TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The surfactant templation technique includes disposing a sol comprising alkoxide(s), surfactant(s), condensation inhibitor(s), water, and ethanol on a substrate; and evaporating the ethanol from the sol to form the surfactant-templated porous film. The sol is disposed on the substrate by web coating, dip coating, spin coating, or spray coating. The surfactant templated porous film is heated to a temperature sufficient to decompose the surfactant molecules while remaining within the thermal stability range of the substrate. It is annealed after heating to a temperature sufficient to decompose the surfactant molecules. The initial sol is prepared by refluxing the titanium tetra-isopropoxide, ethanol, water and hydrochloric acid at approximately 60degreesC. Filling the pores includes infiltrating the pores with a solution containing a polymer and an organic solvent. After infiltrating the pores with the solution, the surfactant-templated porous film is incubated at an infiltration temperature of 200degreesC for 30 minutes. The porous film is covered with a layer of charge-transport material, where the layer of charge-transport material contacts the pore-filling material that fills the pores in the porous film. The charge-transport material is electrically contacted with an electrode (202, 210). The surfactant temptation technique includes evaporation-induced self-assembly. The interconnected pores in the surfactant-templated film are accessible from an underlying layer and/or overlying layer. The porous film and the pore-filling material have complementary charge transfer properties with respect to each other.The porous-nano-architected film is produced using intercalation and/or grafting of organic or polymeric molecules within a mineral lamellar network, synthesis by electrocrystallization of hybrid molecular assemblies, impregnation of preformed inorganic gels, synthesis from heterofunctional metallic alkoxides or silsesquioxannes, synthesis of hybrid through the connection of well defined functional nanobuilding blocks, or templated growth of inorganic or hybrid networks by using organic molecules and macromolecules including surfactants, amines, alkyl ammonium ions, amphiphilic molecules, as structure directing agents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The surfactant-templated porous film includes a material from titania, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, strontium oxide, calcium/titanium oxide, sodium titanate, or potassium niobate. The pore-filling material includes an inorganic material including copper oxide or another metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkoxides include titanium ethoxide (preferably) or titanium isopropoxide. The surfactants include Pluronic p123 (RTM: block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide) (preferably), hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide, or Pluronic F127 (RTM: block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide). The condensation inhibitors include hydrochloric acid. The pore-filling material includes a material from organic pigments or dyes, azo-dyes having azo chromofores (-N=N-) linking aromatic groups, phthalocyanines including metal-free phthalocyanine, perylenes, naphthalocyanines, squaraines, merocyanines and their respective derivatives, poly(silanes), poly(germinates), 2,9-Di(pent-3-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-d'e'f':6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone, or 2,9-bis-(1-hexyl-hept-1-yl)-anthra(2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetrone.Preferred Ratio: The alkoxides, surfactants, condensation inhibitors, water, and ethanol are in molar ratios from surfactant/alkoxide at a molar ratio of 1x10-7-0.1, ethanol/alkoxide at a molar ratio of 3-20, condensation inhibitor/alkoxide at a molar ranging ratio of 1.5x10-5-5, or water/alkoxide at a molar ratio of 1-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pore filling material includes a material from poly(phenylene) or its derivatives, poly(phenylenevinylene) or its derivatives (e.g. poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene, poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(thiophene) or its derivatives (e.g. poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom), poly(thienylenevinylene) or its derivatives, or poly(isothianaphthene) or its derivatives, organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, poly(squaraines) or its their derivatives. The polymer is poly(phenylene) or its derivatives, poly(phenylene vinylene) or its derivatives (e.g. poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene, poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(thiophene) or its derivatives (e.g. poly(3 -octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regioregular, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), regiorandom), poly(thienylenevinylene) or its derivatives, or poly(isothianaphthene) or its derivatives, organometallic polymers, polymers containing perylene units, poly(squaraines) or their derivatives. The polythiophene is poly 3-hexylthiophene.