, W and invar alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The first resin is adjusted in such a manner that the first proportion is 60-90 wt.%; and the second resin is adjusted in such a manner that the second proportion is 50-90 wt.%. The resin block is placed in intimate contact with a gate outlet in the cavity, and the resin block has a resin flow direction length of 30-50% of a resin flow direction length of the cavity. Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive particles comprise carbon particles or carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material contains carbon nanotube or vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber. The electrolyte liquid contains borofluoride dimethylethyl ammonium or borofluoride ethylmethyl imidazolium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The collector is a punching plate made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material contains carbon nanotube or vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber. The electrolyte liquid contains borofluoride dimethylethyl ammonium or borofluoride ethylmethyl imidazolium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A position of the separator interposed between the one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the width of the separator are adjusted, such that edges are located inside an edge of the exposed current collector portion pressed and welded, and are located outside an edge of the electrode not pressed and welded. The positive and negative lead are connected to the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, such that the positive lead is connected to the exposed current collector portion formed on the positive electrode at one end in a lengthwise direction, and the negative lead is connected to the exposed current collector portion formed on the negative electrode at an other end in the lengthwise direction. The positive or negative lead is connected to the exposed current collector portion to be pressed and welded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The deionization filter further comprises a visual meter connected to the conductivity analyzer box for indicating an ion-removing-efficiency of the ion exchange bed. The filter assembly comprises a first filter assembly provided adjacent to the coolant inlet port and a second filter assembly provided adjacent to the coolant outlet port. The filter assembly comprises an outer filter and an inner filter provided adjacent to the outer filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The modular patch of piezoelectric material is integrated with a selected portion of a pneumatic tire structure, and is configured to generate an electric charge upon the pneumatic tire structure subjected to mechanical strains. The energy storage device comprises an electrolytic capacitor, a super capacitor, a rechargeable solid-state battery, or a rechargeable chemical battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The piezoelectric structures comprise barium titanate fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The piezoelectric structures comprise barium titanate fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The piezoelectric structures comprise a material consisting of quartz, barium titanate, cadmium sulfide, lead zirconate titanate, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The highly conductive and gas-impermeable material is aluminum, copper, iron, titanium, lead, zinc, tin, or their alloys, and has a thickness of 0.001-2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The membrane/protein composite comprises a device which has the function of the incorporated membrane proteins. The protein functions include valves, channels, sensors, detectors, pumps and energy transducers. The matrix is formed from tri-block copolymer. The matrix is impermeable to a selected species. The membrane proteins are natural biological proteins.Two different membrane proteins are incorporated into the matrix. The membrane proteins are energy converting proteins. The membrane further comprises first and second electrodes on opposite surfaces of the matrix. The matrix is a biocompatible polymer impermeable to protons.Preferred Method: The method further involves orienting the membrane proteins in the matrix; selecting the proteins to produce corresponding membrane functionality; and inserting in the matrix two different membrane proteins. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Cytochrome oxidase is specifically claimed as the membrane protein.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbohydrate/ silica nanocomposite is heated at 900degreesC for 4 hours. The silica is removed by contacting the carbon/silica nanocomposite film with dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The thin film is deposited by spin coating the sol-gel composition on the substrate. Preferred Dimension: The film has an average thickness of 0.5-2 microns. Preferred Property: At least 90% of the primary pores have a diameter of 1-3 nm. The film has a specific surface area of 300-3000 m2/g, preferably 2000-3000 m2/g. The film has a specific pore volume of 0.7-1.5 cm3/g, preferably 1-1.5 cm3/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbohydrate/ silica nanocomposite is heated at 900degreesC for 4 hours. The silica is removed by contacting the carbon/silica nanocomposite film with dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The thin film is deposited by spin coating the sol-gel composition on the substrate. Preferred Dimension: The film has an average thickness of 0.5-2 microns. Preferred Property: At least 90% of the primary pores have a diameter of 1-3 nm. The film has a specific surface area of 300-3000 m2/g, preferably 2000-3000 m2/g. The film has a specific pore volume of 0.7-1.5 cm3/g, preferably 1-1.5 cm3/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water soluble carbohydrate is sucrose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polysiloxane gel precursor is formed in situ by heating an acidic, aqueous solution of an orthosilicate at 50-80degreesC for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The handle has a concave side and a convex side. When lying in the plane of the post section, the concave side encircles a portion of the arcuate post section of the clamp. The connecting pin has an intermediate section between the proximal end and the distal end. The intermediate section is smooth. The handle is rotatable axially to position a boss intermediate the pivot pin and the seat. The diameter of the connecting pin is greater than or equal to0.05 inch less than the diameter of the first and second apertures in the first and second legs. The handle is rotatable laterally to a position normal to the plane of the post section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: At least one of the handles, fastener and seat is manufactured from a non-corrosive material, preferably glass-filled nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The one-piece body is positioned upstream from the electrode gap. It defines another air passageway. The injector channel is positioned between the air passageways. The fuel injector contacts the one-piece body. The plasma fuel reformer further comprises a magnetic shield housing the one-piece body. It has a transformer defining an interior region in which the one-piece body housed in the magnetic shield is positioned.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The thermosetting resin is an epoxy resin or phenol resin, preferably resol-type phenol resin. The resin composition further contains a phosphorus-type compound as catalyst. The base material consists of carbon fiber, graphite nonwoven fiber, glass fiber, and nonwoven glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The negative-electrode material is a lithium titanate equipped with a spinel type structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The negative-electrode material is a lithium titanate equipped with a spinel type structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The protection elements has synthetic resin material having hardness conforming to JIS-A standards. POLYMER - The resin material of protection elements, consists of olefin type resin, epoxy resin, urethane type resin or nylon type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal Layer: The metal layer contains stainless steel, nickel, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, zirconium and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The coupling agent is silane, thianate and/or aluminate type coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The coating layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene fluoride, phenol resin, epoxy resin, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The cooling sub-system further comprises a start-up coolant loop fluidly connected to and by-passing a section of, the standard coolant loop, where the start-up coolant loop comprises a start-up pump (270), and where the start-up coolant is directed through the fuel cell stack by the start-up coolant loop during start-up of the fuel cell stack and the standard coolant is directed through the fuel cell stack by the standard coolant loop when the temperature of either the fuel cell stack or the start-up coolant reaches a first predetermined temperature. The coolant volume in the start-up coolant loop is less than the coolant volume in the standard coolant loop.Preferred Parameters: The heat capacity of the start-up coolant is less than the heat capacity of the standard coolant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The start-up coolant comprises a first coolant fluid, and the standard coolant comprises a second coolant fluid. The first and second coolant fluids are liquids. The first coolant fluid is a fluorocarbon and the second coolant fluid is a mixture of water and a glycol. The glycol is ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The first coolant fluid is a gas or air and the second coolant fluid is a liquid or a mixture of water and a glycol. The start-up coolant comprises a mixture of a first coolant fluid and a second coolant fluid and the standard coolant comprises the second coolant fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first wall is electrically insulating. The substrate comprises a first electron-conducting region that allows electricity to pass through the substrate material, the first electron conducting region located in a second wall of each of the first troughs opposed to the first wall. At least one of the troughs is filled with an electrically conductive diffusion medium, which is in electrical contact with electrodes. The substrate constitutes a portion of a wall of the first plenum into which a first reactant may be introduced. It constitutes a portion of the wall separating a first plenum from a second plenum. The ion-conducting region is a proton conducting region. The substrate comprises a flexible dielectric circuit board material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically-conductive diffusion medium comprises conducting material(s) consisting of porous metals, porous carbon paper, porous carbon of other forms, electrically-conducting inks, and/or electrically-conducting powders. The diffusion media comprise porous Teflon, porous polymers, porous non-conductive media formed from inks, or porous non-conductive media formed from powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: controlling a rate of condensation of bio-oils in the first bio-oil stream; reducing the temperature of the first bio-oil stream to less than 200degreesC in less than 2 seconds; condensing bio-oils in the first bio-oil stream in less than 2 seconds; and recovering the solvent liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent liquid is alcohols (methanol and/or ethanol), aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene and/or acetic acid), water (all preferred), mineral spirits and/or esters, the mixture of the alcohol and water or a mixture of a polar compound and a non-polar compound. The injection spray system (in which the spraying and removing heat occurs) is configured to: atomize the solvent liquid when the solvent liquid is sprayed onto the first bio-oil product/control properties of a diameter of the solvent liquid droplets, a mass flow rate, a mass flow rate ratio and/or a temperature in the injection spray system. The mass flow rate ratio is 0.01-2.5. The injection spray system is configured to spray solvent liquid droplets having a diameter of 0.1-5 mm. The solvent liquid is atomized when spraying the solvent liquid onto the bio-oil stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The composition is an enzyme obtained from fermentation of Trichoderma reesei, Clostridium thermocellum, Ruminococcus albus, Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces, Thermomonospora curvata, Acremonium cellulolyticus, Aspergillus acculeatus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium solani, Irpex lacteus, Penicillium funmiculosum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Schizophyllum commune, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sporotrichum cellulophilum, Talaromyces emersonii, Thielavia terrestris, T. koningii, and/or T. viride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The composition is derivatized with an affinity-foaming agent. The composition comprises cellulase, endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and/or beta-glucosidases. It comprises beta-1,4-glucan glycoanohydrolyase, beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase, and/or beta-glucosidase. The affinity-foaming agents are from rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-co-PMAA-cellobiose. Enzyme substrate and affinity-foaming agents comprises cellulose, xylan hydrolysate, cellulose hydrolysate, carboxymethylcellulose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, and/or tagatoses. The collected foam comprises chemical compound(s) at a concentration of 2-100, preferably 2-5 times more concentrated than before fractionation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbons removed from the formation water is selected from a group of methane, propane, ethane, butane and oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Methane fermentation of organic material in separated supernatant liquid is carried out to produce methane-containing gas. Water-soluble inorganic salt of chlorine and phosphorus is eluted from slurry, by adding water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism does not comprise a restriction system or an integration element in the lactate dehydrogenase gene. The microorganism is Geobacillus species (preferably Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius) and is a spore-former. The microorganism comprises non-nature pdc gene or nan-native adh gene. In the modification, the native lactate dehydrogenase gene or its portion is deleted. The microorganism grows at 40-85 (preferably 50-70)degreesC.Preferred Process: The production of ethanol is carried out at 40-70 (preferably 52-65)degreesC. The microorganism is maintained in a culture at a pH of 4-7.5. EXAMPLE - Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius (accession number 11955) (lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene 35) having knock-out of L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity by inactivation of the ldh gene and wild type strain (NCIMB 11955) were tested for ethanol production. The strains (10 vol./vol.%) were grown in fed-batch cultures, in established minimal media (containing urea sulfate). Glucose (1000 ml) was added as source of carbon, mixture was incubated at 60degreesC at pH 7 and ethanol production was compared. The result of ethanol production (mM) for wild type strain/ dlh35 was found to be 123/220.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The saccharification hydrolysis takes place at an acid pH or under enzymatic conditions. The biomass used is a lignocellulosic biomass, cellulose biomass, or starch and amylase containing cellulosic biomass. The lignocellulosic biomass is subjected to a steam pretreatment prior to saccharification hydrolysis. The enzymatic saccharification hydrolysis takes place using a cellulase mixture, supplemented with a beta-glucosidase. The co-fermentation takes place using a genetically modified S.cerevisiae strain expressing genes encoding xylose isomerase (XI) or genes encoding xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) and endogenous gene encoding xylulokinase (XK). The upper limit of glucose in the hydrolysate should not exceed 3 g/l, preferably not 2 g/l, more preferably not 1 g/l, still more preferably 0.6 g/l of medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first phase is capable of conducting a carbonate ion. The second phase is capable of conducting oxide ions to separate carbon dioxide from other gaseous molecules. A partial pressure difference of carbon dioxide from the first side of the membrane to the second side of the membrane drives a flux of carbonate ions in the first phase and a flux of oxide ions in the second phase. The flux of carbonate ions travels from the first side of the membrane to the second side of the membrane, and the flux of oxide ions travel from the second side of the membrane to the first side of the membrane. The two phases are in contact with each other so that they react with carbon dioxide to form a layer of lithium zirconate between the two phases. The second phase is surface treated with a catalyst that promotes transfer of oxide ion from the second phase to the first phase when separating carbon dioxide. Preferred Material: The first phase comprises a molten carbonate of potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and/or preferably lithium carbonate. The second phase comprises a solid oxide capable of conducting oxygen ions. The solid oxide comprises zirconia, zirconia doped with magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and ytrria, ceria, ceria doped with gadolinium or samarium, delta-bismuth oxide, and/or perovskites within the lanthanum gallium oxide (LaGaO3) family, or preferably stabilized zirconia. The material capable of conducting carbonate ions comprises a molten carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The bicontinuous membrane is in the form of a disk, plate, cylinder, cube, tube, film, or a sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The poreformers comprises organic particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Each reactor is made from stainless steel and contains one or more of the following in its cover - a reductor motor for driving the agitator shaft, a removable agitator shaft fixed to the cover by a clamp, an inlet provided by a channel inside a shaft for introducing inert gas in order to render the reactor atmosphere inert, a three-way valve made from stainless steel and a mounting socket for supplying electricity via a plug connected to an electrical point. The motor is housed inside a PVC casing containing holes via which heat generated by the motor can escape. The agitator shaft includes 14 cylindrical crosspieces located at different heights and extending at angles of 90 deg. relative to the shaft. The shaft rotation direction is changed at given intervals using a cyclic timer and a voltage relay. The valve can adopt an open position for discharging the sample from the reactor by suction via a steel rod with a length greater than the r! eactor height and a large volume syringe. The valve can also adopt a closed position for removing biogas generated during the degradation process. The bath has a double-walled design and the desired water level is maintained using a vertical float and a solenoid valve connected to the local water supply. The temperature of the bath is 5-110degreesC, obtained via an immersed electrical heating element. The control panel includes a switch with a safety fuse and a connector for supplying electricity to the agitator motor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heating element comprises an INCOLOY alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Aluminum profiles are used to fix the control panel to a PVC cover in which the outlines of all the reactors have been machined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The mixed oxide ion/electronic conducting membrane is selected from a single phase material having both oxide and electronic conductivity, a cermet comprising an oxide ion conductor and a metal electronic conductor, a dual phase ceramic comprising an oxide ion conductor and an electronic conducting oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The palm oil or palm oil products in the fuel mixture of (B) consist refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein. Preferred Composition: The fuel mixture of (B) is a blend of diesel (50-99, preferably 90-99%) and RBD palm oil (50-1, preferably 10-1%). The fuel mixture comprises crude palm oil (between 1-70, preferably between 1-40%) and medium fuel oil (99-30, preferably 99-60%). The fuel is a blend of 65-67 or 10-12% RBD palm olein in diesel. EXAMPLE - Fuel blends of 90% refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein and 10% diesel were prepared by simply mixing the proportion by volume at room temperature. The fuel blend exhibited a sulfur content of 0.035 wt.%, viscosity at 40degreesC of 29.5 cSt, pour point of 9degreesC, gross heat of combustion of 39800 kJ/kg, and flash point of 142degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbons are selected in such a way to avoid the risk of: hot spot formation, which susceptible to deactivate the catalyst and to break the reactor by fusion with the material; carbon particle formation, which is susceptible for catalyst poisoning. Preferred Process: The gas is post treated: by passing on a centrifuge equipped in the bottom with a separator jar to collect the soot solid particles or fine particles and condensed water droplets; optionally on a filtration cylinder to block the submicron particles to protect membrane unit; on a membrane unit in order to cut down the hydrogen content. The process comprises recovering of a fluid with a carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio of 0.82. The fraction rich in hydrogen is burned by passing on a flame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water reduction catalyst is chosen from platinum, iridium, nickel, gold, silver, copper, palladium and rhodium. Carbon dioxide is used as supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid in manufacture of photoreduction substance of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optical-pumping organic semiconductor is organic semiconductor selected from porphyrin derivative, a ruthenium bipyridine complex derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, acridine yellow and proflavines. The supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid contains additive selected from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, allyl alcohol, acetone, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene and xylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is polymeric material selected from polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether and polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The minimum injection interval is 1/75-1/50 of residence time of fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The biogas is used as fuel for generating electric power, using a generator (45). The cultivation liquid used at floating weed cultivation process is heated using the exhaust heat obtained at the electric power generation process, with a heating apparatus (55). The cultivated floating weed is dried to obtain dry grass, using a drying apparatus (65). The organic resources are activated sludge, and the floating weed is water hyacinth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst electrode and counter electrode are electrically conducted via electroconductive porous membrane. The chemical cell has a short circuit line connecting the electrodes, and a bias power supply installed on short circuit line. A bias voltage is applied between photocatalyst electrode and counter electrode. The bias voltage is applied by providing hydrogen ion concentration difference between compartments separated with the proton conductor. The proton conductor is an electrolyte liquid provided inside the porous conductor. The proton conductor is a proton conduction film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film (9) is formed using metal chosen from oxide, nitride, sulfide and carbide of metal used for forming electroconductive porous component, as semiconductor or insulator. The photocatalyst is formed by fusing photocatalyst particle on electroconductive porous component. The photocatalyst is a material having heterogeneous film. The electroconductive porous component is sintered compact of metal microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The methane gas is isolated from the absorption liquid (2), and an absorption liquid (4) is obtained. Carbon dioxide is isolated from the liquid (4), and deaeration is carried out to obtain absorption liquid (3). The isolated carbon dioxide is liquefied, purified and isolated into liquefied carbon dioxide and off gas. The off gas is refluxed and contacted with absorption liquid (2) using a cleaning apparatus (40). The isolated methane gas is refluxed in off gas, and sewage gas is refluxed, when carbon dioxide is dissolved in off gas with priority to absorption liquid (2), and absorption liquid (4) is obtained. Solution sending of absorption liquid (3) is carried out with a pump (25), and absorption liquid (1) is used in purification process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The iron particles are obtained by reducing iron oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas from methane fermentation tank is purified by gas cleanup apparatus, and returned to methane fermentation tank. The offensive odor component contained in digestive liquid and methane gas is reduced, and methane gas and digestive gas are transported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bad smell occurrence prevention agent further contains pH raise suppression agent (I), component (II) selected from alkali metal oxide, alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal oxide and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, and a sulfur oxidizing bacteria. The component (I) is organic acid, inorganic acid, aluminum sulfate, ferrous salt, thiosulfate, activated clay, coal ash, activated carbon or urease inhibitor. The component (II) is selected from calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The components are mixed with the bad smell occurrence prevention agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is perfluoro sulfonic acid film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonized material is obtained using human-waste treated sludge, organic sludge, crushed wood chip or saw dust as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas for combustion is hydrogen or hydrogen and hydrogen storage material or hydrogen supply material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The system uses a microbial retention carrier made of calcium alginate, porous ceramics; polyacrylamide; carrageenan, sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, potassium sulfate and/or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Gas: The combustion exhaust gas is produced from lean burn gas engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxidation catalyst has grain shape, granular form, pellet form, or tablet form. The oxidation catalyst is a honeycomb catalyst. Preferred Temperature: The low temperature region is a low temperature region at temperature of 450-350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - PREFERRED METHOD : The leachate has an initial COD value of at least 2000 mg O2/l. Methanogenic bacteria chosen from Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Methanospirillum and/or Methanosarcina are used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insoluble substance-containing wastewater is processed using microorganism activator containing polyphenol and/or organic acid metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The device further comprises temperature detector for detecting the temperature of the catalyst in each of the reformers; and unit for determining whether the temperature of the catalyst has reached the reforming-start temperature. The reformers include a reformer having a first heat capacity, and a reformer having a second heat capacity that is greater than the first. The switch control controls the switch so that the reformer that has the first heat capacity is selected. The switch switches among supply passages through which oxygen-containing gas is supplied; and the switch control controls the switch so that the reactant and the oxygen-containing gas are supplied to the reformers before at least one reformer is selected. The switch control operates when the hydrogen generation device is started. The fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane where an electrolyte layer is provided on at least one surface of a hydrogen-permeable metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process includes isomerizing the reaction product by contacting it with an isomerization catalyst under isomerization conditions to isomerize a portion of the n-paraffins to iso-paraffins. Pretreatment comprises contacting the feedstock with an acidic ion exchange resin or acid solution. The first effluent is hydrogenated by contacting the first effluent with a hydrogenation catalyst at 200-300degreesC and a hydrogen partial pressure of 3447-6895 kPa. The deoxygenation comprises decarboxylation and/or hydro-deoxygenation. EXAMPLE - A crude vegetable oil fraction was processed by placing Amberlyst (RTM: acidic ion exchange resin) into a column. Cargill crude vegetable oil (25 g) and then additional crude (50 g) were added to the column. The treated solution and feed solution were analyzed for net content and the results showed that the untreated vegetable oil had a composition containing (ppm): calcium (73); iron (1.6); magnesium (64.9); sodium (3.1); phosphorus (653); and potassium (407), while the treated vegetable oil contained (ppm): calcium (27.1); iron (0.6); magnesium (20.1); sodium (2.1); phosphorus (161); and potassium (99.7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrogen-separation membrane is a metal foil made of palladium, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A mixture of diesel fuel and air is passed over an oxide-supported oxide catalyst. The reaction is carried out at 200-500degreesC with sufficient air to fully replace all of the sulfur, and at flow rates that results in full conversion. The sulfur trap is regenerated by periodically reversing the flow so that hydrogen containing gas is passed over the sulfur trap; and the regeneration is also conducted by stopping fuel flow and allowing air to remove the sulfur, but with an alternate outlet flow path.Preferred Components: The supported oxide includes vanadium pentoxide (preferred), chromium trioxide or molybdenum trioxide, and the support includes cesium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, thallium pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, aluminum trioxide, silicon dioxide, manganese oxide, zeolites, cordierite and/or mullite; where the combination is used as it is, formed into extrudates, or wash coated onto substrates (e.g. monoliths, foams, reticulated foams or flat plates).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Microparticles: The inactive microparticles are silicon dioxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen generating agent is formed using iron salt and tetraalkoxy silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The polyvalent metal (A) is bivalent copper.Preferred Condition: The absorption of gas is carried out at pressure of less than 1 MPa, and the temperature of 40-100 degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The multivalent carboxylic acid (B) has carboxylic group in 1-position, 3-position, 5-position of benzene ring.Preferred Absorbent: The gas absorbent carries out absorption of gas dissolved in liquid, which is coordinating organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The separation film has hydrogen gas permeation rate of 50x10-5 cm3 (STP)/cm2.seconds.cmHg. The ratio of hydrogen gas permeation rate and nitrogen gas permeation rate of separation film is 50 or more. The ratio of hydrogen gas permeation rate and methane gas permeation rate of separation film is 85 or more. Preferred Definitions:    A1=bivalent unit (95-35 mol%) excluding amino group from 3,7-diamino-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The trans esterification is a reaction of synthesis of biodiesel from alcohols, esters or oils. The process involves a liquid purifying phase with mainly glycerin and water comprising carbon dioxide, prior to a coupling of the carbonated glycerin chains by a strong acid. One of the liquid purification phases involve purification by washing of the phase liquid containing mainly glycerin, or purification by washing of the phase liquid containing mainly biodiesel, or separation of the liquid phases of biodiesel and glycerin at the end of the reaction of transesterification. Carbonic anhydride is introduced into the washing water prior to contact of the water with the liquid phase to be washed; or separately to the liquid phase to be washed; or in gas form in the washing water. The process comprises introduction of 15-20 g of carbon dioxide per kg of biodiesel or glycerin contained in the liquid phase; or 8-10 g of carbon dioxide per cubic meter of the liquid phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A hydrogen-containing stream is combined with a natural gas feed containing higher hydrocarbons to form a hydrogen-containing feed stream. This feed stream is contacted with a hydrogenation catalyst at hydrogenation temperatures to produce a pretreated stream lean in higher hydrocarbons. The portion of the syngas stream separated into the carbon dioxide-rich, hydrogen-rich and carbon monoxide-rich streams comprises 5-50% (preferably 15-25%) of the syngas stream and the remaining portion comprises 50-95% (preferably 75-85%) of the syngas stream. A purge gas stream is supplied from the methanol synthesis loop to fuel the separation step and/or the pre-reforming step. The portion of the hydrogen-rich stream is supplied from the separating step to the pre-reformer. The purge gas stream from the methanol synthesis is purified in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit to produce a purified hydrogen stream. A portion of the purified hydrogen stream is introduced to the methanol synthesis loop to adjust the SN of the feed gas stream to 2.04-2.06. An imported carbon dioxide stream is supplied from an associated process to the methanol synthesis loop. The associated process uses the acetic acid as a reactant, uses the methanol product as a reactant, shares oxygen from a common air separation unit, and/or shares common utilities. At least a portion of the acetic acid produced is provided to a vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) synthesis loop in the associated process. The portion of the acetic acid is combined with an ethylene source and oxygen to produce vinyl acetate monomer. The separating step produces a tail gas stream rich in inerts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reforming step uses a single train autothermal reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is selected from a plate, monolith, foil, or rigid foam; and is formed of cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminum, ferrous material, stainless steel, or glass. EXAMPLE - A stainless steel plate was coated with slurry containing barium hexaaluminate, potassium hydroxide, ruthenium hydroxide and platinum hydroxide; and then calcined at 500degreesC for 4 hours, to obtain a catalytic element having a washcoat consisting of barium hexaaluminate (3.76 g/inch3), potassium hydroxide (0.16 g/inch3), platinum (0.04 g/inch3), and ruthenium (0.04 g/inch3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanotubes consist of boron nitride (BN), tungsten sulfide (WS2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metals comprising the metal substrate have an electrical resistivity of not greater than 9 microohms-cm, and thermal conductivity of at least 90 W/m-K. Preferred Method: Producing of the composite includes cleaning the metal substrate (6); introducing the metal substrate into a furnace (9); heating the metal substrate; contacting the feedstock with the metal substrate to form the nanotubes; and optionally subjecting the metal substrate to air, oxygen or plasma to remove amorphous carbon. The furnace is a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace heated to 500-1200degreesC. Preferred Components: The metal substrate is a metal alloy. The metal substrate comprises metal(s) consisting of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), osmium (Os), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), antimony (Sb), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock is a hydrocarbon feedstock. The nanotubes are carbon nanotubes. The feedstock comprises ethylene, methane, propane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, benzene, toluene or xylene. The nanotubes are single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. They are perpendicularly oriented. They comprise a combination of carbon and inorganic nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The battery electrode optionally comprises a polymer binder. The polymer binder is poly(vinylidene fluoride) or its co-polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasma gas includes helium or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The spent nuclear fuel is particalized before heating by reducing the spent nuclear fuel into particles at least as small as 10 microns or by grinding the spent nuclear fuel in solid form to particles of desired smaller size. A plasma torch is utilized to heat the spent nuclear fuel. A plasma gas is added to the spent nuclear fuel after the particalizing step and before the heating step, and recirculating plasma gas downstream from an enclosure which accomplishes the separating step, such that the plasma gas can be recirculated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquefied petroleum gas has a moisture content concentration of 10 mass ppm or more.Preferred Process: Hydrogen is produced using a desulfurizing agent containing a metal oxide chosen from silver oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and/or cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous-alkali solution containing borate is an alkaline waste liquid ejected from fuel cell that used aqueous alkali solution of tetrahydro borate as fuel, or alkaline waste liquid obtained after generating hydrogen from aqueous alkali solution of tetrahydro borate. The alkaline earth metal is magnesium. The tetrahydro borate is sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride or potassium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composite Material: The iron microparticle composite material is obtained by reducing the mixture formed by dispersing iron oxide particle and silicon dioxide particle, using hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: An aminoethanol-containing wastewater, and sludge produced in treated water or biological treatment are added to the nitrogen wastewater and processed. Preferred Conditions: The microorganisms concentration in the microorganisms processing portion is 15000 ppm or more by liquid-mixture suspended solid concentration. The nitrogen wastewater is wastewater containing micro nano bubbles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The photocatalyst board (20) in the equipment is an inorganic porous substance chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, strontium oxide, potassium tantalate, and tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The separation process involves grinding the carbonized material to 1-10 microns size. Then, water or warm water is added to powder-form carbonized material to elute salt. The desalinated carbonized material and salt containing filtrate are then separated by filtration. The emulsified fuel is obtained by emulsifying the fuel in carbonized material and hydrocarbon oil with a dispersant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The liquid portion obtained by dehydration with an auxiliary component (I), is purified and ejected out, and the residue deposit obtained by the purification of the liquid portion is returned to the dehydration the auxiliary component (I). The dehydrated material is dried and ground, before forming into a predetermined grain shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The auxiliary component (I) and auxiliary component (II) are disentangled or ground fibrous form material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The biocatalyst is bacteria, filamentous fungi or yeast selected from wild type, mutant or recombinant Escherichia, Zymomonas, Candida, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Clostridium (preferably Escherichia coli, Zymomonas mobilis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridia thermocellum, Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum or Pichia stipitis. The saccharification enzyme consortium comprises at least one enzyme selected from cellulose-hydrolyzing glycosidases, hemicellulose- hydrolyzing glycosidases, starch-hydrolyzing glycosidases, peptidases, lipases, ligninases and feruloyl esterases (preferably cellulase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, endoxylanases, exoxylanases, beta-xylosidase, arabinoxylanase, mannase, galactase, pectinase, glucuronidase, amylases, alpha-amylases, beta-amylases, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase or isoamylase).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The liquid in bath having metal electrode is an acidic solution.Preferred Photocatalyst: The photocatalyst contains metal sulfide, and is microparticle having layered nanocapsule structure.Preferred Method: The liquid containing hydrogen sulfide is blown to the bath having photocatalyst electrode, and hydrogen sulfide gas is dissolved in alkaline liquid. Gas containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide or blown into methyl diethanol amine solution heated to high temperature, and hydrogen sulfide gas is ejected out by blowing air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-trap member removes sulfur compound and/or nitrogen compound, and is provided upstream of the catalyst in a direction where the reactant flows. The soot-trap member is provided downstream of the catalyst in a direction where the reactant flows. The control portion executes a control such that when the reforming reaction is carried out in one reformer, the exothermic reaction is carried out in the other reformer. The fuel cell includes a hydrogen-permeable metal layer, and an electrolyte layer on at least one surface of the hydrogen-permeable metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen generation material further contains an additive chosen from hydrophilic oxide, carbon and water absorbing polymer. The hydrogen generation material is manufactured using an organic solvent containing toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reforming is partial oxidation, auto-thermal, steam reforming, plasma reforming, super critical reforming, cracking and/or dry reforming. The partial oxidation involves the use of precious group metal-based catalyst. (M1) Involves reducing sulfur to at least 20 ppb before reacting catalytically the synthesis gas to produce desired reagents. (P1) Further involves separating and removing any gas present in the reagent prior to introducing the reagent into the combustion process. Preferred Components: The reagent comprises a mixture of dimethyl ether to methanol in a molar ratio of approximately 4:1 - 8:1. The additives are sulfur or detergent compounds having a partial pressure less than first component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method of producing succinic acid involves crushing, pulverizing, shearing and fragmenting the agricultural and forest waste material before suspending in water. The method involves using biowaste material biomass such as embankment mowed grass, human and animal excreta and used paper instead of agricultural and forest waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The primary fluid and secondary fluid are fused salt or helium gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The respiratory substrate is polycylic aromatics. The method involves measuring the color development intensity of respiration activity of microorganisms based on the generated energy source, where the color development intensity which develops the color by utilizing the energy source. The method involves measuring the color development intensity of respiration activity by the microorganisms in contaminant culture system and universal culture system, producing analytical curve based on the change in respiration activity, comparing the analytical curve in the contaminant culture system and universal culture system with a standard analytical curve of the contaminant culture system and universal culture system, which is obtained with a known number of single strain of microorganisms, obtaining total viable count in the contaminating substance from the analytical curve of the contaminant culture system and universal culture system, and obtaining number of contaminant decomposing microorganisms in the contaminating substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is nickel or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The coagulant contains Bryozoa as raw material. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Brassica campestris seeds were inoculated on a green farm soil pre-treated with mix containing basic soil and biomix (containing bark compost) in ratio of 11.7:1.3 and further processed with chemical fertilizer (30 g). The seeds were germinated and growth was evaluated based on weight, height and nitrate-nitrogen content of plant. A control group was also performed with chemical fertilizer (300 g) dissolved in water (10 l) and treated after 33 days of plant germination. The results showed that the test showed decreased accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen content (500 ppm) in plant, compared to the control (8500 ppm).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - 1-50 tonne/10 acres, preferably 5-20 tonne/acres of wood-type manure is added to soil.    EXAMPLE - A wood-type manure with bio-mix was obtained by blending (in kg) bark compost (600), hen droppings (684) and shochu-liquor dregs (171) and were add-mixed and deposited on Japanese cedar bark (3300) for 3 months, to obtain bio-mix with high nutrient content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic waste processing system further has a dehydration unit (30) to separate moisture content in odor gas ejected from the composting unit, and a controlling valve operated based on the measure result of a temperature sensor which measures of the odor gas. The return unit is connected with an air introductory unit (15) of the composting unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water selective adsorbent is activated alumina and silica gel, and the carbon dioxide selective adsorbent is molecular sieve.
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria are IBI-2P (FERM BP-10565), IBI-3P (FERM BP-10566), IBI-6P (FERM BP-10568), IBI-15P (FERM BP-10570), IBI-40P (FERM BP-10571), IBI-6 (FERM BP-10567), IBI-13 (FERM BP-10569) and IBI-2 (FERM BP-10564) strains.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The halophyte plant comprises Kosteletzkya virginica plant. The oil is obtained from a seed of the halophyte plant. The plant is capable of growing in saline soils and is further capable of feeding from saltwater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method of producing biodiesel fuel from a halophyte plant comprises: obtaining oil from the halophyte plant; and converting the oil to biodiesel fuel. The oil of the halophyte plant is converted to (I) by a process comprises transesterification, saponification and pyrolysis. The oil of the halophyte plant is reacted with: an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst capable of converting the oil and alcohol to glycerin and methyl esters of fatty acids; and sodium hydroxide and then subjected to a pyrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation: The microalgae is isolated from a fresh water sample and cultured in IMK culture medium and selected based on morphological characteristics (Disclosed). Preferred Method: In the method of producing hydrocarbon, the microalgae of genus Choricystis is C. minor SAG251-1 strain or SAG17.98 strain. The cultivation is carried out in the absence of nitrogen. EXAMPLE - A5 culture medium was prepared by adding sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (150 mg), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (10 mg) potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (3.5 mg), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) (4.5 mg), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.9 mg) and adjusting the pH to 7.5. Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea MBICI1204 strain was inoculated to the A5 culture medium and stirred with 3% CO2. Light was irradiated by a daylight fluorescent lamp at constant temperature 28degreesC and specific growth rate was monitored in 8.8 hours. The cell obtained from the culture solution was centrifuged (for 15000 rpm and 10 minutes) cleaned twice in nitrogen lacking culture medium and cultivated for three days under the same conditions in nitrogen lacking culture medium. Accumulation of the hydrocarbon was confirmed by observation under the optical microscope.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: LF is added at 0.1-0.8, preferably 0.5, g/l in step (a) and at 1-6, preferably 3.5-4, g/l in step (b). Use of LF and simple mechanical agitators, mixers etc., results in agglomeration of clay particles to dense flocs (2.8-3 g/cm3), which settle quickly under gravity, resulting in instantaneous separation of phases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: LF are particularly of the polyacrylamide or poly(ethylene oxide) types.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The combustion catalyst bed comprises the inert particles. The volumetric ratio of inert particles to combustion catalyst is 2.5:1-3.5:1.Preferred Component: The inert particles comprise alumina spheres.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The elongated housing further comprises a cylindrical side wall, a bottom wall, and a top wall. The combustor further comprises sensor(s) for measuring temperature within the combustor, or two or more sensors for measuring temperature at two or more locations within the combustion catalyst bed. The sensor is a thermocouple connected to the top wall of the combustor. The mixer is a static mixer connected to the inlet. The heater comprises an electrical heater disposed below the combustion catalyst bed. The heat exchanging element comprises coiled tubing. There are at least two heat exchanging elements disposed within the combustion catalyst bed. Two heat exchanging elements have different surface areas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reformer is an on-board reformer. The oxygen storage device is disposed in fluid communication with an oxygen source (preferably exhaust gas recycle and/or atmospheric air).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least a portion of water and at least a portion of lower hydrocarbon(s) are in the form of gas hydrate(s). Preferred Definitions:    R3=group of formula (B);    n=2;    m=2;    R1=methyl;    R5=2-ethylhexyl;and    R4=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The monolith includes a flat metal strip and a corrugated metal strip, the strips being wound into a spiral structure. The strips are wound around a mandrel. The corrugated strips have corrugations that are oblique relative to a longitudinal axis of the strips. The corrugated strips of adjacent monoliths have non-parallel orientations. The cartridge further comprises internal retainers disposed between adjacent monoliths. The internalretainers have a width, the cartridge further comprising an external retainer disposed at an end of the cartridge, where the external retainer has a width which is approximately one-half of the width of the internal retainer. The internal and external retainers comprise spiders having several petals, and where petals of one spider are out of phase with petals of an adjacent spider. The monoliths are enclosed in a screen material. At least one of the flat and corrugated strips has several holes. At least one of the flat and corrugated strips comprises a screen material. At least one of the strips used to make the monoliths are formed of a screen material. Preferred Method: The step (c) involves affixing a screen around the monoliths. The step (a) is preceded by the step of coating at least some of the strips with a catalyst. The pairs of strips are affixed at spaced-apart positions along the mandrel, such that the monoliths are spaced-apart from each other. The method further involves placing retainers between adjacent monoliths. At least one of the flat and corrugated strips are selected to be formed of a screen material. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The starch-accumulating filament-forming or colony-forming algae is an alga in phylum from Zygnemataceae, Cladophoraceae, and/or Oeologoniales. It can be an alga from spirogyra, cladophora, and/or oedogonium. The yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces uvarum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The growing forms an algal bloom. The animal waste is used as a phosphate source in the aqua culture. The aqua culture is open to atmospheric conditions. The carbon dioxide level in the aqua culture is raised above atmospheric levels by the external addition of carbon dioxide. The separating is started once the level of ethanol in the fermentation solution is 14-17 vol.%. The carbon dioxide generated during fermentation is collected and supplied to the aqua culture. Preferred Component: The animal waste is hog waste or chicken waste. EXAMPLE - Water was pumped into trenches or ponds from a natural (untreated) water source. Nutrients (phosphates and nitrates) were added to bring the water conditions to a eutrophic condition for algae growth. Spirogyra was added to the nutrient rich water. The harvested algae was placed in a sealed tank with enough water to just cover the biomass and allowed to set until enough biomass has been harvested to fill the tank. Air was pumped out of the tank and the contents were allowed to set for approximately 7 days. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast was added to the biomass to begin fermentation. The biomass from the tank was run thru a press to force out any lipids/oils remaining in the biomass. The oils were then processed into biodiesel. The compressed, dried biomass was burned to provide heat for the ethanol distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: A decomposer microorganism chosen from Burkholderia cepacia BCS1, Pseudomonas PS1, Klebsiella sp. KS1, Bacillus magaterium BS2 and Bacillus subtilis BS3 further added to the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent used for desulfurization consists of zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component carrying oxide. The desulfurizing agent containing zeolite contains one or more type of metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline-earth metal component and rare-earth metal component with zeolite. The zeolite has beta (BEA) and/or faujasite (FAU) structure. The desulfurizing agent which consists of one or more type chosen from metallic element, metal oxide and metal component carrying oxide contains one or more type of metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, silicon component, aluminum component, alkali metal component, alkaline-earth metal component and rare-earth metal component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The sulfur concentration of methyl mercaptan is 2 mass ppm or less. The total sulfur concentration is 7 mass ppm or less, preferably 5 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The desulfurizing agent used for desulfurization contains zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide or metal component supporting oxide. The zeolite contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal element. The zeolite has beta and/or faujasite structure. The metallic element, metal oxide or metal component supporting oxide contains the metal component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur concentration of the sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less. The total sulfur concentration of the sulfur compound having sulfur concentration of 1 mass ppm or less, is 7 mass ppm or less, preferably 5 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, aqueous solution contains nickel and/or copper active metal ammine complex having pH of 12 or more, is mixed with magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The fine particle is chosen from silicate, soil constituent, activated carbon, diatomaceous earth, pearlite, aluminum oxide, manganese dioxide, magnesium oxide and zeolite. The wastewater contains nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The biogas production system further has a circulation line (17) to supply desorped ammonia by circulating water which contacts the sulfur oxidizing bacteria (6) in desulfurizing tower, or a direct inlet of desorped ammonia to desulfurizing tower.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains metal component chosen from silver, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare earth metal components. The desulfurizing agent contains metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal carrying oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of methanol is 15 mass ppm or less. Preferred Method: Desulfurization of liquefied petroleum gas is carried out using a desulfurizing agent containing zeolite having beta and/or faujasite structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be supplied to a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbonization gas from the herb raw material is condensed by heating at 80-150degreesC in a pyrolysis furnace. The mown herb is compressed to for a compact having a bulk density of 0.02-1.7 g/cm2. The carboxylate salt is formed in the shape of cube, rectangular parallelepiped, cylinder, ball-shape, compact or aggregated form having a length of 0.002-1 cm in the longest portion. The herb contains at least 50% of a rice-sized plant. Alternately, the carboxylate salt is manufactured by grinding mown herb, forming plant chip, fermenting the plant chip to obtain a carboxylic acid containing liquid, reacting with the basic liquid containing alkali metal and alkaline earth meta and obtaining carboxylate salt. The herb is ground to have a particle size of less than 50 mm. EXAMPLE - Japanese pampas grass, bush clover, and arrowroot chip were dried and mown grass was obtained. The mown grass was arranged in a pyrolysis furnace and heated at 600degreesC. Carbonization gas (80-150degreesC) generated from the grass was liquefied by cooling and vinegar (carboxylic acid containing liquid) was obtained. The liquid (in g) (452) was mixed with dolomite plaster (69) and agitated at 70degreesC for 1 hour. Then, magnesium acetate calcium water solution was produced. The obtained solution was heated at 150degreesC for 4 hours and a solid was obtained. The solid was ground and dried at 150degreesC for 2 hours and anti-freezing agent (156) was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicon powder is waste catalyst of silane compound. Reaction is carried out in an aqueous solution containing basic alkali metal compound having nitrogen (0.5N or less). Silicic acid or its sodium silicate is recovered during the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxide used as catalyst support, is thermally sprayed to metal surface. The substance which consists of organic substance in the formed thermally-sprayed film, is subjected to burning, and a hole is formed. The catalyst metal is supported on the thermally-sprayed film formed as porous oxidizing layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The gas space velocity is 200-900 h-1, preferably 300-600 h-1. Ruthenium nitrate is used and ruthenium is supported on the fire-proof support. Preferred Support: The fire-proof oxide support is at least one type chosen from alumina, titania, silica, zirconia and ceria, preferably alumina.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The mixed weight ratio (wt.%) of bio-diesel fuel component and propanol group higher alcohol component is preferably 80-93:20-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The attractant materials comprise biological agents and/or chemical agents that are attractive to a particular type of insects. The attractant material is pheromone, scent and/or food.Preferred Compounds: The attractant material is a synthetic aggregating pheromone in the form of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The entomopathogen is fungus, bacteria, virus and/or nematode. It is specific to a particular type of insect. The fungus is a Metarrhizium fungus, preferably Metarrhizium anisopliae comprising variety Flavoviride, Anisopliae and/or Mmajor. The virus is Oryctes rhinoceros virus. The nematode is Oryctonema genitalis, Rhabditis adenobia and/or Thelastoma pterygolon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The dissemination device comprises space for holding attractant material; temporary trap for the insects; contact surface for allowing the insects to come in contact with the entomopathogen; gap(s) for allowing the insects to subsequently escape from the device; and roof for protecting the attractant material, entomopathogen and temporarily trapped insect pests from detrimental abiotic factors, e.g. rain, wind, temperature and/or ultraviolet radiation. ACTIVITY - Insect attractant; Insecticide.    Traps containing spores of Metarrhizium placed in the field for 4 consecutive days caused 80.0% mortality in trapped adult beetles, higher than control traps (mortality rate 52.9%).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent can be carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The deposition material can be metal comprising copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), or tantalum (Ta).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent can be ethane, ethylene, propane, or butane. The precursor is copper (I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, copper (I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate-2-methyl-1-hexene-3-yne, copper (I) hexafluoracetylacetonate-2-butyne, copper (I) hexafluoracetylacetonate(cod), Cu (I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate-vinyl-trimethylsilane, Cu (II) hexafluoroacetonate, Cu (II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate-vinyl-trimethylsilane, CupraSelect (RTM: Cu(hfac)(tmvs)), triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, and/or ruthenocene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The deposition material can be a polymer comprising thermal polymers and/or grafting polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen diffusion material is selected from titanium-manganese alloy, titanium-chromium alloy, titanium-iron alloy, titanium, vanadium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The reformer comprises many reactor bodies, with each reactor body in direct contact with at least one other reactor body. Preferred Condition: The finishing unit is fixed to the plates by welding. Preferred Component: The plates comprise a first metal plate having a concave portion to form the cavity, and a second metal plate that covers the concave portion and comes in close contact with the first metal plate. The aperture is formed by cutting a portion of a wall of the first metal plate disposed along edges of the concave portion. The bonding portion comprises a thin metal plate (90a) between surfaces of the plates around the border of the reactor body, which is melted by heat, and bonds the plates. The catalyst layer is a pellet-shaped catalyst added to the cavity. Preferred Material: The thin metal plate is made of a material having a melting point lower than that of the plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plates are made of stainless steel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surplus purified gas used as heat source to produce electric power with gas engine. The high moisture content biomass is dried by utilizing heat of waste gas and waste gas of electric power generation process and dried biomass is supplied to thermal decomposition process. The obtained biomass coke is reheated at 800degreesC or more, and hydrogen is separated.Preferred Material: The biomass is low moisture content biomass such as scrap wood and coppiced timber. The high moisture content biomass is a mixture of sewage sludge, human waste sludge, digested sludge, dewatered sludge, livestock excrement, foodstuff waste material and/or their composite materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The moisture content is removed from oily substance by suction filtration. The organic waste is converted to oily substance at high temperature and high pressure using sodium carbonate as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid organic material contains dry organic refuse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus further has a removal apparatus (20), which removes methane-fermentation inhibitor, provided at front stage of the methane fermentation apparatus, and a return apparatus (24). The apparatus (22) contains granule sludge obtained by carrying out self-granulation of methane-fermentation sludge. The return-apparatus returns partial granule sludge to decomposition device from fermentation device. The processing apparatus further has a composting installation (18) for composting the separated solid content. Hydrolysis of processed material obtained from decomposition device, is carried out before solid-liquid separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Embodiments : The buffer gas (9) is an inert gas, especially nitrogen. Coupling element (3) is a disc extending over the whole cross-section of the electrolyzer and being included sandwich-like between two neighboring cells (4), there also being channels stretching radially from the circumference along the lengthwise axis of block (5), These channels end in the zones of block (5) and buffer chamber (8). Element (3) is sealed on both sides and is formed of a number of segments including an outer ring-shaped segment and an intermediate circular cross-section segment. The channels in element (3) serve to introduce the buffer fluid (9) and the anolyte and catholyte as well leading off the H2 and O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material particles comprise silicas, aluminas, zeolites, graphite, activated carbons, nano-structured carbons, micro-ceramics, nano-ceramics, boron nitride nanotubes and/or palladium-containing materials. The thermally conductive additive comprises aluminum, graphite flakes and/or graphite fibers. The structural additive is selected from carbon flakes, carbon nanotubes, fibers of fiberglass, carbon fibers and/or carbon nanofibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active material particles comprise a metal hydride (preferably LaNi5, FeTi, or MmNi5 (wherein Mm is a mixture of lanthanides).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is thermoplastic (preferably selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, hexafluoropropylene vinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or cross-linked copolymers).
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The first composition formed as a byproduct is reused in a subsequent chemical reaction to form additional alkaline hydroxide. The source of a hydrocarbon is reacted with the alkaline hydroxide to produce a chemical hydride and a byproduct. A source of water is reacted with the chemical hydride to produce a high pressure hydrogen gas and the alkaline hydroxide. The produced hydrogen gas is combusted to produce heat energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first composition comprises an alkaline metal, and the second composition comprises water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pH of the water is maintained at less than 7. The water is mixed with a catalyst. The hydrogenated compound is obtained by mixing a powder of the hydrogenated compound with drops of the oily substance, and then forming a solid block. The hydrogenated compound and the oily substance are separated before any hydrogen production reaction, and placed in contact at a beginning of a hydrogen production reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogenated compound is calcium hydride, magnesium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, or magnesium borohydride. The catalyst comprises cobalt salt comprising cobalt chloride, or a ruthenium salt comprising K2RuCl5 or ruthenium (V) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oily substance is silicone oil, a petroleum oil, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, or preferably vaseline oil. The water comprises an antifreeze including alcohol or a polyalcohol. The antifreeze includes ethanol, methanol, or 1,2-ethanediol. The antifreeze is present in the water in a proportion of approximately 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid organic carbonized material contains carbonized organic refuse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The detoxification is performed by further supplying the nutrition salt selected from nitrogen and phosphorus, and supplying air. Preferred Conditions: The detoxification is performed at pH 6-10, 15-35degreesC. Preferred Components: The cyanide compound detoxification agent further contains nutrition salt selected from nitrogen (0-500 mg/kg) and phosphorus (0-100 mg/kg). EXAMPLE - Air was supplied to underground water contaminated with benzene and cyanogen (7 mg/l) (eliminated from factories). The cyanogen concentration reduced gradually and 97% of cyanogen was removed after 150 days. Cyanogen was not detected in the recovered gas, which carried out aeration, as the microbes in the ground detoxified the microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pressure in the mixer is maintained at critical pressure of liquefied gas or less. The pellet-form gas hydrate is cooled to -20degreesC vicinity by making the liquefied gas to expand by normal-pressure vicinity with the pressure reduction drum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The biomass-type waste material is timber. Waste gas of cement manufacturing equipment is used during drying and grinding processes. Drying and grinding are carried out such that 20-50 wt.% of mixed ground material has particle size of 90 microns or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw material and mineral fuel are petroleum group fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst film contains titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, and/or iron sesquioxide. The solar cell consists of photovoltaic cell(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The desulfurizer (A) is installed in region maintained at temperature of less than 40degreesC in operation state of fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The capacitance ratio of desulfurizing agent filled in desulfurizers (A,B) is 0.1:0.9-0.9:0.1. Preferred Compound: Zeolite has beta and/or faujasite structure. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent of desulfurizer (A) contains metal component chosen from silver, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare earth metal, and zeolite. The desulfurizing agent of desulfurizer (B) contains metal component chosen from silver, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amount: The sulfur is added in an amount of 0.2-2 times with respect to total nitrogen amount.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Raw Material: The raw material is excrement of animal or hen droppings. Preferred Process: The raw material is stirred with force during fermentation. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Hen droppings (12 kg), flowers of sulfur (240 g) and chaff (240 g) were mixed to obtain fertilizer containing sulfur. Similarly, sulfur-free fertilizer was prepared. The fertilizer containing sulfur had improved nitrogen fertilizer effect compared to sulfur-free fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: At end (II), the outer-side dividing wall, the inner-side dividing wall, and the honeycomb structure mutually comprise a flushness. The honeycomb catalyst is a product made of metal or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method of degrading nitrile compound, involves contacting the solution containing the nitrile compound with nitrile hydratase containing material derived from microbial cells or microorganism having nitrile hydratase activity, and then contacting obtained product with amidase containing material derived from microbial cells or microorganism having amidase activity. EXAMPLE - Degradation of amide compound such as acetamide by P6-1 strain and S13-4 strain belonging to Rhodococcus sp. was carried out as follows. Microorganism such as Rhodococcus sp. P6-1 strain was inoculated to the platinum loop at pre-culture media (20 ml). The shaking culture was carried out for three days at 28degreesC. The culture solution (4 ml) was moved to a culture medium (40 ml) containing an amidase inducer. The shaking culture was carried out for two days, and culture solution was centrifuged. The microbial cells were washed with physiological sodium chloride solution (10 ml). The suspension liquid of P6-1 microorganism was prepared by suspending physiological sodium chloride solution (2 ml). Then, S13-4 strain was prepared as same as P6-1 strain. The suspension liquids of P6-1 and S13-4 microorganisms were mixed with distilled water, and 1 M phosphate buffers (0.10 ml) were added. Amidase processing was performed at 25degreesC by adding acetamide (1.08 ml). The concentration of the acetic acid contained in extract was determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that the solution containing high concentration of acetamide in both P6-1 and S13-4 strain, preferably S13-4 strain exhibited high amidase activity compared with P6-1 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The group of microorganisms contains organochlorine-compound decomposing microbes. The continuous cultivation is performed by adhering the group of microorganisms onto a fixed bed or cultivating the group of microorganisms continuously within a column (10) filled with a carrier. The average particle diameter of the carrier is 0.3-1 mm. EXAMPLE - A group of microorganisms were cultured in a culture medium comprising ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) (in mg/l) (38), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) (80), potassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (50), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (6), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) (17), ferric chloride (FeCl2) (2), Resazurin (0.5) and trace amount of metal, in a culture apparatus comprising cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at a velocity of 23 ml/hour. After cultivation, the culture solution was inoculated into the culture medium in a batch culture container and batch cultivation was performed for 35 days at 30degreesC and the culture solution was sampled. The amount of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and ethylene was assayed. Vinyl chloride increased during the initiation stage of cultivation but decreased gradually and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene was not detected after 33rd passage. The result showed that the cis-1,2-dichloroethylene was completely decomposed in batch cultivation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The cylindrical processing machine is made to rotate a cylindrical part. The injection and emission can be simply performed under a vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The apparatus further comprises combustion catalyst and ammonia-decomposition catalyst containing noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reacting arrangement comprises reaction vessels for running a water-gas shift reaction in presence of a catalyst (preferably zinc-copper-chromium). The water-gas shift reaction is run at 350 - 380degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The heat exchange reducing mechanism comprises ceramic fiber blankets or refractory layers applied to the tubes or tube plates or open-ended shrouds that prevent access of heating medium to the tube surfaces. The catalyst comprises nickel on a shaped refractory support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat exchange medium is heated by heating mechanism comprising partial oxidation mechanism or combustion mechanism. The heating mechanism comprises a secondary reformer. The zone of lower heat exchange is provided by heat exchange enhancement mechanism above the zone. The heat exchange enhancement mechanism comprises transverse baffles (37) or sheath tubes. The zone of lower heat exchange is provided by heat exchange reducing mechanism within the zone. The zone of lower heat exchange is less than or equal to15% of the catalyst depth. The heat exchange medium distribution mechanism is provided within the reformer so that the flow of heat exchange medium in the zone of lower heat exchange is axially aligned with the catalyst-filled tubes. The heat exchange medium is the reformed gas mixture that has been subjected to a further process step comprising a step of partial oxidation with an oxygen containing gas or a fluegas generated by the combustion of a suitable fuel. The temperature of the external surfaces of the tubes in the zone of lower heat exchange is greater than or equal to20degreesC cooler that the external surface of the tubes above the zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methane-containing gas and the heated water are combined prior to heating in a heat exchanger. The combustion feed gas and air are combined prior to preheating the air in a heat exchanger. The shifted reformate is fed to a pressure swing adsorption unit. The water is heated with shifted reformate to form saturated steam prior to heating the water with the exhaust of the catalytic combustor. The methane-containing gas is supplied in the form of natural gas. Reforming the heated methane-containing gas and steam in the reforming reactor is controlled in part by adjusting the air flow to the combustor, the flow of methane-containing gas and water to the reforming reactor. The reformate is reacted in the water gas shift reactor without external cooling. The combustor and the reforming reactor are operated at different pressures. The reformate exiting the water gas shift reactor is at a pressure suitable for use as a feed to a pressure swing adsorption unit. The process further comprising pre-heating the methane-containing gas with the exhaust of the catalytic combustor prior to heating the methane-containing gas with heat derived from the unshifted reformate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zeolite X powder contains silica/alumina in a ratio of 2-2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises providing a biodiesel fuel with water content below 20 ppm; or providing a biodiesel fuel composition including a precipitate inhibiting chemical agent. The chemical agent is added to a final concentration of at least 50 (preferably 50-500) ppm. The chemical agent is mixed into biodiesel prior to blending the biodiesel with diesel fuel to produce a biodiesel fuel, or the biodiesel is mixed with diesel to produce a biodiesel fuel prior to adding the chemical agent.Preferred Components: The chemical agent is a glycol ether, preferably a methylene glycol ether or an ethylene glycol ether. The agent is mono methyl ether of diethylene glycol. The biodiesel fuel is B2, B5 or B20 biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel has a water content of greater than about 20 ppm. The biodiesel blend fuel comprises 2-20% of the biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel and 50-1500 ppm or 0.25-10% of the mono methyl ether of diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous metal is made of Inconel 600 series, austenitic steel or Hastelloy X.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Source: The timber is taken from a hybrid poplar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fire retardant portion comprises a metal strip comprising foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The log-shaped combustible body is impregnated with the fuel additives. The fuel additives are absorbed using pressure treatment. It may also be absorbed by submerging the log in the fuel additives. The treatment chamber is maintained at ambient pressure and temperature. Nearly all moisture is removed using a vacuum chamber at a maximum 1.5x10-8 torr.Preferred Component: The fuel additives consist of tall oil pitch and fat(s).Preferred Condition: The fuel additives are in a ratio of 40:60 to 60:40. The fuel additives have an energy density of greater than or equal to 56000 British thermal unit per gallon. The impregnated fuel additives occupy 35-85% of the volume of the log. The whole timber firelog has a potential energy of greater than or equal to 37 MJ/kg. The ratio of fuel additives absorbed into the log to moisture removed from the log is greater than or equal to 7:10. The amount pf the fuel additives in the combustible fuel additive-impregnated wood chip is greater than or equal to 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The exterior of the anaerobic digester tank is painted black to heat the interior of the vessel and speed up the anaerobic digester reaction, while being exposed outside in the sunlight. The anaerobic digester can also use an enzyme catalyst to increase the temperature of the substrate (i.e.) the animal manure to speed up the reaction to produce methane gas (i.e.) CH4 during colder climate conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microbial consortia comprise bacteria, or archaea. The microbial consortium comprises obligate anaerobic microorganism, facultative anaerobic microorganism, or microaerophiles. The second microbial consortium comprises bacteria of genus Pseudomonas, Gelria, or Moorella. The species of Pseudomonas microorganism comprises Pseudomonas stutzeri. The first microbial consortium comprises bacteria of genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Geobacillus, or Clostridia. The species of Thermotoga comprises Thermotoga hypogea, Thermotoga lettingae, Thermotoga subterranean, Thermotoga elfii, Thermotoga martima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermotoga thernarum, or Thermotoga petrophila. The second microbial consortium comprises Thermoacetogenium phaeum. The third microbial consortium comprises bacteria comprising Methanobacter thermoautotorophicus, or Methanobacter wolfeii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecules comprising oxidized carbon comprise carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The large and/or complex hydrocarbons are those of a carbonaceous source material comprising coal, oil, kerogen, peat, lignite, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen, or tar. The product comprising first intermediate hydrocarbons comprises organic acid, an alcohol, an amine, a straight or branched hydrocarbon, or an aromatic hydrocarbon. The product comprising second intermediate hydrocarbons contains formate, acetate, or benzoate. The smaller hydrocarbons comprise methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic carbonaceous material is selected from oil sands, carbonaceous rock, coal, oil shale, asphaltic oil, waste oil, bitumen, tar, pitch, kerogen, coal and agricultural waste such as manure, fruit waste, straw, fermentation waste and pulverized plant waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microbial consortia comprise bacteria, or archaea. The microbial consortium comprises obligate anaerobic microorganism, facultative anaerobic microorganism, or microaerophiles. The species of Pseudomonas microorganism comprises Pseudomonas stutzeri. The first microbial consortium comprises bacteria of genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Geobacillus, or Clostridia. The second microbial consortium comprises bacteria of genus Thermotoga, Gelria, or Moorella. The species of Thermotoga comprises Thermotoga hypogea, Thermotoga lettingae, Thermotoga subterranean, Thermotoga elfii, Thermotoga martima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermotoga thernarum, or Thermotoga petrophila. The second microbial consortium comprises Thermoacetogenium phaeum. The third microbial consortium comprises bacteria comprising Methanobacter thermoautotorophicus, or Methanobacter wolfeii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecules comprising oxidized carbon comprise carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The large and/or complex hydrocarbons are those of a carbonaceous source material comprising coal, oil, kerogen, peat, lignite, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen, or tar. The product comprising first intermediate hydrocarbons comprises organic acid, an alcohol, an amine, a straight or branched hydrocarbon, or an aromatic hydrocarbon. The product comprising second intermediate hydrocarbons contains formate, acetate, or benzoate. The smaller hydrocarbons comprise methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The inventive method further comprises directing the water out of the collection vessel to a drain, and detecting the presence of a combustible gas component within the interior of the enclosure. A signal is generated when a combustible gas component is detected. A combustible gas component is evacuated from the interior of the enclosure. The method further comprises combusting the evacuated combustible gas component, and combusting the water-depleted hydrogen-rich reformate. It further comprises receiving a fuel cell exhaust mixture comprising an exhaust gas and product water, separating the product water from the exhaust gas and directing the product water to the open collection vessel. It further comprises the step of combusting the separated exhaust gas. It further comprises withdrawing process water from a process water tank and directing the withdrawn process water to the open collection vessel. A gas detection sensor is provided in the enclosure for detecting the presence of a combustible gas component within the interior of the enclosure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the dual phase alloy is of formula: T100-(a+b+c)MaXbRc, where T, M, X, a and b are same as defined above, c is 0-15 and R is yttrium and/or lanthanum. The content of element (T) is 5-60 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Wastewater contains molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low-grade coal is lignite or wood coal. The nitro humic salt is sodium salt, calcium salt and/or magnesium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support further contains polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mirror is made of material e.g. magnesium (Mg)-nickel (Ni) alloy, compound containing Mg and Ni, or compound containing lanthanum (La) and yttrium (Y).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The ceramic dielectric of the anode contains alumina, mullite, ceramic glass, zirconia, cordierite, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The plasma reactor further comprises pulse power supplies for applying voltage to the plasma generating electrode. The pulsed power supply includes SI thyristor(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive film of the anode contains tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, iron, silver, copper, platinum, or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode contains beryllium-copper alloy, silver-magnesium alloy, aluminum-magnesium alloy, nickel-beryllium alloy, cesium oxide, binary oxide of barium and strontium, zinc sulfide, or calcium tungstate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reforming catalyst is selected from synthesized product of copper/cerium oxide/zirconium oxide (Cu/CeO2/ZrO2), a synthesized product of copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide (Cu/ZnO2 /Al2O3 ), a synthesized product of copper/cerium oxide/aluminum oxide (Cu/CeO2 /Al2O3 ), a synthesized product of copper/zirconium oxide/aluminum oxide (Cu/ZrO2/Al2 O3) and solid-solution copper-zinc-aluminum (CuZnAl) oxides (preferably CuZnAl oxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The combustion catalyst is selected from platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, palladium, gold, silver and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The activated alumina is activated by heating or exposing to vacuum, or by heating the activated alumina while exposing to vacuum. Regeneration of activated alumina may include passing a regeneration gas through the bed. The regeneration gas may be heated before being passed through the bed. If the bed of activated alumina is a first bed, the biogas is passed through a second bed of activated alumina during regeneration of activated alumina in the first bed, and the process includes adsorbing portion(s) of siloxanes in the biogas onto the activated alumina in the second bed, and regenerating the activated alumina in the second bed by removing portion of siloxanes adsorbed on the activated alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gases: The regeneration gas may be air or nitrogen.Preferred Materials: The bed may comprise silica. The activated alumina is in the form of powder, beads, or pellets.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The regeneration gas comprises the biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In expressing active (FeFe) hydrogenase in a host organism, the organism containing (FeFe)-hydrogenases is a green alga. The organism is any eukaryote or prokaryote containing (FeFe)-hydrogenase. It contains homologues of C. reinhardtii Hyd EF and Hyd G genes. The homologues containing homologues of C. reinhardtii Hyd EF and Hyd G genes are selected from Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, C. thermocellum, Clostridium pasteurianum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, T. tengcongensis, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium perfringens, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Shewanella oneidensis, or Clostridium tetani. The organism that lacks a native (FeFe)-hydrogenase is Escherichia coli, any organism containing a disrupted, inactive (FeFe)-hydrogenase, or any organism containing a (NiFe)-hydrogenase. Inducing anaerobiosis is by a neutral gas purging in the dark or addition of a reductant, where the neutral gas is argon. Inducing anaerobiosis is also by exposure of sulfur-deprived cultures to light. The Hyd E, HydF and Hyd G genes are selected from C. acetobutylicum and the host organism in which the hydrogenase structural gene, the HydE, HydF, and HydG genes would be expressed is E. coli.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch wastewater is routed directly to the saturator column in the Synthesis Gas Production Unit, routed from a primary distillation section to the saturator column, routed from upstream a primary distillation section to the saturator column, or is routed from both before a primary distillation section and from the primary distillation section to the saturator column. The method further comprises recovering water from synthesis condensate for use as boiler feed water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The vapor produced from effluent (II) is fed to 5C/6C splitter (40) in which 5C component and lighter material are taken as overhead and 6C component and heavier material are taken as bottom components. The liquids obtained from effluents (I,II) are recycled back to the top of the reactor. The portion of vapor condensed is 30-50% of the vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support structure is porous (preferably foam). The porous support structure is an extruded ceramic monolith. The coating is a co-precipitated mixture of nickel and at least one high surface area non-reducible oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is fluid-tight and has stainless steel internal surfaces that are highly polished.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The retention suppression gas is an inert gas or component gas of the source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound phase comprises a eutectic of niobium-titanium phase in which nitrogen bearing hydrogen permeability forms a solid solution and a nickel-titanium phase in which niobium bearing water-resistant material embrittlement property forms a solid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The heater contains a material which generates heat by chemical reaction. The material contains calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium sulfate, and/or metal powder. Alumina, silica, magnesia, zinc oxide, carbon, and/or water-absorbing polymer are further contained in the container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-generating component contains aluminum, silicon, zinc and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The Pedobacter F.sancti family bacteria is monitored based on the genetic information of Pedobacter and/or F.sancti family bacteria or by monitoring RNA transcription factor, protein translation factor, and product factor of Pedobacter and/or F.sancti family bacteria.Preferred Apparatus: The monitoring unit for processing organic wastewater under processing conditions, comprises control unit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The neutralizing agent is calcium group neutralizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The load of urea-type compound is 60-120 mg per 1 g of coconut husk activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound is sulfur dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fragment number 28-37 base pair obtained by cleaving the DNA using the restriction enzyme HhaI is related with the nitrification activity. The biotic nitrification reaction system is a biotic sewage-disposal system of nitrogen containing drainage liquid used as humus in soil. The bacteria having the fragment number 28-37 exhibits a relative brightness of 2.6% or more. EXAMPLE - Sludge in the nitrification tank was taken as sample. The waste-water containing organic nitric acid was introduced into the reaction tank, anaerobic tank and nitrification tank. Denitrifying reaction was performed. Oxidation of ammonia, oxidation of nitrous acid etc., were performed under anaerobic conditions and then subjected to solid-liquid separation in settling tank. The microorganisms were isolated from the sludge and cultured by shaking culture in a culture medium overnight in the slant containing culture medium, centrifuged and microbial cells were recovered. The DNA was extracted and PCR was performed 21 times. Subsequently, HhaI was added and the enzyme reaction was performed for 2 hours at 37degreesC, loading buffer was added and the enzyme reaction was stopped. The product was cooled in ice, after performing the modification process at 97degreesC, for 4 minutes. Peak-area ratio (%) of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) fragment size 33 base vicinity in the experiment series and control series was obtained. The relationship of ammonia concentration in water and the detected fragment size was correlated. The ammonia concentration in water was analyzed and investigated, and the T-RFLP fragment size 33 base vicinity detection and relative brightness (%) corresponding to it was investigated. Brightness (%) of 2.6% or more, was favorable for nitrification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The metal having sulfur absorption capability higher than active metal is platinum and/or rhodium, when the active metal is ruthenium, or platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and/or indium when the active metal is nickel. The active metal derived from sulfate is supported by the catalyst support. The support carries active metal derived from sulfate along with metal having higher sulfur absorption capability than active metal. Preferred Adsorption Agent: The adsorption agent is alumina, activated carbon, amorphous copper, zinc oxide, copper-zinc oxide, chromium oxide-zinc oxide and/or copper ion exchange type zeolite. EXAMPLE - alpha-alumina particles of size 3 mm were dispersed in 1 mole % ruthenium sulfate aqueous solution and stirred. The water was evaporated and the solid was baked at 500degreesC for 5 hours. Chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution was impregnated into the support and baked at 500degreesC or more for 5 hours, and catalyst was obtained. The catalyst was used for modification of methane for 100 hours at 700degreesC and pressure of 1 atmosphere. Methane modification rate was stabilized over 100 hours without reduction in catalyst ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mine is equipped with a mine gas collection and utilization system and the organic waste is introduced into one or more cavities through boreholes, the resulting biogas being optionally mixed with mine gas and drawn out for subsequent use. The organic waste is inoculated with activated sludge and mixed with sludge already present in a digestion chamber by injecting natural gas or biogas under pressure. Before introducing the organic waste, all shafts and drifts not intended for gas collection are sealed at the surface, air is sucked out to create a vacuum, and natural gas, biogas or a propane-butane mixture is injected to equalize the pressure. Preferred Installation: The upper part (5-10 meters) of a surface shaft is used as a biomass mixing and storage container and is equipped with an agitator, a hood for thermal insulation and a pneumatically operated bottom gate for discontinuously feeding the biomass into the digestion chambers. The gas collection vessel is connected to a gas holder for intermediate storage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The transition of the reaction area in the quench area is formed in the form of a ring column.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The diffuser is connected before the burner, and the diffuser transports the used materials to the burner, such as one or more ignition burners, which ignites the main reaction. The leaving byproduct stream, especially hydrogen, is led back into the reactor and mixed with the used hydrocarbon before entering into the burner. The reconducted byproduct stream is mixed with the used hydrocarbon and oxygen before entering into the burner. The natural gas of different hydrocarbon mixtures of greater than 10 vol.%, preferably greater than 20 vol.% is added before the burner preferably before the preheater for preheating the used materials. Preferred Components: The natural gas is different hydrocarbon mixtures, ethane, ethene, liquid gas and further highly saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons that are gaseous in the used preheat temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The reactor packing is previously colonized in reactors of the anaerobic filter type (adapted to wine slops), operating in a discontinuous regime with hydraulic retention time (THR) 8 days and volume of organic charge (VOC) 1.8 kg DQO (not defined)/m3-day. The period of colonization is 70 days and the biomass density 20 g SVadh/Lsop (not defined). The reactor may include a system for pH regulation (set point is 8) that adds 0.05N sodium hydroxide and 2N hydrochloric acid, as required, to the recirculation flow, just at the entrance into the digestor. The fluidized bed operates, initially, with VOC 4.5 kg DQO (not defined)/m3-day and THR 0.24 day.Preferred Materials: The residues (A) have high content of oil and/or fat; and may also include surfactants; corrosion inhibitors; humectants; heavy metals etc. EXAMPLE - A cylindrical fluidized bed (135 cm high; 2.5 cm inner diameter) containing 400 ml of support material (colonized at density 20 g SVadh/Lsop (not defined)) was operated at 55 degreesC with bed expansion 30 %; initial pH 8; and initial velocity of organic charge 4.5 kg DQO/m3-day, and initial hydraulic retention time (HTR) 0.24 days. With THR 0.24 days and charge 11.9 kg DQO/m3-day, DQO efficiency was 94.9 %. The waste being treated had pH 7.3; DQO 2800 mgO2/l; chemical oxygen demand 150 ppm C; total suspended solids and total suspended volatiles 1.323 and 1.111 g/l, respectively; organic fraction 83.9 % and total acidity 7.38 mg acetic acid/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The molecular hydrogen on the permeate side of the vanadium membrane is continually removed from the permeate side, where the membrane has a palladium coating on both the source side and the permeate side. The palladium is deposited on the membrane by sputter etching followed by vacuum deposition of the palladium onto the vanadium, where the membrane thickness is 130 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gaseous mixture is a product of at least one water-gas-shift reaction. It comprises a major amount of a mixture of steam, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and molecular hydrogen, with the remainder being nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. It contains greater than or equal to50 mole% of a mixture of molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide based on the total moles in the mixture. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is 2/1. The membrane contains 0-10 mole% nickel based on the total moles in the membrane. It contains a finite amount of nickel but less than 1.00 atomic% nickel based on the total membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeable tube has a predetermined wall thickness. The gap is between two times and ten times the predetermined wall thickness. The separator has hydrogen permeable tubes that all communicate with a first common chamber. The hydrogen permeable tubes are coaxially aligned with separate support tubes. Each of the support tubes communicates with a second common chamber. The support tube extends inside the hydrogen permeable tube. The source gas flows into the gap space from the support tube. The hydrogen permeable tube extends inside the support tube. The source gas flows into the gap space by flowing through the support tube. The separator further includes a catalyst material, where the source gas flows through the catalyst material within the hydrogen separator; and heater(s) for heating the hydrogen permeable tube to a predetermined operating temperature. At least some of the catalyst material is present within the gap space. The hydrogen permeable tube assembly further includes a support tube of hydrogen impermeable material disposed within the straight tube. The support tube is disposed within the hydrogen permeable tube. The hydrogen permeable tube is disposed within the support tube. Preferred Method: A separate support tube is provided for each of the hydrogen permeable tubes. The method further includes passing the source gas through a catalyst prior to the source gas entering the gap space; and passing the source gas through the catalyst within the gap space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Lithium hydride and magnesium amide are obtained using magnesium nitride and lithium amide, or metal magnesium and lithium amide as raw material and further using lithium hydride, magnesium hydride and amides of lithium and magnesium. The mix ratio of lithium hydride is 1.5-4 mol with respect to 1 mol of magnesium amide. The hydrogen storage material further contains a catalyst, which promotes hydrogen absorption and release. The catalyst is boron, carbon, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, sodium, manganese, potassium, iridium, niobium, neodymium, lanthanum, calcium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, silver, its compound or their alloys, preferably niobium, neodymium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, its oxide or chloride. The mixture and reaction material have nanostructure formed by mechanical milling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further includes mixing the syrup and the suspended solids and distillers wet grains to form a mixture. The method further includes evaporating the concentrate after using the disk stage centrifuge to recover oil; and drying the mixture. The method includes delivering the whole stillage to a first decanter for producing thin stillage and distillers wet grains, and delivering the distillers wet grains to a second decanter for producing washed wet grains and the wash water used in the concentrating step. The thin stillage is combined with the wash water before the concentrating step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The disk stack centrifuge produces suspended solids and syrup. The multi-stage evaporator includes two distinct evaporators separated by the disk stack centrifuge serving as the receiving and recovering mechanisms. The multi-stage evaporator includes at least one scraped surface heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The predetermined calculation formula is a multiple-regression type obtained by carrying out multiple linear regression analysis of the germination index of the fertilizer to be evaluated and similar other fertilizers. The physicochemical parameters is chosen from pH, ammonium ion concentration, nitrate ion concentration, electrical conductivity, temperature and oxidation-reduction potential, preferably pH and ammonium ion concentration. The enzyme activity is the activity of microorganisms and is chosen from activity of protease, amylase, cellulase, alkaliphosphatase, phosphatase, phosphohydrolase, esterase, esterase lipase, lipase, leucine allyl amidase, valine allyl amidase, cystine allyl amidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical solution comprises sodium borohydride.The chemical reaction chamber comprises a ruthenium catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalysts used in slurry is methanol synthesis catalyst (preferably copper-based methanol synthesis catalyst and a physical mixture of copper-based methanol catalyst and dehydration catalyst (e.g. gamma-alumina)), water gas shift catalyst comprising copper, zinc, aluminum or its oxides, Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon processing catalyst comprising cobalt or iron (preferred), transition metal catalysts, solid acid catalysts e.g. alumina, silicon alumina, acidic zeolites and metal phosphates, and metal oxides and mixed metal oxide e.g. titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, mixed titanium silicon oxide, mixed titanium zinc oxide and mixed zirconium silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amount of catalyst loaded in the process is 30-65 wt.%. The process is carried out at 200degreesC or higher and 400 psig or higher. The process is carried out by: agitating or dissolving the dispersant with the slurry fluid, optionally heating or sonication is applied to enhance the process; or the dispersant is added into the catalyst slurry after the catalyst powders have been mixed with the slurry fluid. The addition of the dispersant is carried out during slurry preparation or directly into the slurry reactor, even during the operation. Preferred Components: The dispersants is succinamide-based dispersants type e.g. polyisobutynyl succinamide of formula (1a) and non-ionic fatty amine-base dispersants type e.g. amine compound of formulae (RnNH3-n) or (R-NH-R-a-NH2). The molecular weight of the dispersants is 100- 3000 (preferably 500-1500).R1 = aliphatic alkyl;R, R-a = aliphatic alkyl or amine; andn = 1-10 (preferably 3-7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is hydrogen gas, ammonia gas or gas containing lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The molybdenum component is supported after supporting the metal component to metallosilicate. Alternately, the metal component is supported to the metallosilicate, after supporting the molybdenum component. The solution concentration of metal component which is provided when supporting the molybdenum component and metal component separately to metallosilicate is 0.01-0.2 mol/l as a metal salt concentration. The metal component is iron-group element. The iron-group element is iron, cobalt or nickel.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The construction type inorganic material is incinerated ash and/or incinerated soil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst is obtained by carbonizing metallosilicate carrying metal component of molybdenum and platinum group, using a reducing gas. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is gas containing lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst is obtained by carbonizing metallosilicate carrying metal component of molybdenum and platinum group, using a reducing gas. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is gas containing lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas. EXAMPLE - Catalyst (14 g) containing ruthenium and molybdenum supported on ZSM-5 type zeolite was filled in a reaction tube of a reactor. Mixed gas containing methane, argon and hydrogen was supplied in the reactor, and was reacted with catalyst at 0.3 MPa and 750degreesC for 10 hours. Hydrogen and aromatic compound were produced stably.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A metal chloride is added as promoter, and the concentration of the metal chloride is 0.1-40 wt.%, preferably 0.1-25 wt.%. Alternately, an acid is added as promoter, and pH of the promoter aqueous solution is set to 1-3. The complex hydride is boron hydride salt. The promoter is a noble metal or hydrogen occlusion alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is an organic acid, preferably carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains nickel (in mass%) (40-90), copper (0.01-40) and silicon (50 or less) as silica equivalent amount. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygenous raw hydrocarbon is modified by steam reforming, partial-oxidation modification or auto thermal modification, using ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst, as modification catalyst. Preferred Catalyst: The support component of the modification catalyst contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygenous raw hydrocarbon is chosen from kerosene, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, natural gas and dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (in g) (360.1) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (85.2) were dissolved in ion exchange water (3 l) and heated to 80degreesC, to obtain a liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (300.09) dissolved in ion exchange water (3 l) and heated to 80degreesC. Water glass (135.5) was added, and a liquid (B) was obtained. The liquid (A) and liquid (B) were mixed at 80degreesC, and the obtained precipitate was washed using ion exchange water (100 l). The obtained product was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours, and ground. The obtained ground material having average particle diameter of 0.8 mm was baked at 350degreesC for 3 hours, and a desulfurizing agent was obtained. The obtained desulfurizing agent contained nickel (in mass%) (60), copper (15) and silicon (25). The desulfurizing agent had bulk density of 1.25 g/cm3, pore volume of 0.310 ml/g, micropore surface area of 234 m2/g and external surface area of 75 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element is sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium and/or zinc. The metal oxide held in vacuum vessel of the laser reducing device is sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide and/or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises at least one organic solvent (not greater than 16, preferably not greater than 14, especially not greater than 10) wt.%. The non-aerosol composition comprises volatile organic compounds (not greater than 5, preferably not greater than 4 and especially not greater than 3) wt.%. EXAMPLE - A composition comprised (wt.%) AMMONYX DO (RTM: decyldimethylamine oxide) (3.33), NEODOL 91-6 (RTM: 9-11C alcohol ethoxylate, 6 moles ethylene oxide) (3), STEPANEX 400 MC (RTM: ethoxylated coco-fatty acid) (2), ONYXIDE 3300 (RTM: alkyl(C14,C12,C16)dimethylbenzylammonium saccharinate) (1.51), SANDOLAN BLUE (RTM: coloring agent) (0.0056), fragrance (proprietary) (0.3) and deionized water (balance). The composition (aerosol formulation) (93 parts by weight) was treated with n-butane propellant (7 parts by weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The solvents are acetone, chloroform, diethyl- or dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl glycol acetate, amyl acetate, ethyl glycol acetate, methyl amyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, iso-butanol, n-hexane, cyclohexane, methyl furan, ethyl ether, N-methyl pyrrolidone, furan, and acetonitrile.Preferred Components: The supercritical fluid is formed by one or more compounds such as carbon dioxide (preferred), nitrogen protoxide, trifluoromethane, and propane.Preferred Process: The extracted residues from the supercritical mixture are precipitated by a spray extraction method. The supercritical mixture is depressurized to recover the organic solvents and the supercritical fluid. The supercritical mixture contains 0.5-90 wt.% organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The engraved cylinders are used in film coupling processes and in printing processes. The adhesive residues are polymaleic, polyacrylic, polyurethane, polyvinyl, and polyamide resins. The ink residues are formed by a system resin+additive+pigment, commonly used in printing industries and chosen from systems with yellow, red, blue, violet, green, black pigment mixed with polymeric resins chosen from polymaleic, polyacrylic, polyurethane, polyvinyl and polyamide resins.Preferred Conditions: The supercritical mixture operates at a pressure of 40 and 400 bar at 30- 100 degreesC. The residence time of the cylinders in the autoclave is 5-120 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The powders are formed to a particle size of less than 500 microns. The mixture is pumped through a filter system having a filter media with a filter size of 150 mesh. The amount of catalyst powders required for processing 100 L of vegetable oil is 450-550 grams. The amount of absorption powders required for processing 100 L of vegetable oil is 1-6 kilograms. The process further comprises separating solids from the vegetable based oils in a separator prior to pumping the desired quantity into the mixing tank. It further comprises pumping the filtered biofuel to a blending tank; pumping a hydrocarbon based fuel selected from kerosene or fuel oil into the blending tank; blending the biofuel and the hydrocarbon based fuel with an absorption powder composition in a ratio of 1-3 kilograms of absorption powder to 200 L of blended fuel for 30-60 minutes; and filtering the blended composition through a high pressure filtration system to remove all of the absorption powder to yield a blended biofuel. It further comprises filtering the blended biofuel through a filter having a filter size of 250-300 mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst powders preferably include 25-35 wt.% of the aluminum sludge zeolite material Na2O, nSiO2, xH2O and 65-75 wt.% 0.75CaO, 0.2Na2O Al2O3, 2SiO2, 4.5H2O. The absorption powders are 78-82% SiO2, 11-13% Al2O3, 2.5-3.5% Fe2O3, 3-4.5% magnesium oxide (MgO), and 0.5-1% calcium oxide CaO. The catalyst powders and the absorption powders comprise a catalyst composition powder having 25-35 wt.% of an aluminum sludge zeolite material and 65-75 wt.% of 0.75CaO, 0.2Na2O Al2O3, 2SiO2, 4.5H2O; and an absorption composition powder having SiO2, and up to 20 wt.% combined of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO. The ratio of catalyst powders to absorption powders is 1:2-1:6. Preferred Components: The absorption powders are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, and CaO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process also includes removing gaseous components from the demethanation zone during start up of the demethanation zone and returning the gaseous components to one of the compression zone and the refrigeration zone; and when the demethanation zone reaches normal operating conditions, passing liquid to the fractionation zone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The natural feed and the quenched gaseous product obtained from the natural feed contain at least naphthenic, paraffinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons having 1-35, inclusive, carbon atoms per molecule. The quenched gaseous product from the natural feed contains at least two of molecular hydrogen, methane, ethane, and propane. The artificial feed contains at least two of molecular hydrogen, methane, ethane, and propane in approximately the same proportions as those compounds present in the quenched gaseous product when produced from the natural feed. It contains at least the same components in approximately the same proportions as they are present in the quenched gaseous product obtained from the natural feed. The proportion of each of the components present in the artificial feed is 10 wt.% of the amount of each of those components in the quenched gaseous product obtained from the natural feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the ceramic material, B comprises at least 50% Fe.The ratio of A to B with respect to oxygen is 0.9:1.1:3-1.1:0.9:3, preferably 0.9:1:3-0.99:1:3.The ratio of A to B is less than 1, preferably 0.9:1-0.99:1.In the ceramic material, A comprises at least 25% of praseodymium, at least 15% of lanthanum and at least 20% of strontium, preferably 25-55% of praseodymium, 15-40% of lanthanum, and 20-40% of strontium, and B comprises 80-100% of iron and 0-20% of cobalt, more preferably 30-50% of praseodymium, between 20-35% of lanthanum and 25-35% of strontium, and B comprises at least 50% of iron and 0%-30% of manganese and cobalt.The cathode electrode material comprises (PrxLazSr1-x-z)1\|0.1(FeyCO1-y)1\|0.1O3, preferably (PrxLazSr1-x-z)n(FeyCO1-y)1O3. 0.25 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.55,0.8 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1.0,0.15 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 0.4, and0.9 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 0.99,The cathode electrode material comprises a non-stoichiometric, A site deficient material which contains less than one A cation for each one or more B cations and for each three oxygen anions.The solid oxide fuel cell cathode comprises praseodymium lanthanum strontium ferrite, preferably A-site deficient praseodymium lanthanum strontium ferrite. Preferred Definitions:    0.3 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.5,    0.8 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1.0, and    0.2 less than or equal to z less than or equal to 0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A charge of coke is loaded into the tower. The coke is ignited and air is injected through the disc's first the nozzle until the coke has achieved greater than or equal to800degreesC when steam is injected through the second nozzle, reducing the hot coke into hydrogen and carbon monoxide that exits into output pipes in the tower, with the injection disc's rotation providing a constantly renewed air injection and steam injection to maintain correct reducing temperature and maximizing gas production in the tower. The gas generator and reactor producing alcohol has a rotating gas injector disc with a first air injection nozzle, and a second steam injector nozzle alternately but continuously injecting air and steam into a tower containing a hot bed of coke, providing a constantly renewed air and steam injection, reducing the coke to hydrogen and carbon monoxide and further reacting the gases into methyl alcohol in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst. The first nozzle is circumscribing 180degrees on the upper part of the disc. The second nozzle is circumscribing the other 180degrees on the lower part of the disc. The 360degrees can be split into different angles for the first and second nozzles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of methanol in liquid mixture is 0.1-99.5 wt.%. The amount of organic compound dissolved in liquid mixture is 0.01-10 wt.%. Preferred Definitions:    R3,R4=hydrophilic functional group.    EXAMPLE - 3-bromo tetrahydrofuran (in g) (0.8) having molecular weight of 151 was added to a reaction container. Dichloroethane (30 ml) and nickel powder (0.1) were added. Dichloroethane solution of 1-sodium methylene alcohol (0.29) having molecular weight of 54 was added. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature, and transferred to a centrifuge tube. Centrifugation was carried out for 10 minutes, and supernatant liquid was removed. A liquid organic compound as bitter emetic agent was obtained. The obtained agent was extracted, and had high emetic capability. The agent was dissolved in 3% methanol aqueous solution, and fuel was produced. A single fuel cell was produced using the fuel. The fuel cell had high output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The natural fats and oil are selected from sesame oil, safflower oil, soy bean oil, tar oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, palm olein, castor oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, sardine oil, whale oil, shark oil, beef tallow, lard and wood wax.Preferred Property: The thickness of ignition soft board is 10-14mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas of plasma is nitrogen gas, mixed gas of nitrogen gas and argon gas, or mixed gas of nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas and argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ray source of high-level radioactive wastes is gamma-ray and beta-ray emitted from vitrified component of high-level waste liquid generated by reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Hydrogen is manufactured by radiation induction catalytic reaction from aqueous solution or acidic solution, by using oxide as catalyst. The oxide is individual oxide, several oxides or solid solution of individual oxide and several oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas as introduced into the liquid streams of the mixture in the second reaction zone is the gas being a product of the cracking process or the gas originating from any other source e.g. natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, vaporized light hydrocarbons including hydrocarbons received in the cracking process or inert gases not containing oxygen. The heated liquid-gas mixture from the second reaction zone is introduced into the first reaction zone above the lower part of the first reaction zone, from this lower part the reaction mixture flows into the second reaction zone. It is introduced into the first reaction zone above the level of the liquid reaction mixture closed in this zone. In the first reaction zone, the temperature of 350-450degreesC is maintained. The heating medium is passed cocurrently or counter-currently in relation to the direction of flow of the liquid-gas mixture. The hot combustion gas is the heating medium. The combustion gas is obtained as a result of combustion of gas being the product of cracking or combustion of any other fuel originating from other sources, including also solid fuels. Vapors of cracking products, which are carried away from the upper part of the first reaction zone, are separated into hydrocarbons with the boiling point of up to 350degreesC and hydrocarbons with the boiling point of over 350degreesC. Hydrocarbons with the boiling point of over 350degreesC are turned back to the reaction system, preferably to the first reaction zone. Hydrocarbons feedstock consisting of plastics waste, used lubricating oils and lubricants, distillation residues, residues received in various technological processes, or vegetable and animal fats (both used and fresh) are submitted to processing with the application of catalytic cracking conducted in the presence of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: (I) is dissolved in an organic solvent, before the supplement to the biodiesel. (I) is dissolved before the supplement to the energetic biodiesel for the manufacture of master batches in biodiesel. Preferred Definitions:    R4, R5 = H;    E = tert-butyl;    n = 1;    R1 = C(R3)3; and    R3 = H or CH3.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) is specifically claimed as (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of one or more (I) in primary antioxidant is 0.1-99.9 wt.%. A mixture used as primary antioxidants optionally contains (I). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethyl-phenol is specifically claimed as (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas permeable film includes polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene-fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The diesel engine arrangement comprises a diesel engine, a fuel tank, a fuel line, a fuel filter, and an engine cooling system. The engine cooling system comprises a recirculating engine coolant. The fuel tank is arranged with the cooling system to allow heat transfer from the recirculating engine coolant to the fuel contained in the fuel tank. The fuel line is also heated. The system includes second fuel tank containing a second fuel for a diesel engine and a second fuel line connecting the second fuel tank with the engine. The two fuel lines are provided with electromagnetically operated valves that can be opened or closed independently of each other or simultaneously. The second fuel is a petroleum based diesel fuel. Preferred Methods: The second step comprises heating fuel to 48-100, preferably 83degreesC. The heating is effected in a fuel filter or warm engine coolant from the engine cooling system and is effected electrically. The method comprises two heating steps. The first heating step is heating of the fuel to a first temperature effected in the fuel tank, preferably at 35-44degreesC. The second heating step is heating of the fuel to a second temperature effected in the fuel filter using warm engine coolant from the engine cooling system, preferably 48-100, preferably 83degreesC. The filtration in second is performed using a filter with a pore size of 20-100, preferably 30-80 or 5-10microns. Preferred Parameters: The pressure A is 0.001-250 bar. The pressure B is 0.001-250 bar. The second and/or third steps are performed repeatedly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel comprises (wt. %) vegetable oil (greater than or equal to75, preferably 96-98), and vegetable based organic solvent comprising a terpene compound (1-5, preferably 2-4). The vegetable oil is a recycled vegetable oil. The vegetable based organic solvent comprising a terpene compound is turpentine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The stabilizer is a soluble alkali, preferably comprising 1-10 (preferably 2) wt.% sodium hydroxide.The metal borohydride is sodium borohydride.The metallic particles comprise aluminum, magnesium, or aluminum-magnesium alloy particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gelling agent comprises 1-10 (preferably 3) wt.% polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The decomposition catalyst comprises an oxide or sulfide of calcium (Ca), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg), and/or tin (Sn). It is preferably manganese oxide (MnO2). The reforming catalyst comprises Cr, Au, Zn, Cu, Pt, Ag, Rh, Re, Os, Ru, and/or Ir. It is preferably zinc oxide (ZnO). The watergas shift catalyst comprises Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and/or Hg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A third catalyst bed (54) has an inlet (56) in fluid communication with the second catalyst bed outlet, an outlet (58), and a watergas shift catalyst disposed within the third bed. The housing comprises an exterior housing section and an interior housing section. The first catalyst bed is disposed within the exterior housing section. The second catalyst bed is disposed within an interior housing section. Alternatively, the housing comprises an interior housing section, an intermediate housing section and an exterior housing section. The first catalyst bed is disposed within the exterior housing section. The second catalyst bed is disposed within the intermediate housing section. The third catalyst bed is disposed within the interior housing section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The to-be-recycled classified material contains iron and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The catalytic reaction device has a temperature control unit for controlling temperature of hydrogenation catalyst to predetermined range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenation catalyst contains palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, manganese, chromium and/or vanadium as an active component. The support for catalyst is alumina, silica, titania, ceria, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Methane is used as the hydrogen source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material contains a compound phase having calcium-lithium-silicon (Ca2LiSi3) type crystal structure as a main phase.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The reducing agent is sodium sulfite and/or sodium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane is a sieving membrane having 4C permeate flow index of at least 0.01 and a 4C permeate flow ratio of at least 1.25:1. The sieving membrane has an average pore diameter of 5 - 7 (preferably 4.5 - 5.4)Angstrom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: At least a portion of the permeate fraction is recycled to step (A) as a portion of the isomerization feed. The distillation of step (B) involves a reflux to feed ratio of 0.5:1 - 3:1. The normal butane concentration of the permeate fraction of step (C) is at least 50 mass%. The normal butane-containing feedstock is fed at least to one of step (B) and to the retentate side of the membrane of step (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Container: The basket-like container contains a material having copper, nickel and/or cobalt, and has spherical shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is at least one of platinum-group metal material as an active ingredient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The organic residue contains used tea leaves. The microorganisms are composites of decomposer microbe, heat-resistant Actinomyces, white decay Basidiomycete, cellulose decomposer microbe, anaerobic spore-forming Bacillus group, filamentous fungi, protein decomposing microbe and Bacillus subtilis. ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Antibacterial. The treated water of the used-tea-leaves was treated with cucumber in the vinyl greenhouse with bacterial wilt disease. The cross-section of the stalk was crumbled at the time of pathopoiesis. Then, replenishment of water or the nutrient was severed. The bactericidal effect was observed strongly in plants treated with used tea leaves treated water.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Microbial repellent.    EXAMPLE - A total of 900 kg of used tea leaves were supplied to the processing apparatus with microorganism for more than 40 days, to obtain the dreg of used tea leaves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Equipment: The wastewater treatment equipment further has an equalizing tank (1) arranged at the front stage of the reaction tank. The equalizing tank adjusts the water quality and quantity of wastewater. The wastewater in which the water quality and quantity are adjusted, is then supplied to the reaction tank. The aerator has a micro nano bubble cleaning portion, which produces bubble, and a diffusion tube (8,11) for carrying out discharge of air to the membrane. The bubble is mixed with the air, and the membrane is cleaned. The diffusion tube is arranged at the downward direction of the membrane, and the micro nano bubble cleaning portion is arranged between the membrane and diffusion tube. The aerator has several membranes arranged at up-down direction at more than two stages. The treatment equipment further has a guide attached to the diffusion tube, for guiding air to the bubble cleaning portion, and another guide for guiding air to the membrane. Preferred Tank: The reaction tank has a micro nano bubble generator (4) and a water supply portion (29), which goes through the membrane in liquid from the aerator, for supplying water to generator. The photocatalyst tank has ultraviolet-irradiation portion or light emitting diode lamp, and photocatalyst board (24) containing sputter thin film by which ultraviolet from ultraviolet irradiation portion or light emitting diode lamp is irradiated, when contacting treated water. The photocatalyst board has the sputter thin film and a substrate containing glass or quartz. The photocatalyst tank has micro nano bubble generator (25) with a transparent outer wall. The sludge generated after biological treatment of wastewater, is subjected to biological treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protrudent portion is bonded with atomic network planes by covalent bond, ionic bond and/or metallic bond. The protrudent portion is a coupling portion which is bonded chemically with atomic network planes. The molecular layer has substitutional atom such as nitrogen atom of boron atom in which carbon atom is substituted. The foreign element is nitrogen atom or a volatile molecule. Preferred Process: The manufacture of hydrogen storage material further involves substituting carbon atom of molecular layers by nitrogen atom or boron atom, before insertion process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protrudent portion contains a molecular chain. The molecular chain contains the organic monomer selected from ethylene, styrene, isoprene and 1,3-butadiene. Preferred Properties: The molecular layers have interlayer distance of 0.7-2 nm. The protrudent portion has surface density of 0.01x1020 numbers/m2 or less, preferably 0.006x1020 numbers/m2 or less, with respect to molecular layer. EXAMPLE - Vacuum degassing processing of crystalline graphite added with boron and nitrogen, was carried out at 400degreesC for 24 hours. Molecule adhering to the surface was removed, and mixed with metal cesium. Heat-processing was carried out 450degreesC for 5 days, and then evacuation processing was carried out. Ethylene was introduced, and processed at 50degreesC for 24 hours. The reaction material was water washed for 24 hours, filtered and dried, to obtain a hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material had high density and excellent hydrogen storage capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol is 1-3C alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The trivalent iron is present as a salt of an inorganic acid, preferably nitric acid. The gaseous stream containing oxygen comprises air, air enriched in oxygen, oxygen.Preferred Composition: The trivalent iron is present in the solution in concentrations of 0.01-10 moles/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hetero-polyacid is used in a solid form, insoluble in water, from partial or complete salification with metals, whose salts are insoluble from cesium, potassium, silver, or thallium(I) or with ammonium; supporting and immobilization on silica; supporting and immobilization on mesoporous molecular sieves; or supporting and immobilization on activated carbon. The hydrocarbon is natural gas.Preferred Composition: The hetero-polyacid compound (I) is present in concentrations of 0.01-0.3 moles/l. The molar ratio of the heteropolyacid compound (I)/trivalent iron is 1/1-1/30. The hetero-polyacid compound (II) is present in concentrations of 0.01-0.3 moles/l. The mercaptans are present in the hydrocarbon fed at a concentration of 100 ppm to 5 wt.%.Preferred Process: The oxidation reaction takes place in the presence of water with a pH of 0-6. The reoxidation step takes place at 20-100degreesC and from atmospheric pressure to 15 atm. EXAMPLE - A 1.21 g t-butylmercaptan (0.0134 moles) was added to a solution of iron and hetero-polyacid, thus simulating the flow of a gaseous stream. The reactor was brought to 40degreesC. The mixture was stirred for 6 hours, cooled to 10degreesC, to avoid the possible loss of mercaptan (boiling point 62degreesC), and 50 ml toluene was added. The mixture was poured into a separating funnel and the organic phase was extracted. A conversion of t-butylmercaptan of 87% was obtained, with a selectivity of 47% to ditert-butyldisulfide and 53% to ditert-butylsulfide, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sorption medium comprises metal-organic complex, copper metal complex, zeolite, activated carbon, microporous carbon powder, porous carbon foam, and/or carbon nanotubes. The process microchannel, and the heat exchange channels are made of a material comprising steel, aluminum, titanium, nickel, platinum, rhodium, copper, chromium, brass, or their alloys, polymer, ceramics, glass, a composite comprising polymer and fiberglass, quartz, and/or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The water gas shift reactor comprises a pair of water gas shift reactors downstream.The second water gas shift reactor includes a second air inlet (26) attached to a device for supplying air to the second water gas shift reactor.A second water vaporizer for supplying water vapor upstream of the second water gas shift reactor.A fuel reformer (38) includes a third air inlet (44) and a vaporized fuel.A third water vaporizer supplies water vapor upstream of the fuel reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The vessel is refractory lined vessel. The reactor is in the shape of a pipe or tube, and has diameter of 1-100 inches. The reactor has several ceramic foam disks and several blank ceramic foam disks. The reactor further has a quenching system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic material comprises zirconia coated with ceria, and rhodium or nickel, or a mixture of rhodium and nickel. Preferred Composition: The ceria coating layer comprises ceramic foam monolith material (15-20 wt.%). The amount of rhodium or nickel, or mixture of nickel and rhodium is 2-4 wt.% of ceramic foam monolith material. Preferred Disk: The blank ceramic foam disk is chosen from alumina, zirconia, cordierite or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst-containing zone includes a catalyst comprising a group VIII metal or rhenium; and a partial oxidation catalyst comprising rhodium, iridium, palladium and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The hydrocarbon oil is catalytic reforming oil of naphtha before distillation. The filter has opening of 0.1-20 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The hydrogen fermentation processing and methane fermentation processing are carried out at medium or high temperature. The methane fermenter is a fixed methane fermenter equipped with immobilization support (11). Alternately, hydrogen gas is generated according to solubilization and hydrogen fermentation is carried out in hydrogen fermenter containing hydrolysis microorganisms group and hydrogen fermentation microorganism group. Subsequently, methane gas is generated for the obtained fermented liquor in methane fermentation in the presence of methane fermentation microorganism. The gaseous phase containing the generated hydrogen gas and gaseous phase containing the generated methane gas are used as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solubilization hydrogen fermentation processing and/or methane fermentation processing are high-temperature fermentation processing. The digested liquid after methane fermentation is returned to solubilization hydrogen fermenter. The methane fermentation processing is fixed methane fermentation processing performed using immobilization support (10).Preferred Apparatus: The solubilization hydrogen fermenter contains hydrolysis microorganisms and hydrogen fermentation microorganisms, and solubilization and hydrogen fermentation are carried out. The gaseous phase portion containing hydrogen is produced, and is used as fuel. Methane formation of fermented liquor obtained in methane fermentation tank is carried out in the presence of methane fermentation microorganisms. The digestive liquid is returned to hydrogen fermentation, and gaseous portion containing methane gas is used as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen compound in the hydrogen, is 0.01-5 mass%.Preferred Component: The catalyst is nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid mixture contains methanol (0.1-99.5 wt.%). The amount of organic solvent dissolved in the liquid mixture is 0.001-20 wt.%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic compound is chosen from 4 specific exemplified compounds such as benzyl dimethyl decyl ammonium chloride of formula (A).    EXAMPLE - Benzyl dimethyl decyl ammonium chloride (in wt.%) (0.1) of formula (A) was dissolved in aqueous solution of methanol (10), and fuel for fuel cell was prepared. The fuel cell using the fuel, had high output over long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Adsorption recovery of boil-off gas is carried out using cooled adsorption material contained in several adsorption material filled containers. The boil-off gas is continuously ejected by alternately increasing the temperature and pressure in another container. The adsorption material is cooled using coolant or freezers, such as liquefied helium, liquefied neon and liquefied nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adsorption material is zeolite, such as cation exchange zeolite, metal complex, metal polyoxide obtained by supporting metal to activated carbon, activated carbon of metal support, carbon fiber, and/or charcoal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The boil-off gas is gas of liquefied methane, liquefied ethane, liquefied ethylene, liquefied propane and liquefied butane, or liquefied natural gas, liquefied nitrogen or liquefied carbon dioxide. Preferred Source: The external heat input is heat input from external heat sources, such as exhaust heat of internal combustion engine, natural heat of atmosphere and heat of electric heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Portion: The hydrocarbon removal portion contains physical adsorption material or chemical adsorption material, preferably a complex oxide having acidic absorption sites, especially cuprous oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The raw material and mineral fuel are kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pyrogenous composition further contains metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bioreactor tube is e.g. of PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The inorganic halogenating agent is selected from calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite and magnesium hypochlorite, preferably calcium hypochlorite. The bromine-containing solid is selected from alkali metal salt of hydrated N-bromosulfamate and alkali earth metal salt of hydrated N-bromosulfamate.Preferred Components: The alkaline source is selected from alkali metal carbonate, alkali earth metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali earth metal bicarbonate, alkali metal oxide, alkali earth metal oxide, alkali metal hydroxide and alkali earth metal hydroxide. The complexing agent is sulfamic acid. A solid halogenating agent is further used in preparation of liquid, bromine-containing solution. The solid halogenating agent is organic halogenating agent or inorganic halogenating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The organic halogenating agent is selected from trichloroisocyanuric acid, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, potassium dichloroisocyanurate, dichloroisocyanuric acid, trichloromelamine, N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, N-chloromethanesulfonamide, N-chlorosuccinimide, N,N'-1,3-bromochloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, N,N'-1,3-bromochloro-5-ethyl-5-methylhydantoin, 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and N-bromosuccinimide, preferably trichloroisocyanuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating waste material contains mixture of polyethylene and waste plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal oxide is potassium oxide. The characteristic X-ray (L alpha ray) intensity of ruthenium detected between the distance from the catalyst outer surface to r/4 is 80% or more of all the X-ray intensities, where r is the distance from catalyst outer surface to catalytic center, when line-analysis measurement is carried out to ruthenium by electron probe micro analyzer in one direction. The ruthenium dispersion degree is 20% or more. The catalyst is made into a shape chosen from spherical shape, elliptic-sphere shape, angular-pillar shape, cylindrical shape, hollow shape and ring shape. The starting material of potassium oxide is potassium hydroxide. Preferred Conditions: Hydrocarbon and water vapor are reacted in molar ratio of 2.5-5 at a temperature of 400-800degreesC under reaction pressure of 0-0.5 MPa-G.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredient is rubidium, rhodium, nickel and/or cobalt. The support is alumina silicate having alumina, zirconia, titania, silica and/or their complex oxides. The acidic site is doped with alumina. Preferred Properties: The active ingredient has particle diameter of 20 nm or less. The support component has specific surface area of more than 10 m2/g, and acid strength of -10.5 to -3. EXAMPLE - Oxy zirconyl chloride (in g) (1850) was added to ion exchange water (100 L), and gamma-alumina powder (1000) was added and stir-mixed. 1N aqueous ammonia was dropped to the obtained slurry and pH was adjusted to 9. Water-washing filtration of the obtained deposit was carried out, and dried at 120degreesC for 5 hours and baked at 650degreesC. A granular support having diameter of 3 mm and containing zirconia and alumina in a weight ratio of 50:50 was obtained. The granular support was then immersed to 5 wt.% ruthenium nitrate aqueous solution (0.5 L) diluted in distilled water (2 L) and baked at 500degreesC for 24 hours. Ruthenium/zirconia and alumina catalyst supported with ruthenium (2 wt.%) was obtained. The support had specific surface area of 110 m2/g and acid strength of -8.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of element (m) in the catalyst is 0.01-20 mol%. The amount of the active metal element (n) in the catalyst is 0.01-2 mol%. Oxide of one or more types of dissimilar-metal element chosen from aluminum, zirconium, silicon, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, zinc, lanthanum and neodymium is contained in an amount of 1-900 wt.% with respect to the catalyst. The catalyst further contains 0.0001-2 mol% of active metal elements.Preferred Method: The active metal element (n) is supported after water washing the obtained particle. EXAMPLE - Iron sulfate (A), iron sulfate (B) and manganese dichloride were added to pure water and set as 500 ml solution (S1). Caustic soda was dissolved in water and set as 500 ml solution (S2). The molar ratio of the iron sulfate (A) and iron sulfate (B) was set to 1:2. The solution (S2) was heated and stirred at 60degreesC and the solution (S1) was added. The resulting solution was cured at 80degreesC for 3 hours. The obtained deposit was filtered, washed, and baked at 400degreesC for 1 hour. Dinitro di-ammine platinum nitrate aqueous solution was used, and platinum was supported by impregnation. The resulting product was baked at 400degreesC for 1 hour, and hydrogen-reduced at 200degreesC, and catalyst was obtained. The composition ratio (molar ratio) of platinum, iron and manganese in the catalyst was 0.4:96.6:3. The obtained catalyst was ferrous oxide (Fe3O4), and had axial length (a) of 8.3543 Angstrom , measured by X-ray diffraction. The peak resulting from manganese was not observed which confirmed that the manganese formed a solid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeable film further has an intermediate layer having composition different from base layer and metal coating layer, formed between metal base layer and metal coating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Layer (14) contains palladium alloy containing copper, gadolinium, aluminum and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The porous electrical conductor is used as a water electrolysis power feeding element, and the smooth surface faces an electrolyte membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The porous electrical conductor is a sintered body of spherical titanium particles having porosity of 10-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primary fuel gas mixture contains carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen. The catalyst in chamber (II) is silica-gel based catalyst. At least one gas phase product selected from hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen is produced during the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The residue is used as a source of carbon for growth of the cellulolytic microorganism and the production of cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic enzymes. The residue is used as a source of inducing carbon as a complement to other sources of carbon used for growth of the cellulolytic microorganism. The residue is used as a unique source of carbon for growth of the cellulolytic microorganism and production of cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic enzymes.The cellulolytic microorganism is selected from fungi from the genii Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Schizophyllum, where the cellulolytic microorganism belongs to the species Trichoderma reesei. The cellulosic or ligno-cellulosic materials are selected from straw, wood, forest culture, alcohologenic residues from plants, sugar refineries and cereal producers, residues from the paper industry and products for transforming cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials.Producing ethanol from cellulosic or ligno-cellulosic materials comprises chemical and/or physical pre-treating of a cellulosic or lignocellulosic substrate, enzymatically hydrolyzing the pre-treated substrate using cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic enzymes, ethanolic fermenting by an alcohologenic microorganism of the hydrolysate and producing a fermentation must, and separating the alcohologenic microorganism, separating/purifying the ethanol and obtaining an aqueous phase constituting a residue. The process further comprises using the residue to produce the cellulolytic and/or hemicellulolytic enzymes by a process above. The ethanol is separated by distillation and the residue is constituted by distillation slops.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Agent: Fermentation of the citrus waste mixture is performed using a fermenting agent, such as Escherichia coli (KO11) strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is 1-3C alcohol and water. The amount of alcohol is 10-40 mass% with respect to fuel.Preferred Compound: The acetylene glycol-type surfactant is compound of formula (1).m+n = 0-50R1-R4= alkyl
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is a 1-3C alcohol and water.Preferred Component: The anti-oxidant is selected from ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid and gallic acid. The fuel composition contains anti-oxidant (in mass%) (0.001-5), and alcohol (10-40) with respect to the fuel. EXAMPLE - A fuel composition having water-methanol solution containing 30 mass% of methanol was prepared. A fuel cell using the fuel composition had good durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism used for souring process is lactic acid bacteria belonging to Bacillus genus or Lactobacillus genus, preferably Bacillus cereus 0Z-6 strain (FERM P-20381) and Lactobacillus sp. 0Z-7 strain (FERM P-20382). The seaweeds are chosen from Ulva, Laminaria japonica, Porphyra yezoensis, Undaria pinnatifida, Ulva pertusa, Porphyra, Sargassum serratifolium, Monostroma nitidum, Ulva japonica, Ulva arasakii, Enteromorpha prolifera and Enteromorpha intestinalis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The methane fermentation apparatus further consists of unit for crushing seaweed, heater for heating the seaweed, tank for heat-processing seaweed and solid-liquid separation unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic waste contains milk of mammals and egg of birds.Preferred Process: The organic waste is stirred and subjected to souring processing. Methane fermentation processing is carried out after adding organic waste such as seaweeds containing less amount of nitrogen. The seaweeds are crushed and heat processed. The fermentation processing is carried out after removing the produced solid substance by centrifugation or filtration. The digested gas produced in the methane fermentation apparatus is used as fuel of co-generation apparatus. EXAMPLE - Fermented food (10 g) was added to cow's milk (1 l) and stirred lightly. The mixture was statically cultured at 30degreesC for 48 hours. A porous support in a liquid as a fixed support of microorganisms was installed in the cultured mixture and stirred. The temperature of the mixture was controlled at 55degreesC and pH was adjusted to 7.4. Spawn (sludge type) (100 ml) was added to the synthetic medium and fermented. The ammonia concentration in the reaction solution was measured and found to be more than 3000 ppm with passage of time.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbonization is performed at a temperature of 300-550degreesC and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.01-0.1 atm. The mixing amount of carbonized material with coal is 10 wt.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The low boiling point compound is a compound whose boiling point is lower than propylene. The propylene is a liquid propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The honeycomb support is obtained by extrusion molding. EXAMPLE - Boehmite powder was added to water. Aqueous ammonia was added to the resulting mixture. The obtained precipitate was filtered, water washed, dried and baked at 1000degreesC, to obtain honeycomb component. Cellulose (as molding adjuvant) (20 mass%) was added to the honeycomb component, and kneaded. Water was evaporated. The obtained catalyst paste was molded in square shape, dried at 80degreesC for 24 hours, and baked at 1100degreesC for 24 hours in air. Thus, solid honeycomb was obtained. The solid honeycomb was immersed in palladium nitrate aqueous solution and platinum chloride aqueous solution, dried and baked at 1100degreesC for 24 hours in air. Thus, a solid type oxidation catalyst having platinum, palladium and palladium oxide supported on alumina support, was obtained. The catalyst had porosity of 19.2%, crushing strength of 7.5 kg/cm2, weight loss of 2 mg and methane gas oxidation rate of 31%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A rhodium catalyst layer which is the rhodium catalyst portion, is provided at inner surface of monolith support (20). The cobalt catalyst layer is lower layer.Preferred Arrangement: The cobalt catalyst portion is arranged at upstream side of fuel circulation direction. The rhodium catalyst portion is arranged at downstream side of fuel circulation direction.Preferred Composition: The amount of cobalt atom with respect to whole quantity of the cobalt catalyst powder, is 0.5-20 mass%. The amount of rhodium atom with respect to whole quantity of the rhodium catalyst powder, is 0.1-10 mass%. The molar ratio of rhodium atom content and cobalt atom content, is 0.2-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Activated Carbon: The activated carbon is obtained using bituminous coal, waste microbial cells, or polyacrylonitrile, as raw material. The activated carbon is fine powder, or suspension liquid of fine powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrogen generator is provided with a re-circulation apparatus (4) which re-circulates the entrained solid-liquid component to the gas in the reaction container. The apparatus is equipped with a unit for heating the piping portion from the discharge port of the reaction container to the fuel cell gas supply portion, to a temperature more than the temperature inside the reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wall is lined with alumina and insulated with alumina/zirconia foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon is hydrogen rich crystalline methane ((H2)4CH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises supplying a biogas to the compressor, delivering compressed biogas from the compressor to the scrubber tower, delivering water to the scrubber tower, and exposing the compressed biogas to the water in the scrubber tower, and outputting a processed gas from the scrubber tower.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The system further comprises a second scrubber tower physically coupled to the mobile platform, and having mixing chamber, compressed gas input in communication with output of first scrubber tower, water input, water output, and processed gas output. The system further comprises at least one gas-powered engine providing a power output; and a hydraulic system coupled to the gas-powered engine. The gas-powered engine is a biogas-operable engine or a methane-operable engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The processed gas comprises 90-100% (preferably greater than or equal to98) methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photo-anode comprises cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, or cadmium telluride. The photo-cathode comprises gallium phosphide. The solution further includes sodium hydroxide.Preferred Method: The method further comprises bubbling hydrogen sulfide through the solution before the exposing step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The photo-anode further comprises a stainless steel support. The first catalyst material comprises ruthenium deposits on a surface of the photo-anode. The second catalyst material comprises platinum (Pt) deposits on a surface of the photo-cathode.Preferred Composition: The ruthenium (Ru) and platinum (Pt) deposits cover 10-20% of the surface of the photo-anode.Preferred Parameter: The Ru and Pt deposits are each 0.2 mm in diameter.
EXAMPLE - Base gasoline of regular gasoline containing desulfurized light naphtha (vol.%) (15), de-benzene light catalytically reformed gasoline (1), de-benzene light catalytically reformed gasoline (24) and fluidized catalytic-cracking gasoline (50) was added to dehydrated ethanol (10) with a purity of 99.5% and ion exchange water (0.4) to obtain ethanol blended gasoline. The ethanol blended gasoline had an ethanol content of 10 vol.%, an aromatic content of 33.5 vol.%, an olefin content of 14.1 vol.%, a moisture content of 0.4 vol.%, a sulfur content of 7 mass ppm based on JIS K 2541, a phase separation index (T) of 266.5, a density of 0.7632 g/cm3 based on JIS K 2249, a research octane number of 94.9, a cloud point of -3.3degreesC, and a reid vapor pressure (RVP) of 59 kPa based on JIS Z 8402. The ethanol blended gasoline had a 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC and a 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 158degreesC based on JIS K 2254.
EXAMPLE - Ion-exchange water (0.4 vol.%) was added to ethanol blended gasoline obtained by blending light fluidized-catalytic-cracking gasoline (32 vol.%), de-benzene heavy catalytically reformed gasoline (48 vol.%), dehydrated ethanol (10 vol.%), and alkylate (10 vol.%). The obtained sample had an ethanol content of 10 vol.%, an aromatic content of 42 vol.%, an olefin content of 15.3 vol.%, a moisture content of 0.4 vol.%, a sulfur content of 3 mass ppm, a density of 0.7702 g/cm3, a 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 99.5degreesC, a 90 vol.% distillation temperature of 137.5degreesC, a phase separation index of 260.8, a research octane number of 100.2, and a cloud point of -10.2degreesC. The sample improved the performance of a vehicle when used as a fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The base material has a 90% distillation temperature of 310-360degreesC.Preferred Fuel: The diesel fuel contains a cetane number improving agent (500-1500 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The reducing environment contains ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal plated film consists of a fluorine-type compound. A dispersion promoter, which promotes the dispersion of plating liquid, is used further.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The membrane is a hollow-fiber membrane.Preferred Process: The hydrogen supplied to the anode chamber is humidified without adding liquid water. The porosity of the membrane is selected in such a way that a dew point required for humidification of a polymer electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell is established.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyphenylene oxide polymer consists of repeating units of formulae (a-d). The ratio of sum of repeating unit (a-d) with respect to sum of repeating unit (b-d) is 0-100%.R11, R12, R21, R22, R31-R34=hydrogen atom, halogen atom, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted tri-lower alkyl silyl, sulfone group, carboxyl group, or optionally substituted diaryl phosphino group, and all R11 and R12, R21 and R22, and R31-R34 are not hydrogen, and at least one of R11, R12, R21, R22, R31-R34 is optionally substituted tri-lower alkyl silyl or carboxyl.Preferred Material: The carbonized material of polyphenylene oxide polymer has asymmetrical structure after carbonization. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=optionally substituted tri-lower alkyl silyl group or carboxyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The heavy or precious metals are copper, nickel, lead, iron, zinc, cadmium, mercury, uranium, gold, silver, chromium and/or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lignocellulosic material is an aged hardwood bark, and comprises indigestible components of plants which pass through ruminant animals and which are recovered from manures or manures plus bedding materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction step involves mixing vegetable oils or animal fats with aliphatic alcohol, obtaining a mixture of vegetable oils and/or animal fats and aliphatic alcohol; placing the heated mixture in contact with the catalyst; and heating the mixture. The reaction is performed at 100 - 250degreesC. The reaction occurs in the presence of water. Preferred Components: The aliphatic alcohol is an aliphatic monoalcohol selected from 1-5C aliphatic monoalcohol (preferably methanol and ethanol). The alcohol and the vegetable oil or animal fat are used in a molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil or animal fat of 6 - 30. EXAMPLE - Esterification reaction of oil with titanium dioxide supported on silica (TiO2/SiO2) catalyst was conducted by loading into a 1-liter agitated autoclave soybean oil (250 g) with methanol (114 g), and catalyst in powder (TiO2/SiO2 at 3.09% of TiO2 on SiO2) (6.25 g). The autoclave was heated to 225degreesC. After 159 minutes, a sample was taken and H-NMR analysis yielded a conversion of 75.20%. As time progressed, the conversion increased up to 88.37% after 339 minutes. The autoclave was then cooled to ambient temperature. The product unloaded from the autoclave was filtered. The methanol was distilled and the glyceric phase was separated from the ester phase. The ester phase was analyzed by H-NMR and confirmed a conversion of 92.06%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The oil decomposable microorganism is Pseudomonas genus, Achromobacter genus and Pasteurella genus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The lower hydrocarbon is made to react in the presence of a catalyst, to obtain product gas containing an aromatic compound, lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen. The aromatic compound, lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen-containing gas are separated from the obtained product gas. The hydrogen in the gas is made to react with carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, and converted into methane and water by contacting carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide the gas containing the lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen from which the aromatic compound is separated, in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrogen is separated from the separated hydrogen-containing gas and supplied to methanation process. The remaining gas is supplied to aromatic compound synthesis process. The lower hydrocarbon which contains carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide is supplied to methanation process, and lower hydrocarbon which does not contain carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide is supplied to aromatic compound synthesis process. The carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide which are recovered from system exterior is supplied to methanation process, preferably supplied by dividing the gas separated from the aromatic compound is divided into fraction (I) and fraction (II), burning fraction (II) and collecting carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas and supplying with fraction (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The fermentation biomass is a yeast, a yeast cream, a yeast biomass, a lysine biomass, a lactic acid fermentation biomass, a citric acid presscake, an ethanol presscake, distiller's yeast, a brewer's yeast biomass, and/or a baker's yeast biomass.The proteinaceous feed ingredient is soybean, soybean meal, corn, corn meal, linseed, linseed meal, cottonseed, cottonseed meal, rapeseed, rapeseed meal, sorghum protein, and/or canola meal. The animal feed composition further comprises a plant extract.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Treating the fermentation biomass and the proteinaceous feed ingredient(s) comprises heating the fermentation biomass and the proteinaceous feed ingredient(s) at a moisture content of 15-50% at 87-116degreesC for 0.10-5 hours; and drying the heated fermentation biomass and the proteinaceous feed ingredient(s) to 10-15% moisture. The composition is placed in a container configured for shipping. The container has indicia capable of directing a user on how to administer the composition to an animal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The animal feed composition is fed in an amount of 0.454-3.18 kg/head/day. It may be in the form of a premix which is fed to the ruminant in an amount of 0.09-0.454 kg/head/day.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The animal feed composition further comprises a divalent metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic acid is ascorbic acid, citric acid, aconitic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, pyrocitric acid, lysine, and/or their salts. The ingredient may further comprise a gluten protein, preferably corn gluten protein, rice globulin protein, and/or wheat gluten protein.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carrier liquid, e.g. detergent contains a surface active agent to which the proteins of the protein component of the fermentation supernatant bind. The surface active agent is non-ionic, anionic or amphoteric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of alkali aid, such as slaked lime is 2.5-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The fluid is carbon dioxide, propane, xenon, nitrous oxide, hydrogen or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxide of rare-earth element is cerium oxide and/or yttrium oxide. Preferred Composition: The content of cobalt in the partial oxidation catalyst is 0.5-3 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is a mixed gas containing methane, ethane and/or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Carbon and silicon are further mixed with the far-infrared generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nickel compound is selected from nickel chloride, nickel nitrate and nickel acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The payload is at least one toxin (e.g. rotenone). The packaging is a multi-part capsule sealed prior to implant to be leak proof upon insertion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The bioerodible unit comprises at least one configuration substantially incorporating pre-specified bioerodible material. The pre-specified bioerodible material is at least one bioerodible polymer. The bioerodible unit is chosen from bioerodible plug (101), bioerodible tape and their combinations. The plug is cut from self-reinforced polyglycolide (SR-PGA) rods coated at least partially with material chosen from n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, poly(dioxanone) (PDS), poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHBA), poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and their combinations. The polymer is chosen from poly(glycolide), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly (alpha-caprolactone), PDS, poly(glyconate), poly(ortho-esters), copolymers of glycolic, lactic and other alpha-hydroxy acids, block copolymers prepared from polyethylene glycol and certain poly(ortho-esters) and their combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: In the step of mixing the raw material and the MSW ash, the raw material is mixed with the MSW ash so that an amount of the MSW ash is 1-60 wt.%. The MSW ash is prepared from durable and non-durable goods, containers and packaging, food and yard wastes, and miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential, commercial and industrial sources. It is analyzed to determine its composition before the step of mixing the raw material and the MSW ash. A slurry of the mixture is prepared before the step of feeding the mixture into the kiln. Operating the kiln to obtain the Portland cement comprises heating the kiln to a first temperature higher than 1000degreesC. The mixture is pre-heated at a second temperature lower than the first temperature before the step of feeding into the kiln.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The starch and the siliconate are prepared in the aqueous mixture, and then the acid is added in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH of the aqueous mixture to a near-neutral pH. The aqueous solution comprising the siliconate and the acid is prepared before combining the siliconate with the starch, and the aqueous solution has a near-neutral pH when the starch is combined with the siliconate. The starch solid is filtered from the aqueous mixture before drying. The starch solid is dried to moisture content of 6-15%, preferably 10-13.5%. The dried starch solid is powdered. Preferred Compounds: The fuel further comprises a fuel component selected from gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, and alcohols. Preferred Properties: The pH of the aqueous mixture is lower than 10, preferably between 6 and 8. The dry product pH is lower than 10, preferably between 6.9 and 7.6. The hydrophobic starch is a free-flowing, and the hydrophobic starch composition has a near-neutral pH. EXAMPLE - Dry unmodified corn starch was suspended in water to form starch slurry (500 ml) containing (in g) (210.7) starch and water (375). An aqueous solution of sodium methyl siliconate (3.29) was added to the starch slurry to form an aqueous mixture. The formed mixture had siliconate solid content of 0.5%. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 6.88 using hydrochloric acid. The mixture was agitated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The pH was measured again and found to be 6.68. The wet starch solids were recovered by filtration on a Buchner funnel. The wet starch solids were dried without washing in an oven at 180degreesC for 4 hours. After drying, the starch solids were ground in a roller mill to pass a 150 mesh copper wire screen. A free flowing hydrophobic starch having a near-neutral dry product pH was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The exothermic hydrogen generator consists of borohydride solution exposed to catalyst, solid lithium aluminum tetrahydride and/or hydride exposed to water. The endothermic hydrogen generator consists of metal hydrides, metal alloy hydrides, carbon nanotube system, compressed hydrogen gas, and/or liquid hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Colloid of the biological treatment liquid is formed by ozone oxidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The gasoline composition has a research octane number of 95 or more, a carbon-dioxide emission amount of 2.34 kg/L or less per volume, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, a hydrogen/carbon rate of 1.94 mol/mol or more, and aromatic content/olefin ratio of 2.3 or less, an olefin content of 5-25 vol.%, and an aromatic content of 10-30 vol.%. Preferred Composition: The gasoline composition contains an oxygen-containing compound (1-15 vol.%), preferably ethyl t-butyl ether, de-sulfurized catalytically-cracked gasoline (50 vol.% or more), and isomerized gasoline (1-50 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The additional amount of saponin is 0.1-10 mg/l, and the additional amounts of Bacillus is 1x104-1x109 cells/l, with respect to a displacement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The moisture content in the bundle is adjusted to 6000 mass% or less, preferably 5-600 mass%, by dehydration and vaporization of deoxygenated water or inert-gas saturation water. Radiation exposure is carried out in the absence of a radical supplement agent, with a packaging bag which interrupts external air and water vapor in a state which tightly plugs all the exit/entrance of blood and dialysate. After tightly plugging all the exit/entrance of blood and dialysate, radiation exposure is carried out after 48 hours. The hollow-fiber-membrane bundle is removed from the blood-purification device after preserving the device at room temperature for one year or more after radiation exposure. The maximum value of UV (220-350 nm) light absorbency in the extract of the membrane when implementing the test defined by dialysis type artificial-kidney apparatus is 0.1 or less in all regions of the ten sections.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the pre-processing method, the mushroom waste cultivation bed is a waste microbial bed of an edible mushroom, which is chosen from Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom), Pleurotus eryngii (eryngii mushroom), bunashimeji mushroom (Hypsizigus marmoreus, Lyophyllum ulmarium), shiitake mushroom and nameko mushroom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The polar molecule is supplied as the liquid, or accompanied in an inert gas and introduced into the container. The gas and polar molecules other than hydrogen gas are eliminated from the hydrogen adsorption material by suction exhaustion or circulating inert gas in the container.Preferred Property: The polar molecule has boiling point of 80degreesC or less. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The hydrogen adsorption material is disclosed as a metal-organic framework in which an organic molecule or an organic ion surrounds a metal ion. Such compounds are of the formula (M2(1,4-benzene-di-carboxylate anion)2), (Fe2(trans-4,4'-azo-pyridine)4(NCS)4), and Masterisk4O(Aromatic dicarboxylate anion)3/    M = Co, Ni and Zn ions; and    Masterisk = Zn Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag or Pt ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The electroconductive organic ligand consists of thiophene or thiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first plasma treatment is carried out at the plasma gas pressure of 10 Pa, plasma initialization through frequency stimulation in the radio frequency range and the plasma efficiency of less than 150 W. The second plasma treatments is carried out at the pressure of 10 Pa; plasma initialization through frequency stimulation in the radio frequency range, plasma efficiency of more than 250 W and the treatment time of 5-20 minutes. The first and second plasma treatment is carried out with an alternating frequency of kHz to MHz. In the second low-temperature plasma treatment, the substrate is present within the plasma. The process is automated through an integration in an inline process. Preferred Components: The transition chelate material is a surface on carbon or cobalt tetra methoxy phenyl porphyrin. The inert plasma gas is argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plant auxiliary agent further contains a 16-22C alkyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plant auxiliary agent contains a (co)polymer containing polar groups, and a compound containing polyoxyethylene group(s). The polymer is chosen from group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl amine, polyvinyl formamide, polyallyl amine, and polyaspartic acid. The polyoxyethylene group(s) consists of a polyoxyethylene-alkyl, a polyoxyethylene-alkenyl, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkylate or a polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkenylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The glass fiber contains cloth-like sheet that is bonded to phosphosilicate group gel film.Preferred Material: The porosity of reinforcing material is 60-98 volume%.Preferred Film: The surface of phosphosilicate group gel film is processed by a silane coupling agent. The phosphosilicate group gel film does not contain organic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon compound is preferably of formula, Si(OR2)sX2tZ4-s-t, where R2 = alkyl; X2 = halogen; Z = alkoxy or organic group other than halogen; s, t = 0-3; and s+t = 1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is polyelectrolyte. EXAMPLE - The glass cloth fiber having average length of 3 mm and average diameter of 0.7 microns, was formed using C-glass composition containing silica (in mass%) (65), alumina (4), calcium oxide (7), magnesium oxide (3), boron oxide (5), lithium oxide (0.5), zinc oxide (3.5) and sodium oxide (12). The glass fiber was dispersed in sulfuric acid aqueous solution, to form glass-fiber dispersion liquid. A non-woven fabric of glass fiber was formed using the obtained dispersion liquid by wet papermaking apparatus. Tetraethoxy silane, orthophosphoric acid, ethanol and pure water were mixed in molar ratio of 1:1:5:3, to obtain phospho silicate group sol. The obtained sol was impregnated into the glass-fiber non-woven fabric. After impregnation, the fabric was dried and heat-processed. Thus, non-woven fabric having film of phospho silicate gel (reinforcing material) was formed. The reinforcing material had thickness of 93 microns, porosity of 94.8 volume% and tensile strength of 0.9 MPa. A proton conductive film was produced using the obtained non-woven fabric. The proton conductive film had thickness of 80 microns, tensile strength of 13 MPa and proton conductivity of 12 S/m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenation separation membrane contains palladium alloy film or palladium-copper alloy film. The dehydrogenation catalyst contains platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, tin, rhenium or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (disclosed): The thermophilus bacteria having lipase activity is isolated from compost (high temperature form compost).Preferred Microorganism: The thermophilus microorganism capable of producing lipase, is chosen from Thermaerobacter subterraneus exhibiting growth characteristics at temperature of 55-80 degreesC and growth optimum temperature of 70-75 degreesC, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus exhibiting growth characteristics at temperature of 45-75 degreesC and growth optimum temperature of 60-65 degreesC. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The thermophilus microorganism capable of producing lipase, is T. subterraneus CLPT01 (FERM P-20111), T. subterraneus CLPT05 (FERM P-20112), T. subterraneus CLPT08 (FERM P-20113), G. stearothermophilus CLPT11 (FERM P-20016) or G. stearothermophilus CLPT13 (FERM P-20017) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Isolation of thermophilus bacteria capable of producing lipase was carried out as follows. The compost (high temperature form compost) (200 mg) was added to sterilized liquid culture medium (I) containing tryptone (in g/l) (6), yeast extract (6), sodium chloride (2) and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1), and incubation was performed at 70degreesC for 3 hours. Then, 50 mul of the supernatant of the culture medium was inoculated into culture plate containing the solidified culture medium (I), and cultivation was carried out at 70degreesC. The colonies formed on plates were randomly selected and inoculated into culture medium (I) containing 0.5% tributyrin and cultured at 70degreesC. The supernatant of the culture medium was inoculated on solidified culture medium (I) containing 0.5% tributyrin, and subjected to incubation at 70degreesC. The colony forming the halo region around it was selsected, and the strains were identified to be CLPT01, CLPT05, CLPT08, CLPT11 and CLPT13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Culture: The microorganisms capable of degrading environmental pollutant, is microorganism capable of degrading hydrocarbon. The microorganism capable of decomposing environmental pollutant and hydrocarbon, is bacteria that belongs to Shpingopyxis genus, Sphingomonas genus, Sphingobium genus and Novosphingobium genus.Preferred Probe: The probe hybridizes specifically with DNA or RNA of the microorganism. The ribonucleotide sequence has tgggattcgccacctgtcgcca (SEQ ID No. 2) or ggatcgaagacttggtgagccg (SEQ ID No. 3). The bacteria, preferably Thalassospira that decompose environmental pollutant, is petroleum degrading bacteria. EXAMPLE - Isolation of MA18 strain capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation bacteria was done as follows. The enrichment culture liquid of AN decomposition bacteria was smeared to flate plate (NSW+AN) culture medium, and cultured at 20degreesC for eight days. The flat plate (NSW+AN) culture medium and MA flat plate culture medium were used for the separation of strain. Flat plate isolation and culture was repeated twice. (NSW+AN) eight strains from MA plate culture medium (total of 16 strains) were isolated from the plate culture medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fat and oil is glycerol ester of fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The lead-free high octane gasoline has research octane number of 97 - 105, motor octane number of 84 - 92, reid vapor pressure of 45 - 93, 50% distillation temperature of 75 - 110degreesC; 70degreesC distillation amount of 18 - 40 vol.% aromatic content of less than or equal to45 vol.%, olefin part content of less than or equal to25 vol.%, benzene content of less than or equal to1 vol.%, sulfur content of less than or equal to10 ppm, gas-liquid ratio in 60degreesc of 30 - 70 and polycyclic aromatic index of specific formula as given in the specifications. EXAMPLE - A gasoline (test) comprising de-benzene light catalytically reformed gasoline, de-benzene heavy catalytically reformed gasoline, light catalytic cracked gasoline, alkylate and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (15 vol.%) was prepared. The control gasoline was prepared similarly, except ethyl tertiary butyl ether was not used. The test/control gasolines were then evaluated for startability, operability, demerit mark properties and air-intake valve deposit (IVD) test. It was observed that the test gasoline exhibited excellent in startability, purity of a performance, demerit mark properties and (IVD) test as compared to control gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amino acid type surfactant is N-acylamino acid salt.Preferred Composition: The aqueous stock solution contains 0.1-10 wt.% of 2-6C alcohol having 2-3 valence. The weight ratio of 2-3C univalent hydrocarbon with respect to 2-6C alcohol having 2-3 valence is 2.5:1-50:1 EXAMPLE - Amisoft LS-11 (RTM: N-lauroyl-L-sodium glutamate) (in wt.%) (2), NIKKOL TS-10V (RTM: monostearin acid polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan) (1.5), NIKKOL BS-4 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (4) stearyl ether) (1.5), NIKKOL BS-2 (RTM: polyoxyethylene (2) stearyl ether) (1.5), ethanol (30), 1,3-butylene glycol (3) and purified water (60.5), were mixed to obtain aqueous stock solution having pH of 5.7. The aqueous stock solution (95) and liquefied gas (5) having vapor pressure of 0.45 MPa at 25degreesC, were filled in a pressure container. The liquefied gas contained butane and propane at a weight ratio of 65/35. The pressure container was shaken several times, and an aerosol composition was obtained. The aerosol composition had transmittance of 97.5%, favorable exterior, storage stability, foam quality and applicability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The paper industry sludge which has been dehydrated to a water content of 10% is added to organic waste, such as dehydrated organic-sludge cake, dung or kitchen refuse and mixed by stirring. The resulting mixture is packed into a fermentation vessel and aerobically fermented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The semiconductor photocatalyst has solubility of 1x10-5 mol/l with respect to the aqueous solution. When the photocatalyst is used for anode, the normal electrode potential (Ea) of valence band is more than normal electrode potential (EO) of oxygen, and Ea-EO is more than 0.1V. Similarly, when the photocatalyst is used for cathode, the normal electrode potential (Ec) of conduction band is less than normal electrode potential (EH) of hydrogen, and EH-Ec is more than 0.1V. The energy gap (Eg) of photocatalyst is more than electrolytic voltage (deltaE) of water. A voltage lower than the electrolytic voltage (1.23V) is applied to the aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (c1) comprises a platinum group metal (0.1-10 wt.%) based on the inorganic oxide support; and further includes an alkali metal compound added to the modified inorganic oxide support.The catalyst (c2) further contains an alkali metal component (preferably 0.2-15 wt.%) comprising lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium or cesium. The catalyst is in the form of a washcoat composition deposited on a honeycomb monolith.Preferred Components: The oxide support is modified by adding 1-20 wt.% additive (preferably wood flour). The inorganic oxide support (preferably alumina) is further modified by addition of a rare earth oxide (preferably 2-20 wt.%).Preferred Method: The gas stream is contacted with the catalyst at above 150degreesC. The burn-out additive is present 1-20 wt.% based on the modified inorganic oxide support prior to removal of the additive by heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The platinum group metal is selected from the platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The burn-out additive is selected from sugars, starches, lignin, grain flour, wood flour and polymers (preferably wood flour).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anode and cathode are connected via a conductive path. The conductive path is hardwired to the cathode and anode. A controller (108) is provided in the conductive path between the cathode and anode to selectively allow or hinder the flow of electrical current between the cathode and the anode through the conductive path. The cathode comprises surface-area-increasing features (105). An energy source (122) provides energy to the reaction medium. A reaction vessel (100) containing the reaction medium maintains an internal pressure above atmospheric pressure. An electrical power source (114) provides an electrical potential between the cathode and the anode.Preferred Properties: The surface area of the cathode is greater than the surface area of the anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is colloidal metal. The reaction medium is an aqueous solution. It may comprise an acid or a base. A salt is dissolved in the reaction medium. A cation of the salt is less reactive than a metal composing the anode. A cation of the salt is zinc or cobalt. A second catalyst may be suspended in the reaction medium. The second catalyst is colloidal metal or has a surface-area-to-volume ratio of greater than or equal to2.98x108 m2/m3. The cathode comprises tungsten carbide or carbonized nickel. The anode comprises aluminum.Preferred Properties: The catalyst has a surface-area-to-volume ratio of greater than or equal to2.98x108 m2/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: Each component in protected part (21) is designed (a) to resist rupture at overpressure at least 10 times p1 and (b) to resist, with deformation, overpressure caused by an explosion, e.g. at up to70% of the constraint at rupture. Zone (23) also includes a non-protected part (22) that resists, mechanically, overpressure generated by an explosion, and (22) includes devices that can isolate part (22), e.g. using valves; flow/pressure limiters and discharge valves. (22) may also include a system for ventilating gases. Preferably p1 is over 5 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas comprises carbon dioxide, air and/or nitrogen.Preferred Acid: The acid is sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: A glass bond is formed between two complementary formed ionically conductive ceramic elements, where the first ceramic element has at least one stripe with at least one section consisting of a cluster of small stripes, the second ceramic element has at least one corresponding stripe with a cluster of small stripes, and the location of the cluster is displaced approximately one half width on both ceramic elements and in an opposite directions along a ceramic element edge. Positions of stripes on one edge of the ceramic element are shifted relative to positions of stripes on another corresponding edge to allow a second identical ceramic element to be inverted and sealed with the first ceramic element without overlapping of silver stripes at the edges where two elements are sealed. A catalyzing and electrically conductive coating is formed on the exterior surfaces of the tubes prior to the forming of the first conductive coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The top stripe and the bottom stripe are formed from silver or silver alloy. The top stripe and the bottom stripe are formed from electrically conductive materials selected from silver, gold, or platinum. At least one electrically conductive stripe has at least one section consisting of a cluster of smaller stripes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A) also contains iodo cure sites along the polymer chain and/or iodo chain ends.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The drying process and thermal decomposition process are combined into a drying thermal decomposition process. Preferred Material: Biomass is a mixture of biomass having high heating value, such as wood chips and paper, and low-water-containing biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus further has a desulfurizing portion provided between sealing portion of fuel supply path, and modification portion, a shift reaction portion (15) and selective oxidation portion (17). The shift reaction portion produces carbon dioxide and hydrogen from carbon monoxide and water vapor in hydrogen rich gas. The selective oxidation reaction portion produces carbon dioxide by reacting carbon monoxide and oxygen of hydrogen rich gas. The shift reaction portion is filled with copper or platinum-type catalyst. The modification portion is filled with ruthenium or nickel-type catalyst. Preferred Method: Sulfur contained in hydrocarbon gas is removed by desulfurizing portion, before supply of hydrocarbon gas. Preferred Condition: The hydrocarbon gas is supplied such that filling pressure of hydrocarbon gas after sealing is larger than atmospheric pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The hydrocarbon gas is gas containing methane, propane or butane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Biological treatment is performed in biological treatment apparatus, at the later stage of methane fermentation. The methane fermentation processing is medium-temperature methane fermentation in which the fermentation tank is maintained at medium temperature. The easily ionizing inorganic substance is added based on measured concentration of organic acid in the methane fermentation tank, which is measured by organic acid concentration measurement unit. The additional amount of easily ionizing inorganic substance is controlled by a control apparatus.Preferred Apparatus: The methane fermentation tank is equipped with a solid-liquid separator, when the easily ionizing inorganic substance contains calcium, and compost apparatus. The separator separates the digestive (15) liquid of methane fermentation into solid and liquid. Aerobic fermentation of separated sludge is carried out and composed by the compose apparatus. Alternately, the digested liquid ejected from the methane fermentation tank is utilized as liquid fertilizer, when easily ionizing inorganic substance contains potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The easily ionizable inorganic substance is potassium and calcium, and is added in the form of a chloride. The addition amount of potassium and calcium is 10-1000 mg/l, and 1-100 mg/l, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: All or one portion of released methane enriched gas released by release unit provided at upstream side of refinement apparatus, is supplied to dispersion unit positioned at downstream side, as desulfurized gas. The separated unconverted gas is mixed with the desulfurized gas supplied by the dispersion unit, using unreacted gas mixing unit. The desulfurized gas supplied to dispersion unit, is dispersed in the hydrate-forming substance aqueous solution, as a fine air bubble, using a fine bubble generating unit, through an ejector. At least one portion of the aqueous solution of the inclusion hydrate-forming substance, which remains after releasing methane enriched gas from the slurry of inclusion hydrate, is returned by discharge unit to dispersion unit, using a circulation unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance, which forms inclusion hydrate, contains an alkyl ammonium salt, alkyl phosphonium salt and/or alkyl sulfonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating sleeve is laminate material of synthetic resin-made thin film. The ultrafine electrode is electroconductive thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The Enterobacter genus bacteria is chosen from Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter sakazaii.Preferred Component: The raw material liquid contains yeast extract and casein enzymatic degraded substance. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Enterobacter genus bacteria is Enterobacter aerogenes (HU101) strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma treatment is carried out in the presence of an oxidant e.g. oxygen. The plasma treatment of waste is carried out in presence of plasm stabilizing gas selected from nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide or steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: A means of producing stable pre- and/or post-gas propellant-enriched fuel and oxidant emulsions by setting them in a combined gel or separate gels on cooling is provided. The production means include a CHP application to recover energy from the exhaust heat to drive the fuel electrolysis. The means of production includes fuel hydrogenation and oxygenation from a pressurized hydrogen fuel gas store and a pressurized oxygen oxidant gas store coupled to a fuel store and an oxidant store with mixing. In the means of production in a gas enriched bio-fuel, an electrically-conductive doping to include polyurethane foam polyol copper naphthalate copper ions from anode sludge acetic acid or any other conductive polar molecules with a lower electro-negativity lower than that of the electrodes is added to render the fuel emulsion conductive to electricity. In the in-store electrolysis, an ion bridge cross-connecting the stores completes the conductive circuit consisting of a reverse osmosis filter as a store partition, an interconnecting tube with pressure regulating flow valves, and the engines fuel-oxidant emulsion injector mixing head connected to the electricity supplies center-tap.
EXAMPLE - Synthesis gas containing 32 mol. % hydrogen and 18 mol. % carbon monoxide was produced using apparatus as shown in the figure. Solid biomass (3) was supplied via a unit (5) to a conversion plant consisting of a gasification unit (6), a reformer (7), an acid gas removing unit (8) and a catalytic converter (9). A low temperature air fractionation plant (2) was supplied with air (4) and fed four product lines, i.e. two lines (10, 13) for 98 mol. % pure nitrogen and two lines (11, 12) for 99 mol. % pure oxygen, to the various modules of the conversion plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The re-liquefying agent is polyelectrolyte, ascorbic acid, stearic acid, peptide, sodium hydride, solid, liquid organic acid and solid/liquid organic acid sol, non-ionic base, cationic base or polyelectrolyte, or electrolyte salt containing metal ion base. The re-liquefying inducer is chosen from water, amino acid solution, peptide solution, sulfuric acid solution and organic acid solution.Preferred Composition: The fuel contains methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, formaline, hydrazine, or sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gelatinizing agent is polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, cross-linking-type polyacrylic acid and cross-linking-type polyacrylamide, or their compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbe(s) is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus cougulans, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus halodenitrificans, Bacillus laterosprorus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus myocoides, Bacillus pasteurii, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas european, Pseudomonas putida, Rhodobacter sulfidophilus, Saccharomyces, Streptomyces badius, and/or Thiobacillus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The aerators in the second lagoon are adapted to produce a laminar column of bubbles. The first compressed air supply is enriched with ozone or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step of exothermically burning natural gas and air further includes thermally decomposing air to release oxygen-free nitrogen. Preferred Components: The hydrogen permeable membrane is formed of palladium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous hydrocarbon is natural gas (preferably methane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fullerene thin wire contains needle crystals of fullerene, and is chosen from C60 fullerene, C70 or more fullerene, fullerene derivative and metal endohedral fullerene.Preferred Structure: The thin wire edge portion is acute. The electrode portion is hollow structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metallic amide is magnesium amide or sodium amide. The hydrogen storage material further contains catalyst comprising compound or alloy of boron, carbon, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iridium, niobium, neodymium, lanthanum, calcium, vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium and/or silver. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal hydride is magnesium hydride or sodium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The hydrogen producing microbe is preferably Clostridium butyricum IFO13949.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The sheet has permeability of 0.8 or less with respect to methyl isothiocyanate gas. EXAMPLE - A biodegradable resin sheet of thickness 0.1 mm was obtained by inflation molding a resin blend of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (10 weight parts) and Lunar SE-P5000 (RTM: polyethylene succinate) (90 weight parts). The obtained sheet had excellent tearing strength and permeability of 0.35 with respect to methyl isothiocyanate gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The dismantling unit is equipped with several nozzles (12) for spraying the mixture of high pressure water of more than normal pressure, high pressure air or water and air. The classification and disassembling apparatus further has a dehydration unit (6) to remove moisture content from the classified resin foam ground product, and a ribbon dead foam preparation unit (10) to form a ribbon dead foam (9) by mixing and solidifying the classified resin foam ground product with an adhesive agent (8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filter: The filter further contains gold, silver and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a means for promoting activity of the carbon monoxide reduction portion (preferably a heater or an oxygen supply) to shorten the time required for the reduction portion to be within the active temperature range when the fuel gas processing apparatus is started. The gas supply portion is a reformer. The flue gas comprises hydrogen. Heat produced in the reformer and/or catalytic combustion portion can be transmitted to the carbon monoxide reduction portion. The apparatus includes a cooling portion having a heat-exchange function to lower the temperature of the reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crude bio-diesel fuel is alternately purified by heating at 60-110degreesC, preferably 70-95degreesC. Water (0.01-5 v/v%, preferably 0.5-3 v/v%) is added to the crude bio-diesel, and the resulting product is demulsified to form water/oil emulsion, during purification. Preferably, water added to crude bio-diesel fuel contains demulsifier. The additional amount of water containing demulsifier to the crude bio-diesel fuel is 0.01-1 v/v%, preferably 0.1-0.5 v/v%. A portion of soap and demulsifier, which are contained into the bio-diesel fuel, form an insoluble salt, after forming water/oil emulsion. The insoluble salt is precipitated and removed, surface affinity effect is lost, and demulsification is carried out by applying electric field with electric field strength of 0.01-5 kV/cm, preferably 0.1-2.5 kV/cm, or by heating. Preferred Components: The crude bio-diesel fuel contains methanol (in mg/L) (100-3500), alkali metal (5-200) and free glycerin (200-800). The demulsifier is an inorganic calcium salt or magnesium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The fat cattle dung or pig diluted with water in proportion of 1:1 is mixed to the mixture before the heat-treatment. The lean cattle dung or pig diluted with water in proportion of 1:3 is admixed to the mixture before the heat-treatment. About 0.2-0.5 mass parts of trisodium monophosphate or sodium metasilicate solution are added to the mixture after the first stage of heat-treatment. The composting continues until the dynamic breathing intensity of at most 80 mg of oxygen/kg of compost/hour and Dewar's self-heating to 20-30degreesC are reached.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme or its mixture additionally includes hemicellulase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amount: The amount of acid is 0.5-40 mM, preferably 2-15 mM. Preferred Components: The acid is formic acid or propionic acid. The fermentable sugar comprises sugars obtained by pretreatment of carbohydrates, preferably from starches. The fermentable sugar comprises sugars obtained by hydrolyzing maltose or maltotriose. The carbohydrate is chosen from corn, cereal such as barley, wheat or oat grains, tubers or sugarcane.Preferred Process: The pretreatment is hydrolysis, preferably enzymatic hydrolysis such as amyloglucosidase or alpha-amylase hydrolysis. EXAMPLE - Wort consisting of (in g/l) glucose (164), maltose (5.2), maltotriose (4.3), fructose (6.1) and sucrose (0.2) was treated with amino glycoside. The wort was then fermented with distiller's yeast (99.8 % viability at 30.5 degreesC in presence of 10.6 mM propionic acid. Then, fermentation was stopped at 38.5 hours and the supernatant was collected. The amount of ethanol contained in the supernatant liquid was found to be 102.9 % and the fermentation extent was 98.7 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Digesters: The cell belly is divided into several non-communicable cell cavities through partition plates, and each of the cavities is provided with 1 or more cell necks and all of which are disposed with storage tanks. The storage tank is firmly fixed inside the cell neck. The top surface of the storage tank is lower than the neck of the cell neck, with formation of a water-pressure bay through the surrounding top-surface of the storage tank and inner wall of the cell neck. The cell-neck inner wall is symmetrically provided with an L-shape trough. A structural element is formed on the cover body of the storage tank to enable fitting tightly in a matching manner with a movable member that can be dismantled, telescopically extended or contracted, or rotated. On top of the cover body of the storage tank, symmetrical rib reinforcement is installed, with a structural element assembled on the rib reinforcement through a screw bolt. A through-hole with sealable cover is perforated on the cover body of the storage tank. A cover capable of covering the neck is provided in the cell neck, and the surface of the cover is coated with a black-paint layer. EXAMPLE - A digester was constructed as specified for testing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The packing material of zones (I, II) is chosen from (un)stabilized magnesium aluminum silicate, aluminum silicate clay, mullite, alumina, silica-alumina and/or zirconia.Preferred Catalyst: The reforming catalyst is chosen from noble metal components, VIII group metal components, silver, cerium, copper, lanthanum, molybdenum, magnesium, tin, titanium, yttrium and/or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The colloidal metal is silver, gold, platinum, tin, lead, copper, zinc, iron, aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, nickel or cadmium. The metal (104) is iron, aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, tin, lead, nickel or copper.Preferred Medium: The reaction medium comprises hydrogen peroxide or formic acid. The reaction medium comprises acid, such as sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, hydroiodic acid, perchloric acid or chloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide particles are zinc oxide particles, manganese trioxide (Mn2O3) particles or mixed metal ferrite particles. If the metal oxide particles are zinc oxide, then the reduced metal oxide product is zinc. The first metal oxide is Mn2O3 and the second metal oxide of a lower valence state is manganese oxide (MnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The ratio of the length of the porous section of the reaction shell to the total length of the reaction shell is 1:2-2:1. The temperature at the outlet end of the reaction shell is greater than the dissociation temperature of the metal oxide particles. The method further comprises providing a cooling device comprising a cooling chamber having an inlet and an outlet, where the inlet of the cooling chamber is connected to the outlet of the solar-thermal reactor reaction shell and cooling the reduced metal oxide product by discharging the reduced metal oxide product into the cooling device. The temperature at the cooling chamber wall is less than the melting temperature of the reduced metal oxide product. The cooling chamber further comprises a fluid wall; an inner first wall comprising a porous section, a second wall substantially enclosing the first wall and a third gas plenum located substantially between the first and second wall, where the third gas plenum has an inlet and an outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The AC power source is coupled to the flow cell through a pair of electrodes positioned on opposing sides of the flow cell. Each of the electrodes is formed at least partially of a catalytic material selected to increase production of molecular hydrogen/oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molecular hydrogen/oxygen generated from the aqueous solution is captured as a gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt or rhodium. The solid acid is hydrogen-form zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solid Acid: The solid acid is polymer compound having sulfonic acid groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is heated for preferably 60-120 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Water vapor is blown-in to maintain the raw material organic waste at 70-90degreesC for 1 hour. The microorganisms in the raw material organic waste are annihilated with steam in the pre-processing method. The pre-processing method of raw material organic waste involves supplying water vapor to organic waste, mixing organic waste and anaerobic digestion microorganisms within anaerobic digestion tank, and carrying out anaerobic digestion in the presence of anaerobic digestion sludge produced by mixing.Preferred Material: Aqueous ammonia obtained by pre-processing the raw material is used as fertilizer. The gaseous-phase portion containing methane obtained by anaerobic digestion process is used as fuel. The digested material obtained by anaerobic digestion process is released directly or as solid-liquid, and utilized as raw material of fertilizer and/or fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture of gas contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen as main component. The iron or iron group alloy substrate contains iron, nickel and simple substance of cobalt.Preferred Method: The method is carried out at a temperature of 1000 degrees C or less. The gas is activated by direct current, flow discharge, alternating current discharge, high frequency discharge and microwave discharge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Photobioreactor Unit: The photobioreactor solvent extraction process unit is constructed and operated in a direct hybrid plug flow reactor (PFR) and oscillatory flow reactor (OFR) configuration. It has a side entry contacting pattern/delivery system for the extracting solvent. It also has a variable transparency PFR section to negate the phenomenon of phototroph photoinhibition. The photobioreactor solvent extraction process unit also incorporates baffles in the OFR section to promote turbulent flow and increase contacting efficiency and has a generic support structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biomass is harvested by a cane-type harvester (12). The billets are processed to have an average longest dimension of 75-250 mm, preferably 100-150 mm. The billets are stored for 2-3 months until the moisture content is less than 50%, preferably 15-35%. The billets are granulated to an average longest granule dimension of 0-40 mm, preferably 8 mm or less. Preferred Substance: The biomass is an organic matter, preferably wood, more preferably willow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel comprises natural gas or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: The process is carried in a single step under low pressure. The first press process is carried at low pressure and a second press process is carried out. The pressed edible residue and/or precipitated product are added and mixed with a bonding agent. The edible residue and/or precipitated product is protected with or without solid before pressing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The press device is in escargot type (4) with brushes exteriorly. The brushes are made of plastic or high-grade steel. The filtering device is formed with sheet metal having holes, which exhibits external conical extending range in outlet direction. The diameter of the hole is 5 (preferably 3) mm. The container is partly funnel shaped at the cross section. The container is in a semi-circular cross section and a part provided with an extending funnel shaped part with perpendicularly arranged sidewalls are provided directly or indirectly, subsequently at the semicircular cross section. The fat separator is a pump, preferably submerged pump which is provided in the absorbing device for separating the water, sealed vacuum and at least one vacuum pump, at least a shredder arranged before the container, at least an injection device provided to supply of bonding agents, a pipe (5) as press zone and at least one bioreactor or a membrane filter plant as subordinate. The escargot type is formed as a pressing escargot type against a valve. The pipe is apparent over its length. The press zone contains at least a bar at a tube inner wall. The increase of the escargots flanks is differently in the injection range by the ascent of the escargot type flanks in the press range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anchorage is starch paste. Preferred Method: The solidification method is carried out by press-forming process or injection molding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Either (I) is a complex metal hydride MxAyHz; or (I) is a complex lithium hydride LixAyHz and (II) is an element C1 or C2 or a hydrogen-free compound or alloy of elements C and D or a binary metal hydride ExHz or an alloy hydride FxGyHz; or (I) is a complex aluminum hydride MxAlyHz and (II) is an element C3 or a hydrogen-free compound or alloy of elements C4 and D or a binary metal hydride ExHz or an alloy hydride FxGyHz; or (I) is lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH4 and (II) comprises elements C5 and D1 or a hydrogen-free solid compound of C5 and D1 or elements C6 and D2 or a hydrogen-free compound or alloy of elements C and D or a binary metal hydride ExHz or an alloy hydride FxGyHz.M = a metal of atomic number greater than 3;A = B, Si, C, Ga, Ge, Zn, Sn, S or N;C1 = C, B, Si, P, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cu, Al or N;C2 = Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ga, Tl, Se, S, Te, Br, I, In, As, Mo, W, Co, Ni, Cd, Hg or N;C, D = elements of atomic number greater than 3;E, F, G = metals;C3 = Na, K, Sr, Hf, Nb, Ta or lanthanide;C4 = Be, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Y, Zr or La;C5, D1 = N, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, S, Se or Te;C6, D2 = C, B, Si, P, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Al or N;x, y, z = not defined. EXAMPLE - Lithium hydride (LiH) and magnesium boride (MgB2) were mixed in 2:1 molar ratio and ground for 24 hours to form a nanocrystalline powder. The powder (1 g) was hydrogenated in a pressure vessel at 400degreesC and 300 bar for 24 hours, giving a product comprising lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and magnesium hydride (MgH2) in 2:1 molar ratio. The product released hydrogen rapidly and almost completely when heated to 360degreesC. The hydrogen storage capacity was 10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fuel supply rate is zero during at least one of the successive time periods. The reformer is switched to continuous operation when the oxygen content in the reformer exceeds a threshold value. The oxygen content is measured by a lambda probe or by a fuel cell. During regeneration of a reformer with two fuel supplies, one is operated with a supply rate corresponding to that during continuous operation. The reformer has an oxidation zone and a reforming zone; heat is supplied to the reforming zone; the oxidation zone is supplied with a mixture of fuel and oxidizing agent using a first fuel supply; the reforming zone is supplied with additional fuel using a second fuel supply; and the second fuel supply is operated at a reduced rate during the successive time periods. Heat from exothermic oxidation in the oxidation zone is supplied to the reforming zone. The reforming zone is supplied with additional oxidizing agent. EXAMPLE - The regeneration procedure comprises shutting off the fuel supply, measuring the temperature in the reformer until it exceeds a threshold value, restoring the fuel supply, measuring the temperature in the reformer until it falls below a threshold temperature, and repeating the cycle. In parallel, oxygen breakthrough in the reformer is monitored and the regeneration procedure is terminated if breakthrough occurs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminate is lanthanum hexaaluminate, barium hexaaluminate, lanthanum aluminate, neodymium aluminate, and/or praseodymium aluminate. The zirconate is cerium zirconate, neodymium zirconate, yttrium zirconate, lanthanum zirconate, and/or gadolinium zirconate. The substrate further comprises stabilized titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The enclosure is composed of polymeric material, which is polyanionic polymeric material from poly(ethyleneimine), poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, chitosan and/or polymeric material.Preferred Parameter: The hydrated halloysite tubules have an average length of greater than or equal to1 microns, and an average outside diameter of greater than or equal to10 (preferably greater than or equal to50) nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The coating is a ceramic coating capable of resisting heat up to 12000degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inert gas is nitrogen, argon, helium, and/or carbon dioxide. The liquid cooling system uses water as the cooling carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: At least one of the pistons is pneumatic, hydraulic or mechanically operable. The sealable opening of the vessel is a locking sliding door. At least two inert gas injectors are mounted in the container. The plate has dimensions of 30-inches by 50-inches by 60-inches. The plate further comprises a flame sprayed coating disposed on all sides of the plate. The piston is connected to the plate at the center of the plate and the piston has an overall length of 10-400 ft. The container has an outside height of 12-400 (preferably 12-18) ft, a length of 10-400 (preferably 10-30) ft, and a width of 5-14 ft. There are up to 4 additional inert gas injectors mounted in the container. The controller is a computer based electromechanical device for controlling the pistons.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The container top side, first rail, second rail, door, first container side, second container side, container back, container bottom comprise an at least one-inch thick metal alloy. The metal alloy comprises carbon steel, stainless steel, titanium and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The biodegradable material using edible powder is prepared by the steps of: fermenting marine medicinal products, followed by biological treatment, to obtain gelatinous marine medicinal products, mixing the same with a mixture of CH5COOH, CH5COOCH+H2O and CH2COOCH, and heating and kneading the resultant product to obtain an associated resin; mixing the associated resin with a mixture of CH5(OCOR)3, AC foaming agent, cellulose, C3H5(OCOC17H35)3, CA3(PO4)2, CH3(CH2)16COOH, C3H5(OH)3 and paraffin, adding water, and kneading and heating the resultant mixture to provide an adhesive; and mixing the adhesive with starch-based edible powder, calcium carbonate and talc powder, and mixing, heating and kneading the resultant mixture to provide a biodegradable material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The antagonistic microbe is cultivated in solid culture medium using organic plant residue ejected from food industries.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The granular or pellet form raw material further contains vermiculite materials such as clay minerals. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Fungicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Plant Growth Regulant.    EXAMPLE - Trichoderma asperellum F288 strain (103 cells/g) was inoculated in solid medium containing wheat bran (10 kg) and cultivated for 2 weeks. The obtained culture was blended with wheat bran in a mass ratio of 1:10 and granulated, to obtain granular microbe raw material. The obtained raw material had excellent antagonistic effect with respect to Rosellina necatrix and Helicobasidium monpa causing white root rot in apples.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The concentration of fatty acid metallic compound in the fuel is 1-50 ppm. The diesel fuel has sulfur concentration of 50 ppm or less and cetane number of 50 or more. The diesel fuel contains bio-diesel fuel obtained by methyl-esterification of vegetable oil. The diesel fuel further contains additive. EXAMPLE - Fatty acid methyl esterified fuel having sulfur content of 1.0 ppm and cetane number of 55 was added with potassium stearate (20 ppm) of purity 99% or more as additive, and diesel fuel was produced. A fuel tank mounted with collection type diesel particulate filter was filled with the diesel and the workability was evaluated. The visual confirmation of the filter main portion was carried out for every replacement limit distance of the filter when using light oil having sulfur concentration of 50 ppm or less. The diesel fuel had favorable particulate material removal function for replacement limit distance of 4800 km.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst precursor is cobalt-, ruthenium-, cobalt porphyrin-, ruthenium terpyridine-, rutheniumterpyridin- or ruthenium bipyridine complex, or tetrakis(parachlorophenyl)-porphyrin cobalt (II) or tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin cobalt (II). The substrate exists from a carbon powder, porous carbon or titanium containing foil. The substrate is treated with the catalysts in a low-temperature plasma, before the loading. The low-temperature plasma contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon or ammonia. Preferred Process: The substrate catalyst composite is treated in low-temperature plasma. The plasma treatment is carried out at 0.01-10 mbar or at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of nitrogen, argon, helium or an oxygen-containing gas (preferred). The plasma is induced at a frequency of 13.56 or 27.12 MHz or 1-100 kHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The temperature of a fluid within an individual internal reaction chamber is maintained uniformly to within 5degreesC. The chemical reactants are heated to 20-400 (preferably 50-150)degreesC. The interior of the reactor is maintained at a pressure of greater than 100 psia. The method further comprises removing vapor from an outlet proximate to the first end of the reactor; monitoring temperature, pressure, flow rate, reactant concentration, or product concentration of the chemical reaction; and adding to the internal reaction chambers, an additive, a catalyst, a reactant and/or a buffer. The residence time of a fluid within the reactor, from input to output, is 5 minutes to 16 hours, preferably 10 hours to 4 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor is substantially horizontally oriented, and the partitions are substantially vertically oriented. The partitions comprise at least one upper partition and at least one lower partition in an alternating relationship. Each of the internal reaction chambers is heated or cooled by at least one heat transfer element. The turbulent flow is induced by imparting fluid flow around each of the heat transfer elements. The turbulent flow is induced by one or more non-mechanical mixers. The non-mechanical mixer bubbles, streams, or jets an inert gas into each of the internal reaction chambers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive metal layer comprises Ag, Au, Pt, Ni, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, Ru. The electrocatalysts are selected from the class consisting of Pt, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anion-exchange membranes comprise polyolefins, fluorinated polyolefins, fluorinated ethylene/propylene copolymers, polysulfones, ethylene oxide-polyepichlorohgdrine copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric material is quartz and/or sapphire. At least one portion of gas (A) is helium, argon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, methane and/or acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitric acid ruthenium solution has free nitric acid concentration of 50-150. Preferred Component: The support is alumina, titania, silica, zirconia and/or ceria. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium chloride (52.15 g) was dissolved in ion exchange water to obtain ruthenium-chloride aqueous solution (1 l) containing ruthenium (20 g/l). Aqueous ammonia and ruthenium hydroxide were added to the obtained solution, and pH was adjusted to 7. Ruthenium hydroxide was precipitated and supernatant liquid was separated. Aqueous ammonia (in ml) (1000) was added to the obtained precipitate, stirred, and the supernatant liquid was separated thrice. Ion exchange water (1000) was added to the resulting solution, and stirred. Ruthenium hydroxide was precipitated, and supernatant liquid was separated thrice. Nitric acid solution (300) was added to the deposit of ruthenium hydroxide, and heat-dissolved while stirring at 100degreesC for 8 hours. Undissolved substance was filtered-separated after cooling to obtain nitric acid ruthenium solution (250) having ruthenium content of 50 g/l. The obtained nitric acid ruthenium solution was dripped and immersed into alumina support, and processed. Alumina support which absorbed the nitric acid ruthenium solution was collected to baking plate, and dried at 100degreesC for 3 hours to obtain carbon monoxide removal catalyst. The obtained catalyst had favorable carbon monoxide removal activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is sulfur dioxide.The oxidizing agent is sulfur trioxide.Alternatively, the hydrogen production apparatus electrolyzes water in the presence of sulfur dioxide to produce hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The residence time of the slurry for methane fermentation processing is adjusted according to the measured fats-and-oil concentration and ratio of saturated fatty acid contained in fats and oil of the slurry in the slurry adjustment tank, while adjusting the fats-and-oil concentration of the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Microparticles: The inorganic microparticles are porous calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The liquid-phase substance is water, and gaseous-phase substance is air.The catalyst is a composite catalyst of titanium oxide and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: At the deepest located point each base is provided with an aperture (7) to which an extraction conduit is connected, leading to a pump installation (9). With the quantity and pump installation a substrate connection (10) is connected for feed of fresh organic material (11). The pump installation has four feed connections (12), each feeding a fermentation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The stages are carried out in the order (a)/(b)/(c) and started with stage (a) or (c); or in the order (b)/(a)/(c) and started with stage (b) or (c). The stationary period (t3) is at least as long as the sum of the operating periods (t1) and t2). Specifically t2 is 3-10 minutes and t1 is 1-5 minutes. The shaft is rotated at 0.5-3 rpm. Preferred Apparatus: A stiffener (23) is located in the middle of the angle between the two share plates (15); and a paddle plate is welded between the share plates, perpendicular to the stiffener. The share plate on the plowing side is upgraded, specifically by hardening the surface or providing hard metal cladding. The common front edge of the two share plates is optionally protected by a hard metal rail with a V-shaped profile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: A monitored increased or reduced pressure is set up in the internal cavity (14). The measured pressure value in the cavity is monitored. Stirrer arms (12) are provided over the whole length of the shaft (10), at regular spacings and at the same angle to the periphery, preferably with each pair of adjacent stirrer arms on the shaft at an angle of 30-90degrees (especially ca. 45degrees). Journals (8) at each end of the shaft pass through the inlet and outlet side ends (4, 6) of the fermenter and are mounted outside the fermenter tanks. The tubular shaft body (11) is driven at one or both ends, specifically via a cog wheel. A pressure line (17) feeds into the internal cavity of the shaft, and passes through one of the shaft journals to a measuring device. Alternatively a measuring probe located in a sensor monitoring unit is present in the cavity, the unit is activated from outside the fermenter and a signal corresponding to the measured data is supplied via a sender to a receiver outside the fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorbent material comprises a zeolitic silicate molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal source can also be selected from silver nitrate, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, and lithium cobalt (III) oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic material is selected from polyhydric alcohol, hexane and heptane.The organic metal compound is selected from 1,2,5-triethylpyrrole, methylsilane, triisobutylsilane, ferrocene, polyanilinesulfonic acid, polypyrrole, Cu(acac)2, tetramethyl tin, Cu(hfac)2, triethyl aluminum, nickel (II) acetyl acetonate, and iron (II) acetyl acetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The process gas comprises ethylene, methane, hydrogen, N2+ and Ar+.The main roll is a water cooling/heating main roll capable of controlling temperature of film-shaped polymeric article.The apparatus further comprises a carbon chain polymer producing unit including an inert gas source, a sprayer, and an organic material source or an organic metal source to produce a stable carbon chain polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The sodium-free silica source is sodium-free silica sol, polysilicic acid, potassium silicate, lithium silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, barium silicate, strontium silicate, zinc silicate, phosphorus silicate and borium silicate(sic), polyorganosiloxanes, methyl chlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane, and/or trimethyl chlorosilane. Preferred Process: The pH is adjusted to 4-7. EXAMPLE - An aqueous slurry containing non-peptized but peptizable QCB (13.3 kg), MCB (highly crystalline alumina, 5.4 kg), a zeolite Y slurry (8 kg), kaolin (4.17 kg), sodium-free silica sol, and water were blended together. Nitric acid was added to the total reaction mixture to reach pH 3.3. The slurry was sent to a spray-dryer at 1 kg/min, inlet temperature 500degreesC, and outlet temperature 120degreesC. The resulting material comprised 20 wt.% zeolite, 24 wt.% QCB, 14 wt.% MCB, 6% silicon dioxide (SiO2), and balance kaolin. The powder had a d50 around 65 microns. The powder has attrition index of 8.1, accessibility index of 12, and attrition index/accessibility index ratio of 1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The odorant consists of or contains two different acrylic acid 1-4C alkyl esters; indene; propionaldehyde and/or n-butyraldehyde; and optionally antioxidant(s). It consists of acrylic acid methyl ester and acrylic acid ethyl ester; indene; and antioxidant(s).Preferred Composition: The odorant contains 80-97 wt.% of acrylic acid alkyl esters and/or 1-15 wt.% of indene and/or 1-10 wt.% of 3-4C aldehydes and/or 0.01-0.2 wt.% of antioxidants. The ratio by weight of indene to 3-4C aldehydes is 3:1-1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The Pearson symbol alloy is zirconium-cobalt, niobium-cobalt, vanadium-cobalt, zirconium-chromium, niobium-chromium, vanadium-ruthenium or zirconium-nickel. The membrane further comprises palladium or its alloy overcoat on the surface of the membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method (a), the step of sonically disrupting the cellular matter comprises supplying sonic energy to a first zone of the bioreactor in the frequency range of 1-10 kHz, or supplying sonic energy to several zones. The method (a) involves supplying sonic energy to a first zone in frequency range of 1-10 kHz, and to a second zone in a frequency range of 1-2000 kHz. The mixing of the cellular matter is at 0.25-5.0 rpm. The method (a) further involves supplying conditioned microbes to the bioreactor. The microbes are acid-forming microbes, methanogenic microbes or both. A vacuum is provided within the bioreactor. The method (a) further involves removing biogas produced in the bioreactor, heating a portion of the bioreactor, and supplying a process controller to monitor and modify the sonic disruption and providing the disrupted cellular material for microbial production. The cellular matter is manure, lignocellulose, municipal wastes, industrial wastes, sludge or their combinations. The method (b) further involves mixing the cellular matter in the first bioreactor, at 0.25-5.0 rpm. The method (b) further involves supplying a process controller to monitor and modify the sonic disruption, supplying the cellular matter from the first bioreactor to a second bioreactor, subjecting the cellular matter to sonic energy in a frequency range of 1-2000 kHz, mixing the cellular matter in the first bioreactor, at 0.25-5.0 rpm, supplying conditioned microbes to the second bioreactor, providing a vacuum within the second bioreactor, removing biogas produced in the second bioreactor, heating a portion of the bioreactor, and supplying a process controller to monitor and modify the sonic disruption and providing the disrupted cellular material for microbial production. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: filtering out insoluble contaminants from the solution after dissolving (A) in the biodiesel; using heat created during the burning step to heat the solution to reduce the viscosity; heating the biodiesel; feeding the solution to a device; burning the solution in the device; increasing the temperature of the biodiesel before the dissolving step. The burning step creates heat and where a portion of the heat created from the burning step is used in the heating and increasing step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solution (20-50 wt.% of plastic) has a viscosity and further comprises heating and mixing the solution to facilitate the dissolving step. (A) is a waste material; and a polymer. The device is an engine, turbine, burner and heater. The polymer is polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene. (B) further comprises: a means for heating the solution in the dissolution chamber; and a filter for removing insoluble contaminants from the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the step of contacting further includes addition of one or more endoglucanase or cellbiohydrolase. The pretreatment is with a dilute acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volatile component e.g. propane, butane or pentane is sourced from a liquefied petroleum gas stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The fuel formation system has a residue supplier (12) for supplying as a fuel the residue ejected from the halogen separator to the calcination furnace. The return line of the high temperature gas is connected to a kiln bottom side (1a) of the calcination furnace. The halogen separator thermally decomposes the combustible waste material by direct heating. The halogen separator is a thermal decomposition unit which produces the combustible gas containing halogen, and residue containing an oil component and/or a solid substance. An ammonia-containing material supply pipe is connected to the halogen separator for introducing an ammonia-containing material. An adhesion prevention material is supplied to the halogen separator for preventing the adherence of halogen-containing material to the halogen separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The biomass component is chosen from crushed material of tatami mat, wood chips, wood meal and saw dust. The organic substance fine particle is chosen from toner, fuel oil ash, fine powder coal, active charcoal powder, meat and bone meal, waste plastic powder, paper dust and organic distillation residue powder. EXAMPLE - A crushed material of the biomass of bulk density 0.124 kg/l and average particle diameter 0.5 mm or more, was produced. Similarly a crushed material of chemical tatami mat of average particle diameter 0.5 mm or more and bulk density 0.065 kg/l, was prepared. Crushed material of biomass and chemical tatami mat (in kg) (4.2), toner (A) of bulk density 0.22 kg/l (1.8) and fuel oil sludge (6) were supplied to a mixer and stirred fro 15 seconds. The obtained fuel had bulk density of 0.24 kg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel gas refinery processing installation further has catalyst conversion unit which carries out chemical alteration of source gas which is free from impurity, by catalyst, reaction removal unit which makes the chemically altered source gas to chemically react with an absorber to remove the impurity, and gas characteristics adjustment unit to adjust the characteristics such as pressure, temperature and gas composition optimal to the use of fuel gas. Preferred Method: An absorption agent or absorber is blown as removal agent into the impurity fixing unit and acidic gas, basic gas, heavy metal, chlorinated organic compound, light metal and/or hydrocarbon is fixed by the phase transition accompanying reduction of gas temperature to less than condensation temperature of impurity. One of the impurities is fixed by impurity fixing unit and solid-state impurity in the source gas is removed by filter. Acidic gas, basic gas, heavy metal, chlorinated organic compound and/or hydrocarbon is absorbed and removed with adsorption agent. The acidic gas, basic gas and/or hydrocarbon are chemically altered by the catalyst conversion unit and acidic gas, chlorinated organic compound and/or hydrocarbon are absorbed by an absorber in the reaction removal unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas is the gas manufactured from biomass, waste material, coal or fuel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Stream(s) of nitrogen is introduced via vents or pipes distributed over the base of the vessel having tapered sides. Nitrogen is introduced at lower or base zone of the vessel containing the liquid at a pressure greater than the ambient pressure. For drying process, vacuum extraction is applied above the surface of the liquid or by blowing dry air or nitrogen over the surface of the liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: Brown rot fungus is Trichoderma ressei, Trichoderma hazanium, Aspergillus versicolor, Chaetomium bolichotricum, fusarium and/or solani. Bacteria used for treating wastewater is Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium celluloveran, arthrobacteria species, Streptomyces species and/or Proteus mirabilis. White rot fungus used for treating wastewater is Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Phanerochaete sorida, Pluerotis ostreatus, Bjerkandera adusta, Pycnoporus cinnabariunus, Trametes versicolor, and/or Stagonospora gigaspora.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (B) is a copper-based compound with a redox potential (preferably copper chloride), an iron-based compound with a redox potential (ferric chloride), a vanadium-based compound with a redox potential (vanadium pentoxide) and/or a heteropolyacid. The heteropolyacid is H3PMo12O40, H4PVMo11O40, H5PV2Mo10O40, H6PV3Mo9O40, H4SiMo12O40, H5SiVMo11O40, H6SiV2Mo10O40, H7SiV3Mo9O40, H3PW12O40, H4PVW11O40, H5PV2W10O40 or H6PV3W9O40. The temperature of (I) is 15-95 (preferably 60-80)degreesC. (A) has a particle size of 2-10 nm. The gold catalyst is loaded on a support. The support is a carbon carrier, alumina, silica, zeolite, titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), cerium oxide (CeO2) and/or ferric oxide (Fe2O3). (A) is loaded on a hydrophilic support, which is immersed in the aqueous phase. The carbon monoxide-containing fluid is a fuel gas having a space velocity of 4000-220000 hr-1. In the fuel processor, (I) is packed in a fixed bed. The fuel processor further comprises a desulfurizer and a fuel reformer. Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide is removed by the reaction scheme of carbon monoxide reacts with water to give carbon dioxide, two hydrogen ions (2H+) and two electrons (2e-). The water is produced through the oxidation of (B) by the reaction scheme of 2 molecules of metal of formula (2M(n-1)) (where n is 1-7) reacts with half molecule of water and two hydrogen ions (2H+) to give metal of formula (Mn+) and water. The oxidized cocatalyst is reduced by the reaction scheme of 2 molecules of metal of formula (2Mn+) reacts with two electrons (2e-) to give two molecules of metal of formula (2M(n-1)+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The combustible gas sensor is electrically grounded to the vent conduit. It is positioned adjacent to the exhaust outlet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The vent conduit is metallic. It comprises an exhaust outlet (54).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is hydrogen fuel, alcoholic fuel and hydrocarbon-type fuel such as naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, methanol, ethanol, or liquefied petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: A concave portion is fitting into the shift-reaction device and the desulfurizer is fitted within it. The concave portion is in the form of a circular cylinder, the desulfurizer has a circular cylinder periphery, and has an inlet tube and discharge pipe attached to its ends.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The co-catalyst portion is arranged at upstream side and platinum catalyst layer is arranged at downstream side of gas circulation direction.Preferred Material: The catalyst portion is monolithic catalyst in which catalyst layer containing platinum catalyst powder is formed in its inner surface.The co-catalyst layer is monolithic catalyst in which co-catalyst layer containing co-catalyst powder is formed in its inner surface.The co-catalyst layer is formed as lower layer and catalyst layer is formed as upper layer. The amount of platinum atom in catalyst layer is 0.2-3 mass%.The content of co-catalyst atom in the co-catalyst layer is 0.6-14 mass%.The co-catalyst powder contains cobalt (1.2-14 mass%).The amount of co-catalyst atom with respect to total of platinum atom and co-catalyst atom is less than 70 mass%. The molar ratio of co-catalyst atom to platinum atom is 9-70, preferably 9-65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode plate is formed of stainless steel alloy. The electrolyte liquid is potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma stabilizing gas is selected from nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide or steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Portion(s) of the thermal-decomposition gas generated in the gasifier is used as gas for energy of a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ash: The initial period combustion ash is selected from combustion ash of coal, combustion ash of refuse paper and plastics fuel, and incinerator of sludge for paper manufacture. The combustion ash contains fluorine and/or boron. Preferred Source: At least one type of lime obtained by baking calcium source is used as calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide for processing combustion ash. The calcium source is chosen from calcined lime, slaked lime, limestone, dolomite, scallop, paper sludge and used paper lees. EXAMPLE - Electrostatic precipitator ash of coal boiler was measured to (in g) (500) in vinyl bag, and alumina cement (15) and baking lime (15) were added and stirred. Sulfuric acid aqueous solution prepared by adding concentrated sulfuric acid (5 wt.%) to water (25 wt.%), was added to the ash. The resulting solution was sprayed uniformly and cured. The elution amount of fluorine was 0.2 mg/l after 3 hours, and 0.2 mg/l after 10 days. The elution amount of bromine was 0.4 mg/l each after 3 hours and after 10 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The hydrogen production system comprises a unit which collects and classifies metal or glass precipitated in water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Photocatalyst: The photocatalyst is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide and gallium oxide group photocatalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is a biodegradable plastic which contains a photocatalyst.The photocatalyst which reacts only with ultraviolet light is arranged on the surface and photocatalyst which reacts with visible light is provided inside.Preferred Method: The process includes microorganisms that can decompose the polymeric material into water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the adsorption agent is sodium-X type zeolite containing silica and alumina in the ratio of 2.5 or less. Portion(s) of sodium in the zeolite is substituted by lithium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The isotope (12CH4)-enriched gas is supplied in the same direction as the supply direction of source gas into the adsorption group, before inducing the selective adsorption agent to low pressure. Inert gas is supplied from supply direction and reverse direction of the source gas into the adsorption group, when inducing the adsorption agent on low-pressure condition, and the isotope (12CH4) of adsorption system is desorbed. Preferred Conditions: The adsorption temperature at the time of adsorption is -155degreesC to 0degreesC. Preferred Apparatus: The source gas is connected to several series. 2 or more adsorption groups filled with the selective adsorption agent are arranged in parallel. Advance of the process in each adsorption group is shifted 1/n, and the isotope (12CH4) is adsorbed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: impregnation of a ceramic porous support primarily constituted by of magnesia-magnesia spinel using a sol at polysilicic acid concentrate base, having a content in silicon oxide from 20-40 mass%; heat treatment of the sol to obtain xerogel; heat treatment of the xerogel to crystallize the xerogel then to sinter it; and cooling until ambient temperature. Preferred Process: The process further comprises a preliminary stage of impregnation of the ceramic porous support using hydro-alcoholic solution at a pH of 6-7.5, the alcohol is ethanol. The sol is applied to the support lies 1-3 ml/cm2 by surface of support. The heat treatment further comprises: the transformation of the sol into gel at 60-70 (preferably 110-130)degreesC for at least 1 (preferably 3) hours; and the crystallization of the xerogel at 880-920 (preferably 900-940) degreesC for at least 3 hours. The ceramic porous support primarily constituted by alumina-magnesia spinel comprises: preparation of magnesium aluminate in powder from powder magnesium salt, such as magnesium nitrate, and from powder aluminum salt, such as aluminum nitrate, preferably two powders salts having dissolved in a liquid such as water in acid conditions; preparation of a binder from magnesium salt, such as magnesium nitrate, and aluminum salt, such as aluminum nitrate; mixture of magnesium aluminate powder and binder, then this mixture is formatted by molding to obtain a fresh part, followed by heat treatment by progressive increase in the temperature until sintering temperatures of 1200-1300degreesC; and cooling until ambient temperature. Preferred Components: The xerogel layer has a thickness of 0.1-0.5 (preferably 0.2-0.3) mm. The ceramic porous support has a porosity (which is lower or equal to 2 nm) of 0.95-1.05 (preferably 1) microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The group 3 metals are scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium and/or ytterbium.The group 3 metal compounds are chlorides of scandium, cerium and praseodymium.The group 3 dopants are contained at preferably 0.5-5 mol %, with respect to the aluminium hydride.The materials are further doped with metals and/or metal compounds from groups 4 to 11, preferably titanium, zirconium and iron.The group 4-11 metals and/or metal compounds comprise elemental metals, their alloys with aluminum or their compounds such as hydrides, carbide, nitrides, oxides, chloride, bromide, iodide and alcoholates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biomass solid substance contains a carbide material. The solid in semi-carbonized state or in a state before the semi-carbonized state, is formed by heat-pressurization of biomass raw material added with metal particles, carbide material or ash content. The heat-pressurization is carried out 115-230degreesC and 8-25 MPa. After filling the biomass raw material in the pipe, metal particles, carbide material and ash content are added. The heat-pressurization is retained at 250-350degreesC and 8-16 MPa.Preferred Properties: The solid substance in a semi-carbonized state or in a state before the semi-carbonized state, has an apparent specific gravity of 1.2-1.38. The particle diameter of the ground biomass raw material is 3 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pressure forming is performed at a pressure of 80-250 kgf/cm2.Preferred Property: The ground material has a particle diameter of 1 mm or less. EXAMPLE - Sawdust of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) was ground to obtain a ground material having a particle diameter of 0.1 mm. The ground material was heat-pressurized at 210degreesC at a pressure of 160 kgf/cm2 for 10 minutes. The pressurized material was cooled for 60 minutes and the obtained bio-coke was removed. The bio-coke had a colorific value of 5000 kcal/kg and a pressure-resistant strength of 1000 kgf/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is ruthenium, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The wall of the methanisation reactor is formed as double coat. The thin film catalyst raised on the carrier material is ready-made to a single packing element. The device is formed from a reactor installed disk-shaped packing element that is arranged in methanisation reactor to form a streaming channel that alters against the inner side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is present as fabric, knitted fabric (both preferred), stripe or foil. The fabric is ready-made as packing. The surface loading of the substrate with catalyst is less than 3000 mg catalyst/m2 of the surface. The hydrogen-rich gas flow circle gas is obtained from a chemical plant. The surrounding gas of contaminated hydrogen is obtained from hydrogenation. The alpha, beta-position of unsaturated aldehyde or aldehyde with an aromatic residue is hydrogenated. A part of the surrounding gas is carried away as an exhaust gas to the environment. The hydrogen-rich gas flow is used as fuel for a gas cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Producing a protease comprises introducing into a host cell a polynucleotide comprising a promoter-operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a NSP24 family protease, culturing the host cell for the expression and production of the NSP24 family protease, and producing the NSP24 family protease. It further comprises recovering the produced protease.Preferred Protease: The isolated NSP24 family protease has at least 90-97 % amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 10. The parent NSP24 family protease has at least 90 % sequence identity with SEQ ID NO. 2. It also has at least 40 % of the activity of the NSP24 protease having SEQ ID NO. 2 or 10.Preferred Polynucleotide: The isolated nucleic acid encodes an NSP24 protease having at least 85 % sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 2. The polynucleotide is also SEQ ID NO. 8. The polynucleotide encoding the protease comprises fully defined 1343 bp (SEQ ID NO. 5) given in the specification. Preferred Host Cell: The host cell is a filamentous fungal cell, where the filamentous fungal cell is an Aspergillus spp. a Fusarium spp., or Trichoderma spp. The Aspergillus is A. niger, A. oryzae, A. nidulans, or A. awamori. The Trichoderma is T. reesei. Preferably, the host cell is a quad-delete host cell.Preferred Composition: The composition is a cleaning composition, where the cleaning composition is a detergent composition. The composition is also a starch hydrolyzing composition. It is also an animal feed composition. The composition is used in a process for ethanol production, in a process for starch saccharification, or in the production of maltose or fructose. The composition is also a personal care composition. The enzyme composition further comprises a glucoamylase and an alpha amylase.Preferred Method: Hydrolyzing starch comprises contacting a substrate containing starch with the enzyme composition for starch hydrolysis and obtaining hydrolyzed starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The material further contains exothermic material selected from calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium sulfate, preferably calcium oxide. The metal is aluminum alloy or magnesium alloy. The aluminum alloy may further contains silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, nickel, titanium, lead, tin and chromium. The magnesium alloy may further contains aluminum, zinc, zirconium, silicon, iron, copper, manganese, nickel and rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of the ablation process is 2000-3000degreesC and the reaction is carried out in the range of 93.1kPa to 113.5kPa. The target is made from graphite and pulsed laser light is used to irradiate the graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst comprises water-soluble inorganic salt (preferably halides, sulfides, sulfates and/or nitrates of Group I and Group II metals; especially sodium chloride, potassium chloride and/or potassium nitrate; particularly sodium chloride).The initiator comprises a metal oxide selected from oxides of Group II metals (preferably calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and/or barium oxide; especially calcium oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid hydrocarbon fuel is a petroleum-based fuel chosen from isooctane, light naphtha, heavy-naphtha, kerosene and diesel.Preferred Conditions: The gas hour space velocity is 25,000-40000 h-1. The pre-heating temperature is 410-420degreesC.Preferred Method: The heat generated from exothermic combustion reaction is neutralized and compensated by endothermic reaction on same catalyst bed. The reaction is carried out without requiring an external heat supply. The coke formation is avoided. 96.5% or more of isooctane and light naphtha feedstock are converted into syngas (H2/CO/CO2/CH4). 99% or more of heavy naphtha feedstock is converted into syngas (H2/CO/CO2/CH4). The syngas is further purified to produce highly pure hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent contains hydrogen peroxide.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of fuel electrode is platinum-ruthenium alloy supported by carbon powder. The catalyst of oxidation electrode is platinum supported carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic substance in the fuel is alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid and/or ether.Preferred Diaphragm: The diaphragm is perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid proton electroconductive solid electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material is a solid material with a high surface area and a narrow distribution of particle sizes.Preferred Process: Rapid expansion of a supercritical solution is utilized for the introduction of small amounts of a transition-metal catalyst into samples of a hydrogen storage material from solution. Two distinct hydrogen storage materials are co-dissolved and co-precipitated from a supercritical fluid, thereby producing a novel hydrogen storage material with improved properties.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The inorganic hydrogen storage material is prepared by:(a) providing a mixture of the substrates of an inorganic hydrogen storage material, hydrogen and a fluid medium;(b) bringing the fluid medium to its supercritical phase; and(c) recovering the hydrogen storage material from the supercritical fluid.Preferred Process: Step (b) is achieved by raising the temperature and pressure of the mixture. A co-solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or diethyl ether are added along with the dehydrogenated hydrogen storage material to the vessel to assist in dissolution of the dehydrogenated hydrogen storage material and its efficient distribution throughout the supercritical fluid during the course of the reaction. Step (c) includes rapid expanding the supercritical fluid.Preferred Conditions: The supercritical fluid has a critical temperature above room temperature or below 160 degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, (trifluoromethyl)methyl ether, methoxyethane, ethane or propane.    The hydrogen storage material is KAlH4, Mg(AlH4)2 and Ca(AlH4)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Derivative: The boron oxide derivative is selected from orthoboric acid, metaboric acid, hydrated boric acid and disodium borohydrate. Preferably the derivative is selected from Mg3(BO3)2, Mg2B2O5, NaBO2, KBO2, (Ca(BO2)2, NaBO3.4H2O), CaB(OH)SiO4, BPO4, NaBSi3O8, ZnB6O13, K5B5O8.4H2O, KB5O8, CaB3O3(OH)5.H2O, CaB6O11.5H2O, and Na2B4O7.10H2O. The composition further comprise additive(s) selected from phosphoric acid, silica, alumina, and comprises hydrogen absorbed to the medium.Preferred Composition: The composition has a surface area to mass ratio of at least 150 m2/g, preferably at least 900 m2/g. The composition is in particulate form. At a pressure of 1-30 bar, the composition adsorbs hydrogen within the temperature range 20-200 K. The composition is configured to adsorb hydrogen with a heat of adsorption of 9-13 kJ/mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide removal apparatus filled with the carbon monoxide removal catalyst is made to work and stopped. The carbon monoxide removal catalyst is purged with air and the catalyst is reduced. The reduction is performed at more than 120degreesC, in hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere or by introducing reformed gas or air used for reformed gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The fireproof oxide support is alumina, titania, silica, zirconia and/or ceria. The nitrogen-containing ruthenium compound is ruthenium nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen-containing compound is chosen from methane, ethane, propane, butane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The co-catalyst atoms are contained in the molar ratio of 8-85 with respect to platinum atoms.The content of platinum atoms and the co-catalyst are 0.1-2.5 mass% and 0.6-14 mass%, respectively with respect to the whole quantity of the catalyst.The co-catalyst contains cobalt atoms.The total amount of platinum atom and cobalt atom is 70-100 mass%.The molar ratio of cobalt atom with respect to platinum is 8-65.The content of cobalt atoms is 0.6-12 mass% with respect to the whole quantity of the catalyst.Preferred Properties: The inorganic support (24) and inorganic support (34) have specific surface area of 35-250 m2/g and 6-50 m2/g, respectively.The catalyst has specific surface area of 35-120 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Boehmite alumina was baked at 1000degreesC for 4 hours and alumina support (I) with average particle diameter of 3.8 microns and specific surface area of 120 m2/g was obtained. Platinum-containing solution prepared using dinitrodiammine platinum and distilled water was impregnated in the support and dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours. Subsequently, the support was baked at 500degreesC for 2 hours to obtain platinum catalyst powder. Boehmite alumina was baked at 1100degreesC for 8 hours and alumina support (II) having average particle diameter of 4.1 microns and specific surface area of 35 m2/g was obtained. Cobalt-containing solution was impregnated in the support (II) and cobalt oxide particles were grown on the surface, to obtain co-catalyst powder. The co-catalyst powder and catalyst powder were mixed in the mass ratio of 1:1 and distilled water was added. The catalyst slurry was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and ground to obtain catalyst for selective oxidation of carbon monoxide.    The obtained catalyst had specific surface area of 78 m2/g. The catalyst had excellent carbon monoxide removal capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of co-catalyst atoms with respect whole quantity of catalyst is 0.6-20 mass%.The co-catalyst atom comprises cobalt atom and the content of cobalt atom with respect whole quantity of catalyst is 1.2-20 mass%.The content of platinum atoms with respect to whole quantity of catalyst is 0.2-3 mass%.The mass ratio of co-catalyst atoms with respect total amount of platinum atoms and co-catalyst atoms is 70-100 mass%.The molar ratio of content of co-catalyst atom with respect to content of platinum atom is 9-85.The molar ratio of content of cobalt atoms with respect to content of co-catalyst atoms, comprising cobalt and platinum atoms, is 9-65.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cobalt aluminate is contained in an inorganic support (20), on which platinum particles (30) are supported.The inorganic support has a cobalt aluminate surface layer (24) . The mass ratio of cobalt atoms with respect to total amount of platinum atoms and cobalt atoms is 70-100 mass%.The molar ratio of cobalt atom with respect to content of platinum is 8-65.The content of platinum atoms with respect to whole quantity of catalyst is 0.2-2.5 mass%.The content of cobalt atoms with respect to whole quantity of catalyst is 0.6-12 mass%.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active metal-containing solid solution composition is obtained by heating active metal-containing hydrotalcite compound in which the active metal is inserted in the layered structure of hydrotalcite compoundThe hydrotalcite compound is expressed with formula (Mg2+(1-x)Alx3+(OH)2)(Ax/n).mH2O,.x = 0.1-0.5,m = 0 or positive integer,n = 1-6, andA = anion group.The heat resistant inorganic oxide is chosen from oxides of magnesium, calcium, barium, zinc, aluminum, zirconium and cerium, cordierite and/or mullite.Preferred Composition: The amount of inorganic oxide is 5-50 pts. wt. with respect to 100 pts. wt. of hydrotalcite compound.The active metal is chosen from rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, iridium, cobalt and/or nickel.Preferred Properties: The ratio of thermal contraction rate the hydrotalcite compound (Kh) with respect to that of inorganic oxide (Ki), is 0.8-1.2, where Ki and Kh are calculated from following relation:(radius of spherical particles at 500degreesC)/(radius of spherical particles at 80degreesC)x100.The average particle diameter of the active metal-containing solid solution is 0.1-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The fluid is effluent or sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment station. The metals are chromium, nickel, cadmium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, iron, cobalt and manganese. The biomass is produced by fungi and optionally yeasts. The fungi are Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mucor, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum or Geomyces species. The yeasts are Candida, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium or Endomycopsis species. The support is pozzuolana, limestone, sand, basalt, clay, quartz, anthracite, alumina or a zeolite. The wash fluid is an aqueous solution. The flow rate is 50 m/hour during washing and 2-3 m/hour during adsorption. The biomass is in the form of a fixed or fluidized bed. The fungi are continuously cultured in parallel in a separate bioreactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The methane is enhanced by separating 2-4C alkane from the methane containing gas mixture. The process comprises separating ethane. The methane containing gas mixture contains natural gas. The methane content before enhancement is at least 33 vol.%, in the methane containing gas mixture. The contacting takes place by continuous adsorption. The conditions in the contacting step are: pressure of the gas mixture is 1-325 bar, temperature of the gas mixture is -100 to 450degreesC, and gas hourly space velocity of 250-10000 1/hour. The porous metal-organic structure material exhibits a specific surface of greater than 5 m2/g (according to DIN 66131), porous size of the crystalline MOF of 0.2-30 Nm and at least half of the pore volume that is formed by a pore diameter of 1000 nm. The porous metal-organic structure material contains zinc or copper as metal ion and bidentate organic compound is terephthalic acid or 1,3,5-benzoltricarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The FBC comprises platinum and/or iron, and/or cerium. (I) comprises 15-25% of biodiesel. The low aromatic ultralow sulfur diesel fuel component comprises less than 10% by volume aromatics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The catalyst of fuel electrode contains platinum-ruthenium alloy supported to carbon powder. The catalyst of oxidation electrode contains platinum supported to carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material supplied to fuel electrode is aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ether and/or alcohol such as methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silver in desulfurizing agent is 3-30 mass%. Silver is supported on porous support as silver nitrate.Preferred Support: The porous support is silica-alumina, silica, alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica-magnesia, zinc oxide, clay, diatomaceous earth and/or activated carbon.Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst used for producing hydrogen is water vapor modification catalyst, autothermal catalyst or partial modification catalyst. The water vapor modification catalyst, autothermal catalyst and partial modification catalyst are nickel, rhodium or ruthenium-type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon compound is chosen from natural gas, alcohol, ether, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, fuel oil, asphaltene oil, oil-sand oil, coal liquid, petroleum group heavy oil, shale oil, waste-plastic oil and/or bio-fuel.Preferred Condition: The desulfurization is carried out at -40 to 80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The carbonaceous fuel is coal or petroleum residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The radio frequency microwave energy is directed into (II) or (V) to increase the temperature of (II) or (V) to 5-60degrees Fahrenheit. The separation of (II) and (V) or (VII) and (I) by applying radio frequency microwave energy occurs in an integrated microwave separation technology unit comprising both microwave application equipment and phase separation equipment. Preferred Device: The system further comprises: a microwave separation technology unit configured to increase the transesterification reaction rate of (II) and for driving reaction equilibrium of (II) toward (A) to increase a yield of (III); and a microwave separation technology unit configured to reduce an amount of free fatty acid in (I) and for increasing (I) having reduced free fatty acid content. The microwave separation technology unit is configured in combination with a phase separation device in a single integrated unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) comprises vegetable oils, animal oils, and used cooking oils. The flow rate of (II) or (V) is 3-120 gallons per minute. (IV) is a water-based agent or an acid-based agent. (VI) is greater than 1 vol.% of (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), chromium (Cr), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and/or iridium (Ir). Preferred Composition: The transition metal is iron, and a molar ratio value between a platinum content in a solution used for supporting the platinum on the carrier and an iron content in a solution used for supporting the iron on the carrier ((Pt)/(Fe)) is 1.5-7.5 when the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing catalyst is manufactured. The molar ratio value ((Pt)/(Fe)) is 2-6, preferably 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide selective oxidizing catalyst is subjected to a reduction processing before being used to promote the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing reaction after the metal component has been supported on the carrier. The reduction processing is performed at a temperature higher than a temperature of the hydrogen-rich gas used for the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing reaction. It is performed at 150-370degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The Nocardia genus is Nocardia sp. 2629-2b (FERM P-19642).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron by iron oxide conversion is 5 wt.% or less and the content of yttrium by yttrium oxide conversion is 10 wt.% or less. The active metal element is supported in an amount of 0.001-5 wt.% or 0.0001-5 wt.% with respect to the catalyst.The catalyst further contains oxide (1-900 wt.%) of dissimilar metal element chosen from aluminum, zirconium, silicon, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, zinc, lanthanum and/or neodymium. EXAMPLE - Pure water was added to aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride, cerium chloride and iron chloride, and solution (A) was obtained. Caustic soda solution was heated at 60degreesC and solution (A) was added. The mixture was aged at 80degreesC for 3 hours. The obtained deposit was filtered, washed and baked at 600degreesC for 1 hour. Dinitro diammine platinum nitrate aqueous solution was added and platinum was impregnated in the deposit in an amount of 1.5 wt.%. The platinum impregnated deposit was baked at 400degreesC for 1 hour and reduced at 200degreesC to obtain catalyst containing zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and iron oxide in the weight ratio of 71:25:2.5. The catalyst had carbon monoxide conversion efficiency of 98.5% and excellent catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acid treatment of oxygen occlusion material is carried out. Preferred Material: The oxygen occlusion material is composite material of composite-metal oxide and single-metal oxide. The oxygen occlusion material is supported by porous component (4-6) made of ceramics. The porosity of the porous component is decreased towards the downstream side from the upstream of flow of particle-like substance which is ejected from internal combustion engine. Preferred Definitions:    B'=manganese;    A'=lanthanum;and    A"=strontium.    EXAMPLE - Carbonate or nitrate of lanthanum and carbonate or nitrate of manganese were ground and mixed such that the molar ratio of lanthanum and manganese was 1:1. Malic acid (in wt.pts) (200) and pure water (300) were added to the mixture (100), and stirred at 75degreesC, to obtain a slurry. The obtained slurry was dehydrated, to obtain composite. The obtain composite was calcined at 250degreesC for 1 hour and baked at 800degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain composite-metal oxide (lanthanum manganese oxide powder) as oxygen occlusion material. The obtained lanthanum manganese oxide powder, gamma-alumina and pure water were mixed in weight ratio of 2:5:10, and pulverized. The obtained mixture was applied to honeycomb cordierite support and baked, such that composite-metal oxide was held on the support. An evaluation gas containing propane and oxygen was supplied to the support, and decomposition amount of propane was measured. The result showed that the purification effect of gas was improved by the improved catalytic activity of oxygen occlusion material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The desulfurization processing is carried out using desulfurizing agent containing silver component. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The sulfur compound is dibenzo thiophene, 4-methyl-dibenzo thiophene and/or 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzo thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon material is activated carbon and/or graphitized carbon formed by carrying out graphitization processing of acetylene black, talker black and carbon black. The carbon film is formed by carbonizing an organic material by baking in an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen and/or water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The original gas is methane-containing gas produced during anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. Preferred Process: The relative humidity of original gas is reduced, before passing through the filled layer of activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The system for concentrating the microwaves may include a means for the transformation of the impedance between a generator side and a short circuit side and may include a zone of transition of gradual thickening. The system for concentrating the microwaves may incorporate a discreet transformer of the double quarter wave type. The device for concentrating the microwaves may include a zone of abrupt transition between the generator and short circuit parts. The means for generating a plasma may comprise a plasma source of the microwave torch type with axial injection or a plasma source of the type with surface wave.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenating metal is a group 7 to 11 of the periodic table (preferably Ni, Rh, Pd, Pt, Re or Ru, especially Ni, Ru or Rh). The catalyst comprises an acidic zeolite (preferably acidic zeolite beta or acidic ZSM-5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reactant is a 5-membered lactone with an alkyl group on the ring- closing carbon atom (preferably gamma-valerolactone); ester of levulinic acid, di-ester of 4-methyl-6-oxononanedioic acid or 3-acetyl-4-methylheptanedioic acid; alkyl ester (preferably alkyl ester with at most 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol fragment, especially an ethyl ester); levulinic acid; 4-methyl-6-oxononanedioic acid; or 3- acetyl-4-methylheptanedioic acid.Preferred Process: The reactant is contacted with the catalyst at 150-250degreesC and 20-100 (preferably 50-80) bar (absolute). EXAMPLE - Catalyst particles i.e. (Ni(NO3).6H2O/Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2)) (0.5 g) (comprising nickel (10 wt.%) and platinum (1 wt.%)) supported on zeolite beta/silica were loaded in an autoclave reactor. The catalyst was reduced and dried at 15 bar hydrogen pressure and 240degreesC for 30 minutes. Then ethyl levulinate (7 g) was injected into the heated reactor and reacted under 80 bar hydrogen pressure at 250degreesC for 4 hours under continuous stirring (500 rpm) to provide ethyl pentanoate/pentanoic acid (60 mole%) with less amount of unconverted ethyl levulinate (2 mole%) and gamma-valerolactone (1 mole.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: (s1) Does not comprise a silicon source. The silicon source is sodium silicate, potassium silicate, lithium silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, barium silicate, strontium silicate, zinc silicate, phosphorus silicate, borium silicate (sic), polyorganosiloxanes, methyl chlorosilane, dimethyl chlorosilane and/or trimethyl chlorosilane. The silicon source added is 1-35 wt.%, based on dry solids content and calculated as silica. EXAMPLE - A slurry was prepared by mixing a zeolite Y slurry (66.445 kg) with a microcrystalline boehmite slurry (25.851 kg), a kaolin slurry (24.619 kg), slurry containing non-peptised pseudoboehmite (8.054 kg), and water (48.9 kg). To the resulting slurry, nitric acid (5.6 kg) was added until the pH was 3.3. A silica sol made by mixing diluted water glass (DWG)/sulfuric acid (2.92) and the slurry prepared were pumped to a mixing vessel (1450 revolutions per minute), resulting in a slurry of 25 wt% solids. To the slurry the caustic was added to arrive at pH 3.8. The silica sol was pumped to this vessel with a flow of 0.75 kg/min; the slurry was pumped with a flow of 2.25 kg/min. The resulting slurry was then fed to a spray- dryer with a flow of 3.0 kg/minute, an inlet temperature of 300degreesC, an outlet temperature of 125degreesC, and a nozzle pressure of 40 bar. The catalyst (test) obtained contained zeolite (30 wt%), quasi-crystalline boehmite (10 wt%), micro-crystalline boehmite (10 wt%), silica (15 wt%), and kaolin (balance). A control was prepared by the same procedure by increasing the pH to 5 just before spray-drying, except that peptised pseudoboehmite was used. The Attrition Index (AI), Akzo Accessibility Index (AAI) and the ratio AAI/AI were measured for test and control. The test/control showed (A1) value of 0.8/5.7, AAI value of 4.4/5 and AAI/AI ratio of 5.5/0.9 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The quenching washing apparatus has wetted-wall system having inner-wall temperature of 100degreesC or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Water vapor and/or water is added, such that dew point is adjusted to 90degreesC or less from 60degreesC or more. 5% or more of carbon microparticles in the generated gas is removed in the quenching washing apparatus. A portion or whole of cooling water used in quenching washing apparatus is cooled by heat exchange process, and used as cooling water of quenching washing apparatus. The pH of the cooling water is adjusted to 2-5. The cooling water is used for washing zinc metal or zinc compound recovered by gasification reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group traps a metal ion and has phosphoric acid group and/or phosphonic acid group. The modified carbon is contained in the catalyst layer. The chemically modified carbon is electroconductive support comprising an electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group has hydroxyl radical or hydrogen peroxide elimination ability. The functional group having hydroxyl radical elimination ability is phenol group. The functional group having hydrogen peroxide elimination ability has oxidation-reduction cycle functions reversibly as hydrogen acceptor or hydrogen donor. The group with electrical potential lower than the oxidation-reduction potential of hydroxy radical is hydrogen acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The structure H hydrate further contains a substance chosen from methane, ethane, propane and butane as guest substance. Alternately, the structure H hydrate contains 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran as macromolecule guest substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen generating medium contains microparticles of triiron tetraoxide. The soluble iron (II) is iron chloride (II). The soluble iron (III) is iron chloride (III). The precipitant is ammonia. The hydrogen generating medium further contains metal (M) other than iron. The metal (M) is nickel, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, copper and/or neodymium, or platinum, rhodium, iridium, palladium and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Purifier: The means of estimation of temperature comprises a memory unit prepared off-line representing the variation of optimal temperature as a function of motor power demanded in a stabilised regime. The means of estimation of temperature is able to determine dynamically the optimal catalyst temperature from a calibrated transport/reaction model, by the equation:dC/dt = Vg/L(CIN -C) + Re(T,C).Vg = velocity of gases during the chemical reaction;T = temperature of catalyst;C = concentration of compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised regime;Re = function dependent on temperature and concentration;L = length of reactor;CIN = concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction.The criteria of efficiency is obtained as a vector of the concentration of the compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised condition and the concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction:eff = 1 - C / CIN.eff = efficiency of the chemical catalyst.The means of estimation can determine dynamically the optimum temperature of the catalyst in a transitory regime from the equation:deff/dt = f(eff, Vg, T, Q, C).eff, Vg, T, C are as above, and Q = mass flow rate of gases during the chemical reaction.The reaction unit described is associated with a fuel cell for an automobile vehicle which comprises a reformer unit producing a reformate which is then passed through a purifying unit and then a unit, as described in the invention, from which pure H2 is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (a) (80 - 97); (b) (1 - 15); (c) (1 - 10) and antioxidant (0.01 - 0.2).The ratio of methyl salicylate to (b) is 3 : 1 to 1 : 3.The odorant (5- 100 mg/kg) is added to the hydrogen.Preferred Components: (a) are two different acrylic acid 1-4C alkyl esters (preferably acrylic acid methyl ester and acrylic acid ethyl ester).(b) is acetic acid n-pentyl ester or acetic acid isopentyl ester.(c) is propionaldehyde and/or n-butyraldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:(A) is two different acrylic acid 1-4C-alkyl esters (preferably acrylic acid methyl ester or acrylic acid ethyl ester).(B) is propionaldehyde and/or n-butyraldehyde.Preferred Composition: (I) contains 80-97 wt.% of (A), 1-15 wt.% of acetophenone, 1-10 wt.% of (B) and/or 0.01-0.2 wt.% of (D). The ratio by weight of acetophenone to (B) is 3:1-1:3.The odorant is added to the hydrogen in a quantity of 5-100 mg/kg of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The odorant comprises (wt. %): (a) (80 - 97); methyl salicylate (1 - 15); (b) (1 - 10) and antioxidant (0.01 - 0.2).The ratio of methyl salicylate to (b) is 3:1 - 1:3.The odorant (5- 100 mg/kg) is added to the hydrogen.Preferred Components: (a) are two different acrylic acid 1-4C alkyl esters, preferably acrylic acid methyl ester and acrylic acid ethyl ester).(b) is propionaldehyde and/or n-butyraldehyde.
EXAMPLE - A mixture was formed with the following ingredients containing 16 cups ( approximately 10 pounds) of ground tire rubber, and a mixture of 2 oz. of sodium silicate and 0.5 gal of motor oil as required to obtain complete coverage of the ground tire rubber. The mixture was heated in a reducing environment for approximately 3-4 hours at 1400degreesF then air cooled. The resulting product was porous coke having 14% ash, 1.3% sulfur, and BTU/pound of 12700 BTU.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: At least two elements are platinum and ruthenium. The ratio of platinum to ruthenium ranges from 1000:1 - 0.001:1. (C1) Comprises (wt.%): alloys of platinum (0.1 - 5) and ruthenium (0.1 - 5) or their solid solutions. The cerium oxide is present in 0.1 - 99.9 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was prepared by adding platinum (0.75 wt.%) and ruthenium (0.25 wt.%) solution to aluminum oxide/cerium oxide (23g) support material, and calcinating at 400degreesC for 1 hour. The support material was prepared by dissolving Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (25 g) in deionozed water (25 cc), and dipping aluminum oxide (50 g) in cerium nitrate (59 g) solution. The resulting catalyst had platinum (0.51wt.%) and ruthenium (0.17 wt.%) with total metal loading (0.68 wt.%). The catalyst was tested for iso-octane reforming. Steam reforming reactions were conducted in a micro packed bed reactor. The catalyst was activated by rendering with pure hydrogen at 600degreesC for 3 hours. The temperature of the catalyst bed was set at 800degreesC. Sulfur containing fuel was prepared by adding 1,4-thioxane to the iso-octane. The catalyst maintained its catalytic activity and stability for 230 hours of continuous testing. The concentration of methane was 1.5% during 230 hours of non-stop testing while hydrogen concentration was maintained at 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel is methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and/or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extracted mushroom component is glucan or chitin, preferably (beta)-1,3-glucan and/or (beta)-1,6-glucan. Preferred Method: The preferrered range of the temperature of the pressurized hot water is 110-250 oC. An alkali is added to the pressurized hot water
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The vacuum heating unit comprises purge chamber (12), vacuum heating furnace (13), cooling chamber (15), and vacuum gas feed unit. The purge chamber carries out pressure reduction of solid from inflow port of solid towards a discharge port. The vacuum heating furnace heat processes pressure-reduced solid at high vacuum. The cooling chamber returns heated solid to atmospheric pressure and cools the solid. The vacuum gas feed unit supplies the gas containing dioxin separated in solid to electron beam processing unit. The electron beam processing unit has irradiation chamber (22) in which gas supplied by vacuum gas feed unit is passed, and electron beam irradiation device (23) connected with irradiation chamber and for performing irradiation processing of electron beam into gas. The irradiation chamber has gas turning unit for turning gas flowing in irradiation chamber. The dioxin treating apparatus has a pre-heating dry unit (30) for pre-heating and drying solid containing dioxin. The pre-heating drying unit has air supply unit (17) for supplying gas produced by pre-heating drying of solid. The electron beam processing unit has mixing chamber for mixing gas containing dioxin sucked from vacuum heating unit and pre-heating dry unit, and mixed gas is supplied to irradiation chamber. The dioxin treating apparatus has a concentration sensor (26) for detecting concentration of dioxin flowing in irradiation chamber, irradiation amount control system for controlling irradiation electric current amount of irradiation apparatus along with the usage of concentration sensor, temperature sensor (24) for detecting temperature of gas flowing in irradiation chamber, and coolant gas ventilating unit (25) for ventilating coolant gas according to temperature of gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Variant: The parent alpha-amylase is a hybrid alpha-amylase comprises fully defined 483 amino acids (SEQ ID NO. 4 and 6). Preferably, the parent hybrid alpha-amylase is a hybrid alpha-amylase comprising the 445 C-terminal amino acid residues of the B. licheniformis alpha-amylase of SEQ ID NO. 4 and the 37 N-terminal amino acid residues of the alpha-amylase derived from B. amyloliquefaciens of SEQ ID NO. 6. The parent hybrid Termamyl-like alpha-amylase further has the following mutations: H156Y+A181T+N190F+A209V+Q264S (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 4) or LE174. It also has the mutations: H156Y+A181T+N190F+A209V+Q264S+I201F (using the numbering of SEQ ID NO. 4) or LE429. The variant comprises one or more of the following additional mutations: R176asterisk, G177asterisk, E469N (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). It also comprises the additional mutation: E469N (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). The variant comprises the additional mutation: R176asterisk+G177asterisk+E469N (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). The parent alpha-amylase is an alpha-amylase of SEQ ID NO. 4 or 6. The variant comprises one or more of the following additional mutations: R176asterisk, G177asterisk, N190F, E469N (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). The variant comprises the additional mutation: R176asterisk+G177asterisk+N190F (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). It also has the additional mutation: E469N (using the numbering in SEQ ID NO. 6). The parent Termamyl-like alpha-amylase has an amino acid sequence, which has a degree of identity to SEQ ID NO. 4 of at least 60-99%. Preferred Cell: The cell is a microorganism, in particular a bacterium or a fungus, such as a gram-positive bacterium, e.g. B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, or B. thuringiensis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polypeptide: The isolated polypeptide system comprises all of the alginases of AlgA, AlgB, AlgC, AlgD, AlgE, AlgF, AlgG, AlgH, AlgI, AlgJ, and AlgK. It may also comprise at least one of the alginases of AlgA, AlgB, AlgC, AlgD, AlgE, AlgF, AlgG, AlgH, AlgI, AlgJ, or AlgK.Preferred Chimeric Gene: The chimeric gene is contained in a host cell, where the host cell is an Escherichia coli cell.Preferred Method: (M2) preferably comprises applying a system including several of the alginases directly to an algae to degrade alginate. In (M2) and (M3) the algae is preferably in a marine environment (most preferably under water). ACTIVITY - CNS-Gen.; Respiratory-Gen; Mucolytic; Antibacterial.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Carrier: (I) is in tube form. The hydrophilic resin-coating layer is a porous layer obtained by adding water at terminal isocyanate containing polyurethane resin. The terminal isocyanate group containing polyurethane resin is obtained by reacting liquid polyol with polyisocyanate. The polyol contains a copolymer obtained by random polymerization of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide in weight ratio of 50/50-95:5
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The complex oxide is supported with platinum, rhodium and palladium.Preferred Particle Size: The particle size of the primary particle of aluminum oxide and the functional oxide is in the range of 5-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the corn cob, bran, bean skin, rice bran and beet are used as the plant organic substance raw material and are mixed with used culture medium. The rapeseed lees, soybean cake and rice bran are used as the plant organic substance raw material and are mixed with the used culture medium to produce mixed raw material for the manufacture of organic fertilizer. The barley outer layer, buckwheat husk, livestock barns and chaff are used as the plant organic substance raw material and are mixed to produce the mixed raw material with the used culture medium for the manufacture of soil improving material. The maize, bean skin and beet are used as the plant organic substance raw material and are mixed with the used culture medium to produce mixed raw material for the manufacture of feed. High temperature steam is sprayed on the mixed raw material before the manufacture of the organic product. (M1) further involves molding the mixed raw material in the form of pellet, grain, tablet or flakes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Storage Material: The hydrogen storage material is of formula M3GaH6.M = alkali metal.The hydrogen storage material in its discharged state is a liquid at room temperature. Preferred Definitions:    M = Li or Na.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydrogen storage material is Li3GaH6, Na3GaH6 or NaMgGaH6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: (c) 0.01-1 wt.% of antioxidants from material class of a sterically prevented phenol; compounds (alkyl nitrate and/or dialkyl peroxides as homogeneous soluble cetane number improvers); detergent (amines, dimidazoline, amides, succinimide, polyalkyl succinimide, amines or polyethylamine); and nucleation agent in the form of long chain substituted hyper branched polymers.Preferred Components: (a) totally/partly comprises refined soybean oil with low content of palmitic acid. (b) comprises saturated and linear 6-14C fatty acid esters, a mixture of coco methyl ester oil and palm kernel methyl ester oil, and fatty acid alkyl esters of non biogenous origin in the form of odd-number saturated 7-15C fatty acid alkyl esters. (c) (0.02-0.06 wt.%) totally/partly consists of butyl hydroxy toluol. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprises: refined soybean oil (80%), cocosmethylester (20%) and butyl hydroxy toluol (0.05%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The synthesis gas (4) is formed from coal/hydrocarbons/carbon containing residues/mixtures by oxidation using pure oxygen/oxygen enriched air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The catalyst support includes a ceramic housing surrounding the monolithic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst support includes a catalyst on the monolithic material. The catalyst comprises ruthenium, iron, nickel, platinum, or palladium. The material comprises carbides and/or nitrides. It comprises silicon carbide or silicon carbonitride. The housing comprises an oxide. Preferred Property: The surface area per unit volume is 1x105-1x108 m2/m3. The non-oxide material has a pore diameter of 10 nm-100 microns, a void fraction of greater than or equal to0.74, retains structural integrity at 1800degreesC, and a pressure drop of less than or equal to0.25 atm/mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The group VII metal is platinum, palladium and/or nickel, preferably nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pH of acidic fluid is monitored using a pH sensor. The pH sensor will trigger a delivery stream to provide acid to the container when the pH reaches a set point. Alternatively, generation of hydrogen includes supplying a specified amount of magnesium, zinc, calcium, and iron; melting and mixing the supplied magnesium, zinc, calcium, and iron to form an acid-reactive alloy composition; forming the acid-reactive alloy composition with a mold into a desired shape of alloy composition; supplying a container cable containing the shape of alloy composition and an acidic fluid; allowing the acidic fluid and the shape of alloy composition to come in contact; and generating an amount of hydrogen upon contact of the acidic fluid with the alloy composition. Acid-reactive alloy compositions are placed into the container and allowed to contact the acidic fluid. Preferred Dimensions: The dimensions of container are 10x12x18 - 24x28x42 inches.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acidic fluid comprises water and acid in a weight ratio of 4:1. It may contain salt. Preferred Components: The salt is sea salt, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, or magnesium bromide. The inert gas is argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The acid-reactive alloy composition is formed with the mold in accordance with the end use of the acid-reactive alloy composition. The mold is in the shape of a columnar rod. The mold is shaped using lost wax method or investment casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is citric acid or acetic acid. Preferred Properties: The acidic fluid has a pH of 2-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The salt comprises sea salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy composition comprises iron. It is spherically shaped. It is multifaceted. Preferred Composition: The alloy composition comprises (wt.%): magnesium (38-48), zinc (38-58), organic acid (12-20), salt (3-5), iron (3-5), and water (3-5). Preferred Parameter: The predetermined amount of pressure is 2000-20000, preferably 4000 pounds/square inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid comprises citric acid. The alloy composition comprises sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crushed material of tatami mat contains 80 mass% or more of crushed material with a length of 5 cm or less. The organic substance mixture contains organic substance fine particles (200 mass parts or less). The fine particles have average particle diameter of 300 microns or less. EXAMPLE - Crushed material of tatami mat (6.20 kg) and fuel oil sludge (4.96 kg) were mix-stirred for 15 seconds, to obtain fuel. The fuel surface did not have glossiness or adhesivity. The fuel had excellent handling property at the time of supply and storage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Preferably, the town gas contains air or inert gas (0-9), natural gas (93-75), liquefied petroleum gas (4-12) and hydrogen gas (3-14).Preferred Property: The hydrogen mixed town gas has combustion specification of 13A gas. The calorific value before removing hydrogen gas is 45-46 MJ/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The biomass or organic-type waste material containing salt, which produces metal or metal oxide at low temperature, such as iron nitrate, by infiltration and mixing, is used as the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains one or more elements selected from copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon monoxide and methanol, or carbon monoxide, methane and methanol, by irradiating microwave to mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. A microwave is irradiated to a catalyst filler layer which contains carbon dioxide and hydrogen. EXAMPLE - Copper oxide-zinc oxide type catalyst (71 g) was added into a microwave reactor and nitrogen was supplied. Tedlar pack of 10 l filled with mixed gas of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 30/70 was installed in the reactor, circulated and exhausted. After all the gas in the pack was exhausted, Tedlar pack of 10 l filled with mixed gas of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a molar ratio of 30/70 was again installed in the reactor. The gas was circulated in a gas flow rate of 1 l/minute, irradiated with frequency of 2.45 GHz, heated to 250degreesC under normal pressure for 60 minutes and fixation reaction of carbon dioxide was performed. The average irradiation output of the microwave was 272.3 W. The gas after reaction was analyzed using gas chromatography, and carbon monoxide of 17%, methane gas of 106 ppm and methanol of 1.16 mg were produced in the liquid layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The raw waste material is waste material such as domestic organic refuse, tea, coffee strained lees, beer strained lees and foodstuffs dreg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The soil-fungus soil koji further contains oil cake, fishmeal, fishbone, soybean cake, seaweed, clay, and rice bran.Preferred Method: The cultivation method uses an enzyme and chlorella as foliar application agents. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The degradation enzyme is urease.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The working electrode contains noble metals, diamond, semiconductor or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The isotope (12CH4)-enriched gas is supplied in the same direction as the supply direction of source gas into the adsorption group, before inducing the selective adsorption agent to low pressure. Inert gas is supplied from supply direction and reverse direction of the source gas into the adsorption group, when inducing the adsorption agent on low-pressure condition, and the isotope (12CH4) of adsorption system is desorbed. Preferred Apparatus: The high-pressure source gas is connected to several series. n (n=2 or more) adsorption groups filled with the selective adsorption agent are arranged in parallel. Advance of the process in each adsorption group is shifted 1/n, and the isotope (12CH4) is adsorbed. The source gas has high pressure of 0.1 MPa or more. The adsorption temperature is 0degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The calcium source is calcium sulfonate, preferably overbased calcium sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The pour point depressant is rapeseed oil or its derivatives, or rapeseed-based pour point depressant. The plant oil is chosen from castor oil, jojoba oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil and/or soybean oil, preferably castor oil, rapeseed oil and jojoba oil. The plant oil contains soy methyl ester and soy ethyl ester. The motor fuel is gasoline or petroleum diesel.Preferred Composition: Alternately, the additive composition (100) contains overbased calcium sulfonate (10-60 or 25-45), poly alpha-olefin component (0.1-40 or 15-40), castor-derived oil (0.1-40 or 10-50) chosen from castor oil or sulfated castor oil, jojoba oil (0.1-30 or 1-5), and plant oil (5-45 or 5-45).Preferred Process: The rapeseed pour point depressant is added to the additive before blending the additive into the biodiesel. The mixture of additive and the rapeseed pour point depressant is blended into the biodiesel in concentrations of 1 fluid ounce additive-depressant to 2 gallons or 5 gallons biodiesel, where the biodiesel treated with additive-depressant remains liquid at -20degreesF or -10degreesF, respectively. EXAMPLE - Overbased calcium sulfonate (in LV%) (40), poly alpha-olefin (20), castor oil (20), jojoba oil (2) and canola oil (18), were mixed to form an additive composition (100). The additive composition showed excellent combustion performance and low emission, when mixed with diesel fuels and gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: At least one of the pH value, redox value, temperature and organic solids content is additionally determined, and the obtained value(s) is/are also used to control the formentation. The measures values (i.e. HPP and pH value, redox value, temperature and/or organic solids content) are compared with given theoretical values and/or given functional relationships between the values, and the process is controlled based on the comparison(s), preferably based on given characteristic quantities for the supply of basic substrate or cosubstrate.Preferred Apparatus: At least one second measuring cell (12) is provided for determining the pH value, redox value, temperature and/or organic solids content in the substrate At least one memory unit (16) is provided for storing theoretical values for the HPP and pH value, redox value, temperature and/or organic solids content and/or functional relationships between the values; and preferably also characteristic quantities for the supply of basic substrate or cosubstrate (20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide or air is injected into the flow path through an injection hole before, after or simultaneously with injection of nitrogen, and after fixed time, the nitrogen concentration in the exhaust path is determined, and used to determine the presence or absence of abnormalities within the apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal foam is impregnated with a dispersion of iron oxide nanoparticles, the foam is then heated to evaporate the dispersion medium and the foam is then compressed under pressure, during which time, the iron oxide is reduced. An organic group thickener is further used for forming porous component.Preferred Foam: The metal foam is 0.5-5 mm thick and has a porosity of 80-99%. The content of nano iron particles is 1-6 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst protective layer allows reaction material of modification reaction to pass through . The catalyst protective layer has pores having higher size than molecule of reaction material of modification reaction, and lower than molecule of catalyst poisoning substance. The catalyst protective layer comprises zeolite and substance capable of adsorbing catalyst-poisoning substance, preferably a solid solution of zirconium oxide and cerium oxide.Preferred Component: The catalytically active component contains ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and/or nickel. The porous support is a porous membrane. EXAMPLE - Catalyst particles were prepared comprising ruthenium catalyst coated with a layer of sodium type zeolite gel by stirring for 2 hours at 100 degreesC, then baking at 600 degreesC. Conversion of town gas to a hydrogen-containing product, carried out in the presence of the catalyst at 550 degreesC, indicated that the catalyst had favorable catalytic activity and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Desorption and regeneration waste gas obtained by passing calorie gas through adsorption agent filled layer, is used as fuel for heating modifier (2) used for producing hydrogen-rich reformed gas. The calorie gas is used as fuel for modification of raw material, and is a waste gas emitted from fuel cell installation (5). The adsorption agent has copper chloride supported on a porous material. The adsorption agent is heated at regeneration process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The microorganisms are sulfur oxidizing bacteria or aerobic bacteria. The porous working electrode is an aggregate of carbon fiber having electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The proteolytic enzyme decomposition is performed at 60-70degreesC. The concentration of the enzyme with respect to the raw material is 0.05-5 wt.%. The centrifugation is performed using a cylindrical centrifuge for isolating light liquid and heavy liquid. The film used by diffusion-type membrane separator used in third process comprises regenerated cellulose as raw material.Preferred Properties: The average pore size, porosity and thickness of the film are 10-50 nm, 40-75% and 100-1000 microns, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Substance (21) is halide, preferably iodine. Substance (22) is transferred to gaseous phase during chemical reaction. Reducing agent is made to act on halogen to form hydrohalide.Preferred Process: The manufacturing method further involves controlling the concentration of hydrogen halide. Alternately, iodine, sulfur dioxide and water are chemically reacted to form hydrogen iodide. Hydrazine is made to act on unreacted iodine as reducing substance and sulfuric acid production is suppressed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Reducing substance (22) is organic acid chosen from oxalic acid and/or formic acid, or nitrogen compound, preferably hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (H) recycled from separating step increases (H) to (CO) ratio in (I), so that the reactants in contacting step have an approximate stoichiometric molar ratio of (H) to (CO) as 2:1 (for producing (A)). (CO) is recycled with (H) from separating step. (H) is separated by membrane separation or pressure swing absorption. (I) is used directly as separated from the autothermal cracking product stream without any further treatment.Preferred Components: (I) comprises (H) (30-40 mol.%), (CO) (25-35 mol.%) and (M) (30-40 mol.%). The molar ratio of (H) to (CO) in (I) is 1:1-1.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The absorption takes place at 10 - 50degreesC. Preferred Components: The additive is used in concentration of 2 - 20 wt.%, with respect to the glycol. The additive is selected from cumene and aliphatic alcohol with 6 or 7 carbon atoms or their mixtures (preferably 1-hexanol and/or 1-heptanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Nonazeotropic mixed refrigerants consisting of R407D or R404A and n-pentane are confined in the refrigerant circuit on a high temperature side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A content of R245fa is greater than or equal to70 wt.% with respect to the total weight of R245fa and R600. The nonazeotropic mixed refrigerants comprise 5-24 wt.% R245fa and R600, 13-28 wt.% R404A, 21-37 wt.% R508A, R23 or R508B, 25-43 wt.% R14 and R50, and 4-10 wt.% R740. About 0.5-2 wt.% n-pentane is added to the nonazeotropic mixed refrigerants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The installation further comprises a device placed before the mixing device for the purpose of recovering (I) from domestic waste; and a device for reducing the waste in size placed between the recovering device and the mixing device. The recovering device comprises an element for removing noncombustible fractions and/or an element for drying the waste. The mixing device comprises at least one inlet for (I), at least one inlet for a flammable material and at least one inlet for a binder. The pressing device comprises a number of presses placed in series. The pressing device is provided with means for feeding at least a part of the pressed mixture back to its inlet. The pressing device is adapted to increase the temperature of the mixture. The pressing device comprises at least one pellet press with flat die. The pressing device is adapted to generate a pressure and temperature for forming agglomerates, which can be ground to powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is domestic refuse. The mixture has a composition and/or calorific value corresponding to that of coal. The flammable material is a material with a high carbon content.Preferred Process: (I) is obtained from domestic waste by removing non-combustible fractions and/or drying the waste. (I) is reduced in size prior to mixing. The binder is adapted to the nature of the materials for mixing. The process comprises pressing the mixture more than once. The pressing is at an increased temperature. The mixture is pressed in a pellet press with flat die. The resulting agglomerates are ground to powder before being fed to a furnace of a pulverized coal power plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Sequence: An isolated amino acid sequence has 75% or more sequence homology to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NOS: 4-6.Preferred Process: A photosynthetic process for hydrogen production comprises growing a microorganism containing a gene coding for HydA having a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 in a culture medium containing nutrients under illuminated conditions to accumulate an endogenous substrate, then depleting a nutrient in the culture medium selected from sulfur, iron, or manganese, and allowing the culture to become anaerobic by consumption of an endogenous or exogenous substrate in the light. The nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NOS: 2 or 3. Alternatively, the method comprises growing a microorganism producing a Fe-Hydrogenase enzyme comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 in a culture medium containing nutrients under illuminated conditions to accumulate an endogenous substrate, then depleting a nutrient in the culture medium selected from sulfur, iron, or manganese, and then allowing the culture to become anaerobic by consumption of an endogenous or exogenous substrate in the light. The amino acid sequence of the Fe-Hydrogenase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 5 or 6. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - The nucleic acid sequence comprises 5001, 3265, 2636, or 2421 bp (SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 7, or 9) encoding hydrogenase having a sequence comprising 448, 497, or 436 amino acids (SEQ ID NOS: 4-6). All sequences are fully defined in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Units: The emitter and collector electrode units are made of a metal selected from tungsten, zirconium, titanium and/or molybdenum. The heating zone and energy retaining zone have microporous structure layers containing alumina, silica, mullite, titanate, spinel and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The additive comprises one or more of sodium gluconate, potassium gluconate, calcium gluconate, nitrogen source and phosphorus source, as active ingredients. The weight-ratio (%) of C:N:P contained in the additive is 34:3:0.3. The pH adjuster is added to one of contaminated soil, polluted water and the additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The microbes support layer contains useful microbes and water-soluble binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cluster: The cluster is carbon nano fiber, carbon nanotube, or has diamond structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton dissociative group is -OH, -OSO3H, -COOH, -SO3H, -OPO(OH)2 or -C6H4SO3H. The electron withdrawing group is nitro group, carboxyl group, nitrile group, halogenated alkyl group or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductor contains cluster derivative and polymeric material. The polymeric material is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The concentration rate of ammonia in second condensate is 1.6 or more as that of the concentration in second concentrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The biomass contains cellulose, hemi cellulose, lignin and/or starch as main component, and is organic group material. The plastic and biomass exist as separate mixture. The phenolic compound is chosen from phenol, cresol, xylenol, resorcinol, alkylated phenol and/or naphthol.Preferred Composition: The content of biomass is 10-200 parts weight, preferably 20-100 parts weight with respect to 100 parts weight of plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The plastic contains thermosetting resin chosen from phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin and/or urea resin. The resin component of salvaged material is a compound having resin component of molecular weight 200-10000 as main component. The residue of salvaged material is inorganic component contained in non-decomposed resin component of plastic, polymerized carbonization product of plastic, filler of plastic, basic catalyst, non-decomposed component of biomass and polymerized carbonization product of biomass. The phenolic compound is separated and purified after processing.Preferred Conditions: The decomposition and/or solubilization of plastic is carried out at 200-500degreesC and 1-60 MPa. EXAMPLE - PM-8200 (phenolic molding compound) (30 g) and wood meal having particle diameter of 500 microns or less were mixed with mixed solvent containing phenol (85.6 g) and water (21.3 g). The mixture was heated at 300degreesC and 10 MPa, and cooled to normal temperature. Acetone was added, and mixed. The resulting mixture was filtered, and filtrate and residue were produced. Acetone, water and phenol were removed by heating the filtrate under reduced pressure to obtain a resin component (63.2 g). The resin component had weight average molecular weight of 2910 and number average molecular weight of 512.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Fermenter: The prefabricated wall parts are slabs and when assembled (A) has a polygonal cross-section with at least 6 corners, and a single slab covers the distance between two adjacent corners, with the slabs linked together to form a tight closure. Alternatively, (A) has a rounded, preferably circular, cross-section. Each wall part extends from the base to the cover as a single piece, and the base and/or cover are also formed from one or more prefabricated parts. Particularly each wall part has outer and inner walls with (a) reinforcing elements between, and connecting, them and (b) the intermediate space filled with concrete; alternatively, the two walls are made of concrete, particularly as several layers, and the innermost surface may be provided with a cover of plastic (particularly polyethylene) to protect against the corrosive effects of e.g. slurry. The outermost layer may be covered with a layer of heat insulation or a protective layer, particularly a layer of mortar. The wall parts are linked together through tension joints. Most preferably the prefabricated units are those normally used to prepare cellar walls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process : The microorganism-containing substance is mixed with water (especially by stirring or agitation) or is contacted with water surface, the water optionally being aerated from above or below in the vessel. A surface is provided in or on the water for settlement of the microorganisms and the water is inoculated with the microorganism-containing substance before commencement of the purification process and contact of the water with the microorganism-containing substance can be repeated a number of times with the finally drawn-off water being filtered to free it of the microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen-containing compound is one selected from carbon dioxide, water or air. The catalyst of the methane reforming catalyst layer is selected from nickel catalyst, noble metal catalyst, alkali metal catalyst and alkali earth metal catalyst (preferably nickel catalyst).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass is a lignocellulosic biomass derived from agricultural crops consisting of e.g. corn stover, bagasse, straw e.g. from rice, wheat, rye, oat, barley, rye, rape and sorghum, tubers e.g. beet, potato, cereals from e.g. rice, wheat, rye, oat, barley, rye, rape and sorghum, wood consisting of softwood e.g. Pinus sylvestris, Pinus radiate, hardwood e.g. Salix spp., Eucalyptus spp., or municipal solid waste, waste paper, fiber fraction from processing of biogas, manure and similar biomasses (preferably starch containing grains or refined starch). At least 20 weight/weight % of the lignocellulosic biomass has a fiber size above 26 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biomass has been subjected to heat pre-treatment between 110-250 degreesC. The enzymatic hydrolysis is performed with a combination of hydrolytic enzymes including a carbohydrolytic enzyme and an oxidative enzyme. The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch containing grains is performed with a combination of hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes at 0-105 degreesC for 0-72 hours. The mixing of the polysaccharide containing biomass is relying on free fall mixers such as drum mixers, tumble mixers or similar mixing device. The process can be carried out as a batch, fed-batch, continuous or a similar process. EXAMPLE - Pressed pre-treated wheat straw with an average size of 40 mm (containing water (5 parts) and dry matter (1 part)), Novozyme 188 (0.75 mL), Celluclast (3.75 ml) and sodium citrate buffer (11.9 ml) was mixed and sprayed onto the straw. The mixing/hydrolysis of the material was performed for 18-24 hours at room temperature. A thick paste without any remaining large fibers was obtained. Part of the resulting material was diluted to 15 % dry matter and yeast was added. The mixture was stirred at 30 degreesC for 72 hours. The resulting liquid contained ethanol (33 g/L), and xylose (10 g/L).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The thermophilic, anaerobic, acetogenic, hydrogen producing bacterium belongs to the Thermotoga, Thermococcus, Pyrococcus, Clostridium, Ruminococcus or Caldicellulosiruptor genus (preferably Caldicellulosiruptor saccharoiyticus). (I) is liquid manure, waste water sludge and/or plant waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: (I) is fermented in a fermentor having a single reactor vessel or a single reactor space. Before of during fermentation an additive (preferably a material utilizable as a nutrient by any of the microorganisms and/or a material of increased surface areas) is added to (I). The cells of the hydrogen producer bacterium are sedimented or are bound to a carrier, preferably to a rhyolitic tuff. In the method, the bacterium culture is applied, relative to the volume of (I), in a ratio of 5-20 (preferably 10) v/v %. (I) is fermented in a continuous operation system, where the produced biogas and/or the produced fermented biomass is removed continuously or at multiple times, preferably at given periods of time, and the thermophilic, anaerobic, acetogenic, hydrogen producing bacterium is fed continuously or at multiple times, preferably at given periods of time, to the fermentor. EXAMPLE - Pig slurry substrate was dispensed in aliquots (50 ml) into glass vessels of 100 ml volume and sealed air tight. Some of the vessels were inoculated with pure culture of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (5 ml). The headspace was replaced with nitrogen gas. Incubation was carried out at 55degreesC. The inoculated ones clearly displayed that methane production started faster and the overall biogas generation produced more gas. Hydrogen producer strain and additives (sugar (saccharose)) were added to the inoculum that increased the production rate and produced volume of biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The machine includes filter units (13) or a liquid filtration system comprising e.g. filter meshes to which the waste is supplied under pressure. These filters are cleaned by rotating blades driven by a hydraulic or electric motor. Additional blades mounted on the same shaft as the cleaning blades are used to urge the waste towards the filter. A hydraulic energy generator (14) with a single low-performance motor is used to provide all the necessary drive force for the machine. Additional filtration is provided by reverse osmosis, nanofiltration or ultrafiltration membranes in order to produce an osmotized water permeate and remove dissolved solids, organic substances, pyrogenic materials, colloidal sub-microorganism material and bacteria. The residual liquid from the liquid-solids separation step is purified by supplying it to a holding tank and injecting ozone into it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: An external fuel is burned in a hot blast generator of the carbonization plant and used as a heat source for thermal decomposition of waste material. Some amount of combustion exhaust gas (G') generated in the thermal-power-generation plant is guided to the carbonization plant and utilized as a heat source for thermal decomposition of waste material. Waste-gas processing is carried out by a waste-gas processing facility of the thermal-power-generation plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The water treatment plant is a nitrogen purification plant. The water treatment plant has intermittent aeration processing method of batch type or continuous type. The water treatment plant has livestock-barn sewage facilities. The species of dominant ammonium oxidizing bacteria is specified within a treatment tank, and the optimum habitation conditions of ammonium oxidizing bacteria are clarified. The dominant strain of microorganism group is taken as an index. The dominant strain inoculated to the water treatment plant is taken as an index. The dominant strains are ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) which belongs to beta-proteobacteria. The ammonium oxidizing bacteria that belongs to beta-proteobacteria is Nitrosomanas ureae/Nm. oligotrapha/Nm. marina cluster or Nm. europaea cluster. The ammonia-nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (T-N) or biological oxygen demand is adjusted for wastewater treatment, as an index.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The system further has ammonia processing apparatus for removing ammonia in the condensed water produced in digestive liquid processing apparatus. The ammonia processing apparatus is electrolysis nitrogen removal apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The methane fermentation residue is subjected to acid treatment before processing by freezing and thawing method. Combustion utilization of methane fermentation gas produced by methane fermentation is carried out, when freeze thawing is carried out freeze-thawing apparatus with absorption refrigerator. Waste heat is utilized as drive source of refrigerator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The gas fuel utilization apparatus is a baking apparatus made of inorganic material. The dry organic sludge is used as solid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cadmium elution inhibitor further contains alkaline earth metal compound.Preferred Process: The pH of cadmium-containing material is adjusted to 6.5 or more using alkaline earth metal compound, after contacting cadmium-containing material and iron oxide. EXAMPLE - Cadmium polluted soil (in kg) (100) having eluted cadmium concentration of 0.06 mg/l and iron sesquioxide (0.1) obtained as by-product in manufacture of titanium oxide by sulfuric acid method, were mixed. Portion of the mixture was collected after 6 hours, and eluted cadmium concentration was found to be 0.009 mg/l. Portion of the mixture was collected after 10 days, and eluted cadmium concentration was found to be 0.007 mg/l. Thus, elution of cadmium from the soil was inhibited.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The characteristic adjustment unit controls the concentration and pH of slurry, controls feed rate of water to the mixing tank, controls feed rate of slurry to methane fermentation tank based on densitometer measured value, controls feed rate of alkali to tank and controls feed rate of alkali to methane fermentation tank based on measured value of pH meter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The molecule having isocyanate group or glycidyl group and carbon-carbon double bond is selected from 2-isocyanato ethylmethacrylate, 2-isocyanato ethylacrylate, and/or glycidyl methacrylate. EXAMPLE - A polybenzimidazole solution was prepared by dissolving 2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole in N,N-dimethyl acetamide. currant MOI (2-isocyanato ethylmethacrylate) (1 equivalent) was added with respect to nitrogen containing heterocyclic active hydrogen of polybenzimidazole and mixed solution was prepared. The solution was applied on a glass plate and heated at 150degreesC and a polymer compound film was formed. The film was immersed in orthophosphoric acid at room temperature, and polymeric electrolyte film was obtained. The film was vacuum dried at 120degreesC for 2 hours and interposed between platinum electrodes. The film had ionic conductivity of 2.7x10-2 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The glucose obtained from cellulose, in technical procedure, that no longer requires like wastepaper, or in preliminary stages and wastes of the production.
EXAMPLE - A gas odorant composition comprised (wt.%) cyclooctyne (8), 1-methoxy-buten-3-yne (72) and tetrahydrothiophene (20). Isobutane gas aerosol comprising the odorant (40 ppm) was prepared. The aerosol was sprayed into a booth of 7 m3 and sniffed through a small port in the door of the booth by a panel of 30 individuals who were familiar with the smell of the gas. They had been asked to evaluate the smell, having the smell of gas in mind. Most of the panelist agreed the similarity of the odor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The agent is obtained by mixing the strain of white rot fungi and one or more agents chosen from cell fusion strain of white rot fungi and microorganisms other than white rot fungi, mutant of white rot fungi, and the gene recombinant strain of white rot fungi comprising white rot fungi and microorganisms other than white rot fungi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The upper portion of the container forms hydration reaction promotion portion and the apparatus (3) is installed such that it can be rotated freely from gas hydrate generation portion to hydration reaction promotion portion. A rotary shaft of the brushing apparatus is formed in hollow shape and fine openings are provided in the shaft wall. A cylinder having openings in the side face is installed in the outer side of the brushing apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous comprises carbon fiber, polyurethane and/or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The culture medium component measurement unit is arranged into the piping of waste liquid tank for storing waste liquid from the discharge port of the incubator. The piping is optically transparent, and a pH sensor that shows a physical change according to the change of pH is inserted into the piping. The apparatus further comprises a detection unit for detecting the physical change of the pH sensor.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biomass used for culturing anaerobic microbe contains 5 wt.% or more of solid substance and 2 wt.% or more of volatile solid substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: (B) that encodes (I) is from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, particularly it is the wax/dgat sequence; and those encoding (II) and (III) are from Zymomonas mobilis, particularly where (III) is encoded by the adhB gene.(A) is prokaryotic or eukaryotic; most preferably Escherichia coli. The specification includes sequences for (B) and for the encoded enzymes.Preferred Process: In method (1), a sequence encoding (I) is introduced into a microorganism; the cells cultured and (IV) isolated. The cells used may also include sequences encoding (II) and (III), and (B) are introduced from one or more vectors. The culture medium may also include saturated or (poly)unsaturated fatty acids of 10-22C. EXAMPLE - Escherichia coli TOP10 was transformed with (a) plasmid pLOI297 (Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55 (1989) 1943) containing the pyruvate decarboxylase (II) and alcohol dehydrogenase genes of Zymomonas mobilis and (b) plasmid pBBR1MCS-2::wax/dgat (J. Biol. Chem., 298 (2003) 8075) containing the acyltransferase gene of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.    The recombinant cells were grown under aerobic conditions on LB medium containing 2 wt.-vol.% glucose and 0.1 wt.-vol.% oleic acid, for 24 hours at 37degreesC. The medium also included isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside as inducer and antibiotics. The cells were then harvested, freeze dried and analyzed by fat to indicate accumulation of significant amounts of fatty acid ethyl esters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The corrosion resistant material is an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, ethane, butane or propane.Preferred Solvents: The added solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or acetone. The poor solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone and/or liquid nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The biogas further contains nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The mixture comprises 25 - 75% of CeO2 and 0.1 - 5% of Pt. Preferred Process: The mole ratio of water/methanol and oxygen/methanol is 1 - 3 and 0.1 - 0.8, respectively. The catalyst is prepared by impregnating the mixture of CeO2 and ZrO2 in an aqueous solution containing Pt ions having an amount so that the mixture is subjected to an incipient wetness impregnation; and heating the resulting impregnated mixture so that only Pt ions in the aqueous solution are deposited on the mixture oxide. Heating the mixture includes drying the incipient wetness impregnated mixture oxide at 100 - 150degreesC and calcining the dried mixture oxide at 400 - 600 (preferably 450 - 550)degreesC. EXAMPLE - A catalyst (test) comprising platinum on cerium oxide/zirconium oxide was prepared and tested in an autothermal reaction of methanol, oxygen and water was carried out, where mole ratio of water/methanol is 1.3 - 1.8 and of oxygen/methanol is 0.25. It was compared with conventional copper-zinc-aluminum catalyst (control). Results show that conversion ratio of methanol for control catalyst decreases rapidly indicating poor thermal resistance, while test catalyst has higher stability in the repeated methanol autothermal reactions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The temperature control unit is controlled to use the remaining heat of the heat engine (10) which works using the biogas obtained by methane fermentation, and to heat and cool the methane fermentation tank. The apparatus uses the warm water manufactured with the hot-water boiler (10a) and an absorption refrigerating machine (10b) as a heat engine, and the cold water manufactured with the absorption refrigerating machine, and heats and cools the methane fermentation tank. The apparatus uses the heat and cold water, which are manufactured with the absorption cold-water heater (10c) as a heat engine and heats and cools the methane fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The separation apparatus inclines. The method involves conveying the water containing flow microorganism carrier with an air-lift pump and sending the water to the rectifier. The method involves returning the flow microorganism carrier that is retained in the separation apparatus, to the biological treatment tank (21).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The evaluation process involves converting the selected data into two-dimensional or three-dimensional data and evaluating the product of biomass resources processing. The displaying process involves displaying the evaluation results as a two-dimensional or three-dimensional figure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Carbon and catalyst are mixed and contacted, and water vapor and hot air are supplied. A gas is separated from the produced gas and coal residue.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is potassium carbonate. EXAMPLE - Non-welded-pyroclastic-rock carbon was mixed with potassium carbonate, and water-vapor gasification was carried out. The temperature was raised to 750degreesC at 20degreesC/minute. Hydrogen was obtained by separating gas from produced gas and coal ground material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The mixed media is liquefied completely at the condenser exit of car air conditioner, under preset pressure using a compressor. EXAMPLE - A coolant composition was prepared by mixing (in wt.%) propane (55), n-butane (31.5) and isobutane (13.5). The composition was used conveniently for car air conditioner. The mixed media was completely liquefied at the condenser exit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: 1-Butene is contained at 59-95 or 70-96 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: Producing (I) involves culturing Alkaliphilus transvaalensis or (V), and extracting (I) from the culture solution (claimed).Preferred Enzyme: (I) has an amino acid sequence chosen from an amino acid sequence having one or more amino acid deletion, substitution, inversion or insertion in SEQ ID No. 3, and an amino acid sequence having 65% or more homology with SEQ ID No. 3. (I) is derived from A.transvaalensis. EXAMPLE - Production and characterization of novel alkaline protease was carried out as follows. Alkaliphilus transvaalensis JCM10712 was cultured in a suitable medium at 40degreesC for 24 hours. The culture solution was centrifuged and the culture supernatant was subjected to purification. The culture supernatant was dialyzed and was applied on DEAE-Toyopearl and then to CM-Toyopearl. The obtained fraction was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The amino acid sequence of the fraction was determined using an automated sequencer. The corresponding base sequence was also cloned. The amino acid sequence contained 376 amino acids (SEQ ID No. 2), and the corresponding base sequence contained 1131 nucleotides (SEQ ID No. 1), and the mature enzyme had SEQ ID No. 3. The various physicochemical properties of the isolated enzyme were analyzed. The results showed that the isolated enzyme was capable of acting on acidic insulin B-chain and cleaving 26 peptide bonds among 29 peptide bonds of the B-chain and degrading natural proteins e.g. casein and synthetic substrates e.g. N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-P-nitroanilide, and had optimum pH of 5-13, optimum temperature of 70degreesC, calcium-independent thermostability, resistance to surfactants e.g. sodium dodecyl sulfate, and molecular weight of 31000-32000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The movable wall contains polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron oxide or the combination of boron oxide and aluminum oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide and/or gallium oxide is more than 50% boron oxide on a molar basis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methanol concentration of the mixed solution of water and methanol is less than or equal to30 (preferably 5 - 30) wt.%. (I) Is 2,2'-bi-indan-1,1'-dione derivatives of formula (II); and is dissolved in the mixed solution in an amount of less than or equal to10 (preferably 0.5 - 5) wt.%.R11=H, carboxy, alkoxy or ester group (preferably 1-10C alkoxy). Preferred Definitions:    R1 and R2=functional groups having a hydroxy indan skeleton.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2,2',3,3',3'-Hexahydroxy-2,2'-bi-indan-1,1'-dion, 2,2',3,3',3'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-bi-indan-6-methoxy-1,1'-dion and 2,2,3,3',3'-hexahydroxy-2,2'-bi-indan-6-carboxy-1,1'-dion are specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - An aqueous methanol solution of 15 wt.% concentration comprising purified water and methanol was prepared. 2,2',3,3',3'-Hexahydroxy-2,2'-bi-indan-6-methoxy-1,1'-dion (a) (10 wt.%, as an antifreeze) was dissolved in the aqueous methanol solution to obtain a fuel (test) for a fuel cell. A control fuel was prepared in a similar manner except that Industrial Propylene Glycol (RTM; propylene glycol) was used as antifreeze instead of (a). The test/control fuel was then evaluated for current-voltage properties in terms of output voltage difference at different environmental temperature (i.e. at -10, -20 and -30degreesC). The results for test/control fuel were: output voltage difference (mV) = 40/0 (at -10degreesC); 50/0 (at -20degreesC) and 60/0 (at -30degreesC) respectively. The results demonstrated that the test fuel produced higher output voltage in the low temperature as compared to control fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of mushroom culture medium and organic waste is 5-50:100.Preferred Composition: The soil contains base material (5-1000 kg) and organic waste (100-3000 kg).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The organic waste contains chaff, rice bran, rice straw, buckwheat husk, wheat skin, wheat bran, straw, soybean dregs, bean curd lees, beanstalk, corn knot, sorghum stalk, vegetable waste, fruit dregs, foodstuffs residue and/or plant leaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The air injection apparatus has air system-I, which produces basic air quantity, and air system-II, which produces an adjustment amount. When air injection apparatus performs open level control of the motor operated valve provided at one air system, a basic injection rate and an adjustment amount are obtained. The air injection apparatus obtains basic injection rate and adjustment amount by changing the rotating speed of the air pump provided at one air system. A control apparatus is controlled such that the air quantity injected at predetermined time and air conditioning apparatus from the start of biological desulfurization equipment becomes excess. A control apparatus is controlled such that the air quantity injected by an air conditioning apparatus becomes excess, until oxygen analyzer's measured value turns into a setting value from the start of biological desulfurization equipment. A diffuser has measurement units to measure the dissolved-oxygen amount of circulation liquid, and the air quantity supplied to circulation liquid is controlled, based on the measured value of the measurement units.Preferred Process: The liquid dispersed by sulfur oxidizing-bacteria in desulfurizing tower of raw food desulfurizing layer is removed from the desulfurizing tower lower portion, and circulated to desulfurizing tower upper portion. The sulfur oxidizing-bacteria group is re-circulated and dispersed again through the piping, provided in the middle of the piping for circulation. The circulation liquid flows through a pipe interior equipped with the diffuser, which supplies air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The system further has primary side connecting blower provided at discharge pipeline of de-sulfurized gas, pressure regulation tank connected with discharge side of the blower, and secondary side connected to biogas inlet tube and de-sulfurizing apparatus. The circulation piping-I has relief valve for maintaining the pressure of primary side at predetermined value. The system further has a gas supply piping to the gas utilization installation from pressure regulation tank. Another circulation piping-II branching from the middle of circulating piping-I is connected to the entrance pipeline of blower through a shut-off valve. The gas supply amount in the piping to gas utilization installation from the pressure regulation tank is detected. The shut-off valve provided at circulation piping-II is opened, when the gas supply amount is beyond the setting value. The shut-off valve is closed, when the gas supply amount is less than the setting value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The system further contains a dry-type desulfurizing tower (35) and an activated carbon tower (36) provided at the supply path to the gas utilizing installation from the pressure regulation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalytically active metal is chosen from IV-XII group element. Two or more types of catalytically active metal are uniformly supported to crystalline silicate. Two or more types of catalytically active metal are supported to crystalline silicate by division or inclination.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound contains dimethyl sulfide, tertiary butyl mercaptan and/or tetrahydro thiophene.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The hydrothermal oxidation is performed by contacting to-be-processed material with an oxidation catalyst in presence of oxygen and to convert ammonia in the residue into nitrate. Subsequently, the nitrate is converted into nitrogen gas, by biological denitrification. The oxidation catalyst contains acidic zeolite. The biological denitrification process is hydrogen fermentation, souring, methane fermentation or anaerobic bioreaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The complex oxide has carbon dioxide absorption amount per unit specific surface area after heat processing at 1000degreesC for 3 hours or more, of 0.3-1.8 micronsol/m2, preferably 0.3-0.7 micronsol/m2. Preferred Element: The metallic element (a) is calcium, potassium, terbium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, barium, yttrium, magnesium and cerium. Preferred Composition: The complex oxide further contains oxide of metallic element (b) which is aluminum. At least one portion of the metallic element (a) forms a solid solution in at least one of the oxide of metallic element (b) and zirconium oxide. Preferred Condition: The carbon dioxide absorption amount is measured after heat processing at 800degreesC or more in air or non-oxidizing atmosphere for 1 hour or more. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxy nitrate aqueous solution and lanthanum nitrate aqueous solution were mixed. Subsequently, aqueous ammonia was added to the mixture and stirred to obtain precipitate of oxide precursor. The deposit was centrifuged and washed. The washed deposit was dispersed in pure water. The obtained product was processed by hydrostatic pressure in 1.2 MPa and 120degreesC pressure vessel. The processed deposit was calcined at 400degreesC in air for 5 hours. The calcined product was baked at 800degreesC in air for 5 hours, and complex oxide powder containing zirconium oxide and lanthanum oxide in molar ratio of 95/2.5 was obtained. The complex oxide powder had carbon dioxide absorption amount of 20.28 micronsol/g and carbon dioxide absorption amount per unit specific surface area of 0.68 micronsol/m2. Subsequently, rhodium nitrate aqueous solution was impregnated into the complex oxide powder, baked at 300degreesC in air for 3 hours, and catalyst powder was prepared. The load of rhodium was 0.3 g with respect to 100 g of complex oxide powder. The catalyst had high purification activity of exhaust gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the microorganisms are yeast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of metal oxide and zeolite in the reforming catalyst is 1:1-100:1 (standard value). The metal oxide having spinel structure is copper-manganese group spinel. The reforming catalyst further contains alumina. The zeolite is ZSM-5, and further contains group VIII metal and/or rare earth elements. The group VIII metal is chosen from palladium, platinum, iridium, rhodium and/or ruthenium, or iron, nickel and/or cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is chosen from dimethyl ether and methyl ethyl ether.Preferred Process: The synthesis gas or hydrogen is alternately produced by self-thermal reforming, partial-oxidation reforming or carbon-dioxide reforming of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon using reforming catalyst. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate (in g) (13.28), and manganese nitrate (31.55) were added to distilled water (300 ml) and stirred at 60degreesC for 2 hours. Subsequently, citric acid monohydrate (34.65) was added to the solution, and further heated at 80degreesC. The produced gel was heated at 140degreesC for 7 hours, to obtain oxide fine powder. The fine powder was calcined at 400degreesC for 2 hours and then baked at 900degreesC for 10 hours. The obtained copper-manganese spinel-type oxide (10) and CBV 3020E (zeolite) (5) were mixed to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst contained copper-manganese spinel-type oxide and zeolite in mass ratio of 2:1. The catalyst had excellent activity (dimethyl ether conversion rate) and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanol fuel cell cartridge has a multilayered structure having a gas barrier layer and an oxygen absorbing resin layer. The cartridge has methanol impervious layer as inner layer. The oxygen permeating coefficient of gas barrier layer at 23degreesC and relative humidity of 60% is 1 x 10-10 cc.cm/cm2.second.cmHg or less. The cartridge is obtained by blow molding or injection molding. The cartridge is pouch obtained using heat-sealing multilayer film having heat-sealing property resin layer as inner layer. The cartridge is accommodated in an outer case comprising rigid material. The cartridge has valve mechanism in pouring opening.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The methanol impervious layer comprises cyclic olefinic resin or polyester-type resin, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The resin has an inorganic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method further involves agitating the biomass in the reaction vessel, by rotation of the reaction vessel and by action of auger vanes arranged in the reaction vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The half-split chopsticks contain bamboo material. Zinc or magnesium compounds are allowed to permeate the half-split chopsticks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The liquid manure comprises soil conditioner containing rock mineral as main component, and further contains ripened compost and humus soil.Preferred Condition: The hot water extraction temperature is 40degreesC. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Sorbent: The silica gel has an average pore radius of 1-40 nm and a particle size of 0.2-5 mm. The silica gel is hydrophobized with dimethyldichlorosilane or methyltrichlorosilane. The silica gel can include other oxide additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The cellulosic material comprises straw, hemp chaff, flax chaff, potato leaves, grass, reeds, whole cereal plants, miscanthus, Jerusalem artichoke leaves, sunflower straw, sawdust, wood shavings or bark shavings and has a solids content of at least 80%. The sludge is dewatered sewage sludge with a solids content of 25%. The weight ratio of sludge to cellulosic material is 85:15. The product is dried with hot air to a moisture content of 9-10%
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: The alloy comprises 69% Zr, 10% Y and 21% Fe; 61% Zr, 20% Y and 19% Fe; 65% Zr, 15% Y and 20% Fe. Preferred Components: The powders have particle size of 40-125 microns. The device consists of a pellet of compressed powder only of the getter alloy. The powders of getter alloy are supported on a metallic strip and caused to adhere to the strip by cold rolling or deposition followed by sintering. Preferred Device: The device consists of a container with an upper opening inside which there are powders of getter alloy. EXAMPLE - Zirconium (69 g), iron (21 g) and yttrium (10 g) were mixed and poured into a water cooled copper crucible of an arc furnace under an atmosphere of 3x104 Pa of argon. The temperature reached by the mixture during melting was 2000degreesC, temperature that was maintained during 5 minutes. Since the preparations take place under conditions of a high thermal gradient, in order to enhance the alloy homogeneity any ingot melting was repeated four times. The ingots obtained by cooling after the fourth melting were milled and the resulting powder was finally sieved, retrieving the fraction with particle size comprised of 40-105 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Component (A) is dimethoxymethane. Component (B) is propylene glycol monoalkyl ether and/or butylene glycol monoalkyl ether. Component (C) is ethanol and/or methanol. Preferred Composition: The alcohol based fuel and/or biofuel composition containing component (A) (in vol.%) (9-83), component (B) (3-30) and component (C) (81-7), enables to avoid the use of petroleum based products, to reduce contaminant production and to improve performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrate temperature is 173-243 K, preferably 198-223 K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent is high partial-oxidation catalytic ability metal oxide (A) which partially oxidizes organic matter and produces carbon monoxide, and/or water-gas-shift reaction metal oxide (B) which advances the water gas shift reaction of carbon monoxide effectively. The metal oxide (A) is chosen from cerium oxide, copper oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, molybdenum oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide and/or tungsten oxide. The metal oxide (B) is chosen from copper oxide, chromium oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium oxide. Preferred Conditions: The gasification is performed at 200-500degreesC and high pressure of 10-30 atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The (I)-air mixture is heated to 80-150, especially about 120, degreesC by N, and enters MC in the axial direction, while the steam-air mixture is supllied at 350-540, especially 380-450, degreesC, i.e. sufficient for complete evaporation of fuel particles and for homogenization of the fuel in the outlet gas stream. The ratio (I):air in the first mixture is 0.41-0.47 and the ratio steam:air in the second mixture is 1.7-1.9. The final gas mixture form MC is passed to a reformer catalyst; particularly MC is part of an autothermal reformer. (I) particularly has boiling range 180-250degreesC and is a low aromatic/sulfur material, e.g. a Fischer-Tropsch product or a fraction obtained by distillation of naphtha.Preferred Device: The new MC has separate inlets for the two mixtures and (i) has a rotationally symmetrical shape and (ii) the flow directions of N and the inlet for the steam-air mixture are (a) axially positioned and (b) in opposite directions. Particularly MC is cyclindrical and is narrowed in the zone containing N, with the angle between the two flow directions 178-182degrees. N is at one end of the cylinder so that its flow direction coincides with the axis of the cylinder. The inlet for the steam-air mixture penetrates the cylinder wall about vertically and is directed towards N inside the cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor contains an internally hollow shaft (22), rotatably mounted in a retaining element (12) and having a charging opening (26) at the upper end and a delivery opening (28) near the lower end of the retaining element. The shaft protrudes from the reactor vessel, with the charging opening outside the vessel. A pusher (30) is provided in the shaft, for pushing loose bodies in the shaft downwards. The pusher has a lid (32) which closes the charging opening, with the pusher protruding through the lid when the opening is closed. The delivery opening (28) extends over all of the chambers of the retaining element, and is preferably provided with a check valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: A fluid inlet and a gas entry line open into the fluid inlet entry zone, which is preferably a stirred tank (20) with a stirred (22) for homogenizing the contained fluid. The retaining element has a base (15) and/or a lid (13), and is preferably provided with radial partitions (14) (specifically of wire or wire netting) forming chambers between adjacent partitions. The partitions, lid and/or base preferably extend up to the reactor vessel, specifically with a gap sufficiently small to prevent penetration of individual loose bodies of the bed. The stirrer is retained by a shaft (19) via a rotational moment converter. The fluid inlet and/or gas entry line has a number of outlet openings distributed over the cross-section, preferably directed downwards (opposite to the later flow direction). The fluidized bed consists of an number of spatially structured loose bodies (16) of the same shape, preferably having a cavity, of size 7-100 mm and having a specific weight not higher than that of the fluid. The retaining element (specifically a chamber) is 75-95% filled with the fixed bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The earthworms are selected from Perionyx excavatus, Eiseniafetida sp., Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia andrie. The chopped agricultural waste comprises distilled waste of crops selected from scented geranium, citronella, menthol mint, agro-waste from rice straw, Brassica waste and sugarcane waste, and from pine needles and sugarcane trash.The agro-waste is alternatively selected from medicinal/spice/crop plants selected from Plantago ovata, Papavar someniferum, Coriandrum sativum and Foeniculum vulgarae. The animal urine is urine of buffalo, cow, horse, pig, sheep or goat. The agricultural waste is selected from wheat straw and distillation waste of lemongrass. ACTIVITY - Plant growth stimulator; Antimicrobial.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: A collapse prevention net for preventing collapse of plant growth base material is previously constructed on slope face or collapse slope. The molded mixture is alternately dried and dispersed in paddy field or orchard. The manure is sifted and classified into manure having size of 8 mm or less and manure having size of 5 mm or less. The sand comprises andesite or crystalline schist.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is biomass, waste plastic, and/or coal. Preferred Method: Dust in the combustible gas sucked by the ejector is removed. Preferred Arrangement: The gasifier exit is provided with a ceramic filter (11) which removes the dust contained in the combustible gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Promoter: In (I), a coating of microorganism, culture solution and stabilizer is formed on a porous body, and the excretion of livestock is fermented using the coating. The fermentation of the excretion is performed for one hour or more. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The fluid injection spray mechanism is combined with the metabolism of microorganisms to clean the contaminated site layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (II) contains a solid oxygen carrier and manganese oxide or copper-nickel-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of the coating, in hydrogen-oxygen recombination catalyst, is such that it enables a hydrogen recombination corresponding to the safety requisites by the usual operating temperature of the component. (II) is formed as painting, spraying application (particularly as plasma or flaming spraying application, or as foil).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon is selected from methane, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel, dimethyl ether (DME), JP5, and JP8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal (12) is transition metal, preferably iron atom or manganese atom. The metal (11) is magnesium atom. The metal (12) contains several atoms. Preferred Method: The discharge temperature hydrogen atom is specified by adjusting the compositional ratio of atoms, and adjusting electrical charge of hydrogen storage material.
EXAMPLE - A refrigerant composition was prepared by mixing propane (55 wt.%), n-butane (31.5 wt.%) and isobutane (13.5 wt.%). The composition was used in a refrigerant system for industrial use. The composition had favorable utility and air-conditioning effect. The composition had coefficient of performance (COP) value of 2.97 and 3.30, when compressor outlet pressure was set to 0.92 MPa and 0.85 MPa and expansion outlet valve pressure was set to 0.27 MPa respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic matter is mixed with bamboo acid liquid for increasing deodorizing effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The direct current negative electric potential is applied to acicular electrode, and direct current positive electric potential is applied to plate-shaped electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Timber contains cellulose (in mass%) (30-60), hemicellulose (10-30), lignin (20-30), anhydride (30-50), hydrogen (1-20) and oxygen (30-60).Preferred Process: Timber is processed with saccharogenic amylose, and hemicellulose and cellulose are converted into pentose and hexose. Subsequently, ethanol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation or propanediol fermentation is carried out and ethanol, lactic acid or propanediol is collected and carbon dioxide is by-produced. The reaction mixture containing timber is hydrothermally processed and lignin is produced. Lignin is burnt and carbonized to obtain carbon material and by-product containing methane and water. The heat energy produced by combustion of lignin is converted into electrical energy and utilized as required power source in the manufacturing process. The steam reforming process, methanol synthesis, carbonylation of methanol, enzyme saccharification, ethanol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation or propanediol fermentation, use heat exchange unit for producing exhaust gas, and heat is recovered and used as energy source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel cells contain Nafion polymeric membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The lid is provided with a zigzag steam pipe that has a series of outlet openings and is connected to a steam generator (4) heated by the burner, the steam produced being injected through the steam pipe into the container to moisten and deodorize its contents. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: The gas mixture comprises carbon dioxide (20% or more, preferably 50% or more).The purified methane product gas contains carbon dioxide (less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm).Preferred Method: The adsorptive gas separation process is a pressure swing adsorption process defining higher pressure and lower pressure.The higher pressure is 100-250 psig, preferably 130-230 psig. The lower pressure is equal to the ambient pressure.The purified methane product gas is produced with a recovery of 50% or more, preferably 75% or more of the methane in the feed gas mixture in a single adsorption step.The purified methane product gas is produced by adsorption of the feed gas mixture in an absorber in contact with adsorbent material (I) suitable for adsorbing majority of carbon dioxide in the feed gas stream, and subsequently a absorbent material (II) suitable for removing remaining carbon dioxide while excluding methane from adsorption.The adsorbent material is alumina-based adsorbent material.The methane product gas purified by the alumina-based adsorbent material contains carbon dioxide (less than 5%, preferably less than 2%).Alternately, the adsorptive gas separation process is displacement purge adsorption process.
EXAMPLE - Natural gas containing 3 vol.% hydrogen sulfide was passed at 25degreesC through a bed of granular graphite-like material (see US4978649. After 45 minutes, the catalyst was contacted with a reactivating gas stream comprising nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide at 40degreesC for 30 minutes. The decomposition-reactivation cycle was continued until more than 20 wt.% solid sulfur had accumulated on the catalyst surface. The catalyst was then regenerated by passing the reactivating gas through it at 150degreesC for 30 minutes, whereby molten sulfur ran off the catalyst and was collected in a downstream condenser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The furnace body is provided with a cylindrical structure, or a plate structure, that can hold the biomass fuel block. The furnace is equipped and matched with an inner-bladder for pre-packing with the biomass fuel block, which includes a hole corresponding to central burning channel in the fuel block. Such furnace body can be disposed with several separating plates with a hole for alignment correspondingly with central burning channel in the fuel block. There is a gap between outside of the inner furnace-bladder and inner side of the furnace body for communication with the air-inlet in the furnace body that is linked with bellows, an air-drawing device linked to the furnace top, or both. Preferred Method: The biomass fuel block is particularly placed into the furnace-bladder and then into the apparatus with the various fuel blocks separated into layers if they are used.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Blocks: Such fuel bocks are made from biomass material through compression to form a compact and densely-bound state, which is particularly obtained by mixing the biomass material with a binder for the production of a tightly and densely bound state. The fuel block is especially of columnar or polygonal shape. EXAMPLE - Straw and other waste materials were compressed into the biomass fuel block with a central burning channel for air and oxygen supply during combustion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ketone solvent is acetone. The acid neutralizing agent is alkaline or alkaline earth metal carbonate acid neutralizing agent (preferably potassium carbonate acid neutralizing agent). The alcohol is 2-propanol. ACTIVITY - Neuroleptic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Serotonin (5-HT2) receptor antagonist; Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist.    EXAMPLE - 6-Fluoro-3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole HCl (2.56 g), 3-(2-iodoethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-pyrido(1,2-a)pyrimidine-4-one (2.56 g), potassium carbonate (2.76 g) and acetone (50 ml) were added. The suspension was boiled for 6 hours during stirring and then water (100 ml) was added to the suspension and the acetone was distilled off under reduced pressure. The suspension was cooled to 20degreesC and stirred for 1 hour. After work-up risperidone (3.77 g; 92% yield) was obtained; which was recrystallized from 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide semiconductor is partially tetrahedrally-bonded. The tetrahedrally-bonded compound is of formula (A)(B)O2.A=Cu, Ag, Au or a metal ion that can achieve 1+ charge state;B=Ga, In, Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Rh, Sc, Y, a lanthanide ion or a metal ion that can achieve 3+ charge state.Preferred Method: Step (A) additionally includes providing a zinc oxide structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: A membrane film is disposed on the inner surfaces of the feed flow channels. An intermediate layer is disposed between the membrane film and the inner surfaces of the feed flow channels. Preferred Material: The module support (150) is made of mullite (aluminum oxide (Al2O3)-silicon dioxide (SiO2)), alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), cordierite (2 magnesium oxide-2Al2O3-5SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), alumina-silica mixture, glasses, inorganic refractory or ductile metal oxides. The member comprises alpha-alumina or gamma-alumina. The module is made of Vycor glass. The film is made of glass. Preferred Dimension: The module length is equal to the length of the feed flow channels at 100-3000 mm. The module support has more than 20% of the total pore volume having a pore size of 0.5-25 microns. The intermediate layer has a thickness of 2-250 microns and a pore size of 2-500 nm. The module has a module hydraulic diameter of 10-50 mm, and an aspect ratio of the module hydraulic diameter to a module length greater than 5-10. The feed flow channels have a size and shape defining a channel density of 50-600 channels/in2 in a module frontal area, a channel hydraulic diameter of 0.5-2 mm, a web thickness between channel walls (114) less than the rim distance of 0.2-5 mm, and a percent open frontal area (OFA) of 30-60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The film is made of palladium (Pd), Pd-alloy, Pd-silver (Ag), Pd-copper (Cu), zeolite, alumina, zirconia, or silica. The intermediate layer is made of alumina, silica, and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The film is made of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The catalyst comprises copper and zinc supported on alumina. A portion of the solvent is vaporized and removed as overheads, where all of the vaporized solvent in the overheads is condensed and returned to the column as reflux. Spent catalyst is removed in a slip stream and makeup catalyst is added as needed. Temperature is 350-650degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is hydrolase or oxidoreductase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous decompose-treatment liquid further contains surface active agent having hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of 4-20. The amount of water retention agent and surface active agent in aqueous decompose-treatment liquid is 1-50 wt.% and 0.001-10 wt.%, respectively. Preferred Agent: The water retention agent is glycerol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The biodegradable resin is aliphatic or alicyclic polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The gas treatment equipment is provided with a water storage tank (11) which supplies water to the washing liquid tank, an alcohol storage tank (12) which supplies alcohol, a separator (14) which separates the adhered materials, alcohol, and water, a piping (15) which returns the alcohol and water, a discharge port (17) which removes the adhered materials, and a mist separator which separates the fuel gas and washing liquid, provided at the removal opening of the fuel gas of the dehumidifier. The washing liquid after dissolving the adhered materials is extracted and separated into alcohol and water. The alcohol and water are then recycled as washing liquid, and the materials are ejected out.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The washing liquid comprises a water-soluble alcohol, and is preferably a liquid mixture of water and alcohol with a concentration of 20% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: After carbonizing the plant, the solid material is pulverized. The liquid component is a purified residue of a vegetable oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refuse-derived fuel additive further contains an alkaline inorganic substance selected from soft burned dolomite, slaked lime, blast-furnace slag fine powder and/or steel manufacture type slag. The particles surface of the alkaline inorganic substance is coated with the water absorbing resin. The additive comprises a water absorbing resin and alkali inorganic substance, in a mass ratio of 1/100-2/1.Preferred Property: The alkaline inorganic substance has a mass average particle diameter of 1-300 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The water absorbing resin has a water absorbing performance of 100-1000 g/1 g of the resin, with respect to pure water. The water absorbing resin has a mass average particle diameter of 1-850 microns. EXAMPLE - Acrylic acid (in g) (120) was taken in a beaker, and 48 mass% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (132), water (548) and 50 mass% acrylamide aqueous solution (200) were added and cooled to 5degreesC. The solution was transferred to a heat insulation polymerization tank, and then 35 mass% hydrogen peroxide (0.0007), L-ascorbic acid (0.00025) and 4,4'-azobis (4-cyano valeric acid) (0.125) were added. The reaction mixture was polymerized at 72degreesC for 5 hours, and a water-containing gel form polymer was obtained. The obtained polymer was dried at 100degreesC for 1 hour, ground and dry powder of particle size 50-500 microns was obtained. The obtained dry powder (100) was heated for 60 minutes, and water-absorbing resin was obtained. The obtained resin had a mass average particle diameter of 230 microns and a water absorbing performance of 300 g/g. The refuse-derived fuel additive was formed using the obtained water-absorbing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The regeneration processing apparatus further has an exhaust-heat utilization heat exchanger (7), a resources-recovery unit (3), and a heat exchanger (E) for heating. The exchanger (7) heats water by waste gas (Ex) generated by combustion of carbonization gas. The unit (3) removes carbide-material from carbonization furnace. The heat exchanger (E) heat-retains the organic material storage chamber with water heated by the exchanger (7), by exchanging heat between air of organic material storage chamber. The exhaust-heat utilization heat exchanger is equipped with a steam-generation heat exchanger (71), which generates vapor (S). Preferred Process: The carbide material is removed from carbonization furnace. Some of carbide materials are then mixed with organic waste material. The organic waste material is dried with vapor generated by heating water with waste gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The viscous descent substance is hydrophobic material whose viscosity is less than contamination oil component, preferably straight mineral oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gasification catalyst contains cerium as auxiliary component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Biomass is cellulose. EXAMPLE - Nickel nitrate (in g) (2.2021) was dissolved in ion exchange water, and HSZ-930NHA (H-beta type zeolite support having silica and alumina in a ratio of 27) (4) was impregnated. The zeolite support was baked in presence of air before impregnation. The zeolite support is then calcined at 500degreesC for 6 hours and then dried at 120degreesC. The obtained precursor was baked, and then calcined at 700degreesC for 3 hours. Thus, nickel supporting H-beta type zeolite catalyst having nickel (10 wt.%) was obtained. The obtained catalyst (1) was filled in a reaction tube, and cellulose (0.3) was dropped. Reaction was performed for 7 times, and hydrogen (1627 micronsol), carbon monoxide (2153 micronsol), carbon dioxide (2642 micronsol) and methane (110 micronsol) were obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Cyclic carboxylic acid compound is of formula (1).R = hydrogen or 1-7C alkyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Cyclic carboxylic acid compound is cyclopentane carboxylic acid.    EXAMPLE - Cyclopentane carboxylic acid and n-hexane were stirred together in a weight ratio of 30:70. Then, cake filtration was carried out, and odorization agent for fuel gas was obtained.    The obtained odorization agent exhibited favorable sensing effect with respect to fuel gas, and chemical stability. Catalyst poisoning of fuel-gas odorization agent was prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The gasification processing system has a tar decomposition installation in downstream side, and catalyst recovery equipment for recovering catalyst introduced to downstream side of gasifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nickel salt is nickel nitrate. Tungsten salt is tungstic acid ammonium. Soluble nickel salt is nickel nitrate or nickel carbonate. The catalyst is obtained by carbonizing composite of dolomite, nickel, and tungsten salt, cobalt salt and/or molybdenum salt. Preferred Method: Carbonation of mixture is performed using ammonium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate, and nickel ammonium complex is produced by carbonation reaction. Soluble nickel salt, dolomite, and tungsten salt and/or molybdenum salt are mixed, heated and cured at 45degreesC or more. The cured product is washed and dried at 500degreesC or more to obtain gasification catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The slurry is cleaned to remove particles of insoluble inorganic materials, and to remove any plastic, before the anaerobic digestion step. The gas stream is burnt to generate heat, which is used to dry the dewatered slurry. It is used as a fuel for a gas turbine to generate electricity. The hot exhaust gases are used to dry the dewatered slurry. The anaerobic digestion step is performed for not greater than 24 hours. The waste stream is obtained from municipal solid waste by classifying into different fractions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Device: The shutter slides corresponding to the rotation axis and swivels without sliding, when the cover (3) is changed from closing to opening position. The shutters (12, 13) are arranged at lower than 10degrees and 170degrees in the opening and closing position respectively. The groove comprises thrust bearings to limit the sliding motion of the shutter. The bearing for closing the cover is formed by a rod in groove and the face of the shutter forms the opening bearing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Heat transfer tubes are double-tubes so that the solid particles forming catalyst beds are disposed both outside heat transfer tubes and inside the heat transfer tubes. The built-in elements are peripheral heat transfer tubes. They are elongated components such as metallic rods. They are in direct contact with the external reactor wall. They have a triangular or semi-circular cross-section. The heat exchanging medium passing through the peripheral heat transfer tubes is a fluid gas running counter-currently to the process gas stream passing through catalyst bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The synthesis gas is passed to a steam reformer to convert hydrocarbons to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The steam reformer contains a catalyst. Hydrocarbon synthesis is performed using a copper/zinc oxide catalyst or an iron, cobalt, nickel or platinum catalyst. The engine has a controllable gas mixer for adjusting the heating value of its gas supply. The engine is a spark ignition engine with an injection system for injecting processed condensate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polynucleotide: The polynucleotide has the nucleotide sequence of a coding region of a sequence comprising 4359 bp (SEQ ID NO: 3), or the polynucleotide is hybridizable with a probe that can be prepared from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 under the stringent conditions. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed as new are peptides having larval growth inhibiting or insecticidal effect on Scarabaeidae insects, in particular Anomala cuprea, Blitopertha orientalis and Popillia japonica, and use of the sporangia of Bacillus popilliae in control of Scarabaeidae.    ACTIVITY - Insecticide.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.    SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - The polynucleotide comprises a fully defined sequence comprising 4359 bp (SEQ ID NO: 3), encoding polypeptide having larval growth inhibiting or insecticidal effect, which comprises 1316 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 4).    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further includes generating the electromagnetic energy from an antenna or microwave generator. It further comprises the stop of injecting a non-reactive gas to promote the stability of the plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas includes ammonia.It is a hydrogen-containing gas consisting of air, natural gas, methane or water vapor.The non-reactive gas is argon, helium, and/or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The dielectric diaphragm is made of chemically resistant plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The water-removal portion has water condenser and desiccant containing silica gel or calcium chloride. The water-removal portion is related to the flow of reformed gas, and is arranged at upstream side of the carbon monoxide removal portion and downstream side of modification portion and carbon monoxide shift portion. Preferred Method: The content of water remaining in reformed gas, after removal of water is 3.2 mol% or less. A portion or whole of removed water is supplied with reformed gas subjected to methanation, to fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The methanation catalyst is alumina with which ruthenium is supported, or zeolite with which ruthenium is supported. The zeolite is mordenite type zeolite, beta type zeolite, Y type zeolite, ZSM-5 zeolite and/or faujasite. The pore diameter and pore volume of the methanation catalyst support is 6.3 Angstrom or more and 0.3-1 cm3/g. The content of ruthenium in the methanation catalyst is 0.5-4.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The power-supply material consists of porous sintered compact obtained from titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The support contains aluminum. The active-metal component contains nickel, cobalt and/or zinc. Preferred Method: At least one type of de-sulfurizing agent is added in the front stage or later stage of the sulfur removal method. After performing sulfur removal, a cleanup desulfurizing agent is used for removing remaining sulfur. The catalyst used for partial modification, auto thermal modification or steam reforming of processed fuel, is ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The sulfur-compound-containing liquid fuel is alcohol, ether, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, fuel oil, asphaltene oil, oil-sand oil, coal liquid, shale oil, waste-plastic oil and/or bio fuel. EXAMPLE - Nickel-nitrate hexahydrate (in g) (25) was dissolved in water (20 mL). The obtained solution was impregnated into alumina support (45), followed by drying at 60degreesC for 2 hours and at 110degreesC overnight. Baking was performed for 3 hours at 400degreesC in air atmosphere. Reduction was performed for 3 hours at 300degreesC in hydrogen atmosphere, to obtain a desulfurizing agent of nickel content 10 mass%. 2.5 mL of the obtained desulfurizing agent was contacted with kerosene oil of liquid-space-velocity 20 hour-1, at room temperature. The sulfur content in the kerosene oil was measured and found to be 0.5 wt.ppm. It was found that the desulfurizing agent had excellent desulfurization capability at 80degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic waste liquid is processed with alkali in a batch type aerator by standard activation sludge method at 40degreesC and the BOD of the waste liquid is reduced to 20 ppm or less. The alkali processed waste material is further fermented with symbiotic mixed culture containing thermophilic bacterium (Actinomyces thermophilus SK 053 (FERM P- 13598) grown at 10-85degreesC and pH 5.3-10.8) having lignin solubility and cellulose resolvability, and thermophilic cellulose decomposing microbe (Clostridium thermocellum SK522 (FERM-BP 3459)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Feature: A rotating disc (7) fixed to the rotary shaft of blade, has air permeability and controls the upward movement of hydrated gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor is a single integrated reactor in which all three of the successive treatment stages occur. The reactor comprises at least one stack of plates between the treatment channels and heat transfer channels are defined alternately in the stack. (I) further comprises means to remove any sulfur-containing compounds. The tail gas stream is generated by removing hydrogen from the gas stream emerging from (c) after the water gas shift reaction, and the tail gas stream is supplied as fuel for the combustion channels. Preferred Process: In (a), (A) is heated by heat exchange from the exhaust gases from the catalytic combustion channels. The gas stream emerging from (c) after the water gas shift reaction is supplied to a hydrogen separation unit that separates the gas stream into a hydrogen stream containing at least 50% of the hydrogen, and a tail gas stream. The treatment stages are at an elevated pressure of 0.4-1.4 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The non-edible vegetable oil sources are plant species from Jatropha, Pongamia, Madhuca indica, Neem or Rice bran oil; or plant species from Jatropha curcas, Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca indica, Neem or Rice bran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The acidic catalyst used in the esterification step is neutralized with the basic catalyst used in the trans-esterification step. The process may comprise providing the feedstock of non-edible vegetable oil source having free fatty acid in a reaction vessel attached with a column or soxhlet apparatus filled with a water adsorbent; adding the alcohol and the acidic catalyst in the reaction vessel; reacting the alcohol and the free fatty acid in the presence of the acidic catalyst to obtain a mixture of fatty acid ester and triglycerides; and adding the alcohol and the basic catalyst into the same to trans-esterify the triglycerides to fatty acid esters, where the fatty acid ester thus produced is capable of being used as a biodiesel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water scavenger is phosphorus trichloride. The water adsorbent is zeolites, silica gels, acidic clays or molecular sieves. The acidic catalyst is sulfuric acid, or hydrochloric acid. The basic catalyst is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feedstock includes free fatty acid concentration of more than 1%. It is non-edible vegetable oil sources. The water scavenger is 2,2-dimethoxypropane. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The basic catalyst is sodium methoxide or potassium ethoxide. The biodiesel is capable of augmenting the lubricity of petroleum diesel. The acidic catalyst is p-toluene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The propellant is a mixture of (wt.%) propane (15 - 25) and isobutane (75 - 85). The surfactant is (wt.%) sodium lauryl sulfate (0.5 - 2), betaine surfactant or cocamidopropyl betaine (0.5 - 2.5). Preferred Composition: (c1) further comprises a binder agent; agent selected from fluoride ion source, arginine ester, zinc ion source, stannous ion source, delmopinol, antibacterial agent, and triclosan and its salt; and an agent selected from chlorhexidine, alexidine, hexetidine, sanguinarine, benzalkonium chloride, salicylanilide, domiphen bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC), octenidine, octapinol, nisin, zinc ion source, copper ion source, essential oil, furanone, enzyme, peptide, protein, bacteriocin, its salt and honokiol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder agent is carrageenan, chitosan, agar, xanthan gum, guar gum, starch, cellulosic polymer or marine colloid. EXAMPLE - An oral care mousse was prepared. First, a dentifrice composition of the mousse was prepared by combining the ingredients (wt.%) glycerin (8), demineralized water (9), polyethylene glycol 600 (1.4), carrageenan concentrate (0.5), sodium saccharin (0.35), sorbitol (70% solution in water) (62.277), color solution (0.08), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (0.5), sodium fluoride (0.243), silica (13.3), sodium lauryl sulfate (1) and cocamidopropyl betaine (30% solution in water) (2). Subsequently, a propellant mixture (75% isobutene and 25% propane) (3 wt.%) was added to it to form an emulsion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises regenerating the absorbent solution by passing a sweep gas through the fiber lumens for a predetermined regeneration period; humidifying the gaseous mixture prior to introduction to the hollow fiber membrane module; and heating the gaseous mixture prior to introduction to the hollow fiber membrane module. The step of regeneration of the absorbent solution is performed on a cyclic basis. The step of absorption of the gas from the gaseous mixture is undertaken in connection with a battery or a fuel cell. The predetermined period is a period of less than or equal to8 hours. The hollow fiber membrane defines a longitudinal axis and where the hollow fibers are aligned with the longitudinal axis. The absorbent solution is provided to eliminate air gaps from the region defined between the hollow fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sweep gas is air or nitrogen. The gas that is absorbed from the gaseous mixture is carbon dioxide. The gaseous mixture is atmospheric air. The absorbent solution is a hygroscopic nonvolatile solution. The absorbent solution includes a carrier. The hygroscopic nonvolatile solution includes chemically reactive, reversible, non-volatile absorbent. The absorbent solution is in the form of a suspension that includes water. The hollow fibers are hydrophobic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorbent solution includes glycerol, and/or glycerol carbonate. The carrier is sodium glycinate, lithium glycinate, or potassium glycinate. The absorbent solution includes at least one dendrimer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hollow fibers are fabricated from microporous polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-production fluid is discharged at a pressure of at least approximately 100 psi and less than approximately 250 psi. The hydrogen-producing region is adapted to produce the stream containing hydrogen gas via a steam reforming reaction, and the hydrogen-production fluid includes water and carbon-containing feedstock(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-production fluid comprises methanol and water. The heating fuel is a low molecular weight, condensable fluid. It is at vapor-liquid phase equilibrium during operation of the hydrogen generation assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide possessing more than one oxidation state is tin oxide. The promoter is cobalt oxide. The catalyst comprises at least two promoters, e.g. iron oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, or tungsten oxide. The two precious metals are platinum and ruthenium. Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises two precious metals (1.25 wt.%), promoter metal oxide (10 wt.%), and tin-oxide (89 wt.%). Each of precious metals (ruthenium and platinum) is present at approximately 0.625 wt.%. The catalyst is supported on a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The spray is adapted for increasing the surface area of water introduced into the enclosure. It is located within the enclosure. It comprises a plastic tubing (5A) configured for generation of a water spray curtain. The gas collector comprises a manifold and separate outlets connected to the manifold that are configured for hydrogen and oxygen transport away from the enclosure. Water level controller (6A) is within the enclosure. The enclosure comprises a shielded container (1A) and a shielded top cover connected by conductive gaskets and latch. A center cover is connected to the shielded container and the shielded top cover by greater than or equal to2 conductive gaskets and the latch. Water heater is in thermal communication with the water reservoir and pump. The shielded electronic connection comprises greater than or equal to2 shielded coaxial cable inputs (12B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The total content of components in the liquid fuel except methanol and water is less than or equal to10 ppm or less. The total content of ketone components and aldehyde components in the liquid fuel is less than or equal to5 ppm. The liquid fuel comprises less than or equal to1 ppm halogen components, and less than or equal to5 ppm alkali metal components. Preferred Components: The cartridge stores the direct methanol fuel cell liquid fuel containing methanol and water to be supplied to an anode of a direct methanol fuel cell. A material for a member to be brought into contact with the liquid fuel contains no components soluble in methanol or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The desulfurizer (1) has desulfurizing agent (1a) having normal temperature sulfur absorption capacity. The desulfurizer (2) has transition metal group desulfurizing agent (2a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Metal and debris are removed from molding lump ejected from pyrolysis furnace, and lump is sifted out. Carbonization gas produced from pyrolysis furnace is passed through a dust separator (9), and dust collected in separator is mixed with dry distillation residue ejected from pyrolysis furnace. The dust-removed combustible gas is reformed by catalyst or partial oxidation. The reformed gas is purified and introduced to gas turbine and gas engine to generate electric power. The molding lump is heated at 50-200degreesC when adding binder. Molding lump and blast furnace coke are mixed and used for waste material melting furnace. Preferred Condition: The crushing strength of molding lump of plus sieve is 50-700 kgf. The dry distillation temperature of raw material is 500-1400degreesC. Preferred Material: The raw material is biomass of coal, coppiced timber, waste, construction waste material, industrial waste, sewage sludge, paper manufacture sludge, livestock excrement litter, and saw dust. The binder is tar-pitch type binder, sawdust or its mixture. The weight ratio of binder with respect to dry distillation residue is 2-40%. The weight ratio of molding lump supplied with respect to waste material in melting furnace is 2-10%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The pyrolysis furnace is vertical shaft furnace, rotary-kiln furnace, coke oven, fluid bed pyrolysis furnace and batch-type pyrolysis furnace. Double roll forming type machine maintained at pressure of 1 t/cm or more is used for molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The starting materials are mixed by a wet blending process. The aluminum content of the mixture is at least 2 wt.%. Sintering is carried out prior to melting. The heat-melting process involves heating to 1400-1650 degreesC using a hydrothermal hot-press apparatus. A hydrothermal process seals the quartz glass by treatment with aqueous alkali (preferably sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide) of concentration greater than 0.5N with processing at 250-400 degreesC. The mixed powder is molded by a pressurizing process.Preferred Materials: Albite (NaAlSi3O8) is used as the aluminum compound. The sodium of albite may be substituted by lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process further enables dehydrating the soft body portions of scallops. Dehydration is performed using a rotation dehydrator with hot air. The reduction in moisture content using the compression dehydrator is 40%. The moisture content is adjusted to 5% or less in a drying chamber. The pre-processing is performed by installing a suction installation in the drying chamber. The process further involves performing catalytic reduction in the presence of catalytically active carbon/charcoal and carbonizing at 250degreesC for 20 minutes. The process is performed using a compression dehydrator, agitator-1, agitator-2, vibration screen, drying chamber, pyrolysis furnace and cooler from a hopper hot-air agitator. The carbonized material is a secondary product of activated carbon. EXAMPLE - Catalytically active carbon was mixed with scallop viscera (300 g) having a moisture content of 75%. The product was dried for 30 minutes and the moisture content was reduced to 5%. The obtained product was finally cooled for 20 minutes to obtain carbonized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Condition: The decomposition of fat and oil containing waste material is performed at 40-70degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Organic refuse is ground and stirred in a stirring tank with mud or sludge rich in aqueous anaerobic bacteria. The stirred material is put into a silo under anaerobic conditions, and held for a fixed period to carry out decomposition of organic refuse. Methane gas generated in the silo is removed and collected. The residue remaining in the silo is ejected, and the empty silo is used for the stirred material. The mixture is added to the organic refuse after grinding. The generated methane gas is adsorbed in activated carbon in which water is adsorbed, for storage.Preferred Conditions: The chips are ground to a dimension which allows passage through 8 mm sieve. The deposition period is 20-30 days. The temperature suitable for methane fermentation is 25degreesC or more.Preferred Materials: The mud or sludge is mud or sludge suitable for habitation of both hydrogen-production microbe and methane-production microbe, sludge of bottom of lakes and marshes, mud of bottom of places where river water containing organic matter is present, mud of lotus-root fields, domestic wastewater, wastewater of hot spring bathrooms, and/or stagnated sludge. The lignocellulose-type material is a mixture of material containing wood-type portions, branches and trunks of trees, discarded trees, discarded vegetables, weeds refuse, and straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pentose fermentative bacteria is a gene recombinant Escherichia coli having alcohol fermentation ability. EXAMPLE - Production of ethanol was carried out as follows. Building waste material was crushed and mixed with dilute sulfuric acid, and heated at 160 degreesC for 10 minutes. Then, 25 g/l of calcium hydroxide was added to 1000 ml of the filtrate of the hydrolyzed substance and was maintained at 60 degreesC for 30 minutes, and the pH was adjusted between 9.5 and 10.1. Gene recombinant Escherichia coli KO11 (ATCC 55124) (pentose fermentative bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Superstar) (yeast A), and S.cerevisiae AM-12 (yeast B) where cultured in appropriate culture media, and the culture solution was obtained. The neutralized hydrolyzate of waste building material was fermented by adding the recombinant E.coli and yeast A, E.coli and yeast B, E.coli, yeast A, or yeast B. The amount of ethanol produced in each case was measured. The results showed that the production amount was high when combination of recombinant E.coli and yeast A (49 g/l), or E.coli and yeast B (45 g/l) was used for the fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Raw Material: The mushroom waste cultivation bed is maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) waste microbial bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Stirrer: The stirrer (8) has one or more wiper arms (5) above the biomass (1), with one or more wipers (6) which can be loose or fixed to the arm and which are pulled round as the stirrer rotates, with the free ends pulled in to the axis of rotation. The delivery system is driven by a motor (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The clathrate composition is a dry solid clathrate composition. The clathrate composition is a dry solid clathrate composition. It is in the form of pellets or powder. The wettable porous solid is non-organic. The wettable porous solid is silica gel particles or porous glass beads. The CO2 is used in liquid form. The wettable porous solid is silica gel or glass beads. Surfactants, or other clathrate promoters are used to promote clathrate nucleation, growth or stability.Preferred Method: The method further comprises providing a non-organic wettable porous solid in contact with the host. The temperature and pressure conditions of 200-2500 psia and 0-l5degreesC are used to form the clathrate. After the bulk of clathrate formation the temperature is adjusted to 0.2-0.5degreesC to complete reaction. The temperature is reduced further before the product is removed from the reactor. The reaction is carried out at constant pressure conditions. Additional guest is added after reaction is apparently complete.Preferred Material: The clathrate composition is CO2 hydrate composition. The wettable porous solid is silica gel or glass beads.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The apparatus is a hand held fire extinguisher or a sprinkler system. The method further comprises stirring the host with an agitator at 1000 rpm during the bulk of hydrate formation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material; The guest is methane, ethane, propane, butane, and/or CO2, or natural gas or hydrocarbon reservoir fluids. The host is water.Preferred Composition: The host occupies 25-30% of the volume of a reactor used to carry out the method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: 0-30% of oxygen is supplied to the burner with respect to theoretical oxygen amount required to burn fuel. The slag exhaust defect produced in gasifier is eliminated by raising the oxygen/fuel ratio rate of burner to oxygen-enrichment side. The slag exhaust defect is additionally eliminated by inserting or blowing iron oxide-containing material or slag forming agent containing calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and/or aluminum oxide into the furnace. Alternately, the amount of oxygen and fuel is increased, and slag is heated to eliminate slag exhaust defect. The gasifier has sealing-type homogenization furnace. Preferred Condition: The residence time of slag flow in homogeneous furnace is 3 minutes or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further comprises combining the second fraction with the second subfraction, thus forming a combined material reduced in fiber relative to the starting material. product is derived from wheat. The classifying uses gravity air elutriation. The separation is by sieving.Preferred Material: The processed grain product is derived from wheat or sorghum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The endothermic reaction comprises a steam reforming reaction. The exothermic reaction comprises a catalytic partial oxidation reaction. The transfer of thermal energy from the exothermic reaction to the endothermic reaction is performed, by bringing the gaseous reaction products mixture in thermal contact with a reactor or section of a reactor where endothermic reaction is performed.Preferred Parameter: The ratio of the first part of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream for the endothermic reaction and the second part of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream for the exothermic reaction, is between 1:50-1:1 on a molar basis. The steam to carbon ratio in the steam reforming reaction is between 1:1-1:10 on a molar basis. The carbon to oxygen ratio in the catalytic partial oxidation reaction is between 1:0.1-1:0.9 on a molar basis. The inlet temperature of the first part of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and steam is between 100-600degreesC. The inlet temperature of the second part of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and an oxygen containing gas is between 20-500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The thermal decomposition of methane is a heterogeneous reaction with integral, simultaneous production of carbon nanotubes and molecular hydrogen. The catalyst is in the form of a powder with granules of 1-50 (preferably 1-7) microns. The reaction temperature is 500-550 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyelectrolyte is a cationic polymer. The cationic polymer is a poly(dialkyldiallylammonium salt) or a poly(trialkylallylammonium salt). The assembled hematin of claim 3 wherein the poly(dialkyldiallylammonium salt is poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride). EXAMPLE - A polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hematin complex was obtained by, coupling PEG chains to a hematin molecule through ester linkages. The PEG-hematin complex was prepared by the addition of a mole equivalent of PEG (19 mg) to hematin (200 mg) in the presence of activators N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (0.05 g) and 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) (0.047 g) in dimethylformamide (DMF). The mixture was allowed to stir for 48 hours and quenched by the addition of a large volume of deionized water. The unreacted reagents were removed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The water layer was subsequently lyophilized to yield PEG-hematin as a reddish-brown solid with an average concentration of hematin in the PEG-hematin sample of 67 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first heat recovery steam generator transfers heat from the first working fluid heated by the geothermal energy source to water flowing in the first heat recovery steam generator. The hydrogen production system includes a first heat exchanger to receive steam from the first heat recovery steam generator and to transfer heat from hydrogen and/or oxygen produced by the electrolyzer to the steam received from the first heat recovery steam generator; an electric heater to heat the steam generated by the first heat recovery steam generator and heated by the first heat exchanger; a second heat recovery system to transfer heat to a second working fluid using heat from the first working fluid heated by the geothermal energy source; a turbine coupled to an electrical generator and driven by the second working fluid; and a second heat exchanger to transfer heat from hydrogen and/or oxygen produced by the electrolyzer to the second working fluid prior to entering the turbine. The first heat exchanger transfers heat to the second heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: An anode outlet opening extends through the planar member forming a portion of an outlet for discharging the input gas stream and connectable to an opposite end of the fluid flow channel, where the anode outlet opening comprises a third size that is larger than the second size. The anode separator plate further comprises tie bolt openings extending through the planar member. A portion of the fluid flow channel of the cathode separator plate adjacent to the cathode outlet opening comprises a reduced depth. The low-pressure supply is 1 psi and the high-pressure supply is greater than 400 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst comprises alkali metal or nickel mesh catalyst. It is barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2) supported on alumina. The catalyst is employed with a catalyst promoter, preferably cesium nitrate (CsNO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The HCFC or CFC reactant is a compound of formula RfCln. The HFC product is a compound of formula RfHn.Rf=fluorinated alkyl; andn=1-3.The HFC product is difluoromethane when the reactant is dichlorodifluoromethane or chlorodifluoromethane. It is trifluoromethane when the reactant is chlorotrifluoromethane. It is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane when the reactant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,2-dichloroethane. It is 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane when the reactant is 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-chloroethane. It is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane when the reactant is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-1-chloroethane. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The HCFC or CFC reactant is dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorotrifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-chloroethane, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-1-chloroethane.    EXAMPLE - A catalyst (50 cc) comprising BaNO3, CsNO3 and gamma-alumina was used in the reduction of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,2-dichloroethane (40 standard cubic centimeters per minute, sccm) to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at 600degreesC. The reducing agent was methane (20 sccm). Conversion of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2,2-dichloroethane was 95%. Selectivity to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was 92%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxide containing manganese and nickel is manganate. The manganate is manganic acid nickel. The predetermined gas is oxygen gas. The solid electrolyte is stabilized zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas-separation unit has inflow chamber (109) and recovery chamber (110), which are separated by a metal film (108). The thermal decomposition gas produced by heating unit is passed in inflow chamber via the film, and separated into cracked gas (I) recovered by recovery chamber, and cracked gas (II) does not passing through the metal film. The thermal decomposition gas produced from organic compound is trapped by organic compound layer supplied previously.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The cracked gas (I) is hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is origin of plants and animals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil-and-fat is synthetic triglyceride containing natural fats-and-oils and synthetic-oil fat, monoglyceride and/or diglyceride, their modified substance, or waste product of oil-and-fat. The alcohol is 1-5C lower alcohol. The anion exchanger is strongly basic anion exchange resin. The transesterification is carried out using an expanded bed column-type reactor. EXAMPLE - A solution (in g) (10) containing triolein (synthetic triglyceride of purity 99%) and ethanol in molar ratio of 1/10 was extracted into a bottle. Diaion PA 306S (RTM: porous-type anion exchange resin) (4) was supplied to the bottle. The reaction was performed for 3 hours. The production amount of ethyl oleate was 19.3 mmol. The catalyst had excellent activity (1.6 mmol/g-catalyst.hour) with respect to ethyl oleate production reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The reaction units (10,20) have fuel supply unit for supplying fuel, which exists in liquid film state. The reaction units (10,20,30) have cooling device for cooling mixture of gas produced by dehydrogenation and separating hydrogen gas, and hydrogen discharge port for ejecting separated hydrogen gas. The reaction unit (30) has replenishment unit for replenishing fuel for dehydrogenation and hydrogenation. Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen gas production apparatus has hydrogen separation component for absorbing and removing dehydrogenation product and selectively permeating hydrogen gas, at hydrogen discharge port, fuel storage unit for storing fuel supplied to reaction units (10,20), and dehydrogenation product storage unit for storing dehydrogenation product produced by units (10,20). The hydrogen gas production apparatus further has an internal combustion engine operated by supplying fuel containing hydrogen. The exhaust gas ejected from engine is supplied to heating unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel for dehydrogenation is composite fuel of decalin and monocyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon. The fuel contacting dehydrogenation and hydrogenation catalyst is composite fuel of monocyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and secondary alcohol. Preferred Compound: The monocyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon is substituted cyclohexane. Preferred Condition: The temperatures (t1-t3) are 450degreesC or more, 300degreesCplus minus100degreesC and 150degreesC or less, respectively.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The partial oxidation is carried out at 20-500degreesC.(II) is obtained by: bringing hydrogen into contact with a mixture of oxide and/or hydroxide of rare earths or metallic elements other than rare earths; or a process comprising: preparing a mixture of hydroxides of rare earths and metallic elements other than rare earths; subjecting the obtained mixture to a drying and/or a heat treatment; and contacting the resulting solid resulting with hydrogen.Preferred Components: In (II) the molar ratio of rare earths/other metallic elements is 1:0.01-1:10.(II) is of formula: (TMaOxHy) or (TM1a1M2a2OxHy).(III) comprises means of adjustment of the operating temperature to a temperature lower than 600degreesC.The anode in (III) is primarily constituted by (II), where the anode comprises (II) in a state supported on a support with a base of metallic oxide.T = rare earth or a mixture of rare earths (preferably Ce);M = metallic element or a mixture of metallic elements other than a rare earth;a, a2 = 0.01-10;x = 1-10;y = 0.1-100;M1 = Zr or Al;M2 = a metallic element or a mixture of metallic elements (other than Zr, Al and rare earths) (preferably Ni); anda1 = 0-1 (preferably 0 or 0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Plant: The process for supplying injection liquid (I) may be continuous or periodic. The retainer is constructed in such a way that the expulsion force of gas production occurs in the substrate stack and can be transferred to the bottom, wall and/or cover part of the base (1). The lower edge of the height 'h1' of the retainer (3) is no higher than the lower edge of the overflow outlet (5). The height 'h3' of the highest level of (I) in the anaerobic filter is no higher than the bottom of the reactor base. The system has a motorized system for introducing (I) into the stack, with automated cut-off, and continuous coupling of the reactor and filter; and heat register in the filter, which is used in compensating the total heat demand of the system. The pump pressure must be higher than the counter-pressure of (I) at the outlet (5). The system must have 2 or more reactors, preferably in tank form with door (23) on the gable end to ensure mobile access at 2 levels for charging and emptying purposes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A nechanically or electronically operated filter (F) with replaceable filter sheets is mounted in the passage between the mixer (M) and evaporator (V). The device is automatically controlled by a computer. The mixer and evaporator are made of stainless steel. The evaporator is equipped with a safety valve. The mixer has a spiral agitator that promotes emulsion formation with minimal centrifugal force. The evaporator is equipped with a hydrometer for determining the amount of product on the basis of its density. The mixer is equipped with a pH-measuring device with replaceable test strips for determining the acidity of its contents. EXAMPLE - Waste cooking oil (20 kg) is heated to 50degreesC in the evaporator. The mixer is charged with methanol (3 kg) and sodium hydroxide (0.2 kg). The device is twice rotated through 180degrees in 1 hour and left to stand for 10 hours. The mixture is filtered. Water is added and mixing is continued. The mixture is filtered again and heated in the evaporator until the hydrometer reading is 0.85-0.87, corresponding to the specific gravity of biodiesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feed gas stream includes natural gas.Preferred Process: The makeup water is provided by FTR.Preferred System: The system additionally comprises an additional makeup water stream containing recoverable organic compounds coupled to the organic compound recovery apparatus; a substituted makeup water system including recoverable organic compound coupled to the organic compound recovery apparatus to replace FTR waste water stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizer is selected from hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises (wt.%): oxygenate (30 - 70), oxidizer (30 - 70), oxygen (greater than or equal to33); and further comprises a diluent (greater than 2, preferably greater than or equal to25). Preferred Components: The oxygenate is selected from alcohols, diols, triols, ethers, ketones, diketones, esters and/or sugars (preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1-, 2-or tert-butanol, 1-, 2- or 3-pentanol, tert-amyl alcohol, 1-, 2- or 3-hexanol, dimethylether, diethylether, isopropylether, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl tert-amyl ether, glucose and/or sorbitol). The oxidizer is selected from organic peroxides. EXAMPLE - A fuel was prepared by mixing ethanol (2 g) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (2 g). The mixture was oxidized using MnO2 catalyst. The reaction was exothermic and produced a large amount of gas comprising (vol.%) H2 (30), CO2 (22) and a small amount of CO, with a liquid product containing ethoxy-acetic acid and 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon isotope segments are carbon-12 isotope segment, carbon-13 isotope segment or carbon-14 isotope segment. They further comprise catalyst powders from nickel powder and/or yttrium oxide powder. Preferred Method: The carbon rod is manufactured by a powder delamination pressing method or a paste delamination sintering method. The discharge current is 100 amperes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The amino acid comprises aliphatic, aromatic and/or acidic amino acid contained in foodstuff waste liquid.
EXAMPLE - No relevant example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal of reaction electrode is zinc, magnesium, aluminum or its alloy. The metal of counter electrode is nickel, iron, platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Nitrogen is supplied to methane gas hydrate layer, and methane gas hydrate is decomposed. Methane gas is then removed. Methane gas hydrate in the state of phase equilibrium has preset thermal stress relationship. The methane gas hydrate is kept constant in decomposition region by feeding nitrogen. Preferred Apparatus: The decomposition apparatus further has unit for calculating nitrogen amount supplied to methane gas hydrate storage portion, unit for monitoring decomposition process, and temperature sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The shock wave generating unit intermittently injects high-pressure-water vapor to reaction room interior, and generate a shock wave. The raw material heating unit has a combustion chamber, which burns intermittently the air-fuel mixture of heating chamber connected to reaction chamber, a fuel-supply unit for supplying fuel, and an oxidizing-agent supply unit for supplying oxidizing agent. The raw-material-supply unit and the combustion chamber are connected to heating chamber. The fuel-supply unit of raw material heating unit is connected with a feedback path, which partially returns hydrogen-containing-gas produced in reaction chamber to fuel-supply unit. The oxidizing-agent supply unit of raw material heating unit is formed as a tempered-air supply unit for pre-heating and supplying the air taken-in from outside. The tempered-air supply unit receives the heat of waste gas from combustion chamber, and pre-heats air. The oxidizing-agent supply unit receives oxygen from an oxygen-supply source. The shock wave generating unit has convergence portion for producing a convergence shock wave. The raw material heating unit further has a temperature-control unit for controlling the temperature in combustion chamber. The inner-wall temperature of combustion chamber is set such that the temperature-control unit optionally controls the temperature to be higher than the dew point temperature of water vapor under ignition temperature of fuel and air-fuel mixture. The raw material heating unit further has a forced exhausting unit for carrying out forcible exhaustion of combusted exhaust gas in combustion chamber. The raw material supply unit has a raw material particulation unit, which particulates the raw material before supplying to the raw material heating unit. A detonation is optionally generated in the combustion chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The high temperature portion of the apparatus comprises a modification part for producing reformed gas with hydrogen as a main component, while the low temperature part comprises a carbon monoxide decreasing part insulated by fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Apparatus: The particle of micro ash collected by dust collector, conforms to JISA6201 standard. The heat conductivity measurement of heat insulation molding conforms to JISA1412 standard. The heat insulation filling material conforms to JISA5011-1 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Insulation: The heat insulating material is formed by pouring a slurry-like mixture onto the surface of the fuel treating equipment, foaming and hardening. The slurry like mixture contains silica and alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The tar or tar precursor product is removed from the photography waste liquid using an adsorbent or oil adsorption film. Alternatively, electrolytic oxidation or chemical oxidation of photography waste liquid is performed, and tar is isolated during or after oxidation treatment. The concentration of halide in photography liquid is reduced by electrodialysis or ion-exchange resin process using an ion exchange membrane.Preferred Base Materials: The base materials are pearlite, vermiculite, amber soil, Kanuma soil, compost, humus, peat moss, water absorptive polymer, synthetic and/or natural zeolite and synthetic and/or natural clay. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Separation-removal of carbon dioxide and sulfur group impurities is carried out by contacting biogas and water in a high-pressure state of 0.55-2 MPaG, preferably 0.7-1 MPaG. The siloxane compound contained in biogas is condensed and separated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: Purified gas from the biogas refiner is stored temporarily in a purified-gas holder and then supplied to a purified-gas consumption installation. A purified-gas circulation line which supplies the purified gas from the gas holder to the gas-compression machine, is provided until the pressure in the absorption tower attains the preset value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The NAD(P)H dehydrogenase type II (NDH-II) is Agrobacterium tumefaciens NDH-II with a defined sequence of 421 amino acids. EXAMPLE - The N2Ag gene was amplified from Agrobacterium tumefaciens genomic DNA, digested with SmaI/MfeI and inserted into plasmid pGEND2 to obtain pSADN2Ag. An arginosuccinate lyase deficient mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was cotransformed with pSADN2Ag and p389 (a pBR329 derivative containing the Arg7 gene). Transformants having integrated the N2Ag gene were selected by detecting the gene by PCR (no data on hydrogen production are given).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The mixture comprises polyethylene and polypropylene. The plasma treatment comprises exposing the mixture to a microwave or radiofrequency plasma with a power of 50-600 W at a pressure of 10-6 to 1 Pa for 1-1000 seconds. The plasma treatment is effected under an oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia, nitric oxide, air or inert gas atmosphered. The plasma-treated mixture is stored for 20-30 hours. The mixture is charged in a fluidized bed with an air flow rate of 1-10 m/second, a relative humidity of 0-95% and a temperature of 0-140degreesC for at least 10 seconds or in a shaker vessel at a relative humidity of 0-95% and a temperature of 0-140degreesC for at least 10 seconds. Electrostatic sorting is effected in a free-fall separator with a field strength of 1-10 kV/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: When the flow rate detection unit detects the flow rate of the gas, the control unit allows the gas supply from the gas tank as the first group while interrupting the gas supply from the gas tank as the second group. When the flow rate of the gas detected by the flow rate detection unit is higher than a predetermined reference value, the control unit makes a determination that there is a leakage of the gas. When the flow rate of the gas is not detected by the flow rate detection unit, the control unit supplies the gas from the gas tank as the first group to the unit that demands gas supply when a total amount of the residual gas in the n units of the gas tanks as the first group is larger than the first predetermined value, and supplies the gas from the gas tank as the second group to the unit that demands gas supply when the total amount of the residual gas in the n units of the gas tanks as the first group is smaller than the first predetermined value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Feature: The cavity resonator chamber is formed of corrosion-resistant metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The halloysite comprises at least 30 wt.% halloysite tubules (320). The metallized halloysite comprises 1-10 wt.% metal.Preferred Property: The halloysite tubules have a length of 0.1-1000 microns and a diameter of 0.02-1 microns. At least 80 wt.% of the halloysite tubules has an aspect ratio of the length to the diameter of 2-10 (2-8).Preferred Component: The metal is copper, iron, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, alloys of each of these metals, or oxides of each of these metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mono-alkyl esters from the vapor stream are substantially condensed prior to or during separation from glycerol. Condensing of mono-alkyl esters and glycerol of the vapor stream to yield a liquid stream. The feed stream is obtained by esterification of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The triglycerides are comprised in a feed source selected from vegetable oil, animal fat and/or waste type gases. The method further involves substantially separating water present in the feed source prior to esterification by volatility. The separation of alcohol, water and salts from the feed stream are occurs in an evaporator (preferably agitated films evaporator). The separation of mono-alkyl ethers from glycerol is by gravity. The separation of mono-alkyl esters from glycerol occurs in a centrifuge or in a column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reaction and separation reaction are alternately promoted by electronic effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Warm water is produced by heat exchange during cooling of reformed gas, or warm water produced during cooling of reformed gas.Preferred Material: The waste material contains 5 mass% or more waste plastics. The water vapor and/or gas produced by gasification of the waste material is used as gas reforming medium. The reformed gas has a dew point of 80degreesC or less.Preferred Process: The reformed gas is cooled using a saturation type gas-cooling apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage unit has hydrogen storage metal capable of removing and storing only hydrogen from fluid substance (II). The unit (20A) has unit for supplying hydrogen directly to load at different timing. The hydrogen storage unit is equipped with several store rooms each containing hydrogen storage metal. The stored hydrogen is discharged by hydrogen occlusion alloy stored in any one of store rooms. The modification unit has vaporizer (11) for heating and vaporizing fluid substance (I), and modifier (12) for modifying the vaporized substance. The modification unit has several reactors having reaction flow path formed by micro substrate, and are spaced apart.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of hydrated tetraethyl ammonium and/or its salt, and triethylamine is 1:0.1-1:2. The sum total content of hydrated tetraethyl ammonium and/or its salt, and triethylamine with respect to 100 mol of pseudo boehmite by alumina reference, is 165-450 mol. The reaction mixture contains 40-60 mol of water with respect to 100 mol of pseudo boehmite. The liquefied petroleum gas contains 70-100% of propane. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal synthesis is performed at 160-210degreesC. EXAMPLE - Ion exchange water (in g) (120) and CATALOID AP-1 (pseudo boehmite) (91.7) were added to phosphoric acid (97.5). Subsequently, sodium silicate (161) was added over 2 hours. 35 wt.% hydrated tetraethyl ammonium aqueous solution (333.3) and tetraethylamine (59.4) were continuously added and stirred to obtain raw material mother gel. The gel was maintained at 180degreesC for 12 hours and the obtained product was filtered and washed with ion exchange water. The obtained cake was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 550degreesC for 3 hours to obtain SAPO-34. SAPO-34 was used as catalyst for olefin-containing gas synthesis and used for manufacturing liquefied petroleum gas. Liquefied petroleum gas containing 86 wt.% of propane was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Element : The element comprises a multilayered tube, a feed vessel, a connector, an adapter, a filter and a part of a pump or of a valve. Preferred Materials : The polyamide molding material is PA-46, -66, -610, -612, -88, -810, -1010-, -1012, -1212, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 or -12, a copolyamide based on these polyamides and/or a branched polyamide-polyamine copolymer and has an antistatic finish.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Combustible Substance: The combustible substance may be petrol, fuel oil or other petroleum oils, vegetable oil or other inflammable chemical substance. Preferred Other Waste: The other industrial or agricultural waste may be: wood shavings, ground wood waste, rice straw, cereal straw, dried and ground plants, cacao and coconut husks, dried and ground food waste, animal flours, plastic waste etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred features: The screws are mounted in ball bearings on the side furthest from the press chamber and in narrow pipe sections on the side nearest to it. Guide strips for the material are mounted on the base of the screw housing, between the screw blades. The hopper is fitted with blades which shred the refuse sacks containing the recycled material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred features: A section (19) of the press channel is removable. It has bores (24) which allow moisture to flow out. These decrease in size with distance from the main press channel and have a conical or stepped cross-section..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: Units for reducing the moisture content in the waste are provided in a drying zone (2). The thermal afterburning unit is a vortex burner. The device further comprises an incineration unit (4) and an ash removing unit (5). Units (7) suction vapors from the drying zone, carbonizing gas from the carbonizing unit and/or flue gas from the incineration unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonionic emulsifying agents exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of at least 14. The emulsifying agents are fattyacid alkoxylate with 10-40 (preferably 15-30) alkoxy units. The cellulose derivatives are hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose. (I) are present as foams or shaving gels removable from a pressurized package, which exhibits two chambers. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The glycerinepolyglycoletherisostearate is glycerinepolyglycolether-90-isostearate.    EXAMPLE - Typical foam shave comprises (wt.%): palmitic acid (2.75); stearic acid (2.75); glycerine (2); 25% of sodium-laurylmyristylether sulfate (5); fatty acid amidoalkylbetain (1.5); triethanolamine (3.8); ethyleneglycolmonolaurylether (2.75), glycerinepolyglycol (90) ether isostearate (0.10); paraffin oil (1); dimethylsiloxaneglycolcopolymer (0.50); stearyl alcohol (0.10), propylparaben (sufficient quantity); isobutane (2.9); propane (0.95); butane (0.2); methylparaben (sufficient quantity); perfume (sufficient quantity) and water (up to 100).
EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The housing also has a second partition (126).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy is a AB5 type alloy and represented by formula (I).Lm(NixMy) (I)Lm = La-rich misch metal comprising La and at least one element from Ce, Pr, Nd, or Sm;M = Al, Ti, Zr, Sn, or Ca;x, y = molar numbers; and(x+y) = 5.x and y satisfy the following relations:4 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 5; and0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1.When lanthanum (La) occupies 70-90 wt.% Lm and cerium occupies 5-25 wt.% Lm in the hydrogen storage alloy, the hydrogen supplied by the system is higher than 0.1 MPa at room temperature by fully-opening the control valve.When La occupies 50-70 wt.% Lm and Ce occupies 25-45 wt.% Lm in the hydrogen storage alloy, the hydrogen supplied by the system is higher than 0.5 MPa at room temperature by fully-opening the control valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Temperature and/or pressure inside the reaction tank are controlled to temperature and pressure suitable for generation of nucleus of clathrate hydrate. The slurry from the reaction tank is introduced into the tank (20), and temperature and/or pressure of tank (20) is controlled to temperature and pressure suitable for crystal growth of clathrate hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction tank has water supply port (3), and source gas supply port (7). The manufacturing apparatus has water supply unit, source gas supply unit, slurry introduction tank (20) in which slurry (25) is introduced through piping (21), cooling units (14,23) for tanks (2,20), dehydration unit (22) for dehydrating the slurry introduced in the tank (20), and return unit (26) to return the water obtained by dehydration to the reaction tank. The electrode (11) is a cylindrical shape electrode. The nozzle sprays water inside the electrode (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagents: The oxidant of redox medium is I3- or IO3- and its reduced form is I-, or ferric ion and its reduced form is ferrous ion. A visible light responsive photocatalyst absorbs visible light and can generate the oxidant of hydrogen and a redox medium. The visible light responsive photocatalyst is a dye sensitizing photocatalyst which comprises pigment/dye and semiconductor components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic waste contains fermentation residue, which is composted, carbonized or incinerated. Preferred Property: The blasting processed material is a solid substance having diameter of 0.5-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film forming gelling agent is gelatine containing micro organism nutrient, micro organism cultures, micro organism activators and additional micro organism nutrients.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The pyrolyzer is periodically cycled to an oxidizing input to eliminate carbon build-up and generate fuel used to heat the pyrolyzer and also to provide water and/or space heating. The pyrolyzer operates in three modes, being pyrolysis of the fuel to carbon and hydrogen, oxidation of the carbon deposit and purging of the pyrolyzer with an oxygen free gas ready for the next pyrolysis cycle. The subsequent to oxidation the pyrolyzer is purged with a non-oxidizing gas, prior to the start of the next pyrolysis cycle, to prevent contamination of the hydrogen feed with oxidizing species. The system comprises greater than or equal to3 pyrolyzers such that pyrolysis, oxidation and purging are conducted simultaneously on different pyrolyzers to give continuous gas outputs. The oxidizing species is air and the heating fuel output is a mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrogen. The gas supplies and outputs are reciprocated automatically according to a predefined control algorithm which uses as inputs data gathered from mass flow controllers on the pyrolyzer inputs and oxygen sensors on the pyrolyzer outfalls. The pyrolyzer is heated using a catalytic combustor capable of handling widely varying fuels. The system has two fuel cell systems; one fuel cell running on hydrogen and being preferably a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and one fuel cell which is highly tolerant of carbon monoxide and running on the water gas or carbon monoxide/nitrogen mixture produced by the apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing species is water or steam and the heating fuel output is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide commonly known as water gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A heterogeneous catalyst calcium and magnesium oxide stones each 1/15 the column diameter is used by providing a greater surface contact area between the reactants and the catalyst. It uses two column packed with heterogeneous catalyst stones. The free fatty acids are esterified by hydrated ethanol in a second column packed with a heterogeneous catalyst. It produces ethyl esters using hydrated ethanol with a 1:2 ratio of free fatty acids to ethanol. It links the excess hydrated ethanol to the ethyl ester and not to the water process resulting from the esterification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The housing of the generating unit comprises a first height and the housing of the dispensing unit comprises a second height greater than the first height. The generating unit further comprises a compressor and/or a hydrogen pump for supplying compressed reformate to the storage unit. It may further comprise a first compressor and a hydrogen pump for compressing reformate, a purifier for purifying reformate from the compressor, and/or a high pressure compressor for supplying compressed purified reformate to the storage unit. The generating unit further comprises a vent for venting reformate from the dispensing unit after supplying reformate to a vehicle. The dispensing unit comprises a nozzle for dispensing reformate to a vehicle.The generating unit further comprises: a heat exchanger for providing heat to the building; a fuel cell for generating electricity from the reformate; and a valve (22) for supplying stored reformate in the storage unit to the fuel cell.At least one of the generating unit and the dispensing unit further comprises a controller for controlling the reformer, the fuel cell, and the dispensing unit. The generating unit further comprises an inverter for supplying electricity from the fuel cell to the building.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The contaminant includes one of a volatile metal and a semi-volatile metal, and mercury. The reactant compound includes one of a metal chloride and an oxy-chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The removal device is a particulate species type, a soluble species type, an electrostatic precipitator, or a wet scrubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Biopulp: In (I), the microorganism is a Gram-positive bacterium chosen from Bacillus licheniformis (PMBP-m5), B.subtilis (PMBP-m6), and B.amyloliquefaciens (PMBP-m7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: (III) are: Ascomycete mycelia, Bjerkandera sordidicola sp. (BOS55), Phlebia radiate, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Stachybotrys, Inonotius dryophilus, Perenniporia medulla-panis, Ganoderma oregonense, Trametes versicolor, Phellinus badius, Agaricus bisporus, Pieurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and/or Phanerochaete Chrysosporium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (III) are stored in an ullage in (I) and are encapsulated in biodegradable pellets that are mixed into the explosive material. The biodegradable pellets, (II) and (I) are made from: polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate and/or polyenlketone. (III) are contained in (II) that is biodegradable, and the spores become active and move into (I) as (II) biodegrades. (I) is biodegradable. (III) are contained in biodegradable tubes inserted into (I), where the tubes provide a self-contained growth medium that includes all the supporting nutrients and moisture necessary to support fungal growth. The moisture in the tubes is supplied by an oil/water emulsion.Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises: a wicking strip and deliquescent salts for drawing moisture into (I), a biodegradable plug in (I) for allowing moisture into (I), and nutrients to support fungal metabolism. The supporting nutrients are amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and electrolytes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid pressurized at greater than the predetermined gas-liquid contact reaction pressure is removed from the container, cooled and hydrated. The gas-liquid contact reaction is improved using a stirring unit. Liquid and gas pressurized at greater than a predetermined gas-liquid contact reaction pressure are removed from the container, mixed inside a pipe and gas-liquid contact reaction is carried out. The liquid is cooled in the same pipe and hydrated. Alternately, several reaction containers are used. A time difference is provided with respect to each reaction container. A series of gas-liquid contact reaction is performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Apparatus: A culture solution tank stores culture solution which is microorganisms group containing nitrogen solution obtained by composting apparatus. The culture solution connection sleeves circulate culture solution between tank and aquaculture apparatus.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The platinum catalyst is chosen from platinum (IV) chloride (PtCl4) and platinum (II) chloride (PtCl2).The ruthenium catalyst is Ru(III) chloride n-hydrate, where n is 0.3-5.Alternately the mixture catalyst of PtCl4 and Ru(III) chloride n-hydrate is used during the process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Isopropanol, water, acetone and/or methanol is used during the manufacture of catalyst carrying fullerene nanowhisker-nanofiber nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon fiber is felt-like carbon fiber and is present in the container in an amount of at least 5 mg/ml. The hydrogen-containing compound is chosen from methane, ethane, propane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-containing compound is chosen from methane, ethane, propane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: A metal film of chemical reactor is an amorphous film containing tantalum atom and silicon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Inhibitor: The Ruminococcus of (I) is a Ruminococcus AHU1760 strain (FERM AP-20042). ACTIVITY - Cytostatic; Hepatotropic; Litholytic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Inhibitor of secondary bile acid (claimed).    To detect the effect of difructose dianhydride 3, human was injected with difructose dianhydride 3. The bile acid content of the human was measured, after sufficient food intake. The results showed significant reduction in secondary bile acid content and increase in primary bile acid.    ADMINISTRATION - The difructose dianhydride 3 of (I) is administered at dosages 0.5-20 (preferably 1-10) g/day.    EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is tetrahydro borate.Preferred Metal: The metal having catalytic ability is nickel, cobalt or magnesium-nickel group hydrogen occlusion alloy.Preferred Substance: The substance which reacts with water and generates heat is alkali hydroxide metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: The emulsion is an oil-in-water type, and the surfactant is a lipophilic agent with a HLB value less than 10, preferably 3-6. The greases are of animal origin comprising a liquid phase resulting from liquid/solid separations, at a high temperature, of agrofood waste products from abattoirs. A 1-10C alcohol is used, preferably 1-4C such as MeOH or EtOH. The composition, as vol.%, is as follows: water - 5-15; alcohol - 5-15; surfactant - 2-8; and oils or greases - 62-88. The flow point of the emulsion obtained is in the region of 20degreesC.Preferred Preparation: The emulsion is prepared by addition of a surfactant to a water/alcohol/grease or oil mixture.The water, alcohol and grease (or oil) and surfactant are mechanically mixed at 2000 t/minute and at 20-60degreesC, preferably ca. 50degreesC, to give a stable emulsion. Preparation preferably comprises the mechanical mixing of the oil or grease fraction with the surfactant, with heating, then addition of the water and alcohol fractions, the mixing being continued for about 30 minutes. EXAMPLE - To test the qualities of the prepared product as a fuel, a stationary air-cooled diesel engine, developing 2.8 kW at 1500 t/minute was used. Comparative tests were carried out using three types of fuel, a classic diesel fuel, pure animal grease and an optimal emulsion of the invention. The results of opacity index measurements and hydrocarbon emissions showed that the least emissions of particles was obtained with the biofuel product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The two zones are in series along the axis of the housing. The first zone (32) is nearer to the end wall of the housing than the second zone (34) and the liquid inlet feeds into the first zone. The zones are annular. The zones have different thicknesses and/or lengths and/or comprise different materials. The flow barrier is a space between the two zones. The zones are connected by flow-connecting regions that bridge the flow barrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the liquid fraction (8, 9, 10) enriched with unwanted components released from the separating column, a second separating column (T2) is added, and separating into 5C-hydrocarbon rich gas fraction in the second separating column and a liquid fraction (13) containing the remaining unwanted components is separated, where the 5C-hydrocarbon rich gas fraction is added to the hydrocarbon rich, which is to be liquefied, as wash fraction. The liquid fraction enriched with unwanted components released from the separating column is heated before the task on the second separating column, preferably in against flow to the hydrocarbon rich gas stream which is to be cooled down. The separating column is operated with or without sump heating. The separating column is operated with or without head condenser. The separating column is operated with a sump heating coil and/or a head condensation queue. In the method, supplying at least pre-cooling of the separating column, hydrocarbon rich gas flow takes place in at least one plate-type heat exchanger or at least a wound heat exchanger, where the sump heating and/or the head condenser of the separating column are integrated in the heat exchangers (E).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The first gas membrane seal is covered by a second gas-permeable membrane under a third gas-impermeable membrane that is sealed at the outer margin with the first. The escaping gas is removed by a vacuum which simultaneously flushes the gap with incoming ambient air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The vegetable material comprises sugars, starch and/or cellulose and is comminuted and/or hydrolyzed before fermentation. Before distillation, the liquid phase is subjected to reverse osmosis to obtain a particulate solid phase, which is optionally recycled to the separation step. After distillation, the ethanol phase is subjected to a pervaporation step in which ethanol vaporizes through a membrane while water is retained by the membrane. The suspension of organic material is diluted with water before or during digestion, especially with water from the distillation and/or pervaporation step. Organic material of different origin can be added to the suspension before digestion. The electricity generated by burning the biogas is used in all electricity-consuming steps of the process. The heat generated by burning the biogas is used in all heat-consuming steps of the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation-absorbing ingredient comprises a material consisting of iron oxide (Fe304), FeO, Fe203, nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), selenium (Se), uranium oxide (UO2), and/or chromium oxide (Cr203).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation-absorbing ingredient comprises an infrared-absorbing ingredient. It comprises an infrared-absorbing organic dye. It is incorporated as dispersed particles or a thin coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The core-shell glass micro-sphere comprises a visible- and/or UV-absorbing ingredient. The glass composition comprises an inorganic glass with a Tg below 350, preferably below 250degreesC, or an organic polymer glass with a Tg below 300, preferably below 200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sensor suite includes at least two air parameter sensors to measure characteristics of an air sample. The sensor suite measures some level of information about the amount of particles in the air sample and a measure of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dew point, and/or carbon dioxide level. The tubing has no outer layer, only an inner layer encompasses the entire thickness of the tubing wall. The tubing may include an outer layer that does not contain carbon nanotubes. Conductor(s) may be secured to the tubing to provide signal, power, and/or communication. The tubing may be part of a structured cable assembly including at least two conductors. Alternatively, the tubing includes an electrically conductive metal liner adhered to a substrate, and an outer jacket. In other design, the tubing includes an electrically conductive inner layer comprising host material loaded with at least one type of carbon-based material, such as carbon black, carbon nanofibers, carbon fibers, single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes, or graphite.Preferred Dimensions: The inner layer has a thickness of 0.005-0.03 inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal liner is metallized with stainless steel. It may be an aluminum foil having a surface of anhydrous aluminum oxide, a stainless steel foil, a metallized layer, a nickel-plated copper foil, or a foil layer deposited directly onto the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The inner layer comprises host material loaded with 1-6 wt.% carbon nanotubes. The host material comprises fluoropolymer resin plastic(s), preferably polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based material. The substrate is made of polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The methane condensed portion has several layers (8) filled with carbon-dioxide adsorption agent which concentrates methane in the sewage gas installed in downstream side. The siloxane compound removal portion has several layers (6) filled with siloxane compound adsorption agent or filled with the carbon dioxide adsorption agent. The refiner is provided with pressure-swing adsorption device which has regeneration unit for regenerating the carbon-dioxide filled layer provided at downstream side of the layer, and pressure-swing adsorption device and/or heat swing adsorption device which has a regeneration unit for regenerating the siloxane compound adsorption agent filled layer, purge pipe (10) for utilizing the exhaust gas (3) which has carbon dioxide generated during regeneration of carbon-dioxide adsorption agent as purge gas for siloxane adsorption agent regeneration. Alternately, the refiner has multiple packed columns filled with layer filled with carbon-dioxide adsorption agent and layer filled with siloxane adsorption agent from which the siloxane compound provided at the upstream side of the filled layer is removed in the same tower, pressure-swing adsorption device provided in each packed column.Preferred Method: The methane concentration is preformed by absorbing-and-removing carbon dioxide by the pressure-swing adsorption system. The removal of siloxane compound is performed by absorption-and-removal by adsorption agent, or the pressure-swing adsorption system which uses the adsorption agent. The exhaust gas which has carbon dioxide is utilized as purge gas for regeneration of adsorption agent of siloxane compound, after removing siloxane compound from sewage gas and while performing methane concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The original gas and water are made to contact in the high pressure state of 0.7-1.5 MPa. The original gas is a sewage-sludge digestion gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The dehydrated residue is dried with a drier, and the dried residue is supplied to the gasifier. The processing system is further equipped with an electric-power generating apparatus which generates electric power using the combustible gas, and a methane-gas supplier which introduces methane gas from the methane-fermentation gas recovery unit to the electric-power generating apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The biomass processing system has further combustion furnace to which portion or whole of hydrogen fermentation gas and methane-fermentation gas is introduced, such that exothermic gas generated in combustion furnace is supplied to heating apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The portion or whole of hydrogen fermentation gas and methane-fermentation gas is burned, and the produced exothermic gas is used for heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Oxygen and nitrifying bacteria contained in oxygen gas or air are introduced to anode side of microorganism fuel cell. The denitrifying bacteria are introduced to cathode side of microorganism fuel cell maintained at anaerobic condition. Solution containing nitrate ion is circulated to the cathode side. The solid substance contained in sludge returned water is removed or liquefied in front stage of microorganism fuel cell. A coagulant is added to sludge returned water in later stage of microorganism fuel cell. phosphorus contained in sludge returned water is removed as aggregation sludge (I). The denitrifying bacteria in anode of microorganism fuel cell are maintained at cathode of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Source: Illuminating radiation is ultraviolet light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid containing hydrocarbon compound of formula (1) is stirred and contacted with gas containing olefin compound. The compounds are reacted by carrying out light irradiation. Alternately, hydrocarbon compound of formula (1) is sprayed and reacted with olefin compound. The compound of formula (1) and olefin compound are reacted in the presence of gas (A) containing nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, xenon, fluoro methane, fluoro ethane, fluoro propane, fluoro butane and/or SF6. Stirring is performed by rotation stirring and/or circulation stirring.Preferred Property: The ratio of illuminating radiation strength and volume of compound of formula (1) is set to 2.5-300.Preferred Compounds: The gas containing olefin compound further contains gas (A). The hydrocarbon compound of formula (1) is linear compound, and has 2C. The hydrocarbon compound of formula (3) has 3-20C.Preferred Condition: Reaction of compounds is performed at 101-270 kPa. Preferred Definitions:    Y1 = Br;    R11-R14 = H, F, Cl or CF3; and    n = 1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The olefin compound is ethylene, trifluoro ethylene, difluoro ethylene, fluoro ethylene, tetrafluoro ethylene or hexafluoro propylene.    EXAMPLE - C2F4Br2 (921 g) was added in reactor substituted with nitrogen. Nitrogen was further purged in the reactor, and was set as normal pressure. C2F4Br2 was made into liquid state. Tetrafluoro ethylene was blown in reactor, and reacted at 25-50degreesC under light irradiation for 8 hours. The ratio of illuminating radiation strength and volume of C2F4Br2 was set to 28.1. The gaseous reaction mixture was cooled, to obtain (CF2)4Br2 with selectivity of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst used for catalytic circulating fluidized-bed gasification is selected from natural limestone; lime magnesite; caustic lime; alkali earth metal calcium, magnesium, barium or their oxides; alkali metal including potassium and its oxide; and/or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The ethylene-containing material and pentene-containing material, methanol and dimethyl ether are circulated to the catalyst layer for olefin conversion.Alternately, the olefin-containing gas which contains propylene as main component, and ethylene and butene is manufactured.The olefin-containing gas, and olefin shift-reaction generated gas are separated into propylene-containing material, ethylene-containing material, and butene-containing material.The ethylene-containing material and/or butene-containing material, methanol and dimethyl ether are circulated to the catalyst layer for olefin conversion.The olefin shift-reaction generation gas which contains propylene is manufactured.The propylene-containing material and hydrogen are circulated to the catalyst layer for olefin hydrogenation.Olefin hydrogenation is carried out to obtain the liquefied petroleum gas which contains propane as main component.Water is separated from olefin-containing gas and/or olefin shift-reaction generation gas, after olefin manufacturing process and before separation process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst for olefin manufacture is iron aluminosilicate which contains iron atom in zeolite structure, or proton type MFI structure, or proton type ZSM-5 zeolite.The atomic ratio of iron with respect to sum of aluminum and iron of iron aluminosilicate is 0.05-0.45.The atomic ratio of silicon with respect to sum of aluminum and iron of iron aluminosilicate is 20-100.The atomic ratio of silicon with respect to aluminum of the proton type mold ZSM-5 zeolite is 20-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The return mechanism sends a portion of the alkyl ester back to the inlet. The mixture includes a solvent that dissolves a portion of the first reactant, the second reactant, and the reaction product. The outlet outputs the alkyl ester, the solvent, and unreacted first reactant. An evaporator evaporates the solvent to generate a mixture comprising the alkyl ester and the unreacted first reactant. The outlet also outputs glycerol. A phase separator separates the alkyl ester from the glycerol based on liquid-liquid phase separation. The product has a composition that is suitable for use as fuel. A second reactor is also provided having an inlet to receive a mixture comprising additional second reactant and reaction product from the outlet of the first reactor from the outlet of the first reactor, an enzyme to facilitate a reaction between the second reactant and the other components to generate more reaction product, and an outlet to output the reaction product, including the reaction product received at the inlet of the second reactor and the reaction product generated from the reaction between the second reactant and the other components. A short-path evaporator separates the reaction product from remaining unreacted reactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction product comprises alkyl ester. The first reactant comprises triglycerides or carboxylic acid. The second reactant comprises primary and secondary alcohols. The first reactant comprises vegetable oil and animal fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: cooling a commercial grade formic acid past the freezing point for formic acid; separating contaminants from formic acid frozen by the step of cooling; and liquefying the formic acid. Preferred Components: (I) comprises: methyl formate (less than 25 ppm by weight); substantially no methyl formate; substantially no acetic acid; formic acid (no greater than 88 wt.%); and methanol (less than 0.04%). (I) further comprises 880 ppm and less than 1760 of tetrafluoroboric acid. The anode contains a catalyst comprised of palladium. Preferred process: The method further comprises a preliminary step of distilling the commercial grade formic acid prior to the step of cooling. The method further comprises repeating the steps of cooling, separating and liquefying to reduce levels of acetic acid and methyl formate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The non-porous hydrogen permeable electrode is directly sealed to at least one of the proton conducting medium, the first member, the second member, and a gasket disposed around the proton conducting medium. It is directly sealed to at least one of the first member and the second member by at least one of diffusion bonding, welding, vapor deposition, and sputtering. It is directly sealed to the proton conducting medium by vapor deposition.The transferring protons comprises transferring protons through the solid anhydrous proton conducting medium from perovskite ceramic or a solid acid proton conducting medium, or transferring protons through the solid anhydrous proton conducting medium comprising cesium dihydrogen phosphate.The providing the supply containing hydrogen comprises a mixture of gas having hydrogen or providing a supply of water. Backpressure is applied to the cathode outlet.The device comprises a stack.Preferred Component: The anode electrode comprises a nonporous hydrogen permeable electrode.The cathode electrode comprises a nonporous hydrogen permeable electrode.At least one of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode comprises a solid thin metallic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid thin film comprises palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyzer comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). The liquid-cooled electrolyzer comprises an alkaline electrolyte, solid oxide electrolyte, or polybenzimidazole (PBI) electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) is polysaccharides, carbohydrates, natural polymers (preferably chitosan, chitin or cellulose), synthetic polymers or activated carbons. (X) further comprises an adsorbed small molecule (hydrogen (preferred), oxygen, nitrogen, methane or carbon dioxide). The adsorbed hydrogen comprises at least 1 wt.% of (X) at 10 bar and -160 to -180degreesC. The turbostratic regions comprise greater than 50% of (X). The total BET surface area is 1500-2300 m2/g and the total pore volume is 0.5-5.5 cc/g. Preferred Process: (A) is heated at 900-1600 (preferably 1000-1200)degreesC for 2-48 hours. The hydrogen is introduced at an atmospheric pressure of 0.1-10 or 1-2000; and at -160 to -180 (preferably -100 to +100)degreesC. The process for separating mixtures of gases further comprises further reducing the pressure and/or heating (I) to remove any additional non-adsorbed gases and at least a portion of the adsorbed gases. EXAMPLE - Carbaneous precursors were placed into alumina and graphite boats that were inserted into the center of a tube furnace. The tube furnace was purged with ultra pure (99.95%) hydrogen at about 800 sccm. The furnaces were heated at approximately 1degreesC/min to the specified hold temperature for the specified hold time, and then allowed to cool under hydrogen to room temperature to give carbon nanostructures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc and iron in oxide is 0.25-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The carbon-monoxide decreasing unit is a transformation unit having a transformation catalyst which decreases carbon monoxide in the reformed gas by a water-gas shift reaction. The carbon-monoxide decreasing unit has a carbon-monoxide remover (121) having a catalyst which reduces carbon monoxide in the reformed gas by selective-oxidation reaction or methanation reaction. The carbon-monoxide decreasing unit is equipped with a temperature detector (123). The raw material is supplied to the controller during shutdown. When the detected temperature is below a preset value, the oxidation gas is supplied. The temperature is set according to the carbon atom number per one molecule of the average source gas composition. The hydrogen purifier has a modifier (101) which generates a reformed gas by modification reaction of the raw material. The raw-material supplier is arranged such that the raw material is supplied to the carbon-monoxide decreasing unit through the modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalysts: The carbon-monoxide removal catalyst contains ruthenium or nickel. The transformation catalyst contains platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hydrogen sulfide adsorption agent contains metal chosen from manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, cerium, zirconium and iron, or its oxide. The modification catalyst component (23) contains metal chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide (A), which is difficult to reduce, is magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and/or aluminum oxide. The easy reducible metal oxide is nickel oxide or cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture is formed by extrusion.In the method, a hydrated-/dehydrated component (D) (0.001-5 wt.%, related to the total weight of (I)) is added to (I).Preferred Components: (A2) is tungstate (preferably metatungstate).(D) is a metal component of the group VIII, IX and/or X of the periodic table.(D) further comprises at least a non-noble metal in the form of oxide or hydroxide or metals, at least an element of the metal group of VIII, IVa, Vb or VIIb.(D) is carried by zirconium-, tungsten- and aluminum containing carrier.(I) shows a BET-surface of not more than 150 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Zirconium hydroxide (500 g) was kneaded with a solution of ammonium metatungstate (150 g) in water (100 ml) for 10 minutes. To this mixture, under kneading, Pural SCF 55Trade Mark (aluminum binders) (500 g), steatite oil (30 g) and demineralized water (400 g) were added. The obtained mixture was blown with cold air and extruded. The extruded mixture was dried at 40degreesC for 15 hours and subsequently calcined to give the tungsten trioxide/zirconium oxide/alumina catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The demethanizer (D1) supplied liquefied natural gas (2,4) before the supply in a demethanizer head condenser and/or in one outside of the demethanizers arranged condenser is heated or also partially evaporated in the heat exchange with methane rich fraction at the head of the demethanizer. The liquefied natural gas before the supply is pumped to the demethanizer on a pressure of 8-40 bar. The methane rich fraction released at the head of the demethanizers is at least partially condensed and subsequently reliquefied. The reliquefaction of the methane rich fraction in the heat exchange takes place with the demethanizer supplied liquefied natural gas (3,4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The liquefied natural gas is pumped with a pressure of 8-40 bar, prior to the supply in a demethanizer. The methane rich groups removed at the head of the demethanizers are at least partially condensed and subsequently reliquefied. The reliquefaction of the methane rich groups in the heat exchange takes place in the demethanizer supplied with liquefied natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ethanol to hydrogen 0.5-1. EXAMPLE - Pt supported on H-ZSM5 zeolite was used as catalyst. The metal content was 1 wt.%. The following was observed when analyzing the exit gas with a mass spectrometer. Below 225 degrees C no reaction took place. Above 225 degrees C all the ethanol was converted to ethane. The ethylene concentration was estimated to be below 200 ppm at all temperatures, determined mainly by the equilibrium of reaction (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer forms a network structure, and the fuel (preferably methanol) is in the network structure. The polymer comprises inorganic element, e.g. transition metal such as titanium or zirconium, or main group metal such as silicon, aluminum, or boron. The inorganic polymer has metal-non-metal-metal bond. The polymer may be an organic polymer. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition comprises greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol. It may comprise first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant (e.g. phosphate ether or antimony oxide), water-sorbing material (e.g. polyacrylic acid or polyacrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and cross-linked silica. Alternatively, the fuel composition comprises an inorganic polymer forming a network of chemical bonds, greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol in the network, first material capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant, and water-sorbing material. Preferred Method: Polymerization is performed by heating the polymerizable material (e.g. organic or ceramic) to greater than 25degreesC. The method includes reacting a first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen to the polymerized material, forming a concentration gradient of the first material in the polymerized material, reacting flame retardant to the polymerized material, and reacting water-sorbing material to the polymerized material. EXAMPLE - Tetramethoxysilane (2.5 g), aqueous sulfuric acid solution (0.1 N, 0.43 g), and methanol (27 g) were mixed to form a solution. The solution was placed in a glass vial, and the vial was stored in 60degreesC oven for 16 hours. The resulting solution was mixed with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (0.1 N, 1.30 g). The solution in the vial was converted into a rigid form after it was stored in 45degreesC oven for 24 hours, obtaining a rigid fuel composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The micro-spheres comprise polymer micro-spheres. Preferred Property: The heating temperature is (Tg-25degreesC) to (Tg+25degreesC) for an amorphous or glassy polymer or (Tm-25degreesC) to (Tm+10degreesC) for a crystalline polymer, preferably (Tg-15degreesC) to Tg or (Tm-15degreesC) to Tm. The Tg or Tm is not greater than 250degreesC. The shell has a thickness smaller than 20% (preferably smaller than 10%) of a radius of the core-shell micro-sphere. The micro-spheres have a diameter smaller than 100 (preferably smaller than 5) microns. The material-specific parameter a has a value of 0.4-0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The connection unit has a draft tube (109) connecting inner regions of containers (103,104). One end opening of draft tube is immersed into the raw material in container (103), between supply unit (101) and residue transfer path, and other end opening is immersed into the heated material in container (104). The opening of the raw material supply unit is positioned on upper region of container (103). The container (103) is positioned at the downward direction of container (104). The gasifier traps partial substance produced by heating of raw material in containers (103,104) by circulating a trapping material (114). Preferred Property: The temperature of heated material in the exhaust unit side of container (104) is from normal temperature to 600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: the aggregated-form substance harder to oxidize than coal, is carbonized biomass. Preferred Coal: The aggregated-form coal is bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal. Preferred Fuel: The size of aggregated-form substance is sufficient to close the space between aggregated-form coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resource gas is hydrogen gas or mixture of hydrogen gas or carbon monoxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is optionally thermophilic microorganism, which is artificially or naturally flocculating. The microorganism is yeast and utilizes the pollutants as nutrients and the nutrient content of the biomaterial waste stream is variable. The microorganism is selected from Sacchromyces species, Yersinia species, Kluveryomyces species, Pichia species, Debaromyces species, Escherichia species and/or Bacillus species.Preferred Pollutants: The pollutants removed from the biomaterial waste stream are potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The realizing of the energy production includes burning the fuel source to produce heat or driving a steam turbine with the produced heat to generate power. The waste water is cleansed with a mechanical treatment process, a chemical treatment process, and/or a biological treatment processes; and filtering the cleansed waste water. The realizing of the energy production includes driving a water turbine with the filtered, cleansed waste water to generate power; or burning the fuel source, transforming water into steam with heat generated from the burning of the fuel source, and driving a steam turbine with the steam to generate further power. The power is converted into electricity. The process further comprises compensating for changes in waste water demand by using a population of bacteria to digest additional contaminants in the waste water; determining whether fresh supplies of the waste water alone are sufficient to sustain the population of the bacteria with sufficient quantities of the contaminants to feed upon and, if not supplementing the fresh supplies of the waste water with the extracted sludge. The extracting of the sludge is ceased while supplementing the fresh supplies of the waste water with the extracted sludge and resumed after ceasing the supplementing when the determining finds that the fresh supplies of the waste water alone have become sufficient to sustain the bacteria with sufficient quantities of the contaminants to feed upon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The main body is made from stainless steel, aluminum, copper or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid includes bubbles including the gases. The bubbles includes at least one of the fluorocarbons, water gas, hydrocarbons, noble gases, vapors and/or minute droplets of the fluid and/or other fluids, and vapors and/or minute particles of solids.Preferred Process: The process includes a pulsed voltage or radio frequency power applied to conducting surface(s) of the apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The agitating apparatus includes a stirring element to agitate the bubbles into smaller bubbles and mix the bubbles with the fluid. The purifying apparatus includes a pressure pump to generate the bubbles. The pressure inside the apparatus is controlled through at least one valve. The apparatus includes a boiler to generate the steam bubbles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid includes a combustible fluid and a non-combustible fluid. It also includes at least one of diesel and gasoline fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Malodorous gas produced from drying machine is introduced to heating combustion furnace, and malodorous gas (C) is thermally decomposed. Waste gas is supplied to preheater (15) of thickened sludge, after heating carbonization furnace. Preferred Apparatus: The drying machine has boiler for heating heat carrier. Carbonization furnace and combustion furnace are individually operated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method utilizes activated sludge as microbial source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor is provided with a reaction container attached with a flow path for supplying the immobilized microbes using aerated air, non-oxygen gas or nitrogen gas produced by the reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The ratio of a pre-polymer content and cross-linking agent content in the suspension is 0.5-10. Preferred Compound: The cross-linking agent is acrylamide, acrylic acid, dimethyl acrylamide or methacrylic acid. EXAMPLE - Inorganic wastewater containing nitrous acid concentration of 200 mg/l and ammonia concentration of 250 mg/l was processed. Enriched culture of seed sludge was carried out by ammonia and nitrous acid. The activated sludge and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing-bacteria were suspended in solution containing polyethylene glycol diacrylate having molecular weight of 10000 and polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate having molecular weight of 260, and polymerized by adding potassium persulfate, to obtain gel containing the microbes. The gel was molded into string of 3 mm diameter. The immobilized microbe contain string was effectively utilized in processing wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: (3) and (4) produce electricity by (a) driving a Rankine cycle turbine, coupled to an alternator; (b) driving a Stirling motor, coupled to an alternator or (c) a thermoelectric process. The system may include an electrolytic unit for generating hydrogen from water. The heat-transfer fluid in (1)-(4) is particularly water, optionally containing an antifreeze. The solar captors may also function as dissipators and then consist of transparent, plastic external envelopes that are inflated during the day, to provide a greenhouse effect, and deflated during the night, so that there is no longer a greenhouse effect, and then they function as dissipators.
EXAMPLE - A test catalyst was prepared comprising (%) Mn (1.8), Na (1.8), W (2.8), Nb (1.9) and SiO2 (balance). A comparative catalyst was prepared comprising (%) Mn (2.1), Na (1.2), W (2.7) and SiO2 (balance). Both the catalysts were tested for ethane conversion and selectivity at 750degreesC with following reaction conditions: catalyst mass of 0.5 g, volumetric flow rate of feed gas 100 cm3/minutes, molar ratio of methane to oxygen molar in the feed of 4, and kind and volume percent of the inert gas in the feed of 60% He. The results (for test/comparative) were selectivity (%) = 11.35/0; conversion of methane (%) = 6.17/3.75; and yield of the hydrocarbon (%) = 3.02/1.18.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thickening agent is Bermocoll EBS 481 FQ. Preferred Composition: The composition includes 91.8 wt.% methanol, and 5.8 wt.% water. It also includes 2.3. It includes 2.3 wt.% thickening agent. When ignited, the composition burns with a colorless and odorless flame. The methanol is provided as a liquid containing 99.99 wt.%t methanol as manufactured by SASOL Solvents. The water is distilled water. The Ethylol 95M includes 95 wt.% ethanol and 3-5 wt.% isopropyl alcohol. Preferred Property: The initial boiling point of the composition is 65degreesC and its freezing point is -97degreesC. The specific gravity of the composition is 0.802. Preferred Method: The method includes mixing 200 Li methanol and 10 Li water at room temperature; mixing 2-4 kg thickening agent with water at room temperature to form a slurry and adding the slurry to the methanol-water mixture; and adding 100-150 ml AMP-95M to the above mixture and agitating the mixture until a colloidal composition is formed. EXAMPLE - Samples were tested to determine the toxicity index of their combustion products. The summation of the toxicity factors of selected gases produced by the complete combustion of the samples in air was determined. The toxicity factors were derived from the calculated quantity of each gas that would be produced if 100g of each sample was burnt in a volume of 1m3 atmospheric air and the resulting concentration expressed as a factor of the concentration fatal to man at a 30 minute exposure time. Results showed that smoke toxicity index was less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cereal straw is wheat straw, barley straw, rice straw, canola straw or oat straw. The stover is corn stover or soybean stover. The aqueous stream is water or a water-based solution. (A) has a particle length of 20-30 cm. The particles of (A) (at least 70 (preferably 89)%) are 2.4 cm or less in length.Preferred Process: In the process: sand is removed from (A) prior to pressing; and the slurry is pumped to the pretreatment reactor and subsequently pretreated at 170-260degreesC at pH 0.8-2.0 for 0.1-30 minutes to produce the pretreated (A). (A) is partially leached prior to the step of wetting or pressing (where a series of two or three roll presses are used). In the wetting process, the liquid is at 20-95 (preferably 30-85)degreesC. In the pressing process, one or more roll press in the series: exerts a pressure of 2400-3000 psi on (A); and creates additional shear to reduce the particle size of (A). The additional shear is created by a difference in diameter (1.2-20 cm) and speed (3.5-10%) of the rolls of the one roll press in the series. The wetting process comprises countercurrent washing of (A) with pressate collected from one or more roll press in the series.The slurried (A) has a consistency of 10-18 (preferably 12-15)% dry solids. In the process: after the step of pressing and before the step of slurrying, the pressed (A) has a consistency of 35% dry solids; and one or more press or more than one other dewatering device (which is not a roll press) is used in combination with one roll press or the series of roll presses. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The temperature is 580-790degreesC. The pressure is 132-560 pounds/square inch. The carbonaceous material has a nominal particle size of 1 mm in diameter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbonaceous material comprises municipal waste, biomass, wood, coal, or a natural or synthetic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran, acetone, diethoxyethane, N-methylpyrrolidone, dibasic ester, alkylene carbonate, dimethyl formamide ethyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl alcohol, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone and gamma-butyrolactone. The propellant is dimethyl ether, isobutane, n-butane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, 1-difluoroethane or tetrafluoroethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (P1) Is selected from chloropolyvinylchloride, polyvinylchloride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer, polymer of lower alkyl esters of butyric acid or polymer of lower alkyl esters of acrylic acid. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (wt.%): (P1) (10 - 30) (preferably chloropolyvinylchloride (10)), solvent (50 - 80) and propellant (20 - 35). The cement composition additionally comprises at least one member selected from suspending agent, dye, and stabilizer. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (wt.%): chloropolyvinylchloride polymer (2 - 30), dimethyl ether (20 - 50), solvent system (50 - 80), tetrahydrofuran (0 - 50), acetone (0 - 40), cyclohexanone (0 - 25), butyrolactone (0 - 20), amorphous silica (1 - 5), oil-soluble dye (0 - 1) and stabilizer (0 - 1) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Air is mixed with combustion gas as cooling medium. Preferred Unit: The supply unit (19b) has flow rate adjustment unit for controlling flow rate of air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The metal salt is cobalt salt or nickel salt, preferably cobalt chloride or nickel chloride. The metal hydrogen complex is tetrahydro borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: (M1) involves adding known amount of several types of industrial disinfectants to the suspensions of isolated microorganism capable of forming biofilm, separately, collecting the obtained multiple suspensions and culture medium, separately in the microtubes made up of hydrophobic material, and specifying an effective industrial disinfectant by the presence or absence of a biofilm, after statically culturing the microorganism under oligotrophication conditions. (M1) involves using diluted culture medium that has been diluted 5-100 times with sterilized water or distilled water. The cultivation is carried out at 25-50degreesC for 24 hours. In (M1), after statically culturing and staining a biofilm using staining liquid, the internal portion of the microtube is cleaned and dried, the stained biofilm is dissolved in a solvent, and the evaluation of the presence or absence of the biofilm is carried out by measuring the light absorbency of the obtained solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In (M1), the hydrophobic material is thermoplastic resin chosen from polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: an extraction of the mercaptane at the level of the secondary bottom flow. The method of separating butane and propane (in which the third step of distillation is included) further comprises: an extraction of the mercaptane at the level of the third bottom flow; extraction step of the third distillation at the level of the supply to the secondary top flow, and recycling step of a part of the extraction towards the secondary and third distillation (where the ratio of division of the reflux between the secondary distillation and the third distillation is 3-1 (preferably 2.5-1.5)); extraction of the mercaptane at the recycling step from a section of the extraction towards the secondary distillation, and a recycling of the third top flow towards the primary distillation. Preferred Components: The device further comprises: a device for extraction of the mercaptane at the level of the secondary bottom outlet or the third bottom outlet; an outlet of the third distilling column at the level of its supply tube to the secondary bottom outlet, and a conduit connected to the outlet and to the second distilling column and a conduit connected to the outlet and to the third distilling column; a device for extraction of the mercaptane at the level of conduit connected to the second distilling column; and a recycling of the third top outlet towards the primary distilling column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The exhaust gas is provided into warm water boiler for the purpose of combustion and heat formation. The fermentor operates based on the principle of the pressure change adsorption procedure, pressure water wash, permeation separation with membranes or washing with carbon dioxide-absorption agent. The warm water boiler is operated with a flameless weak gas burner without supporting gas burn for providing the heat requirement of the fermentor. In the fermentor, energetically higher quality exhaust gas is formed without the recirculation of the exhaust gas in the unit. In the method, the exhaust gas of fermentation process is mixed with raw biogas, partly formed raw biogas and/or raw gas and provided to the warm water boiler for providing the energy requirement of the biogas preparation. EXAMPLE - Raw biogas (470 Nm3/hour) with 65% methane content was subjected to thermal energy of 3379/1 kilowatts. The fermentation was carried out based on the pressure change absorption procedure. The raw biogas was condensed at 6 x 105 Pa (6 bar), water was removed and the condensed raw gas was pressed at 20 degreesC in an adsorbent container filled with a carbon based molecular sieve. The gas enriched with methane was fed into the gas line. The carbon dioxide desorbed and other gaseous impurities were removed under vacuum and released into the atmosphere. The exhaust gas (184.3 Nm3/h) with 17 vol.% of methane content and 345.69 kilo watt was released and burned. The heat energy serves for boiling of water in the water boiler and the burning was carried out using flameless weak gas burner. The mixture was worked up to give biogas with methane concentration of 96 vol/.% and energy content of 3033.4 kilo watts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A compressor, condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator are connected to one another in an annular form to form a refrigeration cycle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A leakage detecting additive of odorant or coloring agent is added to the refrigerant mixture. A lubricant which is solved into the refrigerant mixture under an operation condition of the compressor and which has viscosity of greater than or equal to 2 cm stokes used as a lubricant to be charged into the compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A compressor, condenser, an expansion device and an evaporator are connected to one another in an annular form to form a refrigeration cycle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A leakage detecting additive of odorant or coloring agent is added to the refrigerant mixture. A lubricant which is solved into the refrigerant mixture under an operation condition of the compressor and which has viscosity of greater than or equal to2 cm stokes used as a lubricant to be charged into the compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzymes: (A) comprise one or more hydrolases of the glycosylase, peptidase and/or esterase type. Specifically the glycosidases are beta-glucanases, xylanases, pectinases, mannanases, glucosaminidases and muramidases; the peptidases are endopeptidases and proteases; and the esterases are nucleases and lipases. (A) are produced by microorganisms of genus Trichoderma, Bacillus, Yarrowia or Lysobacter, especially Trichoderma reesei, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Yarrowia lipolytica or Lysobacter enzymogenes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: (A) are added to sludge one or more times in amounts of 1-10000 mg per kg of sludge, at pH 4-10 (preferably 4.5-8.0) and 10-70 (preferably 30-60)degreesC, using conventional apparatus ensuring homogeneous distribution and preferably a retention phase before reaching the rotting stage. (A) is added at a concentration such that the enzymatic degradation of microorganisms does not reduce the cell count below the value necessary for the anerobic degradation of organic materials in the rotting process, but such that as many aerobic microorganisms as possible are killed and degraded. EXAMPLE - Clarified sludge from the post-clarification tank was treated in a rotting vessel, via a dosing pump, with a complex enzyme preparation (A') containing glycosidases (i.e. beta-glucanases, xylanases, pectinases, mannanases, glucosaminidases and muramidases), peptidases (i.e. endopeptidases and proteases) and esterases (i.e. nucleases and lipases), produced as metabolites by Trichoderma reesei, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Yarrowia lipolytica and Lysobacter enzymogenes. A solution of 4 kg of (A') in 50 l of tap water was dosed to the rotting tower in an amount ensuring 40 g of homogeneously distributed (A') per m3 of sludge. The clarified sludge input for an 8000 m3 rotting vessel was 300-400 m3 per day. No results of the addition of (A') are given in the source material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzymes: (A) contains a mixture of hydrolyzing enzymes (specifically cellulases) formed for the decomposition of naturally occurring celluloses and hemicelluloses by corresponding microorganisms. (A) also contains other hydrolyzing enzymes, specifically lipases (cleaving fats), neutral and/or alkaline proteases (cleaving proteins), amylases (cleaving starch) and/or invertases (cleaving fructans). Hydrophobic mycelium extracts of cellulolytic fungi are optionally added to (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: (A) is added to clarified sludge in an amount of 0.1-100 g/m3, in the mesophilic and/or thermophilic rotting stages. Raw materials from renewable sources are optionally used in the waste treatment and biogas plants. EXAMPLE - Clarified sludge from a communal waste water purification plant was treated, using a dosing pump, in the rotting vessel with an enzyme preparation (A') containing cellulase, xylanse, beta-glucanase, alpha-amylase and protease, produced by Trichoderma reesei and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. (A') had activities of at least 1600 U/g for CMCase, 2500 U/g for xylanase, 2500 U/g for beta-glucanase, 9500 U/g for alpha-amylase and 100 U/g for protease. A solution of 4 kg of (A') in 50 l of tap water was dosed to the rotting tower in an amount ensuring 40 g of homogeneously distributed (A') per m3 of sludge. The clarified sludge input for an 8000 m3 rotting vessel was 300-400 m3 per day. In operation over two periods of 40 days, the addition of (A') increased biogas production by ca. 25%, reduced the organic solids content by ca. 10% and reduced the amount of flocculant required for water separation by ca. 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The useful microbes comprises Actinomyces, photosynthesis microbe, filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, yeast or aspergillus, preferably Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Streptomyces, Pichia, Saccharomycopsis or Aspergillus. Preferred Method: The useful microbe is mixed with the compost raw material containing bamboo shoot skin and/or young bamboo along with adjuvant for fermentation promotion, moisture-content regulator and/or microbial nutrient. The obtained mixture is further mixed with composed raw material, followed by repeated stirring for several times. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Cherry tomato seedlings were manured with 25 % fermented fertilizer obtained from bamboo waste. After 2 months the seedlings showed excellent growth, than control manured with commercial fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Compost raw material containing dried bamboo shoot (in kg) (6.5) mixed with droppings of hen (1.4), pig feces (1), bamboo fragments (3.6) and rice bran (0.36), was mixed with microbes (0.14) such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Streptomyces, Pichia, Saccharomycopsis or Aspergillus, and stirred for two days at 75 degreesC. The mixture was further mixed with bamboo shoot skin (6.5), maintained at 45 degreesC, ferment, further mixed thrice with bamboo shoot skin (13,26,56) and processed, to obtain fermented fertilizer containing 0.134 % nitrogen, 0.98 % phosphorus, 0.91 % potassium, 0.51 % calcium, 0.19 % magnesium and 0.09 % nitrate nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline earth metal oxide is calcium oxide. The aggregation suppressing particle is at least one compound selected from carbon black, silica, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, and titanium oxide (preferably carbon black). A mixture of the particles forms a densified tablet and has density of 0.4-1.5 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - A mixture of aluminum powder (1 g, having average particle diameter of 3 microns), carbon black (0.23 g, having average particle diameter of 20 nm), and calcium oxide (0.015 g) was placed in a vessel in hot water at 60degreesC. While water was supplied with a microsyringe pump at a supplying rate of 1 ml/hour, generated hydrogen gas (test) was taken out through a tube. Similarly, a control hydrogen gas was generated without using calcium oxide. The generation amount of test/control hydrogen gas was measured with a mass flowmeter while generated test/control hydrogen gas was collected by water displacing method. A change with time in a reaction yield obtained from test/control hydrogen generation amount was measured. When 150 minutes had passed from initiation of water supply, the reaction yield (%) of test/control generated hydrogen gas was found to be 62/37 respectively. Thus, by using carbon black with aluminum powder and calcium oxide, a higher reaction yield of test generated hydrogen gas was obtained than that of the control generated hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The turbulent flow-forming unit includes a flow-dividing component that is mounted in the compartment and that has a supporting frame including standing plates extending in a vertical direction perpendicular to a flow direction of the wastewater passing through the porous pre-filtering component, and baffles (42) mounted on the standing plates and aligned in the vertical direction. Each baffle has a V-shaped cross-section. The tank has an inlet. The supporting frame further includes a bottom plate that is formed with a bottom hole (43) registered and in fluid communication with the inlet of the tank. The turbulent flow-forming unit further includes a gas supplying component for supplying gas into the compartment through the inlet of the tank and the bottom hole in the bottom plate of the supporting frame. The baffles of the flow-dividing component are arranged to permit the gas in the compartment to flow in a meandering manner along the vertical direction. The membrane module includes an outer porous membrane (31) that permits growth of microorganisms, and an inner supporting mesh (32) that is enclosed by the outer porous membrane. An outlet (34) discharges the wastewater treated by the membrane module. The outer porous membrane of the membrane module has a pore size smaller than that of the porous pre-filtering component. The porous pre-filtering component is made from a sponge or non-woven fabric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The secondary mat basis weight is less than the primary mat basis weight. The primary mat support is disposed completely about the secondary mat support and the substrate. The secondary mat support is disposed concentrically about at least a portion of the primary mat support. The primary mat support has a first selected length and the secondary mat support has a second selected length. The selected lengths extend peripherally about the substrate. The second selected length is different from the first selected length. The second selected length is less than the first selected length. The primary mat support has a region that is adjacent the secondary mat support. The second selected length is sufficient to produce a selected mount density within at least a portion of the region. The substrate further comprises a catalyst. The gas treatment device is catalytic converters, adsorbers for oxides of nitrogen, evaporative emissions devices, hydrocarbon scrubbing devices, diesel particulate traps, non-thermal plasma reactors, or fuel cell reformers.Preferred Property: The secondary mat basis weight is less than 25% of the primary mat basis weight. The selected mount density is 0.85-0.95 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The aqueous acid is ejected from the first well at different locations along the length of the first well.The aqueous acid is simultaneously ejected from the locations.The method includes fracturing the subterranean formation prior to pumping the low-viscosity aqueous acid solution through the first well, maintaining a volume of carbon dioxide (preferably supercritical carbon dioxide) within the subterranean formation over the course of the manufacturing method, drilling a second well into the subterranean formation, pumping the low-viscosity aqueous acid solution through the second well and ejecting the aqueous acid solution from the second well to contact carbonate rock of the formation, and conveying a portion of the reaction products to a constructed wetland treatment area.The reaction products are removed from the subterranean formation through the first well or second well.The salt is calcium chloride, and the method includes isolating calcium chloride following removal of the reaction products from the subterranean formation.Preferred Properties: The cavern is at a predetermined depth of less than 200 ft or 1000-9000 (preferably 4000-6000) ft.The cavern defines a volume of greater than 1 (preferably 1-8) million cubic feet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is an inorganic acid, preferably hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid hydride is combined with a mild stabilizer or binder selected from sodium carbonate, sodium aluminate or sodium silicate. The capsules are retained and transported in a carrier fluid. The fluid is a liquid selected from glycol, mineral oil, heat transfer fluid, silicon or aqueous solution; or it is an inert gas selected from nitrogen, argon, dry air or carbon-dioxide-free air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The medium is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons and low-volatility aromatics, especially diesel fuel. The inlet temperature of the medium is 40-60degreesC. The inlet temperature of the oxygen-containing gas is 20degreesC. The oxygen-containing gas is air. The oxygen-containing gas is supplied in an amount of 20 Nl per kg of medium. The oxygen- and steam-containing gas is supplied at 400-600degreesC in an amount of 1 kg water and 50-60 Nl air per kg of medium. The steam:carbon ratio is 0.2-0.5. The mixture is split catalytically at 850-1000degreesC and 1-10 bar. Preferred Reactor; The inlet for the medium is a pipe with a diameter of 4-10 mm. The pipe has a side opening (7) for introducing the oxygen-containing gas. At the end of the first mixing stage is a nozzle (8) oriented towards the second mixing stage. The oxygen- and steam-containing gas is supplied via an annular chamber (9) with radial mixing nozzles (10) facing the second mixing stage. The annular chamber has a tangential inlet for the oxygen- and steam-containing gas. The reaction zone is lined with a ceramic tube (12). The side of the reaction zone opposite the second mixing stage is provided with a catalyst comprising a noble metal on a metallic or ceramic support. The outlet is connected to a gas purification unit or directly to a high-temperature fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In the process for biological denitrification of waste water, the feed to the denitrifying reactor is based on an intermittent feeding pattern resulting in a discontinuous loaded substrate gradient, especially during start-up. The ammonium ion containing wastewater stream originates from an upstream anaerobic treatment. The feed to the nitrifying reactor amounts to 10-90, preferably 25-75 % of the total of the combined amount of the feed to the nitrifying and the denitrifying reactors. In the nitrifying reactor, 80-95 % of the ammonium is nitrified to nitrate. The distribution of the ammonium ion containing waste water stream between the nitrifying and the denitrifying reactor is determined by the composition of the wastewater, preferably by the concentration of the individual electron donors, such as sulfide, organic compounds and ammonium. The reactors are based on systems using a biofilm in granules, such as EGSB or UASB, or on a supporting matrix, such as filter or fluidized bed systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: (C1) Further comprises at least one nutrient for the microorganisms; at least one monosaccharide; or at least one polyol. (C1) Comprises (a) in an amount of 0.1 - 10 wt.%. (C2) Is in the form of a tube closed at one end and has comparable dimensions to the in-situ wellhead. The foam composition used in (P1) is (C1). The composition for lance injection comprises the polymer (0.1 - 0.4, preferably 0.15 - 0.3, especially 0.2 - 0.4) wt.%. (C2) Has threaded region for secure attachment to a threaded wellhead. Preferred Components: (d) Is a pencil jet, where the opening of the pencil jet within (b) is below the opening of (c). The surface soil treatment comprises (a) (0.3 - 4, preferably 0.3 - 3, more preferably 0.3 - 2.5, especially 0.4 - 2, particularly 0.5 - 1.25) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (a) Is an organic polymer, non-ionic polymer or polysaccharide. The polysaccharide is cellulose ether or xanthan gum. The cellulose ether is hydroxy methylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The hydrogen storage material has an initial hydrogen release point of approximately 200degreesC.Preferred Process: The mixing step is through a ball milling process. The hydrogen storage material may be rehydrided. When hydrogen storage material is rehydrided, the hydrogen storage material reversibly releases at least 9 wt.% hydrogen. The amount of catalyst is 10-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali borohydride is lithium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of the organic solvent used is 1-10 weight times the wood biomass. The solvent is fuel oil fraction with normal pressure boiling point of 300degreesC or more. The wood biomass is wood type industrial waste and contains 10 wt.% or less of moisture content.Preferred Process: The process further involves crushing processing of wood biomass in a crushing tank. The liquefying process is carried out at 250-400degreesC and pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to 15 atmosphere. EXAMPLE - Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) (in g) (200) was dry ground for 1 hour. The ground material was dried under a reduced pressure at 110degreesC for 3 hours. Anthracene (60) was mixed with dry ground material (10) and heated at 300degreesC under nitrogen gas flow of 3 MPa to liquefy the mixture. The liquefied mixture was stirred and cooled to room temperature. The cooled mixture contained 44 wt.% of liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The moisture content of the sludge is adjusted to 20-70%. The particle size of the sludge is adjusted to 5-10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon degradation catalyst further contains ruthenium. The content of element (E) in the catalyst is 0.1-10 in molar ratio with respect to 1 mole of nickel and ruthenium contained in the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (in g) (104.4) and aluminum sulfate octahydrate (34.32) were dissolved in water. Subsequently, sodium carbonate (13.12) was dissolved in sodium hydroxide (286.1 ml), and an alkali mixed solution was prepared. Subsequently, a mixed solution of magnesium salt and aluminum salt was added to alkali mixed solution, cured at 80degreesC for 8 hours, and layered double water hydroxide core particle was obtained. The reaction solution had pH of 11.8. Subsequently, a mixed solution of magnesium salt, nickel salt and aluminum salt, and lithium salt was added to the alkaline suspension, and pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 11.1. The reaction solution was cured at 95degreesC or more for 12 hours, and a layered double water hydroxide particle was obtained. The diameter of average plate surface of the layered double water hydroxide particle was 0.215 microns, and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area was 53.1 m2/g. The obtained layered double water hydroxide particle was molded to globular form of diameter 3 mm, baked at 800degreesC for 12 hours in air, and oxide particle powder was obtained. Subsequently, reduction process was performed in hydrogen/argon at volume ratio of 20/80 at 800degreesC for 1 hour, and hydrocarbon degradation catalyst was obtained. The content of nickel in the catalyst was 14.63 wt.%. The size of metallic nickel microparticles in the catalyst was 2 nm. The ratio of content of lithium and nickel in the catalyst was 2.081. The catalyst had excellent oxidation resistance, catalyst activity also in low temperature and caulking-proof property. Hydrogen was manufactured efficiently using the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The service condition is controlled so that the sulfate-ion concentration of water ejected from the pre-processing tank is maintained at a predetermined concentration range, preferably less than 50-100 MgSO42- -S/liter. A fumaric acid stored in another chemical solution tank is supplied to anaerobic reaction tank during anaerobic-treatment, using another piping. The amount of fumaric acid supplied to the tanks is adjusted using another unit (F). The hydrogen concentration of anaerobic reaction-tank internal phase in anaerobic-treatment and/or acetic-acid concentration in sludge are monitored. Hydrogen utilizable reaction of the microbe is improved by adding sulfate to a predetermined concentration, based on the monitored value. Hydrogen partial pressure in the anaerobic reaction tank is then reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The organic acid of (M1) is acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid and propionic acid. The alcohol is ethanol, butanediol, isopropanol and butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The agent comprises hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst; or carbon monoxide and an alkali salt (present in biomass). The reaction container or its surface comprises totally or partially of the hydrogenation catalyst. The hydrogenation catalyst is an element of the sixth or eight adjacent group of the periodic system or an alloy, which comprises at least an element. The hydrogenation catalyst (comprising an element) is nickel, palladium, platinum or an alloy. The hydrogen or carbon monoxide is taken from the product stream. The partial pressure for hydrogen or carbon monoxide is 0.01-10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel processor comprises a first catalytic zone for converting the hydrocarbonaceous fuel into an intermediate product gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a second catalytic zone for converting part of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide; and a third catalytic zone for selectively and partially oxidizing or methanazing the remaining carbon monoxide. The second catalytic zone comprises an upstream section having a relatively high working temperature and a downstream section having a relatively low working temperature. The fuel processor comprises a pressure vessel and all the catalytic zones are accommodated inside this vessel.Preferred Parameter: The thermal mass of the catalytic zone is less than 4 k J/degreesC per meter of catalytic zone per gram oxygen to be contained in the chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Degradation: The host cells are especially Escherichia coli.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polynucleotides: Such polynucleotide particularly contains nucleotide sequence of (II), or its complementary sequence.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Polynucleotides: The urethane compounds are low-molecular compounds, or polyurethane. EXAMPLE - From Rhodocossus equi TB60 strain, the urethane gene was cloned after extracting the complete DNA for amplification. Having further biotechnologically manipulated, expression vector and transformant were produced for evaluation of the thus expressed enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The reforming portion (3) includes an internal passage transmitting the fuel and a shift catalyst supported on the internal passage and exposed to the fuel. A downstream portion of the internal flow path with respect to a flowing direction of the reformed gas is formed to be richer in the methanation catalyst than an upstream portion of the internal flow path.Preferred Ratio: A ratio of the hydrogenation catalyst to the methanation catalyst satisfies an inequality of M2/M1 less than or equal to 0.2, where M1 represents a weight of the methanation catalyst and M2 represents a weight of the hydrogenation catalyst.Preferred Property: The support of the methanation catalyst includes pores of greater than 6.3 Angstrom in pore diameter and 0.3-1 cm3/g in a total pore volume ratio to a weight of the support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanation catalyst comprises any material from ruthenium supported on alumina or ruthenium supported on zeolite. The hydrogenation catalyst comprises palladium supported on alumina. The methanation catalyst comprises a support consisting of any material of alumina and zeolite and ruthenium supported on the support. The zeolite is mordenite-type zeolite, 3-type zeolite, Y-type zeolite, ZSM-5 zeolite, or faujasite.Preferred Composition: The methanation catalyst includes ruthenium of from 0.5-4.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The sulfur adsorbent bed system is from ambient to 100degreesC. The feed stream is at 1-18 bar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfur adsorbent comprises a manganese-based adsorbent. The calcium exchanged zeolite sulfur adsorbent comprises a calcium exchanged zeolite X or LSX. The sulfur absorbent catalyst comprises manganese compound, zinc oxide, copper oxide and carbon, high surface area alumina, binder, or iron compound. The calcium exchanged zeolite is further exchanged with metal from zinc, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, silver, gold, scandium, and/or lithium. The sequential sulfur adsorbent bed system further comprises a second selective sulfur adsorbent. Preferred Composition: The calcium exchanged zeolite is exchanged with calcium ions greater than or equal to50%. The silicon:aluminum ratio of the calcium exchanged zeolite is 1-1.25.Preferred Compound: The sulfur compounds include compound(s) from carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, tetra hydro thiophene (THT), mercaptans, disulfides, thiophenes, and/or sulfoxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compounds include compound(s) from dimethyl sulfide, other organic sulfides, and/or higher molecular weight organic sulfur compounds. EXAMPLE - A synthetic natural gas containing mercaptan and THT was passed through a reactor containing only calcium exchanged zeolite X. The zeolite X had silicon:aluminum ratio of 1.17 and a calcium exchange of 70% with the remaining metal ions comprising sodium and/or potassium. The reactor is maintained at 38degreesC and 2 bar. The sulfur adsorbency of the calcium exchanged zeolite showed a first breakthrough for the mercaptan at 268 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The unsaturated carbon and carbon bonds are cracked chemically. The carbon and carbon bonds are cracked by catalyst and pressure cooker. The (unsaturated) carbon and carbon bonds are cracked before or after dissociating glycerol from plant or animal lipids. Esterification or trans-esterification with 1-4C alcohol is used to convert fatty acids into esters. The trans-esterification is performed in the presence of an enzyme. Aldehydes are converted into alkanes. The method is conducted in the presence of a catalyst and includes heat or cooling process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (wt.%): goat milk (14.85), beeswax (0.32), sodium hydroxide (38.34), oil (23.16), sugar (7.03), baking soda (5.11), corn starch (5.11) and borate (6.07).The composition further comprises flour and the composition comprises (wt.%): goat milk (9.83), beeswax (0.21), sodium hydroxide (25.37), oil (15.33), sugar (4.65), flour (33.83), baking soda (3.38), corn starch (3.38) and borate (4.02).Preferred Components: The oil is soy oil. ACTIVITY - Herbicide; Pesticide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After adding the binder, the mixture is heated at 50-350degreesC. Alternately, biomass, char, dry distillation residue generated by the dry distillation of waste material after the removal of metal and debris, carbonized material of dry paper manufacture sludge or paper manufacture sludge, carbonized material of scrap wood, or carbonized material of dry livestock excrement, dry litter and sawdust is used instead of coke. The biomass carbonized material is ground or pulverized and the particle size is adjusted to 10-3000 microns. The ground or pulverized biomass is dried and mixed with the binder. The mixture is dry distilled at 500-1400degreesC. Blast furnace coke is mixed with the carbon-containing molded product during the melting of waste material. The amount of carbon-containing molded product supplied to the melting furnace is 0.5-10 mass% with respect to the waste material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The molding is performed in a double roll die forming machine (13) in which the pressure is set to 1 or more ton/cm. The mold has a thickness of 15-50 mm and a length of one side of 30-80 mm, or is a pillbox mold. A coke oven, a rotary kiln furnace, a vertical shaft furnace, a fluid bed furnace or a batch-type carbonization furnace is used for dry distillation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a tar pitch group binder, plastic, lignin, starch and/or cellulose. The mixing rate of the binder is 2-40 mass%. EXAMPLE - Soft pitch (15 mass%) was mixed with coke having an average particle diameter of 150 microns, and was heated at 80degreesC. The mixture was molded to form a carbon-containing molded product. The molded product had a crushing strength of 98 kgf/p.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The water cycle unit is equipped with a filter apparatus (36), sedimentation tank (37), circulation pump (38), and feed water tank (39). The water supply unit is provided at charcoal furnace crown, and water disposal unit is provided at bottom wall. The smoke-emitting unit has smoke-emitting duct (24) connected to smoke-emitting hole (23) of charcoal furnace and cyclone separator (25) which separates solid particle from the smoke of the smoke-emitting duct, and chimney (26) which discharge the smoke from cyclone separator to atmosphere. A burner (32) for carrying out secondary combustion of smoke is provided at smoke-emitting duct and exhausting unit for encouraging the opening-closing damper and switch a smoke-emitting path is provided at the chimney. A hopper (40) for carrying in the raw material into charcoal furnace is provided at charcoal furnace crown. An observation unit (21) and an air path adjustment unit (22) are provided at door.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxide catalyst contains oxides of cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, bismuth, tin, iron, titanium, niobium, magnesium, zirconium, lanthanum and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal component is chosen from silver, copper, zinc, nickel, iron, manganese, cerium, lanthanum, zirconium and titanium.Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is chosen from zeolites having FAU, BEA, LTL, MOR, MTW, GME, OFF, MFI, MEL, FER, TON, MTT and LTA structure.Preferred Product: The zeolite molded product has metal load of 5-50 wt.%. The metallic element of zeolite crystal, belongs to group I or II.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst used for manufacture of hydrogen, is ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon fuel is LPG, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene, light oil, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane or butene. EXAMPLE - A HSZ-320NADIA (RTM; NaY type zeolite) molded product was crushed to particle size of 0.5-1 mm. Sodium sulfate (110 g) was dissolved in water (450 g) containing zeolite molded product (1 kg), and sodium sulfate was impregnated into it. The impregnated product was dried at 120degreesC and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours. Silver nitrate (394 g) was dissolved in water (2.5 l). The zeolite with impregnated sodium, was supplied. The liquid was stirred for 4 hours and silver ion exchange was performed. pH of the solution was 8.8. The solution was water washed, dried at 120degreesC and baked at 400degreesC. Y-type zeolite containing silver in an amount of 2.4 wt.% and sodium content of 18.1 wt.% was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Properties: The modified lipase is stable with respect to alcohol and heat.Preferred Enzyme: The modified enzyme is chemically modified lipase, which shows amphiphilic property with respect to oil phase/water phase. The modified lipase is lipase chemically modified by copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fats-and-oils are vegetable oil, animal fats and oils or waste oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer has structural unit (i) based on polyalkylene glycol ether of formula (1) (20-80 mol%), structural unit (ii) based on dicarboxylic acid or maleic acid anhydride of formula (2A) or (2B) (20-80 mol%), and optionally structural unit (iii) based on another copolymerizable monomer (0-30 mol%).R1 - R3 = H or methyl;R4 = 1-3C alkylene;R5 = H or 1-22C hydrocarbon;AO = 2-4C oxyalkylene(s);m = average addition number of moles of 2-4C oxyalkylene;m = 1-300; andX1, X2 = H, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium or organic ammonium.R1 and R3 are not methyl simultaneously. EXAMPLE - Oleic acid ethyl ester was synthesized from triolein, ethanol or butanol in oil-in-water emulsion produced by stirring with magnetic stirrer or ultrasonic irradiation, using AGM modified lipase (58% of modification rate). The reaction was performed at 30degreesC for 0-72 hours, and pH 8. Oil-in-water emulsion contained enzyme (1 g/l), moisture content (78-88 volume/volume% (v/v%)), triolein (2), ethanol (10-20) or butanol (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Actinomyces is included with sodium alginate, calcium chloride, etc., and acrylamide (3).Preferred Process: The method involves eluting sodium alginate maintained with acrylamide in water, and approaching the processing solution into the detachment space of sodium alginate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Sidewall: (16) is particularly a hook, and (1) is a frame, optionally with angled borders. (16) may be stamped out from the frame or border, and may curve outwards. The frame border may include, next to (16) a slot and the frame may be a corner piece. (1) may include a mesh of expanded metal, enclosed by the frame, and (16) includes a stop (20) to prevent unintended lifting of a side piece. When assembled to form a composter, (16) of adjacent pieces interact together to connect the two (1) and particularly (16) in the first (1) engages the slot of an adjacent third (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Water is filled in the container (I) by supplying water through a nozzle to create a vortex, such that water is contacted with the biomass. The deposition of biomass further involves introducing additional biomass through the nozzle. Water is supplied to biologically treated water in an amount of 1.5-8 parts, preferably 4 parts, with respect to 1 part of biologically treated water. The biologically treated water is filtered by a multistage filtration process. The multistage filtration process involves filtering the biological material through polyfilters, exposing the biological material to ultraviolet radiation and mechanically straining the biologically treated water through a carbon block. The filling process involves removing bubbles from biomass.Preferred Properties: The biologically treated water has surface tension of 52-65 dynes, preferably 61 dynes, and has freezing point of 33-35degreesF, preferably 34degreesF.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The biomass comprises excreta from lactating ruminants. The excreta is in the form of dry powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: At least one of container (I) and container (II) is made from material chosen from polymeric material, ceramic and/or glass. ACTIVITY - Vulnerary; Dermatological; Endocrine-Gen.; Antiseborrheic; Antiasthmatic; Respiratory-Gen.; Antialcoholic. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: A submerged ultrafiltration membrane is installed into the oxic tank and the treated water discharging pipe and the sludge discharging pipe are connected to the oxic tank. A flowing media or a fixed media is additionally filled into the oxic tank. In front of the inflow pipe, at least one device of a screen for removing impurities in the wastewater, an aeration tank for removing sediments such as sands, an equalization tank for equalizing the flowing amount and the quality of water and a first settling tank for removing suspended solids, are provided.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anaerobic tank and/or the first anoxic tank are introduced with at least one species of external carbon source from an organic chemicals such as methanol or acetate; organic liquid wastes containing organic matter such as methanol or acetate; organic liquid wastes containing solids such as night soil, sediment of septic tank, live stock waste water, or food waste; raw sludge generated in a first settling tank in the wastewater treatment field; recirculated water such as supernatant from sludge concentration apparatus and digester, effluent from dehydrator in the wastewater treatment field; and acid fermentation products of the organic liquid wastes and raw sludge. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: A fermentation step for aerobic-temperature increase, or aerobic fertilizer production, is applied to treat the solid organic waste in such digester before the anaerobic gas production, or by applying the aerobic, anaerobic then aerobic processes successively. After fermentation treatment of such solid organic waste in the digester, methane and/or organic fertilizer can be continuously and stably produced from such fermentation system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: Such digester body comprises 1 parallel side walls and a side wall perpendicular to them. The sealing-join assembly is particularly a soft tube-trough type unit expandable with filled air. Top part of the parallel side walls is provided with a rail. EXAMPLE - A set-up was assembled as required for dry ferment with anaerobes as well as aerobes placed in the digester with solid organic waste for fermentation. Methane and fertilizer were then collected at the end of each fermentation cycle or continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The 100% biodiesel is held in a heated tank prior to mixing with the heated diesel, and the temperature of the biodiesel in the heated tank is 5-120 (preferably 40-80)degreesF. The portion of diesel fuel added to the first blend is diverted from an unheated diesel stream into a conduit comprising an in-line heating system prior to mixing with the 100% biodiesel. The heated portion of diesel is heated to 5-120 (preferably 40-70)degrees F. The cold diesel is at below 20 (preferably 0-5)degreesF. The second blend is moved through a conduit to a load arm for loading into a tank truck.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The automated control system monitors the temperature of the biodiesel entering the first injection point, the temperature of the heated diesel fuel entering the first injection point, the temperature of the biodiesel blend entering the second injection point and the temperature of the unheated diesel fuel entering the second injection point. A first meter (14) is provided in the first conduit for controlling flow of biodiesel from the heated tank, and a second meter (24) is provided in the fifth conduit for controlling blend of biodiesel at the second injection point. The in-line heater is a heat exchanger in which the heated biodiesel provides the heat for the cold diesel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The first blend is 5-90 (preferably 5-50)% biodiesel. Preferred Components: The first blend is a B50 blend, B25 blend, B20 blend, or B1O blend. The second blend is a B5 blend or B2 blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: Catalyst is chosen from a mixture of CuO, ZnO, Al 2O3, or, PdO, CuO, Al 2O3, or K2O, NiO Al 2O3,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The dehydrogenation catalyst contains a catalyst metal selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and/or ruthenium, supported on a porous gamma-alumina support of pore volume 0.55 cm3/g and average pore diameter 90-300 Angstrom . The occupation rate of pore having average diameter of 90-300 Angstrom , is 60% or more. The surface area of the support is 150 m2/g or more.Preferred Method: The catalyst support is gamma-alumina or silica. The hydrogen-containing mixed gas has hydrogen content of 30-80 mol%. Carbon monoxide and/or sulfur compound used as catalyst poison of hydrogenation catalyst, are removed beforehand. The reaction heat of exothermic hydrogenation reaction, is utilized for the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound used for hydrogenation reaction is benzene, toluene, naphthalene and/or methyl naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydride is palladium type-alloy. Preferred Solution: The electrolyte substance is acidic electrolytic solution, preferably phosphoric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus further has a heating unit to heat cathode to 150-200degreesC, and an electric current adjusting unit to control the amount of electric current flowing between anode and cathode. Preferred Method: The generation amount of hydrogen is controlled by electric current.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the moisture content is increased to 50% by sprinkling water to activate the bacteria. The amount of fat and oil mixed with the organic waste is 5%. The separated wood meal granule is recycled as a microbial bed. (M1) involves stirring the processed material with an agitator and supplying air from the bottom of the fermenter. The bacteria is B. subtilis. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The openings (6, 7) are opposite one another in relation to the guide plate. The chamber may have several guide plates arranged in a star-shaped cross-section, preferably forming partial chambers of equal size, each corresponding to an individual opening (6, 7). The plates are arranged rotation symmetrically in the measuring chamber, which is regularly cylindrical. Each plate extends from a center to an internal wall of the chamber. The plates and webs remaining between the openings are equidistant and each plate is in the middle of a web. At the top of the chamber, each plate defines a free space communicating with the sensor, which preferably is in forms the top cover. The measuring chamber and sensor especially form a unit that can be sealed in a opening of a housing, pipe etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A fuel supplied to the fuel tank includes sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel circulation supply comprises a pump arranged between the fuel tank and the fuel cell stack for pumping a fuel; a gas/liquid separator for separating a fuel, air, and a byproduct remaining at the fuel cell stack after a reaction into gas and liquid; a fuel returning line for returning liquid separated by the gas/liquid separator to the fuel tank; and a recycle pump arranged on the fuel returning line, for pumping liquid separated by the gas/liquid separator. The air supply unit includes an air compressor for supplying air in the atmosphere to the cathode of the fuel cell stack; and an air filter for filtering air supplied to the fuel cell stack. It further includes a humidifier for humidifying air supplied to the fuel cell stack; and a water tank for supplying moisture to the humidifier. The sensing unit is arranged at the fuel tank or at the fuel circulation supply. The fuel circulation supply is provided with a filter for filtering a part of a byproduct generated after a reaction. The filter is a sodium metaborate (NaBO2) filter. The system further comprises a second sensing unit for measuring an amount of NaBO2. The second sensing unit is arranged at the fuel tank or at the fuel circulation supply.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is aluminum, platinum, palladium or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane is a supported membrane. The membrane is a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) membrane, deca-dodecasil 3R (DD3R) membrane, zeolite A membrane, ZSM-5, ZSM-5 isomorphously substituted with B, Fe, Ge and/or Ga, ZSM-11 or ZSM-isomorphously substituted with B, Fe, Ge and/or Ga. The SAPO is selected from SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-16, SAPO-17, SAPO-20, SAPO-31, SAPO-34, SAPO-37, SAPO-40, SAPO-41, SAPO-42, and SAPO-44 (preferably SAPO-34). The membrane has a MFI or MEL structure. The membrane is a small pore molecular sieve membrane, medium pore molecular sieve membrane or large pore molecular sieve membrane. The molecular sieve membrane comprises Bronsted acid sites where the modifying agent adsorbs at the acid sites. The modifying agent is ammonia. The modifying agents are silanes or amines that react with the acid sites of zeolites. In (M1), the modified membrane is an ammoniated supported SAPO-34 membrane, the first gas component is carbon dioxide, the second gas component is methane and the feed stream is natural gas; and the modifying agent is adsorbed within and/or on the membrane. EXAMPLE - SAPO-34 membranes were prepared on porous stainless steel module and sealed at each end with silicon O-rings. The module was heated to 220degreesC, and NH3 gas was then introduced to the membrane for 2 hours. The feed pressure was 118 kPa and the permeate pressure was 84 kPa. The NH3 reacted with the acid sites of the SAPO-34 to form NH4+-SAPO-34 membrane (M1). Single-gas and mixture permeation was measured on a system similar to that used by Poshusta et al. (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37. p. 3924). Carbon dioxide and methane single gas and mixture permeation was investigated as a function of temperature and pressure drop for (M1). (M1) Showed CO2/CH4 separation selectively of greater than 42000 at 297 - 323 K, a pressure differential across it of 2.3 - 3 MPa and CO2 concentration of 25 - 70 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The modular component includes at least a portion of the hydrogen purification device or at least a portion of the hydrogen-producing region. The hydrogen-selective membrane includes a pair of spaced apart hydrogen-selective membranes to define a membrane envelope with a harvesting conduit extending between the permeate surfaces. At least a portion of the support structure is disposed in the harvesting conduit. The enclosure defines a membrane module. The fuel processor further includes a filter assembly; purification region adapted to receive the hydrogen-rich stream and to reduce the concentration of selected components of the hydrogen-rich stream to form a product hydrogen stream. The modular component is operatively coupled to the fuel processor by at least one releasable fitting. The releasable fitting includes at least one body member having a coefficient of thermal expansion and at least one seal member having a coefficient of thermal expansion, where the coefficient of thermal expansion of the body member is sufficiently close to or equal to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the seal member such that upon thermal cycling of the fuel processor within a temperature range of at least 200degreesC, the relationship between the body member and the seal member at least maintains the seal of the fitting. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the body member is within 10% of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the seal member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fluidized bed reactor is heated to 500-700degreesC. The reaction is carried out under atmospheric pressure. The flow rate of the air falls within 1000-4000 micronsol/minute. The flow rate of the steam is not less than 1111 micronsol/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The CeO2 content of the catalyst is not less than 35 (preferably not less than 60) wt.%. The SiO2 has a specific surface area not less than 380 m2/g. The catalyst has a particle diameter of 74-240 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The filler comprises an exfoliated graphite or an exfoliated clay or silicate structure. The filler is bentonite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, volkonskoite, hectorite, saponite, laponite, sauconite, magadiite, kenyaite, ledikite and/or their solutions. The filler comprises a nano-scaled graphene plate. The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from ceramic, glass, carbon, and/or composite. The porous core comprises micrometer- or nanometer-scaled pores. It comprises cavities selected from shell-hollow core micro-spheres, and/or shell-porous core micro-spheres. The composition has a dimension smaller than 100 (preferably 5) microns. The layered filler comprising nano-scaled platelets is bi-axially orientated in the shell. Preferred Properties: The layered filler comprises a platelet having a thickness smaller than 200 (preferably smaller than 100) nm and both length-to-thickness and width-to-thickness ratios or diameter-to-thickness ratio greater than 25 (preferably greater than 50). The nanocomposite has a tensile or flexural strength greater than 10000 (preferably 50000) psi. Preferred Compositions: The nanocomposite comprises a volume fraction of the filler of 0.1-30%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pressurized hydrogen is delivered in a fluid stream at a constant pressure from the ballast vessel to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell comprises an anode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material comprises a composition of structure MyHy.M=cationic species other than hydrogen;y=average valence state of M.The hydrogen storage material is a hydride material having a dehydrogenated nominal structure of AB, A:B, AB2 or AB5.A=first cationic species;B=second cationic species.The hydrogen storage material comprises a nitrogen-containing compound or magnesium-containing compound. It comprises a composition from lanthanum pentanickel, magnesium nickel, lithium amide, lithium boron dinitrogen hydride, lithium alanate, magnesium metal and/or its alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The ballast vessel supplies hydrogen to an inlet of the anode assembly. The hydrogen delivery system further comprises a fluid handling system for transporting fluids to and from the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The withdrawing is conducted using a fuel pump. The fuel pump is located upstream of a mixing zone for mixing at least part of the water of the fluid product stream with the aqueous composition containing a metal hydride. The mixing zone is located in fluid communication with the fuel pump and the hydrogen generation catalyst. A valve upstream the mixing zone permits alternative flow of the metal hydride composition and condensed water from a condensate zone into the mixing zone. A containment system for the catalyst comprises a cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The siloxane compound removal system further has a heating unit (4) for heating sewage gas after removing siloxane compound, provided at later stage of refiner. The refiner is filled with porous adsorption agent capable of adsorbing siloxane compound.Preferred Conditions: The ratio of sewage gas with respect to water is 1/500-1/5, during counter-flow contact process. The sewage gas is cooled at 5-10degreesC by cooling unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid is TFSI (CF3SO2) (2N-), pyridinium group cation (RP), tetrafluoroboric acid anion (BF4-), imidazolium group cation (RI), TFSI (CF3SO2) (2N-) and methyl acid 2-(diethyl amino) ethyl group cation, tetrafluoroboric acid anion and methyl acid 2-(diethyl amino) ethyl group cation. Preferred Compressor: A phosphorus group additive is mixed with the ionic liquid. The compression mechanism has a reciprocating motion. Preferred Refrigerant: The refrigerant is R600a, R290, HFC group refrigerant, or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The content of volatile solid substance in liquid is 0.5-5 wt.%.Preferred Method: Air is introduced to circulation liquid tank and/or desulfurizing tower, heated and oxidation-reduction potential of liquid is measured. The pH of circulation liquid is adjusted by replacement of circulation liquid and/or addition of solid substance. The circulation liquid is supplied to gas-liquid contacting portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The gasification is performed by trapping the carbonized material by a trapping material (111). The trapping material is source gas residue (105) generated by heating the raw material or gasification residue, or mixture of inorganic substances. The trapping material is recycled in arbitrary cycles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The inorganic substance is granular porous material containing alumina as main component and has larger volume than the residue derived from the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The utilization system of biogas further has a flow path for returning exhaust gas from biogas refiner, and a concentration analyzer of methane gas and carbon dioxide each provided between refiner and gas holder (3), and siloxane removal apparatus provided at later stage of gas holder (3). A branch flow path is provided between refiner and holder (3), and a regulating valve is provided in front of refiner. The regulating valve adjusts the flow rate of biogas to biogas consumption apparatus provided at branch flow path, based on concentration of methane gas and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria is attached to a carrier. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria belonging to Nocardioides genus is Nocardioides sp. JBB-41 strain (FERM AP-20004) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: A livestock stored excrement processing facility is used in the biogas generator process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The casing widens continuously upwards, preferably from the base to the solids outlet, specifically in a conical manner. The drum is especially in the form of a cone or truncated cone. At least part of the base or casing is formed by a reversible membrane. A centrifuge container (41) is provided around at least the lower part of the drum to receive expressed liquid. The solids outlet is at or near the upper end of the casing. The dispersion inlet opens in the base or preferably at a short distance above the base
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: (I) is a DNA label and/or an isotope (specifically a stable isotope, especially of iron, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur and/or titanium). In particular (I) are metal oxides or metal sulfates (preferably titanium oxide (TiO2), ferrosoferric oxide (Fe3O4) or ferrosoferric sulfide (Fe3S4) interactive with ferromagnetic bacteria. The mixture optionally contains particles with a photocatalytic surface, especially particles of piezoelectric base material coated with titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred features: The rollers are contra-rotating and their speed and the size of the nip between them can be controlled. They are exchangeable. A distributor spreads biomass across the rollers. A sensor detects clogging or the presence of foreign bodies and switches off the conveyor drive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: Devices for the injection of oxygen (pure oxygen or atmospheric oxygen) are extended into the expansion area of the reactor.The solids carried along in the synthesis gas in a first cyclone (F1) are separated and led back into the reactor.The cyclone is attached inside or outside of the reactor.The separation of the ash components carried along in the synthesis gas in a solid cyclone (F2) takes place after the sudden cooling of the synthesis gas in the quench cooler (W2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxygen provided is injected with the hot fluidization steam in the form by pure oxygen or atmospheric oxygen from below into the reactor
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The temperature (T1) of said surface is greater than the temperature (T0) of the gas. The process is a heat exchange process, whereby the reduction and/or minimization of the laminar sub-layer causes increased heat exchange from said object to the gas. Alternatively, T1 of the surface is smaller than T0 of the gas. The surface of the object is a catalyst and the gas comprises reactant(s) of the catalyst, wherein the process is catalytic process whereby the reduction of the laminar sub-layer causes an increased speed of the catalytic process. The surface may be an inner surface of a given volume and the process is a change of gas composition between the gas and a previous gas composition at the inner surface, whereby the reduction of the laminar sub-layer causes an increased gas exchange by increasing the interaction between gas molecules of the gas and the previous gas composition at the inner surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The sonic mechanism comprises an outer an outer part (305) and an inner part (306) defining a passage (303); an opening (302); and a cavity (304) provided in the inner part. It is adapted to receive a pressurized gas and pass the pressurized gas to the opening, from which the pressurized gas is discharged in a jet towards the cavity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method includes heating the solid reactant inside the contactor vessel by introducing fuel into a fuel port of contactor vessel, and burning the fuel so that no carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a combustion product; maintaining a selected total pressure of 25-40 atm inside the contactor vessel; and removing hydrogen gas from a hydrogen outlet port of contactor vessel.The solid reactant is heated to 950degreesC inside the contactor vessel prior to streaming purge oxidant.The partial pressure of gas released from the solid reactant is reduced to 5-6 psia.The gas is vented from the contactor vessel so that the gas flows in a direction opposite to that of the solid reactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is hydrogen gas.The solid reactant is calcium carbonate.The gas is carbon dioxide. The purge oxidant is steam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus includes a fuel port coupled to the contactor vessel for introducing fuel to heat the solid reactant, and a hydrogen gas outlet port for removing hydrogen gas from the contactor vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A surface of the first heat exchanger is coated with the catalyst. The catalyst comprises a combustion catalyst. The first water gas shift reaction zone comprises a high temperature shift reaction zone. The reformer further comprises a second water gas shift reaction zone in fluid communication and downstream of the second heat exchanger. It further comprises a preferential oxidation reaction zone in fluid communication and downstream of the second water gas shift reaction zone. The second water gas shift reaction zone comprises a low temperature shift reaction zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The conditions of temperature are 150-1000degreesF.Preferred Waste: The waste is municipal solid waste, municipal liquid wastes, industrial solid waste, industrial liquid wastes, sanitary sewage, tires, refining waste, agricultural waste, animal waste, non-infectious medical wastes, and/or petrochemical wastes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a mechanism for extracting the oily sludge hydrocarbons from the soil specimen operable to measure degradation of the oily sludge hydrocarbons. A pressure regulator (20) is provided for regulating the pressure of air in the apparatus. A solenoid valve (22) is provided for controlling the automatic opening and closing of the air supply to the apparatus. A temperature indicator (36) is provided for displaying the present temperature in the apparatus. A control valve (18) is provided for controlling the flow of supply air to the apparatus. A timer (30) is provided for controlling the timing of the air supply to the apparatus. Air dampers (16) are provided for regulating the flow of air to the apparatus. A temperature controller (34) is provided for automatically controlling the temperature in the apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption bed contains activated carbon, zeolite material and alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The decomposition region of the methane gas hydrate is maintained constant by supplying air to methane gas hydrate layer.Preferred Apparatus: The unit for supplying air has air-amount supply unit capable of calculating the amount of air required to maintain in which the gas hydrate is stored to a fixed pressure and monitor decomposition process by temperature sensor, provided at the portion in which the gas hydrate is stored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic iron is metal or alloy of iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: the silver ammine complex ion is prepared using ammonia and/or ammonium nitrate. The zeolite is HY type zeolite, USY type zeolite and/or beta-zeolite. The silver-ion exchange zeolite is a molding zeolite containing 5-30 mass% of silver. Preferred Adsorption Agent: Sulfur-compound is removed from a hydrocarbon fuel or dimethyl-ether fuel using the adsorption agent. The hydrocarbon fuel is LPG, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene oil, light oil or hydrocarbon compound chosen from ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane and/or butene. Preferred Catalyst: The partial-oxidation modification catalyst, autothermal modification catalyst or water-vapor modification catalyst, is a ruthenium type or nickel type catalyst. EXAMPLE - HY type zeolite molding HSZ-320HOD 1A was ground to a particle size of 0.5-1 mm. Silver nitrate (in g) (394) dissolved in water (2.5 L) was added. Ammonium nitrate (276) and 30% aqueous ammonia (220) were added, to obtain a silver ammine complex-ion solution. Zeolite (1 kg) was added and stirred. Silver-ion exchange processing was performed for 6 hours, to obtain a solution of pH 6.8. Filtration was performed followed by washing, drying at 120degreesC and baking at 400degreesC or more for 3 hours, to obtain silver-ion exchange Y type zeolite of silver content 11.2 mass%. The structure of the obtained zeolite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The elements of 1b group of periodic table is gold, silver and copper. The unitary element of 8a group excluding palladium is ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, osmium and iridium. The unitary element of 4a group is titanium or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is obtained by (i) impregnating an iron-salt solution, drying and baking, after impregnating a nonferrous-metal salt solution into a support, drying and baking or (ii) impregnating a mixed solution of nonferrous-metal salt and iron salt into a support, drying and baking. The nonferrous-metal is alumina. The support is a foam glass. A foaming agent is added to a ground material of waste glass as aggregated-form porous material, and melt foaming is performed to obtain a foam glass. The foam glass has a high ratio of continuous air hole. The carbon adhesion foam glass material is used as an aggregated-form porous material. Preferred Gas: The lower hydrocarbon gas is methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The active metal component is copper, silver, ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium, preferably silver. The modification catalyst further contains a solid acid substance such as zeolite, metallosilicate, zirconia carrying oxide, hetero polyacid, silica-alumina and alumina. Preferred Method: The modification reaction is steam reforming, self thermal reforming, carbon dioxide reforming or partial oxidation reforming. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (1.66 g) was dissolved in distilled water (8 ml). The solution was impregnated into ceria and dried at 120degreesC for 3 hours. The impregnated substance was baked at 400degreesC for 3 hours to form modification catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used for modifying dimethyl ether. The conversion ratio of methanol was 100% and the concentration of hydrogen gas produced was 73%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Plants: The plants are from the Agave family, Araceae, Palm family, Araliaceae, Moraceae, Asclepidaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocyanaceae, arrowroot family, Cupressaceae, Rutaceae, Kapok family, pine family, Musaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Oleaceae family, Commelinaceae, pineapple family, Crassulaceae, Salicaceae and/or pteridophyte plants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Genes: The plants comprise a recombinant gene, where the recombinant gene is chosen from genes encoding heat shock protein, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bis phosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bis phosphatase, NADP-malic enzyme, pyruvic acid phosphoric acid dikinase and/or carbonic anhydrase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is metal chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, gold, rhenium, nickel, cobalt, and iron. Preferred Support: The support of catalyst is activated carbon, carbon nano tube, molecular sheave, zeolite, alumina, silica, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide and/or cerium oxide. Preferred Condition: The catalyst is heated at 0-50degreesC, 100-200degreesC or 200-350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises: expanding the flow LL then recuperating the frigorie on the expanded LL, by heat exchange with a flow C resulting from L1 and/or L2 and/or G1b, before mixing with G1a; and adding a fraction of compressed gas G1b to expand the flow LL, before the transfer of frigories to favor its vaporization. The heat exchange is carried out in an exchanger with multiple passages (comprising: a first passage for the cooling of the flow C; a second passage for the cooling of flow LL before expansion; and a third passage for partial or total vaporization of flow LL pre-cooled then expanded, with transfer of frigories. In the process, the flow C is cooled at -30-5degreesC (preferably -20 to -5degreesC). The flow C is a liquid flow (preferably as counter-flow) resulting from L1 and/or L2, which after cooling (preferably pre-cooled) is brought into contact with G1b in a column of absorption for the production of the gas G2 rich in hydrogen. The flow C is cooled at a temperature sufficiently low so that the effluent gas G2 rich in recuperated hydrogen has a hydrogen content approximately higher than 90 (preferably higher than 97) mol.%,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (L3) Is composed of a single metal element (preferably tantalum (Ta) or niobium (Nb)) and it is an alloy. The alloy is composed of a base metal having a higher melting point than (L1) and (L3), and an additive metal. The base metal is metal of group V and the additive metal is V or Pd. (L3) Comprises first intermediate layer comprising V as the additive metal, in contact with (L1); and a second intermediate layer comprising Pd as the additive metal, in contact with (L2). The additive contains at least one metal selected from cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti); or from silver (Ag), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y), platinum (Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cellulose is expressed as endoglucanase and/or exoglucanase. The cellulose binding domain is Cel5 or CBM6 originated from Ruminococcus albus or xylanase A of Clostridium stercorarium respectively. The chloroplast-targeting peptide is N-terminal transit peptide (tp) of alfalfa rubisco small subunit (RbcS). The transfected Agrobacterium is Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA-4404.Preferred Method: Production of soluble sugar further involves addition of externally expressed and purified exoglucanase to the homogenate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron is cast-iron powder, reduced iron powder, electrolytic iron powder, pure iron powder and/or atomized iron powder. Another metal excluding iron is added to iron or its oxide, and accommodated in the reaction container. The another metal is titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel, copper, neodymium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mixed refrigerant stream comprises methane, ethane and/or ethylene, propane and/or propylene and/or butane and/or butylenes (preferably ethane and/or ethylene and/or propane and/or propylene). The first process stream contains at least ethane and/or propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low pollution composition fuel further contains a pigment and a preservative. EXAMPLE - Light oil (in wt.%) (60), isopropyl alcohol (20), n-propyl alcohol (6.5), isobutyl alcohol (12) and secondary butyl alcohol (1.5), were mixed, to obtain a low pollution composition fuel. The obtained low pollution composition fuel enabled decomposition of non-flammable impurities such as carbon adhering to engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A porous liquid membrane (51) into which absorption liquid is impregnated, is pressurized in membrane-separation device (52). The separation device is divided into chambers (52a,52b). The pressure of chamber (52a) is higher than chamber (52b). Non-acidic gas is remained in chamber (51a) by introducing mixed gas containing acidic gas and non-acidic gas in chamber (52a), and is supplied to low voltage chamber (52b) by permeating acidic gas with liquid membrane (51). Acidic gas is recovered from chamber (52b), and non-acidic gas is recovered from chamber (52a). Mixed gas is dehumidified before supplying to absorption tower and membrane separation device. Preferred Condition: The temperature in absorption tower (13) is maintained at 0-100degreesC and pressure of 0.1-10 MPa. The temperature in regeneration tower (16) is maintained at temperature higher than temperature in absorption tower by 50-200degreesC, and same or less pressure of absorption tower by 0.01-5 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The absorption liquid is liquid having secondary-amine group (-NH-). The absorption liquid is neutral or alkaline. The ionic liquid has cation and anion. 10 cations are claimed, such as alkyl imidazolium of formula (1) and alkyl pyridinium of formula (2). The anion is PF6-, BF4-, NO3-, EtSO4-, AlCl4- and/or AlBr4-.R1-R5=0-18C alkyl or hydrogen.When R1-R5 is alkyl, X is primary amine group or hydrogen. When R1-R5 is hydrogen, X is absent. Preferred Gas: The acidic gas is gas chosen from carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbon oxysulfide. The non-acidic gas is gas chosen from hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The sewage gas refiner has storage tank (6b) which stores the solvent, diffuser (6c) provided at bottom portion of storage tank, and cooling mechanism for cooling the solvent to 25degreesC or less. The gas-liquid contact of solvent and sewage gas is carried out by carrying out aeration of the sewage gas with diffuser into the solvent stored in storage tank. The diffuser is a fine bubble generating apparatus with which air bubble of 10-20 microns of diameter is generated. The later stage of the sewage gas refiner is filled with porous adsorption agent which absorbs siloxane compound. The front stage of the sewage gas refiner is further equipped with moisture content removal mechanism in which the moisture content in sewage gas is removed. The sewage gas refiner has a process gas supply line for supplying the processed sewage gas as a fuel.Preferred Method: The gas-liquid contact of digestion sewage gas and solvent is carried out under 0.1-1 MPa. The sewage gas processed by the sewage gas refiner is utilized as a fuel. The moisture content of the sewage gas is removed before introducing into the sewage gas refiner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of sodium in Y-type zeolite is 2-5 mass%. The sodium content of metal exchange Y-type zeolite is 0.5-4 mass%. The y-type zeolite is molded Y-type zeolite. The partial oxidation modification catalyst, autothermal modification catalyst or steam modification catalyst is ruthenium type or nickel type catalyst.Preferred Process: Partial substitution of sodium ion of NaY-type zeolite is carried out by ammonium ions. Metal ion exchange is further carried out using metal ammine complex ion solution containing silver and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrocarbon fuel is hydrocarbon compound chosen from town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene, light oil or ethane, ethylene, LPG, propane, propylene, butane or butene. EXAMPLE - NaY-type zeolite (1 kg) having particle size of 0.5-1 mm and sodium content of 7.9 mass%, was supplied into a container filled with 3 l ammonium nitrate solution having concentration of 1 mol/l. The ammonium nitrate solution was circulated for 3 hours. The zeolite was washed with pure water and found to contain sodium content of 3.6 mass%. Silver nitrate (394 g) was dissolved in water (1 l). 30 mass% aqueous ammonia (325) was added to the silver nitrate solution to form a solution of silver ammine complex ion. The silver ammine complex ion solution was supplied to the container and circulated for 8 hours to carry out silver ion exchange process. The solid substance of filtered, washed, dried at 120degreesC and baked at 400degreesC for 3 hours to form silver ion exchange Y-type zeolite having sodium content of 2.8 mass% and silver content of 12 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon-type material is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support further contains a titanium oxide nanotube. The oxide carrier further comprises oxide(s) of element chosen from group 1A, group 1B, group 2A, group 2B, group 3A (excluding lanthanoids and yttrium), group 3B, group 4B, group 5B, group 5A, group 6A, group 6B, group 7A and group 8 of periodic table, preferably silica, zinc oxide, alumina, tungsten oxide, iron oxide, antimony trioxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and lithium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The organic waste and iron-type zeolite are supplied to the anaerobic digestion tank, and mixed. Anaerobic digestion is then carried out. Gaseous-phase containing methane obtained by anaerobic digestion is used as fuel. The digestive processing residue is removed in the form of solid or liquid, or in original state. The digestive processing residue contains iron-type zeolite to which ammonia is adsorbed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The delivery system of biomass modification fluid fuel further has gas pressurization filling apparatus for filling gas into pressure resistant tanks of vehicle other than mounted container, carbon monoxide modification unit for removing carbon monoxide, absorber for absorption removal of carbon dioxide contained in combustible gas before gas pressurization filling, and carbon dioxide absorption unit for raising calorific value. Carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide before gas pressurization filling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The biomass is Gramineae plant, and consists of bamboo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atom: The insertion atom is atom of aluminum, chlorine, potassium, titanium, nickel, platinum and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A predetermined amount of water is extracted from underground water or surface water contaminated by chlorinated organic compound, and intermediate product of chlorinated organic compounds is removed from water to produce test water. Dichloroethylene is added to test water, and dichloroethylene spike test water (W) is prepared. The water (W) and anaerobic microbe decomposition promoter are mixed. The mixture is maintained at preset temperature for preset time under anaerobic condition. The decomposition state of dichloroethylene contained in mixture is measured after preset time. The determination of purification unit used for purifying underground or surface water is carried out based on measured value. Alternately, the soil (S) and water (W) are mixed with promoter, and decomposition state is similarly measured. The determination of purification unit is carried out based on the measured value. The promoter is capable of promoting reduction dechlorination, which substitutes chlorine of chlorinated organic compound by hydrogen with hydrogen donor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The chlorinated organic compound is tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride or dichloroethylene, preferably cis-dichloro ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The temperature within the reactors is 200-800degreesC. The hydrogen extraction membranes comprise a layer of palladium or palladium alloy. The membranes are supported on a porous metal with a similar coefficient of expansion as palladium and are assembled between two mechanical parts by high-energy welding. The membranes are flat. The system comprises two coaxial housings and the space between the housings is divided into individual reactors by annular partitions (CA1-CA4) and the inner housing is divided into individual gas circulation compartments (E1-E4) by hydrogen separation modules (M1-M5) disposed between pairs of annular partitions (CA1-CA4). Each gas circulation compartment communicates with two successive annular compartments through opposite openings (O1, O2-O3, O4-O5, O6-O7, O8) in the inner housing. The hydrogen separation modules (M1-M5) communicate with the hydrogen collection circuit through openings in the cylindrical wall of the inner housing. The hydrogen separation modules each comprise several membrane separation elements. The system comprises a stack of annular parts to which the membranes are welded. The annular partitions form a single piece with the annular parts and with a hydrogen collection pipe (TC). The annular parts have circular openings above and below the annular partitions. The annular partitions comprise a pair of half-circlets that are sealed into grooves in the annular parts and are clamped between two circlet plates. EXAMPLE - The outer housing (1) has an upper wall (3) with a feed gas inlet (5) and a lower wall (4) with a waste gas outlet (6). The hydrogen collection circuit is in the form of a pipe (8) located coaxially within the inner housing and passing through the upper wall of the outer housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The inactive yeasts are yeasts thermally inactivated yeasts or partially hydrolyzed yeasts or fractions of yeasts. The yeasts are produced from strains of the genus Saccharomyces, Candida or Torula. The yeast preparations comprise yeasts of only one genus or mixtures of several genus. The preparations of (I) are in the form of suspensions or solutions or dry form, for example powders, granules or flakes.In the process: (I) (0.1-100 kg) is applied per hectare on the sol; and application of mineral and/or organic manures is carried out by conventional treatment. (I) is introduced into the mineral and/or organic manures, before spread out on the ground. The yeasts are mixed with mineral and/or organic manures. (I) is used as a fertilizers. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas (G2) from the secondary reformer (R2) is preheated before entry into the primary reformer (R1). The gas (G1) from R1 is shift-converted to remove carbon monoxide. G2 is combined with G1 and cooled before shift conversion. The nanostructured catalyst is supported on a flat support or a particulate ceramic or glass support. The catalyst is continuously fed into and withdrawn from R2, optionally as a function of the hydrogen content of G2. The catalyst and feed gas are supplied to R2 in cocurrent or countercurrent. R2 is operated at 400-700degreesC. The catalyst comprises nickel and/or iron together with and alkaline earth metal oxide, silicon and/or silica. Carbon compounds adhering to the catalyst leaving R2 are removed by abrasion or in a cyclone or by chemical etching or by heat treatment. The feed gas is natural gas or optionally prepurified biogas. Preferred Apparatus: The primary reformer (1) has an internal heat exchanger (3) and an external heat exchanger (4) connected to the steam pipe. Gas from reformer (1) is passed to a heat exchanger (5) and the resulting steam is fed into heat exchanger (4). Gas from heat exchanger (5) is passed to a shift conversion reactor (6). The secondary reformer (2) has a continuous catalyst supply system (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The fermenter is bedded in the ground and the outer wall of the shell has lower openings (3) above ground level and upper openings (4) around the top of the shell. Warm air escapes through the upper openings and cool air flows into the lower openings, thereby cooling the biomass. The openings have motor-controlled valves. The thermal gradient produced by the air flow through the shell causes the biomass to circulate, so a dedicated stirrer mechanism is dispensable. The fermenter is charged with biomass (7) through several inlets (6) arranged symmetrically in a ring above the middle of the sphere. The fermenter has gas outlets (10) arranged in rings at various heights around the gas space (9) above the fermenting biomass. The gas outlets are connected to a power station (11) by pipes installed in the air layer in the shell to cool the gas flowing through the pipes. The fermenter has sludge outlets (13) arranged in rings at various heights around the base of the fermenter. The top of the fermenter is equipped with a venturi tube (15) that accelerates the air stream from the air layer in the shell to drive the rotor blades (17) of a current generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Suitable cellulose containing material can be wood chips, wood flour, flax or hemp. Starch containing material can be maze, soya and ground rice. Blowing agent is sodium hydrogen carbonate. Other biologically decomposable additives, e.g. water, vinegar and/or biologically decomposable alcohols and/or enzymes, may be included in a compound dependent on the required properties.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The natural resin is colophonium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A favorable amount of the volatile substance generated in primary gasification is trapped in a trapping material (111). The source gas residue produces a primary gasification heat source or secondary gasification heat source.Preferred Material: The trapping material is the source gas residue generated by heating of raw material. The gasified residue after thermal decomposition of source gas residue, optionally contains combustion residue(s) (112), after burning the gasified residue. The trapping material is a mixed substance essentially comprising an inorganic substance, and is recycled in arbitrary cycles. The inorganic substance is a granular porous material having alumina as a main component. The inorganic substance has a larger volume than the residue derived from a raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal (A) is iron, indium, tin, magnesium, cerium and/or its oxide, preferably iron, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel, copper and/or neodymium, and rhodium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium and/or palladium. The iron is cast iron powder, reduced iron powder, electrolytic iron powder, enameling-iron powder and/or atomized iron powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The mixed catalyst contains alpha-alumina support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: At least one of inert gas and carbon dioxide is further mixed with the reducing gas. Reduction is performed at a pressure of 0.1-10 MPa. Reduction processing is performed from normal pressure to modification pressure of hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - A complex oxide catalyst of particle size 0.1-0.2 nm containing magnesium in an amount of 50 mass%, and ratio of nickel and magnesium element of 0.1, was reduction processed in a fixed bed gas distribution type reactor, at 0.1 MPa pressure for 60 minutes, using hydrogen and water vapor as reducing gas. The molar ratio of water vapor and hydrogen gas was 3. Carbon deposition amount was suppressed completely.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: S1 comprises biomass or heavy oil. S2 comprises methanol, ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or acetone. S2 is heated to 550-650degreesC. S1 and S2 are mixed at 300-360degreesC for 0.5-10 minutes. The throughput of S2 is 20-120% of the throughput of S1. The number of hydrogen atoms in the form of molecular hydrogen in S2 is 0.5-4 times the number of carbon atoms in S1. Waste heat from the product stream is transferred to S1 and S2 via a heat exchanger. EXAMPLE - A preoxidized reactor (DE10135431) was supplied with 50% aqueous methanol (0.26 tonne/hour) and operated at 600degreesC and 25 MPa with a residence time of 10 seconds to produce a gas containing 65 vol.% hydrogen. This was passed to a second reactor together with a comminuted sewage sludge stream with a solids content of 20% (1 tonne/hour). The second reactor was operated at 200-450degreesC and 25-30 MPa to give an oily product (no details given).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises (wt.%) palladium (0.01-0.1, preferably 0.01-0.05), silver additive (0.01-0.12) and Group Ib metal (0.005-0.6, preferably 0.01-0.3). The ratio of the Group Ib metal to palladium is 0.5:1-6:1. The Group IB metal is silver. The weight percentages are based on total weight of the catalyst. The carrier is made of alumina, silica-alumina, zinc oxide, nickel, spinel, titania, zirconia, ceria, chromia-alumina, magnesium oxide, and/or cerium oxide. The carrier is preferably alumina. Preferred Properties: The depth of penetration of palladium into the carrier is suck so that greater than or equal to90% palladium is in the 250microns of the surface of the catalyst material. The catalyst is in the form of sphere, trihole, monolith, pellet, or tablet. The surface area of the carrier is 2-10m2/g. The shape of catalyst is spherical with diameter of 1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction occurs in two containers, one with the major portion of the alcohol-sodium methylate reaction component, and the other with the minor portion of the alcohol-sodium methylate reaction component, where major portion is 75-80% of the methylating agent, and the minor portion is 25-20% of the methylating agent. The process uses acid washing steps to maintain the pH within 7-8, and to wash soap from the biodiesel reaction product. The process is continuous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer contains vanadium the wax material contains silver-copper-titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The waste material gasifier has fixed bed furnace to which decomposition furnace ejects residue from lower portion and upper portion, a revolving grate (7), which stirs combustible waste material in lower portion of fixed bed furnace, and a discharge port (17) of molten slag (S) provided at bottom portion of gas melting furnace. The gas melting furnace uses waste plastic (P) as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Alternately, a plant-derived phosphoric acid group organic compound is added to the waste liquid, phosphorus component dissociated by decomposition with microorganisms, is supplied to liquid fertilizer in anaerobic fermenter and processed liquid fertilizer is obtained. Anaerobic fermented liquor is stored in the storage tank to return the liquid fertilizer to aerobic state and adjust amount of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance that discharges hydrogen by decomposition, is glycol or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Biogas collection from the gas permeable layer is preferably less than 2% of that from the well(s). The method further comprises monitoring the composition of gas in the gas permeable layer and adjusting the rate of collection from the interior (decreasing collection rate if the gas in the gas permeable layer contains more air gas or less methane than desired). The gas composition is monitored by gas chromatography, gas conductivity, or infrared spectroscopy. The biogas collection creates an entrainment zone under the gas-permeable layer. The gas containment layer is predominantly soil or clay, or comprises a synthetic membrane. The gas permeable layer comprises predominantly rigid or sem-rigid particles with an average particle diameter of 1 mm or greater. The particles are gravel, pebbles, shredded tire, construction debris, wood debris or other wood material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The heat exchange channel is made up of ceramics, glass, polymer, a composite of polymer and fiberglass, quartz and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat exchange fluid comprises air, steam, liquid water, carbon dioxide, gaseous nitrogen or liquid nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat exchanger channel is made up of steel, monel, inconel, aluminum, titanium, nickel, copper, brass and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid mixture comprises isobutane or naphtha. The heat exchange fluid comprises gaseous hydrocarbons or liquid hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The fermentation agent is fungi or bacteria. The enzyme is cellulase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The bioreactor further comprises an isolation valve (120) connecting the feed tube and the chopper. The isolation valve comprises a ball valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises removing from the reaction vessel an ethanol-containing effluent. The ethanol-containing effluent is removed from the top portion of the reaction vessel. The slurry is agitated by mechanical mixing. The method is carried out using a semi-continuously solids-fed bioreactor.Preferred Parameter: The optimized feeding frequency is 1-8. The optimized loading concentration is 5-15 fpu/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cathode protective layer is a cathode diffusion layer comprising hydrophobic hydrogen permeable polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Generator: The generator includes a pipe connected to the electrolyzer to transport oxygen gas from the electrolyzer. The generator includes another pipe to transport hydrogen gas from the electrolyzer. Both pipes include a lower valve to control gas pressure between the valve and the electrolyzer, and an upper valve. Water flow is provided to an upper portion of the well and passes into the input port of the generator to generate electricity. The generator may be positioned within an upper or middle portion of the well, or exteriorly of the well.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst (3) is nickel catalyst such as sponge nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Magnetic fluid used in the manufacturing apparatus of the hydrogen is silicone oil in which needle crystals of magnetic powder is mixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic-waste raw material is excretion derived from animal, food residue, fisheries waste material, agricultural-products waste material, or forest waste material. An inorganic porous material such as charcoal is added to the organic-waste raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-producing hydride component(s) comprise metal, semi-metal, or ammonium hydrides. The metal, semi-metal, or ammonium hydrides comprise alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydrides. The metal or semi-metal hydrides comprise metal borohydrides. The hydrogen-producing hydride components comprise metal, semi-metal, or ammonium hydrides of for formula MBH4. The hydrogen-producing hydride components comprise NaBH4, LiBH4, KBH4, Mg(BH4)2, Ca(BH4)2, NH4BH4, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, KAlH4, NaGaH4, LiGaH4, or KGaH4.M=alkali metal comprising Li, Na, K, Rb; alkaline earth metal comprising Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba; or ammonium or organic group;B=B, Al, or Ga.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen-producing metal components comprise pure metals, mixed metals, or alloys. The hydrogen-producing metal components comprise aluminum, magnesium, zinc, lithium, sodium, potassium, and/or rubidium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-producing hydride components comprise (CH3)4NH4BH4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The conduit comprises a coiled tubing. The first fluid comprises water. The second fluid comprises a reformate. The fluids each have respective temperature before heat exchange, the second temperature being higher than the first temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A carbon monoxide content in the reactor product of the fuel reformer is removed in a gas-clean up reactor (2); and feeding reaction product of the gas clean up reactor to a fuel cell. The fuel cell generated water which is cheated by heat released in the catalytic combustion reactor for generating steam to the fuel reformer. The oxidation catalyst is heated by supplying fuel and air at lean or stoichiometric conditions to the oxidation catalyst where an exothermic reaction takes place. The air and fuel is supplied to the catalyst at an air excess ratio having a lambda value of 5-7 for providing the exothermic reaction or a lambda of approximately 0.25 for providing the catalytic partial oxidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus has a reformed gas temperature regulator for cooling and heating reformed gas passing through the transformer, a temperature detector for detecting temperature of reformed gas, an oxidizing agent supply device for adding oxidizing agent to reformed gas after transformation circulation, a carbon-monoxide selective oxidation device for selective oxidation of carbon monoxide and oxidizing agent in reformed gas, and a carbon-monoxide concentration detecting device. The control unit obtains detected value of temperature detector during restarting, after stopping hydrogen production apparatus. The control unit pre-stores control temperature data and S/C ratio data, and selects control temperature and S/C ratio from control temperature data.Preferred Method: The temperature of reformed gas is raised according to start and/stop count, when control unit controls the regulator. The S/C ratio of reformed gas is raised, when control unit controls water supply device and raw material supply unit. The control unit counts the accumulation operation time of hydrogen production apparatus. The temperature of reformed gas is raised by controlling regulator based on start and/or stop count and accumulation operation time count. The S/C ratio of reformed gas is raised by controlling water supply device and raw material supply unit based on start and/or stop count, and accumulation operation time count.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The strip has longitudinal edges, and is corrugated except in flat bands near the longitudinal edges. The compact multiple-stream hydrogen generator comprises a conduit for water connected to one of the fluid flow regions, so as to be in heat exchange with products of the combustion chamber and/or steam-reforming chamber, to produce steam. The steam and hydrocarbon fuel directing mechanism includes a conduit, which conveys fluid to one of the fluid flow regions so as to be in heat exchange with products of the steam-reforming chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen permeable membrane is formed of palladium metal.Preferred Method: The ammonia forms during an exothermic energy reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The oxidation structure within the lower cavity for burning air is a hot cylinder heated by the internal burning inside of natural gas and air. The upper reaction cavity contains a reservoir with permeable walls to receive nitrogen gas that reacts with hydrogen gas from the lower reaction cavity to form ammonia.Preferred Function: The hot cylinder within the lower cavity is used to thermally decompose methane to form hydrogen and carbon. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The filled layer is arranged at the entrance side of the process gas. Preferred Gas: The high purity process gas is high purity hydrogen gas for fuel cells, or high purity nitrogen gas for semiconductor manufacture. EXAMPLE - A filled layer filled with a carbon monoxide adsorption agent containing copper chloride carried on alumina gel, and a filled layer filled with manganese oxide-copper oxide (MnO2-CuO) group carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst, were formed. Air containing 2500 ppm of carbon monoxide was supplied at 30 l/minute through the filled layers. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the processed gas was measured and found to be 0 ppm after 5-6 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The gas-purification apparatus further has another treatment tank (T), another gas supply unit for circulating the gas distributed from one side of the treatment tank (11) to other side from one side of tank (T) to other side, another evacuation unit for evacuating the tank (T), and carbon dioxide adsorption agent for adsorbing carbon dioxide, provided such that the tank (T) is divided. Several treatment tanks (11) and several treatment tanks (T) are connected in parallel. The gas-purification apparatus further has an exhaust gas re-supply unit for circulating the exhausted gas in treatment tanks (11,T), and a switching unit for joining the gas which distributed from the inside of the treatment tanks (11,T) by the exhaust gas re-supply unit, with purified gas or original gas. The exhaust gas re-supply unit further circulates the gas in tank (T) to the tank (11).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The carbon dioxide adsorption agent is zeolite-X containing lithium, calcium, strontium, magnesium and sodium as exchange cations. The zeolite-X contains silica and alumina in a ratio of 2-2.5. The organic silicon group impurity adsorption agent is arranged at the upstream side rather than the sulfur group impurity adsorption agent, in the circulation direction of gas. The carbon dioxide adsorption agent is arranged at the downstream side in the circulation direction of gas, rather than the organic silicon group impurity adsorption agent and sulfur group impurity adsorption agent. The adsorption agent has honeycomb shape. The impurities separated from original gas are returned into the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen sulfide is removed from biogas so that the residual hydrogen sulfide concentration is 1.25-10 ppm. The catalyst is obtained by carrying out carbonization of metallosilicate which carries molybdenum, using a reducing gas. EXAMPLE - Methane gas was added with 1 vol.% of carbon dioxide to remove hydrogen sulfide from methane. The residual amount of hydrogen sulfide was less than 10 ppm. A catalyst containing HZSM-5 on which 6 wt.% of molybdenum was carried, was filled in a reactor. The methane gas was supplied into the reactor at a rate of 3000 ml/g.hour. The components were reacted at 750degreesC and 3 atmosphere to form benzene and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The insertion portion has pore diameter of 0.5-1 mm, and crossing angle of 40-80degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbon, alcohol and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The diaphragm is formed from an insulating material chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Material: The used paper crushed material having size of 0.1-3 mm and/or waste plastic ground material having size of 1-5 mm (0.1-0.7 weight parts) are mixed with respect to sewage dehydration cake (1 weight parts) obtained by dehydrating moisture content of sewage sludge obtained from sewage work to 70-85%. The obtained mixture is molded to cylindrical shape having diameter of 4-10 mm and length of 2-7 cm. The molded product is then dried at 60-180degreesC warm air. Processing of sludge is enabled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Catalyst concentration monotonically increases as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases for positions between the first position and the second position. Catalyst concentration increases linearly or stepwise between the first and second position as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases. The catalyst is present at 1-50 wt.% of the total weight of the anode. The anode, cathode, and electrolyte layer are arranged in parallel sheets or concentrically. The fuel cell further comprises additional anode flow channels. The cathode defines at least a portion of a cathode flow channel, which has a cathode flow channel entrance for the introduction of an oxidizing component into the cathode flow channel and a cathode flow channel exit. The cathode flow channel is adapted to allow flow of the oxidizing component in a direction opposite to the flow of the fuel in the anode flow channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous mixture is air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) is performed by bubbling air in water through an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or by spraying droplets of aqueous K2CO3 solution into a stream of air. CO2 is released from potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) by electrochemical process or by heating KHCO3 to a temperature sufficient to liberate CO2, recycling K2CO3. Reaction of CO2 with hydrogen is performed via catalytic thermal reaction or electrochemical reaction. The electrochemical reaction corresponds to a reverse operation of fuel cell, and hydrogen is produced in-situ. The electrochemical reaction corresponds to a reverse operation of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), and the fuel produced is methanol. The electrochemical reaction may correspond to a reverse operation of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), and the fuel produced is hydrocarbon such as methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is selected from Mg, Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn and Co (preferably Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn, especially Pb).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty acid is stearic acid.The salt is lead stearate.The alcohol is ethanol or methanol.Preferred Method: The reaction is carried out at 100-260degreesC. EXAMPLE - Reactions test were conducted by loading into small steel reactors soybean oil (2 g) with an acidity of 0.2 wt.%, methanol (0.9 g) and Pb(OOC(CH2)16CH3)2 as catalyst with a mol M++ x 105 of 5.72 and logbetaDBM was 9.75. The reactors were placed in a ventilated oven and subjected to the following temperatures program: 2 minutes at 30degreesC, heating at 20degreesC/minutes up to 200degreesC. The reactors were kept at this temperature for 55 minutes. The reactors were then cooled rapidly in ambient temperature.    The % conversion was found to be 92%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A raw primary feedstock has a water content of higher than 25%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst is a nickel and copper catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further includes determining whether CO to H2 in the secondary gas stream meets the additional requirements of CO and H2 for the predetermined CxHyOz product, where additional H2 is required prior to the combining step, passing CO through a water/gas shift where the CO is mixed with water to produce H2 and CO2 and then passing the remaining CO and H2 to the combining step. The process further includes cleaning the secondary gas stream and removing CO2 and solids to produce a cleaned gas stream. Steam is used for the indirect heating step. The process also includes drying the raw primary feedstock to produce the primary feedstock. The CO2 is removed using an amine separator. The method further includes adding a second catalyst to the methanol gas to form a second predetermined CxHyOz gas and distilling the second predetermined CxHyOz gas to produce the predetermined CxHyOz product. Preferred Material: The primary feedstock is waste biomass or organic material. The waste biomass is crop residues, wood residues from harvesting, milling and municipal activities, pulp and paper bar or sawdust. The organic material is human and animal sewage, and high protein residues from the fermentation of alcohols from grains, called dry distiller's grains or dry distiller's grains or solubles. The secondary feedstock is hydrocarbon fuels in gas, liquid and solid form, biomass containing cellulose or organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-hydrogen-containing species is methane, ethanol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat generated by electrical heater for greater than or equal to 50 milliseconds before the fuel source is supplied to the burner. The heat is generated by the electrical heater until the burner reaches a threshold start temperature. The electrical heater vaporizes the fuel source. The fuel source comprises methanol. The system includes capacitor or battery recharged by the fuel cell and powering the electrical heater. The electric heater is disposed in the burner. The air mixes with the fuel source before the fuel source reaches the rubber. The electric heater is in the burner. The electric heater is outside the burner. The system includes catalyst on an outside surface of the electric heater facilitating the generation of heat in the presence of fuel source, boiler heating the fuel source before the reformer receives the fuel source. The reformer comprises reformer chamber with volume greater than 0.1-50 cubic centimeters. The control logic is made to generate heat in the burner to heat the reformer after discontinuing the supply of the fuel source to the reformer. The control logic is made to discontinue the heat generation in the burner. The control logic flushes the burner with air.Preferred Methods: The method includes turning off the electrical heater after the fuel source is supplied to the burner, providing hydrogen from reformer to the burner, catalytically generating heat in the burner using hydrogen, recharging capacitor or battery powering the electrical heater using electrical energy provided by the fuel cell receiving hydrogen from the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The ratio of preheating air and residual air is fixed based on predetermined heat balance. The temperature of gasifier is measured at several places. Average value, maximum value or minimum value of measured value is set as target value, and temperature control is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Some or all of the hydrogen is produced by catalytic reaction. Hydrogen is separated and added to raw material hydrocarbon gas. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was comprising molybdenum supported on ZSM-5 was put into a reaction tube and carbonized using methane. When the carbonized catalyst was used in the catalytic reaction of a mixed gas comprising methane containing 6 vol.% hydrogen and 1.2 vol.% water vapor at 750 degreesC, the reaction rate reduced by only 5% over a 10 hour reaction period whereas when methane alone was used, the reduction in reaction rate was 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The heat transport fluid comprises carbon, silicon, sulfur or compounds thereof. The heat transport fluid is heated to 500-1000degreesC by microwave, laser, electrical or inductive heating upstream of the electrolyzer. Hydrogen and/or oxygen produced in the electrolyzer are passed to a fuel cell, especially a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Water and/or reaction products from the fuel cell are reinjected into the earth through an injection well.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The microorganisms are yeast, bacteria, fungi, and/or mycoplasma. It is preferably Saccharomyces, Candida, Kluyveromyces, and/or Pichia species.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The flocculating agent of the cationic type is ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, chlorinated ferric sulfate, aluminum sulfates, chlorinated basic aluminum sulfates, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and/or preferably ferric chloride. Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the flocculating agent of the cationic type is 0.01-300 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The flocculating agent of the cationic type is ferrous chloride, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, chlorinated ferric sulfate, aluminum sulfates, chlorinated basic aluminum sulfates, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and/or preferably ferric chloride. Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the flocculating agent of the cationic type is 0.01-300 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flocculating agent of the anionic type is an anionic polyacrylamide, a polyacrylate, a polymethacrylate, a polycarboxylate, a polysaccharide including partially hydrolyzed guar gums, gum Arabic, alginates or partially hydrolyzed alginates, chitosan, cellulose, and/or preferably xanthan gum.Preferred Concentration: The concentration of the flocculating agent of the anionic type is 0.001-10 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The wastewater is routed directly to the saturator column in (a); is routed from a primary distillation section to the saturator column; is routed from upstream a primary distillation section to the saturator column; or is routed from both before a primary distillation section and from the primary distillation section to the saturator column. The wastewater is used for saturation with any other water source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Conditions: The culture is performed at 25degreesC more or less. Preferred Method: The liquid is applied on leaves and/or irrigating soil in the step of alcoholic fermentation. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    One thousand grains/test plot of rice seeds (Koshihikari rice) were processed, seeds were immersed at 15degreesC for 8 days, forced-germinated at 30degreesC, for 2 days and budding condition was evaluated. The result showed that the plant soil activation liquid effectively increased germination rate and germination vigor of rice seed. Germination inhibition enzyme was decomposed by enzyme reaction, and water absorptivity of rice seed improved these effects.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No relevant examples are given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalytic reforming process comprises three or four reforming zones. The reforming catalyst is spherical. A reduced catalyst circulation rate is 10-300 g/hr/m3 feed. The reforming zone is operated at conditions including a pressure of 270-1480 kPa, temperature of 450-550degreesC, hydrogen to hydrocarbon mole ratio of 1-5 and a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5-4/hour. Preferred Composition: The net hydrogen product stream has a reduced concentration of carbon monoxide, i.e. 0.1-20 (preferably 0.1-10) vppm carbon monoxide. EXAMPLE - A hydrogen gas steam containing 50 vppm carbon monoxide when the catalyst circulation rate was conducted at 100% of design catalyst circulation rate. The catalyst circulation rate was then reduced to 60% of design catalyst circulation rate and the hydrogen gas stream was found to contain only 5 vppm carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalytic reforming process comprises three or four reforming zones in series. The step of reforming process is operated at conditions including a pressure of 270-1480 kPa, temperature of 450-550degreesC, hydrogen to hydrocarbon mole ratio of 1:5, and a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5-4/hour. The second inlet temperature is operated at greater than or equal to5 (preferably 5-20)degreesC less than the first inlet temperature.Preferred Composition: A net hydrogen product stream contains 0.1-20 vppm carbon monoxide. EXAMPLE - A reforming unit had four catalyst zones and each was operated at an inlet temperature of 508degreesC to produce a reformed naphtha having a high predetermined research octane number. The net hydrogen gas stream contained 5 vppm carbon monoxide. The fourth catalyst zone, the last in the series of four, was then operated at an inlet temperature of 496degreesC or 12degreesC less than previously. This resulted in a decrease in conversion and the research octane number decreased, and to compensate for the lost conversion and lowered product octane each of the preceding three catalyst zones were operated at an increased inlet temperature of 520degreesC. After these temperature adjustments were made and the unit was allowed to equilibrate, the net hydrogen gas stream was analyzed and found to contain less than 2 vppm carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The screening surfaces are in the shape of open ended three-dimensional bodies. The apparatus has a non-porous section extending from below a water surface level of the downstream section to above a water surface level of the upstream section. The apparatus further comprises a drain from the upstream area; and a gas supply connected to aerators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The selected constitutent is fats or oils (preferably proteins or cellulose based products). In the separation step, the separation of fats and oils/proteins/cellulose from the waste products into a first waste stream/second waste stream/third waste stream is followed by blending a fuel with at least one of the first, second or third was streams to form (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reformer: Guidance path (5) of reformed gas, which passed along the de-carbon monoxide section in vertical direction, and oxygen mixed gas introduction path are arranged in parallel at the inner radius of de-carbon monoxide section, in order concentric-circularly. Similarly, the guidance path of reformed gas and raise guidance path of mixed gas of raw material fuel to first order reaction portion are arranged in parallel at the radial direction outer side of de-carbon monoxide section, in order concentric-circularly. Between the raise guidance path and inside first order reaction portion, a fall guidance path of mixed gas of raw material fuel is formed. Preferred Process: The mixed gas of raw material fuel and water vapor is pre-heated by transmission of produced heat of the de-carbon monoxide apparatus, and heat transfer particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Bubbling in bubbling mechanism is implemented in the depth of 200 mm or less. The apparatus has sewage gas counter-flow sprinkler system, which carries out the counter-flow contact of the introduced sewage gas with retained water flow. The flow rate of sewage gas is maintained at 0.1 m/second or less in sewage-gas counter-flow sprinkler system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method : The oil component to be condensed is ejected with the collected solid content from the dust collector, to a sedimentation tank (9). Alternately, the oil component condensed with the condenser, and remaining solid content are ejected to sedimentation tank. Subsequently, the solid content is settled and oil component is recovered. Preferred Apparatus : The bottom portion of the dust collector or condenser, and sedimentation tank are connected such that the oil component and solid content which flows out of the dust collector flow into the sedimentation tank. The processing apparatus further has dust bunker (8) provided between the dust collector and sedimentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The enzyme contained in the organic substance decomposition adjuvant is chosen from lipase, protease and/or amylase. The organic substance decomposition adjuvant further contains activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (I) has a crystallographic structure of K2NiF4 type. (I) has a surface exchange co-efficient of oxygen of lower than 2asterisk10-6 cm.s-1 at 900degreesC and potassium of higher than 1asterisk10-8 cm.s-1 at 500degreesC. The electronic conductivity of (I) is 70 s.cm-1 (preferably 90 s.cm-1) at 700degreesC. The diffusion co-efficient of oxygen is higher than 1asterisk10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1asterisk10-7 cm2.s-1 at 900degreesC. The process is carried out at a temperature higher or equal to 600degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (I) has a crystallographic structure of K2NiF4 type. (I) has a surface exchange co-efficient of oxygen of lower than 2asterisk10-6 cm.s-1 at 900degreesC and potassium of higher than 1asterisk10-8 cm.s-1 at 500degreesC. The electronic conductivity of (I) is 70 s.cm-1 (preferably 90 s.cm-1) at 700degreesC. The diffusion co-efficient of oxygen is higher than 1asterisk10-9 cm2.S-1 at 500degreesC and 1asterisk10-7 cm2.s-1 at 900degreesC. The process is carried out at a temperature higher or equal to 600degreesC. Preferred Definition:    A = lanthanum, praseodymium (Pr) or neodymium (Nd) (preferred);    Aa = strontium (Sr) or calcium (Ca) (preferred);    M = chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) (preferred) or copper (Cu);    Ma = manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) (both preferred), iron (Fe) or cobalt (Co); and    delta = different from 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: In the method, a part of the secondary sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank is led into the mixing container. (I), which is provided into the macerator, is an ensilage. In mixing container, a pumping mixture is present, which can be hydrolyzed and acidified at 1-40 (preferably 15-20)degreesC and in a retention time of 1 hour to 4 days. The process water of one of the putrefying downstream is led into machine sewage drainer in the mixing container. The minced goods and/or contents of the fat separators are added into the mixing container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydraulic diameter of the secondary channels is 1-100 microns. The combined surface area of the secondary channels is greater than the combined surface area of the primary channels. A catalyst is attached to the wall of the secondary channel. It is suitable for reducing the concentration of at least one pollutant in a vehicle exhaust stream, or for steam reforming. A combustion chamber at least partially surrounds the reactor wall. At least one burner adapted to use a gas with more than 20% oxygen as an oxidant is provided to heat the reactor wall. The combustion chamber is adapted to operate at a pressure greater than one atmosphere. The reactor further comprises a bypass valve, bypass pipe and a microlith structure. The combined face area of the second channels is greater than 50%. The tortuosity of the secondary channels is less than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: (I) is added to commercially used microorganisms to increase their effectiveness for their designated purpose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Bamboo material (3), pine material wood (4) and shellfish shell material (5) are supplied in the kiln after manufacturing charcoal. The liquid is collected during carbonization by combustion of heating furnace, and is made into good bamboo acid liquid using materials of kiln and carbonized material. The carbonized material is recovered. The anion, far infrared radiation and alkali in the kiln are activated, and amplified by carrying out temperature control.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Bamboo material (3), pine material wood (4) and shellfish shell material (5) are supplied in the kiln after manufacturing charcoal. The liquid is collected during carbonization by combustion of heating furnace, and is made into good bamboo acid liquid using materials of kiln and carbonized material. The carbonized material is recovered. The anion, far infrared radiation and alkali in the kiln are activated, and amplified by carrying out temperature control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of the petroleum alternate fuel has a discharge pipe connected to bottom portion of the container, a switching unit provided at front-end of the discharge pipe, and a stirring unit and a heating unit arranged in the container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water-washed product is processed, while performing heating dehydration treatment of the product stirred at 100degreesC or more for 1 hour or more. At least 2 or more materials forms opening which supplies fats and oils, alcohol, alkali catalyst, acid and water at upper portion of the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coagulant is inorganic coagulant and/or polymeric coagulant. The biological treatment is performed by bio-film method using a support containing fiber and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coagulant is inorganic coagulant and/or polymeric coagulant. The biological treatment is performed by bio-film method using a support containing fiber and/or activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the microorganisms, include recombinant Escherichia coli capable of producing PHA.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the basic component contains sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide and a surfactant. The hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite and/or potassium hypochlorite. EXAMPLE - Purification of polyhydroxy alkanoic acid (PHA) was carried out as follows. Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli capable of producing PHA were obtained. The microorganisms were cultured in an appropriate medium under predetermined culture conditions, such that the PHA was accumulated. The microorganisms, which accumulated PHA were washed and collected. The basic reagent, which includes sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide and surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was added to the collected microorganisms, and then the PHA fraction was separated. Sodium hypochlorite was added to the separated PHA fraction, to obtain PHA fraction of high purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are Micrococcus strain NM-1 strain (FERM P-9971) or Micrococcus strain NM-2 strain (FERM P-10115).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The biologically treatment is activated sludge method performed using Bacillus bacteria. The activated sludge (6) with contamination component and organic substance in waste water are subjected to acclimatization cultivation. The treated water and sludge are separated after biological treatment by sedimentation, dissolved air flotation and membrane separation, preferably by membrane separation method performed using ultra-filtration film or microfilter. The pigment contained in organic waste water is removed using ultra-filtration film or accurate filtration film, before biological treatment. Addition of ozone is carried out by dissolution of ozone by ejector. The ozone contained in waste gas produced after decoloring process, is eliminated.Preferred Apparatus: The biological treatment unit has aeration layer filled with activated sludge capable of decomposing organic wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The resulting mixture is heated to 390-425degreesC. Heating is staged heating occurring over an extended period for less than or equal to150degreesC, 150-less than or equal to200degreesC, 200-less than or equal to250degreesC, 250-less than or equal to300degreesC, or 300-less than or equal to475degreesC. Preferred Parameter: The extended period is 2 hours to 3 days. Preferred Concentration: The molar ratio of alkali metal and the silicon is 1:1. EXAMPLE - Sodium silicide composition was prepared by introduction of 0.56 g powdered crystalline silicon into an evacuable flask. After outgassing under vacuum with a gas-oxygen torch. The flask was placed into a helium-filled glove box and 0.46 g sodium metal was added. After evacuation and melting of the sodium, the stem of the flask was sealed off under vacuum, and the flask and contents were heated in a furnace for 2 hours at 300degreesC, 22 hours at 400degreesC and 48 hours at 500degreesC. The flask became dark brown-red in the process and the product consisted of both powder and small hard lumps. In the glove box, 0.66 g product was recovered. A 24.5 mg sample produced 0.517 mmol hydrogen upon addition of water. This corresponds to 0.0423 kg hydrogen gas per kg of sample.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode assembly is held within the electro-chemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Sensor: The source, detector and analysis electronics are mounted on boards (2, 3) that can be plugged into the housing. The source and detector and the mirror are mounted on opposite sides of the housing. The mirror is an infrared-reflecting concave mirror. The housing has an inner chamber through which atmospheric air can be passed. The source and detector face towards the inner chamber and the electronics are outside the chamber. The sensor has a filter for tuning it to a particular fluid, especially hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide. The filter has a transmission maximum at 3.4 microns for methane or 4.3 microns for carbon dioxide. The mirror comprises a plastic body with a specular coating of chromium, gold or aluminum. The mirror is held in place by locking connectors (14, 15). The mirror and the electronics board are fixed together by locking connectors (13, 18) that conduct heat from the board to the mirror to prevent condensation. The source/detector board also has a temperature sensor (23). The housing has openings (8) for entry of the fluid. The openings are covered by a foam filter (6). The filter is attached to the housing by a cover (28) that also has openings. The sensor is connected to a magnetic valve that can be closed if the gas concentration in the sensor is too high or is connected to a ventilation device that can be actuated if the gas concentration in the sensor is too high or is connected to an alarm that can be actuated if the gas concentration in the sensor is too high. Sensor drift is compensated by taking the mean. The mean is used as a reference value for subsequent measurements. The mean is evaluated over a predetermined time, especially a day, to compensate for typical temperature variations within buildings. The sensor can be integrated as a self-sufficient module into another device, preferably a smoke alarm, a motion sensor or other alarm device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a direct methanol fuel cell. The control mechanism is further responsive to an event of the sensed temperature rising above a second predetermined level by disconnecting the secondary battery from the heating element, and by recharging the secondary battery from an output from the fuel cell. It is further responsive to an event of the fuel cell developing some predetermined amount of power, by disconnecting the secondary battery from the heating element, and by recharging the secondary battery from an output from the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrating separation comprises reacting the gases mixture with water to generate a hydrate. The hydrate decomposes and releases water and gases respectively in the hydrate reactor and the hydrate decomposer. Water is circulated between the hydrate reactor and hydrate decomposer. A selective thermodynamic accelerant is added into the circulating water in the hydrating separation. Tetrahydrofuran is added to the water in 5-15% in mol density. The thermodynamic accelerant is added into circulating water in the hydrating separation in 500-800 mg/liter in aqueous phase. A gas phase of the gases mixture formed in the decomposition of the hydrate is returned into the hydrating reactor. The operating temperature in the absorbing separation is -30degreesC to 0degreesC. The pressure during the absorbing separation is 1-3 Mpa. Preferred Component: The selective thermodynamic accelerant comprises tetrahydrofuran (preferably), ethylene oxide, cyclopentane, and/or acetone. The thermodynamic accelerant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate and/or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. EXAMPLE - Gases mixture with methane and ethane was put in a reactor containing tetrahydrofuran water solution to generate hydrate. When the reaction reached balance, the composition of gaseous components in gas phase was analyzed and was sampled for analysis of decomposition components. The phase balance constants of ethane were reversed and the maximum density difference between two phases reached 64%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The internal partition includes a spillway (31) opening allowing communication between the loop passage and the inner chamber. The conduit includes pump. The digester further comprises a vertically oriented manifold mounted within the effluent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermogenesis component consists of metal material having electroconductivity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermogenesis component consists of metal material having electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, biomass is gasified using carbon dioxide, water vapor and/or oxygen. Carbon dioxide is supplied such that ratio of number of moles of carbon dioxide with respect to number of moles of carbon, is 0.5 or more. Similarly, the ratio of number of moles of water vapor, and number moles of oxygen with respect to number of moles of carbon, is 0.5 or more each. The ratio of number of moles of water vapor with respect to number of moles of carbon dioxide, is 1 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, biomass is gasified using carbon dioxide, water vapor and/or oxygen. Carbon dioxide is supplied such that ratio of number of moles of carbon dioxide with respect to number of moles of carbon, is 0.5 or more. Similarly, the ratio of number of moles of water vapor, and number moles of oxygen with respect to number of moles of carbon, is 0.5 or more each. The ratio of number of moles of water vapor with respect to number of moles of carbon dioxide, is 1 or less. EXAMPLE - A Quercus-serrata material was gasified using carbon dioxide and water vapor as gasifying agent at gasification temperature of 900degreesC under normal pressure. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide, and water vapor with respect to carbon, were 2 and 1, respectively. The carbon dioxide reduction rate was 26.8% and rate of gasification was 92.4%. The generated gas composition contained hydrogen (21.6%), carbon monoxide (72.4%) and methane (6.0%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substance is humic acid, phosphoric anhydride or an amino acid. The metal is iron. Contacting is carried out in a reducing atmosphere at a pH of 2-9 (preferably 2-7) and a normal (room) temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substance is humic acid, phosphoric anhydride or an amino acid. The metal is iron. Contacting is carried out in a reducing atmosphere at a pH of 2-9 (preferably 2-7) and a normal (room) temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Impact compression and heating of the raw material and steam in the reaction chamber is carried out to high temperature, and raw material and steam are made to react to generate hydrogen-containing gas. Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus further has steam supply unit (55) which supplies steam to the reaction chamber, tempered-air supply unit (7) which supplies pre-heated combustion air to firing chamber, feedback path which returns a portion of the hydrogen-containing gas generated in the reaction chamber to firing chamber, purge unit for forcedly emitting combustion exhaust gas of firing chamber and combustion chamber, and cooling unit which cools the inner wall temperature of firing chamber and combustion chamber. The cross-section of flow path gradually reduces towards the reaction chamber side, and the combustion chamber produces convergence detonation. Air is pre-heated by using the heat of the waste gas from combustion chamber as a heat source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitride contains element chosen from alkali metal and alkaline earth metal element. The complex hydride contains element chosen from alkali metal and alkaline earth metal element as cation. The raw material mixture consists of lithium nitride and magnesium nitride. The produced hydride is lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, lithium amide and magnesium amide. Hydrogen is reacted with raw material compound containing boron or aluminum, and nitrogen, to produce a hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The modification catalyst contains ruthenium and alumina support. The shift catalyst contains platinum supported by composite metal oxide, preferably solid solution of cerium oxide and zirconia. The carbon monoxide removal catalyst contains ruthenium supported by solid solution of alumina and titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder slurry further contains silica sol, alumina sol, titania sol and/or zirconia sol, and powder of titania-silica, titania-alumina, titania-zirconia, zirconia-alumina, titania-phosphorus pentaoxide, titania-boron trioxide, gamma-alumina, beta-alumina, delta-alumina, theta-alumina, titania, silica and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder slurry further contains silica sol, alumina sol, titania sol and/or zirconia sol, and powder of titania-silica, titania-alumina, titania-zirconia, zirconia-alumina, titania-phosphorus pentaoxide, titania-boron trioxide, gamma-alumina, beta-alumina, delta-alumina, theta-alumina, titania, silica and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The recycling process is performed at the stage of preparing methyl-2-nitroethylene (NMSM), which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of ranitidine and nizatidine. The methyl mercaptan is reacted in situ with aqueous alkali metal hydroxide in 1-5 stage multiple effect falling film absorber. The reaction temperature is maintained 40-70 degrees C to keep the dialkyl sulfide formed in vapor state and passed through condenser to next stage as a liquid. The dialkyl sulfide liquid is dissolved in solvent in situ as soon as it falls from the condenser at a temperature of 0-20 degrees C. The oxidizing agent is made available to the oxidation by adding hydrogen peroxide or in situ hydrogen peroxide formation in presence of anthraquinone by adding molecular oxygen, where hydrogen peroxide at 5-35% concentration is preferred for oxidization. The catalyst catalyzes the oxidation at mild temperature of 0-30 degrees C, The mild temperatures of 10-15 degrees C is preferred to avoid dimethyl sulfide evaporation. The purity obtained for recycling on rectification is 98-99.5%. Preferred Components: The by-product is dimethyl sulfoxide. The alkali metal hydroxide is chosen from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The alkylating agent is dimethyl sulfate. The water immiscible solvent is chosen from toluene and xylene. The catalyst is chosen from titanium dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, and their combinations. The co-catalyst is tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The starch flour consists of at least one of wheat, rye, triticale, oat, rice, maize and/or potato and is mixed with the cereal husk obtained from wheat, rye, triticale, oat, rice and/or maize. The starch flour and the cereal husk are obtained from oat. EXAMPLE - Oat grain (1000 kg) was de-hulled to yield 306 kg of hull and 690 kg of grain. The resulting grain was dry-milled to give a fine, endosperm rich flour fraction (312 kg) and a more coarse bran rich fraction (375 kg). The flour was then mixed with the hull in the proportions 1 part flour to 1 part hull (25 kg + 25 kg), on a dry weight basis. The resultant mix was observed to have improved flow properties compared to either the flour, which tends to clump and cake, or the hull, which was very coarse. The fuel value of the material was assessed using calorimetric techniques. The calorimetric heat value (as delivered) was 17.12 MJ/kg, calorimetric heat valve (at constant pressure) was 18.61 MJ/kg, effective heat value was 15.92 MJ/kg (at constant pressure as delivered) ad effective heat value (constant pressure, dry basis) was 18.24 MJ/kg. The mixture has a measured ash content of 3.6%. The measured ash melting temperature was greater than 1400degreesC and that of the flour alone was under 600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Providing a subsequent dose of air occurs after an amount of time has elapsed since the supplying a dose of wastewater. At least one dose of air is provided to the medium bed so that microorganisms in the bed that assist in nitrification of the wastewater are not affected. The dose of wastewater is 0.3-6.7 gallons times the surface area of the bed (ft2). The amount of time is 15 minutes to 4 hours. The first dose of air is 2-40 scfh/ft2 for 15 minutes to 4 hours. The subsequent dose of air is 2-40 or 8-60 scfh/ft2 for 15 minutes to 4 hours. After supplying a dose of wastewater to the aerated medium bed, the method includes ponding water on the surface of the bed for a period of time. The medium bed is aerated so that oxygen makes up at least 10 vol.% of gas located at the interstices of the medium or at least 15 vol.% of gas located at the interstices of the medium. Each dose of air moves in the same direction as the dose of wastewater. The media can be dewatered with the subsequent dose of air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The membrane is a proton-selective membrane, impermeable to the iron and impermeable to the sacrificial substance. The membrane is selected from membranes based on SPEEK or Nafion, or from commercially available membranes supplied by Asahi Kasei, Eurodia (Neosepta), Sybronchemical and Fuma-Tech. Preferred Compositions: The aqueous cathodic solution has a proton concentration exceeding 10-1 (preferably greater than 1) M. Preferred Process: The aqueous anodic solution is adjusted to a pH less than 2 (preferably less than 1). An inert salt is added to the cathodic chamber. The irradiation is carried out with solar light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inert salt is potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The sacrificial substance is ethanol, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, acetone, benzaldehyde and/or aniline. The sacrificial substance comes from or is contained in a wastewater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inert salt is potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Treatment: Wire-like high-voltage applying electrodes are used, which are arranged away from each other, in between the opposing flat-plate ground electrodes, in a direction horizontal to opposite sides of the flat-plate ground electrodes. An inorganic dielectric is packed between the opposing flat-plate ground electrodes. The wire-like high-voltage applying electrodes are arranged such that an axial direction of the applying electrodes extends in parallel to the opposite sides of the flat-plate ground electrodes and extends orthogonally to a gas flow direction. An interval between the wire-like high-voltage applying electrodes arranged away from each other in a direction perpendicular to the opposite sides of the flat-plate ground electrodes is set 0.5-20 times larger than a distance between the flat-plate ground electrode and the wire-like high-voltage applying electrode closest to the flat-plate ground electrode. An interval between the wire-like high-voltage applying electrodes arranged away from each other in a direction horizontal to the opposite sides of the flat-plate ground electrodes is set 1-3 times larger than a distance between the flat-plate ground electrode and the wire-like high-voltage applying electrode closest to the flat-plate ground electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The wire-like high-voltage applying electrode is made up of a wire having a diameter of less than or equal to 5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The copper-based WGS catalyst comprises copper/zinc oxide. The active noble metal catalyst is platinum and/or rhenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The copper-based WGS catalyst comprises copper/zinc oxide. The active noble metal catalyst is platinum and/or rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The porous material is inclined and provided at bottom portion of tank (I). The stirring unit has a rotary stirring blade provided in inclined position corresponding to upper surface of porous material. Preferred Apparatus: The methane hydrate production apparatus further has extrusion unit, cutting unit, detection unit and control unit. The extrusion unit carries out compression and extrusion of solid-shaped methane hydrate produced from tank by low-speed rotation. The cutting unit continuously carries out cutting of extruded methane hydrate to predetermined length. The detection unit detects the advance of hydration reaction of gas and water in the tank. The control unit controls the rotation speed of stirring unit based on result measured by detection unit. The tank has aluminum inner layer, steel outer layer and piping of coolant provided between inner and outer layers. The outer layer has pressure-resistant structure. Water ejected from methane hydrate production apparatus or regeneration apparatus of methane gas supply system is supplied to methane hydrate production apparatus, and re-reacted with methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support contains a metal component in foam metal, metal honey comb, metal mesh, expanded metal or metal nonwoven fabric. The metal component is formed using iron group heat resistant alloy, nickel group heat resistant alloy or cobalt group heat resistant alloy. The active metal particles (27) are silver, palladium, rubidium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, platinum, copper, zinc, indium, tin, germanium, silicon, aluminum and/or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support contains a metal component in foam metal, metal honey comb, metal mesh, expanded metal or metal nonwoven fabric. The metal component is formed using iron group heat resistant alloy, nickel group heat resistant alloy or cobalt group heat resistant alloy. The active metal particles (27) are silver, palladium, rubidium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, platinum, copper, zinc, indium, tin, germanium, silicon, aluminum and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The waste disposal system further has a steam generator for generating steam using heat of the high temperature gas generated within the reducing-gas-forming melting furnace. The heat of the generated steam is used for the carbonization apparatus. The waste disposal system further has methane fermentation apparatus for heating and maintaining the biomass resources containing waste materials such as excrements of plant, livestock products, fish and shellfishes to methane fermentation temperature, and for generating methane gas and residue.Preferred Method: The reducing gas generated by a gasified melting furnace, energy resource generated by oil-formation apparatus, or carbonization apparatus are used as energy resources. The residue from the methane fermentation apparatus and/or residue from oil formation apparatus is converted to high temperature liquid by the reducing-gas forming melting furnace. The reducing gas generated in gasified melting furnace, and energy resource generated by the methane-fermentation apparatus is used as energy resource for oil formation apparatus. The energy resource generated in methane-fermentation apparatus and/or oil-formation apparatus is provided to carbonization apparatus. The energy resource generated by the methane-fermentation apparatus, oil-formation apparatus and/or carbonization apparatus is provided to the oil-formation apparatus and carbonization apparatus. The waste gas generated in a gasified melting furnace is used to maintain the methane fermentation apparatus at methane fermentation temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The sludge disposal process further involves digesting the decomposed sludge anaerobically. The aerobic decomposition is performed in presence of oxygen-containing gas. The process is further performed using another aerobic decomposition microbe. The anaerobic digestion is performed in presence of anaerobic digestion sludge for promoting sludge decomposition. The methane containing gaseous phase portion is collected and the processed sludge is recovered by direct or solid-liquid separation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangements: The apparatus further has an oxygen-containing gas supply compressor (5) for digesting the decomposition product from aerobic sludge decomposition tank; anaerobic digestion tank (7) for digesting the decomposed sludge; and solid-liquid separators (11) for isolating solid portion of digestion storage tank and liquid. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microbe belonging to Geobacillus genus is Geobacillus sp. (AT1 (FERM AP-20049) strain (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Geobacillus sp. (AT1 (FERM AP-20049) strain was inoculated to sludge decomposition promotion reactor (100 ml capacitance) and shaking culture was performed at 65degreesC (140 rpm) for 36 hours to obtain decomposition-activated sludge. 3 ml of the decomposition-activated sludge was added to 37 ml of digestive sewage sludge and anaerobic treatment was performed at 35degreesC. A control was performed similarly using distilled water instead of decomposition-activated sludge. The amount of methane gas produced by the test and control after 21 days was found to be 43 ml/reactor and 22 ml/reactor, respectively. Hence, concluded that methanation rate was improved significantly in presence of decomposition-activated sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The installation has dispensing portion for supplying mixed waste material at feed rate adapted to the capacity of portion (3), dust collection portion (9) for removing dust of waste material of portion (1), deodorizing portion (10) for removing bad smell of portion (3), storage mixing portion for storing mixture of waste material, quality determination portion for determining quality of solid fuel (M) obtained from portion (3), and quality control portion for controlling crushing capacity of portion (1) based on determined data. Portion (1) has rotary blade for crushing waste material, and crushing capacity is varied by changing rotation speed of the blade. A pipe conveyer (5) and belt conveyer (4) are provided in conveyance path of waste material. A magnetic separation portion (8) for removing waste metal present in the waste material, is provided in the top of conveyer (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (III) is constituted by two live conducting plates. The cathode is confounded with the conducting plates. (II) is an aqueous electrolytic acid solution, liquid, solid, gaseous compound or plasma. (IV) is ceramic. (IV) is constituted by ceramic layer and a crystal layer. The ceramic comprises a hexagonal boron nitride. (IV) recovers at least a part of the cathode and prevents the contact between (II) and the cathode. (I) further comprises an anode. The energy of the proton ion produced within (IV) leads to manufacture of at least: a hydrogen atom or a neutron.Preferred Process: In the process, the extraction of (II) comprising hydrogen is carried by means of an electromagnetic field and insertion of the proton within (IV) is done by ionic transfer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (III) is constituted by two live conducting plates. The cathode is confounded with the conducting plates. (II) is an aqueous electrolytic acid solution, liquid, solid, gaseous compound or plasma. (IV) is ceramic. (IV) is constituted by ceramic layer and a crystal layer. The ceramic comprises a hexagonal boron nitride. (IV) recovers at least a part of the cathode and prevents the contact between (II) and the cathode. (I) further comprises an anode. The energy of the proton ion produced within (IV) leads to manufacture of at least: a hydrogen atom or a neutron.Preferred Process: In the process, the extraction of (II) comprising hydrogen is carried by means of an electromagnetic field and insertion of the proton within (IV) is done by ionic transfer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The hydrogen producing step is separated from the precursor step by a substantial distance, preferably greater than or equal to400 yards. The hydrogen production step and the precursor step are connected by elongated corridors. Preferred Parameter: The elevated temperatures of the precursor step is above 700degreesC. The temperature of the hydrogen producing step is 30- 70degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: A heater (4) is arranged in the lower region of the container. The grease feed has a grate arranged in the upper region of the container. The feed is arranged below a detachable lid (2). The feed can be heated. A temperature sensor (5) is arranged in the filling region of the container as part of a control circuit (6) for controlling the temperature of the liquefied grease.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The solid combustion residues and the anaerobic solid residues are arranged in alternating layers in the reaction body. The biological degradation is carried out in a dump body under anaerobic conditions and the biological degradation is carried out in a bioreactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion residue comprises mainly of ashes, silicon-, iron-, aluminum- and calcium oxide. The combustion residue exhibits an average grain diameter of 1-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion residue comprises mainly of ashes, silicon-, iron-, aluminum- and calcium oxide. The combustion residue exhibits an average grain diameter of 1-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The biodegradable solid materials are completely or partially taken from domestic waste, hospital waste, hazardous wastes and/or garden wastes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The amount of oxygen dissolved in the contaminated liquid is adjusted to the rate of oxygen consumption by the biofilm.Preferred Component: The contaminated liquid comprises contaminants which include those which are reductively degradable by anaerobic bacteria to forms which are further oxidatively degradable by aerobic bacteria to non-toxic forms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The contaminants include highly chlorinated organic compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the step of detecting the presence of anaerobic oil-degrading bacteria is a part of the step, where presence of microbial consortium is detected. (M1) further involves attempting to identify products of indigenous microbial activity and archaeols. The products attempted to be identified include anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation metabolites. The analyzing step is focused on the oil-water transition zones in the formation. The geochemical proxies are used to assess whether the formation is actively degrading. The characterization steps are characterized using genetic characterization methods, if methanotrophic microorganisms are present. The genetic characterization methods include comparison of sequences of genetic fragments sampled from the microorganisms against sequences from known microorganisms. The sequences from known microorganisms include ATS10C, ATS29A, ATS29C, ATS13B, ATS17A, ATS21C and ATS23A of Annex 1 provided in specification. The step of modifying the formation environment involves introducing an additive chosen from major nutrients, vitamins, trace elements, buffers and waters of different salinities, different pH values, and waters containing complexing agents. In (M1), the concentration of phosphorus, ammonium ion, and potassium is increased. The step of modifying the formation environment includes gas sparging or flushing, and injection of reactive liquid organic matter into the formation. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chlorinating agent comprises anhydrous hydrogen chloride, or is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.A catalyst useful in production of dichloropropanol is carboxylic acid (e.g. adipic acid), carboxylic acid anhydride (e.g. adipic acid anhydride), carboxylic acid chloride (e.g. adipic acid chloride), carboxylic acid salt (e.g. adipic acid salt) or carboxylic acid ester (e.g. adipic acid ester). An organic solvent useful in production of dichloropropanol comprises chloropropanediol, dichloropropanol and/or heavy by-products of the reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crude glycerol comprises water and a metal salt selected from sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The floating head is supported by a spring hanger fixed to the vessel. The cooling mechanism is a water cooling mechanism, and uses raw material gas as a cooling medium. The heating gas is heated helium from a nuclear reactor. The temperature of the fixed tube plate is maintained at 100-300degreesC using a cooling medium. The fixed tube plate comprises two parallel plates disposed with a clearance in-between forming a passage for a cooling medium. The fixed tube plate is cooled by natural circulation of water. The floating head further comprises a baffle to minimize heat transfer from the heating gas to the floating head.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The reforming reactor flow path includes an inlet for receiving the mixed fuel, and an outlet for producing the reformed gas. The reformer is a stacked structure or a cylindrical structure, and an integrated structure. The heat source and the reforming reactor are welded together. Each of the heat source flow path and the reforming reactor flow path comprises an amorphous oxide catalyst supporting layer. The heat source further comprises a heating unit thermally coupled with the heat source flow path to heat the flow path. The reformer includes a carbon monoxide remover (33,34) coupled with the reforming reactor flow path and adapted to remove carbon monoxide from the hydrogen. The fuel cell system is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier layer forming metal and the mechanical strength enhancing metal are provided in a weight ratio of 10:90-90:10. Preferred Material: The barrier layer forming metal is aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), and/or zirconium (Zr). The mechanical strength enhancing metal is iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and/or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The alloy of the barrier layer forming metal and the mechanical strength enhancing metal is an alloy of Al and Fe. It includes chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The barrier layer forming metal and the mechanical strength enhancing metal are provided in a weight ratio of 10:90-90:10. Preferred Material: The barrier layer forming metal is aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), and/or zirconium (Zr). The mechanical strength enhancing metal is iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The inorganic type anti-microbial agent contains metal of silver, copper and/or zinc. The metal in the inorganic anti-microbial agent is supported by zeolite, calcium phosphate and/or zirconium phosphate. Preferred Method: The catalyst contacts air, when the hydrogen production apparatus is stopped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The inorganic type anti-microbial agent contains metal of silver, copper and/or zinc. The metal in the inorganic anti-microbial agent is supported by zeolite, calcium phosphate and/or zirconium phosphate. Preferred Method: The catalyst contacts air, when the hydrogen production apparatus is stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: At least one portion of the container has a heat insulation layer (5), which is a vacuum insulation layer. The heating unit is an electric heater. The container has axial symmetrical shape, and has upper and lower surfaces. The inlet and outlet are provided at upper and lower surfaces, respectively. The desulfurizer further has a cylindrical component and a dividing wall having an opening. The dividing wall is spaced apart between lower surface of container and lower end of cylindrical component. The cylindrical component is spaced apart between container and heating unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A penetration pipe (III) for returning treated water from upper portion of the turbulent flow reaction layer to lower portion is further provided. The apparatus further has dividing wall (2011) of cone type with which the turbulent flow reaction layer of vertical is provided at the tank center by convex form toward upper direction, and dividing wall (2012) of inverted cone surrounded and provided such that a narrow flow path is formed at the outer side of dividing wall (2011). The gas blowing pipe is provided at penetration pipe (6).Preferred Method: The gas into penetration pipe (6) is blown upwardly. The processing natural water is intermittently flowed into the tank lower portion. The vertical turbulent flow reaction layer of 2-4 layer is laminated from downward direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell power generating device is made of resin selected from polyolefin resin, fluororesin, silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The proton acid group is sulfonic acid group. Preferred Polymer: The polymer having proton acid group is polyarylene containing a sulfonic acid group. EXAMPLE - 2,5-dichloro-4'-(4-phenoxy)phenoxy benzophenone (in g) (29.7), oligomer (number average molecular weight of 11200) (19.4) of formula (G), bis(triphenyl phosphine) nickel dichloride (1.57), sodium iodide (1.56), triphenyl phosphine (8.39), zinc (12.6) and N-methyl-2-pyrolidone (100 ml) were polymerized at 70degreesC for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was mixed with liquid mixture (300 ml) of concentrated hydrochloric acid and methanol, and solidification-precipitated. The precipitate was filtered and dried to obtain copolymer of formula (H). The obtained copolymer (20) was mixed with 96.5 wt.% concentrated sulfuric acid (200 ml) at 25degreesC for 24 hours. The reaction liquid was poured into water and polymer was made to settle. The settled polymer was water washed and dried to obtain sulfonated polymer. The sulfonic acid equivalent of the obtained polymer was 2.2 meq/g. The ratio of sulfonic acid group substituted by aromatic ring comprising the principal chain was 4.3%. A proton conductive film was formed from the obtained polymer. The proton conductivity, hot water resistivity at 95degreesC for 48 hours and weight maintenance percentage, measured according to Fenton test, of the proton conductive film was 0.2 Omega.cm, 99% and 80%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The process liquid obtained after contacting oxidizing agent, and liquor and liquid is solid-liquid separated. A portion of separated liquid is concentrated under reduced pressure. The oxidizing agent is contacted with liquor and liquid with oxidation-reduction potential of nobler side from -15 mV with respect to silver-silver-chloride electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Medium: In (II), the microorganisms include (I).Preferred Method: In (M1), the microorganisms include (I). (M1) Involves using the microorganisms, a support having the culture of microorganisms, or (II). EXAMPLE - Isolation of Pycnoporus coccineus strain 1 was carried out as follows. A sample was collected from withering portion and dead portion of broad-leaved tree (in mushroom growing region). The sample was suspended in sterile distilled water (10 ml). An agar medium plate was prepared by stratifying malt agar medium (8 ml) containing Czapek-Dox culture medium (10 ml) and containing a pigment such as Remazol brilliant blue R, for screening the strain. The medium included sucrose (in g) (10), dihydrogen potassium phosphate (1), magnesium sulfate hydrate (0.5), potassium chloride (0.5), sodium nitrate (2), ferrous sulfate hydrate (0.01), agar (15) and distilled water (1000 ml), with pH being 5.6. The sample solution (1 ml) was applied on the agar medium plate and the cultivation was performed at 25degreesC under dark condition. The microorganism that decolored the pigment was isolated. The strain collected from the dead portion of the tree was referred as P.coccineus strain 1, and was found to possess 2,7-dichloro dibenzo-p-dioxin decomposition ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The water-containing gel has volume-expansion magnification of 4-20 times with respect to resin (C) before gelatinization. The filler (D) in the water-containing gel has average particle diameter of 0.1-150 microns.Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio of water with respect to 1 weight part of resin is 4-20 wt.pts. The mixing ratio of filler with respect to 1 weight part of resin is 0.1-200 wt.pts. EXAMPLE - Trifunctional property terminal isocyanate-group containing polyurethane resin was obtained using tolylene diisocyanate obtained using ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, and glycerol, and had number average molecular weight of 4000. Water (in wt.pts) (110) was added to trifunctional property terminal isocyanate-group containing polyurethane resin (10), and stirred to obtain resin aqueous solution. Glass bead (20) having specific gravity of 2.5 and average particle diameter of 10-12 microns were uniformly dispersed to obtain aqueous liquid composition. The obtained liquid composition was gelatinized to obtain water-containing gel. The obtained liquid composition was coated on polyethylene board at film thickness of 2 mm, to obtain support. The obtained support was immersed in water, to obtain microorganisms support. The microorganisms support had favorable support property of microorganisms, adhesivity, processing ability and surface area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The microorganisms comprise a mixture of chemoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic bacteria. The aqueous solution has a pH below 6 and is manitained at 20-45degreesC. The solution is circulated through the carrier in countercurrent to the biogas. The carrier is made of plastic. The carrier is flushed intermittently. The biogas is saturated with water vapor. Air or oxygen is added to the biogas. The elemental sulfur is removed from the solution. EXAMPLE - Apparatus for carrying out the above process comprises a reactor (1) containing the microorganism-coated carrier (2) on a support (3). The aqueous solution (4), e.g. an iron(II) sulfate solution with an iron content of 20 wt.%, is injected through spray nozzles (11). The elemental sulfur (5) collects in the sump of the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product is obtained by a cobalt-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Preferred Parameter: The temperature during the contacting of the synthesis product is below 600degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The acidic matrix is alumina. The catalyst system comprises zeolite beta, Erionite, Ferrierite, ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12. ZSM-22, ZSSM-23, or ZSM-57.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The weight ratio of trimethyl to monomethyl compounds is less than or equal to0.3. Preferred Component: The gasoline component contains 2-20 wt.% 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. EXAMPLE - A Fischer-Tropsch product having an initial boiling point of 280degreesC was contacted with a hot generated catalyst at 500degreesC and 4.06 seconds. Result showed that the method provided a high yield to gasoline, which contribute to a high octane number.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The calcium carbonate dissolving bacterial strain is Agrobacterium (FS-16).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additives: The substance for forming or activating microbial consortiums is peptone, that capable of accelerating reductive dehalogenation by anaerobic microbes is selected from 1 or more of propionic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid and their salts, and the substance capable of creating an anaerobic atmosphere is glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, sucrose or/and maltose. EXAMPLE - Groundwater (100 ml) contaminated with e.g. cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene and vinylidene chloride was incubated anaerobically with peptone (0.5 g), glucose (1 g) and sodium propionoate (0.5 g). Their residual amounts after 45, 75 and 90 days were not greater than 0.002, not greater than 0.004 and not greater than 0.001 mg/l, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device further comprises second outlet connecting to the rotating shaft for discharging a second component of the separated medium mixture. The rotating shaft is formed by a rotating assembly of feed channels or cyclone(s). The device influencing mass density comprises expansion device, and cooler. The cooler is disposed upstream of the expansion means in the direction of flow of the medium. The mass density of the fractions of the mixture for separating is increased during processing the step of increasing the difference in mass density by causing the mixture to expand.Preferred Method: The mixture is cooled before the mixture is separated during processing the step of rotation. The mixture is cooled before being expanded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The first stage and the second stage occur at 204-225degreesC.The water vapor does not exceed 26 mole %.In the first stage, not greater than 65% of the carbon monoxide undergoes conversion.The pressure reduction between successive stages is 2-5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Function: The manifold (40) electrically interconnects a cathode or an anode within the honeycomb structure (38) or with another honeycomb structure (39) in a predetermined fashion. Preferred Component: The honeycomb structure comprises a combustor, a heat exchanger, a fuel reformer, a water condenser, or water recycle system. The honeycomb manifold comprises a substrate of a porous electrode material; an insulating layer; and a counter-electrode layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The extractant is liquid propane and/or liquid propylene. The alkyl ether of propylene glycol is the monomethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The system comprises a cyclone separator positionable between the hydrogen generator and the methanation unit; a mixture containing the calcium oxide particles and the total gas volume, the mixture being separable in the cyclone separator; and a methanation catalyst disposable within the methanation unit. The COx gas volume further comprises a first partial volume of carbon monoxide, and a second partial volume of carbon dioxide.Preferred Concentration: The system comprises a combined concentration of the first partial volume of carbon monoxide and the second partial volume of carbon dioxide exiting the methanation unit of 10 ppm. In an equilibrium condition, the total gas volume discharged from the hydrogen generator comprises approximately 506 ppm dry basis of the first partial volume of carbon monoxide, approximately 952 ppm dry basis of the second partial volume of carbon dioxide, approximately 4.87 vol.% dry basis of the unreacted volume of methane, and approximately 94.98 vol.% dry basis of the hydrogen gas.Preferred Property: The system nominal operating pressure is approximately 0.793 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalytic material comprises transition metal such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, and/or their borides, or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor further comprises liquid diffusing element, and ballast chamber for receiving and storing the hydrogen gas separated by the membrane.#The heat-exchanging element is surrounded by the first catalytic material and surrounds the first catalytic material.The liquid diffusing element includes a sieved ring.The membrane is hydrophobic and surrounds the first and second catalytic material.The first catalytic material is disposed in a supporting structure.The support structure is a honeycomb monolith or metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalytic material comprises transition metal such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, and/or their borides, or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The water-gas shift conditions are high temperature shift conditions or low temperature shift conditions. EXAMPLE - Gold was deposited on the calcined sample by preparing a solution of 0.34 g of HauCl4x3H2O in 600 mL distilled water and then heating the solution to 60 degrees C. The acidity of the solution was adjusted to pH 8.6 by the addition of a 1 M sodium carbonate solution. About 6 g of the calcined sulfated zirconia sample was added to the solution and stirred for 2-3 hours by slow rotation in a rotary evaporator. The resulting solid was removed by filtration and dried in an air convection oven at 35 degrees C overnight. Finally the dry powdered sample was pressed and sized to -18/+40 (US) mesh for the reactor testing. The resulting catalyst had a nitrogen BET surface area unchanged of 75 m2/g. The PXRD pattern of the gold deposited sample showed both tetragonal and monoclinic phases of zirconia present in almost equal amounts. Elemental analysis results for various samples showed that he amount of sulfate decreased to 0.26 wt.% and the gold loading were in the range of 1-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anaerobic processing step further involves maintaining pH in the range of 7 - 7.4 by adding bicarbonate of soda and hydrated lime.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anaerobic processing step further involves maintaining pH in the range of 7 - 7.4 by adding bicarbonate of soda and hydrated lime.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The one-piece body is positioned upstream from the electrode gap. It defines another air passageway. The injector channel is positioned between the air passageways. The fuel injector contacts the one-piece body. The plasma fuel reformer further comprises a magnetic shield housing the one-piece body. It has a transformer defining an interior region in which the one-piece body housed in the magnetic shield is positioned.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The nucleic acid is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. The plant is a Brassica juncea. The trace element is lead, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cadmium, mercury, tellurium, polonium, or uranium. The enhanced accumulation is at least 50% greater than an otherwise comparable untransformed plant. The medium is soil. The transformed plant is otherwise phenotypically the same as a corresponding untransformed plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An odorant contained in the raw material is removed by heating to 50-100degreesC under reduced pressure, followed by the removal of solid matter, water and salts from the raw material by gravity separation. After esterification, unreacted alcohol is removed from the reaction liquid. The distillate is centrifuged and a high density substance is removed by gravity separation.Preferred Properties: The acid value of free fatty acid in the fatty acid alkyl ester composition is less than 0.6. The carbon number of the fatty acid in the obtained fatty acid alkyl ester composition is 12-22, and the carbon number of alcohol is 1-5. EXAMPLE - Palmitic acid and methanol in a molar ratio of 1:20 were heat processed at 270degreesC and 19 MPa for 10 minutes in a reaction tube (I), and 270degreesC and 11 MPa for 10 minutes in a further reaction tube (II). Excess methanol was distilled off from the reaction mixture. A free fatty acid alkyl ester having an acid value of 0.15 and a purity of 99.7% was obtained with a yield of 99.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of the sludge-carbonized fuel has sludge carbonization system, grinding unit, and humidification units (I,II). The humidification unit (I) and grinding unit stabilize and grind the carbonized sludge. The humidification unit (II) adjusts moisture content to 5-15 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sludge is carbonized, ground, humidified, and stabilized by oxidation exothermic reaction of the non-oxidized component of metal and/or exothermic reaction by autoxidation of organic substance. The moisture content is adjusted to 5-15 wt.% by humidification process. Water (in wt.pts) (5-30) is added to sludge carbonized material (100) during humidification process. Preferred Property: The sludge carbonized fuel has fuel ratio of 0.5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The bio-diesel is injected in stirring state of water. The bio-diesel fuel is continuously or intermittently injected at velocity of 10 wt.% or less/1 minute for several times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The water-containing organic material is mounted on a ceramic board conveyor (5) and microwave heating is carried out continuously. The water-containing organic material is evaporated to moisture content of 10%. Preferred Board: The ceramic board is porous, and is ceramic of exothermal microwave.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal azide is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal azide. The crystalline water-containing compound comprises a metal compound.Preferred Generator: The generator comprises a container having gas through hole(s) and a heater. The outer wall of the hydrogen generating agent-holding container is made of metal mesh or porous material through which the generated hydrogen gas can permeate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal azide is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal azide. The crystalline water-containing compound comprises a metal compound.Preferred Generator: The generator comprises a container having gas through hole(s) and a heater. The outer wall of the hydrogen generating agent-holding container is made of metal mesh or porous material through which the generated hydrogen gas can permeate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: Alternately, the anode of electrolysis tank comprises the cubic system titanium oxide pyrochlore sintered compact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cubic system titanium oxide pyrochlore is a complex oxide of formula: RE2-xTi2-yMyO7-~d, where M is transition metal element such as chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum, and y is substitution amount of M in B site, which is greater than 0 and less than or equal to0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The process is added to next batch in place of the microbial culture or a substance obtained, and rest of the process is repeated.Preferred Components: The chopper assembly is connected to a motor. The shaft is driven clockwise or anticlockwise across its axis by a motor. The moisture absorbing substance may be saw dust. The moisture of the material during maturity is maintained between 15-40%, preferably 24-26%. EXAMPLE - Kitchen waste (35 kg) was chopped in the machine for 10 min. Saw dust (15 kg), culture (0.1 kg) and lignite (0.1 kg) were added. The machine was run for 10 min for mixing. It was then taken out in a movable trolley. This process was repeated 10 times i.e., 10 charges were taken and a 35 composite heap of about one meter height was made. The material was turned every 5th day for sufficient aeration. At the end of 20 days, the material was spread on the ground for one day for drying. The weight of the final material was 232 kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the device, the dividing element is made of a material selected from SiC or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device comprises a unit for filtering and recovering the heat of the gases coming from the evacuation conduit. Preferred Components: In the method, the dividing element is thermally conductive. In the device, feeding devices are provided for feeding combustion supporter into the second chamber and is preferably selected from gravity system and injection lance; system for preheating the combustion supporter is provided; device for laterally feeding the waste to be transformed and the combustion supporter are constituted by a multiplicity of nozzles oriented towards the center, positioned circumferentially, horizontal or inclined downwards. The device, for feeding the combustion supporter from below are constituted by several of nozzles, circumferentially arranged in the lower area of the reactor. The nozzles are inclined by an angle of 0 - 40degrees with respect to the horizontal plane. Preferred Process: The introduction of waste to be transformed takes place vertically from the top. The introduction of materials to be transformed takes place laterally, possibly in radial direction, by several of insertion points, which may be on different levels. The introduction of combustion supporter takes place from below, possibly simultaneously, laterally in the radial direction, by several of insertion points, which may be on different levels.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the device, the dividing element is made of a material selected from SiC or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The gaseous material is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Humidity of the gaseous material is calculated prior to exposing the material to radiation. The gaseous material is a discrete sample collected within a container (102). It flows during exposing and/or measuring. It is associated with a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Parameter: The critical magnetic field strength applied is calculated according to equation Hc equal to (kBT/(nmuf))1/2(~p+2muf)/(alpha3(~p-muf)).kB=Boltzmann's constant;T=absolute temperature;n=particle number density of notional particles in a base fluid;muf=magnetic susceptibility of the base fluid;mup=magnetic susceptibility of the notional particles;alpha=mufm2n/(kBT);m=dipole moment between the particle and the base fluid;Tc=tau;tau=n1/3/v=pieta0(mup+2muf)2/(mufn5/3a5(mup+muf)2H2)=pieta0a/(n2/3kBTalpha);v=notional particle average velocity;eta0=viscosity of the base fluid;a=radius of a spheroidal particle;alpha=mufm2n/(kBT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The processing method of organic waste material further involves adding a ferment microbe-containing base material to raw organic material, crushed organic material or particulated slurry, separating coarse material from crushed organic material between the crushing process and particulation process, ferment-microbe culturing process to adjust the ferment-microbe containing base material, and adding a fermented liquor to the wood-chips floor of livestock husbandry field and fermenting wood chips. The fermentation process stores the particulated slurry in the fermenter, and further ferments the particulated organic material. The particulation process pressurizes the slurry of crushed organic material with a pump, intervenes nozzle and discharges through annular flow path between the inner cylinder and outer cylinder arranged coaxially. Preferred Apparatus: The fermentation processing apparatus of organic waste material further has a ferment-microbe adding unit to add the ferment microbe-containing base material, a spray nozzle to discharge ferment microbe-containing base material, an addition unit to prepare ferment microbe-containing base material, and a culture unit (8) containing a ferment-microbe culture tank (82). The particulation unit has a cylindrical container consisting of inner and outer cylinders, a slurry ejector fixed to the nozzle, to discharge slurry through annular flow path to the outer cylinder, and a pump connected to the slurry ejector. The particulation unit further has an outer cylinder (II) in the outer surface of outer cylinder (I), slurry ejector (II) and pump (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ligand in the metal complex is compound chosen from cyclopentadienyl or its derivatives. The foaming agent is chosen from 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon and hydro fluorocarbon.Preferred Composition: The amount of metal complex and brominated flame retardants is 0.1-20 weight parts and 0.001-10 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of styrene resin. Air bubbles having diameter of 0.25 mm or less and 0.3-1 mm, form styrene foam. The occupation area of air bubbles having diameter of 0.25 mm or less along foam cross-section is 5-95%. The styrene resin foam further contains phosphorus-, nitrogen-, boron- and sulfur-containing compounds. The styrene resin used as raw material in the resin foam is regenerated styrene resin foam.The metal complex is compound chosen from ferrocene or its derivatives. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The metal complex is specifically claimed as ferrocene.    EXAMPLE - Dry blend of tetrabromo bisphenol-A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (in weight parts) (5) and ferrocene (0.1), was added with talc powder (0.5), barium stearate (0.25) and G9401 polystyrene resin (100). The resin mixture obtained was melt-kneaded at 200degreesC in an extruder and cooled to 120degreesC. A rectangular extruded foam having density of 27 kg/m3, excellent flame retardance, heat resistance, recycling property and adiabatic property was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The value of the length in the longitudinal direction/diameter of base in all or some of the columnar heating mechanisms is at least 1. The porous material has a relative density of at most 80, preferably 30-70%.Preferred Components: The columnar heating mechanisms have the same length in the longitudinal direction. The columnar heating mechanisms are provided so that their bases are on the same plane. The columnar heating mechanisms are spaced with equal distances between their sides. The columnar heating mechanisms are polygonal or cylindrical (2). The columnar heating mechanisms are provided with heat insulators between them. The columnar heating mechanisms are stacked so that gas can be passed through gaps (8) between them or so that the central axes of alternate columnar heating mechanisms with one end adjacent to one end of another columnar heating mechanism are offset. The columnar heating mechanisms comprise porous material. The porous material comprises intermetallic compound. The intermetallic compound comprises aluminum with iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, or platinum. The intermetallic compound has three-dimensional network skeletal structure. The steam is brought into contact with heating mechanism to generate high temperature superheated steam of at least 600 degrees C or hydrogen containing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide layer is made on all or part of the surface of the porous material. The oxide layer comprises intermetallic compound. The gas is steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In (M1), the buffering agent is a naturally occurring acid and is chosen from phosphoric acid, citric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, glutaric acid, and tartaric acid, preferably phosphoric acid, citric acid, or an organic compound with three carboxyl groups, more preferably crystalline phosphoric acid. (M1) further involves adding a starch to the combination of human or animal waste products and F.culmorum. The starch is from a plant source and finely ground. The starch is chosen from potato starch, cornstarch, rice starch and cassava starch, preferably potato starch, more preferably pure potato starch. The buffering agent is crystalline phosphoric acid, where the starch is pure potato starch, and the ratio of crystalline phosphoric acid to pure potato starch is at least 1:10. (M1) further involves placing the human or animal waste products, F.culmorum, M.albus, the buffering agent and the starch in a biodegradable poly bag, where the bag comprises an absorbent, a deodorizer and a decay catalyst, or in portable toilet or pit toilet. (M1) further involves infesting a seed grain with F.culmorum or F.culmorum and M.albus, and adding the infested seed grain to the human or animal waste products. In (M2), the seed grain is chosen from barley, rye, rice, wheat, mustard and grass. EXAMPLE - No relevant example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: (m1) further involves reacting the toluene, the gasoline aromatics, and hydrogen to produce additional benzene; reacting the additional benzene with propylene to form cumene; combining outlet water from the production of the methanol with the inlet water; reacting the dihydric aromatic compound with a carbonate precursor in an interfacial polymerization reaction; and combining natural gas and inlet water to produce methanol. (m2) further involves reacting the dihydric aromatic salt with a nitro substituted phenyl dinitrile to form a bis(ether anhydride); and reacting the bis(ether anhydride) with a diamino compound to form polyetherimide.Preferred Components: The carbonate precursor comprises a diaryl carbonate ester, carbonyl halide (preferably carbonyl chloride). The dihydric aromatic compound comprises bisphenol-A. The material comprises a bis(halophthalimide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The feed material is heated in the presence of 8-22C hydrocarbon, where the catalyst promoting catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and sodium hydroxide at 150-450degreesC. The sodium hydroxide is added to the feed material in an aqueous form. The feed material is heated to 150-350degreesC or 150-450degreesc for 1-4 hours. The feed material is stirred while being heated. The method further comprises collecting the resulting carbon. The method further comprises pretreatment step in which the hydrogen-bearing feed material is pretreated with an aqueous solution of base and catalyst, prior to combination with the hydrogen donor material. The hydrogen production is conducted in a reaction vessel having a nitrogen-containing head space.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feed material comprises an ammonium salt. The catalyst comprises a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, alcohol, or fatty acid, a catalytic form of carbon, nickel, iron, and/or palladium. The base comprises an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal compound. The base comprises sodium hydroxide in solid or aqueous form. The resulting carbon comprises amorphous graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feed material comprises a biomass comprising forestry products or by products, crop residue, animal waste, municipal waste, and/or cellulosic refuse. The hydrogen donor material comprises 8-22C hydrocarbon, crude oil, waste oil, plastic, and/or rubber. The products of the heating step comprise hydrogen, carbon residue, hydrogen donor, catalyst, base, and water. The products further comprise base salts, and are free of greenhouse oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction chamber (II) is alternately a complex reaction chamber (4). The manufacturing apparatus further has a high temperature heating apparatus for heating mixture (M2) to 3000degreesC or more, provided at supply port of reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber. Preferred Method: The complete combustion reaction and incomplete combustion reaction are carried out in separate or same reaction chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen or air enriched with pure oxygen. Preferred Microparticles: The carbon microparticles produced by chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber is carbon black or nano carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction chamber (II) is alternately a complex reaction chamber (4). The manufacturing apparatus further has a high temperature heating apparatus for heating mixture (M2) to 3000degreesC or more, provided at supply port of reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber. Preferred Method: The complete combustion reaction and incomplete combustion reaction are carried out in separate or same reaction chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen or air enriched with pure oxygen. Preferred Microparticles: The carbon microparticles produced by chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber is carbon black or nano carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: The conduits (10, 12) are formed by dividing through-conduit into two by means of a barrier. The hollow-fiber membranes have transverse baffles (14) that prevent the second gas stream from flowing directly from the inlet region to the outlet region. The baffles are permeable only in the region around the conduits or around the hollow fibre bundle (8). At least one baffle is located in a plane between the gas supply openings (11) and the gas withdrawal openings (13). The first gas stream flows through the hollow-fiber membranes in one direction or is diverted by means of a flow chamber so that it flows through one part of the membranes in one direction and through another part of the membranes in the other direction.