TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The basic aqueous solution comprises one of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, hydration tetramethyl ammonium, hydration tetraethyl ammonium, hydration tetrapropyl ammonium, hydration tetrabutyl ammonium, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrodes comprises one of platinum, platinum black, silver, gold, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, carbon, amorphous carbon and glassy carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The aqueous acid comprises one of sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetra fluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluoro phosphate, hexafluoro arsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The acidic ionic conductive gel comprises one of anhydrous silicon-dioxide and polyacrylic acid. The basic ionic conductive gel comprises one of caboxymethylcellulose and polyacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The basic aqueous solution comprises one of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, hydration tetramethyl ammonium, hydration tetraethyl ammonium, hydration tetrapropyl ammonium, hydration tetrabutyl ammonium, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.