TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: Preparation of the polymer comprises reacting (I) with dicarboxylic acid or dicarboxylic acid halide. Preferred Components: The polymer is of formula (II), (III) or (IV).a = 0.1-100 mol.%;U1, V1, W1 = sulfones, ketones, carbon-carbon bonds or branched carbon based structures;o = preferably 4; andb, c , d = 0-50 mol.%.The repeat units include G and Ga, where the G is attached to an aromatic ring associated with the P and the Ga is attached to an aromatic ring associated with the Q. The groups G and Ga are hydrogen, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, sulfonamide or imidazole. The G and Ga include fluorinated or nonfluorinated aliphatic chains containing hydrogen, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, sulfonamide or imidazole. Preferred Definitions: In (I), provided that if o is zero, then m is 3-15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water reduction catalyst is chosen from platinum, iridium, nickel, gold, silver, copper, palladium and rhodium. Carbon dioxide is used as supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid in manufacture of photoreduction substance of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optical-pumping organic semiconductor is organic semiconductor selected from porphyrin derivative, a ruthenium bipyridine complex derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, acridine yellow and proflavines. The supercritical fluid or subcritical fluid contains additive selected from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, allyl alcohol, acetone, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene and xylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is polymeric material selected from polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether and polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The odorization agent contains isoprene dimer(s) of formulae (V-VIII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Boron-containing phenyl derivative of formula (1) and a cyclohexanone derivative of formula (2) are coupled to form 4-phenyl cyclohexanone of formula (3), which is reduced to form 4-phenyl cyclohexanol derivative of formula (4). The alcohol derivative (4) is sulfonated to form corresponding sulfonate of formula (5) which is nitrilated to form cyano 4-phenyl cyclohexane derivative (II).R1-R11=as defined above;andX=F, Cl, Br or I.Preferred Process: A dicyano 4-phenyl cyclohexane derivate of formula (IV) is formed by nitrilating a 4-phenyl cyclohexane derivative of formula (III); or by nitrilating a benzene derivative of formula (V) in the presence of a base.X1,X2=F, Cl, Br, tosyl or mesyl group;andR1-R3=as defined above. EXAMPLE - 4-phenyl cyclohexanone of formula (A) was reacted at room temperature with sodium borohydride and tetrahydrofuran to form 4-phenyl cyclohexanol of formula (B). The alcohol derivative (B) was reacted with dichloro methane, pyridine and methane sulfonyl chloride to form corresponding sulfonate of formula (C). The sulfonate derivative (C) was reacted with sodium cyanide in dimethyl sulfoxide to form 4-cyano cyclohexyl benzene of formula (D). The compound (D) (2 wt.%) was added to 1 M lithium hexafluoro phosphate solution containing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in the ratio of 1:1, to form an electrolyte. The battery formed using the electrolyte had excellent battery characteristics. The electrolyte prevented overcharge of the battery, thus improving safety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium metal oxide contained in the electrode layer supplies the lithium ion source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The patterned mask is a polygonal grid comprising equally spaced polygonal openings, optionally hexagonal openings, with a circular filled center, and the resulting patterned noble metal coating comprises equally spaced polygons, optionally hexagons, having a round hole center. Preferred Ratio: The patterned mask has an open ratio of 30-80%. Preferred Properties: The first ion beam has an energy of 100-500 eV and the second ion beam has an energy of 500-5000 eV. Preferred Dimensions: The patterned noble metal coating has a thickness of 5-250 nm and a loading of 0.01-0.3 mg/cm2. Preferred Properties: The gas diffusion layer has a smoothness of greater than or equal to 1000 Gurley-seconds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The noble metal is platinum. The patterned mask is a thin metal sheet provided with a geometrical pattern of openings e.g. by chemically etching. Preferred Dimensions: The distance between the centers in adjacent couples of openings is 0.02-0.5 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive filler comprises carbon particles, acetylene black carbon particles, or furnace black carbon particles. The gas diffusion electrode comprises layers of acetylene black and layers of furnace black carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The patterned mask may be a polymer film provided with a geometrical pattern of openings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeation barrier layer comprises a material having a resistance to hydrogen permeation exceeding that of the polymeric composite material, and a material having a melting point exceeding that of the sacrificial core. It comprises a metal, preferably nickel, zinc, tin, copper, and/or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sacrificial core has a melting point falling within temperature range above a temperature at which the electrically conductive polymeric composite material is molded about the flowfield skeleton, and below a temperature at which the polymeric composite material is cured or postcured. It comprises a material from fusible alloys and/or waxes. The electrically conductive polymeric composite material comprises a powder molding compound or a thermoset or thermoplastic sheet molding compound. It comprises a polymer and electrically conductive filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The compression spring has stainless steel wire conforming to Japanese industrial standards (JIS)G4314, JISG4313 and JISG3130 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one of the target is alloy or oxide which consists of indium and gallium, and the remaining is metal or oxide which consists of zinc. The p-layer consists of copper oxide (Cu2O), and is formed in the indium tin oxide board. The n-layer consists of indium, gallium and zinc oxide of amorphous state, and is formed in the p-layer. Alternatively, the p-layer is formed on copper board. The p-layer or n-layer is formed on a polymeric substrate. The solar cell contains indium (in atomic%) (8-67), gallium (1-50), and zinc (8-67) when total of indium, gallium and zinc is set to (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The second outer layer consists essentially of ethylene vinyl acetate having 3-15, preferably 5-12 wt.% white opacifying pigment. The weatherable film is consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, pigmented ionomers, aliphatic urethanes, weatherable grade polyesters, or polyvinyl fluoride, preferably polyvinyl fluoride. The second outer layer is a fluoropolymer bearing a light reflecting coating on its outer surface. The fluoropolymer of the second outer layer is consisting of chlorotrifluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride (CTFE/VDF), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyolefin homopolymers and copolymers. Preferred Properties: The layers are adhesively bonded. The outer layer is adhesively bonded to a middle layer. The first outer layer has a thickness of 15-50 microns. The second outer layer has an optical density of greater than or equal to 1. The mid-layer has a thickness of 10-50, preferably 24 microns. The second outer layer consists essentially of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and has a thickness of 50-200 microns. The second outer layer is greater than or equal to 99% opaque to ultraviolet (UV) light. Preferred Compositions: The EVA comprises 2-33, preferably 2-8 wt.% of vinyl acetate. The middle layer consists essentially of poly(chlorotrifluoro ethylene), polyester film coated on surfaces with polyvinylidene chloride, or polyester film coated on surfaces with liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dilution chamber consists of resin such as polyethylene (PE), high density PE (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), nylon and polystyrene (PS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solid material contains a clathrate compound. Preferred Fuel: The fuel used by the fuel cell is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The non-aqueous solvent contains an aprotic organic solvent. The amount of fluoro phosphoric acid ester is 5 vol.% or more, preferably 10 vol.% or more of the electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    one of R1=fluorine and the other is fluorine-substituted alkoxy or aryloxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The transparent conductive layer has surface tension preferably of 65 mN/m or more. Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester of formula (I or II).A=group of formula (II-a or II-b);R1,R2=univalent hydrocarbon residue;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester film contains ultraviolet absorber (0.05-30 wt.%). The laminated film further has a reflection prevention layer provided on reverse side of the transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene modified substance contains functional group chosen from ester, imino, alkyl, aralkyl and thiophenyl group. The heterocyclic polymer and fullerene modified substance contain alkyl group having at least one carbon atom, as functional group. The solid layer contains 40-70 wt.% of fullerene modified substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic polymer is of formula (2).R1-R4=alkyl or cycloalkyl group.Preferred Property: The solid layer has film thickness of 100-500 nm. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=alkyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion material is a polymeric material of weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The photoelectric conversion layer is an electron-hole transport layer containing electron donating conductive polymer and electron accepting conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: Metal oxide (I) is chosen from fluorine doped tin oxide, tin oxide (SnO2), indium-zincic acid compound (IZO), zinc oxide, antimony doped tin oxide (ATO), fluorine doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide and gallium doped zinc oxide. Metal oxide (II) is indium tin oxide (ITO). The base material is resin-made film base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous fiber is monofilament. The yarn is spun yarn. The carbonaceous fiber yarn is carbonized product of acrylic fibers obtained by spinning a polymer containing monomer units derived from acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal plate consists of metal selected from copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer resin is selected from thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin and fluorinated resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A cathode (22) used in the battery contains cathode material which contains at least one of tin and silicon as a constituent element. The cathode material further contains tin, cobalt and carbon in a carbonaceous content of 9.9-29.7 mass% as a constituent element. The ratio of cobalt with respect to total of tin and cobalt in the cathode material is 30-70 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carbonate ester derivative is 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. The solvent further includes vinylene carbonate.Preferred Composition: The content of 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one in the solvent is 1-60 mass%. The content of sulfur containing compounds (1-7) in the solvent is 0.1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The chemical conversion treated layer is formed using chemical-conversion liquid containing aminated phenol polymer, chromic compound and phosphorus compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The modifier is polycarbodiimide having structure(s) of formulae (1-3).n=more than 0.The polycarbodiimide is obtained by polymerizing tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate of formula (4), and aliphatic group monoisocyanate as terminal blocker in the presence of carbodiimide catalyst. The hardener is nurate compound of isophorone diisocyanate. Preferred Composition: The amount of carbodiimide group of modifier is 0.15-0.5 equivalent with respect to 1 equivalent of hydroxyl group of fluorine-containing copolymer. The amount of isocyanate group of hardener is 0.5-2 equivalent with respect to 1 equivalent of hydroxyl group of fluorine-containing copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hardener (I) is isocyanurate material of isophorone diisocyanate. The hardener (II) has cross-linkable functional group in a molecule. Preferred Composition: The chemical conversion treatment layer is formed from chemical conversion liquid containing aminated phenol polymer, chromic compound and phosphorus compound. The laminated material further has lubricating agent layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material which occludes and releases lithium, is amorphous complex oxide chosen from oxide of group 1, group 2, group 13-15, transition metal, halogen element and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The rubber type binder is a binder which contains fluorine type thermoplastic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The noble metal particles of coating material contains ruthenium and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive polymer are coating material is selected from group consisting of polystyrene sulfonate, and polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, and vinylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum-nitride powder (A) in resin composition, is 5-95 wt.%. The non-silicone-type synthetic-resin (B) is chosen from polyimide resin, polyether ketone resin, epoxy resin, polyolefin resin, polyphenylene-oxide resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyamide resin, urethane resin, phenol resin and/or polyether sulfone resin. EXAMPLE - Aluminum-nitride powder (226.4 g) having average particle diameter of 15 microns, porosity of 0.1% and sphericity degree of 0.96 was added into a container containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (566 g), and dispersed. Then, 1,3-bis(3-amino phenoxy)benzene (29.2 g) was added and stirred under room temperature and nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride (30.9 g) was added, and stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour. Subsequently, phthalic anhydride (0.4434 g) was added at 50degreesC and further stirred at 50degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain resin composition containing aluminum-nitride and polyamic acid. The obtained composition was applied to glass plate and imidated at 250degreesC. The obtained aluminum-nitride-containing polyimide film was peeled from glass plate. The obtained film had thickness of 40 microns, and heat conductivity of 4.4 W/m.K as measured by hot desk method. The flexible printed substrate formed using the resin film had adhesive strength of 0.9 kg/cm, and excellent bending performance without peeling of insulation-film layer and fracture of copper foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is nickel or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound used for preparing carbon-material precursor is phenol resin and/or tar pitch. The organic compound used for impregnation is phenol (derivative). Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carbon-material precursor and organic compound is 95:5-50:50. Preferred Conditions: Degreasing is carried out at 400-800degreesC, and impregnation processing is carried out at 100-300degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell electrolyte is doped with 800 mol% or less of phosphoric acid with respect to basic polymer.Preferred Properties: The fuel cell electrolyte has water content of 20% or less and expansion ratio of 20% or less.The total of amount of phosphate compound in electrolyte, anode and cathode is 5-800 mol% with respect to basic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The basic polymer is polybenzimidazole, poly(pyridines), poly(pyrimidines), polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinolines, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles, poly(tetrazapyrenes), polyoxazoles, polythiazoles, polyvinylpyridines or polyvinylimidazoles. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The phosphate compound is dibutyl phosphate, monoethyl phosphate, monomethyl phosphate, mono-n-butyl phosphate, or mono-n-octyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the mechanical protection layer are made from glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A mechanical protection layer (40) is disposed on the metallic layer, and coextensive with the substrate. The solar collection cell has a PIN or a NIP structure. Preferred Dimension: The metallic layer extends 0-4 mm beyond the cell perimeter edge toward the substrate perimeter edge. The metallic perimeter edge is recessed 5-15 mm from the substrate perimeter edge. The electrically insulating film has a thickness of 1-10 microns. The metallic layer has a thickness of 2 nm-2 microns (preferably 100 nm). The substrate having dimensions of 1100 mm by 1300 mm thus defining a substrate perimeter edge that is 4800 mm long, the metallic perimeter edge being recessed 5-15 mm inward from the substrate perimeter edge, and the cell perimeter edge being recessed 5-19 mm inward from the substrate perimeter edge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solar collection cell comprising a boron-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive layer. The metallic layer is an aluminum film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The mechanical protection layer comprises polymeric materials. The electrically insulating film being made from polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first and second substrates are made of glass. The transparent conductive layer is made of conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The absorption layer is made of a light-absorption material of TiO2-xNx:In. The metal electrode is made of titanium nitride. The first and second anti-reflection layers are silicon quantum-dot films of silicon nitride having anti-reflection and light-concentrating. Preferred Properties: The absorption layer has a wavelength range of absorption of 300-1500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first and second substrates may be made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxidizing gas is oxygen or ozone. Preferred Composition: A catalyst layer which promotes formation of metal oxide film on base material surface, is provided before contacting the base material surface and solution for metal oxide film formation. The catalyst layer contains tin metal, palladium metal, silver metal, titanium dioxide and/or carbon. The metal source contains calcium, strontium, barium, tin, lead, bismuth, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, nickel, molybdenum, rhodium, palladium, silver, cerium and/or praseodymium. The solution (1) contains an oxidizing agent containing at least one ion chosen from chlorate ion, perchlorate ion, chlorous acid ion, hypochlorous acid ion, bromate, nitrate ion and nitrite ion, and a reducing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The container is made of chloroethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polypropylene, acryl, polyethylene terephthalate, glass fiber reinforced plastic, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The amphiphilic material is non-ionic surfactant or fluorochemical surfactant. The hole extraction layer contains resin component and low molecular weight compound having unpaired electron containing nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogenated organic compound is halogenated monocarboxylic acid ester of formula: CmH2m+1-sXsCOOCnH2n+1, where X is halogen atom, and m, n and s are integer greater than 0. The polymerizable monomer is vinyl monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fuel cell co-generation system uses a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hardener equivalent of dicyandiamide or its derivative with respect to epoxy group of epoxy resin is 0.2-0.9. The hardener equivalent of hydrazide compound with respect to epoxy group of epoxy resin is 1.4-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The epoxy resin has epoxy equivalent of 600-2200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Alternately, the sulfonated aromatic polyimide has structural unit of formula (1) an structural unit of formula (18) in ratio of 10-90 to 90-10.Ar=same as defined above;andAr2=bivalent aromatic group does not having sulfonic acid group.2-30% of Ar2 is substituted by trivalent aromatic group, and a cross-linked structure is formed. Preferred Definitions:    X=group of formulae (e, f or 17), preferably polyphenylene oxide chain or polyphenylene sulfide chain substituted by sulfonic acid group;    Y=sulfonic acid group chosen from 14 groups, such as groups of formulae (3-5);    n=1-2;    p=0 or 1;    A=-O-, -S-, -SO2-, -CO-, -CH2-, -CF2- or -C(CF3)2-;and    m=1-10.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-(4-amino phenoxy)-2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)phenyl)sulfone (in g) (3.203) and triethyl amine (1.6 ml) were dissolved in m-cresol (16 ml). 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (1.072) and benzoic acid (0.68) were added, and stirred at 180degreesC for 4 hours and 80degreesC for 20 hours. The mixture was cooled, and m-cresol (10 ml) was added. The polymerized reaction liquid was added to excess amount of acetone. The precipitated solid was separated, washed and dried to produce a product having viscosity of 2.5 dl/g. The obtained product was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and applied on a glass plate. The coating was dried at 80degreesC for 10 hours to produce a sulfonated polyimide film. The film was immersed into sulfuric acid solution for 2 days, and proton exchange was carried out. The film was water-washed and vacuum-dried at 150degreesC for 10 hours to produce proton-type sulfonated polyimide film. The film had methanol permeability coefficient of 1.7x10-6 cm2/second, proton conductivity of 0.007 S/cm at 50% relative humidity, and favorable water resistance and water absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pH of the water is maintained at less than 7. The water is mixed with a catalyst. The hydrogenated compound is obtained by mixing a powder of the hydrogenated compound with drops of the oily substance, and then forming a solid block. The hydrogenated compound and the oily substance are separated before any hydrogen production reaction, and placed in contact at a beginning of a hydrogen production reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogenated compound is calcium hydride, magnesium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, or magnesium borohydride. The catalyst comprises cobalt salt comprising cobalt chloride, or a ruthenium salt comprising K2RuCl5 or ruthenium (V) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oily substance is silicone oil, a petroleum oil, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, or preferably vaseline oil. The water comprises an antifreeze including alcohol or a polyalcohol. The antifreeze includes ethanol, methanol, or 1,2-ethanediol. The antifreeze is present in the water in a proportion of approximately 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The wax (B) is polypropylene and/or polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin (A) is olefin resin, rubber-type resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, and/or silicone resin. The adhesive providing resin (C) is petroleum-type resin, terpene-type resin and/or rosin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode contains lithium-containing titanium oxide. The molten salt electrolyte contains lithium salt and fused salt consisting of fluorine as anion and cation containing imidazolium structure. The anode contains lithium complex oxide containing cobalt, manganese or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluorescent material (B) contains rare earth metal complex such as terbium complex or europium complex. The redox electrolyte in the solar cell contains iodide ion and triiodide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The polymerizable functional group is a radical polymerizable functional group, preferably chosen from (meth)acryloyl oxy group, (meth)acrylamide group, styryl group, allyl group and vinyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Elastomer: The thermoplastic elastomer is copolymer of polystyrene or polystyrene derivative of formula (1 and/or 2).R1-R12=CxH2x+1;andl,m,n,x=0 or more.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound without aromatic unit is chosen from polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene tri-block copolymer, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene) block copolymer, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-propylene)-polystyrene tri-block copolymer, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-butylene)-polystyrene tri-block copolymer, polystyrene-poly(ethylene-ethylene-propylene)-polystyrene tri-block copolymer and its derivatives, or 1 or more types of compound of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-, where X1-X4 is H, CH3, Cl, F, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3, or OC4H9, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The content of the polymer compound is 40-90 wt.%. Preferred Film: The polymeric electrolyte film is obtained by introducing sulfonic acid group to the aromatic unit existing in the high polymer film, by contacting with chlorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The proton conductive group introduced into aromatic unit of high polymer film is sulfonic acid group. The sulfonated agent used in the manufacture of polymeric electrolyte film is chlorosulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer compound (A) is polyphenylene sulfide, its derivative and/or its copolymer. The polymer compound (B) is polystyrene, its derivative, its copolymer and/or syndiotactic polystyrene. The polymer compound (C) is a polymer compound of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene.X1-X4=H, methyl, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or OC4H9.Preferred Composition: The content of polymer compound (C) in the high polymer film is 40-90 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide included in solid polymer electrolyte is selected from any one of silicon dioxide (SiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and aluminum trioxide (Al2O3). The metal oxide included in solid polymer electrolyte is selected from any one of manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide, iridium oxide, nickel oxide and lead oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The sodium sulfonate compound of formula (I) is reacted in the presence of tin chloride and hydrochloric acid, and sulfonated aromatic polyimide compound of formula (II) is obtained. Preferred Compound: The sulfonated aromatic polyimide contains structural units of formulae (1,18). The ratio of structural units of formulae (1,18) is 10-90:90-10.Ar,X-Z=same as defined above;andAr1=bivalent aromatic group which does not have sulfonic acid group whose 2-100% is substituted by trivalent aromatic group which have cross-linked structure and does have sulfonic acid group. Preferred Definitions:    Z=at least one group of formulae (2a,2b);    l=0-2;    P=15 claimed sulfonic acid group such as group of formulae (3,4), preferably polyphenylene oxide chain or polyphenylene sulfide chain substituted with sulfonic acid group;    n=1-2;    Q=aromatic ring bonded directly, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -CO-, -CH2-, -CF2- or -C(CF3)2-;and    m=1-20.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-amino-2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)-phenyl)ether (BASBPE) (in g) (2.272) and trimethyl amine (1.6 ml) were dissolved in m-cresol (18 ml). Subsequently, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (NTDA) (1.072) and benzoic acid (0.68) were added and stirred at 80degreesC for 4 hours, and then in nitrogen gas atmosphere at 180degreesC for 20 hours. After cooling, m-cresol (10 ml) was added and polymerization reaction was performed. The solid precipitated was separated, dried and NTDA-BASBPE sulfonated polyimide of formula (III) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The vinyl monomer contains styrene and chloromethyl styrene. Preferred Method: The method further involves introducing a proton-conductive functional group after introducing the antioxidant with respect to a polymeric material with a halogenated alkyl group. Preferred Antioxidant: The antioxidant is amine antioxidant and/or phenol-type antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Base Material: The base material is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition is chosen from novolak group phenol resin, melamine resin, furanformaldehyde resin and aniline resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition is chosen from novolak-type phenol resin, melamine resin, furanformaldehyde resin and aniline resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains silicon or its alloy particles, tin or its alloy particles, silicon-tin alloy particles or their complexes. The silicon alloy is solid solution, intermetallic compound or eutectic alloy of aluminum-silicon, manganese-silicon, iron-silicon or titanium-silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The epoxy derivative is bisphenol A, the epoxy acrylate is bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate, difunctional bisphenol epoxy acrylate and novolak epoxy acrylate. The photopolymerizable material is diluted with glycol acrylate before use, or used along with polyol acrylate compound. The anode mix further contains radical photoinitiator such as dialkoxy acetophenone, benzyl ketal, hydroxy alkyl phenyl ketone, benzoyl oxime ester or amino ketone, or cationic photoinitiator using onium salt such as dialkyl iodonium salt or triaryl sulfonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains (in mass parts) ultraviolet absorber (0.1-5) and hindered amine optical stabilizer (0.01-5) with respect to cyclic olefin-type polymer (100). Preferred Polymer: The cyclic olefin-type polymer preferably has structure of formula (2).R1,R2=same as defined above;andx,y=copolymerization ratio, and molar fraction of y/x is 5/95-95/5.The cyclic olefin-type polymer is preferably a copolymer consisting of tetracyclo (4.4.0.12,5.17,10)-3-dodecene and ethylene. The glass transition temperature of cyclic olefin-type polymer is 105-180degreesC. The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole-type compound. Preferred Properties: The light transmittance of a compact of the resin composition having thickness of 3 mm in wavelength of 400 nm is 70% or more, and the light transmittance in wavelength of 800 nm is 80% or more. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-tetra cyclo dodecene copolymer (in mass parts) (100) having glass transition temperature of 125degreesC and melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes was melt-mixed in a twin-screw extruder having cylinder temperature of 230degreesC, die temperature of 230degreesC and screw speed of 100 rpm. The copolymer was pelletized. The obtained pellet was mixed with TINUVIN326 (RTM: ultraviolet absorber) (0.1) and Sanol LS-770 (RTM: hindered amine optical stabilizer) (0.1) to obtain a resin composition. The obtained resin composition had favorable hue change, bending strength, moisture resistance, weather resistance, chemical resistance, and light transmittance of 80% at 400 nm and 90% at 800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rear cladding of the solar panel can be a film of polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin consists of polyamide-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyvinyl fluoride resin, polyethylene terephalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Polyethyleneglycol is impregnated into the film. The acidic polymer layer is polystyrene sulfonate, a polyvinyl sulfonic acid,poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid), a sulfonic-acid polyphenylene oxide, or consists of a polyamide sulfamide acid of formula (1), or a polyamic acid with a polyacrylic acid, a polymethacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, a poly itaconic acid, a carboxylic acid polyphenylene oxide, structure of formula (2), polyvinyl phosphoric acid, and/or phosphoric acid polyphenylene oxides,Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar4= a phenyl group, a naphthalene group, a diphenylether group, a diphenylsulfone group, a diphenyl sulfide group, a biphenyl group, or a benzophenone group,n1= an integer of 100-1 million; andn2= an integer of 100-1 million.The basic polymer layer consists of polyaryl amine, polyethylene imine, a polyvinyl pyridine, polyvinyl imidazole, poly pyrimidine, a poly triazole, a poly quinoline, polyindole, poly purine, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and/or a polybenzimidazole.Alternatively the acidic polymer is comprised from a sulfonic-acid polymer, a sulfamide acid polymer or a carboxylic acid polymer, and a phosphoric acid polymer, and/or their salts; and the basic polymer is comprised from the salt of an aluminum polymer or an aluminum polymer. The salt of the acidic polymer is a sodium salt. The salt of the basic polymer is hydrochloride. The laminated film layers are peeled from the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cathode is printed using ink comprising polymer binder selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyacryamide, Teflon and ethyl cellulose, and manganese dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, stannic oxide, tantalum pent-oxide, niobium pent-oxide, molybdenum dioxide, iridium dioxide, ruthenium dioxide, metastable oxynitride, nonstoichiometric metal oxide and oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: Another textile or sheet is laminated on the dry-type non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The heater contains a material which generates heat by chemical reaction. The material contains calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium sulfate, and/or metal powder. Alumina, silica, magnesia, zinc oxide, carbon, and/or water-absorbing polymer are further contained in the container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-generating component contains aluminum, silicon, zinc and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water vapor shielding layer is formed of metal oxide. The heat ray shielding layer is metal layer containing gold, silver, copper or their alloys, and is laminated with a thin film dielectric layer containing titania, tantalum pentaoxide, zirconia, tin oxide (SnO2), silicon oxide (SiO), silica (SiO2) indium oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The UV ray shielding layer has a resin layer containing acrylic resin having benzophenone or benzotriazole structure in the side chain, or polyester film containing cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber. The water vapor shielding layer is laminated with a resin layer having a siloxane bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) resin, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) resin, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) resin, ionomer resin, polyester resin,urethane resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Laminate: A silicon solar cell is inserted through ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with the surface protective film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film is a polyester film which contains a cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber in polyester, or polyester film having layer containing acrylic resin which has benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in side chain, provided at the surface. The surface layer at which the water-vapor shielding layer is provided is a resin layer having siloxane bond, and having pencil surface hardness of more than 3H. The layer having water-vapor shielding capability is formed from a metal oxide and has a film thickness of 50-500 nm. Preferred Method: The easily bonding layer is provided at both surfaces of the polyester film, and subsequently, the water-vapor shielding layer is provided at a surface. Preferred Properties: The surface roughness of the surface having water-vapor shielding layer and maximum protrusion height is 5 nm or less and 50 nm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Assembly: The stable radical compound is contained in the surface vicinity of the polymeric electrolyte film. One electrode is a fuel electrode (14) and other is an air electrode (16) among the pair of electrodes. The air electrode is joined on surface of the polymeric electrolyte film on which the stable radical compound exists.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Radical: The stable radical compound is chosen from nitroxy radical compound, nitrogen radical compound and oxy radical compound. The stable radical compound is preferably nitroxy radical compound having structural unit of formula (1) or nitrogen radical compound having structural unit for formula (2), more preferably nitroxy radical compound having structural unit of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound which has strong acid group, contains 2 or more strong acid groups, and further has an amino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is made of a vinylidene fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, or methyl methacrylate; or a copolymer made of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, preferably with monoester of unsaturated dibasic acid, epoxy group containing acrylic acid vinyl monomer, halogenated ethylene and/or unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid is amorphous carbon in which sulfonic acid group is introduced. Preferred Properties: A proton conductivity of the amorphous carbon in which sulfonic acid group is introduced, is 0.01-0.2 S/cm (based on alternating current impendence method under 100% humidity and 80degreesC). The chemical shifts of condensed ring aromatic compound carbon 6-membered ring and condensed ring aromatic compound carbon 6-membered ring in which a sulfonic acid group is bonded, are detected by a carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the amorphous carbon. The diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface whose half value width (2 theta) is 5-30degrees, is detected by powder X-ray diffraction. The amorphous carbon shows proton conductivity. The diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface is detected by the powder X-ray diffraction of amorphous carbon. The sulfonic acid density of the amorphous carbon is 0.5-8 mmol/g, preferably 1.6-8 mmol/g and most preferably 3-8 mmol/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is water soluble polymer, engineering plastics or its modified material, or polyvinyl alcohol and its derivative(s). The binder contains fluorine and a sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer and antioxidant. An inorganic oxide vapor deposited film (2) having thickness of 50-4000 Angstrom is formed on the surface of base film and the resin layer is formed on the vapor deposited film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fracture strength of the surface protection sheet after leaving at 85degreesC and 85% moisture-and-heat accelerator test conditions for 200 hours and after carrying out ten cycles at -40degreesC and maintaining for 1 hour after the accelerator test, is 50-120% of the initial value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains a cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber.The ultraviolet ray shielding layer contains an acrylic resin which has benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in its side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of platinum and ruthenium in the catalyst is 40:60-90:10. The content of metal (X) is 2-50 at.%.Preferred Property: The particle size of the catalyst is less than 5 nm, preferably 1-3 nm.Preferred Support: The carbon support is a non-porous carbon support having a specific surface area of 300 m2/g or less, preferably 20-140 m2/g. The carbon support is acetylene black or a multi-walled carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber. Easily bonding layer is laminated on both surfaces of the polyester film. The layer having ultraviolet ray absorptivity is a layer containing acrylic resin having benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in side chain. Preferred Properties: The layer with water vapor shielding property has film thickness of 50-500 nm and water vapor shieldability of 1 g/(m2.24 hour) or less and is formed from metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene terephthalate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62 was melt extruded and cooled. The obtained unstretched film was extended longitudinally 3.3 times at 100degreesC to obtain a base film. Oxazoline group-containing polymer (A) comprising methyl methacrylate (in mol%) (30), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (30), polyethylene oxide methacrylate (10) and acrylamide (30), terephthalic acid (80), isophthalic acid (15), 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid (5), silica particles, copolyester comprising ethylene glycol (60) and diethylene glycol (40) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, were mixed to obtain a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on both surfaces of the base film, and dried at 95degreesC. The obtained film was extended transversely 3.6 times at 110degreesC, to form easily bonding layer having thickness of 0.05 microns. UV-G101 (RTM: acrylic resin having benzotriazole structure) was applied on the surface of the obtained film, to form layer (P) having ultraviolet ray absorptivity. Silicon oxide film as layer with water vapor shielding property having thickness of 100 nm was formed on layer (P) so a surface protection film was obtained. The surface protection film had water vapor shieldability of 0.3 g/m2.24 hour, excellent ultraviolet ray shielding property and adhesion with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Solar cell laminated component produced using the surface protection film had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarbonate resin has chlorine content of 2 ppm or less. The protection sheet has at least two layers of layer containing polycarbonate resin, formed on both surfaces of the layer consisting of cyclic olefin (co)polymer. At least one surface of the outermost layer of the protection sheet is coated with ultraviolet curable resin and/or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The acidic functional group is a sulfonic acid group. The base has tertiary amino group. The base is imidazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer having acidic functional group is perfluoro sulfonic acid-type polymer. EXAMPLE - Methyl imidazole (in g) (0.0552) was added to 5 mass% solution of Nafion117 (RTM: perfluoro sulfonic acid) (3), and stirred for 4 hours. The liquid mixture was concentrated, and obtained concentrate was poured on a glass panel, and dried to form a liquid film. The film was heated at 150degreesC and washed with mixed solvent. The unreacted methyl imidazole was removed, and solvent was dried and removed to obtain solid polymer electrolyte film. The modification rate of sulfonic acid group in the formed film was 65%. The solid polymer electrolyte film had favorable electric conductivity and proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nucleating agent is sorbitol group nucleating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin further contains polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises polyamide, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide polyether-sulfone, polystyrene or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer contains (meth)acrylic type resin obtained by copolymerizing monomer of formula: CH2=C(-X)-C(=O)-R1.R1=6-18C alkyl group which may have branched chain;andX=H or methyl.The monomer has glass transition temperature of -10degreesC or less at the time of homopolymerization and is contained in an amount of 40 mass% or more with respect to all the monomers. The adhesive layer does not contain a surface active agent. Preferred Structure: The adhesive sheet has structure consisting of at least one adhesive layer laminated on a support. Preferred Property: The adhesive force with respect to aluminum surface after immersing the adhesive layer in methanol is more than 1.5 N/20 mm. EXAMPLE - Butyl acrylate (in mass parts) (44.9), 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (50), 2,2'-azobis isobutyronitrile (0.1), ethyl acetate (100), acrylic acid (2), vinyl acetate (3) and 4-hydroxy butyl acrylate (0.1) were polymerized at 70degreesC for 10 hours. Acrylic type copolymer solution with mass mean molecular weight of 800000 was obtained. Ethyl acetate was added and mixed uniformly to obtain adhesive solution containing 45% of non-volatile components. Coronate L-45 (RTM: isocyanate group cross-linking agent) (0.9) was added to the adhesive solution (100) and coated on polyethylene terephthalate film. The coating was dried at 70degreesC for 3 minutes and an adhesive sheet with thickness of 35 microns was obtained. The gel fraction in the adhesive sheet was 60%. The sheet had adhesive force of 5.6 N/20 mm, and adhesive force of 2.6 N/20 mm after immersing in methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide is chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy material contains a phase containing silicon as main constituent, a phase of intermetallic compound such as titanium silicide or zirconium silicide, and phase consisting of fine crystal or amorphous region. The cathode contains an electroconductive agent and a binder. The electroconductive agent is at least one type chosen from carbon black, graphite and carbon material. The binder has a carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The binder is e.g. an organic macromolecular material or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separator contains a porous membrane which contains polyethylene and/or polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compound having silica-oxygen-boron, phosphorus or sulfur bonding, is tris (trimethyl silyl) borate, tris (trimethyl silyl) phosphate, and/or bis (trimethyl silyl) sulfate. The electrolyte salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate and imide salt having sulfonyl group. The imide salt is bis (trifluromethane sulfonyl) imide lithium and/or bis (perfluroethane sulfonyl) imide lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cyclic compound contains ethylene carbonate, and the chain compound contains carbonic acid methyl ethyl. The ratio of ethylene carbonate and carbonic acid methyl ethyl in the solvent is 10-50 mass% and 20-80 mass%. The polymer compound is preferably obtained by polymerizing polyvinyl formal. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate and carbonic acid methyl ethyl were mixed in a mass ratio of 2:8, to obtain carbonate ester. The obtained carbonate ester (in mass%) (100) was mixed with lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/l) to obtain electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was mixed with polyvinyl formal in a mass ratio of 98:2, to obtain polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte had excellent chemical stability and high ionic conductivity. The obtained polyelectrolyte was used for battery. The battery had improved discharge capacitance and cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polar monomer is an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester or vinyl acetate. The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is manufactured by a tubular method. At least one of additives selected from silane coupling agents, antioxidants, UV absorbers, or light stabilizers is compounded into the ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The encapsulation material is sheet-like. EXAMPLE - A sheet of 0.6 mm thickness of ethylene-methy acrylate copolymer having a melting point of 85degreesC and a storage modulus of 1.3x105 Pa, with 0.3 wt.% UV absorber, 0.15 wt.% Tinuvin 622LD(RTM: photostabilizer), 0.15 wt.% Sand LS770(RTM: photostabilizer) and 0.03 wt.% Irganox 1010(RTM: anti-oxidant) was prepared at 120degreesC. The ethylene copolymer sheet was sandwiched between a blue glass sheet 3 mm thick and an aluminum plate 3 mm thick and laminated at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. The laminated sample showed a haze of 4.5%, a JIS A hardness of 65, a heat resistance of 3.8, and a moisture resistance of 0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The stabilizer is a soluble alkali, preferably comprising 1-10 (preferably 2) wt.% sodium hydroxide.The metal borohydride is sodium borohydride.The metallic particles comprise aluminum, magnesium, or aluminum-magnesium alloy particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gelling agent comprises 1-10 (preferably 3) wt.% polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polymer matrix is formed by polymerizing ester of boric acid of formula (II) having a terminal polymerizable functional group, and ester of boric acid of formula (III).Z4-Z6=polymerizable functional group;AO,B=as defined above;p+q+r=1-300;a+b+c=1-300; andX1- X3=1-10C hydrocarbon group.The molar ratio of total number of moles of compounds (II,III) with respect to number of moles of compound (II) is 1-3, preferably 2.1-3. The amount of non-aqueous solvent is 50-95 wt.%, preferably 60-93 wt.% with respect to whole gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The fluorinated sulfonic acid polymer is of formula (1): -(CF2CF2)k-(CF2CF(-O(CF2)mSO3H)l.k/l=molar ratio of each monomer;andm=3-8.The amount fluoride ions produced from the polymer after Fenton's test is 0.002 mass% or less. EXAMPLE - Fluorinated sulfonic acid derivative (in g) (478) of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF2CF2CF2SO2F and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC43-10mee) (503) were charged in an autoclave. The autoclave was substituted with nitrogen and further substituted with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). 5% HFC43-10mee solution of carboxylate compound (1.9) of formula: (CF3CF2CF2COO)2 and TFE were added and the pressure was released. Water was added and the solvent and unreacted monomer were removed. The remaining solid substance was vacuum dried and polymer (54.9) was obtained. A film produced using the polymer was saponified and film of sulfonic acid type with ion exchange capacity of 831 g/equivalent was obtained. The obtained polymer (5) was heated to 180degreesC and fluorine gas diluted with nitrogen was introduced for 4 hours, and fluorinated polymer was obtained. The amount of fluoride ions eluted from the polymer after performing Fenton's test was 0.00018 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte has repeating units chosen from formulae: -(C(-R21)(-R22)-C(-R23)(-R24))-, -(C(-R11)(-R12)-C(-R11)(-L11-A1) and formula (1-3).R11`-R13,L11,R21-R24,R31-R34,L31=same as defined above; andA1=acid residue. EXAMPLE - 4-phenyl phenol (in g) (42.6) dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) (250 ml), potassium carbonate (34.6) and potassium iodide (28.2) were heated to 80degreesC. 1,6-dibromo hexane (122) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 6 hours. The reaction liquid was extracted with ethyl acetate and the obtained extract was purified to obtain 6-(4-phenyl phenoxy) hexyl bromide (60). 4-acetoxy-alpha,beta-trifluoro styrene (21.6) was added to the obtained compound (33.3) in DMF and stirred for 6 hours at room temperature, to obtain monomer (A). Lithium hydroxide (24) was added in ethanol (100 ml) and cooled to 0degreesC. 4-acetoxy-alpha,beta-trifluoro styrene (21.6), DMF (50 ml) and 1,3-propane sultone (12.2) were added to obtain compound (B). The compound (B), potassium persulfate (10 mg), dodecyl amine hydrochloride (100 mg), bistrifluoro vinyl benzene and monomer (A) were polymerized. The obtained polymer was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol aqueous solution and used for forming solid electrolyte film. The film had ionic conductivity of 2.29x10-2 S/cm, methanol diffusion coefficient of 0.16x10-6 cm2/second, strength of 48% measured according to JIS K 7127 and excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali-resistant material web mat consists of regenerated cellulose blended with polyolefin, nylon and wettable microporous polypropylene. The vinyl alcohol polymer film consists of vinyl acetate, ethylene, vinyl butyral, acrylamide, maleic anhydride. The cross-linking agent consists of monoaldehydes, aliphatic, furyl or argyl dialdehydes, dicarboxylic acids, boron compounds, metal oxides, ammonium zirconium carbonate, oxalic acid and organometallic oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal microparticles have particle diameter of 1-30 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The coupling agent contains 4-n functional groups containing amino group and n-hydrocarbon groups which do not contain amino group bonded to the central metal through oxygen. The hydrocarbon group which does not contain amino group contains 1-4 carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Panel: A back sheet (4) is provided on the reverse side of photovoltaic cell whose front side is the sun light irradiation side. The panel has thermal storage container (5) provided at the back side of back sheet and the thermal storage material is sealed within thermal storage container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material has critical temperature at which water-keeping amount changes critically. The water-keeping amount of the polymeric material becomes larger at the high temperature side from the low temperature side of critical temperature. The melting point of hydrate becomes larger as the concentration of hydrate with respect to water becomes larger. The polymeric material has N-isopropyl acrylamide as main component. The hydrate is hydrate of trimethylol ethane. EXAMPLE - Water (in weight parts) (45) was added to trimethylol ethane (100), dissolved at 65degreesC and trimethylol ethane trihydrate was formed. Thermosensitive gelatinization material (141) containing 1 wt.% of N-isopropyl acrylamide and 99 wt.% of water was added to trimethylol ethane trihydrate (100) and thermal storage material was prepared. The material had solidification initiation temperature at 27.8degreesC at cooling temperature of 18degreesC and solidification initiation temperature at 24.2degreesC at cooling temperature of 5degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The zinc oxide is included in the anode paste and the electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The highly fluorinated polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (preferred), fluorinated ethylene propylene, perfluoroalkyl acrylates, hexafluoropropylene copolymers, or tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vinylidene fluoride terpolymers. The carbon fiber construction is a woven or a non-woven carbon fiber construction. Preferred Condition: The step of electrophoretically depositing the highly fluorinated polymer has a duration of not greater than 30, preferably not greater than 15 minutes. The electric current is applied at 6-100 V. Preferred Method: The method additionally comprises the step of sintering the highly fluorinated polymer by heating the carbon fiber construction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The proton conductor contains repeating unit of formula (1): -(O-R11(-R12-A))- and repeating unit of formula (2).R1`,R14,R16=trivalent saturated hydrocarbon group;R12,R15=single bond or bivalent group, preferably group containing mesogenic group;andA=acid residue.Preferred Properties: The weight change when immersing the proton conductor in 30% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide for 48 hours, is 20% or less. The proton conductor has strength of 40 MPa and is membrane form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The heavy ion is carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, calcium, iron and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric base material is ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer or crystalline resin, such as polyvinylidene fluoride. The base material contains hydrocarbon type polymer and/or fluorocarbon type polymer. The monomer (A) consists of hydrocarbon type monomer or fluorocarbon type monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises copolymerzing monomers consisting of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid. Preferred Process: The copolymerization is performed after mixing the monomers with a polyphosphoric acid; or with a mixture of pentaxide and one or two of methyl sulfonic acid and trifluoro methyl sulfonic acid. EXAMPLE - 3,4-Diaminobenzoic acid (2.6 g), 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (1.83 g) and isophthalic acid (1.42 g) were mixed in polyphosphoric acid (35 g) and then reacted at 200degreesC for 3 hours. Then, the produced polymer solution was deposited in water and a polybenzimidazole-based copolymer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The insulating gasket is made from perfluoroalkoxy polymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer, polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The permanent aluminum-wettable material comprises a refractory boride, preferably titanium diboride. The permanent aluminum-wettable layer comprises an aluminum-wetting agent, such as an oxide of iron, nickel, or copper. The component comprises a layer of the permanent aluminum-wettable material on a conductive component body, preferably a carbon body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The slurry has pH of 9 or 9.5, preferably greater than or equal to10, more preferably 11.5, most preferably 11. Preferred Materials: The metal of the colloidal particles is consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, silicon, yttrium, cerium, and/or thorium. The aluminum particles are encapsulated by an oxygen impervious material, in particular an acrylic material, to inhibit oxidation of the aluminum particles prior to heat treatment. The dried layers contain 30-70 wt.% aluminum particles; and 0-2 wt.% additives. They contain 35-65, preferably 40-60, more preferably 45-55 wt.% aluminum. The applied layers have a total thickness of 0.2-1, preferably 0.4-0.7 mm. Preferred Materials: The method further comprises applying layers of the slurry, each layer being allowed to dry in air at ambient temperature for greater than or equal to5, preferably 10-20 minutes prior to applying another layer. The component surface covered by the aluminum-based coating is formed by a permanent aluminum-wettable material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The additives comprise organic compound consisting of ethylene glycol, hexanol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, and/or ammonium polymethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-conductive material is made of aluminum, copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat-conductive material is made of aluminum alloy, copper alloy, stainless steel foil, golden foil, metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The absorbing component is formed like a band, and is wound around the laminated surface of cell unit. The cell unit is provided in a casing, and the absorbing component is disposed completely or partially within the casing. The absorbing component is attached in a membrane state in interior of casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer of fuel absorbing component is of formula (II).R11,R12=H or hydrocarbon group, preferably 1-20C alkyl;R13=halogen element;andn=2 or more, preferably 100-45000. Preferred Definitions:    R1=cationic nitrogen containing aromatic functional group;    n=2000-45000;and    R2=halogen ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive particles are carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer matrix contains elastomer containing ethylene-(alpha)-olefin copolymer formed by adding carboxylic acid and maleic acid anhydride, and styrene-butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): An aliphatic or aromatic compound containing oxo carbon group is synthesized according to method specified in Journal of Organic Chemistry, 53, 2482, 2477(1998) using lithium reagent, or in Heterocycles, 27(5), 1191(1998) using Grignard reagent. The obtained compound is further polymerized to obtain polymer having oxo carbon group. Preferred Properties: The polymer has ion exchange capacity of 0.5-8 meq/g. Preferred Polymer: The polymer has phenyl-phenyl bonding in the principal chain. Preferred Definitions:    Z=-CO-, -C(S)- or -C(NH)-, preferably -CO-;    X1,X2=-O-;and    n=0-2.    EXAMPLE - Polyphenyl sulfone (in g) (3) and 1,3-dioxolane (300 ml) were mixed and reacted with hexane solution of n-butyl lithium (11.3 ml) at -78degreesC for 2 hours to obtain solution (A). Solution (B) containing 3,4-diisopropoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (2) and 1,3-dioxolane (100 ml) was prepared and mixed with the solution (A) at -60degreesC or less and reacted. 12N hydrochloric acid (5 ml) was added and the reaction was stopped. 1,3-dioxolane and hexane were distilled off and the product was washed with water to obtain yellow polymer. The polymer was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide (150 ml) and poured into methanol (1 l). The precipitated polymer was dispersed in 12N hydrochloric acid and reacted to obtain polymer with molecular weight of 98000. The film produced using the polymer had proton conductivity of 1.5E-03 S/cm, ion exchange capacity of 2.2 meq/g and water absorptivity of 14%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The laminate comprises a fluoropolymer, preferably a copolymer of a fluorinated monomer and a non-fluorinated monomer (a copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene). The laminate encapsulates the photovoltaic module. The laminate comprises a polymer including a dispersed solid phase. The polymer comprises fluorine or the polymer is from ethylenevinylacetate (preferred), silicon, urethane, sodium ionomer or zinc ionomer. The dispersed solid phase comprises glass fibers or glass spheres of diameter of about 80-250 microns. The laminate comprises a plurality of layers, comprising a fluorine-containing layer, and a non-fluorine containing layer, where the non-fluorine-containing layer comprises polymer. The laminate further comprises glass fiber mat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive: The acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive contains tackifier chosen from hydrogenated rosin resin tackifier, aliphatic fully saturated hydrocarbon resin tackifier and hydrogenated terpene resin tackifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water retention barrier is a composite comprising a modifier selected from carbon powder and/or powdered metal. The water retention barrier is a composite including a metal and an oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The water retention barrier comprises a metal selected from titanium, aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin and/or their alloys such as stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water retention barrier comprises a porous thermoplastic sheet/film, an expanded poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet/film and/or a non-halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film. The non-halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly-cyclopentadiene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polyimides and/or nylons. The water retention barrier comprises a halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film selected from poly-tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylflouride and/or polyvinylchloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell generates electric power using fuel containing alcohol such as ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The non-ionic copolymer is a fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal ions coordinate to the phosphate molecular chain and combine with orthophosphoric acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Carbon cluster derivative comprises derivatized fullerene. The mixing agent contains poly(ethylene oxide) attached carbon cluster such as fullerene. Poly(ethylene oxide) attached carbon cluster is selected from C60((NCH2CH2O)nCH3)m and C60(CH2C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nCH3)m, where n and m are 1-45 and 1-8, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Lactone: The composition comprises 1-10 wt.% lactone-based compound comprising gamma-caprolactone, beta-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, gamma-heptanolactone, gamma-octanolactone, gamma-nonalactone, gamma-decanolactone, delta-caprolactone, delta-heptanolactone, delta-octanolactone, delta-nonalactone, delta-decanolactone and/or delta-dodecanolactone.Preferred Peroxide: The composition further comprises 100-50000 ppm organic acid peroxide comprising dilauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, m-toluoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butyperoxy pivalate, t-butylperoxy neodecanoate, diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, diethoxy peroxy dicarbonate, bis(4-t-butylcyclohexyl) peroxy dicarbonate, dimethoxy isopropyl peroxy dicarbonate, dicyclohexyl peroxy dicarbonate, 3-30C dialkyl peroxide, and/or 3-30C dialkoxy peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The composition comprises 0.1-2 wt.% acrylate-based polymer comprising polyester acrylate and/or polyester methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Fluoro sulfonyl group containing compound is manufactured by reacting fluoro sulfonyl compound of formula (4) with allyl bromide in the presence of fluoride of silver, cesium or potassium, in a solvent and chlorinating the obtained fluoro sulfonyl compound (FSO2-CF2-CF2-O-CH2-CH=CH2). EXAMPLE - Sulfonyl compound (FSO2-CF2-CF2-O-CH2-CH=CH2) (in g) (760) was reacted with gaseous chlorine at -30degreesC to -40degreesC over 80 minutes. Fluoro sulfonyl group containing compound (CH2ClCHClCH2OCF2CF2SO2F) (962) was obtained with purity of 90.1%. The obtained compound was dissolved in R-113 (RTM: trichlorotrifluoro ethane) (50). Fluorine gas was injected into the solution and reacted to form sulfonyl compound (FSO2-CF2-CF2-O-CF2-CFCl-CF2Cl). The obtained compound was reacted with ammonium compound (n-C8F17-CO2NH4) (1.5) and mixture containing zinc powder (127) and hydrochloric acid (211). Allyl ether compound (CF2=CFCF2OCF2CF2SO2F) was obtained with yield of 69%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte of the battery contains cyclic carbonate ester derivative which has halogen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer is an anion exchange resin. The polymer contains a compound of formula (1) and compound of formula (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An alkali metal compound chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide is used for activation. The laminate has collector containing aluminum, copper, titanium, tantalum, nickel and/or their alloys. The polarizing electrode material contains a binder chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride. The electrolyte liquid in the capacitor contains electrolyte salt chosen from quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary imidazolium salt, quaternary pyridinium salt and quaternary phosphonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The molding of ethylene copolymer is molding of ethylene copolymer optionally containing a cross-linking adjuvant. The molding is sheet. Alternately, the molding of ethylene copolymer is impregnated with dialkyl peroxide and organic peroxide chosen from peroxy carbonate and peroxy ketal. The ethylene copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and polar monomer, and/or copolymer of ethylene and 3C or more alpha-olefin, preferably ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer and/or its ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron acceptor entity includes a fluorene group. The fullerene composition and fluorene group are derivatized by at least one group chosen from lower aliphatic moiety, aryl moiety, nitrogen-containing moiety, oxygen-containing moiety, sulfur-containing moiety and phosphorus-containing moiety. The electron donor entity is chosen from triarylamine, substituted triarylamine, carbazole, substituted carbazole, phenothiazine, substituted phenothiazine, benzothiadiazole, substituted benzothiadiazole, poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(thiophene), poly(para-phenylene) and phthalocyanine. The fullerene composition is an electron acceptor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The push-pull polymer includes a conjugated bridge between electron acceptor entity and electron donor entity and is a net electron donor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate can be a ceramic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The concave portion is a zigzag trench or a diamond network trench. Each zigzag trench has the same arrangement. Each diamond network trench has an identical arrangement. The arrangement further comprises a diverging region and a converging region. It is a two-sided flow field board or a single-sided flow field board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrate can be an acid-resisting and anticorrosive metal substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate can be a plastic substrate, an epoxy glass fiber substrate, a polymer plastic substrate, or a composite substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reverse side filler layer contains white coloring compound comprising inorganic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The coating film obtained from the cation electrodeposition coating material, has resistance value of 0.2 kOmega or less. EXAMPLE - Ammonium salt-type epoxy resin (pigment dispersion resin) (in wt.pts) (16.7), ketchen black EC (RTM: ketchen black having DBP oil absorption amount of 368 ml/100 g) (7), Balkan XC-72 (RTM: furnace black having DBP oil absorption amount of 178 ml/100 g) (25) and deionized water (27.7), were dispersed for 20 hours, to obtain electroconductive filler dispersed paste. Xylene formaldehyde resin modified amino group-containing epoxy resin (87.5) having solid content of 80 wt.%, block polyisocyanate hardener (33.3) having resin solid content of 90 wt.%, 10% acetic acid (15) and deionized water (158.3), were stirred, to obtain an emulsion. The obtained electroconductive filler dispersed paste (94.5), the obtained emulsion (294) and deionized water (371.5), were mixed to obtain a cation electrodeposition coating material. The obtained cation electrodeposition coating material had favorable coating material stability, and provided film with excellent electroconductive and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: Polymer containing sulfonic acid group is obtained by polymerizing sulfonic acid group containing organic compound of formula (10), adamantane derivative of formula (11) and dihalogen aromatic compound, dinitro aromatic compound or bis(thio)phenol compound.A=H or monovalent cation;X1=halogen;andZ2=same as X.Preferred Polymer: Sulfonic acid group containing polymer has repeating unit of formula: -(Ar2-O-Ar3-O)-.Ar2=group of formula (4-7), preferably group of formula (6 or 7);andAr3=adamantyl group of formula (2), preferably adamantyl group of formula (8). Preferred Definitions:    X=-S(=O)2-;and    Ar1=adamantyl group of formula (8).    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (in g) (10.833), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (4.453), 1,3-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)adamantane (15.36) and potassium carbonate (7.62) were mixed in a flask. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (80 ml) was added and stirred at 150degreesC for 30 minutes. The temperature was raised to 195-200degreesC. Sulfonic acid group containing polymer of formula (9-A) having logarithmic viscosity of 1.17 dl/g was obtained. The obtained polymer was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (30 ml) and the solution was coated on glass plate. The coating was dried and immersed into pure water and sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The film was dried to form ion exchange membrane having proton conductivity of 0.07 S/cm, methanol permeability of 0.19 micronsol.m-1.second-1 and output voltage of 0.39 V.    o/p=10/90-90/10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The boiling point of (I), measured at atmospheric pressure, is greater than or equal to 65degreesC(I) has solubility in water greater than or equal to 3 vol.% at the ambient temperature.Preferred Components: (I) comprises a mixture of compound of formula CH3-(OCH2)n-OCH3 (where n is 3-8). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of methoxymethoxymethoxymethane is specifically claimed as (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R8, R1a-R8a = A.    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-bithienyl-2',5'-dicarboxaldehyde (100 ml) and phosphonate (2.07 mmol) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (60 ml) under argon, and potassium butoxide (4.14 mmol) was added. After 10 hours of agitation, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was dissolved in methylene chloride and water. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phases were washed with water, dried on magnesium sulfate and evaporated under vacuum to give 5,5'-bis-(2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-vinyl)-(2,2')bithiophenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: Heat absorbing metal lamelle or venetian blind type leaves in the solar panels are of blackened aluminum or other metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plastic cover plate is of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fuel cell generates electric power using fuel containing alcohol such as ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The nonionic polymer is graft copolymer of fluorine resin. The ionic polymer has phosphoric acid group. At least one of nonionic polymer and ionic polymer is cross-linked. EXAMPLE - Membrane electrode assembly precursor was produced by forming electrode catalyst bed consisting of platinum support carbon in both sides of the electrolyte membrane consisting of Nafion (RTM: perfluoro sulfonic acid). Liquid mixture containing dimethylformamide (in g) (10), graft copolymer (1.3) obtained by copolymerizing monomer containing vinylidene fluoride (90 wt.% or more), chlorofluoro ethylene (4 wt.%) and tert-butylperoxy arylcarbonate (3 wt.%) and polystyrene sulfonate (0.88) were stirred for 24 hours, and a polymer solution was prepared. The polymer solution was impregnated into carbon paper and heat-dried to form a diffusion layer. The diffusion layer was hot-pressed to both sides of membrane electrode assembly precursor to form membrane electrode assembly (MEA). MEA was equipped with separator and a fuel cell was produced. Open circuit voltage was 0.66 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Aggregate: The additional amount of binder is 0.1-0.3 g with respect to the complex (1 g). Preferred Binder: The binder is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyimide, or polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The reverse side of the solar cell module does not contain silane modified resin. The filler layer further contains polyethylene and white coloring agent consisting of inorganic compound. The filler layer does not contain silanol condensed catalyst. Preferred Properties: The filler layer has gel fraction of 30% or less and water vapor permeability per 100 microns thickness is 0.9-9 g/m2.day. The resin density in the reverse side of the element is higher than that in the surface side. EXAMPLE - Dicumyl peroxide (in weight parts) (0.1) was mixed with linear low density polyethylene (100) having density of 0.898 g/cm3 and vinyl trimethoxysilane (2.5). The mixture was heated at 200degreesC to form silane modified resin. A filler layer was formed using silane modified resin. A solar cell module was formed using the filler layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer contains nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus and/or selenium in the structure. The catalyst electrode contains electrode substrate, conductive polymer and transition metal or its alloy dispersed and supported in the conductive polymer. The catalyst electrode contains electrode substrate, conductive polymer and organometallic complex dispersed and supported in the conductive polymer. The catalyst electrode or conductive polymer is heated under inert gas or reduced pressure. Preferred Metal: The transition metal is VIII-XI group element, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, palladium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten. Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex has ligand containing nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and/or phosphorus coordinated to central metal. The ligand of organometallic complex is chosen from porphyrin compound of formula (1) and phthalocyanine compound of formula (2). The central metal atom of organometallic complex is chosen from V-XI group metallic elements. The central metal atom is platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, palladium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten.R1-R8=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, carboxyl and sulfonic acid group;andR9-R12=H, phenyl or substituted phenyl.Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polymer of pyrrole compound of formula (3), thiophene compound of formula (4), 3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene and aniline.R1,R2=same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic ion donor is potassium iodide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide, copper iodide or iodine ion (I-/I3-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent with high dielectric constant is propylene carbonate or ethylene acid ester. Catalyst used for preparation of super water-absorbent resin-based solid polymer electrolyte is aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cross-linkable resin precursor mixture comprises styrene and divinyl benzene. A surface of the molded plate is made stably hydrophilic by attachment of sulfonate groups to aromatic groups. The aromatic groups have been sulfonated by treatment of a surface of the molded plate with sulfuric acid. The surface(s) of the molded plate contains chemically attached ionic groups to resist loss in hydrophilicity of the surface of the plate during exposure to contaminants at low relative humidity conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The binder comprises glass or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The device includes chart illustrating color variations of different fibers and binder materials as a function of temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The fibers are metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber is polymer fibers (12), e.g. aluminum fibers, nickel fibers, stainless steel fibers, polyester fibers, or polyamide fibers. The binder comprises epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet has ultraviolet ray or thermosetting resin in the outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathodic electroactive material used in the current collector include lithium nickelate, ternary lithium compounds, sulfur compounds, olivine compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The projection is made of ceramic selected from yttria stabilized zirconia, samaria doped ceria, gadolinia doped ceria, and lanthanum strontium gallium manganite. The fuel cell has anode made of ceramic/metal mixture selected form yttria stabilized zirconia/nickel, samaria doped ceria/nickel and samaria doped ceria/copper. The cathode is made from mixture of electrocatalyst and oxygen ion conductor chosen from lanthanum strontium manganite/yttria stabilized zirconia, lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite/samaria doped ceria and samarium strontium cobaltite/samaria doped ceria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive paste filled in contact hole of semiconductor film contains silver (Ag), gold (Au),copper (CU), nickel (Ni) and carbon. The substrate consist of polymeric material such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene naphthalate (PBN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell uses an electrolyte of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: Group (I) element is selected from lithium, potassium and/or sodium, preferably lithium. The redox active element is selected from Ti2+, V2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mo2+, Si2+ and P2+, or is selected from Ti3+, V3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co3+, Ni3+, Mo3+ and Nb3+. The redox active element is of formula: MInMIIo, where 0+n is 0-3 (excluding 0), o, n are less than 0, MI is selected from titanium, vanadium, chromium, magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, silicon, lead, manganese and/or niobium, and MII is selected from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, zinc, cadmium, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon and/or germanium. The XY4 is selected from PO4, AsO4, SbO4, SiO4, GeO4, VO4 and/or SO4, preferably PO4. The intercalation active material is transition metal oxide, metal chalcogenide and/or graphite, preferably graphite. The anode further comprises polyvinylidene fluoride and electrically conductive agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phase change-assisted passive heat sink comprises 12-16C alcohols, acids and esters, waxes, low molecular weight styrene and/or methyl triphenyl silane materials, preferably myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, myristyl acid and stearic acid. The passive heat sink comprises a material selected from highly- and semi-crystalline wax, paraffin waxes, uncross-linked organofunctional silicone wax, cyclopentane, heceicosyl, 2-heptadecanone, pentacosaneyl, tetraphenyl ester silicic acid, octadecanoic acid, 2-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl ester, docosyl cyclohexane, polystyrene, polyamide resins, 1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3- disiloxane and triphenyl silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The porous support is formed from mixture containing reinforcing agent, and polymer and/or polymer precursor, and further containing extractable material.Preferred Component: The polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The enclosure is composed of polymeric material, which is polyanionic polymeric material from poly(ethyleneimine), poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride), poly(allylamine), polylysine, chitosan and/or polymeric material.Preferred Parameter: The hydrated halloysite tubules have an average length of greater than or equal to1 microns, and an average outside diameter of greater than or equal to10 (preferably greater than or equal to50) nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material is graphite. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains vinylene carbonate. The lithium-manganese-nickel complex oxide of the anode active material further contains cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte liquid contains a lithium salt dissolved in an aprotic salt. The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophospate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, LiN(CkF2k+1SO2)2 and LiN(CkF2k+1SO2)(CmF2m+1SO2).k,m=1 or 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinyloxy compound is of formula: H2C=CH-O-R4-CH2-O-SO2-R5 or H2C=CH-O-CH2-O-SO2-R6.R2,R4=phenylene or optionally substituted 1-6C alkylene group, andR3-R6=hydrogen optionally substituted 1-6C alkyl, halogenated alkyl or phenyl group.Preferred Components: The electrolyte liquid further contains a sulfone compound chosen from 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, sulfolane, alkane sulfonic acid anhydride, cyclic disulfonic acid ester compound, gamma-sultone compound and sulfolene compound. The aprotic solvent is chosen from cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, aliphatic carboxylate ester, gamma-lactone, cyclic ether, linear ether or their fluorinated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The inorganic particles have primary average particle diameter of 10-100 nm. The pore of inorganic porous membrane has mean diameter of 10-450 nm. The inorganic porous membrane has porosity of 40-95%. Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic particles and organic particles in dispersion liquid is 5-60 volume% and 40-95 volume%, respectively. Preferred Method: The layer containing organic and inorganic microparticles is formed by application process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The proton conductive polymer has cross-linked structure. The mixture (M) further contains reactive emulsifier having sulfonic acid group. Preferred Definitions:    R2=organic group chosen from epoxy group, vinyl group, styryl group, methacryloyl oxy group and/or acryloyl oxy group.    EXAMPLE - 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane, N,N-methylene bisacrylamide, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile and mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water were mixed in mass ratio of 15:5:5:1:100. An inorganic porous membrane having mean pore diameter of 70 nm and porosity of 70% was immersed in obtained mixture. The film was heated, and maintained at 60degreesC for 2 hours. The film was further maintained at 80degreesC for 2 hours, and proton conductive electrolyte film having average thickness of 150 microns was produced. The filling factor of proton conductive polymer was 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrically conductive material contains indium tin oxide, tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The crosslinked polymer is poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene) or poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene-co-3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The anode active material layer contains complex oxide of lithium and transition metal. The cathode active material layer contains complex oxide of carbon or lithium, and transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The selection agent (B) contains an inorganic substance chosen from metal oxide, gold and silver, as main component. The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of indium, tin, zinc, magnesium and/or antimony. The inorganic substances is in the form of ultra fine powder having particle size of 1 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The component (A1) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The resin composition (C) further contains a silane couple agent. Alternately, the sealing agent has a layer of resin composition (C), and a layer of a resin composition (D). The resin composition (D) does not contain selection agent (B), and contains ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its ionomer (A2) having melting point of 85degreesC or more and a silane coupling agent. The component (A2) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The ratio of resin composition (C/D) is 1/99-90/10. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) masterbatch containing tin doped indium oxide (10 wt.%), was prepared by mixing (in g) EMAA (3500), masterbatch of tin doped indium oxide (1500) and KBM503 (silane coupling agent) (5). The mixture was left for a whole day and night. The mixture was then molded into a film having thickness of 0.05 mm. Separately, EMAA (5000) and KBM503 (5), were mixed, left for a whole day and night, and molded into a film having thickness of 0.5 mm. The formed films were laminated with a green glass plate in between, and vacuum bonded at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. A solar cell sealing agent having transmittance of 88% at a wavelength of 650 nm and 4% at 2000 nm, was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrolyte is an ion exchange resin consisting of perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid polymer of formula: (CF2CF2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-CF2-CF(CF3))b-O-(CF2)f-SO3H))g.a=0 to less than 1;g=greater than 0 and less than or equal to1;a+g=1;b=0-3 or 0 to less than 1;andf=1-8.The film contains solid polymer electrolyte (a) and basic polymer (b). The ratio of component (a) to total amount of components (a,b) multiplied by 100 is 50-99.999 mass%. The ratio of component (b) to total amount of components (a,b) multiplied by 100 is 0.001-50 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Property: The non-woven fabric has porosity of 40-95%, and space filled with solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar-cell module has solar-cell sealing agent layer which is cross-linked. The solar-cell module is formed using cover glass which does not contain cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solar-cell sealing agent further contains ultraviolet absorber (0.1-2) with respect to copolymer (100). Preferred Components: The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The solar-cell sealing agent is sheet-type solar-cell sealing agent. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (5000) having vinyl-acetate content of 28 wt.% and melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes, cerium oxide (5) having primary particle size of 50 nmx10 nm and average particle diameter of 2.5 microns, Lupasol 101 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(3-butyl peroxy) hexane) (60), and KBM503 (gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane as silane coupling agent) (5) were mixed, and extruded to obtain sheet-type sealing agent with thickness of 0.6 mm. The obtained sealing agent had favorable ultraviolet-ray resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyfunctional property monomer is of formula (1).P1,P2=substituent having polymerizable functional group;X-=anion, preferably RSO3-, RCO2-, (RO2S)2N-, (RO2S)3C-, ClO4-, BF4-, AsF6-, PF6-, fluorine ion, chlorine ion, bromine ion or iodine ion;R1-R4=optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or heterocyclic residue optionally couples to form a cyclic structure;andR=optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl, acyloxy alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic residue optionally couples to form a cyclic structure and does not have polymerizable functional group.The monomer salt is of formula (2).P3,P4=P1;Y-=group having ionic functional group;andR5-R8=R1. EXAMPLE - Bis (styryl methyl) dimethyl-ammonium bis (trifluoromethane sulfone) imide as polyfunctional property monomer was obtained using p-chloromethyl styrene chloride, diethylamine aqueous solution, potassium carbonate, ethanol, distilled water and bis (trifluoromethane sulfone) imide-lithium salt. Monomer salt was obtained using 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, methanol, distilled water, silver carbonate, acryloyl oxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride and silver chloride. Monomer salt (in g) (0.35) and polyfunctional property monomer (0.35) were mixed. The obtained monomer mixture was uniformly dissolved in hexafluoro lithium phosphate electrolyte liquid (20 ml) containing ethylene chloride and diethyl carbonate. Benzoyl peroxide (0.024) was added to the obtained solution after deaeration, uniformly dissolved and heated at 80degreesC for 40 minutes to obtain lithium ionic conductive electrolyte. The obtained electrolyte had viscosity of 4.23 mPa.second at 25degreesC, and favorable ionic conductivity and workability. A secondary battery using the electrolyte was formed, and had favorable cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive particles are selected from carbon material, metal or electroconductive ceramic. Lithium-transition metal complex oxide is used as active material for positive electrode, and carbon or lithium-transition metal complex oxide is used as active material for negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The nonionic conductive polymer is selected from fluororesin, olefin resin, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, aramid resin, epoxy resin and urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte cell has gaseous diffusion layer containing physical cross-linkable polymer such as copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The transparent lid is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The image sensor further comprises an image sensor package for receiving the image sensing portion and the image aligner, the image sensor package having an upper side formed from a transparent lid (120). The image aligner is attached to a bottom surface of the transparent lid, or to a top surface of the image sensing portion. The image aligner comprises a bundle of optical fibers (180) arranged between the transparent lid and a microlens layer (160). The optical fibers of the bundle of optical fibers are encapsulated in the transparent lid. The bundle of optical fibers has an area corresponding to the image sensing portion. The bundle of optical fibers is disposed above a color filter layer. Each of the optical fibers of the bundle of optical fibers has a diameter of 1-10 microns and a length of 1-10 microns, depending on the size of a unit pixel. The length of each of the optical fibers of the bundle of optical fibers is fixed according to the size of a unit pixel. The diameter is one-fifth to five times the unit pixel size. An infrared cutoff filter is provided to the optical fibers of the bundle of optical fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bundle of optical fibers is attached to the transparent lid using a transparent epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is ethylene-based copolymer such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and negative electrode active material layer contains lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The matrix polymer of thermoplastic physical gel is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The content of polymer having carbonate ester structure is 0.1-10 mass% with respect to total quantity of gel electrolyte. The polymer having carbonate ester structure is polyalkylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Kynar 2801 (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene copolymer) was prepared as matrix polymer of gel electrolyte. A solution of lithium hexafluoro phosphate dissolved in equal volume of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate was prepared as electrolyte liquid. The matrix polymer (1 mass parts) was added to dimethyl carbonate (30 mass parts) and heated. To the obtained liquid, the electrolyte liquid (9 mass parts), was added. Polypropylene carbonate of number average molecular weight of 250000 was added as carbonate ester-containing polymer. A pregel solution was obtained. The pregel solution was applied in predetermined amount to negative electrode active material layer formed on surface of collector. A bipolar electrode type battery was produced. Charging and discharging characteristics of battery was excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The sulfonic acid group concentration in the polymer is 0.7-1.6 meq/g. X-ray small-angle scattering measurement of the proton exchange film is carried out in a state immersed to 80degreesC water. The scattering angle, which has scattering peak to the region, is 0.2-0.6degrees. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2=group of formulae (3-6);    Ar1=group of formulae (7,8);    n=25 or less;and    m=20 or less.    EXAMPLE - 4,4-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (in g) (53.87), 4,4'-biphenol (37.24), potassium carbonate (31.79), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (300 ml) and toluene (200 ml) were reacted. Toluene was distilled by performing dehydration, and the remaining product was heated at 200degreesC for 15 hours. The heated product was washed with pure water, reprecipitated, separated and dried to obtain a segment (B) having number average molecular weight of 5610. 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone-3,3'-disulfonic acid soda (4.569), 4,4'-thiobisbenzene thiol (2.504), potassium carbonate (1.589), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (40 ml) and toluene (35 ml) were reacted. Toluene was distilled by performing dehydration, and the remaining product was heated at 200degreesC for 8 hours to obtain a solution, which was cooled to room temperature. The obtained segment (B) (3.927) was added to the cooled solution, and heated at 200degreesC for 8 hours. The obtained reaction product was washed with pure water, reprecipitated, separated and dried to obtain a sulfonic acid group-containing segmentation block copolymerization polymer. The obtained polymer was used for forming a proton-exchange film. The polymer had excellent shape stability during moisture absorption, heat-resisting property, and proton conductivity. The proton exchange film had excellent ion exchange capacity. The structure of the obtained polymer was confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic spectrum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The copolymer or composition containing the copolymer is a resin composition (C) containing non-crystalline alpha-olefin type polymer (A) (in wt.pts) (50-100) and crystalline alpha-olefin type polymer (B) (50-0). The polymer (A) has 20 mol% or more of polymer unit based on 3-20C alpha-olefin, melting peak based on differential scanning calorimeter, and molecular weight distribution of 5 or less. The polymer (A) contains 30 mol% or more of propylene polymer unit, and is manufactured using a metallocene catalyst. The polymer (B) is propylene homopolymer or copolymer of propylene and other alpha-olefins. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer further contains an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer. Preferred Properties: The resin composition (C) has JIS-A hardness of 40-100. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer contains non-crystalline or low-crystalline alpha-olefin copolymer (D) having degree of crystallinity by X-ray diffraction of 40% or less and Shore-D hardness of 60 or less. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer has storage elastic modulus of 10-3 Pa or more at 150degreesC, and haze of 10% or less at a thickness of 0.5 mm. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. The solar cell module has a crosslinked solar cell sealing agent layer. EXAMPLE - A resin composition containing non-crystalline propylene polymer (in wt.pts) (85) and crystalline polypropylene (15), and having melting peak at 158degreesC and JIS-A hardness of (56), was prepared. The composition was extruded into a sheet having thickness of 0.5 mm at 160degreesC. The formed sheet had storage elastic modulus of 1.1x105 Pa, haze of 5.8%, and favorable 60degrees inclination strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: 22 heteropolyacids are claimed, such as H4SiW12O40 and BiPMo12O40. Preferred Material: The mesoporous material is chosen from sulfonated silica, carboxylated silica, sulfonated tungstosilica, carboxylated tungstosilica, phosphonated silica and phosphonated tungstosilica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The acid catalyst used in formation of polymer electrolyte, is chosen from nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, organic sulfonic acid, hydrofluoric acid and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (CF3SO3H).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte forming composition alternately contains mixture of silicon polymer and polyethylene imine and/or cross-linked product of trialkoxysilane and polyethyleneimine along with heteropolyacid and/or trifluoromethanesulfoneimide. The silicon polymer is obtained by hydrolysis condensation polymerization of trialkoxysilane having epoxy group such as 3-glycidyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane. The composition further contains mesoporous material with a cation exchanging group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The solar collector comprises a sealing strip positioned between the glass mirror and front sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The glass mirror comprises a silvered backing. The front and back sheets comprise carbon steel of approximately 24-28 gauge. The core material comprises a honeycomb structure of aluminum, e.g. aluminum foil having a thickness of approximately 0.015-0.002 inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealing strip comprises ethylene-propylene-diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of the insulating tape is selected from polypropylene resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin and polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte contains lithium, phosphorus and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer is selected from tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separator is made of stainless steel containing metals such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer is selected from a group containing polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and carboxy methyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal films are made of aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, nickel, nickel alloy, copper alloy or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The vapor-liquid separation film consists of ultra molecular polyolefin and/or 4-methyl-1-pentene (co)polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer in energy storage-type dye sensitizing solar cell is chosen from polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyvinyl carbazole, polyviologen, poly porphyrin, poly phthalocyanine, polyferrocene, polyamine and its derivative, carbon nanotube, fullerene, and quinoline-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The host polymer is selected from poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), polyethyleneimine, poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(imide), poly(benzimidazole), poly(vinylimidazole), poly(imino(methylphosphinylidene) iminomethylene-1,3-phenylene methylene) or poly(amide), preferably poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolytic salt is LiPF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiClO4, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiI, LiBr, LiSCN, Li2B10Cl10 and/or LiCF3SO3. The polymer electrolyte is retained by a reinforcing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte further comprises a plasticizer. The amount of compounds of formulae (3,4) is 1.5-2.1 moles with respect to 1 mole of compound of formula (2). Preferred Condition: The compounds of formulae (3,4) and compound of formula (2) are reacted at 0-100degreesC. EXAMPLE - Pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether (in g) (504) and dibutyl vinyl borate (184) were stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 55degreesC and stirred for 3 hours. A polymerizable boric compound (432) of formula (1) (where X=absent, m,n=5 and R1,R2=methyl) was obtained. A polymerizable composition was prepared by mixing polymerizable boric compound (5.4) and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (5.4) and LiN(CF3SO2)2. The resulting solution was poured into boat made of polytetrafluoroethylene and maintained at 80degreesC for 3 hours. A film of polymer electrolyte of thickness 0.1 mm was formed. The obtained electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 0.5 mS/cm at 25degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base and rods are formed of transition metal oxide selected from SnO2, TiO2, ZnO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group traps a metal ion and has phosphoric acid group and/or phosphonic acid group. The modified carbon is contained in the catalyst layer. The chemically modified carbon is electroconductive support comprising an electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group has hydroxyl radical or hydrogen peroxide elimination ability. The functional group having hydroxyl radical elimination ability is phenol group. The functional group having hydrogen peroxide elimination ability has oxidation-reduction cycle functions reversibly as hydrogen acceptor or hydrogen donor. The group with electrical potential lower than the oxidation-reduction potential of hydroxy radical is hydrogen acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The substrate is a plastic. The battery includes a container for holding the negative plate and the positive plate, and an electrolyte provided within the container. The anode comprises the substrate, first metal layer, lead/lead alloy layer and the organic metal layer. Preferred Properties: The substrate has a low mass density of less than 1.5 g/cm3 and a low melting point of less than 175degreesC. The first metal layer has a thickness of less than or equal to10microns. The lead/lead alloy layer has a thickness of less than or equal to100microns. The organic metal layer has a thickness of less than or equal to15microns. The protective layer has a thickness of less than or equal to15microns. Preferred Methods: The polyaniline layer is deposited by potentiostatic deposition of polyaniline from about 0.1N polyaniline solution in oxalic acid by placing the grid between two auxiliary platinum foil electrodes. The electrochemical coating process is performed at times to obtain a protective layer of thickness.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal layer is a layer of copper or nickel. The first metal layer supports adhesion of the lead/lead alloy layer. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte used in second step is oxalic acid. The organic metal comprises polyaniline and organic metals. The organic metal is electrically conductive and corrosion resistant. The organic metal is polyaniline and organic metals to form a corrosion protective layer for the lead/lead alloy layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene having a mass density of less than 2.5 grams/cm3, and a melting point lower than 300degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material contains material(s) chosen from electroconductive inorganic material, electroconductive polymeric material and composite of electroconductive inorganic material and electroconductive polymeric material. The inorganic material is barium titanate to which yttria is added. The anode and cathode are capable of occluding-discharging lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is a polymer compound to which an electroconductivity providing material is added. The porous layer further contains a binder. The separator consists of polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ferrite stainless steel is selected from SUS430 or SUS434. The solute in the battery is lithium perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl imide. The solvent in the battery is polyethylene glycol-dialkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: A lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetra fluoro borate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate, lithium hexafluoro antimonate, lithium perchlorate, and lithium aluminum-chloride (LiAlCl4) is dissolved in the aprotic solvent.Preferred Compounds: The secondary battery comprises an anode (1) containing lithium-containing complex oxide, and a cathode (2) containing graphite or amorphous carbon. The cathode active material contains metal material which can form lithium, and alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The content of vinyl oxy sulfone compound is 0.01-10 mass%. The electrolyte liquid further contains 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, sulfolane, alkane sulfonic acid anhydride, cyclic disulfonic acid ester compound, gamma-sultone compound, and/or sulfolene compound, and vinylene carbonate (derivative). The aprotic solvent is cyclic or linear carbonate, aliphatic carboxylate ester, gamma-lactone, cyclic or chain ether, fluorinated derivative of cyclic or linear carbonate, fluorinated derivative of aliphatic carboxylate ester, fluorinated derivative of gamma-lactone, and/or fluorinated derivative of cyclic or chain ether. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The vinyl oxy sulfone compound is of formula: H2C=CH=O-SO2-CH2CH2CH2CH3, H2C=CH-O-SO2-CH3, H2C=CH-O-SO2-CF3, or of formula (1-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reverse saturable absorber layer comprises a compound selected from a group containing fullerene and phenyl acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonate is monosubstituted and the halogen atom is fluorine. (I) (60-85 vol.%) is ethyl acetate (preferred), methyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, methyl butyrate, propyl butyrate, ethyl propionate, methyl propionate or propyl propionate. (II) (3-30 (preferably 10-20) vol.%) is ethylene carbonate (preferred), propylene carbonate or butylene carbonate. (III) (3-30 (preferably 5-25) vol.%) dimethyl carbonate (preferred), diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate or methyl propyl carbonate. (A) is not an unsaturated cyclic carbonate. (A) comprises ethylene carbonate or monofluorinated ethylene carbonate (10-20 vol.%), monofluorinated dimethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate (20-30 vol.%) and ethyl acetate (50-70 vol.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is a polymer (styrene-butadiene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, homopolymer of acrylic acid and/or carboxymethyl cellulose) free from fluorine. The polymer is a mixture of preferably carboxymethylcellulose and styrene-butadiene copolymer. The accumulator is adapted to function at temperatures up to -60degreesC. EXAMPLE - Typical solvent mixture composition comprises (in %): ethylene carbonate (15); dimethyl carbonate (25); ethyl acetate (60); and vinylene carbonate (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin of the porous film is polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide filler contains aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The separator has three-layered structure among which one is made of polyethylene and the other two layers are made of polypropylene sandwiching the polyethylene layer. The binder is a polymer having acrylate skeleton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: A solvent chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tetrabutylacetate and n-butylacetate is used for manufacture of proton conductor. The fuel electrode is obtained using solid acid of boron, zirconium, silicon, tungsten and molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Matrix: The polymer electrolyte membrane is manufactured using a polymer matrix comprising perfluorinated polymer, hydrocarbon polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidenefluoride, polybenzimidazole, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetherketone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphosphazine, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyester and/or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The amount of water repellent polymer is 0.1-60 vol.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1=oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus;    R2=hydrocarbon functional group having 1-30 carbon atoms, or (un)substituted phenyl group;and    n=10-25000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ion-containing polymer or ion-containing polymer precursor comprises aromatic polymer or fluoropolymer having sulfonate functional group. The fluoropolymer is derived from fluoropolymer latex. Liner (52) used for forming sub-assembly is formed from material such as polyester, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyimide or fluoropolymer. The liner comprises polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The light receiving surface side of surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region at overhead of the wiring material. Alternately, the non-light receiving surface side of reverse surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region under the wiring material. The cutting direction is perpendicular with respect to electrical connection direction of the photovoltaic component. The wiring material is extension portion of electrode provided at the photovoltaic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is film of polyvinyl fluoride, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of resin layer conforms to JIS-A standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material layer comprises Li and Mn complex oxide. The negative electrode active material layer comprises crystalline or amorphous carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer comprises polyethylene and ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer or modified polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder used in solid proton conductive film is polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid proton conductive film consists of phosphate hydrate crystallization containing main material of zirconium-phosphate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The cutting is provided at vertical direction with respect to longitudinal direction of gap region. The cutting is formed longer than the width of transverse direction of gap region. The coating material has surface film arranged at light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, and reverse side film arranged at non-light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, each adhered to photovoltaic element using a sealing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is polyamide, polyimide, liquid crystal polymer, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide, polyether sulfone, polystyrene, and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Two films are formed by extrusion molding and the films are laminated. Preferred Composition: The polymer having sulfonyl halide group and fluorine-containing polymer are mixed in the mass ratio of 30/70-70/30. The polymer having sulfonyl halide group is perfluoro carbon polymer containing oxygen atom of ether-bond property. The fluorine-containing polymer is ethylene-tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoro ethylene perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer, tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene copolymer, polychloro trifluoroethylene, ethylene-chloro trifluoro ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinyl fluoride. The polymeric electrolyte film has sea-island structure containing continuous phase and dispersed phase. The continuous phase contains proton conductive polymer as main component and the dispersed phase contains fluorine-containing polymer which is incompatible with the ion conductive polymer. The average aspect ratio of the particles in the dispersed phase, observed with transmission electron microscope, is 2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second horizontal chord contains carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The chords and webs form at least two superimposed rows of adjacent chambers (8, 8a), which are separated from each other and may be flowed through by a heat exchange gas in particular by air. The superimposed chambers are connected by holes. The chambers are closed at their ends and the chambers located above the second (absorbing) horizontal chord have at least one inlet (3) for a heat exchange gas and the chambers located below the second horizontal chord have at least one outlet (4) for heated solar thermal collector gas. The chambers are connected to a blower which optionally is part of a pumping circuit (6). Preferred Parameter: The proportion of the perforated surface in the whole surface of the second horizontal web is less than or equal to3% (preferably 0.1-0.4%). The vertical webs have a height of 3-50 mm. The laser beam has a wavelength in the range of 800 to 1200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The thermoplastics material is polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, thermoplastic polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride. The second horizontal chord and/or the third horizontal chord comprises polybutylene terephthalate, polystyrene, thermoplastic polyurethane and/or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene/copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) is transparent plastic layer containing polycarbonate, acrylic resin, transparent fluororesin or polyethylene terephthalate. The layer (B) consists of organic peroxide impregnated into ethylene-based copolymer. The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer has melt flow rate of 1-100 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load according to JIS K7210-1999, and methyl acrylate unit content of 20-50 wt.%. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has melt flow rate of 1-100 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load according to JIS K7210-1999, and vinyl-acetate unit content of 15-50 wt.%. The layer (B) further contains additive chosen from silane coupling agent and/or cross-linking adjuvant. Another layer is provided in at least one surface of layers (A,B). The layer (A) is surface layer. The layer (B) is solar cell element sealing agent layer, which is cross-linked. Preferred Property: The interlayer adhesive strength of layers (A,B), is 5-50 N/10 mm. EXAMPLE - A layer (A) containing Lupilon NF2000 (polycarbonate) was formed. A layer (B) containing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (in weight parts) (100) having vinyl acetate content of 33 wt.% and melt flow rate of 30 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load, tertiary butyl peroxide octoate (cross-linking agent) (2) having decomposition temperature of 95degreesC, triaryl isocyanurate (cross-linking adjuvant) (2) and gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (silane coupling agent) (0.5), was formed. The two layers (A,B) were laminated at 100degreesC for 15 minutes, and ethylene-based copolymer layer was cross-linked. The obtained laminate had adhesive strength of 1.1 N/10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The antioxidation-reduction zone contains a fluorine-coated ionic conductive resin and a nonionic conductive fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide and polyether sulfone are bonded by hydrogen bond. The inorganic oxide having metal-oxygen bond is zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or silicon oxide, heteropolyacid chosen from tungstophosphoric acid, tungstosilicic acid or molybdophosphoric acid, inorganic compound having phosphorus-oxygen-metal bond, or metal oxide to which sulfate ion is fixed.Preferred Property: The inorganic oxide has particle size of 0.5 nm-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The proton conductive electrolyte film has pore size of 0.1-10 microns, moisture content of 20-50 wt.% at 25degreesC, and proton conductivity of 4x10-3 S/cm or more and 5x10-4 S/cm or more measured at 40degreesC/60% relative humidity and 95degreesC/30% relative humidity, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The impervious layer is made of low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyacrylonitrile and polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The core layer polymer comprises polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polyacetals, ethylene acid copolymers, terpolymers and higher and/or ethylene acrylate copolymers, terpolymers and higher. The core layer polymer shows a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) transition temperature of less than 40 degreesC at 1 Hz when not laminated to the outer layers. The core layer polymer is a laminate. The first and second ionomers independently comprise copolymers obtained by the copolymerization of ethylene and an ethylenically unsaturated 3-8C carboxylic acid, or comprise an acid copolymer that includes from 8-25 (15-19) wt.% of the acid, based on the total weight of the copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-polymer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethernitirle, polyimide, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene-rubber, polyacrylonitrile, poly(methyl)acrylate, poly(methyl)methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The electrically conductive polymer comprises polyaniline, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyacetylenes, polyparaphenylenes, poly(phenylene)vinylene, polyacrylonitrile and/or polyoxadiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolytes: B is particularly selected from 1 of the ceramic powders of TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, Al2O3, gamma-LiAlO-2, MgO, SiO2 and SnO2. Such electrolyte is especially of formula (II). LiM1betaI.(Aw+A'w')+ aI2+bB+cC(II)m = Na or Kbeta = atomic fraction 0-1A = nitrile-alcohol or its derivative with 1less than or equal towless than or equal to6A' = nitrile-alcohol or its derivative with 1less than or equal tow'less than or equal to6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolytes: The nitrile-alcohol can be 3-hydroxypropionitrile, 2-hydroxypropionitrile, hydroxyacetonitrile, 4-hydroxybutyronitrile, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyronitrile, hydroxypentanonitrile or 1-hydroxy-2-methylpentanonitrile, with the alcohol being methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, isopropanol and butanediol. EXAMPLE - A mixture of iodine and titanium dioxide (0.0005:0.0025 molar ratio) was dissolved in 3-hydroxypropanonitrile/methanol, and a similar lithium-based mixture of anhydrous lithium iodide and titanium dioxide in a defined molar ratio in the same solvent was prepared for blending and reaction to give a solid composite electrolyte. Properties: conductivity = 10-3 to 10-2 S/cm, and melting point = 41-140degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The free alkali is hydroxides of sodium, lithium or potassium. The electrolyte further contains indium compound and fluoride. The indium compound is indium sulfate, indium acetate or indium fluoride. The electrolyte contains organic compound such as polyethylene glycol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or alkyl phosphate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Refrigerant: The encapsulated refrigerant comprises compacted frozen balls, preferably filled with ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol polymer, propylene glycol polymer or glycerol polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cluster: The cluster is carbon nano fiber, carbon nanotube, or has diamond structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton dissociative group is -OH, -OSO3H, -COOH, -SO3H, -OPO(OH)2 or -C6H4SO3H. The electron withdrawing group is nitro group, carboxyl group, nitrile group, halogenated alkyl group or halogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductor contains cluster derivative and polymeric material. The polymeric material is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinyl alcohol, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent base material of transparent electrode is glass, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin made case comprises polypropylene or polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulating layer (6) is of plastics foam, organic fibres, mineral fibres or recycled material. The plastics foam is of polyurethane, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene. The inner surface of the insulating layer has a a coating layer comprising films of polyester, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The weak and/or strong cell(s) may be used at once. The weaker cell of the pair is made of mesh cylinders. The cells are separated by a spacing of at least their own diameter, set around in a circle surrounding a larger central cylinder of the same material. The outer cylinders have a larger cylinder surrounding them. The six separate cylinders and the innermost cylinder are electrically connected to one common source of polarity. The pipes inside and outside adjoining the pipes are connected to the opposite electrical polarity. The strong cell is converse in design. The outer pipes of the strong cell are surrounded by a larger pipe joined physically and electrically to one polarity. The larger cylinders have a smaller pipe at their common center and a larger pipe surrounding them in opposite electrical polarity with the first outer six. The weaker cell is supplied or fed from a separate water tank above it. The outlet from the Kinnam Cell is connected via a plastic or copper tube to an opening in the air intake. The outlet from the cell can also be connected to a blind fitting or blank plug on the carburetor housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Portion: The resin portion consists of silicone, epoxy and/or urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel gas diffusion layer is non-proton conductive, and has carbon fiber (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The current collector consists of metal thin film formed by copper plating, gold plating, silver plating or solder plating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate consists of resin chosen from epoxy resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, rigid polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene. An insulating elastic material is further arranged in circumference of laminate. The elastic material consists of silicone rubber, fluororubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, polyurethane rubber, polypropylene, nylon or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Polytetrafluoroethylene particles, and polyethylene terephthalate fiber or polypropylene fiber are added into the active material of cathode plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first functional group is an azide group. The second functional group is an alkyne group. The nitrogen-containing heterocycle is a 1,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole. The acid groups are sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid or boronic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first and second polymers are the same molecular species and are acid polymers. The ion-conducting polymer is a proton-conducting polymer. The first polymer is an acid polymer and has sulfonic/phosphonic acid groups. It can be polymers of polyether ketones, sulfonated polystyrenes, sulfonated polyphenylenes, sulfonated trifluorostyrenes, sulfonated polyphosphazenes, fluoropolymers, fluorinated sulfonamides, zwitterionic ionenes, ionomers, sulfonated polysulfones, sulfonated polyimides, sulfonated polyazoles, sulfonated silicones or polyimidazole. The cross-linked polymer further has acid groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode is made of mixture of lithium, ferrous, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. The negative electrode is made of mixture of lithium, titanium, oxygen. The polar polymer is a polyalkaline oxide.
EXAMPLE - Thermal storage microcapsule was obtained by polymerizing stearyl acrylate, polyethyleneglycol dimethyl acrylate and methyl stearate. Hydroxyl group containing compound (in weight parts) (33), isocyanate group containing compound (7) and thermal storage microcapsule (60) were uniformly mixed. Reaction accelerator (0.1) was added and stirred. The mixture was cured at 35degreesC for 120 minutes. A thermal storage layer of thickness was 5 mm or more. The thermal storage layer had excellent heat retaining property and storage stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is mixed solvent containing water and lower aliphatic alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer compound having ionic conductivity is mixed with zirconium phosphate (A) in the presence of solvent, and the solvent is removed to obtain proton-conductive composition.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid polymer. EXAMPLE - An (alpha)-zirconium phosphate (in wt.%) (5) was added to Nafion solution which was 5 wt.% mixed solvent of water and methanol and proton conductive material (100), stirred and subjected to ultrasonication for 3 hours. The obtained solution was supplied on Teflon sheet and dried to form Nafion/zirconium phosphate composite film. The resulting product was subjected to protonation and dried to form proton conductive film having film thickness of 113 microns. The obtained proton conductive film had favorable ionic conductivity. A fuel cell using the proton conductive film was formed and had favorable electric power generation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode is lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyro carbonate compound is compound of formula (i). The low molecular weight compound is ether compound, carbonate compound or boroxine ring compound.R1, R2=1-6C alkyl or alkenyl; andn=1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The principal chain of polymer having ethylene oxide structure is polyether, polyolefin, polyphosphazene or polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The molecule having isocyanate group or glycidyl group and carbon-carbon double bond is selected from 2-isocyanato ethylmethacrylate, 2-isocyanato ethylacrylate, and/or glycidyl methacrylate. EXAMPLE - A polybenzimidazole solution was prepared by dissolving 2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole in N,N-dimethyl acetamide. currant MOI (2-isocyanato ethylmethacrylate) (1 equivalent) was added with respect to nitrogen containing heterocyclic active hydrogen of polybenzimidazole and mixed solution was prepared. The solution was applied on a glass plate and heated at 150degreesC and a polymer compound film was formed. The film was immersed in orthophosphoric acid at room temperature, and polymeric electrolyte film was obtained. The film was vacuum dried at 120degreesC for 2 hours and interposed between platinum electrodes. The film had ionic conductivity of 2.7x10-2 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: At least two alkenyl groups of organic polysiloxane bonded with silicon atom, are linear groups. EXAMPLE - Isocyanurate compound (in mass parts) (0.25) of formula (A-1), alkenyl group containing diorgano polysiloxane (Vi(Me)2Si-(OSiMe2)n-OSi(Me)2Vi, where Vi=vinyl group, Me=methyl group and n=number for adjusting viscosity of polysiloxane to 10000 mPa.second) (75), organo hydrogen polysiloxane ((CH3)3SiO-(SiO(CH3)(H))8-Si(CH3)3) (25), platinum-divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane complex/toluene solution (0.15), organo polysiloxane resin (3) having Vi(Me)2SiO1/2 unit and SiO4/2 unit, organo silicon compound (3.5) of formula (20), crystalline silica (50) and ethynyl-cyclohexanol/50% toluene solution (0.25) were mixed to form silicone rubber adhesive agent composition. A solid electrolyte film was adhered on carbon substrate using the obtained adhesive agent composition. The electrolyte film has excellent adhesivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The degree of polymerization of the polyoxymethylene, polyoxymethylene hydrate, polyoxymethylene acetate and/or polyoxymethylene ether is 2-10000, preferably 1-150. The fuel is stored in a capsule or container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (B) is silicate particles chosen from montmorillonite, vermiculite, stevensite, hectorite and saponite. EXAMPLE - Solution (A) was formed by dissolving poly-2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole (10 mass%) having mass mean molecular weight of 150000, in N,N-dimethyl acetamide. A dispersion liquid formed by dispersing Montmorillonite K10 (montmorillonite having surface area of 220-270 m2/g) (10 mass%) in N,N-dimethyl acetamide, was added to the solution (A). The obtained mixed solution was developed on a glass plate, and N,N-dimethyl acetamide was evaporated to form a polymer film. The polymer film formed was immersed in 85 mass% orthophosphoric acid solution at room temperature, and a composite electrolyte film was formed. The composite electrolyte film had favorable electric power generation capability over long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphorus-containing nonflammable providing substance which is solid at 25degreesC, is phosphazene compound, and phosphonate compound and/or phosphinate compound. At least one of nonflammable polymer mixture and non-aqueous electrolyte contains a supporting electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyethylene oxide, polyacrylate and/or polypropylene oxide. The polymer has weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene oxide (in g) (45) having weight average molecular weight of 5,000,000-6,000,000, cyclic phosphazene compound ((NPCl2)3) (5) and lithium fluorophosphate (3.7) were mixed. Acetonitrile (10 ml) was added and mixed uniformly at 80degreesC. The obtained polyethylene oxide sol was heated at 40degreesC, and acetonitrile was removed. A mixed solution (1 ml) containing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1/1, was impregnated. Thus, a gel-form polymer battery electrolyte was obtained. The obtained electrolyte had excellent safety, and limiting oxygen index of 22.8% measured by JIS K 7201. A polymer battery produced using the obtained electrolyte had high discharge capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The carrier liquid is water having a temperature of less than 20degrees C. The absorber is in the form of a mat with a system of channels. The wall reinforcing elements are made from plastic or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The absorber is made from EPDM, TPE or fluorinated rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer substrate is made of fluorocarbon polymer or olefinic polymer. The styrenic monomer is styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, and/or trifluorostyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer contains modified polypropylene-polyphenylene ether resin composition containing modified polypropylene having carboxylic acid, acid-anhydride group, hydroxyl group, amino group, imide group, glycidyl group, oxazonyl group, mercapto group and/or silyl group. The inner synthetic resin layer is laminated on a surface of the metal layer. The outer synthetic resin layer (9) is formed at the other side of the metal layer with outer surface of battery pack, through the outer adhesive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin material of the thermal insulation plate is selected from polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyetherimide, polyether ether ketone, polyimide, polyamidoimide, polybenzimidazole, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene terephthalates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The movable wall contains polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium methide salt compound (B) has formula LiC(R19)(SO2CnF2n+1)2.R19=SO2CnF2n+1 or CnH2n+1;andn=1-5.Preferred Battery: The cathode is lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (A1) is a polyether having an ethylene oxide unit. The principal chain of polymer (A1) is a copolymer formed using structural units of formulae -(CH2-CH2-O)-, -(CH2-CH(R1)-O)- and/or -(CH2-CH(R3)-O)-.R3=reactive silicon group, methyl epoxy group, ethylenically unsaturated group or reactive group having halogen atom;R1=1-6C alkyl, phenyl or -CH2-O-R2;R2=1-6C alkyl, phenyl, -(CH2-CH2-O)aR2' or CH(CH2-O-(CH2-CH2-O-)bR2')2;R2'=1-6C alkyl;anda,b=0-12.The low-molecular ether compound (A2) has 4 specific structures, such as structures of formulae (iv or vii).R4-R6,R15-R18=1-6C alkyl group;andc-e,o-r=0-12. EXAMPLE - 3 g of low-molecular ether compound having ethylene oxide unit of formula (vii-1) and lithium tris(trifluoro methane sulfonyl) methide (1.7 g) were mixed uniformly, to obtain an electrolyte composition. The obtained electrolyte composition had lithium precipitate dissolution efficiency of 93% and electric conductivity of 1.8x10-4 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The membrane electrode unit has Ni carbonyl electrodes obtained by a ceramic slip process involving extrusion, dipping or spraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles are fused together. The particles are a fluororesin selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyfluoro vinyl and polyfluoro vinylidene. The porous substrate is polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyphenylene sulphide, polybutylene terephthalate or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polycarbonate layer is selected from the comprising polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyphenyl methacrylate, polydiallyl phthalate, polypentachlorophenyl methacrylate, poly-o-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl naphthalene and polyvinyl carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thiadiazole structure-containing polymer has structure of formula (4) as repeating unit. The distance from molecular plane of the repeating unit to the center of each atom of repeating unit is less than 3 Angstrom .Ar=divalent organic group having pi conjugated structure. EXAMPLE - 2,5-bromo-1,3,4-thiadiazole (in g) (1.22) and 2,5-bistrimethyl stannyl thiophene (2.05) were added to Schlenk pipe (100 ml). Then, dehydrated N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone was added and dissolved under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, palladium compound (Pd(PPh3)4) (0.29) was added and stirred at 80degreesC for 48 hours. The resulting reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and poured into 5% potassium fluoride aqueous solution (250 ml). The precipitated solid was then filtered and washed with aqueous ammonia, methanol, chloroform and acetone, to obtain polymer having thiadiazole structure of formula (A) as repeating unit in yield of 86%. The obtained polymer was used as p-type conductive material. The polymer had electrical conductivity 10-8 S/cm, and had excellent field-effect-transistor characteristics and bipolar type semiconductor characteristics. The maximum value of distance from molecular plane to the center of each atom of the thiadiazole structural unit of obtained polymer was 1.8 Angstrom .    n=51.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A sliding coating, which is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is designed on the supporting device,.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The cross-linkable ethylene copolymer resin sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin.Preferred Property: The valley of emboss pattern is formed in S-shaped undulation path, through which the gas bubbles produced at the time of lamination are desorbed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The ethylene copolymer resin is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Preferred Properties: The ratio (A/B) of undulation pitch (A) and undulation height (B) of undulation path is 1:5-5:1. The depth of undulation path is 300-700 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate molecular chain contains bivalent metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium and zinc. The porous material contains an inorganic acid. The inorganic acid is phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid. The inorganic acid contains proton donation group in an amount of 10-70 mol% by acid molecule conversion.Preferred Material: The porous material is nano carbon material, mesopore material containing mesopore silica or silica group and organic functional groups, such as FSM-16, MCM-22, MCM-41, HMM-1, zeolites such as ZSM-5, NaY, NaX, mordenite and LTA, micropore material, carbon nano tube and carbon nano horn.Preferred Method: The proton conduction gel is made to interpose proton conduction substances, such as other inorganic acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid, imidazole and nafion monomer. Phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid, imidazole, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid are interposed into mesoporous material, as proton conduction composition in molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The boron-containing non-flammable providing substance is a borazine compound, and is solid at 25degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyethylene oxide, polyacrylate and/or polypropylene oxide. The weight average molecular weight of polymer is 100000 or more. The non-flammable polymer mixture and/or non-aqueous electrolyte contain a supporting electrolyte. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene oxide (in g) (45) having weight average molecular weight of 5-6 million, 2,4,6-triphenyl borazine (5) and lithium hexafluoro phosphide (LiPF6) (supporting electrolyte) (3.7) were mixed. Acetonitrile (10 ml) was added and uniformly mixed. Uniform dissolution was carried out at 80degreesC to obtain polyethylene oxide sol. The obtained sol was heated at 40degreesC under vacuum, and acetonitrile was volatilized. The remaining product was dried. A mixed solution containing ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1/1, was impregnated into the dried product, and swelling was carried out to obtain gel-form polymer battery electrolyte. The obtained gel electrolyte had limiting oxygen index of 22.4 volume%. The obtained electrolyte was used for polymer battery. The obtained polymer battery had initial stage discharge capacitance of 142 mAh/g, discharge capacitance of 141 mAh/g after 50 cycles, and discharge capacitance maintenance factor of 99.3% after 50 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The ionic conductive group in the monomer is sulfonic acid group.Preferred Paste: The catalyst paste further contains oligomer having 2 or more reactive group copolymerizable with ethylenically unsaturated group of the monomer and number average molecular weight of 400 or more, and a fluororesin. EXAMPLE - TEC10E50E (carbon catalyst) (in g) (2) was dispersed in N,N-dimethyl formamide (solvent) (6) to obtain dispersion liquid. The dispersion liquid was mixed with solution containing 2-acryl amide-2 methyl propane sulfonic acid (1) dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide (4), to obtain paste. The cathode was formed using the obtained paste. Similarly anode was formed from paste obtained using TEC10E50E, N,N-dimethyl formamide and 2-acryl amide-2 methyl propane sulfonic acid. A membrane electrode assembly was formed using the electrodes. The bondability of electrolyte film and electrode was high.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The perfluoro type polymer electrolyte film is made by casting or extrusion. The polyimide type polymer electrolyte film is made by casting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material (A) is silicone rubber, and has insulation property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alloy powder is chosen from iron-silicon type powder, iron-aluminum type alloy powder and/or iron-nickel type alloy powder. The insulating layer contains oxide, carbonate or sulfate of metallic elements such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, nickel, aluminum and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The composition preferably contains water containing aluminum silicate, water containing magnesium silicate, silicic acid anhydride, germanium oxide, tin oxide, boron oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide strontium oxide, barium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide and talc as metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A liquid phase composition contains alkali metal silicates, siloxane compound, silane compound and colloidal silica as a heat dissipating composition forming a radiative cooling body and a metal oxide. The filled layer is a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The raw material coated in inner surface of internal flow paths, is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyurethane, silicone, fluororesin, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, syndiotactic and polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyether nitrile, denaturation polyphenylene ether, polysulphone, polyether sulfone, polyallylate, polyamidoimide, polyether imide, thermoplastic polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film of optical grade plastic material is selected from the polymethylmethracrylate and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer of the binder, is selected from polythiophene, polyaninline, polypyrrole or their derivatives (preferably poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) or its derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The support element has a planar or profiled surface lying plane-parallel to the lower side or on the opposing lower side of the support plate. The support element is formed as a cooling body having channels for coolant and/or cooling ribs for circulating ambient air. The support element has a lateral projection interlocking with a support strut as part of a support construction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The proton exchange film has ion exchange capacity of 0.6-1.3 meq/g. The proton conductivity of proton exchange film measured at 80degreesC in water is three times the proton conductivity of the film measured at 25degreesC in water. The proton exchange film has average film thickness of 5-35 microns. The cell temperature of direct methanol fuel cell is more than 35degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: A sulfonic acid group is directly bonded to aromatic ring of aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer. The polymer is preferably polyarylene ether type polymer having structural unit of formula (1) and/or (2).Y=sulfone or ketone group;X=H or univalent cation group; andAr',Ar"=bivalent aromatic group optionally having substituent. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone disodium salt, 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile, 4,4'-biphenol and potassium carbonate were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:5.62:6.62:7.62. The mixture (15 g) was added into a flask. N-methyl pyrrolidone was added and stirred at 155degreesC for 1 hour. The reaction temperature was raised to 190-200degreesC. The obtained polymer was washed with boiling ultra-pure water for 1 hour and dried. 30% N-methyl pyrrolidone solution of the polymer was prepared. The polymer solution was thinly extended by flow spread method to form a film by drying at 80degreesC. Subsequently, the film was immersed into 2 mol/l sulfuric acid aqueous solution overnight. The film was removed and dried to form aromatic hydrocarbon type proton exchange film. The obtained film had thickness of 50 microns, ion exchange capacity of 1.13 meq/g, proton conductivity of 0.016 S/cm at 25degreesC in water and 0.069 S/cm at 80degreesC in water, and swelling rate of 13% when immersed in methanol aqueous solution. The proton exchange film provided excellent power generation characteristic to direct methanol fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature is 20-65degreesC.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is sulfolane or adiponitrile. EXAMPLE - (In g) Fluorine-containing chloro sulfonyl alkyl vinyl ether (60), fluorinating agent (KF) (17.7) and sulfolane (66.4) were reacted at 60degreesC for 3 hours. The pressure was reduced to 240 mmHg and heating extraction was performed at 70degreesC. The reaction mixture was liquid-separated using mixture of water/carbon tetrachloride, to obtain fluorine-containing fluoro sulfonyl alkyl vinyl ether with yield of 99.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The sublayer comprises conductive particles and partially fluorinated polymer. The microporous layer coating contains carbon black particles and partially fluorinated polymer(s), and further contains pH-adjusting chemical such as ammonium carbonate. The sublayer preferably comprises carbon black, graphite powder and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer is formed by carrying out vapor deposition coating of cyclic-olefin copolymer on a surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cartridge has a fuel-tank portion (11) accommodating the fuel occluding component, and insertion port portion which inserts the fuel supply port. The fuel tank portion has resin layer(s) with oxygen barrier property.Preferred Method: The substituted liquid is filled in the fuel-occluding portion, when the fuel-supply core is not inserted.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The substituted liquid is chain hydrocarbon group organic solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon group organic solvent and/or silicone oil. Preferred Composition: The filling amount of substituted liquid is 1-20 vol.% of liquid fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte liquid in the capacitor contains ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, sulfolane, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A gas permeable film is arranged on the outer side of the concave portion of the cup to interrupt liquid and permit flow of gas. The valve is fixed to a bag comprising an aluminum laminate film and a polyolefin film. The cup is made of synthetic resin such as polyolefin. The gas permeable film is made of continuously porous polyfluoro-olefin film. The film covering the bottom facing hole of the cup was bonded by heat sealing the cup resin. The synthetic fiber fabric is a nonwoven material with polyolefin fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is carbon black. Preferred Property: The sealing material has penetration of 30-45. EXAMPLE - Tetrax 6T (polyisobutylene having viscosity average molecular weight of 60000) (in mass parts) (100), Asahi #60 (carbon black) (53), and ESCOREZ 1401 (tackifier having softening point of 117degreesC) (13) were kneaded. The kneaded material was extrusion molded at 130degreesC, and rod-like cylindrical molded product having diameter of 50 mm and does not containing air bubble was obtained. The molded product had penetration of 42 measured according to JIS K2207, moisture permeability of 0.2 g/m2/day at 40degreesC measured according to JIS Z0208, and favorable workability and adhesivity. The heat deformation of molded product at 80degreesC was suppressed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel cells contain Nafion polymeric membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The cap plate is made from plastic, preferably from an engineering plastic having a mechanical strength higher than the mechanical strength of aluminum. Preferred Components: The cap plate is bonded to the case by an adhesive. The opening has a stepped portion at its end to enlarge a contact area between the cap plate and the case. Electrode tabs protrude from the 2 electrodes of the electrode assembly, and the cap plate has a hole through which the electrode tab protrudes. A gap formed between the hole and the electrode tab is sealed by a sealing member. The cap plate has a recess at its outer peripheral portion such that the recess defines a connection hole allowing communication between an outer portion of the secondary battery and an inner portion of the secondary battery when the cap plate is coupled with the case. The connection hole, recess, and gap formed between the case and the electrode tabs passing through the case are sealed by sealing member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A through hole is formed through the cover member and the space forming member and configured to allow the empty space formed around the pressure releasing unit to communicate with an outside of the cover member. An auxiliary pin (800) is inserted in the through hole and configured to be pushed out of the through hole when the pressure is released into the empty space. The space forming member comprises a material having a melting temperature higher than a melting temperature of the cover member. The pressure releasing unit includes a thin film portion (412) configured to break or tear when the internal pressure of the cell exceeds the predetermined set pressure. A groove (411) is formed at an outer or inner surface of the cell to form the thin film portion of the pressure releasing unit. The space forming member comprises a space forming cap (700) or an injection-molded space portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material of the space forming member comprises liquid crystalline polyester (LCP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: At least a portion of the coating is hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The coating overlies a multiple of regions along the surface or overlies the entire surface of the element. The coating comprises a multiple of layers. A thickness of the coating is 2-200 microns. The flow field comprises lands interspersed with grooves (66), where the coated regions correspond to the grooves. An electrically conductive path is established between the MEA and the impermeable element having an electrical resistivity of less than 100 (preferably less than 50) mOmega-cm2 under a compressive force of greater than or equal to1350 kPa. Preferred Properties: A surface free energy of the coated region of the surface is less than 70 (preferably less than 30) dyne/cm. The coated region of the surface is corrosion resistant. Preferred Method: The depositing step comprises contacting the region(s) of electrically conductive surface with an electrolytic solution comprising an electroconductive monomer; and applying a first potential to the element and a second and opposite potential to a counter-electrode in contact with the electrolytic solution for a duration sufficient to electropolymerize the monomer along the region(s), thus forming the electroconductive polymeric coating on the region(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The element comprises aluminum, magnesium, platinum, stainless steel, and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, and/or their co-polymers. The element comprises polymer composites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one of the oxygen electrode and the fuel electrode comprises the inventive proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte. A unit cell comprises the oxygen electrode, fuel electrode, the electrolyte interposed between the oxygen electrode (2) and the fuel electrode (3), an oxidizing agent bipolar plate (5) that has oxidizing agent flow paths (5a) disposed on an external surface of the oxygen electrode, and a fuel bipolar plate (6) having fuel flow paths (6a) disposed on an external surface of the fuel electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is phosphoric acid and/or phosphonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of the acid is 50-500 mol.% per repeat unit of the polypyridobisimidazole-based compound. Preferred Component: The polypyridobisimidazole-based compound is a compound of structure (2).n2=10-10000. Preferred Definitions:    R=H;    R2=H;    R3=hydroxyl;    R4=hydroxyl.    EXAMPLE - A polypyridobisimidazole was synthesized using 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid. It was dissolved in methanesulfonic acid, cast on a glass substrate, and dried at 120degreesC for 2 days to obtain a dark green film. The film was doped with a mixture of 105% phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (4). A fuel cell was manufactured using the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and evaluated. The membrane exhibited an ionic conductivity of 7.5x10-1. The open circuit voltage of the fuel cell was 0.97.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material which is deposited on the conductive contacts is made up of polyconjugated polymer which is one of polyparaphenylene, polyphenylvinylene, polyaniline, polythiophene or polypyrrole or polymeric phthalocyanine or porphyrin. Memory elements are made up of liquid monomer and the monomer gas are methylphenylacetylene, polymethylphenylacetylene, tetracyanobenzene and copper phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The organic dye has absorption in the wavelength of 300-1200 nm.Preferred Composition: The total amount of acetylacetone indium and organometallic compound is preferably 5-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of acetylacetone indium and organic tin compound is 99/1-80/20. The organometallic compound is organic tin compound, preferably acetylacetone tin. The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propyl cellulose.Preferred Process: The coating liquid applied on the substrate, is baked by laser baking process. The coating is carried out by screen-stenciling or wire coating method. EXAMPLE - Acetylacetone indium (in g) (9.1), acetylacetone tin (0.9), p-tert-butyl phenol (34.96) and dibasic acid ester (52.44), were heated to 130degreesC with stirring for 90 minutes. Hydroxy propyl cellulose (2.6) was then added and dissolved to form a liquid (A). VALIFAST RED 3304 organic dye (in wt.pts) (1), dibasic acid ester (60) and p-tert-butyl phenol (40), were mixed to form an organic dye solution. The liquid (A) (4 g) and the organic dye solution (1 g) were mixed to form a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on a soda lime glass substrate, and dried at 120degreesC for 30 minutes to form a coating film. The organic dye had light transmittance of 64% and maximum absorption wavelength of 530 nm. The coating film was found to have surface resistance value of 5700 Omega/square units, visible ray transmittance of 98.3%, haze of 0.2%, and light transmittance of 100% at maximum adsorption wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred materials: The secondary battery comprises cathode made of lithium tantalate (Li4Ti5O12) and anode made of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton conductive resin is impregnated with an acid from a phosphoric acid or a phosphonic acid. EXAMPLE - In an argon atmosphere, 1.040 g of 4,4'-diphenyletherdiamine (ODA) was dissolved in 15 ml N-methylpyrrolidone, and 1.250 g of diphenylmethanediioscyanate was slowly dripped thereto. Then, the resulting solution was heated to 120degreesC for 3 hours and immersed in methanol so that a white aromatic polyurea resin (PU-MDOD) was obtained. Then, in an argon atmosphere, 0.120 g of sodium hydride (NaHl) was dispersed in 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone at 80degreesC. 1.035 g of the PU-MDOD obtained above was dissolved in 10 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone. The PU-MDOD in N-methylpyrrolidone was slowly dripped into the NaH in N-methylpyrrolidone. After the resulting solution became transparent, 0.681 g of 1,4-butanesultone was added to produce a solid. The solid was separated by filtering under a reduced pressure and washed with ethanol to produce a sodium salt of a proton conductive resin in light yellow solid (s-PU-MDOD(Na)). The s-PUMDOD(Na) was dissolved in dimethylacetoamide. The resulting solution was cast onto a glass substrate and dried at 80degreesC, thus producing a transparent light yellow film. The film was immersed in a 1 M hydrogen chloride solution for more than 12 hours so that a Na ion was substituted with a hydrogen ion. A film of a proton conductive resin (s-PU-MDOD(H)) was obtained. In particular, an aromatic polyurea resin including an alkylsulfonic acid group at its side chain, which is a solid polymer electrolyte membrane was obtained. The solid polymer electrolyte membrane was 37 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery has a separator between the cathode and anode, where a distance between the separator and cathode and a distance between the separator and anode are respectively from 3-20 microns, in the region where the electrolyte layer is provided.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: As the anode active material, the anode contains a material containing tin (Sn) and/or silicon (Si) as an element; a cobalt tin carbide (CoSnC)-containing material containing Sn, Co, and C as an element, in which a carbon content is 9.9-29.7 wt.%, and a ratio of cobalt to the total of Sn and Co is 30-70 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte layer contains a high molecular weight compound and an electrolytic solution. The high molecular weight compound contains a polymer containing vinylidene fluoride as a component. The polymer is a copolymer containing vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene as a component. It is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and other component, and a copolymerization amount of the other component is 3-20 wt.% to the whole copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer with difficult compatibility is at least one compound of formulae (I-IV) having weight average molecular weight of 500-6000.R, R1=H or methyl;R2=alkyl;R3=H or alkyl;n=25-35;A=bivalent hydrocarbon group;k,m=greater than or equal to0;Zj=j valent joining group;andj=1-6.Preferred Composition: The ratio of high dielectric constant solvent in the organic electrolyte is 60 mass% or more. Preferred Method: The prepolymer is polymerized by thermal polymerization process using organic peroxide as polymerization initiator. Preferred Component: The packing component is a laminate film containing aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The thermoplastic polymer is polyacrylonitrile, polyfluoride vinylidene-hexafluoro propylene or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aliphatic polyisocyanate is isocyanurate modified polyisocyanate. EXAMPLE - 1,3-propane diol (in weight parts) (100), ethylene carbonate (116) and titanium tetrabutoxide (0.015) were introduced to a reactor and transesterification was initiated at 150degreesC under normal pressure. After completing reaction, liquid bifunctional polycarbonate diol having number average molecular weight of 670 g/mol and hydroxyl value of 335 mgKOH/g was obtained. 4-methyl 1,3-dioxolane 2-one (propylene carbonate) (46.32 g), obtained polycarbonate diol (8.51 g), Duranate TPA-100 (isocyanurate group polyisocyanate having isocyanate concentration of 23.1 wt.%) (4.87 g), hexafluoro lithium phosphate (2.88 g) and tin complex (Bu2Sn(OCOC11)2) (0.03 g) were mixed in oil bath and gelatinization reaction was carried out. Gel-form lithium ionic conductor having electrical conductivity of 1.55x103 muS/cm at 29degreesC was obtained. The conductor had low vapor pressure and liquid spill property, and high electric current discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: Polymer (C) is cross-linked polymer and a chemical bond is formed to the inner surface of porous base material. Polymer (A) is preferably ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with weight average molecular weigh of 500000 or more. Preferred Properties: The thickness and porosity of porous base material are 10-100 microns and 10-15%, respectively. The porous base material is in cross-linked state. EXAMPLE - EpofriendA-1005 (epoxidized polystyrene-butadiene), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (in wt.pts) (15) having weight average molecular weight of 2 million and liquid paraffin (85) were mixed. A biaxially stretched sheet was formed using the above mixture. Solvent in the sheet was removed and heat processed at 85degreesC for 2 hours to form porous base material. Aqueous solution containing 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and cross-linking agent diluted with ethylene bis acrylamide was prepared. The porous base material was immersed in the aqueous solution. The base material was removed and heated to form electrolyte film. The electrolyte film had porosity of 41% and proton conductivity of 0.09 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate made of material with good thermal conductivity is made of materials such as aluminum, copper, aluminum alloy and copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The eyelet has a flange portion (12) which rests tightly upon the outer surface. The housing includes an end cap (20) pressed into the housing and sealed with a sealant (21). The opening is provided into the cap. The eyelet is sealed to the housing with a non-corrosive sealant material (13). The eyelet may be secured to the housing by a press fit whereby no adhesive is needed. Preferred Dimension: The eyelet opening has a diameter of 0.0625 inch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The end cap comprises stainless steel. The metallic eyelet is formed of copper. The alloy is selected on the basis of the type of batteries which are being used in the flashlight housing whereby an alloy is selected which will melt below the maximum temperature to which the battery may be safely heated. Preferred Composition: The alloy consists of 52.5 wt.% bismuth (Bi), 32 wt.% lead (Pb) and 15.5 wt.% tin (Sn). Preferred Condition: The alloy melting temperature is 100degreesC when using a lithium/iron disulfide (Li/FeS2) battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealant comprises silicone. The non-corrosive sealant material comprises anaerobic sealant (e.g. Locktite), epoxy, solvated plastics, or polysulfides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: A particle size of the inorganic solid filler is less than or equal to1 microns. Preferred Component: The inorganic solid filler contains an oxide, such as aluminum oxide (Al203), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and titanium dioxide (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The fluorine-based polymer is a polyvinylidene fluoride-based polymer, which is a polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer. EXAMPLE - A 16 microns thick micro-porous polyethylene film was used for the separator. Slurry was prepared by adding Al203 as an inorganic solid filler into a material formed by dissolving a polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer (PVDF) having a mass average molecular weight (weight average molecular weight) of 500000 and a melting point of 173degreesC, in N-methyl pyrrolidone, and the viscosity of the slurry was adjusted by further adding N-methyl pyrrolidone. This slurry was applied onto the separator to form an adhesive layer, and the separator with the adhesive layer was wound together with the positive and negative electrode plates, to obtain the generating component (2). The wound generating component was vacuum dried at 100degreesC for 12 hours, to remove N-methyl pyrrolidone. After wrapping the dried generating component in the battery case (8), it was impregnated with an electrolyte solution prepared by dissolving 1 mol/L of lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), in mixture solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (volume ratio: 1:2), and then the laminate film was sealed by welding to produce a battery having a capacity of 800 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal layer is niobium, vanadium, tantalum, palladium, iron, and/or their alloys. The large surface area metal layers are formed from palladium-black, tantalum-black, iron-black, vanadium-black, palladium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or palladium alloy, tantalum-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, iron-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, and/or vanadium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy. The frame can be nickel and/or silver.Preferred Property: Each of the large surface area metal layers has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. The metal layer has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. Each of the electrolyte membranes has a thickness of 1-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame can be polyimide membranes and/or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel of fuel cell contains alcohol, preferably ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plastic film is made of polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyether sulfone and amorphous polyolefin, preferably polyester film. An electrode which consists of porous semiconductor layer which consists of titanium oxide, stannic oxide and/or zinc oxide, is provided on transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The layer is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The oxide semiconductor is titanium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conjugated polymer is poly (p-phenylene vinylene), polythiophene and its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porphyrin structure monomer carries out mezzo-soprano-mezzo-soprano binding and/or beta-beta binding, preferably mezzo soprano-beta-binding of polymer. The adsorption substituent is carboxyl group. The polymer further has an electron-donating substituent such as di-tertiary butyl phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst additionally includes a carbon substrate. The iron macrocycle or platinum is heat-treated on the carbon substrate upon which platinum nanoparticles or iron macrocycles are then deposited respectively. The iron and platinum are sintered on the carbon substrate. In the fuel cell, the cathodic catalyst is formed by, heat-treating the iron macrocycle on a carbon substrate, and depositing platinum nanoparticles on the iron/carbon substrate; and additionally by sintering the iron and platinum onto the carbon substrate. Preferred Components: The iron macrocycle is 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H porphine iron (III) (FeTPP) chloride. Preferred Method: Step (i) includes adding FeTPP chloride to acetone. Step (iii) includes using a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. Step (iv) is carried out by, using an alcohol reduction method. Step (v) involves heating to at least 700degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The reinforcing fibers are glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Spaced apart ribs are positioned on a second side of the core opposite the side(s) of the core.Preferred Property: The bulk conductivity is greater than or equal to 200 S/cm or the through plane conductivity of 20-80 S/cm, or the half cell resistance is less than 0.02 ohm-cm2. The tensile strength is greater than or equal to 30 MPa. The flexural strength is greater than or equal to 45 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforcing fibers are carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The molding step is performed by compression molding. It introduces gas flow channel(s) into the bipolar plates. The composite material in the forming step is prepared from sheets each of which is formed by a wet lay process, and the sheets are stacked and molded together.Preferred Component: At least one of the polymers in the outer layer is a fluoropolymer. The composite material includes a second polymer different from the thermoplastic polymer on at least one of the top of the stack and bottom of the stack. The first polymer is polyethylene terephthalate, and the second polymer is polyvinyldifluoride.Preferred Composition: The second polymer and the graphite particles are approximately 20 wt.% and approximately 80 wt.%, respectively. The ratio of the second polymer and graphite particles on the top of the stack:stack:second polymer and graphite particles on the bottom of the stack is 1:1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method includes, before releasing the metal layer and porous metal layer from the substrate, depositing a polymer electrolyte (104) to the porous metal layer, applying a frame (401) to the polymer electrolyte, applying an electrode layer (601) to the polymer electrolyte, applying a gas diffusion layer after applying the electrode layer. The method further comprises cleaning the metal layer after releasing the metal layer and porous metal layer from the substrate, applying a quantity of a polymer electrolyte to the second porous metal layer, and applying an additional gas diffusion layer to the additional electrode layer.Preferred Components: The gas diffusion layer and additional gas diffusion layer comprise a current collecting layer (602). The relatively low adhesion surface comprises a microstructure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer comprises a palladium layer (102). The porous metal comprises a layer of platinum black or platinum-ruthenium black on a surface of the porous metal. The porous metal comprises palladium black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer electrolyte comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid, and/or sulfonated PEEK/PEK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The thermocouple circuit has a zigzag configuration which makes the junction a vertex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thermocouple comprises Chromel-Alumel, Chromel-constantan, iron-constantan, copper-constantan, platinum-10% rhodium-platinum, platinum-13% rhodium-platinum, and platinum-30% rhodium-platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The foam material layer consists of polystyrene, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery is operated using alcohol, preferably ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The monomer further contains a polymerizable compound does not having ion dissociation group. Preferred Resin: The non-ionic conductive copolymer resin is a graft polymer. Preferred Group: The ion dissociation group of polymerizable compound having ion dissociation group is phosphoric acid group. Preferred Method: An electric field is applied to ionic conductive liquid. The non-ionic conductive copolymer resin and/or ionic conductive resin is cross-linked. The ion conductor has antioxidation reduction zone for reducing oxidation and reduction of surface. The reduction zone contains ionic conductive resin having high fluorine content, and non-ionic conductive copolymer resin. EXAMPLE - A fluororesin (in g) (1.5) having isopropylene unit (3%), chlorofluoro ethylene unit (4%) and vinylidene fluoride unit (93-95%) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (10.5). Acid phosphoxy (chloropropyl)methacrylate (0.88) and azobisisobutyronitrile were added to obtain uniform solution. The solution was heated at 80degreesC for 24 hours and 85degreesC for 1 hour. The mixture was slowly cooled to obtain an electrolyte liquid. The liquid was applied on a release property plastic. The liquid was heated, and solvent was removed. An electrolyte film was produced. The film had ionic conductivity of 3.4x10-3 S/cm.
EXAMPLE - Thermal storage property microcapsule was manufactured using stearyl acrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methyl palmitate, with sodium dodecyl sulfate, acid ammonium and water. Thermal storage property microcapsule (in weight parts) (60), hydroxyl group containing compound (33) (non-solvent polyester polyol which was polycondensate of 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentamethylene diol and adipic acid) having hydroxyl value of 58 mgKOH and molecular weight of 2000, and isocyanate group containing compound (hexamethylene diisocyanate type polyisocyanate) (7) having isocyanate content of 23% were mixed uniformly. Dibutyl tin dilaurate (0.1) was added and stirred. The resulting mixture was poured into a formwork and hardened at 35degreesC for 120 minutes, and thermal storage layer of 5 mm thickness was obtained. The obtained layer had excellent thermal storage property. The obtained thermal storage layer, sheet-like exothermic layer and a flooring layer, were laminated orderly on plywood to form floor-heating structure. The obtained structure was formed into test component box having favorable floor heating performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hot-melt type filler sealed between front surface glass and reverse side material in the photovoltaic element, is selected from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) and ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet of encapsulation is in a material of polyethylterephtalate types (polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinylacetate and ethylene n-butyl acrylate) and polyvinyl fluoride type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wire-shaped catalyst comprises platinum, an alloy containing platinum, and a mixture containing platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: oxidizing mercapto groups of mercapto-alkyltrialkoxysilane (optionally tetraalkoxysilane obtained by sulfonic acid); turning an alkoxy group of trialkoxysilane-alkylsulfonate (optionally tetraalkoxysilane into a hydroxyl group); and condensing monomer compounds.Preferred Components: The mercapto-alkyltrialkoxysilane is 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MePTMS) and the tetraalkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). The chemical equivalent of an ion exchange group is not more than 200. The value is produced by controlling the ratio of mercapto-alkyltrialkoxysilane:tetraalkoxysilane. EXAMPLE - 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane and were mixed with t-butyl alcohol to give solution (A) (the mixture ratio was 1:4 mol). The hydrogen peroxide solution in five times the volume of 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (1:4 mol ratio) was mixed with t-butyl alcohol to form a solution (B). The solution (B) was added dropwise while the solution A was stirred. After the dropwise addition, the resultant solution was heated at 70degreesC for one hour to form proton-conducting material (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electret: The electret comprises a high resistance oxide bearing material, the high resistance oxide being material comprising a silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electret: The electret comprises a high resistance polymer bearing material, the high resistance polymer material being a material called TeflonTrade Mark manufactured by Dupont.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode or anode lead and the cathode or anode lead connecting portion are combined by a laser welding process. The cathode or anode lead connecting plate and the cathode or anode terminal are combined by a welding process, a soldering process, or a blazing process. The cathode or anode lead connecting plate and the cathode or anode collectors comprise identical material. The terminal plate and the container are sealed using an elastic ring. The terminal plate comprises a sealing plate having a cathode lead connecting portion receiving hole for receiving the cathode lead connecting portion of the cathode lead connecting plate, and an anode lead connecting portion receiving hole for receiving the anode lead connecting portion of the anode lead connecting plate, where sealing plate is combined with the cathode and anode lead connecting plates, and the terminal plate and the container are sealed by a seaming process or a welding process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The cathode and anode lead connecting plates comprise aluminum. The container comprises aluminum, stainless steel, or tin-plated steel. The sealing plate comprises aluminum, stainless steel, or tin-plated steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulation combing component and container comprise polyethylene, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, or polytetrafluoro ethylene. The insulation combing component comprises thermoplastic resin, the container comprises a material identical to that of the insulation combing component, and the terminal plate and the container are combined by partially melting the insulation combing component and the container. The cathode/anode lead and the cathode/anode lead connecting portion are combined using a conductive glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Laminate: The laminate has aluminum layer, polyolefin layer and nylon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The protective layer contains silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is olefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The protective architecture comprises a composite comprising a first material in contact with the anode, the first material being ionically conductive and chemically compatible with the active metal; and a second material in contact with the first material, and comprising the glassy, ceramic, or glass-ceramic solid electrolyte material based on lithium hafnium phosphate, and being impervious, ionically conductive, and chemically compatible with the first material and active metal corrosive environments, where ionic conductivity of the composite is greater than or equal to10-7 S/cm. The first material comprises a material consisting of active metal nitrides, active metal phosphides, or active metal halides, and active metal phosphorus oxynitride glass. It comprises a material consisting of lithium nitride (Li3N), lithium phosphide (Li3P), or lithium iodide (LiI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium fluoride (LiF), or lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON). The protective composite is a laminate of discrete layers of the first and second materials. It comprises a gradual transition between the first and second materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The analyte comprises a gelling agent consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The first curvature is a compound parabola and the second curvature is a compound parabola. The first axis is generally aligned with the north-south longitudinal axis of the Earth and the second axis is generally aligned with an east-west latitudinal axis for a location of the radiant energy concentrator on the Earth. The two pairs of reflecting sides are formed as a single piece. The single piece is made of plastic coated with a reflective material. The reflective sides are reflector. The first reflector is hollow and the second reflector contains a solid material. The reflective coating is aluminum deposited by vacuum metallization. The radiant energy concentrator further comprises a light spreader and a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell is optically coupled to the light spreader with a clear encapsulant. The clear encapsulant is capable of being deposited in a thin layer. Preferred Parameters: The first reflector is hollow and the second reflector contains a material having an index of refraction greater than 1, preferably 1.48-1.52    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The solid material is polymethylmethacrylate acrylic. The clear encapsulant is Light span SL-1246 optical coupling gel, Sylgard 184 Silicone rubber, Nye Optical OCK451 curable adhesive, or combination of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The pores have a diameter of 20-200 nm and an aspect ratio of 3:1-10:1.Preferred Method: The charge transport material is prepared by anodizing transition metal, preferably titanium or tungsten. The pores are filled by spin-casting, sputtering, electroplating, electroless plating, reflow, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or evaporation. The method includes oxidizing the inter-digitated nanostructure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The charge transport material is an oxide of transition metal, preferably titanium dioxide (TiO2) or tungsten oxide (WO3). The optical absorbing material is an inorganic semiconductor, preferably oxide of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The optical absorbing material is polymer semiconductor, preferably thiophene or thiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus (4) has washing substance container (4A) opening for filling and discharging washing substance, and flow control tool (4B) interposed between opening and system (2,4). The addition amount and time of washing substance, and flow control tool are controlled by the control apparatus. The washing substance addition apparatus is controlled by the control apparatus, such that concentration of washing substance in oxidizing agent gas is constant with predetermined concentration value.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is 1-10C organic compound. The organic compound has vapor pressure of 10-1 Pa to 108 Pa at 25degreesC. The organic compound is chosen from 95 claimed compounds, such as ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butene, butadiene, pentene, pentadiene, and hexene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The polymeric electrolytic solution contains a compound having a mesogen which has structure of formula (1), and further contains a compound of formulae (2) and/or (3).A3=organic molecule containing mesogen;R31,R41,R51=H, alkyl, aryl or silyl group;R32,R42,R52=alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;X=substituent which forms a carbon-carbon bond or carbon-oxygen bond by polymerization;n31,n41,n51=1-4;n32,n42,n52=1-3;n33=0-4;B4,B5=coupling group containing aliphatic and/or aromatic group;andR43=H or substituent which can be eliminated by hydrolysis.Preferred Agent: The organo gel formation agent is a compound having structure of formula (4) and/or (5).R11,R21,R22=1-30C alkyl or 6-30C aryl;R12=-OR14 or -NR15R16;R14,R15=H, 1-30C alkyl or 6-30C aryl;R16=H, 1-30C alkyl, acyl, alkoxy carbonyl, carbamoyl or 6-30C aryl;R13=H, -COR17, -COOR18 or -CONR19R20;R17-R20=H, 1-30C alkyl or 6-30C aryl;andR23,R14=single bond or bivalent substituent.Preferred Film: The solid electrolytic film contains a proton-donating group. EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (S-25) (in g) (0.27), a compound of formula HS-CH2-CH2-CH2-Si(OC4H9)3 (0.22) were dissolved in xylene (0.4 ml) and isopropanol (1.0 ml). 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (0.437 ml) was added and heat stirred at 55degreesC for 7 hours. The process liquid was filtered with a microfilter. A compound of formula (A-24) (0.024) was added and dissolved. The obtained coating liquid was applied on a polyimide film and gelatinized. The coated product was dried for 24 hours. The coated film was peeled from the polyimide film, washed with ion exchange water and dried. A transparent film of thickness 122 microns which had excellent glossiness, was obtained.    R=CH(n-C6H13)(n-C8H17).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent is water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, i-butanol and/or tert-butanol. The electrolyte is hydrocarbon group material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic material is lead-containing dielectric or non-lead-containing dielectric. The lead-containing dielectric is lead-lanthanum zirconate titanate, lead zirconate titanate, lead magnesium niobate, lead titanate, lead titanate-La(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 or lead titanate-Pb(Mg1/2W1/2)O3.The non-lead-containing dielectric is barium titanate, lithium niobate, potassium niobate, tantalum niobate, zinc oxide, rubidium-zinc bromide, gallium phosphide, lanthanum sulfide, gadolinium sulfide, polyvinylidiene fluoride, copper-phosphorus-bromine, bismuth-silicon oxide (Bi12SiO20), bismuth-germanium oxide (Bi12GeO20), bismuth-titanium oxide (Bi12TiO20), tellurium, silica, mercury sulfide or (Ba, Ca) TiO3.The dielectric contains tungsten, tantalum, niobium, iron, copper, magnesium, bismuth, yttrium, molybdenum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, silicon, tin, selenium, neodymium, thulium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lithium, scandium, barium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, ruthenium, cobalt, palladium, silver, cadmium, boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, fluorine, tellurium, lutetium and/or ytterbium as additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical or sub-critical atmosphere contains water or carbon dioxide as medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The super-critical or sub-critical atmosphere contains ethanol, methanol or acetic acid as medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The front cover component and reverse-side cover component are formed using same material, and have same thickness. The reverse-side cover component contains a resin material having white pigment. The resin material is polyethylene terephthalate. A shock absorbing material (7) is arranged between front-cover component and glass plate, and is formed using material same as that of filling component. The filling component contains a thermoreversible material cross-linked at temperature lower than melting point of polyethylene terephthalate. The solar cell module has a pair of photovoltaic cell, which are folded such that light receiving surface side are mutually connected. Both surfaces of filling component are corrugated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The vent hole has a cover of a transparent resin selected from polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene, Teflon (RTM) or polytetrafluoroethylene
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has coupling group chosen from ester bond, carbonate bond and urethane bond in principal chain. The polymer has glass transition temperature of 250degreesC or more.Preferred Film: The optical film has total light transmittance of 80% or more. The optical film has gas barrier layer and a transparent conductive layer on the surface. EXAMPLE - Compound of formula (A-1) (in g) (7.57), tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (278 mg), sodium hydrosulfite (60 mg), dichloro methane (38 ml), and water (75 ml) were mixed and stirred. Solution obtained by dissolving terephthalic acid chloride (2.03) and isophthalic acid chloride (2.03) in dichloromethane, and solution obtained by diluting sodium hydroxide aqueous solution in water were added, and resulting product was washed with dichloromethane and water. Stirring was continued and dichloromethane (25 ml) was added and organic layer was separated. Organic layer was further washed with water and dichloromethane. The resulting product was filtered and obtained white precipitate was heat-dried at 40degreesC for 12 hours, and dried at 70degreesC under reduced pressure for 3 hours. Compound (9.15) of formula (P-4) having weight average molecular weight of 82000 and glass transition temperature of 335degreesC was obtained. A solution obtained by dissolving the obtained compound in dichloromethane was filtered and flow-spread on glass substrate, and heat-dried to form an optical film. The optical film had total light transmittance of 83% and thickness of 108 microns. An organic electroluminescent element was manufactured using the optical film, and had excellent display quality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low temperature thermal decomposition-type nonionic surface-active agent is of formula: R1O-A-H. The high temperature thermal decomposition-type nonionic surface-active agent is of formula (2).R1=8-18C primary or secondary saturated alkyl group;A=polyoxyalkylene group having oxyethylene group number of 5-20 and oxypropylene group number of 0-2;R2=7-19 (un)saturated alkyl group;X-Z=polyoxyalkylene group having polyoxyethylene group, polyoxypropylene group or oxyethylene group and oxypropylene group, and total number of oxyethylene group and oxypropylene group in polyoxyalkylene group, polyoxyethylene group and polyoxypropylene group; andm,n,p=0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of low temperature thermal decomposition-type nonionic surface-active agent and high temperature thermal decomposition-type nonionic surface-active agent in the polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous dispersion is 20:80-80:20. EXAMPLE - Surface-active agent (in mass%) (4) of formula: C13H27O(C2H4O)8C3H6OH was added to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in emulsion-polymerization liquid containing perfluorooctane acid ammonium (2000 ppm) with respect to PTFE and having PTFE mean molecular weight of 3150000, PTFE concentration of 25 mass% and pH of 3.5, and concentrated. Aqueous ammonium was added to the resulting product. Rheodol TW-L120 (RTM: surface active agent) (2.5) was added to the obtained concentrate. Water was added to the resulting product to obtain PTFE aqueous dispersion having PTFE concentration of 60 mass% and pH of 9.4. A coating film was formed using PTFE aqueous dispersion, and had favorable adhesivity, mechanical strength and chemical-solution proof property, without generation of crack and thermal decomposition gas during baking process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains electroconductive material and oxidation catalyst, or reduction catalyst.Preferred Process: The proton-conductive film is formed in the shape of electrode on gaseous diffusion property electroconductive component. The electroconductive material is embedded at the partial film. EXAMPLE - Polysulfone resin was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone-2. Imidazolium p-styrene sulfonate (in g) (2.5), imidazolium bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonyl)amide (17.5) and benzoyl peroxide (0.04) were mixed and dissolved in the resulting resin solution (133). The resulting solution was coated on polyester film having thickness of 100 microns, and heated at 150degreesC for 30 minutes. The resulting coat was polymerized. The coating layer was peeled from the polyester film, to obtain proton conductive film having thickness of 27 microns. The obtained film had ionic conductivity of 0.7 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material contains a fibrous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heteroatom is an oxygen or sulfur atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heteroatom substitution is in the alpha-position of the 3-substituent. The polymer is a block copolymer or a random copolymer. It is a copolymer comprising non-thiophene units. The n-type component and the p-type component are covalently bonded to each other via coordinate bonding. The polymer is a copolymer comprising at least two different thiophene units in the polymer chain. It is a copolymer comprising at least two different functionalized thiophene units in the polymer chain. It comprises non-poly(3-substitutedthiophene) units derived from thiophene unit(s). The polymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer. The copolymer further comprises a comonomer comprising an alkyl 3-substituent. The active layer further comprises a different polythiophene. The active layer comprises a polymer-fullerene heterojunction. Preferred Composition: The copolymer further comprises a comonomer comprising an alkyl 3-substituent present in 5-25 mol%. The weight ratio of p-type to n-type material is 1:1-3:1 or 1.5:1-2.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator consists of polyolefin. The urethane oligomer is an oligomer of urethane (meth)acrylate. The urethane oligomer has a functionality of less than 3, and is synthesized using an aliphatic or alicyclic isocyanate as a raw material. The urethane oligomer is a composition obtained by polyaddition reaction of polyol, isocyanate, and hydroxy (meth)acrylate. The polyol is polyester polyol. The sum total of the content of urethane oligomer is 1.5-20 mass% with respect to the total weight of electrolyte liquid. The electrolyte is a gel-form non-aqueous electrolyte. A laminated packing component is used for battery packing. EXAMPLE - A urethane oligomer having a weight average molecular weight of 1750 and an A value (ratio of urethane-bond formula weight and weight average molecular weight of urethane oligomer) of 0.41, was obtained using dipropylene glycol (polyol) and tetramethylene diisocyanate (isocyanate). A non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery was produced using an electrolyte liquid containing the urethane oligomer (2 mass%), and a separator having a thermal contraction rate of 65% in width direction and length direction. The obtained battery was evaluated for discharge load efficiency and short incidence rate. The discharge load efficiency was 88% and a short incidence rate was 35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Element : The element comprises a multilayered tube, a feed vessel, a connector, an adapter, a filter and a part of a pump or of a valve. Preferred Materials : The polyamide molding material is PA-46, -66, -610, -612, -88, -810, -1010-, -1012, -1212, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 or -12, a copolyamide based on these polyamides and/or a branched polyamide-polyamine copolymer and has an antistatic finish.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises a layer III from a polyamide molding material, layer IV from a molding material from a functionalized polyolefin and a layer V from a polyolefin molding material, with which the polyolefin is not functionalized. (A) is a multi-layer pipe, reservoir container, binding element, adapter, filter and a construction unit of a pump or valve. In (A), one of the layers of the group is equipped anti-electrostatically.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin component further contains polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: A battery pack in which the cross-section of the heat compensator (18) over at least part of its length is complementary to that of the space between the cells (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic Material: Polyolefin (especially polyethylene, preferably HDPE), elastomeric plastic material, plastically-formable material or a casting compound. This material shows a thermal conductivity of more than 0.3 (preferably 0.4-0.5) W/mK and may contain filler(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The support material comprises conductive fibres (preferably carbon fibres) or fibres with a conductive coating (preferably cotton or plastic fibres). This material is coated or treated in sections with a catalyst (preferably platinum and/or ruthenium) and/or a lyophobic, fluorocarbon-based polymer (preferably polytetrafluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene copolymer) and/or an ionomer (preferably Nafion (RTM)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Thickener: The thickener is sodium salt or ammonium salt of carboxy methyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is core-shell type rubber particle type binder which contains an acrylonitrile unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Dehydration of sulfonic acid group-containing diamine compound is carried out at 70-300degreesC in vacuum, before vapor deposition polymerization. The sulfonated polyimide resin film is subjected to heat imidation processing at 70-180degreesC for more than 1 hour. The evaporation temperature of diamine compound during vapor deposition polymerization reaction is below the solid-state temperature of diamine compound. EXAMPLE - Vapor deposition polymerization of raw material monomer containing benzidene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride was carried out on a substrate, and a sulfonated polyimide resin film was produced. The film had thickness of 800 nm. The film was imidated at 300degreesC for 1 hour, and imidated film had thickness of 240 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises applying a coating of an adhesive to at least one of the two bonding surface areas. Preferred Component: The adhesive comprises electrically conductive particles of a material comprising a metallic element, the size of the particles being no greater than the thickness of the adhesive bond to be formed between the two bonding surface areas. The two metallic members are ferrous-based members or aluminum-based members. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from iron-silicon intermetallic compounds, iron-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, nickel-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, or eutectic alloys of iron-phosphorus, iron-silicon, iron-carbon, or nickel-phosphorus. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from aluminum-silicon compositions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive is made of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The adhesive portion of the opening label has adhesive power prescribed to JIS Z0237 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat shrink film consists of polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The thermal storage hardener composite is mixed with liquid setting resin, to obtain thermal storage hardening precursor. Alternately, the thermal storage setting resin composite and hardener composite are mixed to obtain the precursor. EXAMPLE - Amorphous silica (100 g) having average particle diameter of 6 microns was supplied in a beaker. N-octadecane (160 g) was dripped in the beaker and stirred, to obtain thermal storage particles. The obtained particles (100 g) were supplied in a paper container. E807 (epoxy resin) was added in the container, and particles were uniformly dispersed in the resin to form thermal storage setting resin composite. The obtained composite was mixed with D677 (hardener) (11 g), to obtain thermal storage hardening precursor. The obtained precursor (138 g) was supplied in concave shape metal mold, and covered with convex shape metal mold. The mold was pressed for 1 minute at gauge pressure of 30 kg/cm2. The mold was heated at 80degreesC for one hour, and further pressed at gauge pressure of 30 kg/cm2. The metal mold was cooled and opened, to obtain sheet-like thermal storage molded product. The product had thickness of 5.8 mm, heat storage amount of 97 kcal/m2 and thermal storage efficiency of 72%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (LiCF3SO3), lithium pentafluoroethane sulfonic acid (LiC2F5SO3), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonic acid (LiC3F7SO3), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonyl amide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium pentafluoro ethane sulfonyl amide (LiN(C2F5SO2)2), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonyl amide (LiN(C3F7SO2)2), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(CF3SO2)3), lithium pentafluoroethane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(C2F5SO2)3), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(C3F7SO2)3) or cyclic perfluoro alkylene disulfonimide lithium salt of formula (3).Preferred Composition: The total content of lithium salt in gel-form electrolyte and fused salt is 60-99 wt.%. The content of normal temperature fused salt in gel-form electrolyte is 60-99 wt.%. The matrix further contains lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Matrix: The acrylester group polymer matrix is obtained by copolymerizing bifunctional acrylester compound(s) (0.1-70 wt.%) of formula (2), and (meth)acrylic acid ester compound(s). Preferred Definitions:    X+=pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, pyridinium or imidazolium.    EXAMPLE - Polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (1.5 wt.%) having mean molecular weight of 1000, methoxy ethyl acrylate (5 wt.%), t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanate (0.5 wt.%) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-1,3-disulfonyl hexafluoropropylene imide acid salt (93 wt.%) were mixed, and uniform solution was obtained. The solution was coated on a glass substrate, and heated at 90degreesC for 3 hours to form a gel-form electrolyte film. The film had ionic conductivity of 8.3x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rear cover element of the proposed solar panel takes the form of a PVC foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The solar collector comprises turbulence unit for causing turbulence in the liquid in the space, which turbulence unit narrow the space. Mutual fixing of the plates is performed by laser welding. The solar collector comprises a housing for placing the plate assembly, comprising a lower wall having a plastic and a framework for supporting the plate assembly and a cover plate, formed integrally, an insulation layer which is arranged on the lower wall inside a framework for supporting the plate assembly, and a cover plate permeable to radiation and having insulating properties. The solar collector comprises a mounting profile extending round the periphery of the plate assembly. The sun following system comprises a data file comprising direction data relating to the direction of incidence of solar radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The plates comprise stainless steel or another durable metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The inner wall and the outer wall are molded integrally from a plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material used for manufacture of spherical ultrafine particle has through-holes and is made of nickel, nickel-base alloy, titanium, tantalum, its alloy, platinum group, platinum group alloy and carbon material. Organic material, inorganic substance or a liquid slurry containing ceramic is passed through the base material to form ultrafine particle. The organic material is phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resin, epoxy resin, alkyd resin, unsaturated polyester, silicone resin, xylene resin or urethane resin. The inorganic substance is water, glass, clay or ceramic type slurry. The ceramic type slurry contains alumina, silica, cordierite, mullite, zirconia, chamotte, barium titanate and/or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum powder has an average particle size of 0.24 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic powder has an average particle size of 0.64microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation-absorbing ingredient comprises a material consisting of iron oxide (Fe304), FeO, Fe203, nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), selenium (Se), uranium oxide (UO2), and/or chromium oxide (Cr203).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat radiation-absorbing ingredient comprises an infrared-absorbing ingredient. It comprises an infrared-absorbing organic dye. It is incorporated as dispersed particles or a thin coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The core-shell glass micro-sphere comprises a visible- and/or UV-absorbing ingredient. The glass composition comprises an inorganic glass with a Tg below 350, preferably below 250degreesC, or an organic polymer glass with a Tg below 300, preferably below 200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The frequency distribution of the diameter of the concaves is narrow, such that the number of concaves which are different in diameter by not greater than 75 nm from the concaves of the highest frequency is not less than 70% of the number of concaves which are different in diameter by not greater than 300 nm from concaves of the highest frequency. The proportion of the concaves not connected to each other to the total number of the concaves is not less than 10%. The antireflection structure is provided on a surface of a geometrical optical functional shape. Preferred Method: The formation of the substrate layer by the alternate adsorption method is carried out by using a combination of the step of immersing the base material in an aqueous positive electrolyte polymer solution with the step of immersing the base material in an aqueous negative electrolyte polymer solution. The master producing process further includes depositing fine particles (3) by applying a fine particle dispersion liquid onto the substrate layer. After the deposition of the fine particles, the fine particle-deposited surface is subjected to heat treatment and/or overcoating. The skirt part in the convexes formed of the fine particles is not in a reverse taper form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The outer body of the port is formed of a metallic material. The metallic body provides the structural strength to withstand a known burst pressure. The metallic frame is formed of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The manifold further comprises fluid baffle(s) disposed in a port that provides an even dispersion of fluid flow through the port; over molded port connection(s); an outer body of the port being formed of a metallic material; and an inner portion of the port in contact with a fluid being transported, comprising a material that is substantially impervious to the fluid. Preferred Function: The baffle provides for even fluid flow in a fluid flow channel across a full-length dimension of the port. It restricts fluid flow at a center portion of a fluid flow channel in favor of freer fluid flow at edge regions of the fluid flow channel. Preferred Component: The metallic frame is formed with integral mounting pins for effecting the mating of fuel cell components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material that is substantially impervious to the fluid is a plastic material, preferably polyvinylidine difluoride material. The plastic material is injection molded around portions of the metallic body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer is selected form polyesters, polyethylene napthalates, polyetherimides, polyethersulfones, polyetheretherketones, and/or polyimides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silicone rubber is methyl vinyl silicone rubber or silicone modification ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Thickener: The content of metal having ionization tendency smaller than that of zinc, in the thickener, is 0-15 ppm. The thickener is obtained by drying a water-containing gel under reduced pressure, by through-flow drying and/or gas-permeation drying, after performing solid-liquid separating of water-containing gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The average degree of polymerization of the polymer (A), when crosslinking agent (a) is not used, is 5000-1000000. The crosslinking agent (a) has ester group, amide group or epoxy group in a molecule. EXAMPLE - Acrylic acid (in g) (200), trimethylol propane triacrylate (0.6) and ion exchange water (800) were introduced into a beaker, and cooled at 8degreesC. 0.1% hydrogen peroxide solution (4), 0.1% L-ascorbic acid aqueous solution (4) and 10% aqueous solution of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino propane) hydrochloride (1) were added. Nitrogen purging was performed, and the viscosity of acrylic acid aqueous solution was raised. Polymerization was performed for 6 hours at a maximum temperature of 63degreesC. The average degree of polymerization of the obtained polymer, when crosslinking agent was not used, was 28000. The obtained crosslinked block-shaped water-containing gel was neutralized and laminated on a screen containing openings of size 850 microns, to a thickness of 5 cm. Gas permeation drying was performed for 1 hour at 120degreesC. The dried product was ground to a particle size of 32-500 microns, to obtain a thickener. 37 wt.% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 2.0 wt.% of thickener and 200 wt.% of zinc powder, had viscosity of 60 Pa.second and 70 Pa.second, after maintaining at 40degreesC for one day and for 60 days, respectively. The thread forming property of 37 wt.% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 3.0 wt.% of thickener, was 25 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The ligand in the metal complex is acetyl acetone, carboxylic acid or their derivatives. Preferred Definitions:    R1=monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic group, porphyrin group, phthalocyanine group or their derivatives.    EXAMPLE - Phenyl azomethine dendrimer and p-phenylene diamine were reacted at 120degreesC in presence of titanium complex of formula (1) to obtain dendrimer-metal complex (DPA G4). The obtained complex was sintered at 500degreesC in dry air to obtain metal oxide cluster. Since titanium was not coordinated to imine in the outermost layer of the metal oxide cluster, the aggregation of the complex was prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Radiation: Irradiation of basic solid polymer film is performed using gamma-ray, electron beam and/or ion beam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polymer film comprises polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, polyimide and/or polybenzoxazole. The proton conductive compound is strong acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is an alkali metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic conductive solid electrolyte contains electrolyte salt (in weight %) (1-20) and polymer (80-99). Preferred Property: The solid electrolyte pinched between glass electrodes with transparent electrically conductive film, has high ionic conductivity in orthogonal direction with respect to the glass electrodes at 23degreesC. EXAMPLE - LiTFSI (lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2)) (in weight parts) (5) and UCL001 (liquid crystal monomer containing mixture of liquid crystalline molecule of formula (1,2) at a weight ratio of 1:1) (95) were heated at 80degreesC, and the lithium salt was dissolved in the monomer. Thus, an ionic conductive solid electrolyte was obtained. The electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 5.4x10-7 S/cm and 1.4x10-6 S/cm in horizontal direction and orthogonal direction with respect to electrode, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is alkali metal salt, preferably lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The organic molecule is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer, poly phosphazene, polyester, polyimide, lecithin, hexadecylamine and/or hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide. Preferred Method: The orientation capability is provided by extending processing and/or rubbing processing. Preferred Properties: The organic molecule has orientation capability to orientate liquid crystal molecule. The thickness of film is 100 microns or less. Preferred Composition: The content rate of electrolyte salt and organic molecule are 0.5-40 weight % and 60-99.5 weight %, respectively. The electrolyte further contains an electrolyte salt. EXAMPLE - Lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (in weight parts) (0.01), polyvinyl alcohol (1) having saponification degree of 98.5 and polymerization degree of 1420, and ultrapure water (99) were mixed at 40degreesC, to obtain alignment film material. The material was applied on glass electrode and dried at 100degreesC, to obtain alignment film. The film was subjected to rubbing process. The film oriented liquid crystal molecule horizontally with respect to glass electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent films adhered to the surface film of cover corresponding to the interconnectors, are selected from a group comprising fluoride polymer film, polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably fluoride polymer film. The reverse-side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contained in the surface film of the cover, is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is silicon (Si) type solar cell, gallium arsenide (GaAs) type solar cell, copper-indium-selenium (CuInSe2) type solar cell and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 type solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The bacteria cellulose production microbe belongs to Acetobacter genus, preferably Acetobacter xylinum, Gluconobacter genus, Agrobacterium genus or Pseudomonas genus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The composite material contains inorganic and/or organic material chosen from silica gel, shirasu balloon, carbon nanotube and/or polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxypropyl cellulose. The bacteria cellulose production microbe is cultured in a medium containing glucose, mannitol, sucrose, maltose, amylolysis, treacle, ethanol, acetic acid or citric acid as carbon source, ammonium salt such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride or ammonium phosphate, nitrate, urea or polypeptone as nitrogen source, phosphate, calcium salt, iron salt or magnesium salt as inorganic salt, and amino acid, vitamin, fatty acid, nucleic acid, casamino acid, yeast extract or soy protein hydrolysis substance as organic micronutrient material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The insulation case comprises a main body (181) and lateral end supporters (183, 184) on both lateral ends of the main body. Both lateral end supporters protrude in the upward direction. The insulation case further comprises lateral surface supporter(s) on a lateral surface of the main body. The lateral surface supporter(s) protrudes in the upward direction. The main body of the insulation case has an electrode tab drawing opening and/or electrolyte injection opening formed on the main body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin or resin composite material has a compressive strength of at least 900 kg/cm2. Preferred Components: The resin or resin composite material does not react with an electrolyte. The insulation case is made of phenol resin, glass fiber-reinforced resin, or carbon fiber-reinforced resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: At least one nonporous hydrogen permeable electrode is directly sealed to at least one of the proton conducting medium, the first member, the second member, and a gasket disposed around the proton conducting medium or to the at least one of the inlet and outlet by at least one of diffusion bonding, welding, vapor deposition and sputtering (preferably vapor deposition). The solid anhydrous proton conducting medium is selected from a perovskite ceramic and a solid acid proton conducting medium. (D1) Comprises a stack and additionally a valve for applying backpressure to the cathode. The proton conducting medium comprises a solid anhydrous proton conducting medium and proton exchange membrane. The proton conducting medium is selected from perfluorosulfonic acid, polybenzimidazole, perovskite ceramics or cesium dihydrogen phosphate (preferably cesium dihydrogen phosphate). Preferred Method: (M1) Further involves applying backpressure to the cathode outlet. Provision of supply of reactant comprises a mixture of gas having hydrogen (preferably a mixture of gas having hydrogen or reformate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The cover layer is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat spreader layer is an aluminum sheet adhesive bonded to voltage stand off layer. The voltage stand off layer is polyester sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The membrane electrode assembly comprises the anode, and the cathode with a solid polymer electrolyte membrane in between. It includes a methanol oxidation catalyst adjacent the anode and the membrane, an oxidant reduction catalyst adjacent the cathode and the membrane, and the oxidant reduction catalyst layer of platinum-chromium alloy that includes a perfluorinated ion exchange polymer at 35-55 vol.% of the layer, so that oxidation at the cathode of methanol that crosses from the anode through the membrane to the cathode is reduced with a concomitant increase of net electrical potential at the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum-chromium catalyst is provided at a loading of less than 1.0 mg cm-2. It is carbon-supported or unsupported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A pre-form material of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer contains the optically reflective granules of the back side filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Material of component (A) is polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Battery: The electrode process of anode and/or cathode, uses the above electrode active material as a reaction material or product. The electrode active material is an anode active material. The battery is a lithium cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material contains polymer compound having a unit expressed with formula (2), as compound (a).R1-R3=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - A polymer of formula (6) having number average molecular weight of 2600 (in mg) (300), graphite powder (600) and polytetrafluoroethylene resin binder (100) were mixed for 10 minutes. Using the obtained mixture, a thin film of thickness about 120 microns was obtained. The obtained film was dried at 80degreesC in vacuum, and molded into a coin battery electrode of diameter 12 mm. The mass of the obtained electrode was 8.87 mg. Using the obtained electrode, a coin type battery having excellent charging and discharging cycle, was obtained. The discharge capacitance per gram of electrode active material, was 75.1 mAh/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, alcoholic hydroxyl group and/or amino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The monomer (A) and oligomer (B) are mixed in the mass ratio of 99/1-40/60. The monomer (A) is of formula (1), preferably phosphoric acid group-containing diester type unsaturated monomer of formula (3). The oligomer is of formula (2).R1,R7,R10=H or alkyl group, preferably H or methyl;R2,R8,R9=H or (un)substituted alkyl group, preferably H, CH2Cl or methyl;n,k,p=1-6;R3,R4=hydrocarbon group having ethylenically unsaturated bond(s) and another atom group, hydrocarbon group which does not have ethylenically unsaturated bond(s) but contains another atom group, or H, preferably hydrocarbon group having ethylenically unsaturated bond(s) and another atom group;R5,R6=H or methyl;andm=degree of polymerization.The film is obtained by copolymerizing monomer (A), oligomer (B) and another unsaturated monomer (C) which can copolymerize with oligomer (B). The monomer (C) is monomer (C1) having ethylenically unsaturated bond(s) and functional groups, and/or unsaturated monomer (C2) which does not have functional group. The monomer (C2) is (meth)acrylonitrile, (meth)acrylic acid ester, (un)substituted styrene, vinyl and/or fluorine-containing unsaturated monomer. EXAMPLE - Phosmer M (phosphoric acid group-containing unsaturated monomer) (in wt.%) (75.9), NISSO-PB TEAI-1000 (5) and acrylonitrile (19.1) were polymerized to obtain a copolymer. Hydrogenated conjugated diene type liquid oligomer-containing solution was added to the copolymer and polymerized at 80degreesC. The obtained copolymer solution was flow-spread on a sheet and dried to form solid polymer electrolyte film. The film had favorable proton conductivity and methanol extractability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The monomer or its derivative(s) is hydrocarbon group vinyl monomer and/or fluorocarbon group vinyl monomer. The sulfonic-acid-group containing graft polymerized polymer chain has a cross-linked structure. The graft ratio of graft polymer obtained after graft polymerization is 6-150%. Preferred Material: The polymeric base material contains olefin group polymer or fluorine group polymer, and has cross-linked structure. Preferred Property: The ion exchange capacity of electrolyte film after introduction of sulfonic acid group is 0.3-5 meq/g. EXAMPLE - Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film was put into stainless autoclave irradiation container, and heated after degassing. Then, argon gas was filled into the container, and heated at 340degreesC. Subsequently, the container containing PTFE film was subjected to (gamma)-ray irradiation, and cooled. The cross-linked PTFE film was then removed from the container. The cross-linked film was then put into glass-made separable container and irradiated with (gamma)-ray. 40 vol.% toluene solution of 4-tert-butyl styrene solution (20 ml) was added into the glassware, and film was immersed into the solution. The container was sealed and substituted by argon. The graft-polymerization reaction was carried out at 50degreesC for 48 hours in the glassware. The obtained graft-polymerized film was washed with toluene and dried. The graft ratio of the film was 13%. Subsequently, the graft polymerized film was immersed in chlorosulfonic acid diluted by 1,2-dichloroethane, and reacted at 50degreesC for 6 hours. Subsequently, the film was washed with water, to obtain electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had ion exchange capacity of 0.05 meq/g, moisture content of 10%, oxidation resistance of 99% and acid resistance of 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support is transparent in the visible and/or in the infrared region. The holes are arranged in an equidistant manner on the support and/or on the solar cells. The solar cells are crystalline solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support is made from PMMA or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer forms a network structure, and the fuel (preferably methanol) is in the network structure. The polymer comprises inorganic element, e.g. transition metal such as titanium or zirconium, or main group metal such as silicon, aluminum, or boron. The inorganic polymer has metal-non-metal-metal bond. The polymer may be an organic polymer. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition comprises greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol. It may comprise first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant (e.g. phosphate ether or antimony oxide), water-sorbing material (e.g. polyacrylic acid or polyacrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and cross-linked silica. Alternatively, the fuel composition comprises an inorganic polymer forming a network of chemical bonds, greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol in the network, first material capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant, and water-sorbing material. Preferred Method: Polymerization is performed by heating the polymerizable material (e.g. organic or ceramic) to greater than 25degreesC. The method includes reacting a first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen to the polymerized material, forming a concentration gradient of the first material in the polymerized material, reacting flame retardant to the polymerized material, and reacting water-sorbing material to the polymerized material. EXAMPLE - Tetramethoxysilane (2.5 g), aqueous sulfuric acid solution (0.1 N, 0.43 g), and methanol (27 g) were mixed to form a solution. The solution was placed in a glass vial, and the vial was stored in 60degreesC oven for 16 hours. The resulting solution was mixed with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (0.1 N, 1.30 g). The solution in the vial was converted into a rigid form after it was stored in 45degreesC oven for 24 hours, obtaining a rigid fuel composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The coupler comprises one side plate formed with the opening and the penetrating passages to expose the manifolds and the flow passages of the separator plate and with coupling bosses along a periphery; and the other side plate formed with the opening and the penetrating passages to expose the manifolds and the flow passages of the separator plate and with coupling holes that receive the coupling bosses of the side plate along a periphery. The separator plate has a periphery formed with through holes through which the coupling bosses penetrate. The coupling bosses of the side plate of the coupler penetrate through the through holes of the separator plate and are then fitted into the coupling holes of the other side plate of the coupler so that the separator plate and the coupler are coupled to each other. The separator plate and the coupler are coupled to each other by heating and pressing. Contact surfaces of the separator plate and the coupler are treated by physical processing including grinding or sand blasting, or chemical processing including etching to improve sealing performance. The fixing unit comprises end plates (430) positioned at both ends of the stack; bolts (410) that connect the end plates to each other; and nuts (420) that secure the bolts.Preferred Method: Upon performing the heating and pressing, the heating is performed by inserting hot wires as heating media into the couplers and cooling water is caused to flow through the flow passages of the separator plates to prevent thermal damage to the membrane electrode assemblies.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coupler is made of thermoplastic elastomer to perform insulation and sealing functions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plate: The plate contains resin-reinforcing material. One side of the plate consists of laser transmissive resin, which permeates the laser light, and other side of the plate consists of laser absorption resin, which absorbs laser light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photoelectric converting layer includes electron-donating material comprising derivative of polyphenylene-vinylene and polythiophene, and electron-accepting material comprising polyphenylene-vinylene derivative with cyano group in C60 or a side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material is anode active material. Electrolyte cation is lithium ion. The cathode active material is graphite, amorphous carbon, lithium metal, lithium alloy, lithium ion occlusion carbon or conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Electrode process of the active material of the anode and/or the cathode is performed using nitroxyl radical compound having nitrogen-containing structural unit (a), as reaction material or product. The electrode process in the anode is charge reaction performed by discharge reaction which produces or cleaves bond of nitroxyl radical compound and electrolyte cation, and reverse reaction of the discharge reaction. EXAMPLE - Nitroxyl radical compound (in mg) (50) having nitrogen-containing repeating unit of formula (2) and number average molecular weight of 8300, and polytetrafluoroethylene resin binder (25) and graphite powder (200) were dry-mixed and molded, to obtain coin-shaped battery electrode. Electrolyte liquid was mixed solution of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at volume ratio of 3:7 containing 1 mol/l of electrolyte salt (LiN(C2F5SO2)2). A closed-type coin-shaped battery comprising coin-shaped battery electrode and electrolyte liquid, was formed. The closed-type coin-shaped battery had favorable stability of charging and discharging cycle characteristics, energy density and capacitance, and was lightweight and safe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is a lithium metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polysiloxane is 0.001 vol.% or more. EXAMPLE - 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane (in g) (31), polyether of formula: CH2=CH2-CH2O-(C2H4O)2CH3 (100) having 2 mol of ethylene oxide, toluene (100) and 0.5 mass% of chloroplatinic acid solution of isopropyl alcohol (0.05), were stirred in nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain a polyether group-containing cyclic polysiloxane having viscosity of 33.2 mm2/s and purity of 99.9%. The obtained polysiloxane (in vol.%) (5), ethylene carbonate (47.5) and diethyl carbonate (47.5), were mixed. Lithium phosphofluoride (LiPF6) (1 mol/l) was added to the resulting mixture, to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte. A battery obtained using the non-aqueous electrolyte, had excellent charging and discharging characteristics and high output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer (A) of fluorocarbon group vinyl monomer and hydrocarbon group vinyl monomer is ethylene-4-ethylene-fluoride copolymer. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-4 ethylene-fluoride copolymer film having thickness of 50 microns was irradiated with electron beam at 25degreesC, and kept in a flask. Styrene (in mass parts) (40), divinyl benzene (2), hexane (40) and azobisisobutyronitrile (0.01) were introduced to the flask, and heated at 60degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours. Graft polymerization was carried out. The polymerized film was immersed to a liquid mixture of chlorosulfonic acid (30) and 1,2-dichloroethane (70). The resulting film was hydrolyzed by immersing in 1N aqueous caustic potash solution, and washed thrice with pure water after immersing in 2N hydrochloric acid at 90degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain a solid polymer electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had methanol swelling degree of 7.3 wt.% and ionic conductivity of 0.04 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a halogenated hydrocarbon-type compound, preferably 1-chlorobutane. The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is an aromatic polymer compound chosen from polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone, polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene-sulfide sulfone, polyarylene ether, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, polyimide and/or their derivatives. The polyphenylene sulfide is contained in an amount of 30-95 wt.% in the high polymer film. Preferred Process: The high polymer film is contacted with the sulfonated agent in presence of an organic solvent. EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene sulfide (in wt.%) (70) and polyphenylene ether (30) were melt-extruded to obtain a high polymer film. The obtained high polymer film was contacted with chlorosulfonic acid (2.9 g) in presence of 1-chlorobutane (116 g) to obtain proton-conductive polymeric electrolyte film. The obtained polymeric electrolyte film has ion exchange capacity of 1.8 milli-equivalent/g and excellent methanol interruption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The fluorine-type polymer solid electrolyte film contains perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid polymer (a) and basic polymer (b). The product of 100 and ratio of polymer (a) with respect to sum of polymers (a and b) is 50-99.999 mass%. The product of 100 and ratio of polymer (b) with respect to sum of polymers (a and b) is 0.001-50 mass%. The content of polymers (a,b) is 1-50 volume% with respect to total film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The retainer is of acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer contains iodized imidazolium substituents, where X is iodine. Preferred Method: The method may comprise comprises reacting the copolymer of formula (1) with alkylimidazol to synthesize a copolymer containing oxyethylene as a main chain and chloridized imidazolium substituents in side chains, of formula (3-1), and reacting the synthesized copolymer with sodium iodide in a solvent to synthesize the copolymer of formula (3-2). EXAMPLE - 8 g Copolymer containing oxyethylene as the main chain and chloridized methylene groups in the side chains, was added into 40 ml dimethyl formamide, and stirred for 5 hours to be completely dissolved. 3.7 g sodium hydride was added into the resulting solution and stirred for 30 minutes. 10.58 g imidazole was added into the resulting solution and reacted at a room temperature. After the reaction was completed, the reaction product was precipitated in diethylether. The precipitated gel type polymer was dissolved in small amount of methyl alcohol and precipitated again in diethylether. The solvent was removed. The resulting product was dried in vacuum at 60degreesC to obtain 8.8 g copolymer containing imidazole substituent in the side chain (Formula 2), in a yield of 72%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge-transfer dyad comprises di-hydroxyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene ethyl ester having 6 atoms in bridge (DHD6ee), di-tert-butyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene hydroxyl ester having 6 atoms in bridge (TBD6he), di tert-butyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene hydroxyl ester having 4 atoms in bridge (TBD4he), their Mn analogues, their Co analogues, their Ni analogues, their Cu analogue, their Zn analogues or their Fe analogues. The hole transfer layer is formed of an organic semiconducting material selected from polyacetylenes, polyparaphenylenes, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyparaphenyl vinylenes, polycarbazoles, polyheptadiynes, polyquinolines, and polyanilines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light absorbing oligomer or polymer (LAP) layer comprises phenylvinylthiophene (PVT1), phenylvinyldithiophene (PVT2), phenylvinyltrithiophene (PVT3), or polymer of phenylvinylthiophene (PVTP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The optically transparent material comprises glass. The TEC comprises fluorine doped tin oxide, or indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least one substrate comprises optically transparent coated by a transparent electrical conductor (TEC) (3). The shared substrate comprises a metal sheet or foil, and all the individual substrate is optically transparent. The photosensitive electrode comprises nano-particle wide band semiconductor, photosensitized by a thin layer of dye and electrically connected to one of the substrates or its electrically conducting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The TEC comprises a metallic mesh.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The optically transparent material comprises plastic. The shared substrate is made of polymeric material coated by TEC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide. The oxidation-reduction electrolyte consists of iodine and its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The functional group is of formula (I): -O-C(=O)-Ra or formula (II): -O-Rb.Ra=univalent 1-20C (un)substituted hydrocarbon group;andRb=univalent 1-15C (un)substituted hydrocarbon group.The functional group is obtained by reacting raw material monomer and a polymerization initiator. Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is produced using polymerization initiator from which the chemical structure of both ends group of peroxide bond differs. The polymerization initiator is of formula (III): R-O-O-R', where R is same as Rb, and R' is same as Ra, preferably group of formula: -C(=O)-R", where R" is same as Ra. Preferred Property: The 10 hour half-life temperature of decomposition characteristics of the polymerization initiator is 50degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Compositions: The siloxane is greater than or equal to0.001 vol.%. The electrolyte salt is a lithium metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The porous material can be ceramic or fiberglass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The device further comprises at least a sleeve tube (20) mounted outside of the wick; and a flow control pinch valve (60) mounted outside of the wick, thus the flow rate through the wick can be controlled through adjusting the pinch valve. The fuel storage and delivery assembly further includes a liquid permeating layer configured to supply the aqueous solution of the carbonaceous fuel to the anode surface of the MEA, the liquid permeating layer being positioned proximately to the anode surface of the MEA and in the fuel reservoir.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous fuel is methanol or ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wick comprises a porous material from carbon fiber, polymers or cotton. The sleeve tube is nylon, Teflon or polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The liquid permeating layer is made of screen materials, non-woven fabrics, and woven fabrics, which have capability of wicking carbonaceous fuel/water mixture and have a large portion of pores to allow the carbon dioxide to vent out of the surface of the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anode: The anode uses lead-antimony alloy lattice.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Filter: The porous filter is sintering porous material of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gaseous diffusion layer consists of a porous base material containing metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is fluororesin, such as polyvinylene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The graphite is expanded graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cross-linkable silane or siloxane is at least one compound of formulae (1-5).R1-R7=H, hydroxyl, hydrolysable group or monovalent hydrocarbon group;m,n,k=0-2000;andp,q=0-10, however p and q or not simultaneously 0.Preferred Method: The carbon-silicon-oxygen composite material is heat processed in atmosphere containing organic gas or vapor at 600-1400degreesC. Then, a carbon film is formed at the surface of carbon-silicon-oxygen composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride dehydrate (3.756 g) and 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (4.43 g) were dissolved in PPMA(phosphorous pentoxide/methansulfonic acid) (50 ml), followed by reaction at 130 degrees C for 5 hours. The reaction solution was poured in 1 M of sodium hydroxide. The precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was washed with hot distilled water several times. The filtrate was dried in a vacuum oven for over 12 hours, followed by recrystalization with ethanol, resulting in pure benzimidazole(2,2'-bis(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl))-5,5'-bibenzimidazole) (5.05 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium bis(perfluoro alkyl sulfonyl) imide. The polycarboxylic acid ester is polycarboxylic acid alkoxy alkyl ester, optionally containing ether bond in alkoxy group, preferably dicarboxylic acid diester. Preferred Composition: The solid polymer electrode composition contains 0.02-0.3 equivalent of lithium salt with respect to oxygen atom of polyether polymer, and polycarboxylic acid ester (5-100 weight parts), with respect to polyether polymer (100 weight parts).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyether polymer contains ethylene oxide monomeric units (in mol%) (70-99) and oxirane monomeric units (30-1) other than ethylene oxide, and a crosslinkable oxirane monomeric unit (15 or less), with respect to all monomeric units. EXAMPLE - Polyether polymer (in g) (2) having ethylene oxide monomeric units (89.5 mol%), propylene oxide monomeric units (3.7 mol%) and aryl glycidyl ether monomeric units (6.8) and weight average molecular weight of 320000 and molecular weight distribution of 6.8, lithium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide (1.04), Irgacure 651 (light crosslinking agent) (0.02) and adipic acid di(butoxy ethoxy ethyl) (1) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) at 40degreesC. The obtained solution (29.7) was developed in a Petri dish made from polytetrafluoroethylene and irradiated with ultraviolet ray for 2 minutes. A solid polymer electrolyte film having thickness of 220 microns and ionic conductivity of 1.13x10-3 S/cm, was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte contains copolymer of (meth)acrylate (A) and monomer chosen from two types of alpha-methyl styrene monomers of formulae (B1) and (C1), or alpha-methyl styrene monomers of formulae (B) and (C). Preferred Process: Anion living polymerization of monomers chosen from alpha-methyl styrene of formulae (B) and (C), is carried out. The obtained polymer or copolymer is hydrolyzed or oxidized, and the phosphinyl (N,N-diethyl amino) group is made into proton dissociation group. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in g) (180), alpha-methyl styrene phosphonic acid (10) and acid phosphoxy ethyl methacrylate (10), were taken in a flask and substituted with nitrogen. The flask was soaked in oil bath, heated to 60degreesC and refluxed. 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (0.1) was then added, and polymerized for 3 hours. Polymer solution obtained was applied on a Teflon substrate and dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours to form an electrolyte film having thickness of 0.12 mm and electroconductivity of 2.5x10-3 S/cm at 50degreesC and 90% RH. The fuel cell formed using the electrolyte film was found to have excellent charging and discharging property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The functional polymer thin film is doped with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Preferred Definitions:    X=F or Cl.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride dehydrate (3.756g) and 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (4.430g) were dissolved in phosphorous pentoxide/methansulfonic acid. The solution was heated at 130 degrees C for 5 hours. The reaction solution was poured in 1 M of sodium hydroxide. The precipitate was filtered, washed and dried to give 2,2'-bis-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-1H,3'H-(5,5')bibenzoimidazolyl (5.05 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The exciton blocking layer is made of bathocuproine (BCP) and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bis-benzimidazole (PTCBI). The organic region contains 4,4',4''-tris(3-methyl-phenyl-phenyl-amino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) doped with tetrafluoro-tetracyano-quinodimethane (F4-TCNQ). The acceptor material is selected from fullerenes, perylenes, catacondensed conjugated molecular systems such as linear polyacenes e.g. anthracene, mapthalene, tetracene and pentacene, pyrene, coronene and their functionalized variants. The donor layer in the organic region is made of metal containing porphyrins, metal-freeporphyrins, rubrene, metal containing phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines, diamines and their functionalized variants including naphthalocyanines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: At least part of a wall of the heat-exchange chamber comprises a porous a membrane having continuous pores communicating one surface of the wall with the other surface. The porous membrane is at a wall of the heat-exchange chamber facing the fuel-cell power generation part. It has a simple through-hole structure or random pore structure. It has a water-repellent surface facing the fuel-cell power generation part. The fuel cell system further comprises a water-absorber configured to absorb the water formed in the heat-exchange chamber, where the water-absorber constitutes at least part of a wall of the heat-exchange chamber, the wall extending between the porous membrane and the fuel-cell power generation part. The water-absorber comprises a water-absorptive component (2) capable of fixing absorbed water. Preferred Properties: The porous membrane has a thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/mdegreesK or more, air permeability of 0.1-100000 cc/cm2-second, and water permeability of 100 cc/cm2-second or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic substance is silica gel, zeolite, and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-absorptive component comprises organic substance and/or inorganic substance, the organic substance being a naturally-occurring polymer and/or synthetic polymer. The naturally-occurring polymers are cellulose polymers, alginic acid polymers, mannan polymers, pullulan polymers, and/or chitin-chitosan polymers. The synthetic polymers are acrylic polymers, acrylamide polymers, poly(ethylene oxide) polymers, and/or polyester polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell further comprises a gaseous fuel oxidization unit generating a reactive gas by oxidizing parts of the gaseous fuel vaporized by the liquid fuel vaporization unit and transmitting the reactive gas and remaining parts of the gaseous fuel. The reactive gas is one that is caused to chemically react with the gaseous fuel at the negative electrode. The gaseous fuel oxidization unit includes a gas introduction path to introduce oxygen needed to oxidize the gaseous fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reactive gas is water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The gaseous fuel oxidization unit includes a catalyst that is made of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and/or rhodium, as a main material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid fuel is a methanol solution being a mixed solution of water and methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The liquid fuel vaporization unit is made of a perfluoro sulfonic acid based resin, a perfluoro carbon based resin containing a carboxyl group, silicon, or polyimide, as a main material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal component of metal-coated portion is aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, magnesium, iron or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The mold contains glass or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin material is heat curable or ultraviolet curable resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler is carbon black, metallic filler or filler using metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred cell: The catalyst layer has a thickness of 50 - 250 Angstrom . (C1) further comprises a polymer layer on a second side of (m1); and a concentrated methanol fuel having a concentration of greater than 3(preferably greater than 5, more preferably greater than 8, especially greater than 10)M methanol. The polymer layer has a catalyst disposed on the side opposite the membrane. The first membrane layer and the second membrane layer are same or different materials. The hollow channel includes a concentrated methanol fuel having a concentration of greater than 3M methanol. Preferred component: The catalyst is selected from at least one of platinum, platinum/ruthenium, nickel, tellurium, titanium and/or their alloys (preferably platinum/ruthenium). The membrane material is selected from silicon dioxide, doped silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, doped silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, doped silicon oxynitride, metal oxides, doped metal oxides, metal nitrides, doped metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides and/or doped metal oxynitrides. The doped silicon dioxide is phosphorus doped silicon dioxide and/or boron doped silicon dioxide. The sacrificial material is inorganic glasses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sacrificial material is selected from at least one of polyimides, polynorbornenes, epoxides, polyarylenes ethers and/or, polyarylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound preferably has repeating units of formulae (1,2), and repeating unit of formula: -(Ar3)q-.Ar3=bivalent aromatic hydrocarbon, bivalent heterocyclic group or -C(R15)=C(R16);R15,R16=R1;andq=1-6.The total amount of repeating unit of formula (1) and (2), is 10 mol% or more. The polymer compound has liquid crystallinity.Preferred Method: The polymer is oriented by rubbing or sharing method. Preferred Definitions:    X1=O,S,C(=O), S(=O) or SO2;    X2=C(R1)(R2), Si(R3(R4), N(R5), B(R6), P(R7) or P(=O)(R8);    Ar1,Ar2=trivalent aromatic hydrocarbon group;    Y=S;and    Ar3=-C(R15)=C(R16)-.    EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (3-A) (in g) (0.62), 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene (0.29) and Aliquat 336 (0.36), were reacted in nitrogen atmosphere in a reaction container, into which argon gas was bubbled. De-aerated toluene (9.3) was added. A solution of potassium carbonate (0.39) dissolved in ion exchange water (9.6), and de-aerated by argon gas, was added. Tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (2.1 mg) was added and reacted in nitrogen atmosphere under reflux for 16.3 hours. Bromo benzene (18.4 mg) was added and reacted under reflux for 2 hours. The two-phase solution was cooled and aqueous layer was removed. The organic solvent layer was added and diluted with chloroform. The mixed solution was poured into methanol and stirred for 1 hour. The obtained deposit was filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The dried product was dissolved in chloroform and purified by column chromatography. The solution was re-precipitated in methanol, and dried at reduced pressure. A polymer compound of formula (I) (0.53) of number average molecular weight 1.2x106, was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The filler comprises an exfoliated graphite or an exfoliated clay or silicate structure. The filler is bentonite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, volkonskoite, hectorite, saponite, laponite, sauconite, magadiite, kenyaite, ledikite and/or their solutions. The filler comprises a nano-scaled graphene plate. The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from ceramic, glass, carbon, and/or composite. The porous core comprises micrometer- or nanometer-scaled pores. It comprises cavities selected from shell-hollow core micro-spheres, and/or shell-porous core micro-spheres. The composition has a dimension smaller than 100 (preferably 5) microns. The layered filler comprising nano-scaled platelets is bi-axially orientated in the shell. Preferred Properties: The layered filler comprises a platelet having a thickness smaller than 200 (preferably smaller than 100) nm and both length-to-thickness and width-to-thickness ratios or diameter-to-thickness ratio greater than 25 (preferably greater than 50). The nanocomposite has a tensile or flexural strength greater than 10000 (preferably 50000) psi. Preferred Compositions: The nanocomposite comprises a volume fraction of the filler of 0.1-30%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The diffusion medium has a surface free energy of greater than 50 (preferably greater than 80) dyne/cm. Preferred Components: The fuel cell comprises an electrophilic material adjacent both the anode and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The electroconductive polymer is deposited from a solution of monomers by electrochemical polymerization. Electropolymerization includes providing the substrate as the anode of an electrochemical circuit, exposing the anode to a solution of monomer, and passing current through the anode for a time sufficient to oxidize the monomer and form an electroconductive polymer on the carbon fiber paper surface. A pulse voltage is delivered to the anode. Preferred Components: The monomer is pyrrole, thiophene, aniline, furan, azulene, carbazole, and/or substituted derivatives of these polymers, preferably aniline or pyrrole. The electroconductive polymer is polypyrrole or polyaniline. Preferred Composition: The diffusion medium comprises 5-15 wt.% electroconductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises a carbon fiber paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The acidic radical-containing polymer is olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its metal salt. The olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is chosen from ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and unsaturated carboxylic acid graft olefin polymer. The silane modified polymer is silane grafted ethylene copolymer. Alternatively, the silane modified polymer is a modified substance of acidic radical-containing polymer by silane coupling agent, having an amino group or epoxy group. The epoxy group-containing olefin polymer is ethylene-glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer. At least one portion of polymer (A) and olefin polymer (B) is cross-linked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The ceramic materials are silica, aluminosilicate or ash derived from coal or petroleum clay.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon materials are graphitic materials e.g. carbon fibers, carbon paper, carbon rods, carbon fabrics, carbon screens, graphite or highly graphitized carbon structures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The anode is formed of carbon prepared by sol-gel technique. It comprises carbon aerogel or xerogel containing covalently bonded, nanometer-sized particles arranged in 3-dimensional network and having high porosity (greater than 50%) pores with a diameter of less than 100 nm, surface area of 400-1,000 m2/g and high electrical conductivity of 25-100 S/cm. The aerogel or xerogel is in particulate form, pellet form or monolith. It is phenol-based, resorcinol-based or catechol-based.MECHANICALENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The anode is produced by:(a) providing a solution of organic aerogel or xerogel precursors comprising phenolic resin, phenol (hydroxybenzene), resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) and/or catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), and aldehyde compound(s), e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or furfuraldehyde;(b) adding ceramic materials, glassy materials based on borate, phosphate or silicate with alkaline earth or transition metal cations, and/or carbon materials to the precursor solution to form a precursor mixture;(c) gelling the precursor mixture to form a composite gel;(d) drying the composite gel; and(e) pyrolyzing the composite gel to form an aerogel/carbon composite or a xerogel/carbon composite.Drying is accomplished by supercritical-critical solvent extraction or air drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A cathode is disposed on the first membrane, and an anode is disposed on the second membrane. A first gas diffusion medium is disposed over the cathode, and a second gas diffusion medium is disposed over the anode. Each of the outer peripheral portions of first and second membranes has an edge extending coextensively, and the structural film layer is flush with the edges or extends beyond the edge and optionally has a sealing gasket disposed on at least one side. The structural film layer is disposed between the entire outer peripheral portion of first membrane and corresponding outer peripheral portion of second membrane. Alternatively, a sealing gasket is disposed on at least one edge of the assembly and is integrally attached to the first and second membranes, structural film layer, and first and second gas diffusion media. Alternatively, the fuel cell assembly comprises a membrane having an inner portion and an outer peripheral portion, a structural film layer covering part(s) of outer peripheral portion, an anode disposed on a first side of the membrane, a cathode disposed on a second side of the membrane, and a gas diffusion medium disposed over at least one of the anode and cathode. Preferred Dimensions: The structural film layer has a thickness of less than 0.003 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method comprises applying a metal layer to the anode layer before applying the planarization material to the anode layer and thin film battery, where metal layer is provided by a metal that does not alloy with the anode layer; depositing a layer of lithium phosphorus oxynitride on the metal layer before applying the planarization material to the anode layer and thin film battery; depositing magnesium over the planarization layer to provide a getter layer reactive with oxygen and water (H20).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The planarization material is acrylates, diacrylates, triacrylates, or polyolefins that do not contain an organic acid group. Preferred Parameter: The planarization layer has a flatness not greater than 0.005 cm/in.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Tape: The insulating layer is formed by attaching insulating tape, which is formed with polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide or polypropylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The adhesive layer contains polyolefin or styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The inorganic pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cross-linking agent is organic peroxide with 1 hour half-life temperature of 100-150degreesC. The cross-linking adjuvant containing allyl group is triaryl isocyanurate or diallyl phthalate. The composition further contains additive and silane coupling agent (1 or less) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100). The additive is chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer and/or its ionomer. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer contains 10-40 wt.% of vinyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The composition contains white colored inorganic pigment (in wt.pts) (0.5-5) and cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-5) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100). The solar cell sealing agent is formed by cross-linking the ethylene copolymer composition. The solar cell module is sealed by cross-linked transparent solar cell sealing agent and the solar cell sealing agent. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (4585), white titanium oxide (415), Lupasol 101 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (t-butylperoxy) hexane as cross-linking agent) (60), triaryl isocyanurate as cross-linking adjuvant (100) and KBM503 (gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane as silane coupling agent) (25) were mixed to obtain uniform resin composition. The resin composition had gel fraction of 94% and excellent insulation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The white colored inorganic pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The cross-linking agent is an organic peroxide with 1 hour half-life temperature of 100-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is at least one type chosen from ionomer of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is a copolymer of 10-40 wt.% of vinyl acetate content. 0.5-50 wt.pts of white colored inorganic pigment is blended per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. 0.1-5 wt.pts of triaryl cyanurate is blended per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The ethylene copolymer composition further contains a silane-coupling agent (1 weight part or less) per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The copolymer composition is obtained by further blending an additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant. The solar cell sealing agent is formed by cross-linking the ethylene copolymer composition. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (4585) (with vinyl acetate content of 28 wt.% and melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes), white titanium oxide (415), Lupasol 101 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy) hexane (cross-linking agent) (60) (with 1 hour half-life temperature of 140degreesC), triaryl cyanurate (100) and KBM503 gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (silane coupling agent) (25) were blended, and ethylene copolymer composition was obtained. The composition had gel fraction of 93%, and had excellent insulation property, flexibility, workability, adhesivity and cross-linkability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anode: The anode contains metal oxide of metal chalcogenide of formula LixMO2 or complex oxide of formula LiyM2O4, where M is transition metal, 0less than or equal toxless than or equal to1 and 0less than or equal toyless than or equal to2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer (A) contains polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin and/or synthetic resin. The resin layer (B) contains polypropylene resin, synthetic resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin and/or polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent optionally contains butyl acrylic acid and includes hydroquinone derivative, phenol type compound or aromatic amine compound, in an amount of 0.01 mass% or less with respect to total mass of adhesive agent. A synthetic resin selected from petroleum group resin, rosin type resin, alkyl phenol resin, styrene resin and petroleum type resin, is included in the adhesive agent in an amount of 0.01 mass% or less. Preferred Base Material: The base material of insulation tape is selected from polypropylene, polyimide and polyphenylene sulfide. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet is made of ethylene vinyl acetate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The electron-withdrawal or electron-donating molecule is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, hexafluoro-phosphate ion, perchlorate ion, sodium, potassium and/or tetra-butyl ammonium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is porphyrin dye, phthalocyanine dye, cyanine dye, merocyanine dye and/or coumarin dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The composite electrode is formed by electrolytic polymerization of mixed solution containing precursor of conductive polymer, and dye capable of bonding by covalent bond by electrolysis reaction. The composite electrode is made to carry electron-withdrawal or electron-donating molecule (0.01-100 mass%) with respect to the composite polymer. The mixed solution is in the state at which the solution relatively flows with respect to the transparent electroconductive film.Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and/or polyacetylene. EXAMPLE - Bithiophene (1.50 mmol/L), tetra-thienyl porphyrin (0.25 mmol/L) and tetra-butyl ammonium hexafluoro phosphate (0.1 mol/L) were dissolved to obtain mixed solution. Indium tin oxide glass, platinum electrode and silver electrode were immersed in the mixed solution and electrolytic polymerization was performed to form electrolytic polymerization film on the glass. The film was washed with acetone and dried to obtain light sensitive electrode. The electrode was immersed in acetonitrile solution of iodine for 5 minutes, and washed to obtain light sensitive electrode carrying iodine (electron-withdrawal molecule). A solar cell using the light sensitive electrode had improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The temperature of each of the sections and their positions can be controlled independently. The plate may have the peripheral sections on the same level as the central section or they may be above or below it. The peripheral sections may be separate and screwed or glued to the central plate or they may be integral sections of a single heating plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material is chosen from carbon black, activated charcoal, black lead, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, chromium, gallium, vanadium, tungsten, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The divalent aromatic group (A) is expressed with formula (I), and the divalent aromatic group (B) is expressed with formula (II). The hydrogen atom of aromatic ring is substituted by group of formula: -CmH2m+1, -Cl, -F, -CF3 or -CN, where m=1-10. The proton acid base is expressed which formula: -CnH2n-SO3H, where n=0-10.X1-X5=hydrogen or proton acid base, in which X3-X5 are hydrogen atoms and X1,X2 are proton acid bases;A1-A4=direct bond -CH2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-, -SO2- or -CO-;andg-k=0 or 1.At least one of X1-X5 is proton acid base. Preferred Properties: The block copolymer has ion exchange group equivalent of 200-1000 g/mol, and weight retention of 90% or more when immersed in 64 wt.% aqueous methanol solution at 25degreesC for 24 hours. EXAMPLE - Block copolymer (36) having alkali metal salt base, reduced viscosity of 1.29 dl/g and glass transaction point of 122degreesC was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (13.3) to form varnish having polymer concentration of 15%. The varnish was applied on glass substrate, dried at 200degreesC for 4 hours, and immersed in 2N sulfuric acid aqueous solution and pure water for 1 day to carry out proton exchange of sulfonic acid sodium salt base. A sulfonic acid group-free binder film was obtained. The binder film was found to have ion exchange group equivalent of 570 g/mol, weight retaining factor of 98% when immersed in 64 wt.% methanol aqueous solution, ionic conductivity of 0.037 S/cm, and methanol permeability of 4.8 micronsol/cm2.minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The onion cation is quaternary ammonium cation chosen from aliphatic ammonium cation, imidazolinium cation and imidazolium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A fuel composition containing fuel is used for fuel cell apparatus. The fuel composition contains molecular compound of fuel and another compound. The fuel composition contains cross-linked material of onion cation-containing polymer compound and fuel. The molecular compound is clathrate compound formed using fuel and host compound. The host compound is organic compound, inorganic compound and/or organic-and-inorganic complex compound. The host compound is single molecule group, polymolecule group and/or polymeric group host compound. The fuel is hydrogen, alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer compound consists of polymer or copolymer of acidic group-containing structural unit having carboxyl group and/or sulfonic acid group in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The outer region thickness is decreased by 2% at maximum at 80degreesC and 10 N/mm2 pressure over 5 hours, as determined after a first compression process at a pressure of 10 N/mm2 for 1 minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer can be selected from:phenylene-, phenol resin-, phenoxy-resisn-, sulfide ether-, phenylene sulfide-, ethersulfone-, imine, etherimine-, azole-, benzimidazole-, benzoxazole-, benzthiazole-, benzoxadiazole-, benztriazole-, phosphazene-, etherketone-, ketone-, etheretherketone-, etheretherketone-, phenylenamide-, phenylene oxide-, and imide polymers and mixtures of one or more of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-containing compound having the olivine structure is of formula LixM1-(d+t+q+r)DdTtQqR-r(XO4).x=greater than 0, less than or equal to 1;d, t, q, r=0-1;M=iron, manganese, cobalt, titanium, and/or nickel;X=silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or vanadium;D=bivalent ion consisting of Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, or Cu2+;T=trivalent ion consisting of Al3+, Ti3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Mn3+, Ga3+, Zn3+, or V3+;Q=quadrivalent ion consisting of Ti4+, Ge4+, Sn4+, or V4+;andR=pentavalent ion consisting of V5+, Nb5+, or Ta5+.The lithium-containing compound having the olivine structure is lithium iron phosphate. Preferred Parameter: The lithium-containing compound having the olivine structure has a particle size of not greater than 10, preferably not greater than 5 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The proportion of the copolymer to the positive electrode mixture is not less than 1 wt.% and not greater than 15 wt.%. The proportion of the conducting agent to the positive electrode mixture is not greater than 10 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Lithium iron phosphate and Denka Black (RTM; acetylene black) were mixed first. A copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene was added as a binder to the mixture, followed by the addition of an amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to the mixture to prepare a slurry. The weight ratio of lithium iron phosphate, conducting agent, and binder was 90:5:5. The slurry was applied as a positive electrode mixture onto a piece of aluminum foil having a roughed surface, as a current collector, and dried at 80degreesC. A 2x2 cm square was subsequently cut from the current collector coated with the positive electrode mixture, and the piece was rolled and dried at 100degreesC, under vacuum. The positive electrode was thus fabricated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The rubber material for forming rubber layer further includes white filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The recess in the first gasket layer is a hole through the first gasket layer (15) and the recess in the second gasket layer is a hole through the second gasket layer. The contact area of the electrodes to the gasket layers is provided with fluoropolymer.Preferred Property: The thickness of the gasket layers is 5-1000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The polymer electrolyte membrane is doped with an acid, e.g. phosphoric acid. The concentration of the phosphoric acid is greater than or equal to50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first gasket material is a polyimide. The fluoropolymer is fluoroethylene polymer. The second gasket material is a fluoropolymer.Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises polyazoles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: An average thickness of the catalyst particle layer relative to a thickness of the polymer electrolytic membrane is 30-60 assuming that the thickness of the polymer electrolytic membrane is 100. Preferred Method: An anode gas diffusion layer (10), an anode catalyst layer, a polymer electrolytic membrane having proton conductivity, a cathode catalyst layer, and a cathode gas diffusion layer (15) are arranged in a thickness direction to make a membrane electrode assembly (1). Preferred Component: One of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer includes a catalyst. The other of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer includes a catalyst precursor, and electrically connecting the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer included in the membrane electrode assembly through an electrically conductive path. The electrochemical reductive reaction is performed at the cathode catalyst later for reducing the catalyst layer to produce the catalyst. The catalyst particle layer is developed in the polymer electrolytic membrane near the cathode catalyst layer. Hydrogen gas or a hydrogen-containing gas is supplied to the anode or cathode catalyst layer. An inertia gas, a gas including an inertia gas, or air is supplied to the other of the anode or cathode catalyst layer. A fuel cell stack is formed through assembling membrane electrode assemblies with a gas distribution member. The electrochemical reductive reaction is performed for the whole fuel cell stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains at least one of lithium hexa fluoro phosphate (LiPF6) and lithium compound (Li(CF9SO2)2). The electrolyte is contained in non-aqueous solvent in a proportion of 0.5-1.0 mol/kg in terms of lithium ion concentration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The matrix polymer contains at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, a polyvinylidene fluoride/hexafluoro propylene copolymer, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. The matrix polymer is made of high molecular material of 500000-700000 number average molecular weight, and is obtained by copolymerizing hexafluoro propylene to vinylidene fluoride in a weight ratio of less that 8 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Gel electrolyte (A) was prepared using ethylene carbonate (in wt.%) (30), propylene carbonate (70) and lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6) (0.76 mol/kg) as electrolytic salt. Lithium cobaltate was used as active material for anode, and anode was prepared using the active material, powdered polyvinylidene fluoride and powdered graphite dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone. Artificial graphite was used as active material for cathode, and cathode was formed using the active material and powdered polyvinylidene fluoride dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone. The battery was formed using the anode, cathode, electrolytic solution (A) and a separator. The obtained battery had cyclic characteristic of 80%, initial charging/discharging efficiency of 75%, low temperature characteristic of 39%, and load characteristic of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Polyphenyl acetylene derivative has weight average molecular weight of 10000 or more. Group (R3) in repeating unit (III) exists in meta- or para-position. Preferred Polymer: Polyphenyl acetylene derivative has preferably repeating unit of formula (IV). Polyphenyl acetylene derivative is obtained by polymerizing phenyl acetylene compound in the presence of rhodium catalyst ((Rh(nbd)Cl)2) and co-catalyst (KN(Si(CH3)2)).R4=group of formula (3) or (4);n=10 or more. Preferred Definitions:    R1=10C or less liner alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-butyl or n-hexyl group;and    R2=15C or less alkyl, preferably n-dodecyl group.    EXAMPLE - 4-ethynyl phthalic acid di-n-hexyl was polymerized in tetrahydrofuran solvent in the presence of rhodium catalyst (Rh+(nbd)eta6-C6H5B-(C6H5)3) at 30degreesC for 24 hours to form polyphenyl acetylene derivative. A self-supporting film was formed using the obtained polymer. The polymer was de-protected by immersing to a mixed solution of trifluoro acetic acid and hexane for 24 hours. The obtained polymer had yield of 91%, weight average molecular weight of 95x104 and molecular weight distribution of 4.2. Polymer had desired gas permeability coefficient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Methods: Forming the first, second and third dielectric layers comprises:(a) forming the first dielectric layer overlying the photosensors and the spaces;(b) patterning the first dielectric layer by removing part of the first dielectric layer to form an opening above each photosensor while maintaining the first dielectric layer overlying the spaces;(c) forming a dielectric layer on the first dielectric layer and an inner surface of the opening;(d) anisotropically etched back part of the dielectric layer to form the second dielectric layer on the sidewall of the opening;(e) forming the third dielectric layer overlying the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer and the opening; and(f) removing part of the third dielectric layer to the first dielectric layer while maintaining the third dielectric layer in the opening.Patterning the first dielectric layer uses the same reticle that is used for defining ion implantation regions for the photosensors. The formation of image sensor further comprises performing a planarization to make the top surfaces of the first, second and third layers coplanar. Planarization comprises chemical mechanical polishing.Preferred Components: The photosensors are photodiodes. They comprise n-type regions (120) in p-type regions. The first dielectric layer comprises interlevel dielectric (ILD) layer or intermetal dielectric (IMD) layer. The IMD layer has multiple dielectric films (127-129). The second dielectric layer is a low dielectric constant (k) dielectric layer. The third dielectric layer is a tetraethylorthosilicate silicon dioxide (TEOS-SiO2) layer formed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Preferred Properties: The third refractive index is greater than the second refractive index by greater than or equal to0.1. A thickness of the second dielectric layer is 200-2,000 Angstrom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The layer other than the outermost positive electrode layer is in contact with the positive electrode current collector. The separator is an electron-beam cross-linked separator in which cross-linking is effected by irradiating a microporous polyethylene film with an electron beam. The separator comprises a microporous polyethylene film, and a microporous film having a melting point of greater than or equal to200degreesC stacked over the microporous polyethylene film. The battery includes a flexible battery case for accommodating a power-generating element containing the electrodes and separator. Preferred Properties: The separator has a meltdown temperature of greater than or equal to180degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The main active material of the layer other than the outermost positive electrode layer comprises spinel-type lithium manganese oxide or olivine-type lithium phosphate compound of formula LiMP04.M = Fe, Ni, and/or Mn.The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode active material, and the total mass of lithium cobalt oxide is greater than the total mass of spinel-type lithium manganese oxide or olivine-type lithium phosphate compound in the positive electrode active material layer. The lithium cobalt oxide exists in the outermost positive electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The microporous film having a melting point of greater than or equal to200degreesC (preferably 200-400degreesC) is a microporous film of polyamide, polyimide, or polyamideimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: The jacketed tube is covered with one or more layers made from silicon dioxide particles which change the surface of the soda-lime glass to produce an anti-reflection action on the inner and outer boundary surface of the jacketed tube and improve the corrosion strength of the glass. The outer and inner surfaces of the jacketed tube are provided with a protective layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The optical and/or electronic device is an organic solar cell, an organic light emitting diode or an organic laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensitizer contains at least a heavy atom with order number of greater than 38. The triplet-level of the sensitizer is at least 0.05 (preferably 0.1) eV higher than the triplet-level of the polymers. The content of condensed aromatic ring systems is 5-80 (preferably 10-50) mol%. The condensed aromatic ring system is incorporated in the polymer main chain. The aromatic ring systems contains 2-8 (preferably 3-5) aromatic units, which are each other uncondensed over one or more common edges respectively and instruct a common aromatic system and is optionally substituted, where the substituent forms an another additional ring system. The uncondensed aromatic units are benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine or thiophene (all optionally substituted). The condensed aromatic ring system is 24 aromatic compounds e.g. naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthacene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, pentacene and benzo(b)thiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is conjugated. The polymers apart from the condensed aromatic ring systems contain further structural components such as fluorene derivatives, spirobifluorene-derivatives, 1,4-phenylene derivates, dihydrophenanthrenylene derivates, tetrahydropyrenylene derivates, 4,4'-biphenylylene derivates, 4,4''-terphenylylene derivates, indenofluorenylene derivates, 4,4'-stilbenyl derivates, 4,4''-bisstyrylarylene derivates and/or tolanylene derivates. The polymer contains bound metal complexes in the main or side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode catalyst layer contains polyelectrolyte and electroconductive carbon particles. The electrode catalyst in cathode catalyst layer is supported on electroconductive carbon particles. The electrode catalyst of anode catalyst layer contains platinum alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal complex has porphyrin ring or phthalocyanine ring, and cobalt, iron, nickel, copper, manganese and/or vanadium as central metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: Alcohol is methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol and/or erythritol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane contains a polymer compound which has cation bases such as pyridinium bases, alkyl ammonium bases and/or imidazolium bases. The layer (3) contains anion exchange resin as binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Ion exchange capacity of polymer is 0.5-8 meq/g. Polymer has phenyl-phenyl bonding in principal chain. Preferred Definitions:    Z=-CO-, -C(S)- or -C(NH)-;    X1,X2=-O-;    Z=-CO-;and    n=0-2.    EXAMPLE - Polysulfone (in g) (1) of formula (2) was added to dehydrated and deoxidized tetrahydrofuran (THF) (80 ml). The solution was kept at -78degreesC. Hexane solution (3 ml) of butyl lithium was added and reacted for 1 hour to form solution (A). 3,4-diisopropoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (2) was mixed with deoxidized and dehydrated THF (20 ml). The solution was kept at -78degreesC to form solution (B). Both the solutions were mixed and reacted. 12N hydrochloric acid (1 ml) was added and reaction was stopped. Polymer having oxocarbon group of formula (3) was obtained. The polymer had number average molecular weight of 105000. A film of thickness 50 microns was formed using the polymer. The film had proton conductivity of 1.8x10-2 S/cm, ion exchange capacity of 2.1 meq/g and water absorption property of 53%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conductor: The cationic conductor comprises polymer moiety (I) having structural unit of formula (2), and polymer moiety (II) comprising vinyl acetate, isobutylene, isobutyl vinyl ether, and ethylene as addition polymerizable monomer. The cationic conductor comprises a copolymer of formula (3 or 4), mixture of polymer of formula (5) and different type of polymer, or mixture of polymer of formula (6) and different type of polymer.R=same as defined above, and styryl group before polymerization;S=organic group bonded to R, preferably amide group;T=n+1 valence organic group bonded to S through a single bond, preferably aryl group;R1,R2=same as R, preferably R1 is styryl group before polymerization and R2 is product of polymerization of monomer chosen from maleic anhydride, N-phenyl maleimide, methyl maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, acrylonitrile, diethyl fumarate, vinylidene cyanide, p-nitrostyrene, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrylonitrile;Z,Mk+,m,n=same as defined above, preferably Z is hydroxy ion group, methoxy group or monovalent anion group, and is bonded to aryl group at ortho position to bonding position of amide group or R, and Mk+ is lithium ion;Q of formula (3)=n+1 valence organic group bonded to R1 through a single bond, preferably aryl;Q of formula (5)=same as Q of formula (1), preferably aryl;andi=polymerization degree such that Z forms ionic or coordination bond to cation Preferred Definitions:    Q=aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The insertion portion has pore diameter of 0.5-1 mm, and crossing angle of 40-80degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbon, alcohol and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The diaphragm is formed from an insulating material chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride and/or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive material of the porous portion is selected from the group containing (C), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tine oxide. The electrodes are made of platinum, palladium, carbon, compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The module includes several transparent sealing resin parts, preferably ionomer parts. The surface which touches the charge-transport body comprises a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Air in the space is replaced by a gas different from air before the bending is undone. The gas used to replace air is an inert gas, preferably a noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The linear sections of impervious material are parallel straight sections or distributed along part of the surface of the planar element (11) or along the whole surface of the planar element. The spacing between the linear sections of impervious material is variable along the surface of the planar element. It is greater in correspondence of the fuel cell air discharge. A portion of the planar element surface is free of the linear sections of impervious material. It is not accessible to the coolant. It is located in correspondence of the air discharge of the fuel cell. The impervious material is resilient. The linear sections of impervious material have projecting parts with respect to at least one of the main surfaces of the planar element. The impervious material is stiff. The linear section of the impervious material has a lower thickness that the planar element and is completely embedded.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The precursor ligand comprises a monomer or co-monomer mixture or an oligomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first and second copolymers are ionomers. The first and second ionomers are derived from copolymers that each independently comprises 8-20, preferably 14-19 wt.% of carboxylic acid monomer, based on the total weight of the copolymer. The first copolymer is present in 20-60 wt.%, and the second copolymer is present in 80-40 wt.%, where first copolymer is an ionomer component having a secant modulus of less than 15000, and the second copolymer is an ionomer component having an optical transmission of greater than or equal to87%. Preferred Parameter: The film transmits greater than or equal to88% of incident visible light, has a haze value of less than or equal to3% as measured according to ASTM D1003-00. EXAMPLE - A 2 mil monolayer film was obtained from a blend of ionomeric resin (25 wt.%) comprising methacrylic acid (15 wt.%) and zinc ion (1.2%), and ionomeric resin (75 wt.%) comprising methacrylic acid (10 wt.%) and zinc ion (0.75%). The resulting film exhibited a modulus (2 trials) of 11757/11549, haze of 2.24%, and transmittance of 89.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel storage container and container accommodation box consists of gas-impermeable material consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The membrane enables each part (11,12) of the chamber to be air-free and aerated. The membrane assembly consists of a number of superimposed membranes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: Each photovoltaic device has a lower end and in the device thrusting process. The lower end of each photovoltaic device is thrust to be adjacent to the bottom of the escape recess of the receiver, where the lower portion of each photovoltaic device is thrust inside the plastic sealing material substantially by a constant amount. Each photovoltaic device has an outer periphery and each through hole has an inner peripheral edge, and each through hole has a diameter set so that the outer periphery of each photovoltaic device is adjacent to the inner peripheral edge of the through hole while the lower end of each photovoltaic device is adjacent to the bottom of the escape recess of the receiver. Preferred Method: An electrode is formed on the part of each photovoltaic device protruding from the resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The diode interconnect device comprises AC power inputs electrically connected to a first diode bridge; DC power inputs electrically connected to a second diode bridge; and DC power outputs electronically connected to the first and second diode bridges for supplying DC power to the motor. The motor is an electronically commutated motor. It operates at variable speeds. The power for operating the motor is supplied through the diode interconnect box.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic coating comprises a random cut rayon material deposited on the plate. The rayon material is random cut and has an approximate average length of 0.020 inches and approximate pile height of about 0.005 inches. The coating is attached to the plate with an adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The porous container is located above the indirect cooling stage of an indirect-direct evaporative cooling (IDEC) system; the direct cooling stage of an IDEC system; or both the indirect and direct stage of the IDEC system. The porous container is in physical contact with the evaporative cooling apparatus to promote uniform discharge of the fluid into the cooling apparatus. The U-shaped clamps are formed from a hardened, corrosion resistant material, preferably stainless steel or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a vinyl acetate monomer. The porous container is porous high-density polyethylene piping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium borofluoride or lithium phosphorus hexafluoride as a supporting electrolyte. The supporter of anode is stainless steel SUS444 or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium borofluoride or lithium phosphorus hexafluoride as a supporting electrolyte. The supporter of anode is stainless steel SUS444 or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Assembly: The membrane electrode assembly contains a polymer containing a fluorine atom in the cathode catalyst layer. The polymer is selected from polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyhexafluoro propylene and tetrafluoro ethylene-hexafluoro propylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The filler layer contains a silane modified resin obtained by polymerizing ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerization polyethylene, and addition polyethylene. The polymerization and addition polyethylene is low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and/or linear low density polyethylene. The filler does not contain silanol condensed catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The packaging material is epoxy resin or high polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The binding material contains filler. The filler has metal or oxide group fine particle or ultrafine particles such as aluminum, titanium, silicon and silver, alumina, titanium oxide or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The binding material contains filler. The filler has metal or oxide group fine particle or ultrafine particles such as aluminum, titanium, silicon and silver, alumina, titanium oxide or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel comprises starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, maltose, sucrose or lactose. The fuel cell is starch, which is gelatinized. The fuel cell comprises degradation enzyme, where the enzyme promoters degradation of polysaccharide to monosaccharide, and oxidase enzyme which promotes oxidation of the produced monosaccharide. The fuel cell comprises the coenzyme oxidase capable of oxidizing the reduced form of coenzyme, and an electron mediator capable of receiving electrons generated by the coenzyme oxidation from the coenzyme oxidase and delivering it to the electrode (11). The oxidant of the coenzyme is NAD+. The coenzyme oxidase, the coenzyme, degradation enzyme, polysaccharide and the electron mediator are immobilized on a negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium salt is lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), lithium boron tetrafluoride (LiBF4), or other lithium-containing compound (Li(N(SO2C2F5)2) or Li(B(SO2CF3)2)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The negative active material comprises a multi-phase alloy powder, which comprises silicon (Si)-phase, SiM-phase, and X-phase and/or SiX-phase. An amount of Si-phase on a surface of the multi-phase alloy powder particle is less than that inside of the particle,M=Ni, Co, As, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and/or Y;X=Ag, Cu, and/or Au.M and X are not both Cu.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyether modified silicone oil is silicone oils of formulae (I), (II) or (III).R-Si(R)2-(O-Si(R)2)k-Si(R)((CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z)-R (I)R-Si(R)((CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z))-(O-Si(R)2)k-O-Si(R)((CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z)-R (II)R-Si(R)2-(O-Si(R)( (CH2)m-O-(CH2CH2O)n-Z))k+l-O-Si(R)2-R (III)k=0-50;m=2-10;n=1-50;R=CH3 or C6H5;Z=CH3 or C2H5.Preferred Composition: The polyether modified silicon oil is present at 0.2-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium salt is lithium phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6), lithium boron tetrafluoride (LiBF4), or other lithium-containing compound (Li(N(SO2C2F5)2) or Li(B(SO2CF3)2)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: An average size of the ceramic particles is 1-10000 nm. Preferred Material: The ceramic particles are magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide (BaO), calcium oxide (CaO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4), boron nitride (BN), and/or barium titanate (BaTiO3). Preferred Composition: The liquid electrolyte is present in an amount of 3-98 wt.%, and the ceramic particle phase is present in an amount of 97-2 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid inorganic electrolytes free of sulfuric acid are potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, or molten carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid organic electrolyte comprises a lithium salt dissolved in a liquid organic solvent. The lithium salt is lithium halides or complex fluorides, preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium tetrafluoroborate. The liquid organic solvent is ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, and/or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid inorganic electrolytes free of sulfuric acid are potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, or molten carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric base material is a high polymer film, which is a polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The safe vent is made of the metal selected from tin (SN), zinc (ZN), bismuth (Bi) and lead (Pb).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The safe vent is made of thermoplastic resin selected from group of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), fluororesin, acrylic resin, poly acetic-acid vinyl resin, polyamide resin, acetal resin, polycarbonate (PC), polyphenylene oxide, polyester, polysulfane and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of anionic group in the electrode catalyst layer is 0.3 mmol/g or less, preferably 0.1 mmol/g or less. Preferred Polymer: The polymer consists of a fluorine-containing polymer having ion exchange capacity of 0.5 or less meq, a hydrocarbon group polymer having ion exchange capacity of 2 or less meq, or a polymer which does not have anionic group. The polymer is polyphenylene-sulfide sulfone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, poly benzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyimide and/or their derivatives. The polymer which does not have anionic group is polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly perfluoro alkyl vinylether, polyphenylene-sulfide sulfone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polphenylene oxide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, poly benzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyimide, silicone and/or their derivatives. Preferred Properties: The polymer has glass transition temperature of 150degreesC or less, contact angle with water of 50degrees or more at 20degreesC, and swelling degree of 120% or less, when immersed in liquid fuel at 60degreesC for 24 hours. The residual amount of catalyst in electrode catalyst layer is 80% or more, when the electrode catalyst layer is immersed in liquid fuel at 60degreesC for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polyaniline sulfonic acid or its lithium salt, poly(alkyl ether) aniline sulfonic acid or its lithium salt, preferably polymethyl ether aniline sulfonic acid or its lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrodes: The anode contains particulate material consisting of complex oxide of lithium as anode active material. The cathode contains particulate material consisting of carbonaceous material as cathode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrodes: The anode contains particulate material consisting of complex oxide of lithium as anode active material. The cathode contains particulate material consisting of carbonaceous material as cathode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The cross-linkable polymer has hydroxyl group or carboxyl group as a reactive group. The reactive polymer has gel fraction of 5-90 %. The reactive polymer in the laminate is further reacted with polyfunctional isocyanate, and cross-linked to adhere the porous film with electrodes. The area thermal contraction rate of the porous film after heating at 150 degrees C for 1 hour is 20 % or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid includes sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, periodic acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicyclic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The base includes sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide, hydration tetramethyl ammonium, hydration tetraethyl ammonium, hydration tetrapropyl ammonium and hydration tetrabutyl ammonium or group containing alkali metal salt selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, specific silicate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lithium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). The ionic liquid is 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Lithium titanate has specific surface area of 5-10 m2/g.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ionic liquid with respect to lithium salt is 0.42-3.78.Preferred Separator: The separator is glass, cellulose, polyphenylene sulfide and/or polyfluoroethylene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic solvent is sulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone and/or tetraglyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid polymer electrolyte contains at least one of Lewis basic compound. The content rate of Lewis basic compound is less than 50 mass%, with respect to sum total of iminoimidazolidine dione compound. The Lewis basic compound is an imidazole, indole, benzimidazole or purine compound. EXAMPLE - Iminoimidazolidine dione compound polymer manufactured from diphenyl methane diisocyanate, was dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone solution and set to 10 wt.% concentration. The solution was applied on a glass panel and pre-dried at 60degreesC, and dried at 120degreesC for 154 minutes. The polymer film was obtained which was vacuum dried after water wash. The obtained polymer film was immersed in 85% phosphoric acid at room temperature and cleaned. A solid polymer electrolyte was obtained. The solid polymer electrolyte provided electrolyte film with excellent proton conductivity, high mechanical strength and fuel cell with low internal resistance and high output.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The core material comprises at least one calcium carbonate or talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The core material comprises at least one calcium carbonate or talc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The terminal plate comprises a resin and a core material, where the resin is polycarbonate, or epoxy resin, or preferably polypropylene. The core material comprises at least one of glass fibers, or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The substrates comprise semiconductor electrodes and counter electrodes (4). The electrolyte layer is disposed between each pair of semiconductor electrodes and counter electrodes. Each adjacent pair of semiconductor electrodes and each adjacent pair of counter electrodes are electrically connected through conductive connecting parts (41). The sealing member seals each of the electrolyte layers individually.Preferred Method: The rise time in the ultrasonic welding step is not less than 0.1 second. The relative melting depth in the ultrasonic welding step is 0.3-0.6, provided that the total thickness of the first substrate, the sealing member and the second substrate is defined as 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrates and the sealing member are formed of at least one material from polyethylene terephthalate (preferably), silicone-based resins, fluorine-based resins, or acrylic-based resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The hydrophilic short fiber is acrylic fiber containing copolymer of polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl acetate, rayon fiber and/or vinylon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hydrophobic-resin is polyester-type resin. Preferred Adhesive: The resin adhesive used for joining glasswares (I,II) is polyurethane group, epoxy resin based, vinyl-acetate resin-based, phenol-resin group, polyester group or acrylic acid ester adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The amount of extraction of acetic acid is 100 ppm or less. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is further cross-linked by a cross-linking agent or a cross-linking adjuvant such as triaryl isocyanurate. The amount of cross-linking agent is 0.1-1 mass% with respect to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The decrease amount is 2 mass% or less after heating at 160degreesC. The resin film further contains a silane coupling agent and benzotriazole compound, has haze of 3 or less, and vinyl acetate content of 25-27 mass%. EXAMPLE - A resin composition was prepared by mixing ethylene vinyl acetic copolymer with vinyl acetate content of 26 mass% (in mass%) (100), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butoxyperoxy) hexane (0.5) as cross-linking agent, trimethyl cyclohexane as cross-linking adjuvant (1) and gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (0.5). The resin film was used for forming a glass laminate with haze of less than or equal to1%, excellent durability and free acetic acid content of 20 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The modified inorganic material has ion exchange capacity of 1-3 mmol/g and average particle size of 20-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The modified inorganic material has ion exchange capacity of 1-3 mmol/g and average particle size of 20-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cation exchanger is sulfonic acid based cation exchanger, i.e. organic material containing sulfoxide containing group of structure -SO3X, where X = H or alkali metalThe sulfoxide containing group has hydrogen bonding site(s). The cation exchanger is carboxylic acid-based cation exchanger, i.e. organic compound containing carboxylic acid group.The carboxylic acid based cation exchanger is organic compound containing carboxylic acid group(s).Preferred Method: The method can also comprise hydrothermally synthesizing mixture of surfactant containing carboxyl group, inorganic material precursor, and water to produce precipitate, and oxidizing precipitate using oxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The package further comprises a laminate layer comprising biodegradable aliphatic polyester arranged between the base and the container. The base has a first printing layer, an anti-offset layer, and a second printing layer laminated in this order on its surface opposite to the container-side surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base comprises biodegradable aliphatic polyester, preferably polylactic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The synthetic resin is a polyetherketone resin.Preferred Component: To the synthetic resin, filler(s) consisting of fluororesins, carbon fibers, graphite, or aramid fibers is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The pendant cyclic ether comprises a cyclic group comprising 4 or 3 number carbon atoms and 1 number oxygen atom. It is cyclohexene oxide or an epoxy group. The pendant cyclic ether and the fullerene are spaced apart by at least 1 or at least 3 carbon atom. The fullerene derivative comprises 61C-phenyl-butyric acid glycidol ester or its derivative. The reaction product comprises ether groups. It is an oligomer comprising at least two pendant fullerenes. The composition comprises a conducting polymer comprising polyacetylene; polyphenylacetylene; polydiphenylacetylene; polyaniline; poly(phenylene vinylene); polythiophene; polyporphyrins; porphyrinic macrocycles, thiol derivatized polyporphyrins; polymetallocenes, polyphthalocyanines; polyvinylenes; and/or their derivatives. The mixture of which the composition is the reaction product of comprises fullerene derivatives and at least one conducting polymer or its precursor. It includes a solvent. The conducting polymer or its precursor comprises a cyclic ether to react with the pendant cyclic ether of the fullerene derivatives and/or the cyclic ether of other of the conducting polymer or its precursor. It includes thiophene, polythiophene, and/or its derivative. The pendant cyclic ether and the fullerene are spaced apart by an ester group. EXAMPLE - A solution of 4-benzoylbutyric acid (11.9g) in methyl alcohol (250 ml) with a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid (6 drops) was refluxed for 5 hours. Solvent was removed and 50 ml water was added. The reaction product was extracted with dichloromethane to provide an organic layer. The organic layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and passed through a plug of silica, which was rinsed with 2% acetone in dichloromethane. Solvent was removed to afford methyl 4-benzoylbutyrate as light yellowish oil (12.57g, 99%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gap connected to the electrolyte liquid comprises glass fiber, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin and/or fluoro resin.Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid and/or lignin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The anode, cathode and separator comprise a winding-type electrode group (15a,15b). The near region is formed at the edge portion which interposes a region far from the container into transverse direction of the separator from the container. The near region is formed at the periphery end of the separator from the container. The width of near region is 0.1-40% compared with the full width of the separator. Preferred Properties: The difference of porosity of near region and region far from the container is 5% or more. The porosity of region far from the container is 8-97%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ions: The cation of normal temperature fused salt is imidazolium ion, tetraalkyl ammonium ion, alkyl pyridinium ion and/or alkyl piperidinium ion. The anion of the normal temperature fused salt is chosen from BF4-, B(OOC-COO)2-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, CF3(CF2)3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N-, (CF3CF2SO2)2N-, (CF3SO2) (CF3CF2SO2)N-, (CF3SO2)(CF3CF2SO2)N-, (CF3SO2)(CF3CF2CF2SO2)N-, (CF3SO2) (CF3CF2CF2CFSO2)N-, (CF3SO2)(CF3CF2(CF3)CFSO2)N-, (NC)2N-, CF3CO2- and/or (CF3SO2)3C-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of region far from the container is polyethylene terephthalate.
Preferred Definitions:    -O-R-=-(OCFZ1CF2)-, -(OCF2CF2CF2)-, -(OCH2CF2CF2)-, -(OCFZ2)-, -(OCZ32)-, -(CFZ1CF2O)-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)-, -(CH2CF2CF2O)-, -(CFZ2O)- or -(CZ32O)-;    Z1,Z2=H, fluorine or CF3;    Z3=trifluoromethyl;    structural unit (M1)=structural unit derived from ethylenic monomer having region of formula: -D-Rx, preferably at least one structural unit of formulae (1-2,1-3);    Rx=Rx1;    D=same as defined above;and    Ry=basic functional group chosen from amine, imine, enamine, ketimine, azine and/or their salts.    X1,X2,X4,X5=X11;    X3=X13;    n1,n2=0 or 1;and    D,Rx=same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The second metal is nickel, cobalt, iron, tin, indium, palladium, bismuth and/or their alloys. Preferred Method: The second metal layer is applied to the first metal strip by plating. The battery case is heated at least once to heat-treat the polymer layer, optionally to above the melting temperature of the polymer layer, between two forming steps and/or after the last forming step of the battery case. The outer surface of the battery case is provided with an imprint. The polymer layer is removed at a location of contact position by using a laser for enabling electrical contact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic layer is made of a material from steel, stainless steel, or aluminum. The can is made of a metal from steel, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive is made of a material for which an adhesion force is decreased by contact with a solution from xylene, toluene, or methyl ethyl ketone. The first insulating layer is made of a material from nylon or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The second insulating layer is made of cast polypropylene (CPP). The rechargeable battery pack may comprise a voltage generation mechanism for generating a predetermined voltage; the case for positioning the voltage generation mechanism on a surface that has at least one trench formed; the adhesive for gluing the voltage generation mechanism to the surface of the case; and the cover for covering the case. Preferred Method: The solution is adapted to react only with the adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The trench is formed with a predetermined spacing along a longitudinal direction of a surface of the case. It is formed with the predetermined spacing while crossing another trench along both diagonal directions of the surface of the case. It is formed with the predetermined spacing while crossing another trench along the longitudinal and traverse directions of the surface of the case. The trench's depth is 10-90% of the thickness of the case. The adhesive is a double-faced adhesive tape that is coated with any sticky substance from non-woven fabric, acrylic, foam, or film. The sheath is a flexible pouch, or a can. The pouch has a metallic layer. A first insulating layer is formed on a surface of the metallic layer. A second insulating layer is formed on another surface of the metallic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell/bypass diode structure further comprises a metal short connecting a portion of the semiconductor layer to the semiconductor substrate; and back metallization that is common to both the solar cell portion of the semiconductor substrate and to the Schottky diode portion of the semiconductor substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dielectric material layer is comprised of thin film materials having a thickness of ca. 200 Angstrom to 1 microns. The thin film material is silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide or tantalum pentoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dielectric material layer is comprised of thin film materials having a thickness of ca. 200 Angstrom to 1 microns. The thin film material is silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide or tantalum pentoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thin film material is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The membrane is a proton-selective membrane, impermeable to the iron and impermeable to the sacrificial substance. The membrane is selected from membranes based on SPEEK or Nafion, or from commercially available membranes supplied by Asahi Kasei, Eurodia (Neosepta), Sybronchemical and Fuma-Tech. Preferred Compositions: The aqueous cathodic solution has a proton concentration exceeding 10-1 (preferably greater than 1) M. Preferred Process: The aqueous anodic solution is adjusted to a pH less than 2 (preferably less than 1). An inert salt is added to the cathodic chamber. The irradiation is carried out with solar light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inert salt is potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The sacrificial substance is ethanol, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, acetone, benzaldehyde and/or aniline. The sacrificial substance comes from or is contained in a wastewater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inert salt is potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The inner layer of the end face sealing unit is made from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material is lithium-containing complex oxide or carbon material, which occludes-discharges lithium. The coating material mixture further contains an electroconductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode active material is lithium-containing complex oxide or carbon material, which occludes-discharges lithium. The coating material mixture further contains an electroconductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Thickener: The thickener is methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol and/or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell contains 1-6C organic compound (20-70 wt.%) and/or water as fuel. The organic compound is contained in the membrane-electrode composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer has ratio (P) of 0.5-0.99. Preferred Group: The ionic group has structure of formula: -Ar1-W-Ar2- or -Y-E-Y-.Ar1,Ar2=bivalent arylene group;W=electron withdrawing bivalent group;E=bivalent group having aromatic ring;andY=oxygen, sulfur or selenium. EXAMPLE - Potassium carbonate (6.9), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro propane (6.7), 4,4'-(9H-fluorene-9-ylidene) bisphenol (7), 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (4.4) and disodium 3,3'- disulfonate-4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (8.4) were polymerized at 190degreesC in N-methyl-pyrrolidone. The obtained polymer was separated, washed, dried and pulverized. The electrolyte film produced using the polymer had methanol permeability of 12 micronsol.minute-1.cm2 and proton conductivity of 6.3 S.cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (III) comprises: polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) or its derivatives; and polypropylenedioxythiophene (PRODOT) or its derivatives. (II) belongs to the family of semiconductor oxides of type n. The organic semiconductor material comprising 5 layer are polythiophene derivatives (preferably poly-3-alkylthiophene), polypyrrole derivatives (N-substituted polypyrrole), N-substituted polycarbazoles, polyvinylcarbazole, 9,9'-substituted polyfluorenes, poly 1,4-phenylene-vinylene derivatives or a copolymer prepared from pre-cited polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The photo polymerization is carried out by UV radiation. The irradiation is carried out by means of a radiation at a wavelength of 200-400 nm for 5 minutes to 2 hours in free air. (II) is object of a treatment (preferably peroxide treatment) of surface activation carried out before the stage of photo polymerization. The process further comprises rinsing with acetonitrile and water. The coat of semiconductor metallic oxide of type transparent n constitutes the electrode light source. The cell further comprises a material for transporting holes placed between (I) and the counter-electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle oxide layer is a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2), SnO2 or zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conducting thin film is composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (F-doped SnO2). The first conducting substrate is a stainless steel substrate or aluminum substrate. The conducting material is ITO or FTO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle oxide layer is a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2), SnO2 or zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second conducting substrate is a polymer substrate of polyethyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylenenaphthalate or polyethersulfone coated with a conducting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Water repellant properties are provided on two surfaces of the component to provide a water repellent or hydrophobic gradient. The water repellent gradient is provided by fluorized gases such as fluorocarbons such as tetrafluoromethane, chlorofluorocarbons, or ammonium fluoride, hexafluorotungsten, hexafluorosilicide, silicon compounds, silane and siloxane, or organosilanes such as hexamethyldisiloxane, hydrocarbons, and/or styrene. Preferred Parameter: The treatment is carried out under vacuum conditions or at atmospheric pressure by gas mixtures or pure gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A weight ratio of the polybutene relative to a total weight of the blown asphalt and the polybutene in the sealant layer is 0.2-0.5. A weight ratio of a total of the blown asphalt and the polybutene relative to a total of the blown asphalt, polybutene and organic solvent is 0.3-0.7.Preferred Property: The sealant has a viscosity of 50-350 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode is duel air electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode and the cathode comprise a cermet. The cermet comprises yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The YSZ comprises 8 mol.% yttria and 92 mol.% zirconia. The cermet comprises a gadolinium-doped ceria, or a transitional metal such as nickel. The cermet comprises 10-70% YSZ, and 30-90% nickel. The cathode comprises a perovskite such as LaSrMnO3, (LaSr)(CoFe)O3, LaCaMnO3, or (LaCa)(CoFe)O3. The anode comprises metal oxide powders. The transitional metal comprises cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, silver, or tungsten. The wash-coat composition comprises at least two nitrate salts comprising cerium, copper, iron, molybdenum, or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode and the cathode comprise a cermet. The cermet comprises yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The YSZ comprises 8 mol.% yttria and 92 mol.% zirconia. The cermet comprises a gadolinium-doped ceria, or a transitional metal such as nickel. The cermet comprises 10-70% YSZ, and 30-90% nickel. The cathode comprises a perovskite such as LaSrMnO3, (LaSr)(CoFe)O3, LaCaMnO3, or (LaCa)(CoFe)O3. The anode comprises metal oxide powders. The transitional metal comprises cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, silver, or tungsten. The wash-coat composition comprises at least two nitrate salts comprising cerium, copper, iron, molybdenum, or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first fluoropolymer layer is in direct contact with the active side of the photovoltaic layer. The two fluoropolymer layers are co-extruded. The photovoltaic device includes a third fluoropolymer layer overlying the second fluoropolymer layer, or underlying the photovoltaic layer.Preferred Property: The two fluoropolymer layers have optical clarity of greater than or equal to85% light transmission. The second fluoropolymer layer has a melting point of greater than or equal to10 (preferably greater than 220)degreesC higher than a melting point of the first fluoropolymer layer. It has a greater fluorinated percentage than the first fluoropolymer layer.Preferred Method: The applying step involves hot rolling. The heating step involves heating the first polymer film to a temperature less than the melting point of the second layer of the co-extruded fluoropolymer layers. The first layer is applied to overlie the photovoltaic layer closer than the second layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The two fluoropolymer layers comprise tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride (THV) copolymer. They are free of chlorinated fluoropolymer. The third fluoropolymer layer comprises ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), poly chloro-trifluoroethylene (PCTFE), or EFEP (sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shield comprises a tape, a coating integral to the interconnect, a three-dimensional body that presses on the backsides of the first and second backside contact solar cells, and fills a gap between the first and second backside contact solar cells. The interconnect comprises a first strip of interconnect material electrically coupling a first contact point on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell to a first contact point on the backside of the second backside-contact solar cell; a single continuous interconnect having strain relief features; tabs extending from the body of the interconnect to electrically couple contact points on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell, to corresponding contact points on the backside of the second backside contact solar cell. The solar cell module comprises a first protection layer placed over front sides of first and second backside contact solar cells, the first protection layer being configured to allow solar energy to reach the front sides of the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a second protection layer over the first protection layer, and configured to protect from environmental elements, while allowing solar energy to reach the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a third protection layer placed over the interconnect; a back sheet on a side of the third protection layer away from the interconnect. The first and third protection layers comprise polyethylvinylacetate and the second protection layer comprises glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The dielectric substrate comprises a glass substrate or a silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material constituting the spacers comprises silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The grinding step comprises mechanical grinding.Preferred Components: The glue, each chip unit and the dielectric substrate together form at least a sealed chamber (R) such that the photoelectric device is enclosed within the sealed chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material constituting the spacers comprises silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The glue comprises ultraviolet cured plastic, or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbohydrate/ silica nanocomposite is heated at 900degreesC for 4 hours. The silica is removed by contacting the carbon/silica nanocomposite film with dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The thin film is deposited by spin coating the sol-gel composition on the substrate. Preferred Dimension: The film has an average thickness of 0.5-2 microns. Preferred Property: At least 90% of the primary pores have a diameter of 1-3 nm. The film has a specific surface area of 300-3000 m2/g, preferably 2000-3000 m2/g. The film has a specific pore volume of 0.7-1.5 cm3/g, preferably 1-1.5 cm3/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbohydrate/ silica nanocomposite is heated at 900degreesC for 4 hours. The silica is removed by contacting the carbon/silica nanocomposite film with dilute aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The thin film is deposited by spin coating the sol-gel composition on the substrate. Preferred Dimension: The film has an average thickness of 0.5-2 microns. Preferred Property: At least 90% of the primary pores have a diameter of 1-3 nm. The film has a specific surface area of 300-3000 m2/g, preferably 2000-3000 m2/g. The film has a specific pore volume of 0.7-1.5 cm3/g, preferably 1-1.5 cm3/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water soluble carbohydrate is sucrose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polysiloxane gel precursor is formed in situ by heating an acidic, aqueous solution of an orthosilicate at 50-80degreesC for 2-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The handle has a concave side and a convex side. When lying in the plane of the post section, the concave side encircles a portion of the arcuate post section of the clamp. The connecting pin has an intermediate section between the proximal end and the distal end. The intermediate section is smooth. The handle is rotatable axially to position a boss intermediate the pivot pin and the seat. The diameter of the connecting pin is greater than or equal to0.05 inch less than the diameter of the first and second apertures in the first and second legs. The handle is rotatable laterally to a position normal to the plane of the post section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: At least one of the handles, fastener and seat is manufactured from a non-corrosive material, preferably glass-filled nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The frame-like wall is made of resin selected from a group comprising polyolefin-type resin, polyimide type resin, polycarbonate type resin, polyester type resin, polyurethane type resin, polysiloxane type resin, polyamide type resin, AS resin, ABS resin and fluorine type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is benzene ring having benzene rings of hydride, preferably biphenyl or cyclohexyl benzene. The electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate. The cathode contains acetylene black or sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The rubber particle binder (C) is a copolymer of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulation layer is made from any one of polyester resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, fluororesin, chlorine type resin, silicate type resin and silicone denaturation polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The activated carbon is beer yeast charcoal, acrylic fiber charcoal, coconut-husk activated carbon and/or activated carbon of coal. The activated carbon has capability for suppressing generation of hydrogen peroxide. The intermediate layer contains predetermined activated carbon, predetermined electroconductive carbon material and predetermined fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell power generating device is made of resin selected from polyolefin resin, fluororesin, silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of semi-aromatic polyamide fiber in the non-woven fabric is 10-95 mass %. Preferred Fiber: A portion or all of polyolefin fiber is thermally fused and interfiber is adhered.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The non-woven fabric is subjected to corona discharge treatment or atmospheric-pressure plasma electrodischarge treatment before performing graft polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The chemical conversion treatment layer and fluorine resin layer are laminated through primer layer containing modified olefin resin having polar group as a main component. The chemical conversion treatment layer is formed with chemical conversion liquid containing amino phenol polymer, chromic compound and a phosphorus compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive material is a carbon material chosen from carbon black, activated carbon, coke and/or graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water-repellent hydrophobic material contains fluorine material(s) chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The (a)-olefin is 2-12C (a)-olefin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The overcoat layer is formed using acrylic-type resin, urethane-type resin or nylon, preferably acrylic-type resin. The thickness of the multilayer heat-shrink film is 30-80 micrometer. The thickness of the over coat layer is 0.2-2.0 (0.5-1.5) micrometer. The multilayer heat-shrink film was folded so that both ends mutually overlapped, and was formed into a tube so that the over coat layer become outer side in a flat multilayer heat-shrink film. The overlapping part is sealed with solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred property: Each of the matrices has a gaseous porosity of greater than or equal to0.1 microns diameter. Each matrix has a catalytic material:matrix weight ratio of 0.01:0.25, and a catalytic material:particular carbon weight ratio of 0.01:0.25. Each of the first and second matrices comprises 0.1-2 mg catalytic material/g polymer. Each of the catalytic portions comprises greater than or equal to2 mg catalytic material per cm2 polymer.Preferred Component: Each of the current collectors is a metallic conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic material is palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), gold (Au), or silver (Ag).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic conductors are formed of nickel, copper, iron, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic material is palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), gold (Au), or silver (Ag).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is a high density polyethylene. The central membrane is formed of a sulfonic perfluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is packed in a laminated packing component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of urethane oligomer with respect to polyester monomer in the electrolyte is 95:5-60:40. The urethane oligomer is monofunctional or bifunctional oligomer, preferably oligomer of urethane (meth)acrylate. The urethane oligomer is formed by polyaddition polymerization reaction of polyol, aliphatic or alicyclic isocyanate, and hydroxy (meth)acrylate. The polyol is chosen from polyester polyol, polyether polyol and aliphatic polyol. The total content of polyester monomer and urethane oligomer is 1.5-20 mass% with respect to total weight of polymer electrolyte precursor liquid. The polyester monomer is polyester (meth)acrylate. EXAMPLE - An urethane oligomer was formed using hexapropylene glycol and di-cyclohexyl methane diisocyanate as raw material. The obtained urethane oligomer had A value of 0.2. Lithium hexafluoro phosphate (1 M) was dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate/diethylene carbonate in mass ratio of 30/10/60, to obtain electrolyte liquid. The urethane oligomer and polyester monomer (CH2=CR-CO-(O-A-CO)m-O-CH2-CH2-O-(CO-A-O-)m-CO-CR=CH2, where A is C5H10 m is 2 and R is H) were mixed to the obtained electrolyte liquid. Then, t-butyl peroxypivalate (5000 ppm) was added as polymerization initiator, to obtain polymer electrolyte precursor liquid. The obtained precursor liquid was polymerized to form polymer electrolyte. A battery was produced using anode, cathode and obtained polymer electrolyte. The obtained battery had initial-stage capacitance of 652 mAh, capacitance persistence rate of 84% (after preserving in charge state at high temperature), capacitance return rate of 93% and gas evolution amount of 0.9 cc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of the urethane oligomer with respect to polyether monomer is 95:5-40:60. The total content of polyether monomer and urethane oligomer with respect to total weight of polymer electrolyte precursor liquid is 1.5-20 mass%. The battery is packed by laminating the packing material.Preferred Oligomer: The urethane oligomer is obtained by polyaddition polymerization reaction of polyol, isocyanate and hydroxy (meth)acrylate. The urethane oligomer is synthesized using an aliphatic or an alicyclic isocyanate as raw material. The urethane oligomer is urethane methacrylate oligomer having less than three-functional groups.Preferred Polyol: The polyol is chosen from polyester polyol, polyether polyol and aliphatic polyol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The protection elements has synthetic resin material having hardness conforming to JIS-A standards. POLYMER - The resin material of protection elements, consists of olefin type resin, epoxy resin, urethane type resin or nylon type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The platinum alloy contains chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The platinum alloy contains chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The oligomer has number average molecular weight of 100-10000. The polymer has number average molecular weight of 1000-500000. Preferred Method: The oligomer and a compound of formula: CH2=CH(R1)-X are radical polymerized in the presence of radical polymerization initiator to obtain polymer.R1=H or methyl group;andX=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate (in g) (46.44) was added to a separable flask, heated and stirred at 40degreesC. Tertiary butoxy potassium (670 mg) was added in two steps at intervals of 1 hour and the temperature of the reaction liquid was controlled to 40-50degreesC. The stirring and heating was continued at 40degreesC for 2 hours, 50degreesC for 1 hour and heating was completed. Phosphoric acid (1.1) was added and reaction liquid was diluted with methylene chloride (100 ml). The resulting reaction liquid was washed with water for 3 times and methylene chloride was distilled-off, and a colorless and transparent product (37.6) was obtained. The product had oligomer structure of formula (1), and number average molecular weight of 1740 and weight average molecular weight of 5500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic material is made of metals such as palladium (Pd), platinum, (Pt), osmium (Os), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag) and gold (Au). POLYMER - The central membrane is made of high-density polymer, and sulfonic perfluoro polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first wall is electrically insulating. The substrate comprises a first electron-conducting region that allows electricity to pass through the substrate material, the first electron conducting region located in a second wall of each of the first troughs opposed to the first wall. At least one of the troughs is filled with an electrically conductive diffusion medium, which is in electrical contact with electrodes. The substrate constitutes a portion of a wall of the first plenum into which a first reactant may be introduced. It constitutes a portion of the wall separating a first plenum from a second plenum. The ion-conducting region is a proton conducting region. The substrate comprises a flexible dielectric circuit board material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically-conductive diffusion medium comprises conducting material(s) consisting of porous metals, porous carbon paper, porous carbon of other forms, electrically-conducting inks, and/or electrically-conducting powders. The diffusion media comprise porous Teflon, porous polymers, porous non-conductive media formed from inks, or porous non-conductive media formed from powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass, is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The super strong acid group is a free acid chosen from formulae: -G-SO3H, -G-SO2NHSO2-E, -G-PO(OH)2, -G-PO(OH)-E, -G-CONHSO2-E, -G-SO2NHCO-E and -G-CONHCO-E.G = 1-12C alkylene group OR 1-12C alkylene oxy group, having hydrogen atom(s) optionally interrupted by fluorine, 6-10C arylene or 6-10C arylene oxy group having hydrogen atom(s) optionally interrupted by fluorineE = 1-12C alkyl OR 1-12C alkyloxy group, having hydrogen atom(s) optionally interrupted by fluorine, 6-10C arylene or 6-10C arylene oxy group having hydrogen atom(s) optionally interrupted by fluorine    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyarylene consists of aromatic repeating unit of formula (1a or 1b).Z, Z' = direct bond, -O-, -CO-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2, 1-12C alkylene dioxy group or 1-12 C alkoxy group optionally substituted by fluorinek = 0-20a = 0-3b = 0-4c = 0-5R1-R6 = super strong acid group, fluorine, sulfonic acid, 1-12C alkyl, 1-12C alkoxy, 6-10C aryl or aryloxy, or 7-12C aralkyl, optionally substituted by fluorineWhen k is 0 or 1-20, R1-R6 are super strong acid groups.Preferred Property: The polyarylene-type polymer has ion exchange capacity of 0.5-4 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frames are of elastomeric material. O-ring seals are provided on opposite sides of the electrode plates, sealing them to the frames captivating them.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The covering material over the semiconductor enriched insulator, comprises one or both of indium tin oxide and Si3N4. The semiconductor-enriched insulator comprises one or both of silicon-enriched silicon oxide and silicon-enriched silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine compound is nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound having chain alkyl group and pyridine ring. The organic halide is bromomethylbenzene derivative. The chain alkyl group has 8-30, preferably 8-20, carbon atoms. The organic halide has 2-1000,000 halogen atoms per molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The minimum injection interval is 1/75-1/50 of residence time of fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst electrode and counter electrode are electrically conducted via electroconductive porous membrane. The chemical cell has a short circuit line connecting the electrodes, and a bias power supply installed on short circuit line. A bias voltage is applied between photocatalyst electrode and counter electrode. The bias voltage is applied by providing hydrogen ion concentration difference between compartments separated with the proton conductor. The proton conductor is an electrolyte liquid provided inside the porous conductor. The proton conductor is a proton conduction film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film (9) is formed using metal chosen from oxide, nitride, sulfide and carbide of metal used for forming electroconductive porous component, as semiconductor or insulator. The photocatalyst is formed by fusing photocatalyst particle on electroconductive porous component. The photocatalyst is a material having heterogeneous film. The electroconductive porous component is sintered compact of metal microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The ternary alloy film contains IB group periodic element such as silver (in mass%) (40-75), VIIIa group periodic element such as ruthenium or rhodium (0.1-10) excluding palladium, and remaining palladium. The high-temperature hydrogen containing mixed gas comprises hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur compound and water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-oxidizing atmosphere is inert gas atmosphere or zinc chloride gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The orientation control layer is comprised of a silane coupling agent of formula (I), preferably of formula (II).X = group which hydrolysis and produces a hydroxyl group, preferably methylene group;R1-R3 = alkylene chain; andY = substituents of pi-electron conjugated system, and has superficial molecule surface which can be arranged parallel to the substrate surface, preferably aryl group.The photoelectric conversion layer contains a phthalocyanine type molecule, preferably copper phthalocyanine molecule showing diffraction peak (2theta) of 26.6plus minus0.2degrees and 27.5plus minus0.2degrees in thin film X-ray diffraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is 5 to 8-membered ring-like diether, or 5 to 8-membered ring-like diether, cyclic ketone and/or lactone, preferably 5 to 8-membered ring-like diether. The solvent comprises 5-membered ring-like diether and 6-membered ring-like diether, in a weight ratio of 20/80-99/1. The solvent contains cyclic diether (A1), and aromatic hydrocarbon, aromatic ketone, cyclic ketone and/or lactone (A2), in a weight ratio of 30/70-100/0. The solvent is non-halogen-type solvent, or mixed solvent of cyclic diethers. Preferred Properties: The mixed solvent has boiling point (bpS in degreesC) of 90degreesC or more, as define by formula: bpS=~S(bpS/asteriskRn/100), where Rn is weight proportion (in wt.%) of solvent, and ~S is sum total of bpS/asteriskRn/100.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyether imide-type resin comprises aromatic ring-containing repeating unit preferably of formula (2). The concentration of polyether imide-type resin in the composition is 0.1-25 wt.%. The viscosity of the liquid composition is 5-5000 mPa.second at 23degreesC.X,Ar=define above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The odorization agent contains isoprene dimer(s) of formulae (V-VIII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas for combustion is hydrogen or hydrogen and hydrogen storage material or hydrogen supply material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface of the current collection circuit is covered with films made of material selected from titanium, nickel, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, SUS and indium tin oxide (ITO). The current collection circuit is formed by vacuum deposition of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, titanium, nickel and SUS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica in microparticles is 50-90 mass%.Preferred Properties: The silica microparticles have particle diameter of 10-1000 nm. The width of particle size distribution is less than plus minus15% with respect to average particle diameter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (B) having acidic group is polyfunctional acidic compound or monofunctional acidic compound having hydrophobic chain capable of mutually carrying out hydrophobic bonding. The compound (B) is fluorescent compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The repeating unit number of ethylene imine unit of linear polyethylene imine chain is 10-10000. The molar ratio of ethylene imine unit of polymer (A) and acidic group of compound (B) is 10/1-5000/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The device further comprises temperature detector for detecting the temperature of the catalyst in each of the reformers; and unit for determining whether the temperature of the catalyst has reached the reforming-start temperature. The reformers include a reformer having a first heat capacity, and a reformer having a second heat capacity that is greater than the first. The switch control controls the switch so that the reformer that has the first heat capacity is selected. The switch switches among supply passages through which oxygen-containing gas is supplied; and the switch control controls the switch so that the reactant and the oxygen-containing gas are supplied to the reformers before at least one reformer is selected. The switch control operates when the hydrogen generation device is started. The fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane where an electrolyte layer is provided on at least one surface of a hydrogen-permeable metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The component for creating a radiation pattern comprises masks (14), diffractive optical structures, and/or refractive optical structures. The mask comprises phase masks and/or amplitude masks. The template further comprises a gap distance (18) between the surfaces having a size to create a desired pattern and structure of a shaped structure fabricated using the template.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The compression spring has stainless steel wire conforming to Japanese industrial standards (JIS)G4314, JISG4313 and JISG3130 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silicic acid raw material used for the manufacture of the porous material is chosen from quartz, quartz sand, amorphous silicic acid, white carbon, feldspar, pottery stone, glass, whitebait, fly ash, slag and pearlite. Lime raw material chosen from calcined lime and/or slaked lime is used for the manufacture. The acid used for the manufacture is aqueous solution or diluted aqueous solution of inorganic acid, or gaseous carbon dioxide. The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or carbonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is chosen from aqueous solution of organic acid such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, maleic acid, lactic acid and acidic cation exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one of the target is alloy or oxide which consists of indium and gallium, and the remaining is metal or oxide which consists of zinc. The p-layer consists of copper oxide (Cu2O), and is formed in the indium tin oxide board. The n-layer consists of indium, gallium and zinc oxide of amorphous state, and is formed in the p-layer. Alternatively, the p-layer is formed on copper board. The p-layer or n-layer is formed on a polymeric substrate. The solar cell contains indium (in atomic%) (8-67), gallium (1-50), and zinc (8-67) when total of indium, gallium and zinc is set to (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The second outer layer consists essentially of ethylene vinyl acetate having 3-15, preferably 5-12 wt.% white opacifying pigment. The weatherable film is consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, pigmented ionomers, aliphatic urethanes, weatherable grade polyesters, or polyvinyl fluoride, preferably polyvinyl fluoride. The second outer layer is a fluoropolymer bearing a light reflecting coating on its outer surface. The fluoropolymer of the second outer layer is consisting of chlorotrifluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride (CTFE/VDF), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyolefin homopolymers and copolymers. Preferred Properties: The layers are adhesively bonded. The outer layer is adhesively bonded to a middle layer. The first outer layer has a thickness of 15-50 microns. The second outer layer has an optical density of greater than or equal to 1. The mid-layer has a thickness of 10-50, preferably 24 microns. The second outer layer consists essentially of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and has a thickness of 50-200 microns. The second outer layer is greater than or equal to 99% opaque to ultraviolet (UV) light. Preferred Compositions: The EVA comprises 2-33, preferably 2-8 wt.% of vinyl acetate. The middle layer consists essentially of poly(chlorotrifluoro ethylene), polyester film coated on surfaces with polyvinylidene chloride, or polyester film coated on surfaces with liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanotubes consist of boron nitride (BN), tungsten sulfide (WS2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metals comprising the metal substrate have an electrical resistivity of not greater than 9 microohms-cm, and thermal conductivity of at least 90 W/m-K. Preferred Method: Producing of the composite includes cleaning the metal substrate (6); introducing the metal substrate into a furnace (9); heating the metal substrate; contacting the feedstock with the metal substrate to form the nanotubes; and optionally subjecting the metal substrate to air, oxygen or plasma to remove amorphous carbon. The furnace is a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace heated to 500-1200degreesC. Preferred Components: The metal substrate is a metal alloy. The metal substrate comprises metal(s) consisting of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), osmium (Os), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), antimony (Sb), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock is a hydrocarbon feedstock. The nanotubes are carbon nanotubes. The feedstock comprises ethylene, methane, propane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, benzene, toluene or xylene. The nanotubes are single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. They are perpendicularly oriented. They comprise a combination of carbon and inorganic nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The battery electrode optionally comprises a polymer binder. The polymer binder is poly(vinylidene fluoride) or its co-polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dilution chamber consists of resin such as polyethylene (PE), high density PE (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), nylon and polystyrene (PS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The laser beam interrupting liquid (L) is water or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solid material contains a clathrate compound. Preferred Fuel: The fuel used by the fuel cell is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent base material is plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen storage property metals are Pd group metal and Au group metal, or Pt group metal. The metal oxide semiconductor is made of TiO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element is calcium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium, gadolinium, tantalum, cesium, barium, bismuth, vanadium, chromium, manganese or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The transparent conductive layer has surface tension preferably of 65 mN/m or more. Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester of formula (I or II).A=group of formula (II-a or II-b);R1,R2=univalent hydrocarbon residue;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester film contains ultraviolet absorber (0.05-30 wt.%). The laminated film further has a reflection prevention layer provided on reverse side of the transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of photocatalyst particles and latex particles in the film, is 1:1-1:3. EXAMPLE - Titanium-oxide photocatalyst particles (33 wt.%) having average particle diameter of 10 nm was mixed with polystyrene group latex (67 wt.%) having average particle diameter of 500 nm. Then, sodium hydroxide was added and pH was adjusted to 10. A glass substrate was immersed into the obtained liquid mixture, and a coating film of thickness 10 microns was formed on glass substrate by dip coat method. The glass substrate was then heat-processed at 450degreesC and latex was disappeared by vaporization, to obtain a photocatalyst film containing photocatalyst particles having large surface area. The obtained photocatalyst film had regularly arranged pores, when observed by scanning electron microscope. The photocatalyst film had excellent photocatalytic ability with respect to exhaust gas of diesel engine vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene modified substance contains functional group chosen from ester, imino, alkyl, aralkyl and thiophenyl group. The heterocyclic polymer and fullerene modified substance contain alkyl group having at least one carbon atom, as functional group. The solid layer contains 40-70 wt.% of fullerene modified substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The heterocyclic polymer is of formula (2).R1-R4=alkyl or cycloalkyl group.Preferred Property: The solid layer has film thickness of 100-500 nm. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=alkyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion material is a polymeric material of weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The photoelectric conversion layer is an electron-hole transport layer containing electron donating conductive polymer and electron accepting conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: Metal oxide (I) is chosen from fluorine doped tin oxide, tin oxide (SnO2), indium-zincic acid compound (IZO), zinc oxide, antimony doped tin oxide (ATO), fluorine doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide and gallium doped zinc oxide. Metal oxide (II) is indium tin oxide (ITO). The base material is resin-made film base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide is selected from indium tin oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide and zinc oxide. The substrate is glass, metal oxide covered glass, silicon or quartz. Deposition of the solution is performed using nitrogen or argon as carrier gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is water and comprises alcohol. The alcohol is selected from propanol, isopropanol, ethanol and methanol. The solution further contains thiourea and urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alloy is chosen from yttrium-barium-copper, lanthanum-strontium-cobalt, lanthanum-strontium-chromium, lanthanum-strontium-vanadium, lanthanum-calcium-manganese, lanthanum-strontium-manganese, lanthanum-neodymium-nickel, titanium-tantalum, titanium-niobium, titanium-vanadium, titanium-tungsten, titanium-molybdenum, titanium-zirconium-tantalum, titanium-zirconium-niobium, chromium-tantalum, chromium-niobium, chromium-titanium, chromium-zirconium, strontium-vanadium, nickel-lithium, copper-titanium, copper-iron, copper-manganese, copper-aluminum, copper-silicon, tin-antimony and/or tin-indium, preferably titanium-tantalum, titanium-niobium, lanthanum-strontium-cobalt, lanthanum-strontium-chromium. The metal oxide is of formula: Ti+3xTi+4(1-x)Nb+5xO2 and Ti+3xTi+4(1-x)Ta+5xO2, where x is 0.01-0.03.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reforming is partial oxidation, auto-thermal, steam reforming, plasma reforming, super critical reforming, cracking and/or dry reforming. The partial oxidation involves the use of precious group metal-based catalyst. (M1) Involves reducing sulfur to at least 20 ppb before reacting catalytically the synthesis gas to produce desired reagents. (P1) Further involves separating and removing any gas present in the reagent prior to introducing the reagent into the combustion process. Preferred Components: The reagent comprises a mixture of dimethyl ether to methanol in a molar ratio of approximately 4:1 - 8:1. The additives are sulfur or detergent compounds having a partial pressure less than first component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Container: The cartridge container is formed of crystalline resin or transparent resin, or with a composite material obtained by blending several thermoplastic resins. The liquid fuel is methanol aqueous solution or liquid methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion is iodide ion or bromide ion. The molecule is iodine or bromine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The neutralization salt type ionic liquid is chosen from 6 specific claimed compounds chosen from compounds of formulae (1-6), such as compound of formula (1) and compound of formula (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The transition metal compound is a compound of at least one type chosen from tetravalent titanium, tetravalent zirconium, pentavalent niobium, pentavalent tantalum and hexavalent tungsten. The metallic compound is a compound of at least one type chosen from divalent zinc, trivalent gallium, trivalent indium, tetravalent germanium, tetravalent tin and pentavalent antimony. Preferred Method: The silicone modified photocatalyst is obtained by performing light irradiation and/or heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflective film of lens is made of material selected from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, titanic acid lanthanum, tantalum oxide and niobium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyaryl ketone resin is polyether ether ketone. The fluororesin is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and/or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer. The fluororesin is in the form of a micro powder having average particle diameter of 0.1-15 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum-nitride powder (A) in resin composition, is 5-95 wt.%. The non-silicone-type synthetic-resin (B) is chosen from polyimide resin, polyether ketone resin, epoxy resin, polyolefin resin, polyphenylene-oxide resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyamide resin, urethane resin, phenol resin and/or polyether sulfone resin. EXAMPLE - Aluminum-nitride powder (226.4 g) having average particle diameter of 15 microns, porosity of 0.1% and sphericity degree of 0.96 was added into a container containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (566 g), and dispersed. Then, 1,3-bis(3-amino phenoxy)benzene (29.2 g) was added and stirred under room temperature and nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid-dianhydride (30.9 g) was added, and stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour. Subsequently, phthalic anhydride (0.4434 g) was added at 50degreesC and further stirred at 50degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain resin composition containing aluminum-nitride and polyamic acid. The obtained composition was applied to glass plate and imidated at 250degreesC. The obtained aluminum-nitride-containing polyimide film was peeled from glass plate. The obtained film had thickness of 40 microns, and heat conductivity of 4.4 W/m.K as measured by hot desk method. The flexible printed substrate formed using the resin film had adhesive strength of 0.9 kg/cm, and excellent bending performance without peeling of insulation-film layer and fracture of copper foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The composition comprises 70-85 wt.% electrically conductive silver powder, 2-16 wt.% zinc-containing additive, and 0.5-4 wt.% glass frit.Preferred Materials: The zinc-containing additive is zinc oxide. The composition further comprises an additional metal/metal oxide additive selected from (a) zinc, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, or chromium; (b) a metal oxide of metals selected from gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, or zinc; and/or (c) any compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing. The insulating film is silicon nitride film, titanium oxide film, SiNx:H film, silicon oxide film or silicon oxide/titanium oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Properties: The electrochromic device has an optical density of 0.2 or less at a wavelength of 400 nm in a decolored state. The atom having the lone electron pair has an energy level of -11 eV or more and an electric charge of -0.40 or less. A mean value of an optical density at 400-500 nm, 500-600 nm and 600-700 nm, are all 0.1 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Atom having lone electron pair is nitrogen or oxygen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (A) has at least one portion absorbed on the surface of the semiconductor, and is heterocyclic compound. Compound (A) is preferably 5 or 6-membered ring compound having nitrogen or oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reformer is an on-board reformer. The oxygen storage device is disposed in fluid communication with an oxygen source (preferably exhaust gas recycle and/or atmospheric air).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The porous layer contains a metal element same as the metal element which the metal oxide constituting the first electrode layer has. It is patterned. A dye sensitizer is absorbed on a surface of the fine particle of a metal oxide semiconductor contained in the porous layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The base material is a resinous film base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first and second substrates are made of glass. The transparent conductive layer is made of conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The absorption layer is made of a light-absorption material of TiO2-xNx:In. The metal electrode is made of titanium nitride. The first and second anti-reflection layers are silicon quantum-dot films of silicon nitride having anti-reflection and light-concentrating. Preferred Properties: The absorption layer has a wavelength range of absorption of 300-1500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first and second substrates may be made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process comprises a fuel reforming process of fuel cell-powered vehicles applications, a fuel reforming process of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a hydrogen station process, or a petrochemical process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Copper is supported from 0-10 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Nickel is supported from 20-70 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Platinum is supported from 0.2-1 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Copper is supported from 0-10 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Nickel is supported from 20-70 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Platinum is supported from 0.2-1 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-rich gases is a syngas obtained from reforming of a liquid fuel, e.g. naphtha, gasoline and diesel; a gaseous fuel, e.g. liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methane, ethane, propane and butane; or a solid fuel. EXAMPLE - A 0.5 g catalyst (5 wt.% platinum/cerium oxide) was charged in the catalyst layer of a fixed bed reactor. Reduction was performed for 1 hour at 500degreesC while flowing an argon mixture gas containing hydrogen of 5% at a rate of 40 cc/min. Water gas shift reaction was performed at 300degreesC. Carbon monoxide conversion was 90.4%. Moisture included in the reaction product was removed using the water trap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent used for desulfurization consists of zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component carrying oxide. The desulfurizing agent containing zeolite contains one or more type of metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline-earth metal component and rare-earth metal component with zeolite. The zeolite has beta (BEA) and/or faujasite (FAU) structure. The desulfurizing agent which consists of one or more type chosen from metallic element, metal oxide and metal component carrying oxide contains one or more type of metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, silicon component, aluminum component, alkali metal component, alkaline-earth metal component and rare-earth metal component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The sulfur concentration of methyl mercaptan is 2 mass ppm or less. The total sulfur concentration is 7 mass ppm or less, preferably 5 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The desulfurizing agent used for desulfurization contains zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide or metal component supporting oxide. The zeolite contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal element. The zeolite has beta and/or faujasite structure. The metallic element, metal oxide or metal component supporting oxide contains the metal component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur concentration of the sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less. The total sulfur concentration of the sulfur compound having sulfur concentration of 1 mass ppm or less, is 7 mass ppm or less, preferably 5 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The co-catalyst powder is arranged at the core, and the platinum-catalyst powder is arranged at the surface(s) of the shell. The content of platinum atom with respect to the entire quantity of the platinum-catalyst powder is 0.2-3 mass%.Preferred Material: The shell contains a metal oxide, preferably alumina particles having an average particle diameter of 10-40 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is zinc oxide, and the metal salt is zinc salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The template compound is a dye compound having electrochemical reducibility and having anchor groups such as carboxyl, sulfonic acid or phosphoric acid group. The dye compound consists of eosin Y (C20H6Br4Na2O5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The container is made of chloroethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polypropylene, acryl, polyethylene terephthalate, glass fiber reinforced plastic, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The amphiphilic material is non-ionic surfactant or fluorochemical surfactant. The hole extraction layer contains resin component and low molecular weight compound having unpaired electron containing nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition contains piperidine or its derivative(s), and a phenolic compound in the molar ratio of 1:1 in a base chosen from water, alcohol, glycols and/or glycol ethers. 0.001-20 wt.pts of piperidine or its derivative(s) is contained with respect to 100 wt.pts of the base. Preferred Definitions:    hydrocarbon group = saturated fat group hydrocarbon, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, alicyclic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon;and    heteroatom of heterocyclic group = oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and/or phosphorus, preferably nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteroatom in amino alcohols or aminophenols is nitrogen. The number of nitrogen atom in amino alcohol or aminophenol is 1-3. The carbon number of atom group bonded with nitrogen atom of amino alcohol or aminophenol is 20 or less. The atom group bonded with nitrogen atom of amino alcohols or aminophenol is (un)saturated chain hydrocarbon, preferably cyclic hydrocarbon. The amino alcohol or aminophenol is contained in a base which consists of water, alcohol, glycols and/or glycol ethers. The coolant composition contains amino alcohol or aminophenol (0.001-20 wt.pts), with respect to the base (100 wt.pts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of desulfurizing agent in later-stage desulfurizer with respect to desulfurizing agent in front-stage desulfurizer is 0.2-2. The sulfur-content absorption amount per 1 kW of fuel cell outputs in front-stage desulfurizer is 2 g or more and in later-stage desulfurizer is 0.5 g or more. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent is capable of adsorbing carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide. The desulfurizing agent contains zeolite, and metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide. The zeolite has faujasite structure and/or beta-structure. The desulfurizing agent containing zeolite, contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, iron component, manganese component, cobalt component, alkali-metal component, alkaline earth metal and rare-earth metal component, with zeolite. Similarly, the desulfurizing agent containing metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide, contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, iron component, manganese component, cobalt component, alkali-metal component, aluminum component, silicon component, alkaline earth metal and rare-earth metal component, with metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide. Preferred Process: The modification is steam modification, partial-oxidation modification, or auto thermal modification. Catalyst used for modification is ruthenium-type catalyst or nickel-type catalyst. The support component of the catalyst used for modification contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The excellent solubility polymer is polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The powder-form hydrogen storage material consists of carbon. Preferred Membrane: The selective transmissive membrane has a catalyst layer containing platinum, rhodium and/or their alloys on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxide used as catalyst support, is thermally sprayed to metal surface. The substance which consists of organic substance in the formed thermally-sprayed film, is subjected to burning, and a hole is formed. The catalyst metal is supported on the thermally-sprayed film formed as porous oxidizing layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The outer tube, inner tube, extraction tube, and sublimation tube are made of transparent materials, such as Pyrex (RTM: borosilicate glass), quartz, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic compounds are polycyclic aromatic compound and chelate-complex compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The gas space velocity is 200-900 h-1, preferably 300-600 h-1. Ruthenium nitrate is used and ruthenium is supported on the fire-proof support. Preferred Support: The fire-proof oxide support is at least one type chosen from alumina, titania, silica, zirconia and ceria, preferably alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen diffusion material is selected from titanium-manganese alloy, titanium-chromium alloy, titanium-iron alloy, titanium, vanadium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support further contains alumina. The noble metal is ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The modification system of the raw material and mineral fuel is partial oxidizing method, self thermal reforming method, water vapor reforming method or carbon dioxide reforming method.Preferred Composition: The raw material and mineral fuel are kerosene, naphtha or liquefied petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer for photoelectric conversion between the electrode layers contains amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pH of the water is maintained at less than 7. The water is mixed with a catalyst. The hydrogenated compound is obtained by mixing a powder of the hydrogenated compound with drops of the oily substance, and then forming a solid block. The hydrogenated compound and the oily substance are separated before any hydrogen production reaction, and placed in contact at a beginning of a hydrogen production reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogenated compound is calcium hydride, magnesium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, or magnesium borohydride. The catalyst comprises cobalt salt comprising cobalt chloride, or a ruthenium salt comprising K2RuCl5 or ruthenium (V) chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oily substance is silicone oil, a petroleum oil, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil, or preferably vaseline oil. The water comprises an antifreeze including alcohol or a polyalcohol. The antifreeze includes ethanol, methanol, or 1,2-ethanediol. The antifreeze is present in the water in a proportion of approximately 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The wax (B) is polypropylene and/or polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin (A) is olefin resin, rubber-type resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin, and/or silicone resin. The adhesive providing resin (C) is petroleum-type resin, terpene-type resin and/or rosin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluorescent material (B) contains rare earth metal complex such as terbium complex or europium complex. The redox electrolyte in the solar cell contains iodide ion and triiodide ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is a methanol aqueous solution or liquid methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel-concentration adjusting layer comprises a polymeric swelling layer which contains 2 or more of hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, sulfone group, and ether group. The hydrophobic porous film contains PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The sodium sulfonate compound of formula (I) is reacted in the presence of tin chloride and hydrochloric acid, and sulfonated aromatic polyimide compound of formula (II) is obtained. Preferred Compound: The sulfonated aromatic polyimide contains structural units of formulae (1,18). The ratio of structural units of formulae (1,18) is 10-90:90-10.Ar,X-Z=same as defined above;andAr1=bivalent aromatic group which does not have sulfonic acid group whose 2-100% is substituted by trivalent aromatic group which have cross-linked structure and does have sulfonic acid group. Preferred Definitions:    Z=at least one group of formulae (2a,2b);    l=0-2;    P=15 claimed sulfonic acid group such as group of formulae (3,4), preferably polyphenylene oxide chain or polyphenylene sulfide chain substituted with sulfonic acid group;    n=1-2;    Q=aromatic ring bonded directly, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -CO-, -CH2-, -CF2- or -C(CF3)2-;and    m=1-20.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-amino-2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)-phenyl)ether (BASBPE) (in g) (2.272) and trimethyl amine (1.6 ml) were dissolved in m-cresol (18 ml). Subsequently, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (NTDA) (1.072) and benzoic acid (0.68) were added and stirred at 80degreesC for 4 hours, and then in nitrogen gas atmosphere at 180degreesC for 20 hours. After cooling, m-cresol (10 ml) was added and polymerization reaction was performed. The solid precipitated was separated, dried and NTDA-BASBPE sulfonated polyimide of formula (III) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: Polybenzazole ester having repeating unit of formula (1) is obtained by carrying out polycondensation of amine component of formula (4) or its derivative and carboxylic acid component of formula (5): HO2C-L1-O-C(=O)-L2-C(=O)-O-L3-CO2H or its derivative.X,A,L1,L2=same as defined above;andR=H or protecting group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of polybenzazole ester is 250degreesC or more. The transmittance of the film having thickness of 20 microns in 400 nm is 60% or more. Preferred Film: The film has a gas barrier layer or a transparent conductive layer laminated at its surface(s). EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Diamino-4,4'-diisopropoxy biphenyl (in g) (30), bis(4-carboxy phenyl) terephthalate (40.6), triphenyl phosphite (68.3), lithium chloride (4.2), pyridine (50 ml) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (300 ml) were heat-stirred at 100degreesC for 8 hours. Partial reaction liquid was flow-spread on glass substrate, and dried at 100degreesC for 1 hour. The obtained layer was peeled from glass substrate, washed with water and methanol, and dried to obtain polybenzoxazole precursor film. The obtained film was heated at 350degreesC for 1 hour in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain film sample of polymer (P-3). The obtained film sample had film thickness of 58 microns, line thermal expansion coefficient of 22 ppm/K, and transmittance of 70% in film thickness conversion of 20 microns in 400 nm. The obtained film was used for forming an organic electroluminescent element. The obtained electroluminescent element had high display quality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The dehydrogenation catalyst is activated carbon which carried metallic element. The metallic element is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, potassium and/or barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydride: A hydride is chosen from cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl decalin, di-cyclohexyl, tetra-deca hydroanthracene, ammonia, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film having beta-iron disilicide seed crystal is a thin film containing iron disilicide amorphous phase and beta-iron disilicide crystal phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filter contains nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonia, amine, imides, amide and urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate product includes formaldehyde, formic acid and methyl formate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of methanol and organic compound in the liquid mixture or 0.1-99.5 wt.% and 0.01-20 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Form aldoxime trimer (in g) (0.2) having molecular weight of 135 was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml). Then, metallic sodium (0.1) having molecular weight of 23 was added and hydrogen gas was generated. Further, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (0.25) having molecular weight of 177 was added and stirred for 2 hours. The precipitate was produced by adding acetone (30 ml), after completion of reaction. The precipitate was collected, centrifuged for 20 minutes and deposit was cleaned. The solid-state compound obtained was air-dried and compound of formula (A) (antifoamer) was obtained. The compound of formula (A) (0.03 wt.pts) was dissolved in liquid mixture containing methanol (10) and water (89.97) and fuel was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rear cladding of the solar panel can be a film of polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel tank and the cleaning liquid tank are alternately and detachably disposed on the circulating pipeline. The fuel tank is integrated with the cleaning liquid tank. The cleaning liquid tank is connected to the circulating pipeline through a bypass pipeline having a switching valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The cleaning liquid contains a composition in which cyclic organic compound is dissolved in a water-soluble organic solvent and water. The cleaning liquid contains cyclic organic compound (0.01 to 20 wt.%) and water-soluble organic solvent (0.5 to 30 wt.%). Preferred Solvent: The water-soluble organic solvent is chosen from methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-8C alkyl chain;and    n=2-20.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The cyclic organic compound is 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent resin contains an epoxy resin as a main component. The doctor blade is formed using plastics. The fiber cloth is glass cloth or glass paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin consists of polyamide-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyvinyl fluoride resin, polyethylene terephalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The middle seal structure comprises polyolefin type material such as thermosetting polyisobutylene type material as a main component. The adhesive material contain carboxy group or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mirror is made of material e.g. magnesium (Mg)-nickel (Ni) alloy, compound containing Mg and Ni, or compound containing lanthanum (La) and yttrium (Y).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, stannic oxide, tantalum pent-oxide, niobium pent-oxide, molybdenum dioxide, iridium dioxide, ruthenium dioxide, metastable oxynitride, nonstoichiometric metal oxide and oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide layer comprises at least one of SiO2, HfO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, SnO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, MOO2, IrO2, RuO2, metastable oxynitrides, nonstoichiometeric metal oxides, oxynitrides and their mixtures. The plate material is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and a polymer-composite based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-metallic dopant also comprises nitrogen. Preferred Composition: The nanoparticles comprise 0.1-15% (preferably 1-10) of the non-metallic dopant. Preferred Parameter: An average diameter of the nanoparticles is 0.1-1000 (preferably 1-200) nm. The nanoparticles absorb visible light having a wavelength of greater than or equal to390 (preferably greater than or equal to550) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles further comprise a metal cap on a portion of an outer surface. The metal cap comprises a transition group metal consisting of ruthenium, rhodium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, gold, and/or silver. The nanoparticles further comprise a metallic dopant, which is a transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water vapor shielding layer is formed of metal oxide. The heat ray shielding layer is metal layer containing gold, silver, copper or their alloys, and is laminated with a thin film dielectric layer containing titania, tantalum pentaoxide, zirconia, tin oxide (SnO2), silicon oxide (SiO), silica (SiO2) indium oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The UV ray shielding layer has a resin layer containing acrylic resin having benzophenone or benzotriazole structure in the side chain, or polyester film containing cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber. The water vapor shielding layer is laminated with a resin layer having a siloxane bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) resin, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) resin, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) resin, ionomer resin, polyester resin,urethane resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Laminate: A silicon solar cell is inserted through ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin with the surface protective film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film is a polyester film which contains a cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber in polyester, or polyester film having layer containing acrylic resin which has benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in side chain, provided at the surface. The surface layer at which the water-vapor shielding layer is provided is a resin layer having siloxane bond, and having pencil surface hardness of more than 3H. The layer having water-vapor shielding capability is formed from a metal oxide and has a film thickness of 50-500 nm. Preferred Method: The easily bonding layer is provided at both surfaces of the polyester film, and subsequently, the water-vapor shielding layer is provided at a surface. Preferred Properties: The surface roughness of the surface having water-vapor shielding layer and maximum protrusion height is 5 nm or less and 50 nm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The rhodium porphyrin is supported on an electroconductive support such as carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound is sulfur dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin layer further contains ultraviolet absorber, light stabilizer and antioxidant. An inorganic oxide vapor deposited film (2) having thickness of 50-4000 Angstrom is formed on the surface of base film and the resin layer is formed on the vapor deposited film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fracture strength of the surface protection sheet after leaving at 85degreesC and 85% moisture-and-heat accelerator test conditions for 200 hours and after carrying out ten cycles at -40degreesC and maintaining for 1 hour after the accelerator test, is 50-120% of the initial value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains a cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber.The ultraviolet ray shielding layer contains an acrylic resin which has benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in its side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal-oxide film has crystallinity.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The complex oxide is copper complex oxide (CuFe2O4, CuAl2O4 and CuCrO2).    EXAMPLE - Cupric oxide powder and ferric oxide powder were mixed and baked at 1000degreesC in air to form copper complex (CuFe2O4) having spinel type structure. The obtained oxide was reduced at 300degreesC in hydrogen atmosphere to form complex oxide catalyst having high catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrical conductivity material contains crystal structure of tin-type alpha-tungstic acid (alpha-stannous tungstate). The electrical conductivity material is either n-type or p-type material. The electrical conductivity material is film shaped, is obtained by heat processing in gas containing hydrogen, after film-forming the electrical conductivity material. Preferred Composition: The total content of tin, tungsten and oxygen in electrical conductivity material is 70 atomic% or more. The electrical conductivity material satisfies the relation: (x+y)x1.5greater than or equal toZless than or equal to(x+y)x2.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: An oxidizing agent (5) is further added to the molten silicon along with the slag. The oxidizing agent is a material comprising sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, their hydrates, magnesium hydrate and/or calcium hydrate as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal element or alkaline-earth metal used in the oxidizing agent, comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and/or barium. The oxidizing agent comprises sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, hydrates of the mentioned carbonates, magnesium hydrate and/or calcium hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidizing agent is alkali metal carbonate, hydrate of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal carbonate, alkaline-earth metal carbonate, hydrate of alkaline-earth metal carbonate and/or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrates include lanthanum hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, iron oxide hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide hydroxide, or cobalt hydroxide.The metallic salts include carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, ammonium salts, chlorides, organic salts or alkoxides.The oxides include magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, lanthanum oxide, nickel oxide or cobalt oxide.Preferred Composition: The content of the metallic salts in the solution is selected so that the content of the oxides is 0.02-10 wt.% compared with TiO2.Preferred Method: The hydrates are formed at 5-90degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrochromic device further comprises redox buffer, electrochromic window and electrochromic mirror. The substrate (114) is plated with a reflective material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is oxide of chromium, hafnium, indium, iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+), molybdenum, nickel, niobium, silver, strontium, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, zirconium and/or perovskite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The redox chromophore comprises a cathodic material, viologen containing isocyanate, silane or siloxane attachment promoting moiety, or anodic material, preferably compound of formula (I), more preferably compounds of formulae (II,III).X=charge balancing ion; andR1-R10=H, hydroxyl group, isocyanate, straight or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, 1-50C alkynyl group, silyl or siloxyl group containing 1-50 silicon atom(s).At least one of R1-R10 comprises isocyanate, silane or siloxane attachment promoting moiety. EXAMPLE - 1-Methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium iodide (in g) (2.5) was added to anhydrous acetonitrile (20 ml) and heated. 3-bromo-1-propanol (1.2) in anhydrous acetonitrile (10 ml) was further added and the mixture was refluxed for 4 hours. The mixture was cooled and the precipitated red solid was separated and re-dissolved in water/ethanol. Ammonium hexafluorophosphate (5) in water was added and a white solid was separated. The white solid (1) was dissolved in dry acetonitrile (10 ml) and cooled in ice bath. Chlorocarbonyl isocyanate (3 ml) in anhydrous acetonitrile (10 ml) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 30 minutes. The crude product was separated to obtain redox chromophore of formula (1). The nanocrystalline film containing the obtained compound produced electrochemical device having improved electrochemical performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of platinum and ruthenium in the catalyst is 40:60-90:10. The content of metal (X) is 2-50 at.%.Preferred Property: The particle size of the catalyst is less than 5 nm, preferably 1-3 nm.Preferred Support: The carbon support is a non-porous carbon support having a specific surface area of 300 m2/g or less, preferably 20-140 m2/g. The carbon support is acetylene black or a multi-walled carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The molybdenum component is supported after supporting the metal component to metallosilicate. Alternately, the metal component is supported to the metallosilicate, after supporting the molybdenum component. The solution concentration of metal component which is provided when supporting the molybdenum component and metal component separately to metallosilicate is 0.01-0.2 mol/l as a metal salt concentration. The metal component is iron-group element. The iron-group element is iron, cobalt or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber. Easily bonding layer is laminated on both surfaces of the polyester film. The layer having ultraviolet ray absorptivity is a layer containing acrylic resin having benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in side chain. Preferred Properties: The layer with water vapor shielding property has film thickness of 50-500 nm and water vapor shieldability of 1 g/(m2.24 hour) or less and is formed from metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene terephthalate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62 was melt extruded and cooled. The obtained unstretched film was extended longitudinally 3.3 times at 100degreesC to obtain a base film. Oxazoline group-containing polymer (A) comprising methyl methacrylate (in mol%) (30), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (30), polyethylene oxide methacrylate (10) and acrylamide (30), terephthalic acid (80), isophthalic acid (15), 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid (5), silica particles, copolyester comprising ethylene glycol (60) and diethylene glycol (40) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, were mixed to obtain a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on both surfaces of the base film, and dried at 95degreesC. The obtained film was extended transversely 3.6 times at 110degreesC, to form easily bonding layer having thickness of 0.05 microns. UV-G101 (RTM: acrylic resin having benzotriazole structure) was applied on the surface of the obtained film, to form layer (P) having ultraviolet ray absorptivity. Silicon oxide film as layer with water vapor shielding property having thickness of 100 nm was formed on layer (P) so a surface protection film was obtained. The surface protection film had water vapor shieldability of 0.3 g/m2.24 hour, excellent ultraviolet ray shielding property and adhesion with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Solar cell laminated component produced using the surface protection film had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarbonate resin has chlorine content of 2 ppm or less. The protection sheet has at least two layers of layer containing polycarbonate resin, formed on both surfaces of the layer consisting of cyclic olefin (co)polymer. At least one surface of the outermost layer of the protection sheet is coated with ultraviolet curable resin and/or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nucleating agent is sorbitol group nucleating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin further contains polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises polyamide, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide polyether-sulfone, polystyrene or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid is imidazolinium salt, and has polymerizable group. The ionic liquid is compound of formula (1).X-=bromine ion, PF6- or (CF3SO2)2N-;andn=1-100. EXAMPLE - Poly 3-hexyl thiophene 2,5-diyl, polyfluorene derivative and nanotube were dissolved in chloroform at weight ratio of 10:20:1, such that the concentration is adjusted to 0.1 wt.%. Nitrogen-containing compound of formula (I) and polymerization initiator having vinyl group as polymerizable group were added to the obtained solution, and stirred. Supernatant liquid of the obtained solution was filtered to obtain coating liquid. The obtained coating liquid was spin coated on hole extraction layer formed on substrate, and dry-cured at 110degreesC for 2 hours to form photoelectric-conversion layer having film thickness of 50 nm. An organic thin-film solar cell having electrode layers, the hole extraction layer and the photoelectric-conversion layer was formed, and had energy-conversion efficiency of 1.3%. The organic thin-film solar cell had favorable smoothness of photoelectric-conversion layer at the time of film formation, and dispersibility of organic-semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substance which exhibits electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics reversibly is salt which melts at normal temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer is solid electrolyte containing polymeric matrix and ionic conductive film containing substance which exhibits electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics reversibly.Preferred Component: The polymeric matrix is polyvinylidene-fluoride type polymer compound having carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal salt is titanium oxide. The formed metal oxide cluster is titanium oxide cluster. The complex formation is carried out so that shift of isosbestic point in ultraviolet visible light absorption spectrum is confirmed. EXAMPLE - Chloroform/acetonitrile (1/1) solution of phenyl azomethine dendrimer, was mixed with 30 equivalents of titanium complex of formula: Ti(acac)Cl3. The solution was stirred overnight in presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid, and reacted with water content in presence of air. Uniform solution of microparticles of titania cluster having size of 5 nm or less, was produced. The titania cluster was used to form solar cell photoelectrode having improved conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst is obtained by carbonizing metallosilicate carrying metal component of molybdenum and platinum group, using a reducing gas. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is gas containing lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The platinum group element is ruthenium or rhodium. Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst is obtained by carbonizing metallosilicate carrying metal component of molybdenum and platinum group, using a reducing gas. Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is gas containing lower hydrocarbon and hydrogen, hydrogen gas or ammonia gas. EXAMPLE - Catalyst (14 g) containing ruthenium and molybdenum supported on ZSM-5 type zeolite was filled in a reaction tube of a reactor. Mixed gas containing methane, argon and hydrogen was supplied in the reactor, and was reacted with catalyst at 0.3 MPa and 750degreesC for 10 hours. Hydrogen and aromatic compound were produced stably.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains nickel (in mass%) (40-90), copper (0.01-40) and silicon (50 or less) as silica equivalent amount. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygenous raw hydrocarbon is modified by steam reforming, partial-oxidation modification or auto thermal modification, using ruthenium type catalyst or nickel type catalyst, as modification catalyst. Preferred Catalyst: The support component of the modification catalyst contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon raw material and/or oxygenous raw hydrocarbon is chosen from kerosene, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, natural gas and dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (in g) (360.1) and copper sulfate pentahydrate (85.2) were dissolved in ion exchange water (3 l) and heated to 80degreesC, to obtain a liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (300.09) dissolved in ion exchange water (3 l) and heated to 80degreesC. Water glass (135.5) was added, and a liquid (B) was obtained. The liquid (A) and liquid (B) were mixed at 80degreesC, and the obtained precipitate was washed using ion exchange water (100 l). The obtained product was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours, and ground. The obtained ground material having average particle diameter of 0.8 mm was baked at 350degreesC for 3 hours, and a desulfurizing agent was obtained. The obtained desulfurizing agent contained nickel (in mass%) (60), copper (15) and silicon (25). The desulfurizing agent had bulk density of 1.25 g/cm3, pore volume of 0.310 ml/g, micropore surface area of 234 m2/g and external surface area of 75 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A charge of coke is loaded into the tower. The coke is ignited and air is injected through the disc's first the nozzle until the coke has achieved greater than or equal to800degreesC when steam is injected through the second nozzle, reducing the hot coke into hydrogen and carbon monoxide that exits into output pipes in the tower, with the injection disc's rotation providing a constantly renewed air injection and steam injection to maintain correct reducing temperature and maximizing gas production in the tower. The gas generator and reactor producing alcohol has a rotating gas injector disc with a first air injection nozzle, and a second steam injector nozzle alternately but continuously injecting air and steam into a tower containing a hot bed of coke, providing a constantly renewed air and steam injection, reducing the coke to hydrogen and carbon monoxide and further reacting the gases into methyl alcohol in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst. The first nozzle is circumscribing 180degrees on the upper part of the disc. The second nozzle is circumscribing the other 180degrees on the lower part of the disc. The 360degrees can be split into different angles for the first and second nozzles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide is chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Twenty-two specific heterocyclic compounds of formula (I), such as compound of formula (A-2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Aerosil P-25 (RTM: titanium oxide) (in g) (2), acetylacetone (0.2), Triton-X-100 (RTM: surface active agent) (0.3) and water (6.5) were dispersed for 6 hours. Concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml) and ethanol (0.4 ml) were mixed with polyethylene glycol (1.2), and resulting solution was added to dispersion liquid (4) to produce a paste. The paste was applied on a glass substrate, dried at 100degreesC for 1 hour, and baked at 550degreesC or more for 1 hour. A pigment of formula (A-2) was dissolved in mixed solution of t-butanol and acetonitrile. The prepared semiconductor electrode was immersed in obtained pigment solution at room temperature for 15 hours. An optoelectric transducer was produced by dipping an electrolyte liquid between semiconductor electrode and a counter electrode. The transducer had open circuit voltage of 0.63 V, short circuit current density of 15.5 mA/cm2, form factor of 0.58 and conversion efficiency of 5.66%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor contains one or more types of metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, nickel, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium and cobalt. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 pigments such as pigments of formulae (A-4, A-5) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Aerosil P-25 (RTM: titanium oxide) (in g) (2), acetylacetone (0.2), Triton-X100 (RTM: surfactant) (0.3) and water (6.5) were dispersed and mixed with concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol (1.2). The obtained paste was applied on glass substrate, dried and baked to obtain semiconductor electrode. The semiconductor electrode was immersed in 0.3 mM solution containing pigment of formula (A-4) dissolved in mixed solution of t-butanol and acetonitrile, at room temperature for 15 hours. An optoelectric transducer was formed using the treated semiconductor electrode. The open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, form factor and conversion efficiency, measured using pseudo sunlight as a light source with irradiation intensity of 100 mW/cm2, of the optoelectric transducer was 0.58 V, 10.5 mA/cm2, 0.58 and 3.53%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pH of aqueous solution MX3 is increased by addition of base or basic solution. The pH is increased above 8 (preferably above 10). The aging step is conducted at less than 150degreesC (preferably at ambient temperature) for up to 2 (preferably up to 15) hours. When the trivalent rare earth metal cation M is cerium, the aging step is conducted under reducing conditions to maintain the cerium (Ce) ions in a trivalent oxidation state and the process includes oxidizing Ce(III) to Ce(IV) state after the aging step to produce nanorods of Ce(IV) oxide. The process includes washing the nanorods after aging step using washing cycle(s), drying the washed nanorods, and calcining the nanorods to produce nanorods of an equivalent rare earth oxide and/or sulfurizing the nanorods to produce nanorods of an equivalent rare earth sulfide or oxysulfide. Preferred Components: The basic solution contains ammonia. The monovalent anion is bromide, iodide, formate, acetate, nitrate, perchlorate, and/or preferably chloride. Preferred Product: The rare earth hydroxide nanorods are solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polar monomer is an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester or vinyl acetate. The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is manufactured by a tubular method. At least one of additives selected from silane coupling agents, antioxidants, UV absorbers, or light stabilizers is compounded into the ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The encapsulation material is sheet-like. EXAMPLE - A sheet of 0.6 mm thickness of ethylene-methy acrylate copolymer having a melting point of 85degreesC and a storage modulus of 1.3x105 Pa, with 0.3 wt.% UV absorber, 0.15 wt.% Tinuvin 622LD(RTM: photostabilizer), 0.15 wt.% Sand LS770(RTM: photostabilizer) and 0.03 wt.% Irganox 1010(RTM: anti-oxidant) was prepared at 120degreesC. The ethylene copolymer sheet was sandwiched between a blue glass sheet 3 mm thick and an aluminum plate 3 mm thick and laminated at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. The laminated sample showed a haze of 4.5%, a JIS A hardness of 65, a heat resistance of 3.8, and a moisture resistance of 0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cooling is carried out using cooling material selected from silica, alumina, magnesia, zirconia and calcia. The oxidizing agent comprises alkali metal carbonate, hydrate of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline-earth metal carbonate, hydrate of alkaline-earth metal carbonate and alkaline-earth metal hydroxide (preferably sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, or their hydrates, magnesium hydrate or calcium hydrate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat-resistant synthetic resin is syndiotactic polystyrene or polyacetal resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polycrystalline silicon substrate is cut from ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The different theoretical values for control are produced by the central control unit and are sent to the master. The rectifiers, i.e. the master and slaves, are the same size and control and/or regulation for energy input into one phase of the three-phase network is carried by a control device integrated into the rectifiers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metallic-element supply particles, and lithium imide particles and/or lithium nitride particles are mutually joined by providing mechanical energy, or particles of same kind are joined by providing mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is provided based on mechanical grinding processing.Preferred Particles: The metallic element of the supply particles is inserted into the lithium compound particles. The metallic-element supply particles comprise alkali metal, alkali earth metal and/or transition metal. The metallic-element supply particles, and lithium imide particles and/or lithium nitride particles are mixed in a molar ratio of 0.01-3:1. Catalyst particles are mixed in the hydrogen storage material.Preferred Process: The mechanical grinding processing is performed in argon gas atmosphere for 0.01-200 hours. The peak temperature of hydrogen desorption or the heating temperature during hydrogen desorption-occlusion method is 200degreesC or less. EXAMPLE - Lithium imide/lithium nitride (in g) (0.3), metal magnesium (0.1) and titanium oxide (0.45) were added to a container. Mechanical grinding processing was carried out with frequency of 50 Hz for 2 hours. The obtained sample was heated at 200degreesC and maintained at hydrogen atmosphere pressure of 1 MPa for 3 hours. Occlusion of hydrogen was carried out. Then, the sample was purged with argon, and hydrogen desorption amount from sample at 100degreesC was found to be 0.1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid mixture contains methanol (0.1-99.5 wt.%). The amount of organic solvent dissolved in the liquid mixture is 0.001-20 wt.%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic compound is chosen from 4 specific exemplified compounds such as benzyl dimethyl decyl ammonium chloride of formula (A).    EXAMPLE - Benzyl dimethyl decyl ammonium chloride (in wt.%) (0.1) of formula (A) was dissolved in aqueous solution of methanol (10), and fuel for fuel cell was prepared. The fuel cell using the fuel, had high output over long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The molybdate is alkali metal salt of molybdic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additive: The additive further contains an organic acid salt, preferably alkali metal salt of 1-20C organic acid. Preferred Composition: The amount of the molybdate is 0.01-10 wt.pts, preferably 0.01-5 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of base oil and thickening agent. The amount of the organic acid salt is 5-70 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of the base oil, molybdate and thickening agent. The grease composition contains the molybdate which forms a film containing a molybdenum compound with an iron oxide in the iron-type metal new surface exposed by the friction wearing surface or abrasion in bearing and organic acid salt which promotes formation of the film. Preferred Agent: The thickening agent is urea group thickening agent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The molybdate is sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate and/or lithium molybdate.    EXAMPLE - LB100 (RTM: alkyl-diphenyl ether oil, base oil) (in weight parts) (80), p-toluidine (9.3), 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (10.7), potassium molybdate (2), sodium benzoate (0.2) and alkylated diphenylamine (antioxidant) (2) were mixed to obtain grease composition. A rolling bearing was formed by sealing with the obtained grease composition. The rolling bearing exhibited favorable high temperature high speed performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: The oxidizing agent is selected from sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, their hydrates, magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The upper portion of oxidizing agent is covered with a slag (6) containing silicon oxide and aluminum oxide as main components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Portion: The hydrocarbon removal portion contains physical adsorption material or chemical adsorption material, preferably a complex oxide having acidic absorption sites, especially cuprous oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The raw material and mineral fuel are kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Hexaaluminate is calcium hexaaluminate. EXAMPLE - Basic aluminum chloride aqueous solution (in mass parts) (1922) having molar ratio of aluminum and chlorine of 1.95, alumina concentration of 22.3%, calcium chloride (85) and nickel chloride hexahydrate (91) were mixed, and baked, such that composition of the resulting product was CaAl11Ni0.5O18. PVA220 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol as spinning adjuvant) was added to the resulting product, and spinning stock solution was prepared. The obtained stock solution had solid content of 30 mass%, spinning adjuvant concentration of 8 mass% and viscosity of 2000 mPa.second. The spinning stock solution was processed and dried at 300degreesC to obtain precursor fiber. The obtained precursor fiber was dried at 150degreesC for 1 hour, subjected to desalination process at 700degreesC for 1 hour, heated to 1000-1400degreesC, and maintained at 1400degreesC for 1 hour to obtain catalyst support.    The obtained catalyst support had Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 9 m2/g, without generation of defect and grain growth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sealing member includes a nozzle to discharge the fuel and is interposed between the nozzle and the casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound having the O-H linkage includes one of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or 2-propanol. The organic compound having the ether linkage includes dimethyl ether. (A) includes dimethyl ether and water in a ratio of 1 part of dimethyl ether to 1 part or more of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin includes one of polyethylene naphthalate or polybutylene naphthalate or a mixture of polyethylene naphthalate and polybutylene naphthalate. The mixture is formed from monomers, dimers or trimers of polyethylene naphthalate and polybutylene naphthalate. The amount of polybutylene naphthalate in the mixture is 60 wt.% or less. The rubber excludes plasticizer. The sealing member is formed by mulling a solid polymer with a liquid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredient is rubidium, rhodium, nickel and/or cobalt. The support is alumina silicate having alumina, zirconia, titania, silica and/or their complex oxides. The acidic site is doped with alumina. Preferred Properties: The active ingredient has particle diameter of 20 nm or less. The support component has specific surface area of more than 10 m2/g, and acid strength of -10.5 to -3. EXAMPLE - Oxy zirconyl chloride (in g) (1850) was added to ion exchange water (100 L), and gamma-alumina powder (1000) was added and stir-mixed. 1N aqueous ammonia was dropped to the obtained slurry and pH was adjusted to 9. Water-washing filtration of the obtained deposit was carried out, and dried at 120degreesC for 5 hours and baked at 650degreesC. A granular support having diameter of 3 mm and containing zirconia and alumina in a weight ratio of 50:50 was obtained. The granular support was then immersed to 5 wt.% ruthenium nitrate aqueous solution (0.5 L) diluted in distilled water (2 L) and baked at 500degreesC for 24 hours. Ruthenium/zirconia and alumina catalyst supported with ruthenium (2 wt.%) was obtained. The support had specific surface area of 110 m2/g and acid strength of -8.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen permeable film further has an intermediate layer having composition different from base layer and metal coating layer, formed between metal base layer and metal coating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin material is cyclo aliphatic epoxy resin material. The base material layer contains acryl styrene copolymer particles (in weight parts) (2-50), with respect to epoxy resin material (100). The resin sheet further has a hard coat layer and a gas barrier layer. Preferred Properties: The base material layer has glass transition temperature of 172degreesC or more. The refractive index of the cured material of the epoxy resin material and acryl styrene copolymer particles is less than 0.01. EXAMPLE - 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (in weight parts) (26.6), acryl styrene particles (10) having average particle diameter of 0.3 microns and refractive index of 1.50, methyl hexa hydrophthalic anhydride (33.1), tetra-n-butyl phosphonium-0,0-diethyl phosphoro dithioate (1.5), were mixed, and a coating liquid was obtained. The refractive index of the hardened component of the 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate was 1.505. Spread application of 17 wt.% of toluene solution of urethane acrylate was carried out, and dried. A hard coat layer having thickness of 2 microns was formed. Spread application of the above liquid was carried out on the hard coat layer, and cured, to form a base material layer of thickness 150 microns was formed. The formed resin sheet had fracture strength of 14 mm psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The total light transmittance of the optical film is 80% or more. The optical film has gas barrier layer and transparent conductive layer laminated at the surface. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-dimethyl benzidine (in g) (11.3) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (40), and heated with 1,2,3,4-cyclopentane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (11.2) at 15degreesC and at 100degreesC for 4 hours. Xylene (30) was added and heated at 170degreesC, and at 180degreesC for 4 hours, to obtain transparent solution. The solution was diluted with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The diluted solution was flow-spread on a glass panel to a thickness of 150 microns, heated at 80degreesC for 2 hours, 150degreesC for 1 hour, 250degreesC for 30 minutes and at 350degreesC for 30 minutes, to obtain an optical film. The glass transition temperature of the optical film was more than 350degreesC. The optical film had favorable transparency. An organic electroluminescent element was formed using the optical film, transparent conductive layer and gas barrier layer. The optical film had excellent heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perfluoro compound (A) is a perfluoro amide compound, and hydrosilyl group-containing compound (B) is fluorine-containing organo hydrogen siloxane. The hydrosilylation catalyst (C) is platinum-group-metal-type catalyst. EXAMPLE - UE800 (RTM: polymer having (meth)acryl group at terminal and bisphenol A structure in principal chain) (in weight parts) (70) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (30) were mixed. Irgacure 184 (RTM: photoinitiator) was added and stirred. Silica gel (10) was add-stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, after adding glass bulbs (3) having particle size of 30 microns, to obtain a sealing compound composition. The obtained composition was used for sealing dye-sensitized solar cell. The obtained composition had excellent heat resistance and moisture resistance, and leakage of electrolyte liquid from the solar cell was prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal nitride exhibits a crystalline lattice structure having a face-centered cubic unit cell, where a transition metal atom comprising iron, chromium, nickel, or molybdenum, is positioned at each of the unit cell corners and face-centers, and where a nitrogen atom is positioned at the center of the unit cell within an octahedral lattice structure formed by the transition metal atoms positioned at the face-centers of the unit cell. The composition of the transition metal nitride is (0.0 1 (6(at. weight % iron)+5(at. weight % chromium)+ 8(at.% nickel)+5 (at. weight % molybdenum))) which is greater than or equal to5.9 but less than or equal to6.1, and where the transition metal nitride exhibits an atomic ratio of transition metal atoms to nitrogen atoms of 4:0.8-4:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The unit electrochemical cells are fuel cells, and the stack is a fuel cell stack. The unit fuel cells are polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, diffusion-based fuel cells, or electrolysis cells. The first and second sub-stacks are adjacent to one another in the fuel cell stack and share a common electrical connection. A medial end of the first sub-stack is electrically connected to a medial end of the second sub-stack. A distal end of the first sub-stack is electrically connected to a distal end of the second sub-stack. The unit cells are compressed between a pair of electrically conducting end plates (22A, 22B), and the distal end of the first sub-stack is in contact with a first of the end plates and the distal end of the second sub-stack is in contact with a second of the end plates. Preferred Properties: An active area of each unit fuel cell is less than or equal to10 (preferably less than or equal to1) cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is 1-3C alcohol and water. The amount of alcohol is 10-40 mass% with respect to fuel.Preferred Compound: The acetylene glycol-type surfactant is compound of formula (1).m+n = 0-50R1-R4= alkyl
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is a 1-3C alcohol and water.Preferred Component: The anti-oxidant is selected from ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid and gallic acid. The fuel composition contains anti-oxidant (in mass%) (0.001-5), and alcohol (10-40) with respect to the fuel. EXAMPLE - A fuel composition having water-methanol solution containing 30 mass% of methanol was prepared. A fuel cell using the fuel composition had good durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Base: The catalyst base contains nickel. A buffer layer containing aluminum is formed between the catalyst base and thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer in the thin film is block copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate. The copolymers removed are polymethyl methacrylate. Preferred Process: The copolymer is coated on the substrate by spin coating method. The heat-processing of the thin film is carried out at temperature above liquid crystal transition temperature. Reactive ion etching of the thin film is carried out by irradiating ultraviolet ray with wavelength of 245 nm. A blocking layer (160) is further formed between the metal dots such that the dots bind together and may not aggregate mutually after forming the catalyst layer. Silicon on glass (SOG) solution is coated on the substrate containing remaining metal dots. The coating formed using SOG solution is heat processed at 60-80degreesC for 30-90 seconds, at 130-160degreesC for 30-60 seconds, at 230-260degreesC for 30-60 seconds, and at 410-450degreesC for 30 minutes to 1 hour. The thin film is removed by immersing the film in an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The reducing environment contains ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microbial Fuel Cell: The dissimilatory metal-reducing microbe comprises an organism selected from the organisms in Table 1. One or more exogenous ATPase subunits comprise a subunit selected from the ATPase subunits in Tables 2 or 3. The futile cycle of ATP consumption produces a flow of electrons through the respiratory machinery at a rate higher than endogenous electron flow of 2-100-fold, or more. A microbial fuel cell, comprises a dissimilatory metal-reducing microbe expressing one or more exogenous genes encoding a gene product that promotes ATP consumption, the gene products of the one or more exogenous genes having an activity that reduces ATP synthesis, increases ATP consumption or both. One or more gene products increase ATP consumption through a futile cycle. One or more gene products increase ATP consumption through altering a metabolic reaction directly or indirectly involved in ATP synthesis. A microbial fuel cell comprises a dissimilatory metal-reducing microbe expressing one or more exogenous genes encoding a gene product that increases the electron/mole ratio compared to an unmodified microbe, where the increased ratio enhances electron transfer to an electrode. One or more gene products comprise a glycerol processing operon. One or more gene products confers the ability of the microbe to use a substrate that is not possible to metabolize without the exogenous genes. Preferred Method: Producing electricity from an microbial organism comprises culturing a microbial fuel cell under anaerobic conditions for growth, the microbial fuel cell comprising a dissimilatory metal-reducing microbe expressing exogenous ATPase subunits, the ATPase subunits assembling into an active ATP synthase and consuming ATP in a futile cycle when grown under anaerobic conditions, and capturing electrons produced by an increased ATP demand with an electron acceptor. The electron acceptor comprises a graphite electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polyoxyethylene alkyl ether is nona ethylene glycol monohexa decyl ether. The organic-sulfuric acid salt is sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. The alkyl ammonium salt is hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide. The polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester is polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-stearate. The platinum complex is hexachloro platinate. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The doped metal ion has ionic radius of 0.05-0.07 nm.Preferred Ion: The metal ion with ionic radius of 0.05-0.07 nm is divalent manganese ion, trivalent manganese ion, tetravalent manganese ion, tetravalent niobium ion, pentavalent niobium ion, trivalent vanadium ion, tetravalent vanadium ion, pentavalent vanadium ion, trivalent chromium ion, divalent cobalt ion, trivalent cobalt ion, trivalent copper ion, ferric ion, tetravalent germanium ion, tetravalent molybdenum ion, pentavalent molybdenum ion, tetravalent rubidium ion, pentavalent antimony ion, pentavalent tantalum ion, tetravalent tungsten ion, pentavalent tungsten ion, trivalent aluminum ion, divalent manganese ion, divalent nickel ion, pentavalent rhenium ion, hexavalent rhenium ion, tetravalent palladium ion, tetravalent tin ion, divalent zinc ion, tetravalent zirconium ion, trivalent gallium ion, tetravalent hafnium ion, trivalent indium ion and/or trivalent iridium ion. The content of metal ions with ionic radius of 0.05-0.07 nm doped with tetravalent titanium ion is 0.01-5 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water retention barrier is a composite comprising a modifier selected from carbon powder and/or powdered metal. The water retention barrier is a composite including a metal and an oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The water retention barrier comprises a metal selected from titanium, aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin and/or their alloys such as stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water retention barrier comprises a porous thermoplastic sheet/film, an expanded poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet/film and/or a non-halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film. The non-halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film is selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly-cyclopentadiene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethersulfone, polyimides and/or nylons. The water retention barrier comprises a halogenated thermoplastic sheet/film selected from poly-tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylflouride and/or polyvinylchloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide film contains magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium and gadolinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The germanium is used as magnesium germanide and/or the silicon is used as magnesium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of oxide particle is 1/10 to 1/5 times of average pore size of base material. The particle size of oxide particle is more than average pore size of base material. The primary particle diameter of oxide particle is 50-5000 nm, preferably 100-5000 nm. The diameter of surface pore of oxide particle is 10-200 nm.Preferred Material: The base material is cordierite.Preferred Particle: The oxide particle is cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titania, silica, magnesium oxide and/or yttrium oxide. The oxide particle consists of theta-alumina or delta-alumina.Preferred Component: The catalyst component comprises basal component and a coating layer formed by coating metal(s) having purity of 99% or more. The coating layer has 1-30 atomic layers. The basal component is a simple substance microparticle or two or more types of solid solution microparticles having primary diameter of nanometer order. The basal component consists of metal oxide, metal carbide and/or carbon material. The metal oxide consists of cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, tungsten, strontium, and/or their solid solution. The metal carbide consists of silicon carbide or its derivative. The carbon material is graphite.Preferred Metal: The metal covering the at least one portion of surface of basal component is ultrafine particle having particle size of less than 50 nm. The metal is coated at one or whole portion of the basal component. The metal is platinum, rhodium, palladium, gold, silver, ruthenium and/or their solid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The gasoline composition has a research octane number of 95 or more, a carbon-dioxide emission amount of 2.34 kg/L or less per volume, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, a hydrogen/carbon rate of 1.94 mol/mol or more, and aromatic content/olefin ratio of 2.3 or less, an olefin content of 5-25 vol.%, and an aromatic content of 10-30 vol.%. Preferred Composition: The gasoline composition contains an oxygen-containing compound (1-15 vol.%), preferably ethyl t-butyl ether, de-sulfurized catalytically-cracked gasoline (50 vol.% or more), and isomerized gasoline (1-50 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The polar molecule is supplied as the liquid, or accompanied in an inert gas and introduced into the container. The gas and polar molecules other than hydrogen gas are eliminated from the hydrogen adsorption material by suction exhaustion or circulating inert gas in the container.Preferred Property: The polar molecule has boiling point of 80degreesC or less. WIDER DISCLOSURE - The hydrogen adsorption material is disclosed as a metal-organic framework in which an organic molecule or an organic ion surrounds a metal ion. Such compounds are of the formula (M2(1,4-benzene-di-carboxylate anion)2), (Fe2(trans-4,4'-azo-pyridine)4(NCS)4), and Masterisk4O(Aromatic dicarboxylate anion)3/    M = Co, Ni and Zn ions; and    Masterisk = Zn Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag or Pt ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An alkali metal compound chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and cesium hydroxide is used for activation. The laminate has collector containing aluminum, copper, titanium, tantalum, nickel and/or their alloys. The polarizing electrode material contains a binder chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride. The electrolyte liquid in the capacitor contains electrolyte salt chosen from quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary imidazolium salt, quaternary pyridinium salt and quaternary phosphonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains (meth)acryloxy silane compounds chosen from (meth)acryloyl-group-containing organoalkoxysilane of formula: H2C=C(R1)-CO-O-R2Si(OR3)k(R4)m.R1=H or methyl;R2=bivalent organic group;R3,R4=univalent organic group;k=1-3;m=0, 1 or 2;andk+m=3.The resin composition further contains (meth)acryloyl-group-containing siloxane chosen from (meth)acryloyl-group-containing organosiloxane of formula: R5-R6-(-Si(R7)2-O-Si(R7)2-)n-R6-R5.R5=H2C=CH-CO-O-, H2C=C(CH3)-CO-O-, or -CH3;R6=R2;R7=-H, -CH3, -C6H5, H2C=CH-CO-O-, or H2C=C(CH3)-CO-O-;andn=positive integer.The resin composition further contains a photointiator. Preferred Copolymer: The fluoro olefin-vinyl ether copolymer is the reaction product of fluoro olefin-vinyl ether copolymer and (meth)acryloxy alkyl fluoro silane of formula: H2C=C(R1)-CO-O-R2Si(OR3)k(Cl)m.R1-R3=as mentioned above;k=1-2;m=1 or 2;andk+m=3. EXAMPLE - Lumiflon LF200F (RTM: fluoro olefin-vinyl ether copolymer having a mean molecular weight of 12000, a glass transition temperature of 35degreesC, and a hydroxyl value of 52 mgKOH/g) (in g) (20) was dissolved in toluene (80). Triethylamine (0.8 ml) and chlorinated acryloyl (8 ml) were added, stirred for 2 hours, and reacted at room temperature in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The product was re-precipitated with methanol, to obtain a colorless solid after drying. The colorless solid (7) was dissolved in 3-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (3), and Irgacure 651 (RTM: light radical polymerization initiator) (0.5) was added to obtain a resin composition. The resin composition was clamped between glass plates, and a cured material was produced by UV irradiation. The cured material had excellent electrolyte-proof property and adhesivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The electroconductive organic ligand consists of thiophene or thiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first plasma treatment is carried out at the plasma gas pressure of 10 Pa, plasma initialization through frequency stimulation in the radio frequency range and the plasma efficiency of less than 150 W. The second plasma treatments is carried out at the pressure of 10 Pa; plasma initialization through frequency stimulation in the radio frequency range, plasma efficiency of more than 250 W and the treatment time of 5-20 minutes. The first and second plasma treatment is carried out with an alternating frequency of kHz to MHz. In the second low-temperature plasma treatment, the substrate is present within the plasma. The process is automated through an integration in an inline process. Preferred Components: The transition chelate material is a surface on carbon or cobalt tetra methoxy phenyl porphyrin. The inert plasma gas is argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component of the reactor is alumina, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The molding of ethylene copolymer is molding of ethylene copolymer optionally containing a cross-linking adjuvant. The molding is sheet. Alternately, the molding of ethylene copolymer is impregnated with dialkyl peroxide and organic peroxide chosen from peroxy carbonate and peroxy ketal. The ethylene copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and polar monomer, and/or copolymer of ethylene and 3C or more alpha-olefin, preferably ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer and/or its ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron acceptor entity includes a fluorene group. The fullerene composition and fluorene group are derivatized by at least one group chosen from lower aliphatic moiety, aryl moiety, nitrogen-containing moiety, oxygen-containing moiety, sulfur-containing moiety and phosphorus-containing moiety. The electron donor entity is chosen from triarylamine, substituted triarylamine, carbazole, substituted carbazole, phenothiazine, substituted phenothiazine, benzothiadiazole, substituted benzothiadiazole, poly(para-phenylene vinylene), poly(thiophene), poly(para-phenylene) and phthalocyanine. The fullerene composition is an electron acceptor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The push-pull polymer includes a conjugated bridge between electron acceptor entity and electron donor entity and is a net electron donor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer is made of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The projecting units are made of a graphite base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic layer is made of aluminum. The projecting units are made of a tungsten base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The gas phase deposition process is a physical vapor deposition process or an evaporation process. It is carried out in vacuum. In the gas phase deposition process, the metal oxide is evaporated at 300-1,000degreesC. The reducing step is carried out at 300-1,200degreesC and reduced pressure.Preferred Component: The reducing gas comprises hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas. The metal oxide is molybdenum oxide. An active layer is applied onto the metal film. A buffer layer is applied onto the active layer. A layer of intrinsic zinc oxide is applied onto the buffer layer. A transparent conductive oxide layer is applied onto the layer of intrinsic zinc oxide. A barrier layer or substrate layer is applied onto the conductive oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The constituent layers of the fuel cell hose does not contain a plasticizer. The material (c) for the outer layer contains a styrene-isobutylene block copolymer together with the polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reverse side filler layer contains white coloring compound comprising inorganic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mesh-shaped structure of DNA is produced using DNA aqueous solution containing a compound (C) having non-electrolytic plating catalyst nucleus. The compound (C) is a platinum compound chosen from cis-diamine dichloro platinum (II), tetrachloro platinic acid (II) potassium and ethylene diamine dichloro platinum (II). The non-electrolytic plating is carried out using a composition containing silver-ammonia complex, hydrazine and silver-ammonia complex, glucose and silver-ammonia complex, formalin, and copper chloride and formalin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is poly dimethyl siloxane.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Twelve 2-halogeno pyridine compounds are disclosed, such as 2-chloro-4-cyano pyridine.    EXAMPLE - Hydrochloric acid aqueous solution was added to a reaction mixture containing isonicotinic acid and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine in ratio of 22:78. Subsequently, pH was adjusted to 4.5, and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine was obtained with purity of 99.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst poisoning moderate material comprises alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal, which form a complex oxide. The alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and/or francium. The alkaline earth metal is beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and/or radium.Preferred Layer: A base layer is further provided between the electrode substrate and the electrode catalyst layer. The electrode catalyst layer contains a support base material and electrode catalyst component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The ionic conductivity of ion conductor pinched to support, measured between glass electrodes with transparent electrically conductive film at 23degreesC is higher than the ionic conductivity at 23degreesC in direction orthogonal to electrodes. EXAMPLE - 4-(4-propyl cyclohexyl) benzonitrile (in g) (0.35), 4-(4-pentyl cyclohexyl) benzonitrile (0.59) and lithium complex (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (0.06) were dissolved at 100degreesC, to obtain liquid ion conductor. The ion conductor had ionic conductivity of 1.1x10-5 S/cm and 9.1x10-5 S/cm at 23degreesC and 80degreesC, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The boiling point of (I), measured at atmospheric pressure, is greater than or equal to 65degreesC(I) has solubility in water greater than or equal to 3 vol.% at the ambient temperature.Preferred Components: (I) comprises a mixture of compound of formula CH3-(OCH2)n-OCH3 (where n is 3-8). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of methoxymethoxymethoxymethane is specifically claimed as (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R8, R1a-R8a = A.    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-bithienyl-2',5'-dicarboxaldehyde (100 ml) and phosphonate (2.07 mmol) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (60 ml) under argon, and potassium butoxide (4.14 mmol) was added. After 10 hours of agitation, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was dissolved in methylene chloride and water. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phases were washed with water, dried on magnesium sulfate and evaporated under vacuum to give 5,5'-bis-(2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-vinyl)-(2,2')bithiophenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of solid material comprises reducing a molybdate solution with reducing agent, whose electrochemical potential lies at -0.44 and +0.56 Volts, oxidizing the molybdenum compounds at an oxidation level of less than or equal to 5 by an oxidizing agent, whose electrochemical potential lies at -0.44 and +0.56 Volts and investigating for UV-visual spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy in aqueous solution, infrared spectroscopy and ammonium estimation by Kjeldahl for the ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The non-titanium metal oxide is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, chromium oxide, molybdic acid compound, niobium oxide, scandium oxide, vanadium oxide, iron oxide, nickel oxide, tungstic oxide compound, zinc acid compound, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, silicon oxide and/or stannic acid compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent used for the production of the modified titanium oxide fine particle is monovalent or polyhydric alcohol, preferably 1,4-butane diol. The semiconductor layer (2) of the opto-electric transducer contains a methine type pigment or metal complex type pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive plate is either nickel plate or copper plate with nickel surfaces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: A glass bond is formed between two complementary formed ionically conductive ceramic elements, where the first ceramic element has at least one stripe with at least one section consisting of a cluster of small stripes, the second ceramic element has at least one corresponding stripe with a cluster of small stripes, and the location of the cluster is displaced approximately one half width on both ceramic elements and in an opposite directions along a ceramic element edge. Positions of stripes on one edge of the ceramic element are shifted relative to positions of stripes on another corresponding edge to allow a second identical ceramic element to be inverted and sealed with the first ceramic element without overlapping of silver stripes at the edges where two elements are sealed. A catalyzing and electrically conductive coating is formed on the exterior surfaces of the tubes prior to the forming of the first conductive coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The top stripe and the bottom stripe are formed from silver or silver alloy. The top stripe and the bottom stripe are formed from electrically conductive materials selected from silver, gold, or platinum. At least one electrically conductive stripe has at least one section consisting of a cluster of smaller stripes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Aggregate: The additional amount of binder is 0.1-0.3 g with respect to the complex (1 g). Preferred Binder: The binder is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyimide, or polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The reverse side of the solar cell module does not contain silane modified resin. The filler layer further contains polyethylene and white coloring agent consisting of inorganic compound. The filler layer does not contain silanol condensed catalyst. Preferred Properties: The filler layer has gel fraction of 30% or less and water vapor permeability per 100 microns thickness is 0.9-9 g/m2.day. The resin density in the reverse side of the element is higher than that in the surface side. EXAMPLE - Dicumyl peroxide (in weight parts) (0.1) was mixed with linear low density polyethylene (100) having density of 0.898 g/cm3 and vinyl trimethoxysilane (2.5). The mixture was heated at 200degreesC to form silane modified resin. A filler layer was formed using silane modified resin. A solar cell module was formed using the filler layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The insulating sleeve is laminate material of synthetic resin-made thin film. The ultrafine electrode is electroconductive thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer contains nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus and/or selenium in the structure. The catalyst electrode contains electrode substrate, conductive polymer and transition metal or its alloy dispersed and supported in the conductive polymer. The catalyst electrode contains electrode substrate, conductive polymer and organometallic complex dispersed and supported in the conductive polymer. The catalyst electrode or conductive polymer is heated under inert gas or reduced pressure. Preferred Metal: The transition metal is VIII-XI group element, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten, preferably platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, palladium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten. Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex has ligand containing nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and/or phosphorus coordinated to central metal. The ligand of organometallic complex is chosen from porphyrin compound of formula (1) and phthalocyanine compound of formula (2). The central metal atom of organometallic complex is chosen from V-XI group metallic elements. The central metal atom is platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, palladium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhenium, manganese, molybdenum and/or tungsten.R1-R8=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, carboxyl and sulfonic acid group;andR9-R12=H, phenyl or substituted phenyl.Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polymer of pyrrole compound of formula (3), thiophene compound of formula (4), 3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene and aniline.R1,R2=same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The strong base is sodium hydroxide. The alkaline carbonate is sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises treating the aluminum foil in a weak alkali bath, prior to the base treatment, for removing oil and dirtiness of the surface at 40-90 (preferably 55-65)degreesC for 10-15 minutes.The method further comprises treating the aluminum foil with a nitric acid solution having a concentration of 50-130 (preferably 80-100) g/L for neutralizing the foil from various salts and caustic wastes, where the bath temperature is kept at 20-25degreesC for 10-15 minutes; or treating the aluminum foil with a solution comprising 40-80 % (w/w) phosphoric acid and 20-60 % (w/w) sulfuric acid at 40-90degreesC for 1-3 minutes in order to obtain an active surface for anodic oxidation. The base treatment is performed at 40-90 (preferably 65-70)degreesC for 1-3 minutes.Preferred Materials: The aluminum foil is an Al3XXX series alloy. The peaks and craters have a maximum irregularity height of 50% of the foil thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The re-liquefying agent is polyelectrolyte, ascorbic acid, stearic acid, peptide, sodium hydride, solid, liquid organic acid and solid/liquid organic acid sol, non-ionic base, cationic base or polyelectrolyte, or electrolyte salt containing metal ion base. The re-liquefying inducer is chosen from water, amino acid solution, peptide solution, sulfuric acid solution and organic acid solution.Preferred Composition: The fuel contains methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, formaline, hydrazine, or sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gelatinizing agent is polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, cross-linking-type polyacrylic acid and cross-linking-type polyacrylamide, or their compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic ion donor is potassium iodide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide, copper iodide or iodine ion (I-/I3-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent with high dielectric constant is propylene carbonate or ethylene acid ester. Catalyst used for preparation of super water-absorbent resin-based solid polymer electrolyte is aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (C1) further comprises an electrically conductive, non-metallic particulate substrate chosen from carbon black (C) and C/TiO2. Preferred Nanoparticles: The nanoparticles of AuPt alloy have diameter of 1 - 5 nanometers; has a composition in the range of 1:99 - 99:1 (preferably 50:50 - 80:20). Preferred Method: In the method (M1) of fabricating bifunctional fuel cell catalysts, the preparing AuPt alloy nanoparticles further involves using a specific and controlled ratio of the solution of Au salts and the solution of Pt salts, using a phase transfer reagent (preferably tetraoctylammonium bromide) and an aromatic hydrocarbon suspension liquid. The controlling of the size and composition of the AuPt alloy nanoparticles is done using cleaning procedure. The assembling the AuPt alloy nanoparticles further involves controlling the size of the AuPt alloy nanoparticles by molecularly mediated assembly with an organic material, capping, with an organic material, where the organic material is chosen from thiol and amine compound (preferably decanethiol and oleylamine) followed by the gradual addition of an excess of aqueous sodium borohydride. The activating the AuPt alloy nanoparticles by thermal activation further involves shell removal by heating in a controlled temperature and atmosphere for a first specified duration, and calcination at a controlled temperature and atmosphere for a second specified duration. The shell removal controlled temperature is 200 - 300degreesC, the shell removal atmosphere is 20% O2/N2, and the shell removal duration is approximately 1 hour. The calcination controlled temperature is 300 - 600degreesC, the calcination controlled atmosphere is 15% H2/N2, and the calcination controlled duration is approximately 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The quantum dot compound is MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, CaO, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrO, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaO, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, Al2O3, Al2S3, Al2Se3, Al2Te3, Ga2O3, Ga2S3, Ga2Se3, Ga2Te3, In2O3, In2S3, In2Se3, In2Te3, SiO2, GeO2, SnO2, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbO2, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, BP, Si and Ge, or a composite comprising one or more of the forgoing materials having core-shell structures.The quantum dot compound is CdSe, CdTe, CdS, ZnSe, ZnS, InP, InAs, GaN, GaP, GaAs, HgTe, Si, Ge, CdS/ZnSe, CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnSe, CdTe/ZnS, CdTe/CdSe, or CdSe/ZnTe, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electrode catalyst layer contains a support base material and an electrode catalyst component. A base layer is provided between the electrode substrate and the electrode catalyst layer. The moderate layer comprises a gel material containing a catalyst positioning moderate material, a solid matrix containing catalyst positioning moderate material, or a particle layer containing a catalyst positioning moderate material. The moderate layer contains a proton-conductive material as a precursor.Preferred Material: The proton-conductive material is an ionic liquid. The moderate material contains an alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal.Preferred Metal: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and/or francium. The alkaline earth metal is beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium.Preferred Device: The electrochemical device is a gas concentrator, which uses a fuel cell, reversible fuel cell, water electrolysis apparatus, solar cell or electrochemical reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Fullerene and secondary amine are reacted in presence of molecular oxygen or organic hydroperoxide. A polar solvent is used in manufacturing the aminated fullerene. The aminated fullerene has tetra amino fullerene epoxide structure in which four amino groups and epoxide are bonded. The amino group bonds with fifth carbon atom adjacent to one cyclopentadiene ring of fullerene. The oxygen atom of epoxide is bonded with the remaining portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet has ultraviolet ray or thermosetting resin in the outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor of semiconductor electrode contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pigment of semiconductor electrode further contains steroid-type compound. The steroid-type compound is of formula (III).R14 = H, hydroxyl, halogen atom, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic group, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic group optionally having substituent;R15 = alkyl group containing an acidic group; andn = 0-13. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Fourteen specific imidazole derivative of formula (I), such as compound of formula (A-6) and eleven specific imidazole derivative of formula (II), such as compound of formula (B-1) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide (in g) (2), acetyl acetone (0.2), Triton-X-100 (surface active agent) and water (6.5) were mixed for 6 hours. Concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml) and ethanol (0.4 ml) were added. Polyethylene glycol (1.2) was added to obtained dispersion liquid, and a paste was obtained. The paste was applied on a glass substrate, dried at 100degreesC for 1 hour, and baked at 550degreesC for 1 hour. The obtained semiconductor electrode was immersed into a pigment solution formed by dissolving pigment of formula (A-6) in mixed solution of t-butanol and acetonitrile. Adsorption treatment was carried out for 15 hours. The obtained liquid was dipped between counter electrode and another electrode, and optoelectric transducer was produced. The transducer had open circuit voltage of 0.64 V, short circuit current density of 15.9 mA/cm2, form factor of 0.58 and conversion efficiency of 5.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a means for promoting activity of the carbon monoxide reduction portion (preferably a heater or an oxygen supply) to shorten the time required for the reduction portion to be within the active temperature range when the fuel gas processing apparatus is started. The gas supply portion is a reformer. The flue gas comprises hydrogen. Heat produced in the reformer and/or catalytic combustion portion can be transmitted to the carbon monoxide reduction portion. The apparatus includes a cooling portion having a heat-exchange function to lower the temperature of the reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Etchants include phosphoric acid; ammonium, alkali metal or antimony fluorides; ammonium, alkali metal or calcium bifluorides; alkylated ammonium or potassium tetrafluoroborates; hydrochloric, sulfuric or nitric acid. Inorganic particles includes alumina, calcium fluoride, boron oxide and sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Etchants include formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acid. Solvents include water, polyols, polyol ethers, 2-butoxy-2-ethoxyethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, ketones and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Polymer particles include polystyrene, acrylics, polyamides, polyimides, melamine, urethane, benzoguanine or phenolic resins, silicone resins, micronized cellulose, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride and micronized waxes. Thickeners include cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, xanthan, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymers based on acrylates or functionalized vinyl units. EXAMPLE - Etching paste for screen printing comprised ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (15 g), triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (15 g), polycarbonate (29 g), formic acid (72 g), 35% ammonium hydrogen difluoride solution (46 g), polyvinylpyrrolidone (46 g) and Vestotint 2070 (RTM:) (60 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive paste filled in contact hole of semiconductor film contains silver (Ag), gold (Au),copper (CU), nickel (Ni) and carbon. The substrate consist of polymeric material such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene naphthalate (PBN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt or rhodium. The solid acid is hydrogen-form zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solid Acid: The solid acid is polymer compound having sulfonic acid groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy (7) is gallium-indium alloy. The metal (8) is gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The ratio of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring-type compound group solvent in the mixed solvent is 15-95 wt.%. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring-type compound group solvent is a pyridine-type solvent, preferably pyridine. The permanganic-acid compound is divided and added to reaction liquid, and reacted. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (in g) (10), pyridine (100) and water (35) were heated at 85degreesC. Division addition of 31 wt.% potassium permanganate aqueous solution (457.5) was carried out for every 30 minutes in 19 steps, and reaction was carried out at 85degreesC. The reaction liquid was further stirred and reacted at 85-95degreesC for 2 hours, and cooled to room temperature. The solid, which precipitated, was separated by filtration. The obtained filtrate was mixed with 18 wt.% hydrochloric acid, and pH was adjusted to 3.5. The crystals, which precipitated, were filtered and dried to obtain 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (8.6) with yield of 65% and purity of 86.4%. The obtained 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (8.6) and 30 wt.% hydrochloric acid water (540) were mixed, heated at 100degreesC, and cooled to 10degreesC. The precipitated crystals were filtered and dried to obtain 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (6.2) with purity of 99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier gas is oxidizing gas and/or inert gas such as argon gas.An acidic oxide (4), e.g. silica, is added to the molten silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The N-type and P-type semiconductor layers comprise Fe(SiO)2, ZnO, SnO2 or In2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Property: The second layer has a density of greater than or equal to 90% (preferably greater than or equal to 97.5%) theoretical density (TD). Preferred Dimensions: The thickness of the base layer is 0.1-3 (preferably 0.5-1.5) mm. The thickness of the second layer is 5-1000 (preferably 100-300) microns. Preferred Composition: The second layer comprises less than 0.02 % iron (Fe), less than 0.05% sodium (Na), less than 0.03% magnesium (Mg), and less than 0.03% calcium (Ca). Preferred Materials: The raw materials for the production of the base layer further comprise alumina and another aluminum (Al) compound, preferably aluminum hydroxide or boehmite. The aluminum silicate mineral is andalusite or kyanite or kaolinite/kaolin. Preferred Method: The base layer and the second layer are produced separately, each by a tape casting process, yielding a green base layer and a green second layer. The green second layer is afterwards laminated on top of the green base layer to form a composed green substrate, followed by at least the steps of calcining and sintering of the composite substrate. The second layer is applied on top of the base layer by optionally direct serigraphy. The composite substrate may be obtained by simultaneous tape casting (co-casting) of the second layer on top of the base layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminate is lanthanum hexaaluminate, barium hexaaluminate, lanthanum aluminate, neodymium aluminate, and/or praseodymium aluminate. The zirconate is cerium zirconate, neodymium zirconate, yttrium zirconate, lanthanum zirconate, and/or gadolinium zirconate. The substrate further comprises stabilized titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lead consists of indium-doped tin oxide-coated glass or fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive dye is cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) -ruthenium(II)bis-tetrabutylammonium or (bis(2,2'-bipyridine)) (4,4'-(n-diethyl ester-2,2'-bipyridene)) ruthenium(PF6)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (II) involves mixing iridium chloride hydrate and 2,3-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)quinoxaline, and refluxing in a nitrogen atmosphere to form a chlorine-bridged binuclear complex of formula (IV); followed by mixing the complex and ligand L, and refluxing them in a nitrogen atmosphere to form (II). Preferred Definitions:    L=ligand of formula (a) or (b), pyridine-2-carboxylic acid anion, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid anion, 2-iminomethyl-phenol anion, 2-formyl-phenol anion or quinolin-8-ol anion.    EXAMPLE - 2-Ethoxyethanol (30 ml), water (10 ml), ligand 2,3-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)quinoxaline (CF 3DPQ) (2.59 g), and iridium chloride hydrochloride-hydrate (IrCl 3nH 2O) (0.74 g) were mixed, and held at reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours to obtain a dinuclear complex (Ir(CF 3dpq) 2Cl) 2(48%) as brown powder. Dichloromethane (30 ml), (Ir(CF 3dpq) 2Cl) 2(1.77 g) and picolinic acid (Hpic) (0.82 g) were mixed, and held at reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere for 14 hours. After work-up, bis(2,3-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)quinoxalinato-N,C 2')(picolinato)-iridium(III) (Ir(CF 3dpq) 2(pic)) (80%) was obtained as brown powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The powder which has melting point beyond the melting point of silicon is at least one type chosen from quartz sand, silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Preferred Properties: The quartz sand has particle size of 0.1 mm or less. The silicon nitride has particle size of 50 microns or less. The silicon carbide has particle size of 1 mm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The resin is heat-hardened at 30-500degreesC within the casting mold. Heating carbonization of the resin is carried out at 200-1000degreesC within the mold. Preferred Composition: The mass of the resin is 1-200% of the mass of powder. The resin is a phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electronic and ionic conduction substance further contains a carbon material which has a catalyst component. The catalyst component contains metal having platinum, platinum and rubidium or iridium, or metal having platinum and metal selected from rubidium, iridium, tungsten and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel cell uses alcohol as fuel. The alcohol is preferably ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The non-ionic conductive copolymer resin forms graft structure. EXAMPLE - Fluororesin (graft copolymer having 93-95% of vinylidene fluoride unit, 3-4% of chlorofluoroethylene unit and 2-3% isopropylate unit) (in g) (1.5) was added to dimethyl formamide (10.5). Acid phosphoxy (chloropropyl) methacrylate (0.88) was added and then asobisisobutyronitrile was added. Catalyst support carbon (2.2) which supported platinum-ruthenium (40 wt.%) was added, and the reaction solution was maintained at 80degreesC for 24 hours and at 84degreesC for 1 hour. The resulting product was cooled and electronic and ionic conduction dispersion liquid was obtained. The obtained dispersion liquid was obtained on a release property plastic and solvent was removed by heating. A film having electrical conductivity of 89 mS/cm was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of sulfonyl derivative to difluoro borate salt is 99:1-30:70. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - N-methyl-N-n-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide is specifically claimed as the sulfonyl derivative (1), and N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium difluoro(oxalate) borate is specifically claimed as the difluoroborate salt (2).    EXAMPLE - N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium difluoro (oxalate) borate were mixed in weight ratio of 60:40 and ionic liquid composition was obtained. The composition had viscosity of 52 mPa.second, electroconductivity of 6.5 mS/cm and oxidation-reduction potentials of -3.2V and +2.8V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The tertiary amine compound of formula: R3-N(-R2)(-R1) is reacted with alkyl halide of formula: R4X3 in suitable solvent to synthesize quaternary ammonium salt of formula: R1-N+(-R2)(-R3)(-R4) X-, which is subjected to salt exchange reaction with metal halide of formula MX1 to obtain quaternary ammonium salt of compound R1-N+(-R2)(-R3)(-R4) X-.R1-R4=as defined above;X3=chlorine, bromine or iodine;andM=hydrogen, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium or silver.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from cyclic or linear carbonate ester, phosphoric acid ester, cyclic ether, linear ether, lactone compound, chain shaped ester, nitrile compound, amide compound and/or sulfide compound. Preferably, the organic solvent is linear carbonate ester chosen from dimethyl carbonate and/or ethyl methyl carbonate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 specific quaternary ammonium salt compounds are disclosed such as N-ethoxy methyl-N,N-diethyl-N-methyl ammonium hexafluoro phosphate and N-ethoxy methyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium hexafluorophosphate.    EXAMPLE - Trimethylamine (in g) (40.2) was dissolved in anhydrous acetone (342) and chloromethyl ethyl ether (64) was dropped for 1 hour at 5degreesC. The reaction mixture was stirred at 15degreesC or less for 4 hours and cooled to 5degreesC after reaction completion. The produced solid was separated by filtration and washed, and N-ethoxy methyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium hexafluorophosphate (88.0) was obtained. The compound was mixed with ethyl methyl carbonate in nitrogen atmosphere in a dry box at -60degreesC or less. The solution after mixing had moisture content of 30 ppm or less. The solution had electrical conductivity of 7.9 mScm-1 at 25degreesC and 4.8 mScm-1 at 0degreesC for 40:60 mixture of the compound and the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst precursor is cobalt-, ruthenium-, cobalt porphyrin-, ruthenium terpyridine-, rutheniumterpyridin- or ruthenium bipyridine complex, or tetrakis(parachlorophenyl)-porphyrin cobalt (II) or tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin cobalt (II). The substrate exists from a carbon powder, porous carbon or titanium containing foil. The substrate is treated with the catalysts in a low-temperature plasma, before the loading. The low-temperature plasma contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon or ammonia. Preferred Process: The substrate catalyst composite is treated in low-temperature plasma. The plasma treatment is carried out at 0.01-10 mbar or at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of nitrogen, argon, helium or an oxygen-containing gas (preferred). The plasma is induced at a frequency of 13.56 or 27.12 MHz or 1-100 kHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The storage and delivery material is compacted to a density above 75%, preferably to a density above 85% of the theoretic skeleton density. The material comprises ammonia absorbed or chemically bonded or coordinated as a chemical complex in the form of a solid material that has been compressed into a block or tablet or a pellet of a desired shape. The solid material is a chemical complex in the form of an ionic salt of the general formula: Ma(NH3)nXz, where M is one or more cations selected from alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium or strontium, aluminum and transition metals such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or mixture such as sodium-aluminum, potassium-aluminum, potassium-zinc, cesium-copper or potassium-iron alloy, X is one or more anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, molybdate and phosphate ions, a is the number of cations per salt molecule, z is the number of anions per salt molecule, and n is the coordination number of 2-12. The solid material comprises at least one salt in the form of at least one chloride or sulfide of at least one alkaline earth metal, preferably magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and/or strontium chloride. The solid material is mixed with a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuels are 1-3C alcohol (10-40 mass.%) and water. The antifungal agent or a disinfectant/microbicide for the fuel cell is a 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one compound, an isothiazoline-3-compound, a thiazolyl benzimidazole compound, a 2-phenoxy ethanol compound or a phenol type compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 45 Compounds are specifically disclosed as the antifungal agent or a disinfectant/microbicide for fuel cell e.g. 2-methyl-5-phenyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, benzo(d)isothiazol-3-one and 2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzoimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin.Preferred Composition: The amount of flame retardant mixed with the synthetic resin is 0.03-30 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound is a compound, which has at least one chelate ring and/or alkoxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The phenol resin is resol type phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: When the hydrogen storage material is exposed to hydrogen gas atmosphere at room temperature after releasing hydrogen and heating at predetermined temperature, 3 mass% or more, preferably 3.5 mass% or more of hydrogen is occluded within 100 seconds, preferably within 30 seconds. The mechanical milling process is performed in inert gas atmosphere, hydrogen gas atmosphere or mixed gas atmosphere. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is niobium, vanadium and/or titanium or its compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst metal is platinum. The slightly soluble metal salt is at least one of group 2, 11, 12 and 14 element, preferably silver, barium, magnesium, lead, strontium and/or zinc. The slightly soluble metal salt is oxygen-acid salt, or sulfate, phosphate, carbonate and/or chromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of methanol or dimethyl ether in the liquid mixture is 0.1-99.5 wt.%. The triazine compound is dissolved in the liquid mixture in an amount of 0.01-15 wt.%. EXAMPLE - 4,6-Dihydroxy-1,3,5-trazine-2-carboxylic acid sodium salt of formula (A) (in wt.%) (1) was dissolved in liquid mixture of water (94) and methanol (5), and fuel for fuel cells was prepared. The obtained fuel was used in fuel cell. The fuel cell generated electric power with high output. The electrical potential retention of the fuel cell was 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano-dots and catalyst particles comprise a high melting metal carbide (preferably tungsten carbide (WC), molybdenum carbide (MoC) and tantalum carbide (TaC)) as the major components, and have a size of 2.6-4.2 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The carrier comprises aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo) or hafnium (Hf) as the major component element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The coating material comprises DNA or a carbon nano-horn as the major component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electron/hole transfer layer is made of organic polymers like polyarylamine, fluorene arylamine copolymer, flourene-bithiophene copolymer or its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The metal oxynitride nanoparticles are formed by further using a catalytic metal compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkyl amine is N(R1)(R2)(R3), where R1 to R3 is chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alloy containing platinum, transition metal elements other than platinum and rare earth elements, is provided in the catalyst. The composition containing platinum, transition metal elements other than platinum and rare earth elements is supported in the electroconductive support by wet method followed by reducing and heat processing the support which supported the composition. The transition metal element contains iron group element. The atomic ratio of transition metal elements other than platinum, is 0.1-2 with respect to platinum. The atomic ratio of rare earth element is 0.001-0.5 with respect to platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The selection agent (B) contains an inorganic substance chosen from metal oxide, gold and silver, as main component. The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of indium, tin, zinc, magnesium and/or antimony. The inorganic substances is in the form of ultra fine powder having particle size of 1 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The component (A1) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The resin composition (C) further contains a silane couple agent. Alternately, the sealing agent has a layer of resin composition (C), and a layer of a resin composition (D). The resin composition (D) does not contain selection agent (B), and contains ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its ionomer (A2) having melting point of 85degreesC or more and a silane coupling agent. The component (A2) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The ratio of resin composition (C/D) is 1/99-90/10. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) masterbatch containing tin doped indium oxide (10 wt.%), was prepared by mixing (in g) EMAA (3500), masterbatch of tin doped indium oxide (1500) and KBM503 (silane coupling agent) (5). The mixture was left for a whole day and night. The mixture was then molded into a film having thickness of 0.05 mm. Separately, EMAA (5000) and KBM503 (5), were mixed, left for a whole day and night, and molded into a film having thickness of 0.5 mm. The formed films were laminated with a green glass plate in between, and vacuum bonded at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. A solar cell sealing agent having transmittance of 88% at a wavelength of 650 nm and 4% at 2000 nm, was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous raw material is siliceous shale having cristobalite as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar-cell module has solar-cell sealing agent layer which is cross-linked. The solar-cell module is formed using cover glass which does not contain cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solar-cell sealing agent further contains ultraviolet absorber (0.1-2) with respect to copolymer (100). Preferred Components: The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The solar-cell sealing agent is sheet-type solar-cell sealing agent. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (5000) having vinyl-acetate content of 28 wt.% and melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes, cerium oxide (5) having primary particle size of 50 nmx10 nm and average particle diameter of 2.5 microns, Lupasol 101 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(3-butyl peroxy) hexane) (60), and KBM503 (gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane as silane coupling agent) (5) were mixed, and extruded to obtain sheet-type sealing agent with thickness of 0.6 mm. The obtained sealing agent had favorable ultraviolet-ray resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: At least one type of another pigment is pigment which has maximum absorption wavelength of absorption spectrum in 500-700 nm in liquid dissolved in organic medium, which is a ruthenium complex. The pigment which has maximum absorption wavelength of absorption spectrum in 350-500 nm in liquid dissolved in organic medium, is chosen from pigment of formula (1) and pigment of formula (2).R1 = alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heterocyclic ring optionally having substituent;R2,R6,R10 = coupling group which bonds with a nitrogen atom, benzene ring adjacent to nitrogen atom and forms a cyclic structure, and R1 and R2 or R1 and benzene ring adjacent to nitrogen atom, coupled together and ring is formed;R3,R7,R11 = hydrogen atom, alkyl, alkoxy or a halogen atom optionally having substituent;L1-L3 = carbon-carbon conjugated double bond, divalent aromatic hydrocarbon or divalent heterocyclic group;l,m,n = 0 or 1, and E or Z type is carbon-carbon double bonds;R4,R8,R12 = hydrogen atom, alkyl, aralkyl or a heterocyclic rings optionally having substituent;R5,R9,R13 = oxygen atom and ionic bond or a covalent bond as bonded form, hydrogen atom, alkyl or quaternary ammonium salt having alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom;Ar1,Ar2 = divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group;L4 = divalent coupling agent; andp = 0 or 1.The semiconductor electrode contains titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver and sort of metal chalcogenides chosen from antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt, nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel is methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A photocatalyst containing oxidation and/or reduction catalyst comprising metal (oxide), is inserted into the medium. Decomposition is carried out in the absence of oxygen in the medium. A sensitizer which absorbs and excites light in the medium, and delivers and receives an electron, is inserted into the medium. Viologens are co-existed as electron acceptor is in the medium with the sensitizer. An electron is accepted for decomposition of the nitrogen-containing compound from the excited sensitizer, and an oxidation-type sensitizer is formed. Hydrogen is generated according to the noble metal catalyst using the viologen cation radical produced in the light irradiation by further co-existing a noble metal catalyst and carrying out light irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The titanate has layered structure, and is sodium titanate. Preferred Process: The hydrothermal process is performed using hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (0.01-0.5 mol/l). The drying process involves evaporating moisture content gradually. The processes are performed in an autoclave. The temperature of the processes is 120-200degreesC. The time of hydrothermal process and drying process is 120 hours or more. The nano-wire structure obtained is further water washed and dried. EXAMPLE - Sodium titanate powder (in g) (0.15) was added to 0.05M dilute hydrochloric acid (15 ml) and hydrothermally processed at 170degreesC for 168 hours. The acid was evaporated and residue was washed with distilled water and dried at 60degreesC for 4 hours to obtain white powder. Titanium oxide of nano-wire structure was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (A) comprises: reaction of a sulfonium halogenide (II) of formula (R1R2R3S)(X) with alkalidicyanamide loaded with ion exchanger; reaction of sulfonium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (III) of formula (R1R2R3S)(NTf2) with 1-8C tetra alkylammoniumdicyanamide; reaction of (II) with silver dicyanamide; or reaction of (II) with an alkalidicyanamide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (I) is specifically claimed as trimethylsulfoniumdicyanamide, diethylmethylsulfoniumdicyanamide, triphenylsulfoniumdicyanamide , compound of formula (IV) or (V).    EXAMPLE - The solution of trimethylsulfonium(bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (35.7 g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 ml). The reaction mixture was transferred in vessel containing water (100 ml). The solution of tetra-butylammoniumdicyanamide (62.7 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 24 hours at 30degreesC. The reaction mixture was further worked up to give an ionic liquid containing trimethylsulfoniumdicyanamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (B) is a copper-based compound with a redox potential (preferably copper chloride), an iron-based compound with a redox potential (ferric chloride), a vanadium-based compound with a redox potential (vanadium pentoxide) and/or a heteropolyacid. The heteropolyacid is H3PMo12O40, H4PVMo11O40, H5PV2Mo10O40, H6PV3Mo9O40, H4SiMo12O40, H5SiVMo11O40, H6SiV2Mo10O40, H7SiV3Mo9O40, H3PW12O40, H4PVW11O40, H5PV2W10O40 or H6PV3W9O40. The temperature of (I) is 15-95 (preferably 60-80)degreesC. (A) has a particle size of 2-10 nm. The gold catalyst is loaded on a support. The support is a carbon carrier, alumina, silica, zeolite, titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), cerium oxide (CeO2) and/or ferric oxide (Fe2O3). (A) is loaded on a hydrophilic support, which is immersed in the aqueous phase. The carbon monoxide-containing fluid is a fuel gas having a space velocity of 4000-220000 hr-1. In the fuel processor, (I) is packed in a fixed bed. The fuel processor further comprises a desulfurizer and a fuel reformer. Preferred Process: The carbon monoxide is removed by the reaction scheme of carbon monoxide reacts with water to give carbon dioxide, two hydrogen ions (2H+) and two electrons (2e-). The water is produced through the oxidation of (B) by the reaction scheme of 2 molecules of metal of formula (2M(n-1)) (where n is 1-7) reacts with half molecule of water and two hydrogen ions (2H+) to give metal of formula (Mn+) and water. The oxidized cocatalyst is reduced by the reaction scheme of 2 molecules of metal of formula (2Mn+) reacts with two electrons (2e-) to give two molecules of metal of formula (2M(n-1)+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or ruthenium, preferably platinum. A transition metal is iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, manganese and/or vanadium, preferably iron.Preferred Support: The support is an electroconductive support, preferably carbon black.Preferred Composition: The amount of noble metal used for forming noble metal film is 0.5-10 wt.% with respect to the total metal amount of noble metal alloy. The ratio of the transition metal with respect to the total metal in the catalyst particle surface is 50% or less, with respect to the ratio of transition metal with respect to the total metal contained in the catalyst particles. EXAMPLE - Carbon powder (in g) (4.7) having a specific surface area of 1000 m2/g was dispersed in water. Hexa hydroxo platinum nitric acid solution containing platinum (4.7) was dripped in the dispersion liquid. Pure water (1 L) was dripped, and filtration was carried out. The obtained cake was dispersed in water, and dispersion liquid obtained by dissolving iron nitrate (4.8) in water was added. An ammonia aqueous solution was added and neutralized to a pH of 7. The resulting product was filtered and washed, and the obtained cake was dried at 100degreesC in vacuum for 10 hours. Reduction processing was carried out at 700degreesC in a hydrogen atmosphere for 2 hours, and alloying processing was carried out at 800degreesC in an argon atmosphere for 5 hours. The obtained platinum iron catalyst was suspended in pure water, and hexa hydroxo platinum nitric acid solution was added. Hydrazine (0.2) was added, and the resulting solution was heated, cooled, filtered and washed. The obtained cake was dried. A catalyst having platinum iron particle coated with platinum was obtained. A fuel cell was manufactured using the catalyst. The fuel cell had favorable current voltage characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel includes methanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia, ethylene glycol and aqueous sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-platinum group metal atom and/or the element of the metal cluster are transition elements. The transition elements are iron, cobalt, nickel and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ring: The heterocyclic ring is a complex aromatic ring such as a triazine ring, a borazine ring, a phosphazene ring, a thiophene ring and/or their condensed ring.Preferred Connector: The connector is an element of pi-electron donation property such as an amino group, a carbonyl group, a thiocarbonyl group, a thio group, a diazole group, a carbodiimide group, an ethynyl group or an ethylene group. EXAMPLE - Melamine (g) (50) and zinc chloride (50) were mixed and provided in an alumina crucible and covered with calcium chloride powder. The crucible was provided in an autoclave and heated at 650degreesC for 1 hour and cooled to room temperature. The product was provided in a beaker. Distilled water was added and filtration was performed under a reduced pressure after boiling for 1 hour. The obtained pink powder product was provided in a beaker, to which 35% hydrochloric acid (100) was added, filtered, water washed and dried. A pale yellow color powder (34) was obtained. A macrocyclic polymelamine having a network structure was obtained. Macrocyclic polymelamine (10) was added to a 10% ammonia property copper sulfate aqueous solution (100), and was vacuum dried after stirring at room temperature and filtering. Copper complexes (15) of verdigris color were obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metallic element of non-platinum group metallic compound is a transition element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group of pi-electron donation property is a cyano group, an amino group, a cyano-amino group and a carbodiimide group.Preferred Ring: The complex aromatic ring of the heterocyclic aromatic compound is a triazine ring, a tris triazine ring, a borazine ring, a phosphazene ring or a thiophene ring. EXAMPLE - A mixture of melamine ( g) (63) and potassium thiocyanate (150) was heated at 500degreesC. The mixture was further heated in an electric furnace at 650degreesC for 1.5 hours, and colorless needle crystals were obtained. The crystals were maintained at room temperature in distilled water, and tricyano melamine potassium salt (48) of high purity was obtained. The obtained salt (10) was dissolved in distilled water (100), boiled and vacuum dried. The obtained metallic compound had good performance of dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and proton trapping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The powder is baked and partially oxidized in an atmosphere containing oxygen. EXAMPLE - Titanium nitride powder (2 g) was added to a crucible made of alumina, and muffled with a temperature increase rate of 100degreesC/hour from room temperature to 520degreesC, in air having a circulating dew point of 20degreesC. The added powder was baked at the same temperature, and cooled to obtain a powder-form electrode catalyst. The obtained electrode catalyst had a BET specific surface area of 14.2 m2/g. The obtained catalyst had titanium, oxygen and nitrogen in an atomic ratio of 1:0.94:0.53 before and after baking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is ethylene-based copolymer such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The repeating unit of formula (2) is repeating unit of formula (2').
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass matrix (a) contains overall amounts of 25-30 wt. % SiO2, 15-30 wt. % CaO, 3-15 wt. % MgO, up to 15 wt. % (but preferably no) barium oxide (BaO) and 10-20 wt. % Al2O3. The crystalline phase (b) comprises one or more of barium oxide-silicon oxide (BaO.2SiO2), barium oxide-aluminum oxide-silicon oxide (BaO.Al2O3.SiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), calcium oxide-barium oxide-silicon oxide (2CaO.BaO.3SiO2), pure Al2O3 or titanium dioxide (TiO2); and has an average diameter of up to 100 (especially up to 63) microns. (I) optionally also contains 0.1-2 wt. % of melt sintering additives, specifically selected from alkali(ne earth) metal vanadates and their eutectic melting binary mixtures.Preferred Method. In the joining method the crystalline phase of (I) has a particle diameter of at most half (especially at most a third) of the intended layer thickness of the joint connection. EXAMPLE - A composite material (Ia) consisted of (by weight) 89.5% amorphous glass matrix containing 27% SiO2, 25% CaO, 7% MgO, 14.8% Al2O3, 20% B2O3, 3% V2O5, 0.2% Li2O and 3% Co2O3; 10% BaO.2SiO2 crystalline phase; and 0.5% 2Li2O.5V2O5 sintering additive. (Ia) was used as a joining material for high temperature fuel cells, and showed a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range 9-13 x 10-6 K-1 and a joining time of ca. 21 hours (compared with ca. 32 hours for a conventional joining material). When (Ia) was used for soldering the edges of two 50 x 50 mm steel plates to give a sandwich sample, the product showed a helium leakage rate of less than 10-9 mbar.l.s-1 in a vacuum test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The copolymer or composition containing the copolymer is a resin composition (C) containing non-crystalline alpha-olefin type polymer (A) (in wt.pts) (50-100) and crystalline alpha-olefin type polymer (B) (50-0). The polymer (A) has 20 mol% or more of polymer unit based on 3-20C alpha-olefin, melting peak based on differential scanning calorimeter, and molecular weight distribution of 5 or less. The polymer (A) contains 30 mol% or more of propylene polymer unit, and is manufactured using a metallocene catalyst. The polymer (B) is propylene homopolymer or copolymer of propylene and other alpha-olefins. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer further contains an additive chosen from cross-linking agent, cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, antioxidant, ultraviolet absorber and optical stabilizer. Preferred Properties: The resin composition (C) has JIS-A hardness of 40-100. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer contains non-crystalline or low-crystalline alpha-olefin copolymer (D) having degree of crystallinity by X-ray diffraction of 40% or less and Shore-D hardness of 60 or less. The copolymer or the composition containing the copolymer has storage elastic modulus of 10-3 Pa or more at 150degreesC, and haze of 10% or less at a thickness of 0.5 mm. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. The solar cell module has a crosslinked solar cell sealing agent layer. EXAMPLE - A resin composition containing non-crystalline propylene polymer (in wt.pts) (85) and crystalline polypropylene (15), and having melting peak at 158degreesC and JIS-A hardness of (56), was prepared. The composition was extruded into a sheet having thickness of 0.5 mm at 160degreesC. The formed sheet had storage elastic modulus of 1.1x105 Pa, haze of 5.8%, and favorable 60degrees inclination strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The content of aluminum oxide in the titanium-oxide particles is 0.0005-0.01 wt.%, preferably 0.0007-0.005 wt.%.Preferred Material: The base material is a flexible plastic film or a glass plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The polyazole compound is a polyazole alkali metal salt such as poly ((2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzo imidazole) metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing acidic solution is aqua regia and comprises at least one acid such as hydrochloric acid, and at least one peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide or at least one oxidizing agent. The platinum salt is aluminum chloroplatinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The microscopic particles of polymer electrolyte membrane comprise C.I.PIGMENT RED 149 and does not contain metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The carbon particles contain graphitized carbon obtained by carrying out graphitization of carbon black and activated carbon. The carbon particles are coated with carbon film having low crystallinity than the carbon particles. The carbon film is formed by carbonizing organic substance. The catalyst particle (A) is noble metal, transition metal and/or their oxide. Preferred Method: The carbon film is coated on carbon particles by baking, after coating carbon particle surface with organic substance. The carbon particle is heated in gas atmosphere containing molecular oxygen. The catalyst particle is removed after heating. EXAMPLE - Ketchen black EC600JD (carbon black having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1270 m2/g) was heated at 3000degreesC to obtain graphitized carbon black. The graphitized carbon black (in g) (10) and cobalt oxide (10) having average particle diameter of 0.01 microns were mixed with mixture of polyethylene glycol and ion exchange water. The resulting mixture was dried and heated at 90degreesC. The dried product was baked at 500degreesC for 8 hours in helium gas atmosphere containing molecular oxygen (0.1 mol%). The resulting product was added to 10 mass% nitric acid aqueous solution, stirred for 4 hours and cobalt oxide was removed. Carbon support was obtained. An electrode catalyst was manufactured using the carbon support. The electrode catalyst had high and stable catalytic activity for long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of the coating is made of magnesium fluoride or aluminum oxide (maximum yield 3.2), silicon dioxide (maximum yield 3.2), or conductive white paint PSG 120 ED (maximum yield 2.85).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A phase difference between an overall electric charge on the front surface and an overall electric charge on the rear face is maintained at a minimum value or below a predetermined value such that the minimum value or the predetermined value is lower than a level at which an electrostatic discharge could be produced between the front face and the rear face. The coating is of emissive and conductive material or of a weak isolating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The Y-type zeolite is Na-Y-type or H-Y-type zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), chromium (Cr), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and/or iridium (Ir). Preferred Composition: The transition metal is iron, and a molar ratio value between a platinum content in a solution used for supporting the platinum on the carrier and an iron content in a solution used for supporting the iron on the carrier ((Pt)/(Fe)) is 1.5-7.5 when the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing catalyst is manufactured. The molar ratio value ((Pt)/(Fe)) is 2-6, preferably 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide selective oxidizing catalyst is subjected to a reduction processing before being used to promote the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing reaction after the metal component has been supported on the carrier. The reduction processing is performed at a temperature higher than a temperature of the hydrogen-rich gas used for the carbon monoxide selective oxidizing reaction. It is performed at 150-370degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The counter ion is a monovalent or bivalent metal ion. The counter ion is a metal ion chosen from an alkali metal ion or an alkaline earth metal ion, preferably calcium ion. The porous substrate is surface-treated by corona treatment or electron beam irradiation.Preferred Process: The ion exchange resin layer is provided at a porous base material surface, and heated at 70degreesC or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The ion exchange resin is a perfluoro sulfonic acid group ion exchange resin. EXAMPLE - Corona treatment of a polyethylene microporous film having a thickness of 16 microns and a porosity of 40% was performed and a corona treated film was obtained. The corona treated film was immersed in Aciplex-SS-950 (RTM:) (perfluoro sulfonic acid type ion exchange resin solution having an ion exchange capacity of 950 g/EQ) for 10 seconds, and dried at 80degreesC for two hours. The resin was cured and the formed film was water washed after immersing in calcium chloride aqueous solution. The film was heated at 120degreesC and dried. A water vapor permeable film having a thickness of 18 microns was obtained. The water vapor permeable film had a favorable water vapor permeability and suppressed time dependent performance decrement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The shift catalyst suppresses permeation of carbon dioxide when the suppression layer shows a molecular sieve function with respect to carbon dioxide, or carbon-dioxide adsorption function. The suppression layer is formed regularly and periodically in square grating lattice shape. The ratio of the area of a region for which it accounts to the surface area of the catalyst layer, and in which the suppression layer is formed is 10-90%. An intermediate layer consisting of an inorganic oxide is formed between the catalyst layer and the suppression layer. Preferred Materials: The suppression layer comprises zeolite, clay mineral, silica-titania porous material, and/or activated carbon, and a basic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The desulfurization processing is carried out using desulfurizing agent containing silver component. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The sulfur compound is dibenzo thiophene, 4-methyl-dibenzo thiophene and/or 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzo thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer in energy storage-type dye sensitizing solar cell is chosen from polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyvinyl carbazole, polyviologen, poly porphyrin, poly phthalocyanine, polyferrocene, polyamine and its derivative, carbon nanotube, fullerene, and quinoline-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base and rods are formed of transition metal oxide selected from SnO2, TiO2, ZnO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group traps a metal ion and has phosphoric acid group and/or phosphonic acid group. The modified carbon is contained in the catalyst layer. The chemically modified carbon is electroconductive support comprising an electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group has hydroxyl radical or hydrogen peroxide elimination ability. The functional group having hydroxyl radical elimination ability is phenol group. The functional group having hydrogen peroxide elimination ability has oxidation-reduction cycle functions reversibly as hydrogen acceptor or hydrogen donor. The group with electrical potential lower than the oxidation-reduction potential of hydroxy radical is hydrogen acceptor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Purifier: The means of estimation of temperature comprises a memory unit prepared off-line representing the variation of optimal temperature as a function of motor power demanded in a stabilised regime. The means of estimation of temperature is able to determine dynamically the optimal catalyst temperature from a calibrated transport/reaction model, by the equation:dC/dt = Vg/L(CIN -C) + Re(T,C).Vg = velocity of gases during the chemical reaction;T = temperature of catalyst;C = concentration of compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised regime;Re = function dependent on temperature and concentration;L = length of reactor;CIN = concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction.The criteria of efficiency is obtained as a vector of the concentration of the compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised condition and the concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction:eff = 1 - C / CIN.eff = efficiency of the chemical catalyst.The means of estimation can determine dynamically the optimum temperature of the catalyst in a transitory regime from the equation:deff/dt = f(eff, Vg, T, Q, C).eff, Vg, T, C are as above, and Q = mass flow rate of gases during the chemical reaction.The reaction unit described is associated with a fuel cell for an automobile vehicle which comprises a reformer unit producing a reformate which is then passed through a purifying unit and then a unit, as described in the invention, from which pure H2 is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The method uses cobalt or ruthenium complexes of formula UM(N-L-N-L-N)2 (Ia) and UM(N-L-N)(N-L-Y)2 (Ib), tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)-porphyrin cobalt(II), tetrakis(penta-fluorophenyl)porphyrin cobalt (II), tetra(phenyl)porphyrin cobalt (II) in which each phenyl ring is substituted with 2-4 dimethylamino groups, ruthenium(II) bis(terpyridine) bis(hexafluorophosphate), ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) diiodide, or ruthenium(II) terpyridine 2,6-dicarboxypyridine hydrate.L = a bridge comprising 2-10 C; alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or substituted alkyl;UM = transition metal;N = R2N, RC(O)N or RP(O)(OH)N;Y = RO-, RC(O)O-, RSO3-, NR2, NC(O)R or N(OH)(P(O)R); andR = not defined.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is carried on a substrate, preferably carbon powder, porous carbon or titanium containing foil. The substrate is treated in low temperature plasma before the catalyst is applied. The low temperature plasma comprises oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, argon or ammonia. The substrate-catalyst composite is treated in the low temperature-plasma. The plasma treatment is carried out at pressure of 0.01-10 mbar (preferably atmospheric pressure) with plasma with a frequency of 13.56 or 27.12 megahertz (preferably 1-100 kilohertz) and in nitrogen, argon or helium (preferably oxygen containing gas).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron donating substituent of the light functional material has amino group having optional substituent. The electron donating substituent is vinyl amino group of formula (II). The light functional material is expressed of formula (III).R3-R10 = hydrogen or monovalent organic residue.R3-R6, R1 and R2 are combined to form a ring.R7-R10 are combined to form a ring.The acidic substituent is chosen from carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, phosphinic acid, hydroxyl, hydroxamic acid, boronic acid and/or squaric acid group. EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (III) was prepared using 9,10-phenanthrene quinone as starting material. The compound (III) (in g) (19.3) was dissolved in dioxane (150 ml), tetrahydrofuran (100 ml), water (100 ml) and p-toluene sulfonic acid (100 ml). The mixture was heat refluxed for 4 hours. The precipitated crystals were separated by filtration, washed and dried to form compound (IV) (16.6). The compound (IV) (1) and diamino maleonitrile (0.22), were dissolved in chloroform (30 ml). The formed solution was added with boron trifluoride -diethyl ether complex (0.28) and heat refluxed for 3 hours. Methanol was injected into the reaction liquid to precipitate the solid product. The product was refined to form a compound of formula (V) (0.47). The obtained compound (V) (0.25) was dissolved in dioxane (10 ml), added with 10% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and heat refluxed for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled and added with 1 M hydrochloric acid. The formed precipitate was dried and purified to form light functional material of formula (A) (0.2) with the yield of 77.2%. The compound (A) has improved photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The wafer further comprises a diffusion length greater than the thickness of the wafer. The first and second electrical contacts are positioned on the wafer in an interdigitated pattern. The wafer has a diffusion length and distance from the center of the second contact to an edge of the first contact that is closest to the second contact (45) is less than the diffusion length. At least one anti-reflective layer is on the first surface. The first surface is textured. The second electrical contact comprises an electrically conducting metal positioned directly on or in the second surface of the wafer. A back surface field (BSF) (65) is positioned between the second contact and the wafer. The second contact comprises point contacts (55). An insulating layer is positioned between at least a portion of the point contacts and the first contact. The point contacts are formed by laser firing. The center-to-center spacing of adjacent point contacts is 100 microns to 1 mm. A passivation layer is between the point contacts and the wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor wafer comprises doped crystalline or multi-crystalline silicon. The first passivation layer comprises silicon nitride, hydrogenated amorphous silicon and/or hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon. The first passivation layer comprising hydrogenated amorphous silicon further comprises carbon, nitrogen and/or oxygen. It comprises nitrogen in a graded concentration. The silicon nitride of the passivation layer is formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The second passivation layer comprises hydrogenated amorphous silicon and/or hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon. The semiconductor material of conductivity opposite the conductivity of the wafer comprises hydrogenated amorphous silicon and/or hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon. The insulation layer comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-fluid substance contains alkali metal, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride and/or sodium borohydride, preferably sodium borohydride. The catalyst used with non-fluid substance, contains cobalt, nickel, ruthenium and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solubility of the alkali metal atom with respect to 25degreesC distilled water is preferably 0.1 g/100 ml or less, and more preferably 0.01 g/100 ml or less. Transition metal particles containing iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or manganese are further supported by the inorganic support. The content of the slightly soluble compound with respect to the whole quantity of catalyst is 1-20 mass% by alkali metal atom conversion.Preferred Compound: The slightly soluble compound is an aluminosilicate, silicate and/or titanate of alkali metal, preferably cesium-aluminum-silicate (CsAlSiO4 or CsAlSi2O6), lithium-aluminum silicate (LiAlSiO4 or LiAlSi2O6), potassium-aluminum silicate (KAlSiO4), lithium silicate (Li4SiO4) and cesium-titanate (CsTi6O13). EXAMPLE - An alumina support (specific surface area of 180-220 m2/g and average particle diameter of 5 microns) was impregnated with a solution containing platinum (8.5 mass%) and ruthenium (3.6 mass%) salts, and then dried at 150degreesC for 4 hours, and baked at 500degreesC for 1 hour to obtain supported noble metal catalyst powder. Alumina sol (in mass parts) (2), the obtained noble metal catalyst powder (100) and cesium-aluminum-silicate (CsAlSiO4) powder (alkali metal-containing powder) (19) were added to water (200) to obtain catalyst slurry. The obtained catalyst slurry was coated to honeycomb support, and baked at 400degreesC for 1 hour to obtain a carbon monoxide selective-oxidation catalyst. The content of the alkali metal-containing powder with respect to whole quantity of catalyst was 10 mass% by cesium atom conversion. The obtained carbon monoxide selective-oxidation catalyst had a carbon monoxide conversion ratio of 95%, combined with improved durability and suppressed elution of alkali-metal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The light receiving surface side of surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region at overhead of the wiring material. Alternately, the non-light receiving surface side of reverse surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region under the wiring material. The cutting direction is perpendicular with respect to electrical connection direction of the photovoltaic component. The wiring material is extension portion of electrode provided at the photovoltaic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is film of polyvinyl fluoride, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder used in solid proton conductive film is polytetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid proton conductive film consists of phosphate hydrate crystallization containing main material of zirconium-phosphate dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The catalyst support includes a ceramic housing surrounding the monolithic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst support includes a catalyst on the monolithic material. The catalyst comprises ruthenium, iron, nickel, platinum, or palladium. The material comprises carbides and/or nitrides. It comprises silicon carbide or silicon carbonitride. The housing comprises an oxide. Preferred Property: The surface area per unit volume is 1x105-1x108 m2/m3. The non-oxide material has a pore diameter of 10 nm-100 microns, a void fraction of greater than or equal to0.74, retains structural integrity at 1800degreesC, and a pressure drop of less than or equal to0.25 atm/mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The sensors comprise a temperature sensor for sensing a temperature of at least one of the fuel cell and the fuel tank; a pressure sensor for sensing a pressure of the fuel tank; a current sensor for sensing an electrical current provided by the fuel cell to the host processor; a voltage sensor for sensing a voltage provided by the fuel cell to the host processor. The data is formatted in accordance with an advanced configuration and power interface (ACPI) specification, an inter-IC (I2C) bus specification, a system management bus (SmBus) specification, and/or a smart battery charger specification. The controller determines a remaining amount of fuel in the fuel cell in accordance with the consumed amount of fuel; determines a remaining amount of fuel cell power in accordance with the remaining amount of fuel; determines an electrical consumption rate being consumed by the computer operating system in accordance with a sensed electrical current provided by the fuel cell to the processing system; and transmits values indicative of the remaining amount of power and the electrical consumption rate from the fuel cell to a computer operating system residing in the processing system via the data bus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell comprises a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, a solid oxide fuel cell, an alkaline fuel cell, a direct method fuel cell, a regenerative fuel cell, a zinc-air fuel cell, and/or a protonic ceramic fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Inhibitor: The oxygen inhibitor is chosen from N-hydroxysuccinic acid imide, N-hydroxymaleic acid imide, N-hydroxy hexahydrophthalic imide, N,N'-dihydroxycyclohexane tetracarboxylic acid imide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, N-hydroxytetrabromophthalic imide, N-hydroxytetrachlorophthalic acid imide, N-hydroxytrimellitic acid imide, N,N'-dihydroxypyromellitic acid imide and N,N'-dihydroxy naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The cutting is provided at vertical direction with respect to longitudinal direction of gap region. The cutting is formed longer than the width of transverse direction of gap region. The coating material has surface film arranged at light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, and reverse side film arranged at non-light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, each adhered to photovoltaic element using a sealing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell uses silicon semiconductor such as crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, thin-film polycrystalline silicon, and compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is polyamide, polyimide, liquid crystal polymer, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether imide, polyether sulfone, polystyrene, and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrodes (I,II) contain indium oxide-tin oxide, indium oxide-tin oxide-zinc oxide and indium oxide, or zinc oxide-aluminum oxide, zinc oxide or zinc oxide-gallium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water repellent layer is formed by gaseous phase method or chemical vapor deposition method, with self-assembling monolayer. The surface roughness and contact angle of water repellent layer are 5 nm-1 microns, according to JIS B0601, and 70-170degrees with respect to water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water repellent layer contains organometallic compound having carbon containing group, hydrocarbon compound and fluorine containing compound.Preferred Compounds: Organometallic compound is organic silicon containing material and/or its polymer and is of formula: SixOyCzHa, where x, y are 1-10, Z is 1-50 and a is 1-122. Fluorine containing compound is organic fluorinated silicon material and/or its polymer and is of formula: SixOyCzHaFb (where x is 1-10, y is 0-10, z is 1-50 and a, b are 0-122), SixOyHaFb (where x is 1-10, y is 0-10, a is 0-21 and b is 1-22) and/or CxOyHzFa (where x is 1-50, y is 0-10 and z, a are 0-102). The self-assembling monolayer is formed using a compound of formula: R1XR2, where R1 is alkyl or aryl group, R2 is H, halogen or -OR3, R3 is alkyl, allyl or aryl group, and X is silicon, titanium, aluminum, carbon or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternatively, the catalyst layer contains solid polymer electrolyte and water-repellent catalyst material.Preferred Process: The gaseous phase method is chemical vapor deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water-repellent material is organometallic compound of formula: SixOyCzHalpha, hydrocarbon compound or fluorine-containing compound of formula: SixOyCzHalphaFbeta, where x =1-10; y = 0-10; z = 1-50; and alpha, beta = 1-122.Alternatively, the fluorine-containing compound is of formula: SixOyHa'Fb' or Six'Oy'Hz'Fa", where x = 1-10; y, y' = 0-10; z, a" = 0-102; a' = 0-21; and b' = 1-22.The water-repellent material contains self-assembling monolayer containing compound of formula: R1XR2, where R1 = alkyl or aryl; R2 = H, halogen or -OR3; R3 = alkyl, allyl or aryl; and X = silicon, titanium, aluminum, carbon or sulfur.The material has water contact angle of 70-170degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is ketone and/or 3C or more alcohol, and is subjected to dehydration treatment by bubbling processing or with dehydration agent such as molecular sieve. The conductive resin composition contains (meth)acrylate, which is polymerized by actinic ray irradiation. The (meth)acrylate has two or more (meth)acryloyl group and one or more hydroxyl group in a molecule. Residual moisture content in the container used for storing zinc oxide powder is 20 g/m3 or less. The container has vacuum atmosphere or inert gas atmosphere containing nitrogen, argon and helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An adhesive or adhesive agent is provided on at least one surface of the sheet. EXAMPLE - Electroconductive zinc oxide microparticles (in mass parts) (1000) having primary average particle diameter of 20 nm, were filled in a bag. Nitrogen was flowed at flow rate of 0.5 l/minute for 20 minutes. The bag was heat sealed and provided into aluminum vapor deposited bag. Nitrogen was flowed at flow rate of 0.5 l/minute between the bag and aluminum vapor deposited bag for 20 minutes. The bag was further heat sealed, and a package was obtained. The package was left at 23degreesC and 50% relative humidity for 20 days. Moisture content in the package was adjusted to 21.7 g/m3. The package was opened and zinc oxide microparticles were used. The obtained zinc oxide microparticles (300), KAYARAD PET-30 (pentaerythritol triacrylate) (75) and Irgacure 651 (benzyl dimethyl ketal) (3.8) were rapidly added to isopropyl alcohol (700), and dispersed using beads mill. Thus, a resin composition was obtained. A film formed using the resin composition had surface resistivity of 1.7x107 Omega and 6.4x107 Omega before and after storage for 20 days, respectively, measured according to JIS K6911.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The organic protective film is formed in ink flow-path inner surface of an inkjet head.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of lower layer region and upper region is each 1 microns or more. The composition ratio of poly-monochloro paraxylylene and/or poly dichloro paraxylylene in lower layer region of monolayer film is 80% or more. The composition ratio of polyparaxylylene in upper region of monolayer film is 80% or more. Preferred Method: The blend of diparaxylylene, monochloro diparaxylylene, and/or dichloro diparaxylylene mixed in molar ratio of 1-72:1 is installed in the same film-forming apparatus. The blend is thermally decomposed, to generate radical blend containing diradical paraxylylene, diradical monochloro paraxylylene, and/or diradical dichloro paraxylylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel. EXAMPLE - Titanium dioxide film was immersed into pigment solution obtained by dissolving pigment of formula (A-10) in mixed solution of tert-butyl alcohol and acetonitrile. Subsequently, the film was immersed into pigment solution obtained by dissolving pigment of formula (40) and pigment of formula (D-1) in mixed solution of tert-butyl alcohol and acetonitrile for 90 minutes. A semiconductor electrode was obtained. Electrolyte liquid was injected into gap formed between semiconductor electrode and counter electrode to from optoelectric transducer. The obtained transducer had excellent optoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made of polyester, polycarbonate, amorphous olefin, polyether, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene ether, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, acryl, polyamide, polyallylate, polysulfone acid, polyether sulfone, polyacrylene sulfide, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, epoxy resin, diallyl phthalate, polyurethane, silicon resin, fluororesin, polyimide, polyetherimide and polyamidoimide. The bonding layer of plastic film and transparent conductive layer is made of polyester resin, acrylic resin, urethane acrylic resin, silicon acrylic resin, melamine resin and polysiloxane resin. The transparent conductive layer is made of fluorine dope tin oxide, indium-tin complex oxide (ITO), indium-zinc complex oxide, thin film of metal and carbon material. The electroconductive polymeric layer is made of polythiophene, polypyrrole and polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pattern consists of camouflage pattern, roof tile pattern, single pattern, pattern on housing portable electronic device and/or pattern on main portion of automobile.Preferred Composition: The material (I) comprises semiconductor material associated with several dyes, or electron acceptor material associated with several polymer compositions. The semiconductor material comprises titania or sintered titania. The semiconductor material(s) is in the form of nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The formulation used for photoactive layer, further comprises a thickening agent. selected from hydrophobic fumed silica particles or poly(propylene glycol). The surface of fumed silica particles is modified with poly(dimethyl siloxane) moieties.Preferred Process: The photoactive layer is washed with organic solvent which is alcohol, to remove thickening agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electron acceptor material comprises fullerene, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazole, discotic liquid crystal, carbon nanorod, inorganic nanorod, polymer containing cyano group and/or polymer containing CF3 group, preferably fullerene(s). The photovoltaic cell further comprises a substrate comprising polymer chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene or polyamide, polymethacrylate, polycarbonate and/or polyurethane.The photoactive layer comprises polymer composition and electron acceptor material.The polymer composition comprises discotic liquid crystal polymer, polythiophene, polyphenylene, poly(phenylene-vinylene, polythienyl vinylene and/or polyisothianaphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inactive material is alumina ball. The inactive material and noble metal catalyst have equivalent volume densities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst protective layer allows reaction material of modification reaction to pass through . The catalyst protective layer has pores having higher size than molecule of reaction material of modification reaction, and lower than molecule of catalyst poisoning substance. The catalyst protective layer comprises zeolite and substance capable of adsorbing catalyst-poisoning substance, preferably a solid solution of zirconium oxide and cerium oxide.Preferred Component: The catalytically active component contains ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and/or nickel. The porous support is a porous membrane. EXAMPLE - Catalyst particles were prepared comprising ruthenium catalyst coated with a layer of sodium type zeolite gel by stirring for 2 hours at 100 degreesC, then baking at 600 degreesC. Conversion of town gas to a hydrogen-containing product, carried out in the presence of the catalyst at 550 degreesC, indicated that the catalyst had favorable catalytic activity and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxidation catalyst contains metal chosen from iron, nickel and/or chromium ions. The amount of solid solution of magnesium is 0.1-20 mol%. EXAMPLE - Water (13 l) was taken in a stainless steel reactor and added with sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH to 12.7. The reactor was heated to 50degreesC and supplied with air. Magnesium nitride powder was dissolved in cobalt sulfide aqueous solution so that molar ratio of magnesium with respect to cobalt was 2 mol%. The cobalt aqueous solution formed was added into the reactor at a velocity of 10 cc/minute. Sodium hydroxide was again added to maintain the pH at 12.7. The component were reacted for 72 hours, and the generated particles were collected, water washed, and dried at 100degreesC for 15 hours to form black dry powder. X-ray diffraction analysis of the powder showed formation of oxyhydroxylated cobalt particles containing solid solution of magnesium. The particles had tap density of 2.29 g/l, bulk density of 1.66 g/ml, mean particle diameter (D50) of 8 microns, cobalt content of 62.6 wt.%, magnesium content of 0.55 wt.%, sulfate content of 0.01% or less and sodium content of 0.09%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) is transparent plastic layer containing polycarbonate, acrylic resin, transparent fluororesin or polyethylene terephthalate. The layer (B) consists of organic peroxide impregnated into ethylene-based copolymer. The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer has melt flow rate of 1-100 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load according to JIS K7210-1999, and methyl acrylate unit content of 20-50 wt.%. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer has melt flow rate of 1-100 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load according to JIS K7210-1999, and vinyl-acetate unit content of 15-50 wt.%. The layer (B) further contains additive chosen from silane coupling agent and/or cross-linking adjuvant. Another layer is provided in at least one surface of layers (A,B). The layer (A) is surface layer. The layer (B) is solar cell element sealing agent layer, which is cross-linked. Preferred Property: The interlayer adhesive strength of layers (A,B), is 5-50 N/10 mm. EXAMPLE - A layer (A) containing Lupilon NF2000 (polycarbonate) was formed. A layer (B) containing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (in weight parts) (100) having vinyl acetate content of 33 wt.% and melt flow rate of 30 g/10 minutes at 190degreesC and 2160 g load, tertiary butyl peroxide octoate (cross-linking agent) (2) having decomposition temperature of 95degreesC, triaryl isocyanurate (cross-linking adjuvant) (2) and gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (silane coupling agent) (0.5), was formed. The two layers (A,B) were laminated at 100degreesC for 15 minutes, and ethylene-based copolymer layer was cross-linked. The obtained laminate had adhesive strength of 1.1 N/10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenide(s) chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semiconductor electrode is adsorbed with one or more types of steroid compound. The steroid compound is a compound of general formula (II), and endocyclic steroid optionally contain a double bond.R7=alkyl group substituted with acidic group;R8=hydrogen atom, hydroxyl group, halogen atom, alkyl group, alkoxy group, aryl group, heterocyclic ring, acyl group, acyloxy group, oxycarbonyl group, oxo group or acidic group;andn=1-3. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 46 sensitizing dye compounds (e.g) compound (A-40) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - The compound (C-1) (1.0 g), cyanoacetic acid (0.40 g) and ammonium acetate (0.13 g) were dissolved in acetic acid (4.7 g) and stirred at 120degreesC. After 30 minutes, the heating was stopped and water was added to the solidified substance and stirred after cooling to room temperature. The precipitated crystals were filtered, washed with water and 2-propanol, and the sensitizing dye compound (A-40) was obtained. The compound had melting point at 226-229degreesC, maximal absorption wavelength at 428 nm and maximum molar absorption coefficient of 5.1x104 mol.cm.    A semiconductor electrode was immersed in dye solution prepared by dissolving the dye compound in mixed solution of t-butanol/acetonitrile, and adsorption treatment was performed. The maximum absorption wavelength of the dye adsorbed to titanium oxide thin film of semiconductor electrode was 492 nm. An optoelectric transducer was produced using the semiconductor electrode as working electrode. The transducer had conversion efficiency of 4.59%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The impervious layer is made of low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyoxymethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyacrylonitrile and polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The ITO transparent electroconductive film contains indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: (a) is one or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic diisocyanate. EXAMPLE - A mixture of Desmophene (RTM) 2028 (1075 g), HDO (109 g), BDO (13.5 g), thermoplastic polyurethane (0.5 wt.%) and DBTL (60 ppm) was stirred at 130degreesC and HDI (271 g) was added. The reaction mixture was thermally treated at 80degreesC for 30 minutes and granulated and treated with silane to obtain thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The wet processing technique is electroplating or electroless plating. The method further comprises reacting the precursor film with selenium and/or sulfur. The reacting step comprises annealing the precursor film at greater than or equal to 350degreesC.Preferred Materials: The precursor film comprises copper and at least one of indium and gallium. The nucleation layer comprises ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and/or osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is metal oxide or metal nitride. The metal oxide is an oxide of a transition metal belonging to 4-10 of the periodic table. Preferably it is molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, ruthenium oxide or rhenium oxide. The photoelectric conversion element contains metal oxide (II) or metal nitride (II) such as alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, rare earth metal oxide, alkali metal nitride, alkaline earth metal nitride or rare earth metal nitride. The metal oxide (II) is preferably lithium oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide or barium oxide. The metal nitride (II) is preferably lithium nitride, magnesium nitride or calcium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Organic compound (I) has hole transporting property, and has an aromatic amine skeleton; or has electron transporting property. Organic compound (II) has electron transporting property; or has hole transporting property, and has an aromatic amine skeleton. The compounds having electron transporting property are selected from a chelate metal complex having chelate ligand and aromatic ring, organic compound having phenanthroline structure, organic compound having oxadiazole structure, perylene derivative, naphthalene derivative, quinone, methyl viologen and fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phosphate hydrate crystal contains zirconium-phosphate dihydrate as a main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The proton-conductive water-impermeable electrolyte layer contains phosphate hydrate crystals and hydrophobic binder as a main component. Preferred Component: The hydrophobic binder is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent base material of transparent electrode is glass, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: An electron-withdrawing group is added to triphenylamine group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound : The porphyrin compound has general formula (I), pyrrole-2-carboxylate-ester derivative has general formula (II), and 2-hydroxymethyl pyrrole derivative has general formula (III).R1-R8 = univalent organic group which optionally combine with each other to form a ring; andR9 = 1-12C alkyl.The content of 2-methyl pyrrole derivative in purified 2-hydroxymethyl pyrrole derivative is 2 mol% or less. The cyclodehydration is performed in presence of oxygen and under shading. EXAMPLE - Lithium aluminum hydride (1.24) was added to THF with stirring at 0degreesC. 4,7-dihydro-4,7-ethano-2H-isoindole-1-carboxylic acid ethyl (4.55) was dissolved in dehydrated THF, and added to the lithium hydride-THF solution and maintained at 0degreesC. pH was maintained at 6-8 and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and water were added and stirred. Aluminum hydroxide was removed, solvent was distilled and vacuum dried, and (4-aza-tricyclo(5.2.2.02,6)undeca-2,5,8-triene-3-yl) methanol and methylated derivative was obtained. The obtained compound was purified using THF and hexane. The purified compound (2.01), and chloroform (450 ml) were mixed. Air was passed into the mixture at the rate of 80-90 ml/minute, hydrochloric acid (1.48 ml) was added and stirred. Chloranil (0.97) was added and left for 1 hour. Chloranil (0.097) was further added and stirred for 1 hour, and porphyrin compound was obtained at yield of 89%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The concentration of carbon with respect to silicon atom of p-type semiconductor layer is 1-40 atomic%, preferably 20-40 atomic%. The crystalline substance integral rate of p-type semiconductor layer is (Ic/Ia)at least3. The p-type semiconductor layer does not show an absorption peak in wavelength range of 1800-1950 cm-1 in a lattice vibration spectrometry spectrum. The i-type semiconductor layer has a crystalline silicon phase. Preferred Method: The source gas contains methane, diborane, and silane such that ratio of diborane and silane was 0.3-10.5 and ratio of methane and silane is 0.125-10.0. The source gas further contains hydrogen and controls gas-flow ratio of hydrogen and silane to 150-900. A heating process is performed at 180-350degreesC after p-type semiconductor layer formation, and after photoelectric conversion layer formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: Lithium (Li) and cerium (Ce) are present in an atomic ratio of 5:1-1:5. The atomic ratio of the sum of the amount of Li and Ce to the sum of the amount of aluminum (Al) and zirconium (Zr) is 1:5-1:10. The gold particles have an average diameter of 1-6 nm, as measured by X-ray diffraction or high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).Preferred Composition: The amount of gold particles is 1-10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Cerium nitrate (9.46 g) and lithium nitrate (1.5 g) were dissolved in water (25 ml). The solution was used to impregnate aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (6 g). The wet mixed support was dried for 16 hours at 80degreesC in static air, and subjected to calcination in oxygen (O2) flow (flow rate 100 ml/minute) at 350degreesC for 2 hours. The temperature ramp was 5degreesC per minute. The thus prepared mixed support had a Li/Ce/Al atomic ratio of 1:1:15. Gold was then deposited onto the mixed support using deposition-precipitation by urea. Mixed support (3.5 g) was immersed in water (50 ml), and an aqueous solution (36.2 ml) containing hydrogen gold tetrachloride (HAuCl4) x 3H2O (0.28 g). Urea (8 g) was added to the suspension to increase the pH to 8.5. Throughout this step, the temperature of the suspension was maintained below 80degreesC. As urea decomposed, a gradual decrease in pH was observed until a final value of 8.5 was measured. After filtering, the powder was thoroughly washed with hot water to remove Cl- residues, and calcined in O2 (flow rate) at 300degreesC for two hours, to obtain Au/Li2O/CeOx/Al2O3 catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The current collector consists of metal thin film formed by copper plating, gold plating, silver plating or solder plating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate consists of resin chosen from epoxy resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, rigid polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene. An insulating elastic material is further arranged in circumference of laminate. The elastic material consists of silicone rubber, fluororubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, polyurethane rubber, polypropylene, nylon or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The widthwise opposite edges of first metal laminate sheet are located on a diametrically opposite side of the widthwise opposite edges of second metal laminate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The capacitor is from super capacitors, double layer capacitors, or ultra-capacitors. The fuel cell system comprises a switched resistor (52, 54) electrical coupled in parallel with the capacitor or the battery to provide long-term SOC (sic) equalization of the system; alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) traction motor system electrically coupled to the power bus line, the motor system providing a voltage on the power bus line during regenerative braking for recharging the battery and the capacitor. The battery is from lithium batteries, nickel-metal-hydride batteries, or lead-acid batteries. Preferred Parameter: The capacitor has a state of charge swing of 85%; and the battery has a state of charge swing of 20%. The battery provides 2/3 of a desired supplemental power in addition to a fuel cell stack power; and the capacitor provides 1/3 of the desired supplemental power. The fuel cell stack provides 70 kW of power, the battery provides 20 kW of power, and the capacitor provides 10 kW of power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peroxide curing agent is selected from dialkylperoxides, ketal peroxides, aralkyl peroxides, peroxide ethers or peroxide esters (preferably di-tert-butylperoxide, bis-(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, dicumylperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3-hexene, 1,1-bis-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, benzoylperoxide, tert-butylcumylperoxide and/or tert-butylperbenzoate). Preferred Compound: The rubber compound further comprises at least one filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The olefin polymer is EP(D)M rubber. EXAMPLE - A test rubber compound (t1) was prepared from RB 402 (RTM; butyl rubber) (50 phr), Buna EP T 2070 (RTM; EP rubber) (50 phr). The blend was prepared on a large mill at 55degreesC using 3 phr peroxide and 50 phr IRB #7; N330 (RTM; carbon black). A control compound (c1) was prepared similarly using Bayer XL-10000 (RTM; rubber) and 2 phr peroxide. The Shore A hardness (pts), ultimate elongation (%), ultimate tensile (MPa) and Delta torque (dNm) for (t1)/(c1) was 60/57, 314/126, 8.52/4.86 and 12.32/11.45, respectively.
EXAMPLE - Ammonium thiocyanate (in g) (4.15) and distilled water (15) were introduced in a reactor substituted with argon gas. N,N-dimethyl formamide (30.2) was dropped. Subsequently, cis-dichloro-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) hydrate (3) was supplied and heated in argon atmosphere. Reaction was carried out at 109degreesC for 10 hours and product was filtered after cooling. The filtrate was concentrated and dried. The concentrated residue was dissolved in distilled water (60). 69% nitric acid was dropped and pH was set to 3. The solution was filtered after stirring for 1 hour. The filter cake was washed using water and nitric acid and dried. Cis-di (isothiocyanate)-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) hydrate (3.11) which contained cis-di (thiocyanate)-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) (5%), was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The degree of polymerization of the polyoxymethylene, polyoxymethylene hydrate, polyoxymethylene acetate and/or polyoxymethylene ether is 2-10000, preferably 1-150. The fuel is stored in a capsule or container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The warp and weft yarns are synthetic or natural materials comprising carbon, nylon, rayon, polyester, fiberglass, cotton, glass, ceramic, aramid, and polyethylene. A matrix material is epoxy, polyester, vinyl-ester, ceramic or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The base fabric is woven using a Jacquard or harness loom. It further comprises fourth woven fabric; and yarns interwoven between the third woven fabric and the fourth woven fabric. It is woven with warp and weft yarns or fibers. The yarns are interwoven between the first and second woven fabrics in independent regions. The interwoven yarns are warp or weft yarns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first electrode is a transparent conducting glass including a transparent conduction layer. The anti-ferromagnetic layer is a nickel oxide layer (142).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a P-N junction semiconductor, a nano-rod and polymer mixed layer, or a dye photoactivated layer. The second electrode is a magnetic layer. The applied magnetic field is provided by a hard magnetic layer which adjoins the second electrode or the first electrode. The ferro/anti-ferromagnetic exchange coupling layer is made of a ferromagnetic layer and an anti-ferromagnetic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The second electrode is iron, cobalt, nickel, or their alloys. The hard magnetic layer may be made of neodymium-iron-boron (Nd2Fe14B) or a transparent strong material. The ferromagnetic layer is a nickel layer (141).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The nano-rod and polymer mixed layer is a cadmium selenide (CdSe) nano-rod and poly-(3-hexylthiophene) mixed layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The fuel cartridge is accommodated in a storage container equipped with container mainframe. The fuel cartridge has a cover material which seals the container mainframe. The liquid fuel is supplied to flat fuel electrode through a liquid fuel induction component from side portion of liquid fuel occluding component.Preferred Properties: The capillary force (P1) of flat fuel electrode is higher than capillary force (P2) of fuel occluding component. The capillary force (P1) of flat fuel electrode, capillary force (P2) of fuel occluding component and capillary force (P3) of liquid fuel induction component, satisfy: P1 less than P3 less than P2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel is methanol liquid, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol and/or sodium borohydride aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The storage container has at least one resin layer having oxygen barrier property. The resin contained in the resin layer is ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride and/or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains sodium, potassium or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Fabric- The water-soluble resin aqueous solution is polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution. The electrolytic solution is sulfonated perfluoro fluorine resin solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The repeating unit is of formula (2). Preferred Properties: The polybenzoxazole has intrinsic viscosity of 0.4 dl/g or more in 0.5 mass% solution, when measured at 30degreesC using Ostwald viscometer. The polybenzoxazole is soluble in organic solvent. The film has glass transition temperature of 240degreesC or more. The difference of refractive index of the film in the perpendicular direction (nout) and parallel direction (nin) is 0.015 or less. The water absorption obtained from the weight increased portion after immersing the film in 25degreesC water for 24 hours, is 1% or less. The film has dielectric constant (epsilon) of 2.8 or less at 1 MHz, calculated from: epsilon=1.1xnav2, where nav is average refractive index. EXAMPLE - 1,3-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (in mmol) (10), 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxy phenyl)hexafluoro propane (10) and polyphosphoric acid (10 mass%) were heated to 200degreesC and maintained for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled, washed with methanol and vacuum dried at 100degreesC to obtain white precipitate of polybenzoxazole. The intrinsic viscosity of polybenzoxazole in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 30degreesC was 0.501 dl/g. Polybenzoxazole had high solubility in organic solvent. The film formed using polybenzoxazole had favorable transparency, toughness without fracturing, glass transition temperature of 244degreesC, cut-off wavelength of 290 nm, fracture elongation of 10%, water absorption of 0.14%, thermal expansion coefficient of 53.4 ppm/K and dielectric constant of 2.61.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The counter electrode has an aperture ratio of 70-99% per unit surface area. It has a stripe shape and/or a lattice shape. The stripe shape is composed of thin lines with intervals of 1-200 microns. The lattice shape is composed of thin lines with intervals of 5-250 microns and a crossing angle of 80-100degrees. The counter electrode layer includes a catalyst layer and/or a conductive layer. The current collector electrode layer includes metal layer and/or metal oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst layer is made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell electrocatalyst comprises a fuel cell cathode, a thin film and a nanoparticle-containing powder optionally supported by a high surface area conductive carrier containing carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (F1) Is comprised of nanoclusters having an average diameter of less than or equal to 10 nanometers. The metal nanoclusters are mobile with respect to each other. (S1) Has a stiction-reducing coating on them; a hydrophobic surface and a self-assembled layer on them. (S1) Has a siloxane coating on it, which is a monolayer. The siloxane is an alkylsilane containing fluorine atoms (preferably fluorinated undecyl trichlorosilane) or containing chlorine atoms (preferably octadecyl trichlorosilane). The self-assembled layer is a carboxy terminated alkylsilane. (F1) Has a thickness of less than or equal to 10 (preferably 5, especially 3.3 - 3.6) nanometers. (F1) Is at least one of palladium, copper, gold, nickel, rhodium, platinum, yttrium, lanthanum or their alloys (preferably palladium or their alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device is a hydrogen detector, where (S1) is glass or material having a low free surface energy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (S1) Is polyethylene, polypropylene or wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (B) is a norbornadiene, 2-isopropenylnorbornene, 5-vinyl-2- norbornene, 1,3,5-hexatriene, 2-phenyl-1,3-butadiene, divinylbenzene, diisopropenylbenzene, divinyltoluene, divinylxylene, or 1-20C alkyl-substituted derivatives. (C) is dialkylperoxides, ketalperoxides, aralkylperoxides, peroxide ethers, peroxide esters, di-tert- butylperoxide, bis-(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)-benzene, dicumylperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-buty lperoxy)-hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-hexene-(3), 1,1-bis-(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, benzoylperoxide, tert-butylcumylperoxide or tert-butylperbenzoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (A) comprises the polymerization product of at least one 4-7C isomonoolefin monomer and at least one 4-14C multiolefin monomer, and optionally, one or more multiolefin cross linking agents, where the multiolefin cross linking agents incorporated into the polymer is less than 0.15 mol %. (A) has a gel content of less than 5 %, by weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: the sputtering method is reactive sputtering method using a titanium-oxide target and a target consisting of a dope metal or titanium oxide containing a dope metal. The targets contain differing amounts of titanium oxide. The light-emission wavelength and emitted-light intensity of discharge of titanium and/or dope metal are monitored in each target during sputtering. The content of dope metal in the film and/or crystallinity of the film are controlled by changing the pulse power assigned to each target based on monitoring, pulse amount, pulse width, and/or the pressure during film-formation. The oxygen-supply amount is controlled based on monitoring. Sputtering is carried out by applying an intermittent voltage to each target alternately or simultaneously. A pulse packet of several pulse voltages is applied to each target alternately or simultaneous intermittently. The charging of target is prevented by applying a positive voltage to each target intermittently. The crystallinity is controlled by heating the substrate (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Dope Metal: The dope metal is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, bismuth, antimony, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radon, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, and/or lanthanoid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture is dried in vacuum atmosphere before heating in hydrogen atmosphere. The mixture of borate, an alkali hydroxide, and a reducing agent is filled in a reactor, and heated at a temperature (I) at which the reducing agent does not melt and interior of reactor is maintained in vacuum atmosphere. Hydrogen is supplied into the reactor and heated at temperature (II) at which borate and alkali hydroxide are heated and melted. Temperature (I) is 450degreesC or less and temperature (II) is 570-700degreesC. The mixture is mixed with solid substance obtained by drying the raw material liquid formed by dissolving borate and the reducing agent in alkali-hydroxide aqueous solution.Preferred Materials: The reducing agent is aluminum and is in powder-form. Preferably the reducing agent is aluminum, silicon, and/or titanium. The raw material liquid is aqueous solution which contains the waste liquid ejected from the fuel cell which uses the aqueous-alkali-solution of a boron-hydride complex as a fuel liquid. The waste liquid is used as whole or portion of a raw material liquid, after filtering. The raw material liquid is aqueous solution which contains the waste liquid which consists of an aqueous-alkali-solution after generating hydrogen from the aqueous-alkali-solution of a boron-hydride complex. The raw material liquid is prepared by adding borate or alkali-hydroxide aqueous solution to waste liquid and the molar ratio of borate and alkali-hydride aqueous solution is adjusted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The basic oxide or amphoteric oxide is an oxide having magnesia as main component.The water glass has boron content of 1 mass ppm or less.The powder and grain have mean diameter of 1 mm or less and 3-50 mm, respectively.The molten silicon distribution material has a coating layer and a surface layer contacting a portion of molten silicon.The molten silicon is molten silicon containing boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atmosphere: The concentration of hydrogen or low-molecular-weight organic compound vapor in the atmosphere is 0.001-10 volume%.The controlled atmosphere contains nitrogen, air, argon, neon, carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, other than hydrogen or low-molecular-weight organic compound vapor.Preferred Compound: The low-molecular weight organic compound of the low-molecular-weight organic compound vapor is alcohol, preferably ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer is of formula (II).R11,R12,R15,R16=alkyl, alkoxy, ether or halogen;R13=alkyl, alkoxy or ether;R14,R17=H or R11;M11,M12=metal element, preferably silicon, magnesium or titanium, more preferably silicon;andm,n=1 or more. Preferred Definitions:    M1,M2=silicon, magnesium or titanium;and    m,n=5-5000.    EXAMPLE - Vinyl-N-(t-butyl dimethyl silyl)phthalimide (in g) (0.5), vinyl dimethyl bis(2-methyl-1H-indene-1-yl)silane (0.35), benzoyl peroxide (0.05) and tetrahydrofuran (40 ml) were stirred at 50degreesC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 40degreesC or less and poured into acetone (100 ml). The produced sediment was centrifuged three times and the obtained product was dried in air and in vacuum to obtain polymer of structure (A). The obtained polymer was dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide, coated on a glass sheet, and dried in air and in vacuum for 4 hours. The cast film obtained had favorable air permeability, methanol permeability, radical resistance, thermal decomposition property and dimensional stability. A fuel cell was fabricated using the produced film as seal components. The produced fuel cell had high output characteristics for a long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The movable wall contains polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor film of solar cell consists of copper, gallium, and selenium and/or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solder film contains tin-copper-silver alloy or tin-copper-antimony alloy. The conductor contains annealed copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The electroconductive glass substrate is obtained using a non-electrolytic plating bath containing a trialkanolamine, such as triethanolamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The graft copolymer is obtained using a compound having a polymerization initiating region containing a carbon-carbon bond, carbon-nitrogen bond, carbon-oxygen bond, carbon-chlorine bond, nitrogen-oxygen bond and/or sulfur-nitrogen bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The collection fingers and/or the collection bus may be realised with low temperature silkscreen printing paste or by evaporation or spraying.Preferred Materials: The collection fingers and/or the collection bus are realised with a base of aluminium or a noble metal. The semiconductor substrate is of monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon. The layer of amorphous semiconductor doped with a second type of conductivity is a thin film of silicon. The transparent conducting oxide layer is of an oxide of tin and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: An indication that a corresponding fault has been detected if the at least one fault criterion has been satisfied when the measured impedance value is compared with the reference impedance value, is provided. Operating characteristics of the electrochemical cell module for discrete frequencies is determined to obtain a measured impedance signature including a corresponding plurality of frequency dependent impedance values. If the fault detected is a result of flooding, the operating parameter is adjusted by increasing flow stoichiometry. Comparing the measured impedance value with the reference impedance value includes calculating a ratio between the measured impedance value and the reference impedance value. Preferred Parameter: Determining operating characteristics of an electrochemical cell module includes measuring alternating current (AC) voltage across electrical terminals of the electrochemical cell module and AC current through the electrochemical cell module. At least one fault criterion includes threshold value relating one of respective magnitudes of the measured and reference impedance values, respective phase angles of the measured and reference impedance values, respective real portions of the measured and reference impedance values, and respective imaginary parts of the measured and reference impedance values.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The catalyst structure comprises a metal, preferably platinum, supported on carbon fiber of the porous support-carbon fiber composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methanol fuel cell cartridge has a multilayered structure having a gas barrier layer and an oxygen absorbing resin layer. The cartridge has methanol impervious layer as inner layer. The oxygen permeating coefficient of gas barrier layer at 23degreesC and relative humidity of 60% is 1 x 10-10 cc.cm/cm2.second.cmHg or less. The cartridge is obtained by blow molding or injection molding. The cartridge is pouch obtained using heat-sealing multilayer film having heat-sealing property resin layer as inner layer. The cartridge is accommodated in an outer case comprising rigid material. The cartridge has valve mechanism in pouring opening.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The methanol impervious layer comprises cyclic olefinic resin or polyester-type resin, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The resin has an inorganic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The azo compound is azo compounds of formulae (II and III).Z2,V1,V2,r,s,M1,m1,X1,X2=same as defined above.The azo dye contains azo compounds (II and III). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 azo compound are disclosed, such as azo compound is of formula (8).    EXAMPLE - Amino group containing compound of formula (8-c) prepared using aromatic amino group containing compound of formula (8-b) dissolved in dimethyl acetamide, alpha-picoline and methane sulfonyl chloride. The compound (8-c) (in g) (14) was dissolved in phosphoric acid (60 ml) under heating and the mixture was cooled with stirring in a salt ice water bath at temperature of 0degreesC. Sodium nitrate (4.2) as solid was added slowly to the mixture under stirring at 0degreesC. The mixture was stirred at same temperature for 0.5 hour and the reaction liquid was poured into water (500 ml). The precipitated crystals were collected through filtration and added to methanol (70 ml). Triethyl amine (3 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred to dissolve the crystals, and the impurities were removed through filtration. Acetic acid (7 ml) was added to the filtrate under stirring, to precipitate crystals. The crystals were collected through filtration, washed with running methanol and dried, and azo compound of formula (8) (9.1) was obtained with yield of 63%. The azo compound had melting point of 283-285degreesC, maximum absorption wavelength of 461.6 nm and maximum molar absorption coefficient of 3.26x104 cm-1M-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode has substrate made of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania. The electrode has semiconductor made of titanium oxide. The electrode has columnar structure made of metal oxynitride. The electrode has supporting portion made of silica, alumina, zirconia and titania. The electrode has reactant made of titanium, tetrachloride, titanium isopropoxide, titanium butoxide, titanium di-isopropoxide bis (2,4 pentanedionate), titanium (IV) ethoxide, titanium (IV) (2-ethylhexoate, titanium (IV) isobutoxide and titanium (IV) methoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode has foil made of aluminum, titanium, silver, platinum, zinc, molybdenum, tantalum, steel, invar and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode has supporting portion made of polycarbonate, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polyefin, polyimide, polyetherimide, polyurethane, polysiloxane, epoxy and phenolic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the selective nucleating single phase epitaxial (SNSPE) template layer is less than 60 nm. The thickness of the hot wire chemical vapor deposited (HWCVD) layer is greater than 60 nm. The template layer has average grain size of 1-100 microns. The SNSPE template layer is grown on a substrate comprising material with a softening temperature below 550degreesC. An average roughness of the HWCVD film is greater than 20 Angstrom.Preferred Methods: Annealing is performed at below 600, preferably 450-550degreesC for 5-24 hours on an amorphous silicon first layer to crystallize greater than or equal to50% of the first layer. The first layer contacts nickel nanoparticle crystallization catalyst prior to annealing. The method further comprises epitaxially growing a second polysilicon layer on the first polysilicon layer after annealing. Growing is performed by a HWCVD.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The crystallization catalyst residue comprises nickel, iron, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, cobalt, gold, indium, germanium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The storage portion has storage portion (I) which stores the organic compound, storage portion (II) which stores water and mixing portion which mixes organic compound, preferably methoxy ethane and water. The decomposition portion is installed in the storage portion or fuel cell. Alternately, the storage portion is installed in the decomposition portion. The decomposition portion contains a solid acid. The fuel cell system has an unit to transfer the wastewater from fuel cell to storage portion or decomposition portion. The storage portion is detachable from fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The solid acid is proton type zeolite, cation exchange resin, and/or sulfuric acid modified zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound has CH3O-C-OCH3 or CH3O-Si bonding in a molecule. The organic compound is methyl ester or dimethoxy methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The organic acid is citric acid, tartaric acid and/or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The inorganic thin-film layer contains a mixture of alumina and silica. The weight ratio of metal aluminum and metal silicon in the inorganic thin-film layer is 20:80-70:30. EXAMPLE - Polyvinyl alcohol resin (in g) (80) having saponification degree of 98.5 mol% or more, and water (920) were heat-stirred at 90degreesC. Polyvinyl alcohol resin was melted completely, and 8% polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was prepared. The obtained solution (1000), M-30W (methylated melamine) (104), water (756), isopropyl alcohol (140) and dodecyl benzene sulfonate (1.6) were mixed to obtain a coating liquid having solid content of 8%. Polyethylene terephthalate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62 was dried at 30degreesC, extruded at 280degreesC, and solidified by quenching. Thus, an amorphous sheet was obtained. The amorphous sheet was extended 4 times at 100degreesC along longitudinal direction. The coating liquid was applied on one surface of uniaxially stretched film for thickness of 0.2 microns, dried, preheated at 100degreesC, and further extended 4 times at 120degreesC along transverse direction. The obtained film was heated at 230degreesC and subjected to 6% relaxation. Thus, a biaxially stretched polyester film of 12 microns thickness was obtained. The polyester film had water contact angle of 36degrees. Silica and alumina each having purity of 99.9% were vapor deposited on the coated surface, and a vapor deposited film of 150 Angstrom thickness was formed. The average of two peak heights which exist in the range of 3600-3800 cm-1 and peak which exist in the range of 800-900 cm-1 was 0.07 measured from infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the vapor deposited film. Thus, a gas barrier laminated film was obtained. The gas barrier laminated film had oxygen permeating degree of 3 ml/m2.day.MPa, water vapor permeability of 0.3 g/m2.day and water attachment laminate strength of 5.2 N/15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Apparatus: The optoelectric transducer has an electrolyte layer (4) containing an ionic-liquid solvent and the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic-ring compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic-ring compound is triazole or pyrazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A silanized pentacene precursor compound of formula (2) is manufactured by carrying out Grignard reaction of pentacene precursor compound of formula (4) and silane compound of formula H-SiABC (5).R1-R5,A-C=as defined above.Preferred Compound: The silanized pentacene precursor compound is changed to pentacene by heating or light irradiation. Preferred Definitions:    R4,R5 = H or bromine;    X = chlorine; and    R3 = 1-30C linear or branched hydrocarbon group.    EXAMPLE - Grignard reaction of bromo trimethoxy silane and brominated pentacene precursor compound of formula (3) was carried out, and a silanized pentacene precursor compound of formula (1) was obtained with a yield of 22%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The powdery filler comprises zinc oxide and/or titanium oxide. The powdery filler is zincite or anatas. The particle of the powdery filler comprises diameter of 10-500 nm, preferably at least 80% of the particle of the filler has a diameter below 250 nm. (I) comprises 5-15 wt.% of the filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) is prepared from basic polymer with hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, polychloroprene, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber or epichlorhydrin. (I) is formed as O-ring. EXAMPLE - Elastomeric material comprises (wt.%): hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber-basic polymer (49), nanoscalic additive zincite (15) and softener and further aggregates (36) and the elastomer has reduced permeation rate for hydrogen i.e. 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The gas leak detection passage includes a circulation passage. The fuel cell system includes a circulation pump (250) provided in the circulation passage (28); a pressure-release valve provided in the supply passage; a cut-off valve (200) provided in the supply passage at a position upstream of the supply-amount detector. The gas leak detection device includes a correction portion that corrects the amount of supplied fuel gas detected by the supply-amount detector so as to reduce an influence of pulsation generated by the circulation pump. The difference-amount calculator calculates the difference by subtracting the amount of consumed fuel gas and the change in the amount of fuel gas in the gas leak detection passage from the corrected amount of supplied fuel gas. The gas leak detection device includes an amount detector that detects the amount of fuel gas. The gas leak detection device further comprises a first pressure difference detector and a first amount estimation portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polycarbonate layer is selected from the comprising polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyphenyl methacrylate, polydiallyl phthalate, polypentachlorophenyl methacrylate, poly-o-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl naphthalene and polyvinyl carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The first electrode is over a glass or metal-containing material(s) base (12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The device includes a third layer between the second layer and the semiconductor-enriched insulator layer. The second electrode is electrically biased to a negative potential relative to the first electrode. The first semiconductor layer is heavily doped with n-type dopant. The two semiconductor layers are both doped with n-type dopant. An antireflective material is provided within the window and the insulator layer. A covering material is provided on the insulayer layer. The solar cell includes a textured buffer layer between the first electrode and the first semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor-enriched insulator comprises germanium-enriched germanium nitride, or silicon-enriched silicon oxide and/or silicon-enriched silicon nitride. The first semiconductor layer consists of doped silicon or germanium, or silicon-germanium. The second semiconductor layer consists of doped or undoped silicon, germanium, or silicon-germanium. The third layer consists of doped or undoped silicon. The antireflective material is zinc sulfide, zirconium oxide and/or silicon nitride (Si3N4). The covering material comprises indium tin oxide and/or Si3N4. The first electrode comprises silver. The textured buffer layer comprises zinc oxide. Preferred Composition: The semiconductor-enriched insulator comprises 1-20 atom.% excess silicon (measured relative to Si3N4 or silicon dioxide (SiO2)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal-containing materials include steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base comprises polymer(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The conductive catalytic material film has a uniform thickness. Each of the recesses has a depth of 1-1000 (preferably 10-100) microns. The recesses are arranged at intervals of 1-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The corrosion-resistant metallic material film is made of titanium, tantalum, titanium alloys or tantalum alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The counter substrate is made of a resin material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The layer comprises a paste and the introducing of the elongated particles into the layer comprises introducing the elongated particles into the paste before the applying of the layer on the substrate. The introducing of the elongated particles into the layer is in a volume ratio of 1:3-1:100 to the semiconductor material. Preferred Components: The electrolyte is present as a gel or as an ionic fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2) or a mixture containing TiO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The elongated particles comprise fibers or plastic material. The elongated particles have a diameter of 10 nm - 1 microns (preferably 10 nm - 100 microns).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursors contain metals and metallic salts of platinum, vanadium and iron, and an organic compound such as oleyl amine and/or oleic acid, preferably platinum acetylacetonate, vanadyl acetylacetonate and iron pentacarbonyl. The platinum-vanadium-iron nanoparticles comprises alloyed nanoparticles (Pt0V0Fe0) as nanocrystal cores, and mixed organic monolayer (oleyl amine and oleic acid) as capping shells. The size of the platinum-vanadium-iron nanoparticles is controlled by controlling the composition of the precursors, capping materials and reducing agent. The platinum-vanadium-iron nanoparticles have a size of 1-3 nm, preferably 2 nm. Preferred Catalyst: The nanoparticles catalyst exhibits an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) capability of 2-4 times the ORR capability of the reference platinum/carbon catalyst. EXAMPLE - Platinum acetylacetonate, vanadyl acetylacetonate and 1,2-hexadecanediol in octylether, were heated at 100degreesC in a nitrogen atmosphere. Oleyl amine, oleic acid and iron pentacarbonyl were than added and heated at 275degreesC for 40 minutes, to obtain a dark solution of nanoparticles. The feed ratio of platinum, vanadium and iron was represented by Pt10V42Fe43. The obtained solution was washed using ethanol and/or hexane, to obtain platinum-vanadium-iron (Pt22V35Fe43) nanoparticles. The average particle size of the obtained nanoparticles was 2.5 plus minus 1.1 nm. The obtained nanoparticles were assembled on a carbon support. The assembled nanoparticles were then thermally heated, to obtain a nanoparticle platinum-vanadium-iron catalyst. The obtained catalyst had good oxygen reduction reaction capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The enterobacter having cellulose type substance production ability is microbe belonging to Acetobacter, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Sarcina, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Aerobacter, Azotobacter, Zooglea, Salmonella or Kluyvera genes microbes and/or their mutants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The n-type inorganic semiconductor is selected from titanium dioxide, titanium-strontium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon, cadmium-sulfur, cadmium-selenium, vanadium pentoxide, zinc-sulfur, zinc-selenium, tin-selenium, potassium tantalum oxide, ferrous sulfide, lead-sulfur, indium-phosphorus, gallium-arsenic, copper-indium-sulfide and CuInSe2, preferably titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. The water-soluble electrolyte is selected from sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium sulfate and/or sodium sulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sensitizing dye is organometallic complex dye, porphyrin type dye, phthalocyanine type dye or methine-type dye. The oxidization-reduction agent is selected from quinone-hydroquinone mixture, ascorbic acid, S/S2- and I2/I-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The welding between the planar abutment surface of the frame and the single wall is a diode laser welding. The frame has a U- shaped profile, or quadrangular closed profile. The feeding mechanism consists of preassembled frame with distributing holes. The single wall has projections (9) on one side only and of supports on the side opposite to that of the projections. The projections are longitudinal projections parallel to one side of the bipolar plate. They are continuous projections having a length slightly lower than the length of the side. The supports are strips of sheet comprising a foot housed in the recesses of the projections. The distance between the first electrode or current distributor and the single wall is lower than the distance between the second electrode or current distributor and the single wall. The distances are respectively 5-50 mm and 30-50 mm. The single wall is provided with devices for improving the circulation of biphasic fluids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate may be made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The mixture of semiconductor layer and alkali materials is deposited at ambient temperature and 1x10-6 - 1x10-2 torr. It is thermally treated to 400-600degreesC. Alternatively, formation of mixed phase semiconductor source layer includes separately synthesizing a semiconductor layer and alkali materials, and co-depositing them on a substrate at ambient temperature and 1x10-6 - 1x10-2 torr; co-depositing semiconductor layer and alkali materials on a substrate at ambient temperature and 1x10-6 - 1x10-2 torr, and synthesizing them into an alloy mixture; sequentially depositing semiconductor layer and alkali materials on a substrate at ambient temperature and 1x10-6 - 1x10-2 torr, and synthesizing them into an alloy mixture; or separately synthesizing semiconductor layer and alkali materials, sequentially depositing them on a substrate at ambient temperature and 1x10-6 - 1x10-2 torr , and alloying with thermal treatment. The semiconductor layer and the alkali materials are thermally treated at 400-600degreesC. Preferred Dimensions: The mixed phase semiconductor source layer has a thickness of 150-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed phase semiconductor source layer has alkali metal content of 5-15 wt.%. Preferred Materials: The alkali materials are sodium (Na)-VII or disodium (Na2)-VII.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of metal or stainless steel. The substrate is titanium plated with nickel, or stainless steel plated with titanium and with nickel. The substrate is magnetically permeable.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate may be made of polymer material, or plastic with molybdenum coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The cross-linkable ethylene copolymer resin sheet contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin.Preferred Property: The valley of emboss pattern is formed in S-shaped undulation path, through which the gas bubbles produced at the time of lamination are desorbed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The ethylene copolymer resin is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Preferred Properties: The ratio (A/B) of undulation pitch (A) and undulation height (B) of undulation path is 1:5-5:1. The depth of undulation path is 300-700 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate molecular chain contains bivalent metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium and zinc. The porous material contains an inorganic acid. The inorganic acid is phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid. The inorganic acid contains proton donation group in an amount of 10-70 mol% by acid molecule conversion.Preferred Material: The porous material is nano carbon material, mesopore material containing mesopore silica or silica group and organic functional groups, such as FSM-16, MCM-22, MCM-41, HMM-1, zeolites such as ZSM-5, NaY, NaX, mordenite and LTA, micropore material, carbon nano tube and carbon nano horn.Preferred Method: The proton conduction gel is made to interpose proton conduction substances, such as other inorganic acid, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid, imidazole and nafion monomer. Phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, carboxylic acid, imidazole, organic phosphoric acid and organic sulfonic acid are interposed into mesoporous material, as proton conduction composition in molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particle precursor comprises a metal ion chosen from group 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8, 1B, 2B, 3B or 6B of the periodic table, preferably a metal ion of scandium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, iron, cobalt, nickel, rubidium, rhodium, palladium and/or osmium, platinum, lanthanoid series and actinoid series element. The binding site of the metal particle precursor in the dendritic branched molecule is a metallic element trapping site.Preferred Property: The composite particles have a volume average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1-500 nm.Preferred Component: Graphitization processing of a portion(s) of carbon contained in the catalyst layer of the electrode is carried out.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dendritic branched molecule is a dendrimer, dendron and/or hyper branch polymer. The dendritic branched molecule contains a benzene ring, and has a molecular weight of 200 or more. The dendritic branched molecule is contained in another material. The generation number of dendritic branched molecule is more than 1.Preferred Process: The production of the catalyst involves mixing simultaneously a liquid which contains a dendritic branched molecule and a liquid which contains a metal particle precursor, in equivalent amount, and heating. EXAMPLE - 15 mM K2(PtCl4) aqueous solution (10 ml) was taken in a flask, and a platinum ionic solution was dropped at room temperature for 5 minutes and stirred. 0.5 mM aqueous solution (5 ml) of Starburst (dendrimer having 64 hydroxyl groups) was added and stirred at 40degreesC for 4 hours. A catalyst containing a platinum ion-dendrimer complex of high catalytic activity was obtained. An electrode formed using the obtained catalyst had favorable electric power generation property and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The phosphorescent phosphor layer comprises a photostimulable phosphor using alkali halide as base. The alkali halide is of formula: M1X.aM2X'2.bM3X''3:eA.M1 = alkali metal chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium;M2 = a divalent metal atom chosen from beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel;M3 = a trivalent metal atom chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, aluminum, gallium and indium;X, X' and X" = a halogen atom chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine;A = a metal atom chosen from europium, terbium, indium, gallium, cesium, cerium, thulium, dysprosium, praseodymium, holmium, neodymium, ytterbium, erbium, gadolinium, lutetium, samarium, yttrium, thallium, sodium, silver, copper and magnesium;a and b = greater than or equal to 0 and less than 0.5; ande = greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.2.Preferred Property: The distance |A-B| is 0.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The composition preferably contains water containing aluminum silicate, water containing magnesium silicate, silicic acid anhydride, germanium oxide, tin oxide, boron oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide strontium oxide, barium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide and talc as metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A liquid phase composition contains alkali metal silicates, siloxane compound, silane compound and colloidal silica as a heat dissipating composition forming a radiative cooling body and a metal oxide. The filled layer is a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas purification apparatus is a dry-type refiner. A fossil fuel injection unit for carrying out additional injection of fossil fuel is provided at carbonization apparatus. The system further has a preprocessing system for heating biomass using exhaust heat of fuel cell, before supplying to carbonization apparatus, and has several carbonization apparatus. The time difference is provided at run cycle of each carbonization apparatus. The gas purification apparatus is impurity absorber for absorbing impurities, such as hydrogen chloride, and high-temperature filter. The system has a gas holder (32) for performing pressure control of purified gasification gas, a natural gas supply unit for supplementing the demand of gasification gas produced in gasifier, methane formation device for generating methane component from gasification gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and air blower for supplying combustion air to gasifier.Preferred Method: The impurity exhibiting bad influence on fuel cell is removed, until the concentration of impurity in gasification gas is set to acceptable level. The combustion and gasification are performed using carbonization char as fuel. The tar is decomposed at 1100degreesC or more, and thermal decomposition gas is modified. The ash contained in carbonization char is melted, and slagging is carried out. The heat between the waste gas ejected from fuel cell, and gasification gas is exchanged, and heat used for carbonizing biomass is recovered from waste gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano sheet contains 5-80 mass% of fullerene derivative of formula (II) with respect to total amount of the fullerene derivatives. EXAMPLE - (In g) Fullerene (C60) (0.1) was heat-dissolved in toluene (100 ml) at 50degreesC. Para formaldehyde (23 mg) and N-methyl glycine (26 mg) were added to the obtained solution and heated at 120degreesC. Toluene was refluxed and the reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature. Transparent liquid containing fullerene derivatives was obtained. Methyl iodide (15 ml) was added to the solution containing the fullerene precursors (17 mg) in toluene (25 ml), and covered with aluminum foil. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 96 hours and the produced suspended solid was filter-separated and dried to obtain film-form solid substance. The solid substance contained several nano sheets with thickness of 200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer of the binder, is selected from polythiophene, polyaninline, polypyrrole or their derivatives (preferably poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) or its derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The steam is supplied at 350-500degreesC; (I) is diesel and (II) is air. (I) is sprayed axially while (II) is introduced tangentially over the rim of the nozzle, both at ambient temperature. The mixture from MC is passed to a reforming catalyst; particularly MC is part of an autothermal reformer, made of metal or, preferably, ceramic.Preferred Device: MC consists of two zones, with inlets for (I) and steam in the first zone and an inlet for (II) in the second (downstream) zone. It has a rotationally symmetrical shape, with axial inlet for (I); tangential inlet for (II) and the first zone is particularly formed as a cyclone. Preferably there is an annular gap between the two zones for draining unevaporated particles. Especially (II) is introduced in a region where the cross-sectional area of flow is reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The thin layers are arranged in such a way that the X-Si-O/N layer is located partially on the surface to be protected and a X-Si-N layer completely covers a X-Si-O layer. The surfaces to be protected are finger electrodes (A, B) of an acoustic surface wave component made from a copper-based material (S). The X-Si-O layer contains 10-30 at.% X, 5-30 at.% Si and 60-80 at.% O. The X-Si-N layer contains 20-40 at.% X, 5-30 at.% Si and 45-70 at.% O. X is Ta, Hf, W, Re, Ti, Cr, V, Zr, Nb or Mo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon is selected from methane, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, diesel, dimethyl ether (DME), JP5, and JP8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Introducing a second air stream into the cathode exhaust conduit comprises providing an air intake conduit, introducing the second air stream into the fuel cell through the air intake conduit and diverting the second air stream from the air intake conduit into the cathode exhaust conduit. It comprises introducing the second air stream into the cathode exhaust conduit at a variable flow rate greater than 0 g/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The sublayer comprises conductive particles and partially fluorinated polymer. The microporous layer coating contains carbon black particles and partially fluorinated polymer(s), and further contains pH-adjusting chemical such as ammonium carbonate. The sublayer preferably comprises carbon black, graphite powder and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic cell comprises a P-type semiconductor layer containing InCnS2 and CuInSe2. The N-type semiconductor layer of the photovoltaic cell comprises ZnS and CdS. The transparent electrode of the photovoltaic cell comprises ZnO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer is formed by carrying out vapor deposition coating of cyclic-olefin copolymer on a surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Titanium oxide is produced by sol gel process. Titanium oxide is obtained using lauryl amine hydrochloride and titanium alkoxide as raw material. The electrolyte is molten salt electrolysis product containing iodination methyl propyl imidazolium, iodine, tertiary butyl pyridine and lithium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The smectic liquid-crystal electrolyte is an imidazolium iodide of formula (1).R1=10C or more straight alkyl, preferably 12C straight alkyl;R2=H or 1-6C straight alkyl, preferably H;R3=straight alkyl with lesser number of carbon atoms than R1, preferably 1-3C straight alkyl;andR4,R5=H, chlorine atom, bromine atom, 1-6C alkyl, imidazolium ring, or (un)substituted 6-membered ring aromatic group, preferably H.R4 and R5 are not 6-membered ring aromatic groups simultaneously. A gelatinizer is mixed with the electrolyte. EXAMPLE - Methyl imidazole and alkyl iodide were mixed and heated for 7 days at 100degreesC. 1-dodecyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide and 1-undecyl-3-methyl imidazolium iodide were obtained by dissolving in acetonitrile and re-crystallizing after cooling. The obtained imidazolium salt exhibited a smectic liquid crystal phase at 27-80degreesC. A dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained using the imidazolium salt as electrolyte. The solar cell had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cartridge has a fuel-tank portion (11) accommodating the fuel occluding component, and insertion port portion which inserts the fuel supply port. The fuel tank portion has resin layer(s) with oxygen barrier property.Preferred Method: The substituted liquid is filled in the fuel-occluding portion, when the fuel-supply core is not inserted.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The substituted liquid is chain hydrocarbon group organic solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon group organic solvent and/or silicone oil. Preferred Composition: The filling amount of substituted liquid is 1-20 vol.% of liquid fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer consists of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The zirconia porous material is obtained by molding a raw material into predetermined shape, followed by baking. The raw material is obtained by mixing and granulating starting material containing coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder (100 wt.pts), particle zirconia powder (20 wt.pts) more fine than electromelting zirconia powder, and zirconium-containing solution and/or titanium-containing solution. The coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder has average particle diameter of 5-100 microns, and the particle zirconia powder has average particle diameter of 0.01-3 microns. The zirconium-containing solution is a zirconium complex-acid salt or zirconia sol. The zirconium complex-acid salt is acetic-acid zirconium, zirconium nitrate, zirconia sol, zirconium chloride and/or zirconium carbonate. EXAMPLE - A coarse crystal grain of electromelting zirconia powder (100 wt.pts) having average particle diameter of 10 microns, fine particle zirconia powder (20 wt.pts) having average particle diameter of 0.01 microns, and zirconium-containing solution and/or titanium-containing solution, were mixed and granulated. Molding was performed followed by baking, to obtain a zirconia porous material having a bending strength of 141 MPa. The obtained zirconia porous material had excellent mechanical strength, porosity and permeability.
EXAMPLE - A modification device comprised a cylindrical catalyst support penetrated by multiple source gas flow paths of circular profile and embedded with several heaters. The catalyst comprised nickel microparticles on the inner surface of the source gas flow path. Each flow path contained a gas separation membrane which allows only hydrogen to pass through, and hydrogen separation tube. The flow paths were connected by a connection material to a hydrogen flow tube. The modification device was used for the production of hydrogen by reaction of methane (3 mol/min) and water (9 mol/min) at 600 degreesC, 1 atm. The conversion rate of methane was 84% compared with 68% for a comparative device from which the hydrogen separation tube, connection material and hydrogen flow tube were removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is carbon black. Preferred Property: The sealing material has penetration of 30-45. EXAMPLE - Tetrax 6T (polyisobutylene having viscosity average molecular weight of 60000) (in mass parts) (100), Asahi #60 (carbon black) (53), and ESCOREZ 1401 (tackifier having softening point of 117degreesC) (13) were kneaded. The kneaded material was extrusion molded at 130degreesC, and rod-like cylindrical molded product having diameter of 50 mm and does not containing air bubble was obtained. The molded product had penetration of 42 measured according to JIS K2207, moisture permeability of 0.2 g/m2/day at 40degreesC measured according to JIS Z0208, and favorable workability and adhesivity. The heat deformation of molded product at 80degreesC was suppressed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a rare earth cerium oxide, an alkaline earth cerium oxide, scandium cerium oxide, an yttrium-doped cerium oxide or a lanthanum-doped cerium oxide. The substrate comprises an oxide of a metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum, silicon or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic component includes gold, platinum, copper, rhodium, palladium, silver, iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, ruthenium or iridium, preferably gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The substrate transport system includes a web guide through which the substrate is passed. The substrate is a molybdenum coated polymeric film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid melt is of selenide. The molybdenum coating contains adequate oxygen to passivate selenium or 6-8 atomic% of oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The solar cell has resin or glass filled between the ceramic substrate and the conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The piping, the oxidant and fuel pressure regulators and the humidification system are made of materials that are free of Fenton's reagents. A discharge piping to transport the oxidant stream and fuel stream away from the fuel cell stack. An oxidant supply source is provided for supplying the oxidant stream. A fuel supply source is provided for supplying the fuel stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell stack, piping, oxidant and fuel pressure regulators, discharge piping, oxidant and fuel supply sources, and humidification system are made of materials that are free from chromium, titanium, vanadium, cobalt, or zinc. They are made of aluminum. The discharge piping is made of materials that are free of iron. The oxidant supply source and the fuel supply source are made of materials that are free of iron. They are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The piping, the oxidant and fuel pressure regulators, discharge piping, oxidant and fuel supply sources, and the humidification system are made of plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is liquid electrolyte fuel cell, a solid membrane fuel cell, an alkaline fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, a molten carbonate fuel cell, and/or a solid oxide fuel cell. The membrane includes any cationic and anionic membrane. The membrane includes non-fluorinated, partially fluorinated, or perfluorinated membranes. The membrane is a proton exchange membrane. The membrane includes cationic or anionic membrane. The membrane includes non-fluorinated, partially fluorinated, or perfluorinated membranes. The membrane is a proton exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The organic dye has absorption in the wavelength of 300-1200 nm.Preferred Composition: The total amount of acetylacetone indium and organometallic compound is preferably 5-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of acetylacetone indium and organic tin compound is 99/1-80/20. The organometallic compound is organic tin compound, preferably acetylacetone tin. The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propyl cellulose.Preferred Process: The coating liquid applied on the substrate, is baked by laser baking process. The coating is carried out by screen-stenciling or wire coating method. EXAMPLE - Acetylacetone indium (in g) (9.1), acetylacetone tin (0.9), p-tert-butyl phenol (34.96) and dibasic acid ester (52.44), were heated to 130degreesC with stirring for 90 minutes. Hydroxy propyl cellulose (2.6) was then added and dissolved to form a liquid (A). VALIFAST RED 3304 organic dye (in wt.pts) (1), dibasic acid ester (60) and p-tert-butyl phenol (40), were mixed to form an organic dye solution. The liquid (A) (4 g) and the organic dye solution (1 g) were mixed to form a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on a soda lime glass substrate, and dried at 120degreesC for 30 minutes to form a coating film. The organic dye had light transmittance of 64% and maximum absorption wavelength of 530 nm. The coating film was found to have surface resistance value of 5700 Omega/square units, visible ray transmittance of 98.3%, haze of 0.2%, and light transmittance of 100% at maximum adsorption wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred materials: The secondary battery comprises cathode made of lithium tantalate (Li4Ti5O12) and anode made of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: Carboxylic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid and/or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base metal element is cobalt or its salt.Preferred Composition: The composition ratio (molar ratio) of the ternary catalyst is determined to be that platinum:base metal elements:iridium is 1:0.01-2:0.01-2.Preferred Parameter: The particle diameter of the ternary catalyst particles is 3-6 nm. EXAMPLE - Carbon powder having a large specific surface area (4.71 g) was added to pure water (0.5 L) and allowed to disperse in the water. The resulting dispersion solution was added with a hexahydroxoplatinum nitric acid solution containing platinum (4.71 g), a cobalt nitrate solution containing cobalt (0.592 g), and an iridium nitrate solution containing iridium (0.232 g) and allowed to be blended with the carbon particles. Ammonia (0.01 N, ca. 5 mL) was added. The resulting hydroxide of platinum, of cobalt, and of iridium was formed and each was allowed to become deposited on carbon. The dispersion solution was repeatedly filtered and washed to obtain filtered effluent. The resulting powder was vacuum dried at 100degreesC for 10 hours, retained in hydrogen gas at 500degreesC for 2 hours, and retained in nitrogen gas at 900degreesC for 2 hours. The obtained catalyst powder was stirred in hydrochloric acid (1 N) (0.5 L) so that ca. 40 wt.% of the cobalt-that was, non-alloyed cobalt-was removed by acid wash. The density of supported platinum, of supported cobalt, and of supported iridium in the thus obtained platinum alloy-supporting carbon catalyst powder was 45.5 wt.%, 3.4 wt.%, and 2.2 wt.%, respectively. The catalyst powder had physical property values of 0.645 V cell voltage at 0.9 A/cm2 and 27 mL/g.Pt amount of carbon monoxide absorption.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is associated with or embedded within the anode gas diffusion substrate. It is present on surface(s) of the anode gas diffusion substrate. An anode field flow plate (6) is adjacent to the anode of the membrane electrode assembly and the catalyst is incorporated into the anode field flow plate. The anode field flow plate has channels and the catalyst is incorporated into the channels. The fuel cell stack further comprises at least one humidifier assembly, where the catalyst is incorporated into the humidifier assembly. The WGS catalyst is incorporated adjacent to the fuel inlet, so that the fuel passes over the WGS catalyst immediately after entering the fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises gold dispersed on a ceria-zirconia support material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Material: A catalyst used for the fuel electrode is a Pt-ruthenium-P (PtRuP) catalyst.Preferred Composition: A content of P in the catalyst is 2-50 at.%.Preferred Parameter: The particle diameter of the catalyst is less than 5 (preferably1-3) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The carbon support has a specific surface area of less than or equal to 300 (preferably 20-140) m2/g.Preferred Material: The carbon support is non-porous acetylene black or multiwalled carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: Reduction is performed by alcohol reduction, electroless plating or ultrasonic reduction. EXAMPLE - An alcohol solution of pure water and Nafion, was added to the PtP catalyst with a carbon support and stirred, and then its viscosity was adjusted to create a catalyst ink. The catalyst ink was then applied onto Teflon sheet, in such a way that the application amount of the PtP catalyst was 0.5 mg/cm2. After dried, the sheet was peeled off, thus creating an oxygen electrode catalyst. Further, an alcohol solution of Nafion and PtRuP catalyst with a particle diameter of 2 nm supported on acetylene black (AB) with a specific surface area of 68 m2/g, which was a non-porous carbon support were added and stirred, and then its viscosity was adjusted to create a catalyst ink. The catalyst ink was then applied onto a sheet in such a way that the amount of the PtRuP catalyst was 0.5 mg/cm2. After dried, the sheet was peeled off; thus creating a hydrogen electrode catalyst. Then, the PtP oxygen electrode catalyst and the PtRuP hydrogen electrode catalyst were hot pressed to both sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane, thus producing a membrane electrode assembly. Using the membrane electrode assembly and hydrogen gas as fuel, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus for manufacturing photovoltaic device further comprises mechanism for providing in sequence a substrate to reactor zones for preparing the substrate. It has a first processing zone capable of providing an environment for transition of the substrate from an ambient environment to the processing environment. It has a processing zone capable of providing an environment for deposition of a barrier layer. The barrier layer comprises a thin conductor or very thin insulating material. The apparatus further comprises processing zone capable of providing an environment for deposition of a conductive back contact layer.The apparatus further comprises a processing zone capable of providing an environment for deposition of alkali materials. It has processing zone capable of providing an environment for deposition of a semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The deposition of a conductive back contact layer comprises a metallic layer consisting of molybdenum, titanium, or tantalum, preferably molybdenum. The semiconductor layer comprises Group I, III, VI elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The Polyester (I) and (II) is bonded to a drug and is configured to encapsulate the drug for controlled drug delivery. The drug is released from the composition in a controlled manner by exposing the composition to specific conditions of temperature or pH.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): (I) and (II) is prepared by mixing linear or cyclic monomers, oligomers and/or macromers to form a monomer mixture, adding a lipase, esterase, or protease to the monomer mixture, and reacting the reaction mixture for a specific time and under polymerizing conditions. Preferred Definitions: Preferably in (I) and (II):    T = alkylene, 5-hydroxyphenylene, 5-aminophenylene, 5-decanyloxyphenylene, 5-dodecanyl-oxyphenylene or aryl;    T' = ph-1,2-di-yl (substituted at position 5 by R');    R = alkoxy;    A and B = O;    R1 = H;    R' = hydroxy or amino;    A' and B' = O or NH;    R1a = hydroxy or amino;    z = integral of 4 -50; and    n = an integral 1 - 10000.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 3,5-dimethoxy-phenol (0.21 g) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (molecular weight 600) (0.6 g) was added to NOVOZYME-435 (RTM; immobilized Candida Antarctica lipase B), (10 wt.%), monomers (0.80 - 1.7 g) and heated in oil bath at 90 degreesC under vacuum for 48 hours to give poly ((poly(oxyethylene-600)-oxy-5-hydroxyisophthaloyl) (A). (A) (0.8 g) and 12-bromododecanol 5 (0.22 g) were dissolved in dry acetone (10 ml). The solution was added to anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.13 g). The reaction mixture was refluxed at 60 degreesC to give poly((polyoxyethylene-600)-oxy-5-decanyloxyisophthaloyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The refractive index adjusting layer contains silica (SiO2), magnesium fluoride (MgF2), magnesium oxide (MgO), glass, alumina (Al2O3), yttria (Y2O3), calcium fluoride (CaF2) anf lithium fluoride (LiF). Transparent conductive film contains zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO) and tin dioxide (SnO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The water-removal portion has water condenser and desiccant containing silica gel or calcium chloride. The water-removal portion is related to the flow of reformed gas, and is arranged at upstream side of the carbon monoxide removal portion and downstream side of modification portion and carbon monoxide shift portion. Preferred Method: The content of water remaining in reformed gas, after removal of water is 3.2 mol% or less. A portion or whole of removed water is supplied with reformed gas subjected to methanation, to fuel cell stack.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The methanation catalyst is alumina with which ruthenium is supported, or zeolite with which ruthenium is supported. The zeolite is mordenite type zeolite, beta type zeolite, Y type zeolite, ZSM-5 zeolite and/or faujasite. The pore diameter and pore volume of the methanation catalyst support is 6.3 Angstrom or more and 0.3-1 cm3/g. The content of ruthenium in the methanation catalyst is 0.5-4.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method includes providing a cover layer on the corrosion-resistant coating for minimizing contact resistance of the corrosion-resistant coating. The method may involve providing a bipolar plate substrate, a gas/powder mixture comprising metal powder particles, and a stream of heated gas; forming a gas/particle stream by mixing the gas/powder mixture with the stream of heated gas; and providing the corrosion-resistant coating on the bipolar plate substrate by ejecting the gas/particle stream against the bipolar plate substrate. The ejecting step involves ejecting the gas/particle stream against the bipolar plate at a velocity of 500-1500 m/sec. Preferred Component: The cover layer comprises a sputtered layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cover layer can be made of gold, platinum, rhodium, or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The bipolar plate substrate comprises 304L or 316L grade stainless steel. The corrosion-resistant coating comprises C-276 grade stainless steel. It may comprise a material of 904L alloy, 254SMO alloy or Carp-20 alloy. The cover layer is made of platinum alloys, ruthenium alloys, or palladium alloys. The metal powder particles comprise metal powder particles of 904L alloy, 254SMO alloy or Carp-20 alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The metal layer has contact surface(s) that makes contact with the separation preventing layer. The nitride semiconductor device is a laser diode having a ridge stripe portion that is formed by removing a part of the nitride semiconductor layer. Portion(s) of the sides of the ridge stripe portion is filled in with the insulating layer.Preferred Method: The method involves a first heat treatment step by heating the metal layer for greater than or equal to10 minutes at greater than or equal to150-less than or equal to300degreesC after the step of forming the metal layer; and a second heat treatment step by heating the metal layer at greater than or equal to400-less than or equal to600degreesC after the first heat treatment step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The insulating layer is made of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride. The insulating layer is made of silicon oxide. The separation preventing layer is made of titanium oxide. The contact surface has, as a main component, metal of molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium, titanium, aluminum, tantalum, or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method further comprises regenerating the absorbent solution by passing a sweep gas through the fiber lumens for a predetermined regeneration period; humidifying the gaseous mixture prior to introduction to the hollow fiber membrane module; and heating the gaseous mixture prior to introduction to the hollow fiber membrane module. The step of regeneration of the absorbent solution is performed on a cyclic basis. The step of absorption of the gas from the gaseous mixture is undertaken in connection with a battery or a fuel cell. The predetermined period is a period of less than or equal to8 hours. The hollow fiber membrane defines a longitudinal axis and where the hollow fibers are aligned with the longitudinal axis. The absorbent solution is provided to eliminate air gaps from the region defined between the hollow fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sweep gas is air or nitrogen. The gas that is absorbed from the gaseous mixture is carbon dioxide. The gaseous mixture is atmospheric air. The absorbent solution is a hygroscopic nonvolatile solution. The absorbent solution includes a carrier. The hygroscopic nonvolatile solution includes chemically reactive, reversible, non-volatile absorbent. The absorbent solution is in the form of a suspension that includes water. The hollow fibers are hydrophobic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorbent solution includes glycerol, and/or glycerol carbonate. The carrier is sodium glycinate, lithium glycinate, or potassium glycinate. The absorbent solution includes at least one dendrimer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hollow fibers are fabricated from microporous polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: Each of the channels comprises at least one projection blocking the channel fully or partially, and the projection is configured to redirect gas flow toward a membrane that is disposed between opposing sides of adjacent bipolar plates.Preferred Dimension: The dense corrosion-resistant layer is 0.008-0.010 inch thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic particles are nickel-based alloys, chromium-based alloys and/or carbide-based alloys. The metal substrate is aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, magnesium, and/or magnesium alloysPreferred Method: The dense corrosion resistant metallic layer is provided by using a thermal spray technique or a cold gas dynamic technique. The method further comprises reducing a temperature gradient across the bipolar plate by heating a face of the metallic substrate opposite to the face treated to form the dense corrosion-resistant layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal layer is niobium, vanadium, tantalum, palladium, iron, and/or their alloys. The large surface area metal layers are formed from palladium-black, tantalum-black, iron-black, vanadium-black, palladium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or palladium alloy, tantalum-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, iron-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy, and/or vanadium-black having its surface covered with a layer of palladium or a palladium alloy. The frame can be nickel and/or silver.Preferred Property: Each of the large surface area metal layers has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. The metal layer has a thickness of 10 nm-100 microns. Each of the electrolyte membranes has a thickness of 1-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame can be polyimide membranes and/or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises triple junction amorphous silicon solar cell. It comprises roofing shingle including a solar cell active material deposited on a substrate. The rechargeable battery is a nickel metal hydride battery. A hydrogen fueled fuel cell (90) is in gaseous communication with the hydrogen distribution system and in electrical communication with the electricity distribution system. It comprises hydrogen electrode(s) including a hydrogen storage alloy providing for hydrogen storage capacity. The hydrogen fueled fuel cell is alkaline fuel cell, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, or solid oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen distribution system comprises a hydrogen storage system in gaseous communication with the electrolyzer for receiving the stream of gaseous hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer and storing the stream of gaseous hydrogen in gaseous liquid or metal hydride form; and a hydrogen dispenser for dispensing the stored hydrogen from the hydrogen storage system to a hydrogen-consuming device and/or a hydrogen storage vessel. The hydrogen storage system comprises pressure containment vessel(s) at least partially filled with a hydrogen storage alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel of fuel cell contains alcohol, preferably ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The cobalt oxide has a composition of CoOx where x is 1.000-1.334. The cobalt oxide is mixed with a carrier component which consists of inactive inorganic compound. The catalyst is obtained by baking a composition containing cobalt hydroxide, cobalt oxide and/or tricobalt tetroxide. The catalyst has calcination temperature of 300-750degreesC. Fine particle, granule, thin film or net-like material of cobalt oxide is supported to the inactive inorganic compound. A copper oxide is mixed with cobalt oxide such that ratio of copper and cobalt is 4:1-1:3 by their oxide conversion. The catalyst has a porous structure. Preferred Method: The mol concentration of oxygen contained in the gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is 0.53 times or more of that of carbon monoxide. EXAMPLE - Cobalt hydroxide was baked in air at 495degreesC for 3 hours and tricobalt tetroxide was obtained. A slurry was prepared by mixing an acrylic resin (150 g) and pure water (150) with the tricobalt tetroxide (20 g). The slurry was adhered to granular alumina support (10 g) of diameter 0.5 mm and baked at 650degreesC for 10 minutes. A porous material was obtained. The obtained catalyst was tested for removal of carbon monoxide from gas containing carbon monoxide (3 volume%), hydrogen (20 volume%), oxygen (1.5 volume%) and remainder nitrogen. Carbon monoxide was selectively removed without consuming hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The starting materials are mixed by a wet blending process. The aluminum content of the mixture is at least 2 wt.%. Sintering is carried out prior to melting. The heat-melting process involves heating to 1400-1650 degreesC using a hydrothermal hot-press apparatus. A hydrothermal process seals the quartz glass by treatment with aqueous alkali (preferably sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide) of concentration greater than 0.5N with processing at 250-400 degreesC. The mixed powder is molded by a pressurizing process.Preferred Materials: Albite (NaAlSi3O8) is used as the aluminum compound. The sodium of albite may be substituted by lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The peak height (DeltaVp/DeltaRp) of support in region of 1-10 nm pore diameter, is 1000 or more according to pore distribution measurement by nitrogen absorption process, where Vp is volume during liquefication of absorbed nitrogen and Rp is pore radius. Preferred Material: The support is made from mesoporous material having silicon as essential component and having MCM-41 structure, preferably zeolite. The support material contains titanium, boron and/or zirconium. The atomic ratio of titanium, boron and zirconium is 0.01 or more with respect to silicon. The mesoporous material having MCM-41 structure is formed as a film on the substrate. The two-layer carbon nanotube is grown from the substrate along vertical direction. Preferred Catalyst: The metal catalyst contains iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and/or manganese. Preferred Process: The alcohol is contacted with metal catalyst under pressure of 1000 Pa or less. The partial pressure of alcohol is 1-100 Pa. A gas containing hydrogen (100 ppm or less) is supplied to the reaction system during synthesis of two-layer carbon nanotube. Preferred Composition: 80 or more of 100 obtained carbon nanotubes are two-layer carbon nanotubes having outer diameter of 1.5-4 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The electrode substrate also has a protective layer having organic material as a main component, provided on an insulating layer. The binder main component of conductive layer and insulating layer is lead-free glass component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The monomer used for formation of pi-conjugated type conductive polymer, is pyrrole, alkylene dioxythiophene, aniline and/or their derivatives. The chelate compound contained in the washing liquid is chosen from dipyridyl, terpyridyl, phenanthroline, diphenyl thiocarbazone compound and/or amino polycarboxylic acid compound.Preferred Composition: The washing liquid contains 0.2 mol/L of chelate compound, and has pH of 3-8. The temperature of washing liquid is 30-80degreesC. EXAMPLE - Iron salt of p-toluene sulfonic acid/butanol solution (0.4 mol/200 ml) was prepared as oxidizing-agent solution. 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene solution and oxidizing-agent solution were applied on etched aluminum foil at which dielectric oxide film was formed. Subsequently, chemical oxidation polymerization was carried out, and solvent was removed at 120degreesC. Thus, polyethylene dioxythiophene layer was formed as solid electrolyte. Then, the solid electrolyte layer was washed with ethanol, and immersed in washing liquid containing sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and tetraethylammonium-p-toluene sulfonic acid for 10 minutes. Then, the layer was washed in pure water. The washing process was repeated until thickness of solid electrolyte layer was 15 microns. Then, cathode conductive layer containing carbon layer and silver-paste layer, was formed. Thus, capacitor element was produced. The obtained capacitor element was packed, to obtain aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor. The obtained capacitor had electrostatic capacitance of 18.8 microfarads at 120 Hz, dielectric loss (tan(delta)) of 1.01%, electron spin resonance (ESR) of 25.1 mOmega and leakage current of microamperes. The content of iron ion in the capacitor element was measured and found to be 2.26x10-4%. The electrolytic capacitor had high heat resistance and moisture resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material contains titanium dioxide as main component and carbon doped titanium dioxide containing 3-7 wt.% of carbon. The porous material has porosity of 57-99.95%. The material of foam-metal material is nickel and nickel-group alloy. EXAMPLE - Foam nickel material having porosity of 96.7% was arranged on a spacer of thickness 0.5 mm installed in an open-type chemical vapor deposition apparatus. A titanium dioxide film forming material was produced by forming film of titanium tetra isopropoxide on the surface of the foam nickel material. The titanium dioxide film forming material was immersed in 50 wt.% nitric oxide aqueous solution (etching liquid) contained in heat resistant acid proof container and heated at 80degreesC and stirred. The foam nickel material was dissolved and the porous material was removed from the container and washed using water. The porous material had three-dimensional mesh shape and continuous porous structure. The material had porosity of 99.8% and pore number of 66/inch. The porous material had favorable decomposition ability with respect to acetaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Organic refuse is ground and stirred in a stirring tank with mud or sludge rich in aqueous anaerobic bacteria. The stirred material is put into a silo under anaerobic conditions, and held for a fixed period to carry out decomposition of organic refuse. Methane gas generated in the silo is removed and collected. The residue remaining in the silo is ejected, and the empty silo is used for the stirred material. The mixture is added to the organic refuse after grinding. The generated methane gas is adsorbed in activated carbon in which water is adsorbed, for storage.Preferred Conditions: The chips are ground to a dimension which allows passage through 8 mm sieve. The deposition period is 20-30 days. The temperature suitable for methane fermentation is 25degreesC or more.Preferred Materials: The mud or sludge is mud or sludge suitable for habitation of both hydrogen-production microbe and methane-production microbe, sludge of bottom of lakes and marshes, mud of bottom of places where river water containing organic matter is present, mud of lotus-root fields, domestic wastewater, wastewater of hot spring bathrooms, and/or stagnated sludge. The lignocellulose-type material is a mixture of material containing wood-type portions, branches and trunks of trees, discarded trees, discarded vegetables, weeds refuse, and straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first solar cell layer is an amorphous silicon solar cell formed of amorphous silicon, the amorphous silicon solar cell including a first silicon layer of first conductivity type consisting of P-type and N-type; I-type amorphous silicon layer; and second silicon layer of second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, and the second solar cell layer is a polycrystalline silicon solar cell formed of polycrystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon solar cell including a third silicon layer of third conductivity type consisting of P-type and N-type; I-type amorphous silicon layer; and fourth silicon layer of fourth conductivity type different from the third conductivity type. Preferred Properties: A thickness of the first solar cell layer is 200-400 nm, and a thickness of the second solar cell layer is 1.5-3 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: A film thickness of the bottom solar cell layer is 1.5-2 microns. The generation electric current in the top solar cell layer is equal to or smaller than a generation electric current in the bottom solar cell layer under a sun light spectrum condition of AM (Air Mass) of 1.5, or under a condition of a sunlight spectrum at noon in March or September at a location where the thin-film solar cell layer is installed. It is equal to or smaller than a generation electric current in the bottom solar cell layer by a value smaller than 1 mA/cm2 under a sun light spectrum condition of AM (Air Mass) of 1.5. The bottom solar cell layer comprises a p-type layer, an i-type layer and an n-type layer, and the i-type layer is a crystalline layer. The p-, i- and n-type layers of the top solar cell layer are sequentially formed on the first conductive layer, and the p-, i- and n-type layers of the bottom solar cell layer are sequentially formed from a side of the first conductive layer. A main component of the top solar cell layer and the bottom solar cell layer is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plastic film is made of polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyether sulfone and amorphous polyolefin, preferably polyester film. An electrode which consists of porous semiconductor layer which consists of titanium oxide, stannic oxide and/or zinc oxide, is provided on transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Compound (I) is obtained by reacting a substituted heterocyclic compound of formula (III) and an indoline compound of formula (IV) in an acetic acid solution at 90-120 degrees C for 0.1-7 hours. Preferred Definitions:    A = carboxy.    EXAMPLE - 41 mg 3,4-Dichloro-13-cyclobutene-1,2-dione was dissolved in 3 ml dichloromethane, 21 mg pyridine and 56 mg N,N-di-n-butyl-phosphorus was added, resultant mixture was stirred at 25?oC for 5 hours, solvent was distilled off, 1 ml cold water was added, resultant mixture was stirred at 110 degrees C for 2 hours and filtered, to obtain 4-(N,N-di-n-butylamino)-3-hydroxycyclobutene-1,2-dione. 50 mg Resultant compound and 5 ml 5-carboxy-2,3,3-trimethylindoline were mixed with a mixture comprising 0.5 ml n-butanol and 0.5 ml toluene, resultant mixture was heated at 110 degrees C for 1 hours and filtered, to obtain 17 mg squarylium compound of formula (IA).
Preferred Definitions:    R14, R15 = H.
Preferred Definitions:    Y=group -(C(O)-O)-;    Rf(in formula (2a)=-Rf1-X;    Rf1=-(OCF2CF2CF2)n1, -(CF2CF2CF2O)n1, -(OCFZ1CF2)n1, -(OCF2CFZ1)n1, -(OCFZ2)n1, -(CFZ2O)n1, -(OCH2CF2CF2)n1, (-OCF2CF2CH2)n1, (-OCH2CH2CF2)n1, (-OCF2CH2CH2)n1, -(OCF2CF2CF2CF2)n1-, (CF2CF2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(OCFZ2CH2)n1, -(CFZ1CF2O)n1-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(CH2CF2CF2O)n1, -(OCZ32)n1 or -(CZ32O)n1, or -(CH2-O-CH2)n3-(C(=O)n4-(CH2)n5-;    n3,n4=0 or 1;    n5=0-2;    Z1,Z2=H, F or CF3;    Z3=CF3;    n1=1-3;and    X=H, halogen or alkyl group optionally containing fluorine atom, 1-20 ether bonds and/or cross-linkable functional group.    EXAMPLE - Fluorine containing compound of formula (I-1) (20 g) was mixed with 1,3-dioxirane-2-one (1.83 g) in a flask. Further, hydrochloro fluoro carbon 141b/chloroform (in volume ratio of 80/20) (87 g) was dropped. Boron compound (BF3.O(C2H5)2) was dropped at 0degreesC for 24 hours. Hydrochloro fluoro carbon 141b/chloroform mixture was distilled off. The obtained liquid was poured into hexane. Organic phase was separated and dried to form polymer containing fluorine containing ether in side chain. The obtained polymer was dissolved in lithium chlorate and solution was neglected overnight. The upper layer containing polymer was removed and a film was formed. The film had ionic conductivity 4.8x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor microparticles are titanium oxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide. Preferred Definitions:    L1 = group of formula (i) or (ii);    L2 = group of formula (iii)-(v);    BL = group of formula (vi)-(viii);and    M1, M2 = Ru, Os, Co, Ni, Cu or Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cooling apparatus further comprises a heat transfer fluid comprising a fluorochemical, a dielectric halocarbon, water or hydrocarbon. The membrane electrode assembly comprises a surface to contact a surface of the flow field plate, and the cooling apparatus further comprises a heat transfer fluid having a boiling point at the operating pressure of less than 3degreesC below a maximum temperature of the membrane electrode assembly surface. The channels have inner channel surfaces comprising nanostructured features having uniformly oriented nanostructures or nanostructures having a geometric shape. The inner channel surfaces have microporous features comprising microspheres or ceramic microspheres. They have a coating comprising planar organic molecule having delocalized pi-electrons. The organic molecule comprises chains or rings over which a density of the pi-electrons is extensively localized. The coating comprises van der Waals solids. Preferred Property: The channels have a depth of less than 0.7 mm or 0.1 mm. The cooling apparatus maintains the maximum temperature gradient of less than 0.2degreesC/cm in the direction of coolant flow as the membrane electrode assembly is subject to changes in heat flux to the cooling of 0-1 W/cm2. The channel length is greater than 10 cm. The channels have a channel spacing of 1-2 mm, a channel width of 1-3 mm and channel length of 60-230 mm. A ratio of the channel length to channel depth is 150-1,100. The inner channel surfaces comprise in excess of 1 million or 1 billion nanostructures/cm2. The nanostructured features have length of 0.1-3 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is heat processed in atmosphere which contains water steam of 500-900 degrees C and pressure of 0.2-4 MPa, during formation of insulation layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porphyrin structure monomer carries out mezzo-soprano-mezzo-soprano binding and/or beta-beta binding, preferably mezzo soprano-beta-binding of polymer. The adsorption substituent is carboxyl group. The polymer further has an electron-donating substituent such as di-tertiary butyl phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor further contains an organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=-Rf1-X or fluoroether group of formula (2a-2);    Rf1=fluoroether unit containing group(s) chosen from -(OCF2CF2CF2)n1-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(OCFZ1CF2)n1-, -(OCF2CFZ1)n1-, -(OCFZ2)n1-, -(CFZ2O)n1-, -(OCH2CF2CF2)n1-, -(OCF2CF2CH2)n1-, -(OCH2CH2CF2)n1-, -(OCF2CH2CH2)n1-, -(OCF2CF2CF2CF2)n1-, -(CF2CF2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(OCFZ2CH2)n1-, -(CH2CFZ2O)n1-, -(OCH(CH3)CF2CF2)n1-, -(OCF2CF2CH(CH3))n1-, -(CFZ1CF2O)n1-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(CH2CF2CF2O)n1-, -(OCZ32)n1- or -(CZ32O)n1- and does not contain -O-O-;    Z1,Z2=H, F or CF3;    n1=1-3;    X=H, halogen atom or fluorine-containing alkyl optionally having 1-20C ether bond and/or cross-linkable functional group;    R1=bonding group of formula: -(CH2-O-CH2)n3-(C-O)n4-(CH2)n5-;    n3,n4=0 or 1;and    n2,n5=0-2.    EXAMPLE - A transparent polymer having glass transition temperature of -65degreesC, number average molecular weight of 2636, weight average molecular weight of 3124, thermal decomposition temperature of 163.3degreesC and viscosity of 20.1 mPa.second, and lithium chlorate as electrolyte salt were mixed to obtain ion conductive material. The transparent polymer was homopolymer of fluorine-containing ether of formula (1-1). The obtained material was left for 12 hours, and solid was precipitated. A rectangular film was formed using the material obtained after removing the upper layer. The film had ionic conductivity of 8.7x10-4 S/cm and favorable oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The thermocouple circuit has a zigzag configuration which makes the junction a vertex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thermocouple comprises Chromel-Alumel, Chromel-constantan, iron-constantan, copper-constantan, platinum-10% rhodium-platinum, platinum-13% rhodium-platinum, and platinum-30% rhodium-platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The foam material layer consists of polystyrene, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hot-melt type filler sealed between front surface glass and reverse side material in the photovoltaic element, is selected from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) and ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The inventive method requires using silicon-containing alloy of variable structures calcium/aluminum/silicon/magnesium (Ca/Al/Si/Mg), including insignificant concentration of other impurities. It requires using 30-38% Al; 15-25% Ca; 35-45% Si; 2-3% Mg; and 0.1-0.3% rare earth elements. It requires using silicon-containing alloy with average size of the particles size less than 100 microns. It requires using preferably 10-12% hydrochloric acid solutions. The amounts of aluminium in the charge should exceed its required calculated amount to the extent of complete reduction of silica in the phosphorus slag by 10-60, preferably by 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method requires additional insertion of alkaline earth metal fluorides (30 mol.%) to increase dissolubility of alumina in the slag. The silicon is exposed to crushing and diffusion for the removal of small particles with less than 0.06 mm in their size. The silicon is leached in aqueous solution containing ferric chloride (FeCl3) and hydrochloric acid; and in aqueous solution containing hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, respectively. After leaching the silicon is washed out with distilled water, for removing fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The thermal decomposition of methane is a heterogeneous reaction with integral, simultaneous production of carbon nanotubes and molecular hydrogen. The catalyst is in the form of a powder with granules of 1-50 (preferably 1-7) microns. The reaction temperature is 500-550 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal of metal salt and metal complex is noble metal and base metal. The noble metal is platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium or gold. The base metal is iron, ruthenium, tin, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, lead, rhodium, tungsten and/or iridium. The metal complex further contains amine complex, ethylene diamine complex and/or acetylacetonate complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent having a hydrophilic group is higher alcohol. The water-insoluble solvent is high-class ether. Higher aliphatic carboxylic acid and higher aliphatic amine are further mixed in the preparation of the reversed micelle solution. The water-insoluble liquid contains MBR3H, MH, where M is lithium, sodium or potassium, and R is H or hydrocarbon group, alcohol and/or metal derivative of naphthalene, preferably LiB(C2H5)3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: For the manufacture of the metal nanoparticles the two reactants, POM and metal ions, are premixed in a POM/organic/metal ion solution (one-pot process). The preparation of the catalytic reducing agent (reduced POM) is produced by treatment of a solution containing oxidized POM (or less reduced POM) and oxidizable species by means of exposure to electric current, gamma-rays, ultrasound, temperature, UV/near-visible light, or sunlight. The reduction of the metal cation comprises the stages of a slow nucleation step and then a fast reductive growth on the already formed nuclei, where the size of the formed metal particles are affected by changing the rate of metal reduction, or by using an initial concentration of metal. The metal nanoparticles are formed in two steps (two-pot process), using the following reactions described in reaction scheme (1-2), where S is an oxidizable species and the metal is silver provided by silver nitrate, silver perchlorate or other soluble silver salt. The two reactants, POM and Ag+, are mixed with propan-2-ol to form a POM/propan-2-ol/Ag+ solution which is then irradiated. (Reaction Scheme (1-2), page 14) Preferred Component: The metal is silver, gold, palladium, copper or platinum nanoparticles. The preparation of the catalytic reducing agent (reduced POM) is achieved with the use of oxidizable reagents. The catalytic reducing agent POM is any reducible POM, i.e. the Keggin, Dawson, Pryessler, Lindqvist or Anderson structured polyoxometalate anions, or the decatungstate POM. The catalytic reducing agent is SiW12O405-, H2W12O407-, P2W18O627-, P218O628-, P2Mo18O628-, or P2Mo18O6210.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizable reagent is an alcohol, phenol, hydride, chorophenol, cresol, benzene derivative, organohalogenated compounds aliphatic, or a pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydrogen complex is tetrahydro borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carboxylate ester (B) is an alkyl amino carboxylate ester, preferably formic acid alkyl or acetic acid alkyl. The compound (A) is cyclic amidine compound (A1) of formula (5).R6=R1;R7=R2;andQ=2-20C alkylene, arylene optionally substituted by 1-5C hydrocarbon, amino, nitro, carboxyl or formyl, or alkenylene.Cyclic amidine compound (A1) is preferably an imidazole derivative, imidazoline derivative and/or pyrimidine derivative. Preferred Acid: The acid (D) is perchloric acid, boron tetrafluoride acid, hexafluoro-phosphoric acid, hexafluorinated arsenic acid, hexa antimony fluoride acid, perfluoro alkane sulfonic acid and/or perfluoro alkane sulfonyl imide, preferably phthalic acid, salicylic acid, maleic acid, boric dioxalic acid ester, boron diglycolic acid ester and/or boron subsalicylate ester. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in weight parts) (192), 1-ethyl imidazole (192) and methyl formate (144) were introduced to an autoclave, and reaction was performed at 140degreesC for 10 hours. Quaternary amidinium carboxylate salt (C-1) (312) was obtained by drying the reaction material. The obtained salt (C-1) and methanol (312) were added to boron tetrafluoride acidic water solution (418) having pure portion (42 wt.%), and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The resulting reaction liquid was vacuum-dried at 100degreesC for 2 hours to obtain 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoro borate (E-1) (396) with purity of 99.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pore volume of the pores with diameter of 40-80 Angstrom is more than 0.12 cm3/g. The pores with diameter of 40-80 Angstrom occupy 50% or more of the pore volume.Preferred Support: The porous support is alumina and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil containing hydride of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contains 20 mass% or more of compound having 1 or more, preferably 2 or more substituents on the cyclohexane ring of the aromatic compound. The oil contains 90 mass% or more of hydride of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and 60 mass% or more of compound having 1 or more, preferably 2 or more substituents on the cyclohexane ring. The substituent is electron donating group chosen from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl group. EXAMPLE - Water (in g) (1000) and 70 mass% nitric acid (30) were added to boehmite raw material (1000), to obtain spherical support precursor. The precursor was dried at 130degreesC for 8 hours and baked at 600degreesC to obtain a support. Chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate was impregnated in the support to obtain catalyst having mean pore diameter of 72.9 Angstrom and specific surface area of 99.95 m2/g. The catalyst contained 0.15 cm3/g of pores with pore diameter of 40-80 Angstrom . The catalyst was used for dehydrogenation of methyl cyclohexane. The conversion ratio of methyl cyclohexane was 88.31% and hydrogen was produced with high selectivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The protective layer contains silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is olefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The aluminum foil conforms to JISA3003-H18, JISA1080-H18 specifications.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizer is selected from hydrogen peroxide and/or hydroxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises (wt.%): oxygenate (30 - 70), oxidizer (30 - 70), oxygen (greater than or equal to33); and further comprises a diluent (greater than 2, preferably greater than or equal to25). Preferred Components: The oxygenate is selected from alcohols, diols, triols, ethers, ketones, diketones, esters and/or sugars (preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1-, 2-or tert-butanol, 1-, 2- or 3-pentanol, tert-amyl alcohol, 1-, 2- or 3-hexanol, dimethylether, diethylether, isopropylether, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl tert-amyl ether, glucose and/or sorbitol). The oxidizer is selected from organic peroxides. EXAMPLE - A fuel was prepared by mixing ethanol (2 g) and 30% hydrogen peroxide (2 g). The mixture was oxidized using MnO2 catalyst. The reaction was exothermic and produced a large amount of gas comprising (vol.%) H2 (30), CO2 (22) and a small amount of CO, with a liquid product containing ethoxy-acetic acid and 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Another carbon nanotube is made to grow using one of the particulates being supported as a growth starting point. The method for producing the carbon nanotube further comprises spraying the particulates, together with gas, onto the carbon nanotube. Stokes number of the particulates is controlled when the particulates are sprayed onto the carbon nanotube. It is controlled to be one or more when the particulates are to be supported entirely on a surface of the carbon nanotube. After the growth of another carbon nanotube, new particulates are sprayed. Preferred Condition: The particulates adhere directly to the surface of the carbon nanotube. The sizes of the particulates are selected before the particulates are sprayed onto the carbon nanotube. A distance between a spraying port to spray the particulates onto the carbon nanotube and the plane is within 10 times longer than an internal diameter of the spraying port. The Stokes number is controlled to be less than or equal to0.1 when the particulates are to be selectively supported on an end portion of the carbon nanotube. The number and size of another carbon nanotube is controlled by the number and size of the particulates. Preferred Component: Two or more kinds of particulates are used as the particulates to be supported. Preferred Function: The particulates are catalyst useful for growth of another carbon nanotube, or useful in an electrode of a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon isotope segments are carbon-12 isotope segment, carbon-13 isotope segment or carbon-14 isotope segment. They further comprise catalyst powders from nickel powder and/or yttrium oxide powder. Preferred Method: The carbon rod is manufactured by a powder delamination pressing method or a paste delamination sintering method. The discharge current is 100 amperes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The pores have a diameter of 20-200 nm and an aspect ratio of 3:1-10:1.Preferred Method: The charge transport material is prepared by anodizing transition metal, preferably titanium or tungsten. The pores are filled by spin-casting, sputtering, electroplating, electroless plating, reflow, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or evaporation. The method includes oxidizing the inter-digitated nanostructure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The charge transport material is an oxide of transition metal, preferably titanium dioxide (TiO2) or tungsten oxide (WO3). The optical absorbing material is an inorganic semiconductor, preferably oxide of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The optical absorbing material is polymer semiconductor, preferably thiophene or thiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The substrate is conductive plastic substrate, conductive glass substrate, conductive metal substrate, semiconductor substrate or insulating substrate.Preferred Method: The nanoparticle oxide paste is coated on the substrate by a doctor blade method. The coated nanoparticle oxide paste is dried in air atmosphere, oxygen atmosphere, nitrogen atmosphere, argon atmosphere or vacuum atmosphere, and at room temperature up to 150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticle oxide, which is contained in the nanoparticle oxide colloidal solution having good acidic dispersion, is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide or tungsten oxide. The basic material, which is contained in the basic aqueous solution to add the acidic nanoparticle oxide colloidal solution is organic or inorganic material that can be dissociated in water to give hydroxyl ions. The acidic material, which is contained in the acidic aqueous solution to add the basic nanoparticle oxide colloidal solution is organic or inorganic material that can be dissociated in water to give hydrogen ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Frit: The glass frit contains complex oxides such as lead-boron-silicon complex oxide (PbO-SiO2-B2O3), bismuth-lead-silicon-boron complex oxide (Bi2O3-PbO-SiO2-B2O3) and/or zinc-silicon-boron complex oxide (ZnO-SiO2-B2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical or sub-critical atmosphere contains water or carbon dioxide as medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The super-critical or sub-critical atmosphere contains ethanol, methanol or acetic acid as medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The front cover component and reverse-side cover component are formed using same material, and have same thickness. The reverse-side cover component contains a resin material having white pigment. The resin material is polyethylene terephthalate. A shock absorbing material (7) is arranged between front-cover component and glass plate, and is formed using material same as that of filling component. The filling component contains a thermoreversible material cross-linked at temperature lower than melting point of polyethylene terephthalate. The solar cell module has a pair of photovoltaic cell, which are folded such that light receiving surface side are mutually connected. Both surfaces of filling component are corrugated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The glass transition temperature of polyarylate is 300degreesC or more. The total light transmittance of the film is 70% or more. Preferred Layer: The film further has a gas barrier layer or transparent conductive layer. EXAMPLE - 9,9-bis (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorine (660 mmol), tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (9.171 g), dichloromethane (2805 ml) and water (2475 ml) were mixed in a reactor under nitrogen stream. 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid chloride (330 mmol) and terephthaloyl chloride (330 mol) were supplied in the reactor, and washed with dichloromethane (330 ml). Solution obtained by diluting 2M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (693 ml) with water (132 ml) was dripped in the reactor, and washed with water (165 ml). The reaction mixture stirred for 3 hours. Dichloromethane (1 l) was added in the reaction mixture, and organic phase was separated. The organic phase was washed with water and supplied to methanol (25 l), to precipitate white particles. The precipitate was separated and dried, to obtain polyarylate having weight average molecular weight of 97000 and glass transition temperature of 371degreesC. A film obtained from polyarylate had thickness of 88 microns, total light transmittance of 87%, elasticity modulus of 2400 MPa, fracture stress of 100 MPa and breaking elongation of 23%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is a membrane and the particles have a particle size of 0.5-50 (preferably 2-20) microns. Preferred Method: (I) is heated to above its glass transition point. The particles are sprayed on in the dry state, preferably from several nozzles onto a moving substrate which is heated from the opposite side by contact with a heater. Catalyst material (II) is then deposited on the support in the form of powder with an average particle size smaller than that of (I). The heating time is less than 3 minutes. Coating the substrate with particles of (I) increases the surface area and forms a 3-dimensional surface structure. Preferred Support: The surface/interface of the catalyst support has a structure formed by deposition of the particles on a substrate (preferably a membrane) by the above method. The pore structure of a deposited catalyst layer (28) shows at least one mode due to the electrolyte surface/interface, and the preferred pore structure is multimodal, with pore sizes in the catalyst corresponding to the size of electrolyte material particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: At least one type of support selected from silica gel, alumina, magnesia, silica-alumina, and zeolite, is used for supporting the catalyst metal. The catalyst metal is nickel, cobalt and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel source comprises a pressure-sensitive valve in fluid communication with an interior of the housing. The housing defines the pressure-sensitive valve.Preferred Parameter: The fuel-permeable material defines greater than or equal to60, preferably greater than or equal to80% of an exterior surface area of the housing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The housing is capable of changing its volume. The fuel-permeable material comprises layers. It comprises a first layer having a fuel permeability and a porosity different than a fuel permeability and porosity of a second layer.The housing comprises a portion having an initial surface area corresponding to a surface area of an electrode of the fuel cell. It is prismatic or cubic. It comprises a preferential folding portion.Preferred Parameter: The fuel-permeable material has a fuel permeability of greater than or equal to0.001 g/hour-cm2; a non-fuel permeability of 10-3 g/hour-cm2 for liquid non-fuel species or per atm of gaseous non-fuel species or less.Preferred Material: The fuel-permeable material is from a fluorocarbon polymer, a modified polyethylene, a modified polypropylene, a polycarbonate, a polyimide, a polysulfone, a polysulfide, a polyurethane, a polyester, a polysilicone, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1 -propyne), or poly(4-methyl-2-pentene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The forced circulation circuit comprises a pressurization apparatus used to maintain the pressure of the electrolyte inside the circuit at a preset value, ensuring perfect adhesion, by expansion of the gap of the lamina of the solid electrolyte to the electrodes and of the electrodes to respective pole plates. The lamina of electrolyte in the solid state are of the polymeric type and each one is deposited on the respective electrode and is provided with bipolar plates (18) with thin layers of catalyst at the interface (11). The electrodes (2, 3) are provided with channels for feeding the fuel and the oxidant, respectively. The fuel is constituted at least partially by hydrogen and the oxidant is constituted at least partially by oxygen.Preferred Property: The gap occupied by the electrolyte has a thickness of less than 0.1 mm. The device has operating temperatures which can even exceed 120degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Irradiation with the electron beam is stopped not later than at the time when the concentration of boron in the molten silicon is minimal. (I) is a substance containing oxygen, preferably water or a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, which oxidizes boron to a boron oxide.Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus includes a control for melting in the crucible, adding a predetermined amount of (I) and then stopped operating of the electron gun after at least part of (II) has vaporized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The heat absorber transfers heat from the inner wall to the fuel supply path to heat the fuel flowing through the fuel supply path. It comprises a portion of a fluid supply path supplying a fluid to the reformer. It has a portion of the fuel supply path and an evaporator evaporating the fuel. It is disposed so that a ratio of L1/(L1+L2) is greater than or equal to20%, where L1 is a distance from the opening to the heat absorber and L2 is a distance from the heat absorber to the reformer. The fuel includes dimethyl ether. The fuel reforming system further comprises a heat insulator covering an exterior of the container in part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The housing also has a second partition (126).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy is a AB5 type alloy and represented by formula (I).Lm(NixMy) (I)Lm = La-rich misch metal comprising La and at least one element from Ce, Pr, Nd, or Sm;M = Al, Ti, Zr, Sn, or Ca;x, y = molar numbers; and(x+y) = 5.x and y satisfy the following relations:4 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 5; and0 less than or equal to y less than or equal to 1.When lanthanum (La) occupies 70-90 wt.% Lm and cerium occupies 5-25 wt.% Lm in the hydrogen storage alloy, the hydrogen supplied by the system is higher than 0.1 MPa at room temperature by fully-opening the control valve.When La occupies 50-70 wt.% Lm and Ce occupies 25-45 wt.% Lm in the hydrogen storage alloy, the hydrogen supplied by the system is higher than 0.5 MPa at room temperature by fully-opening the control valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid solution contains hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and water. The protective film is silicon-nitride film (6).
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 26 Specific compounds of triphenyl amine compound, such as compound of formula (B-2) and compound of formula (B-12) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A pigment of formula (A-1) was dissolved in iso-butanol-acetonitrile mixed solvent. A porous titanium oxide layer was immersed in the solution, and pigment was adsorbed for 2 hours. Then, triphenyl amine compound of formula (12) (hole-migration agent) was dissolved in toluene. The solution was applied on the porous titanium oxide layer after pigment adsorption, and hole-migration layer was formed. Then, metal was vapor-deposited and optoelectric transducer was produced.
Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2, Ar1=condensed polycyclic aryl group or condensed polycyclic heteroaryl group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 67 specific phosphine oxide compounds (e.g. 1,2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - A glass substrate deposited with indium tin oxide transparent electrically conductive film was etched and cleaned ultrasonically. The substrate was immersed in vacuum deposition apparatus and the degree of vacuum in the apparatus was set to 5x10-5 Pa. Copper phthalocyanine was vapor deposited on the substrate as an active material. 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisbenzimidazole was vapor deposited to thickness of 10 nm as active material by resistive heating. The phosphine compound (1) in formula (3) was vapor deposited to thickness of 15 nm as electron transport material. Aluminum was vapor deposited as cathode and optoelectric-transducer was produced. The optoelectric-transducer was irradiated with light and short circuit current during light irradiation was 120 microamperes/cm2 and releasing voltage was 0.40V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Conditions: The hydrogen storage alloys are accommodated in the tank section such that their mixing ratio can be changed. The output section produces different output signals depending on pressure equilibrium states occurring according to the hydrogen desorbing characteristics of the hydrogen storage alloys. The outputting step produces signals representing pressure variations in response to changes in pressure equilibrium states occurring according to the hydrogen desorbing characteristics of the hydrogen storage alloys.Preferred Methods: The method for detecting residual fuel cell capacity of the electronic device further comprises displaying the residual hydrogen amount based on the detection result obtained in the residual amount detection step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Purifier: The water purifier (17) contains silver, copper and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the step (a1) the fuel is mixed with oxygen in a nozzle to form a spray of the first mixture. The oxygen mixed with the fuel in the steps (a1) and (c1) is comprised in air and/or diesel exhaust gas. The oxygen mixed with the fuel in the step (c1) has a temperature of ambient - 400 (preferably 200 - 400)degreesC. The first mixture is ignited using a spark plug.Preferred Components: The hydrocarbonaceous fuel has a final boiling point of up to 400 (preferably 250 - 400)degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The metal thin film contains silver, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, nickel, copper, and/or aluminum.Preferred Material: The base material has gas barrier film, and resin board or resin film. The gas barrier film is silicon oxide film, oxidized silicon nitride film, aluminum acid magnesium film, stannic oxide film and/or diamond-like carbon film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film or resin board is formed using polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfone, polyallylate, polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate or acrylic type organic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The transporting speed of each transporting mechanism is set so that the transporting speed in the firing area is higher than the transporting speed in the drying and binder-removing area. The transporting mechanisms comprise first, second and third transporting mechanisms each provided with beams (2, 21), wire materials (11) or chains which periodically repeat the actions of ascending, advancing, descending and backing at a constant stroke. Holders for holding the objects to be thermally treated are fitted to the beams, wire materials or chains of each transporting mechanism. They are fitted at intervals in the transporting direction to the beams, wire materials or chains disposed on both the left and right sides of a center line of the transporting path and the holders have inclining portions declining toward the center line side of the transporting path and support the objects to be thermally treated by the inclining portions in contact with only the edge portion of the objects.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The collector electrode (6) comprises finger portions (6F) and a bus bar portion.Preferred Condition: The arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) of the surface of the transparent conductive oxide film is 0.5-2 nm.Preferred Composition: An oxygen/silicon ratio of the silicon oxide insulation film is 1.85-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises applying a coating of an adhesive to at least one of the two bonding surface areas. Preferred Component: The adhesive comprises electrically conductive particles of a material comprising a metallic element, the size of the particles being no greater than the thickness of the adhesive bond to be formed between the two bonding surface areas. The two metallic members are ferrous-based members or aluminum-based members. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from iron-silicon intermetallic compounds, iron-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, nickel-phosphorus intermetallic compounds, or eutectic alloys of iron-phosphorus, iron-silicon, iron-carbon, or nickel-phosphorus. The coating contains distributed particles that comprise a composition from aluminum-silicon compositions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive is made of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: A ratio of a thickness of the second member to that of the first member is 0.1 to 200. Preferred Components: The die base further comprises a solder material layer which is disposed between the first and second components constituting the die precursor and/or which permeates the first and/or second components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The tungsten carbide-based super hard alloy constituting the first component is obtained by sintering tungsten carbide with iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, and/or chromium. The metal material constituting the second component contains iron, titanium, nickel, copper, and/or aluminum. A solder material constituting the solder material layer contains copper, silver, gold, nickel, and/or aluminum. T Preferred Property: The temperature drop rate in lowering the temperature of the first and second components to the temperature to start at least one phase transformation is 0.1-100degreesC/minute. Preferred Method: The obtained die precursor is subjected to a re-thermal treatment where heating or cooling is carried out at 0.1-100degreesC/minute in a temperature range which is not more than the temperature to cause the austenite transformation such that the tensile and compressive stresses remaining in the bonded surface are less than or equal to500 MPa. When the first and second components are stacked, a foil-like solder material is disposed between the first and second components. Prior to bonding the first and second components together, at least a part of the back holes and/or a part of the slits are provided in the first and/or second components. After the first and second components have been stacked and bonded together to obtain the die precursor, the slits are provided in the first component, and the back holes are provided in the second component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The thin film contains tin oxide as main component. The source gas contains a metallic element chosen from tin, titanium, zinc, indium, gallium, chromium, cobalt, iron, copper, silver, gold, tungsten, nickel, vanadium, bismuth, manganese, magnesium and silicon, a metal chloride, water and hydrogen chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagents: The metal contained in oil is nickel, cobalt or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reagents: The oil is turpentine oil, eucalyptus oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, mustard flower oil or sunflower oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic porous material is A-type zeolite (18). The inorganic porous material contains manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or platinum. The material (M) is honeycomb-form, corrugate-shaped, sheet-type and/or rectangle column-shaped material. Preferred Property: The diameters of the inorganic porous material contained in the inorganic layer at different.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material (A) has sequential lamination of organic polymer layer and layer containing inorganic porous material. The layer is laminated based on size of pore diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Transducer: optoelectric transducer consists of electrolyte layer containing electrolyte liquid comprising substance which shows reversible electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics, titanium oxide layer (3) modified by sensitizer and transparent electroconductive substrate (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substance which shows reversible electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics, is normal temperature melting salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte layer is solid electrolyte, polymer matrix, and ionic conductive film (4) consisting of substance which shows reversible electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics. The polymeric matrix is polyvinylidene fluoride-type polymer compound containing carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (LiCF3SO3), lithium pentafluoroethane sulfonic acid (LiC2F5SO3), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonic acid (LiC3F7SO3), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonyl amide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium pentafluoro ethane sulfonyl amide (LiN(C2F5SO2)2), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonyl amide (LiN(C3F7SO2)2), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(CF3SO2)3), lithium pentafluoroethane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(C2F5SO2)3), lithium heptafluoropropane sulfonyl carbide (LiC(C3F7SO2)3) or cyclic perfluoro alkylene disulfonimide lithium salt of formula (3).Preferred Composition: The total content of lithium salt in gel-form electrolyte and fused salt is 60-99 wt.%. The content of normal temperature fused salt in gel-form electrolyte is 60-99 wt.%. The matrix further contains lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Matrix: The acrylester group polymer matrix is obtained by copolymerizing bifunctional acrylester compound(s) (0.1-70 wt.%) of formula (2), and (meth)acrylic acid ester compound(s). Preferred Definitions:    X+=pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, pyridinium or imidazolium.    EXAMPLE - Polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (1.5 wt.%) having mean molecular weight of 1000, methoxy ethyl acrylate (5 wt.%), t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanate (0.5 wt.%) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-1,3-disulfonyl hexafluoropropylene imide acid salt (93 wt.%) were mixed, and uniform solution was obtained. The solution was coated on a glass substrate, and heated at 90degreesC for 3 hours to form a gel-form electrolyte film. The film had ionic conductivity of 8.3x10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol is reacted with N-ethyl imidazole. The obtained quaternary ammonium salt is reacted with (meth)acrylic aid using a condensing agent, and a polymerizable imidazole salt of formula (1) is manufactured.X-,R=as defined above. Preferred Definitions:    X-=lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide anion.    EXAMPLE - N-ethyl imidazole (in g) (11.5) was dropped to 1,3-dibromo-2-propanol (8.72) at 10degreesC. The mixture was stirred at 25degreesC for 29 hours and at 50degreesC for 16 hours. The obtained pale yellow color liquid of imidazole bromide salt was dropped into diethyl ether (400 ml) and reprecipitated. The mixture was dissolved in ion exchange water (400 ml), and then lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (23) was added and anion exchange reaction was carried out. Bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide salt (22.7) was obtained by washing the reaction liquid with ion exchange water. The obtained bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (8.75) and acrylic acid (4) were dissolved in acetonitrile (80 ml). N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (6.68) was added and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The solvent was removed, and the reaction mixture was filtered to remove urea. The reaction mixture was washed with ether, and 2-acryloyloxy-1,3-bis(ethyl imidazolium-1-yl) propane bis (bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide) (9.07) was obtained with a yield of 97%. Reduction of ionic conductivity of the obtained monomer was not reduced after polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The metal hydrogen complex is tetrahydro borate.Preferred Metal: The metal having catalytic ability is nickel, cobalt or magnesium-nickel group hydrogen occlusion alloy.Preferred Substance: The substance which reacts with water and generates heat is alkali hydroxide metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The extraction electrode contains titanium, gold, silver, platinum, niobium, nickel, copper, silicon, tungsten and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Oxidation is performed by introducing liquid oxidant. Alternatively, performing an electrochemical reaction in an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes separated by an ion-exchange membrane includes including a reactant that is capable of undergoing or imparting a change in visual appearance upon oxidation or reduction, and monitoring any change in visual appearance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The membrane is ionically inactive and of low conductivity in the absence of introduced components. The ionic conductivity of the membrane is less than 60% of the ionic conductivity of Nafion 117.Preferred Device: The cell is in the form of a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) or a stack of MEAs. The membrane is a composite membrane of neutral, anionic exchange, and/or cationic exchange materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One of the oxidizable component and oxidant is an acid and the other is an alkali. The fuel is borohydride, preferably sodium borohydride. The electrolyte is alkaline, preferably sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The anode comprises a catalyst containing platinum or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel may be alcohol, preferably methanol or ethanol. The reactant is or is present in a fuel, e.g. methanol or ethanol present in an aqueous solution comprising calcium hydroxide. The reactant may be an oxidant, preferably aqueous potassium permanganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum powder has an average particle size of 0.24 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(ethylene terephthalate) plastic powder has an average particle size of 0.64microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The carbonaceous substrate comprises optionally substituted or sulfonated carbon black. It is Raven 3600 Ultra carbon black.Preferred Properties: The carbonaceous substrate has an electron microscopy surface area to nitrogen surface area ratio of 0.5-0.95 (preferably 0.73 to 0.83), a nitrogen surface area of greater than or equal to 200 (preferably 205-301) m2/g, and an electron microscopy surface area of greater than or equal to 80 (preferably 150-250) m2/g. It has a maximum water absorption less than 10% (preferably 6%) at 70degreesC and at a partial water pressure of 0.9. The carbon black has an average primary particle size of 9-13 nm, a nitrogen surface area of 247-267 m2/g and an electron microscopy surface area of 190-210 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal comprises platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrically conductive material is one or more of carbon black or glassy carbon particles or glassy carbon nanoparticles and is present at 1-15 wt.% of the electrically conductive flexible and porous material.Preferred Component: The electrically conductive material is in the form of particles having an average diameter of less than 100 nm. The mixture is dry or a slurry. The slurry contains one or more of water, alcohol, or a surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Anion and/or cation exchange groups are present at 30-75 wt.% of the material and the thermoplastic binder is present at 25-70 wt.% of the material. The polymer is initially present as resin beads having a size 1-75% either larger or smaller than the ion exchange resin beads. Preferred Method: Removable material is included in the mixture during formation of the material and the method further includes removing the removable particles to provide porosity to the material.Preferred Component: A protein capture resin is present. The binder includes polyethylene. Protein capture resins are present and are Ni-charged polymers. The removable material is sugar, salt, wax and/or camphor. The removable material is water soluble and/or vaporized and/or sublimated and/or melted to remove the material. The anion exchange groups and/or cation exchange groups are initially present as resin beads having a size of 10-1200 microns.Preferred Parameter: The material has a porosity of 15-60%. The thermoplastic binder has a m.pt. of 60-240degreesC. The wafer thickness is 1-12 mm. The wafer is flexible when wet and relatively rigid when dry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anion and/or cation exchange moieties are present in 30-75 wt.% of the material, and where thermoplastic binder is present in 25-70 wt.% of the material, and the electrically conductive material is carbon black, glassy carbon particles, and/or glassy carbon nanoparticles, and is present in 1-15 wt.% of the electrically and ionically conductive flexible and porous material. The thermoplastic polymer is or includes polyethylene, and is present in 15-60%.Preferred Parameter: The thermoplastic binder has a melting point of 100-140degreesC. The wafer thickness is 1-12 mm.Preferred Component: Protein capture resins are present and are nickel (Ni) ion-charged resins. The wafer is flexible when wet and relatively rigid when dry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer is selected form polyesters, polyethylene napthalates, polyetherimides, polyethersulfones, polyetheretherketones, and/or polyimides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen storage material is palladium chloride, tetramine palladium nitrate, borohydride, aluminum hydride, titanium aluminum hydride and/or complex hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The photocatalyst particles comprise an oxide semiconductor. The photocatalyst particles are selected from titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide and/or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst particles contain platinum, iridium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The cell wall of the biological cell is partially crushed. The anode is an oxygen electrode which reduces oxygen in air or electrolyte, or a hydrogen pole which reduces proton or water in electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound which produces a reduced form and an electron by light-irradiation is arranged on an oxide semiconductor, and has optical absorption peak(s) at wavelength of 300-1000 nm. The electron produced by light-irradiation is guided by the external electric circuit through the oxide semiconductor.Preferred Fuel: The biological fuel contains starch, glucose, methyl alcohol, and/or ethyl alcohol. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound which produces a reduced form and an electron by light-irradiation is a porphyrin-structure-containing pigment of formula (P1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Oxygen and nitrifying bacteria contained in oxygen gas or air are introduced to anode side of microorganism fuel cell. The denitrifying bacteria are introduced to cathode side of microorganism fuel cell maintained at anaerobic condition. Solution containing nitrate ion is circulated to the cathode side. The solid substance contained in sludge returned water is removed or liquefied in front stage of microorganism fuel cell. A coagulant is added to sludge returned water in later stage of microorganism fuel cell. phosphorus contained in sludge returned water is removed as aggregation sludge (I). The denitrifying bacteria in anode of microorganism fuel cell are maintained at cathode of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silicone rubber is methyl vinyl silicone rubber or silicone modification ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyamide has glass transition temperature of 300degreesC or more. The film has total light transmittance of 70% or more. Preferred Film: The film has a gas barrier layer, and a transparent conductive layer laminated on at least one surface. EXAMPLE - 9,9-bis (4-aminophenyl) fluorene (in mmol) (300) and N-methyl pyrolidinone (NMP) (500 ml) were stirred. 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid dichloride (300) was added to the resulting product, stirred and dissolved. Lithium chloride (30 g) and benzoyl chloride (21) were added to the resulting product, and stirred for 4 hours. NMP (800 ml) was added to the resulting product. The obtained diluted reaction liquid was distilled. White precipitate was filtered from the resulting solution, washed using methanol (2 L), heat-dried at 40degreesC for 12 hours, and dried at 70degreesC for 3 hours under reduced pressure to obtain white fine particles (149 g) of polyamide of formula (PA-1). The obtained polyamide had glass transition temperature of 420degreesC or less. A film was formed using polyamide, and had total light transmittance of 87%, film thickness of 89 microns, elastic modulus of 2800 MPa, fracture stress of 100 MPa and breaking elongation of 23%. The film had favorable heat resistance, transparency, optical characteristics, mechanical strength such as bend-resistant strength, gas permeability, surface smoothness, flexibility and dynamic characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic electronic device is a light-emitting element, switching element, optoelectric transducer, photosensor having photoconductive function, or solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzotriazole structure-containing polymer contains repeating unit of formula (1) and repeating unit of formula (-Ar-) whose at least one portion is coupled alternately, where Ar shows divalent organic group having pi conjugation structure. The metal complex is nickel complex and/or palladium complex. EXAMPLE - Methanol (100 mL), 1,2,3-benzotriazole (in g) (5), potassium-tert-butoxide (5) and 1-bromo hexane (8.2) were introduced into a flask, and stirred at room temperature for 96 hours. The solvent was removed and the residue was washed. Purification was performed to obtain 2-hexyl benzotriazole at a yield of 51%. The obtained 2-hexyl benzotriazole (4.8) was added to 20 mL of 5.8 M hydrogen-bromide acidic solution, and stirred at 100degreesC for 1 hour. Bromine (7.8) was added and stirred at 135degreesC for 4 hours. Cooling was performed to room temperature. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was added and the reaction solution was neutralized and washed. Extraction was performed using chloroform followed by refining to obtain 4,7-dibromo-2-hexyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole (6) at a yield of 75%. The obtained compound (1.1), bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (2.1), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (0.95 mL) and 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a flask substituted by nitrogen. Stirring was performed at 60degreesC for 96 hours. The obtained reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the generated polymer was reprecipitated. Filtration was performed followed by washing and drying, to obtain a polymer of formula (A) at a yield of 96%, where n is 15 and Hex is hexyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The functional structure contains hydride of aluminum, boron, carbon, calcium, chromium, cesium, tantalum, potassium, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, sodium, neodymium, nickel, strontium, thorium, titanium, yttrium and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The titanium-oxide particle consists of six extension portions, and six extension portions are mutually radially extended at substantially equal spacing.Preferred Composition: The titanium atomic content in reaction solution is 0.05-10 mol/l. The reaction solution is slurry.Preferred Method: The preparation of titanium-oxide particle further involves preheating the reaction solution.Preferred Properties: The titanium-oxide particle has primary particle size of 100-1000 nm. The pH of reaction solution is 9-11.Preferred Particle: The titanium-oxide particle exhibits twin crystal. The extension portion is an anatase single phase.Preferred Conditions: The heating process in the preparation of titanium-oxide particle is performed at 120-350degreesC. The preheating process is performed at 70-150degreesC.Preferred Compound: The titanium alkoxide is tetraethoxy titanium, tetra-isopropoxy titanium, tetra-normal propoxy titanium and/or tetra-normal butoxy titanium. The titanium metal salt is titanium tetrachloride and/or titanium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic alkali is amine, polymeric amine, its salt and/or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent films adhered to the surface film of cover corresponding to the interconnectors, are selected from a group comprising fluoride polymer film, polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably fluoride polymer film. The reverse-side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contained in the surface film of the cover, is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is silicon (Si) type solar cell, gallium arsenide (GaAs) type solar cell, copper-indium-selenium (CuInSe2) type solar cell and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 type solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water phase contains dispersed nanoparticles having a size of 1-1000 nm, preferably 1-100 nm. The nanoparticles are selected from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, buckminsterfullerene, ferric oxide and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Formulation: The domain thickness of the water phase and oil phase is in a range of 1-2000 nm, preferably 10-1000 nm, more preferably 20-200 nm. A boundary surface between the water phase and the oil phase is stabilized with a surfactant system, preferably a mixture of anionic, non-ionic and betaine surfactants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion layer is formed using the gas selected from the group consisting of POCl3 and PH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The element (M) of the composite tungstic acid compound is further chosen from cesium, rubidium, potassium, thallium, barium, indium, lithium, calcium, strontium, iron, and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The conductive material further contains a binder chosen from transparent resin or transparent dielectric. The resin is polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene resin, ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer, polyester resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, fluoro resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The dividing portion comprises a sheet-shaped member comprising a flexible member. The first outlet is configured in a position in which gaseous dimethyl ether can be taken out through the first outlet. The second outlet is configured in a position in which liquid water can be taken out through the second outlet. The fuel tank further comprises a float comprising a suction port, a weight provided in a position in which a center of gravity of the float is away from the suction port, and a flexible tube for communication between an interior of the float and the first outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electroplating is accomplished at a rate of more than 0.05 microns/minute, but less than 1 microns/minute, or at a rate of greater than or equal to 1 microns/minute, but less than 10 microns/minute. It is controlled by the electrode (10) voltage that is a constant voltage. The controlled voltage causes at least a partially diffusion limited plating reaction. The voltage of the electroplating is less than 0.2 Volts and greater than -1 Volts vs. silver/silver chloride reference electrode. The electroplating solution is at least 3 mM but less than 30 mM ammonium hexachloroplatinate in 0.4 M disodium hydrogen phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface coating has a surface area of 50-200 times the corresponding surface area resulting from the basic geometric shape. The surface coating has a thickness of at least 1 microns. It has an adhesive strength as measured by critical load greater than 35 millinewtons. EXAMPLE - A 2.7 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 3.2 g disodium hydrogen phosphate were dissolved in 100 ml deionized water, and stirred for 30 minutes. Then 0.18 g palladium chloride was added to the phosphate solution. The solution was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered to black solids. The pH of the solution was measured at 6.8. The solution was deaerated before the plating process by bubbling nitrogen through the solution. A platinum polyimide electrode array having electrodes was cleaned electrochemically in 0.5 M sulfuric acid. The electrode array was placed in an electroplating cell containing a plating solution having a concentration of 5 mM palladium chloride in 0.025 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.425 M disodium hydrogen phosphate. The plating bath temperature was at 22degreesC. The coating provided a good adherence between the substrate and the platinum coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The microreactor body comprises a glass or ceramic microreactor body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst comprises a nanostructured material comprising 10-50 Angstrom spherical subunits organized into a three dimensional porous arrays with high surface area and porosity. It also comprises an aerogel or a solgel. It comprises an aerogel of zirconia, or alumina, or ceria, or calcia or silica, and combinations of zirconia, or alumina, or ceria, or calcia or silica. It also comprises a nickel-silica aerogel. It also comprises copper-zinc-oxide alumina aerogel. It also comprises carbon nanotubes, or zeolites. It also comprises copper, zinc, zirconium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, cerium, silicon, silica, titanium, and aluminum nitrates, acetates, chlorides, oxychlorides or other soluble salts, or their oxides. The microreactor body comprises a silicon microreactor body or a metal microreactor body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The cover layer is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat spreader layer is an aluminum sheet adhesive bonded to voltage stand off layer. The voltage stand off layer is polyester sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first metal nitride and the second nitride are selected from titanium nitride, nickel nitride, tantalum nitride, aluminum nitride, chromium nitride, silicon nitride, gallium nitride and/or carbon nitride.The semiconducting layer comprises silicon, germanium, cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, gallium arsenide and/or carbon nitride. The semiconducting oxide of the transparent electrode, is an oxide of metal selected from zinc, tin, gallium, indium, cadmium, copper, silver and/or gold. The semiconducting oxide is preferably zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide or indium tin oxide. The semiconducting nitride of the transparent electrode is gallium nitride, silicon nitride and/or carbon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic substrate comprises nickel-based alloy and/or iron-based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphite fibers have an ordered molecular structure. The graphitized graphite-forming precursor has a disordered molecular structure. Preferred Properties: The graphite fibers have a diameter of 50-250 nm, and a length of 25- 250 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The graphite-forming precursor is in a solvent. The step of forming the precursor matrix includes removing the solvent. The step of removing the solvent includes heating. In the first heating step, the matrix is heated to 1000degreesC. In the second heating step, the carbonized matrix is heated to 3000degreesC. The compressing step compresses the mixture in a mold. During the first heating step, the matrix is in the mold. The carbonized matrix is removed from the mold prior to the second heating step. The compressing and forming steps are carried out concurrently or simultaneously. The process further includes stabilizing the graphite-forming precursor by heating in an atmosphere comprising oxygen prior to the first heating step. The graphite fibers are randomly curled. Preferred Properties: The microporous graphitized foam has a void fraction of 10-98%, and an average pore size of 0.1-10 microns. Preferred Component: The microporous graphite foam comprises graphite fibers joined by the graphitized graphite-forming precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The graphite-forming precursor comprises one or more of a phenolic resin, a urethane resin, furfuryl alcohol, and mesophase pitch (preferably).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) is polysaccharides, carbohydrates, natural polymers (preferably chitosan, chitin or cellulose), synthetic polymers or activated carbons. (X) further comprises an adsorbed small molecule (hydrogen (preferred), oxygen, nitrogen, methane or carbon dioxide). The adsorbed hydrogen comprises at least 1 wt.% of (X) at 10 bar and -160 to -180degreesC. The turbostratic regions comprise greater than 50% of (X). The total BET surface area is 1500-2300 m2/g and the total pore volume is 0.5-5.5 cc/g. Preferred Process: (A) is heated at 900-1600 (preferably 1000-1200)degreesC for 2-48 hours. The hydrogen is introduced at an atmospheric pressure of 0.1-10 or 1-2000; and at -160 to -180 (preferably -100 to +100)degreesC. The process for separating mixtures of gases further comprises further reducing the pressure and/or heating (I) to remove any additional non-adsorbed gases and at least a portion of the adsorbed gases. EXAMPLE - Carbaneous precursors were placed into alumina and graphite boats that were inserted into the center of a tube furnace. The tube furnace was purged with ultra pure (99.95%) hydrogen at about 800 sccm. The furnaces were heated at approximately 1degreesC/min to the specified hold temperature for the specified hold time, and then allowed to cool under hydrogen to room temperature to give carbon nanostructures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc and iron in oxide is 0.25-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A pre-form material of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer contains the optically reflective granules of the back side filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reducing gas is hydrogen, ammonia, oxygen, carbon tetrafluoride and/or sulfur hexafluoride.Preferred Layer: The substrate further has a diffusion prevention layer which prevents counter diffusion of base and catalyst metal layer, provided between the substrate and catalyst metal layer. The diffusion prevention layer contains nitride, oxide or carbide, preferably silicon nitride or silicon oxide.Preferred Process: Source gas which contains reducing gas, and carrier gas are filled in a reactor accommodated with the substrate. Then, the reactor is filled only with carrier gas. The reactor is then heated to processing temperature under airflow which contains only carrier gas, or carrier gas and reducing gas. The substrate is then processed by chemical vapor deposition at processing temperature. Thus, fine carbon fiber is manufactured.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas is hydrocarbon gas or alcohol gas. EXAMPLE - A substrate was accommodated in a tubular shape furnace, and mixed gas having hydrogen, acetylene and helium was supplied and chemical vapor deposition processing was performed. The mix ratio of hydrogen and helium was 0.048. A catalyst metal layer of thickness 50 Angstrom having iron, was formed on a base having silicon, on the substrate. The furnace was then heated at 750degreesC for 30 minutes under helium airflow, and cooled. A carbon nanotube was formed on the substrate. The obtained carbon nanotube had length of 700 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide (A), which is difficult to reduce, is magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide and/or aluminum oxide. The easy reducible metal oxide is nickel oxide or cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide supported on the nano structured graphite is an oxide of metal chosen from titanium, aluminum, silicon, zirconium, vanadium and niobium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal supported on nano structured graphite is iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The material comprises 0.08-0.8 atomic% copper, 0.015-0.15 atomic% calcium or 0.005-0.2 atomic% strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support is transparent in the visible and/or in the infrared region. The holes are arranged in an equidistant manner on the support and/or on the solar cells. The solar cells are crystalline solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support is made from PMMA or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor particles contain titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and stannic oxide, as a metal component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methine-type pigment of formula (1), is methine-type pigment of formula (2 or 3).n1,p1,L1,X1,A1,A2,a1=same as defined above.Preferred Process: The oxide semiconductor particles are sensitized with methine-type pigment of formula (1), organic dye and metal complex in presence of inclusion compound. The thin film of oxide semiconductor particles are supported on the pigment, such that oxide semiconductor particles sensitized with methine-type pigment is obtained. Preferred Definitions:    Ring a1=benzene ring optionally substituted by halogen, 1-4C alkylamino, phenyl, 1-4C alkyl or unsubstituted or methyl substituted 6-12C aryloxy, preferably benzene ring optionally substituted by phenyl, methyl or dimethyl amino group;    n1=1-5;    p1=1-4, preferably 1-2;    L1=phenyl, or any one of group of formulae (i-iv);    m=1 or 2, preferably 1-2;    X1=carboxyl group;and    A2=cyano, carboxyl or acyl group.    Two a1 rings are coupled to same nitrogen atom by single bond to form carbazole ring, and at least any one of a1 rings is substituted by vinyl group. A2 is optionally coupled to X1 to form optionally substituted ring, or group of formula (B17 or B21).    EXAMPLE - Methine-type pigment was dissolved in ethanol. Porous substrate (semiconductor thin film electrode obtained by sintering porous titanium oxide on transparent electroconductive glass electrode) was immersed in the pigment solution at 25degreesC. The resulting product was washed with solvent and dried, to obtain optoelectric transducer. The optoelectric transducer provided solar cell with high stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The carbon nanotubes include single walled carbon nanotubes having diameters less than 5 nm. They may be in the form of aggregates of carbon nanotubes having a macromorphology resembling bird's nest, cotton candy, combed yarn, or open net. Preferred Composition: The conductive thermoset precursor includes 0.5-30 wt.% carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A co-rotating or counter-rotating twin screw extruder is employed in the extrusion process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first thermoset precursor is an epoxy precursor, phenolic precursor, polyimide precursor, urethane precursor, polyester precursor, vinyl ester precursor, or silicone precursor. It is preferably bisphenol A derivative. Preferred Properties: The weight per epoxide in the first thermoset precursor is 600-4000 g precursor/g equivalent epoxide. The viscosity of the first thermoset precursor is 20-600 poise. The melting point of the first thermoset precursor is 30-350degreesC. The resistivity of the conductive thermoset is less than 1011 ohm-cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer forms a network structure, and the fuel (preferably methanol) is in the network structure. The polymer comprises inorganic element, e.g. transition metal such as titanium or zirconium, or main group metal such as silicon, aluminum, or boron. The inorganic polymer has metal-non-metal-metal bond. The polymer may be an organic polymer. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition comprises greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol. It may comprise first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant (e.g. phosphate ether or antimony oxide), water-sorbing material (e.g. polyacrylic acid or polyacrylic acid-co-acrylamide), and cross-linked silica. Alternatively, the fuel composition comprises an inorganic polymer forming a network of chemical bonds, greater than or equal to40 wt.% methanol in the network, first material capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen, flame retardant, and water-sorbing material. Preferred Method: Polymerization is performed by heating the polymerizable material (e.g. organic or ceramic) to greater than 25degreesC. The method includes reacting a first material (e.g. hydride) capable of reacting with water to form hydrogen to the polymerized material, forming a concentration gradient of the first material in the polymerized material, reacting flame retardant to the polymerized material, and reacting water-sorbing material to the polymerized material. EXAMPLE - Tetramethoxysilane (2.5 g), aqueous sulfuric acid solution (0.1 N, 0.43 g), and methanol (27 g) were mixed to form a solution. The solution was placed in a glass vial, and the vial was stored in 60degreesC oven for 16 hours. The resulting solution was mixed with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (0.1 N, 1.30 g). The solution in the vial was converted into a rigid form after it was stored in 45degreesC oven for 24 hours, obtaining a rigid fuel composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The conductive layers (12,14) contain molybdenum. The intermediate layer contains metal oxide chosen from indium-tin oxide alloy, tin oxide, titanium oxide and zinc oxide. The optical absorption layer contains compound semiconductor having chalcopyrite structure. The compound semiconductor contains copper, indium, gallium and/or aluminum, selenium and/or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The glass layer further contains sodium fluoride and sodium aluminum hexafluoride (Na3AlF6). The semiconductor layer is copper-selenium layer (Cu(In,Ga)Se2). The substrate is a metal substrate containing aluminum-containing ferrite-type metal. The compound semiconductor contains element(s) chosen from copper, indium, aluminum and gallium, and element(s) chosen from selenium and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal microparticle has particle size of 1-4 nm. The metal microparticle is gold. The particle size of metal oxide is 20-30 nm. The metal oxide is tin oxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Polar solvent is injected to the non-polar solvent containing structure (I) and acceptor molecule, and self-assembling structure is formed. Preferred Compound: The acceptor molecule is fullerene. The porphyrin has structure of formula (I). The initial structure has structure of formula (II).R1-R20 = hydrogen atom, 1-5C alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, halogen atom, nitro, amino, sulfonyl, cyano, silyl, phosphonic acid, diazo and mercapto group.Preferred Portion: The linker portion has reactive substituent chosen from methylene group for controlling chain length of short chain structure, thiol group for bonding with metal microparticle, and terminal functional groups.Preferred Group: The terminal functional group is carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: 70 volume% or more of 3-5C alcohol is present in the hydrophilic organic solvent. A porous semiconductor layer is formed using the viscous dispersion liquid. The titanium dioxide nanoparticle consists of mixture of anatase-type crystal and brookite type crystal. The dispersion liquid has viscosity of 800 mPa.second or more, preferably 3000-15000 mPa.second. The solvent mixture contains 65-85 mass% of 3-5C alcohol and 15-35 mass% of water. The viscous dispersion liquid contains 15-38 mass% of crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles dispersed in the dispersion medium. The solvent mixture does not contain 1 mass% or more of organic substance binder. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3-5C alcohol is tertiary butanol. The crystalline semiconductor nanoparticle is titanium dioxide nanoparticle.    EXAMPLE - 60 mL of acidic sol aqueous solution containing 21 g of mixture containing rutile type crystalline titanium-dioxide nanoparticle of average particle diameter 60 nm and anatase type titanium dioxide particle of average particle diameter about 300 nm and particle size distribution 200-500 nm of mass ratio 5:1, and brookite type titanium dioxide nanoparticle of size 10-30 nm, were dispersed in tertiary butanol (150 mL). Stir-mixing was performed to obtain a viscous liquid composition (about 220 g). The obtained viscous liquid composition contained water and alcohol at a volume ratio of 1:2.7, and 16 mass% of titanium dioxide. The obtained viscous liquid composition had viscosity of 2400 mPa.second, and had excellent coating capability and storage stability. Using the obtained composition, a dye sensitizing solar cell having excellent photoelectric-conversion capability was manufactured efficiently.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The organic dye is of formula (2) or (3):A,B,R1-R7,X,Y,l,m=as mentioned above; andR8=H, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy.The semiconductor electrode comprises microparticles containing metal oxide, and sensitizing dye. Preferred Definitions:    A and/or B=(un)substituted phenyl;    X=complex 5-membered-ring group which may have a substituent, and contains oxygen or sulfur;and    Y=heterocyclic group containing 2 or more atoms chosen from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, with the heterocyclic ring being a divalent group derived from benzoxazole, benzothiazole, rhodanine, thio oxazolidone, hydantoin, thio hydantoin, pyrazolone, barbituric acid, or thio barbituric acid, preferably group of formula (4).    n=integer.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 specific polymethine dyes having bis-enamine structure are disclosed. E.g. compound of formula (A).    EXAMPLE - An organic dye of formula (A) was adsorbed on a semiconductor electrode. An optoelectric transducer was produced using the semiconductor electrode, a counter electrode, and a carrier transport layer. A solar cell was produced using the obtained transducer, and evaluated for photoelectric conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency was 7.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photoelectric converting layer includes electron-donating material comprising derivative of polyphenylene-vinylene and polythiophene, and electron-accepting material comprising polyphenylene-vinylene derivative with cyano group in C60 or a side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resource gas is hydrogen gas or mixture of hydrogen gas or carbon monoxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The absorber layer is doped whilst the re-crystallization step controlled by heating, cooling and tempering. The first dopant from the intermediate layer system is diffused into the absorber layer whilst it is melted and/or solidified. A non-doped capping layer (4) is arranged on the absorber layer before the re-crystallization step and is removed after the re-crystallization step.
Preferred Definitions:    B=bivalent or trivalent substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group, bivalent substituted or unsubstituted p-xylylene group, bivalent or trivalent substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl group, bivalent or trivalent 1,3,5-triazine group, bivalent substituted or unsubstituted diphenyl sulfone group, perfluoro biphenyl group of valency 2-4, bivalent substituted or unsubstituted 2,2-bis(hydroxy propoxy)(phenyl)propyl or optionally substituted polyvinyl benzyl group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 specific arylsulfonic compounds are disclosed in formula (14,15).    EXAMPLE - Perfluoro biphenyl (449 mg), 60% sodium hydride (161 mg), anhydrous N,N-dimethyl imidazolidinone (50 ml) and 2-naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid dipotassium (1.020 g) were reacted in nitrogen atmosphere at 80degreesC for 43 hours. Cooling was performed followed by concentrating and drying. Methanol (5 ml) and diethyl ether (100 ml) were added to the obtained residue. The obtained suspension was stirred and the precipitate was suspended in methanol, and insoluble solid was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated-dried, the residue was dissolved in water, and added with Dowex 650C cation exchange resin (about 2 ml) and stirred for 10 minutes. The obtained filtrate was refined, fraction of pH less than 1 was concentrated-dried, added with solution containing isopropanol (2 ml) and diethyl ether (50 ml), and supernatant was removed after stirring for 1 hour at room temperature. The residue was dried under reduced pressure and yellow powder was obtained. The powder was observed to be naphthalene disulfonic-acid compound oligomer (1.043). Using the obtained naphthalene disulfonic-acid compound oligomer as electron-accepting substance, a charge transporting varnish was obtained. A light emitting diode element having excellent characteristics (current efficiency and brightness) was obtained using the varnish.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tungsten-containing precursor is ammonium tungstate, sodium tungstate, tungstic acid, or a tungsten heteropoly salt such as ammonium metatungstate or sodium metatungstate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon support is carbon black which has been pretreated with cationic surfactant, preferably cetylpyridinum chloride. The water is deionized water. The support is a cathode of the fuel cell.Preferred Process: The production of a tungsten-containing fuel cell catalyst includes mixing carbon black with a solution of tungsten-containing precursor to form a dispersion, drying the dispersion to form a supported catalyst precursor, forming an electrode (cathode of fuel cell) using the supported catalyst precursor, contacting the catalyst precursor with water, and applying voltage to the electrode sufficient to form the tungsten-containing catalyst. The tungsten-containing catalyst is formed in situ in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell.Preferred Parameters: The applied voltage is 0.5-30 (preferably 4) VDC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The first material includes greater than or equal to2 materials for absorbing hydrogen. The second material is consisting of a sintered metal, a metal foam or a metal wool. The internal volume includes hydrogen storage material comprising a hydride, a high surface area material, a hydrogen-containing compound, a metal and/or an alloy. The hydride is selected from the group consisting of an alanate, complex hydride, borohydride, ionic hydride, titanium hydride, aluminum hydride, magnesium hydride or intermetallic hydrides. The intermetallic hydride is a rare earth-nickel based hydride, zirconium-manganese based hydride or titanium-iron based hydride. The hydrogen-containing compound consists of amides and imides. It includes a silicon-based hydrogen compound or a carbon-based hydrogen compound.Preferred Components: The internal volume further includes a spring. The housing further includes a porous material within the passageway. The internal volume includes interconnected cylindrical volumes. The apparatus comprises fuel cell (120a-d) stacks each operable on hydrogen and oxygen having 2 fuel stack sides; and housings each in contact with a substantial portion of a fuel cell stack side and having internal volume for storing hydrogen and passageway. It includes thermal insulation surrounding a portion of the fuel cell stack and the housing, and providing a gap for circulating a gas. It further includes a vacuum-tight container surrounding the fuel cell and the housing, and a gas source to provide a controllable pressure to the vacuum-tight container. It has a device to control heat loss from the fuel cell stack and the housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The main body is made from stainless steel, aluminum, copper or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor region within PN junction is made of indium (In), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The strength of glass substrate is investigated, according to steel ball drop test prescribed by JIS C8938 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The diffusion barrier layer is from an electrolyte containing Cr (III) or (VI) ions, e.g. as ammonium compounds , borate, formate. The back contact layer is deposited from an electrolyte containing MoCl2, and/or MoNa2MoO4, or other Mo compounds (formula given), which can contain Ni, Co, and or W ions. The electrolyte can contain inorganic additives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The carrier can be metal film or metal strip.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte can contain organic additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The low vacuum condition is a pressure of 10-6 Torr. The wafer substrate is heated to 250degreesC. The low vacuum pressure is 20 mTorr. The flow rate of ammonia is 2-10 sccm and the flow rate of hydrogen is 0-50 sccm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation portion of zwitterion is onium cation of formula (1). The anion portion is of formula (2). The proton donor is R3SO3H, H3PO4, R4COOH, H2SO4 or group of formula (3).R,R'=H or 1-18C alkyl;R''=1-18C alkylene;R1,R2,R5,R6=(un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon or 1-5C fluoro carbon group;andR3,R4=1-5C hydrocarbon or 1-5C fluoro carbon group. EXAMPLE - Acetone solution of n-butyl imidazole and acetonitrile solution of 1,4-butane sultone were mixed in equimolecular amount at 0degreesC. Temperature of solution was raised to room temperature, stirred for 5 days and reacted at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was vacuum-dried, and residue was washed, to obtain 1-(-1-butylimidazolio)butane-4-sulfonate as zwitterion type ionic liquid. The obtained liquid was mixed with proton acid (formula I) in molar ratio of 0.5-0.67 in methanol. The mixture was vacuum-dried, to obtain a proton conductor. The proton conductor had high ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atom included in the atom-encapsulated fullerene is lithium. The fullerene is 60C fullerene and/or 70C fullerene. The photoelectric-conversion material further contains electron-donating organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer contains iodized imidazolium substituents, where X is iodine. Preferred Method: The method may comprise comprises reacting the copolymer of formula (1) with alkylimidazol to synthesize a copolymer containing oxyethylene as a main chain and chloridized imidazolium substituents in side chains, of formula (3-1), and reacting the synthesized copolymer with sodium iodide in a solvent to synthesize the copolymer of formula (3-2). EXAMPLE - 8 g Copolymer containing oxyethylene as the main chain and chloridized methylene groups in the side chains, was added into 40 ml dimethyl formamide, and stirred for 5 hours to be completely dissolved. 3.7 g sodium hydride was added into the resulting solution and stirred for 30 minutes. 10.58 g imidazole was added into the resulting solution and reacted at a room temperature. After the reaction was completed, the reaction product was precipitated in diethylether. The precipitated gel type polymer was dissolved in small amount of methyl alcohol and precipitated again in diethylether. The solvent was removed. The resulting product was dried in vacuum at 60degreesC to obtain 8.8 g copolymer containing imidazole substituent in the side chain (Formula 2), in a yield of 72%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge-transfer dyad comprises di-hydroxyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene ethyl ester having 6 atoms in bridge (DHD6ee), di-tert-butyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene hydroxyl ester having 6 atoms in bridge (TBD6he), di tert-butyl porphyrin double-linked fullerene hydroxyl ester having 4 atoms in bridge (TBD4he), their Mn analogues, their Co analogues, their Ni analogues, their Cu analogue, their Zn analogues or their Fe analogues. The hole transfer layer is formed of an organic semiconducting material selected from polyacetylenes, polyparaphenylenes, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyparaphenyl vinylenes, polycarbazoles, polyheptadiynes, polyquinolines, and polyanilines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light absorbing oligomer or polymer (LAP) layer comprises phenylvinylthiophene (PVT1), phenylvinyldithiophene (PVT2), phenylvinyltrithiophene (PVT3), or polymer of phenylvinylthiophene (PVTP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal (M) of metal oxide is chosen from niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, arsenic, antimony, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, phosphorus, bismuth, technetium and rhenium, preferably tantalum and niobium. The metal oxide is preferably of formula: Ti1-xNbxO2 (x is 0.001-0.2, preferably 0.01-0.03), Ti1-xTaxO2 (x is 0.001-0.2, preferably 0.05-0.1) or Ti1-x-yNbxTayO2 (x+y is more than 0 and 0.4 or less, preferably more than 0 and 0.3 or less). Preferred Properties: The metal oxide has electrical conductivity, and is formed on perovskite-type crystal base board. The metal oxide has resistivity of 2x10-4 to 5x10-4 Omega.cm, preferably 2x10-4 to 1.8x10-3 Omega.cm at room temperature and 8x10-5 to 2x10-4 Omega.cm, preferably 5x10-5 to 7x10-4 Omega.cm at very low temperature. Preferred Conductor: The transparent conductor is formed on gallium nitride type compound film or alignment film formed on a substrate, and contains d electron contributing to electric conduction. The alignment film is zinc oxide film, zirconium oxide film, strontium-titanate (SrTiO3) film, magnesium oxide film, lanthanum-aluminum oxide (LaAlO3) film, cerium oxide film, or aluminum oxide film, preferably zinc oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The silicon wafer is etched by acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Alternately, the indium tin oxide film does not have conspicuous orientation, and has haze rate of 2% or less; or has haze rate of 2.5-4% and strong orientation on the surface (222). Preferred Process: The indium tin oxide film without conspicuous orientation is formed using a starting material liquid having concentration of 0.15-0.25 mol/l by spray thermal decomposition. Alternately, the indium tin oxide film having strong orientation on the surface (222) is formed using a starting material liquid having concentration of 0.125 mol/l or less by spray thermal decomposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide. The oxidation-reduction electrolyte consists of iodine and its compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The functional group is of formula (I): -O-C(=O)-Ra or formula (II): -O-Rb.Ra=univalent 1-20C (un)substituted hydrocarbon group;andRb=univalent 1-15C (un)substituted hydrocarbon group.The functional group is obtained by reacting raw material monomer and a polymerization initiator. Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is produced using polymerization initiator from which the chemical structure of both ends group of peroxide bond differs. The polymerization initiator is of formula (III): R-O-O-R', where R is same as Rb, and R' is same as Ra, preferably group of formula: -C(=O)-R", where R" is same as Ra. Preferred Property: The 10 hour half-life temperature of decomposition characteristics of the polymerization initiator is 50degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The substrate protective layer can be removed through etching at an etching selection ratio of not less than 80% against the semiconductor substrate. It lattice matches the semiconductor substrate. The middle layer is made of a material, which can be etched with a liquid or a gas that does not etch the substrate or the element layer. The semiconductor substrate is gallium arsenide (GaAs), and the substrate protective layer is In0.5Ga0.5P, (AlGa)0.5In0.5P or AlxGa1-xAS.x is greater than 0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The porous material can be ceramic or fiberglass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The device further comprises at least a sleeve tube (20) mounted outside of the wick; and a flow control pinch valve (60) mounted outside of the wick, thus the flow rate through the wick can be controlled through adjusting the pinch valve. The fuel storage and delivery assembly further includes a liquid permeating layer configured to supply the aqueous solution of the carbonaceous fuel to the anode surface of the MEA, the liquid permeating layer being positioned proximately to the anode surface of the MEA and in the fuel reservoir.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous fuel is methanol or ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wick comprises a porous material from carbon fiber, polymers or cotton. The sleeve tube is nylon, Teflon or polyethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The liquid permeating layer is made of screen materials, non-woven fabrics, and woven fabrics, which have capability of wicking carbonaceous fuel/water mixture and have a large portion of pores to allow the carbon dioxide to vent out of the surface of the anode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameters: A wall thickness of the elastic filler is designed less than or equal to 0.3 mm at position of tops of the corrugation hills of the corrugated metal tube. The elastic filler has a storage modulus of 5x108 MPa to 5x109 MPa (preferably greater than or equal to 1x109) under -30degreesC to 150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The elastic filler is made of ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-dienemonomer, styrene butadiene rubber, or silicon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of hindered amine light stabilizer in resin coated at portion other than photoelectric conversion active region is 0.5-1 weight %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The solar cell module consists of non-light receiving surface side of the solar cell element sealed by the organic polymeric resin (5), and reverse-side protection component (3) in the outer side. The resin (5) contains ultraviolet absorber in higher concentration than in the light receiving surface side.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the ultraviolet absorber is 0.001 wt.% or less. The concentration of the light stabilizer is 0.5-1 wt.%. EXAMPLE - 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butyl peroxy)hexane (in wt.%) (1.5), gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (1), 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxy benzophenone (0.01), bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (0.5) and tris(mono-nonyl phenyl)phosphite (0.2) were added to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin pellets and heat-melted. The molten mixture was extruded and used as material for surface sealing. Tempered glass was provided as transparent component on the surface of the sheet and poly vinyl fluoride film was provided as reverse-side protection component, and heat crimping was performed to obtain solar cell module. The solar cell module had favorable external appearance and electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric conversion layer contains crystalline substance of silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide of supercritical or subcritical state. Preferred Method: Washing process is extraction process by supercritical or subcritical fluid at atmospheric temperature of 32-80degreesC in less than 24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Rubber: The non-polar rubber is ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene rubber, isobutylene-isoprene rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber and/or brominated butyl rubber. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-propylene diene rubber (in weight parts) (100), SRF carbon black (100), paraffin oil (60), aromatic secondary amine (1) and peroxide crosslinking agent (5) were mixed and press cured at 160degreesC for 45 minuets to obtain rubber article. The article was supplied in autoclave filled with liquefied carbon dioxide maintained at supercritical state of 50degreesC and 14.7 MPa. Washing process was performed for 15 minutes to obtain washed article. The article had electroconductivity of 3 muS/cm, total organic carbon content of 39 microgramsC/l and low foam swelling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method of preparation given.Preferred Material: The self-integration material has ribbon-like or tubular structure. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3 = hydrophilic group chosen from -CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOMe or C6H4OCH2CH2(OCH2CH2)nOMe;    n = integer greater than 1; and    R5 = bivalent group of formula (II).    EXAMPLE - 5-(3,4,5-tri-tertiary methyl siloxy phenyl)-15-(4-methoxy carbonyl phenyl zinc porphyrin (in mg) (150), 4-methoxy ethoxy benzyl chloride (170), 18-crown-6 (41), potassium carbonate (43), and mixture of tetrahydrofuran solution (5 ml) and potassium fluoride (63), were stirred and heat refluxed for 5 days in argon atmosphere. The reaction system was cooled to room temperature and purified with methylene chloride/methanol. A black red solution (175) of 5-(3,4,5-(4-triethylene glycol methyl) benzyl) phenyl 15-(4-methoxy carbonyl) zinc porphyrin of 82% yield was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanate is sodium titanate. Hydrothermal process is performed in the presence of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The covering material comprises layer containing nickel or its alloy, and layer containing aluminum or its alloy. The core material is aluminum, titanium, copper or their alloy. The core material or covering material contains phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inventive method further comprises steps for the comminution of the fuel cell components. It further comprises steps for the concentration and/or separation of the precious metals. It further comprises steps for the recovery and/or purification of the fluorine-containing constituents. The steps for the concentration and/or separation of the precious metals comprise, for e.g., pyrolysis processes, melting processes, metallurgical smelting processes and/or wet chemical processes. Preferred Condition: The treatment is carried out using supercritical water at 350-450degreesC and 200-400 bar for 1-10 hours. The medium present in the supercritical state is used in amounts up to a 1000-fold excess, preferably up to 100-fold excess. The fluorine-containing constituents are extracted or dissolved with a medium present in the supercritical state. Preferred Component: The precious metal-containing constituents contain precious metals from the platinum group, e.g. platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, silver, gold, osmium, iridium and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing constituents contain perfluorosulphonic acid polymers, fluorine-containing ionomer membranes, fluorine-containing ionomers, perfluorinated polymers, partially fluorinated polymers, fluorinated copolymers, PTFE dispersions, composite membranes with support fabrics made of fluorinated polymers and fluorinated wetting agents or fluorinated surfactants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: Prior to diffusing the first dopant from the first doped oxide layer, the method further comprises patterning the first doped oxide layer and the first undoped oxide layer to expose portions of the back side of the substrate; depositing a second doped oxide layer (501) on the back side of the substrate; depositing a second undoped oxide layer (502) over the second doped oxide layer; and diffusing a dopant from the second doped oxide layer into the substrate to form a second doped region of the solar cell, wherein the dopant from the second doped oxide layer is diffused in-situ with the first dopant from the first doped oxide layer.A printed mask is formed over the first doped oxide layer and the first undoped oxide layer. The mask is formed b screen printing. The front side of the substrate is textured to improve solar radiation collection efficiency of the solar cell.Preferred Materials: The first doped oxide layer comprises boron-doped silicon dioxide. The second doped oxide layer comprises phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide. The first dopant is a P-type dopant. The second dopant is an N-type dopant. The substrate comprises an N-type silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The mask comprises a particle-free ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic component is eluted from surplus sludge by physicochemical process. Solid-liquid separation is performed. The separated water is used as fuel source of fuel cell, and solid content is processed by anaerobic digestion method. Physicochemical process is heat process, chemical treatment and/or ultrasonication. Heat processing is performed at 30-300degreesC, preferably 50-100degreesC. Chemical treatment is performed by making pH of surplus sludge into 10 or more, using alkali chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, or 5 or less using acid such as hydrochloric acid. Oxidizing agents, such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide are added in surplus sludge during chemical treatment. Ultrasonic wave is generated in water. Generation of fine air bubble and bursting of bubble are performed by adiabatic compression during ultrasonication.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The support is a-alumina.The active ingredient is ruthenium.The loading of ruthenium is at least 3.0 wt.% with respect to the support.At least 80 % of a active ingredient exists in 10% of the surface layer of the support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon degradation catalyst further contains ruthenium. The content of element (E) in the catalyst is 0.1-10 in molar ratio with respect to 1 mole of nickel and ruthenium contained in the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (in g) (104.4) and aluminum sulfate octahydrate (34.32) were dissolved in water. Subsequently, sodium carbonate (13.12) was dissolved in sodium hydroxide (286.1 ml), and an alkali mixed solution was prepared. Subsequently, a mixed solution of magnesium salt and aluminum salt was added to alkali mixed solution, cured at 80degreesC for 8 hours, and layered double water hydroxide core particle was obtained. The reaction solution had pH of 11.8. Subsequently, a mixed solution of magnesium salt, nickel salt and aluminum salt, and lithium salt was added to the alkaline suspension, and pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 11.1. The reaction solution was cured at 95degreesC or more for 12 hours, and a layered double water hydroxide particle was obtained. The diameter of average plate surface of the layered double water hydroxide particle was 0.215 microns, and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area was 53.1 m2/g. The obtained layered double water hydroxide particle was molded to globular form of diameter 3 mm, baked at 800degreesC for 12 hours in air, and oxide particle powder was obtained. Subsequently, reduction process was performed in hydrogen/argon at volume ratio of 20/80 at 800degreesC for 1 hour, and hydrocarbon degradation catalyst was obtained. The content of nickel in the catalyst was 14.63 wt.%. The size of metallic nickel microparticles in the catalyst was 2 nm. The ratio of content of lithium and nickel in the catalyst was 2.081. The catalyst had excellent oxidation resistance, catalyst activity also in low temperature and caulking-proof property. Hydrogen was manufactured efficiently using the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: 2-Hydroxy-4'-diarylamino stilbene derivative is synthesized by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction from 2-hydroxy benzyl phosphonate derivative and diarylamino benzaldehyde derivative. Subsequently, the obtained stilbene derivative is esterified, and acrylic acid ester compound of formulae (1-3) is obtained. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 72 Specific compounds of acrylic acid ester compound, such as compound of formula (4) and compound of formula (70) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 2-Hydroxy-4'-(N,N-bis (4-methyl phenyl) amino) stilbene (in g) (14.9), tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and 12% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (21.5) where stirred continuously. Further, acrylic acid chloride (5.17) was added at 5degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 30 minutes. Then, the mixture was reacted at same temperature for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was opened into water and extracted with toluene. The extracted product was concentrated, purified and recrystallized in ethanol to obtain 79.8% yield of yellow needle crystals of 4'-(N,N-bis (4-methyl phenyl) amino) stilbene-2-yl acrylate (13.5) of formula (4) having melting point of 104.1-105.2degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pi electron conjugation system is formed by organic group (C) connecting 1-8 unit linear. Preferred Definitions:    A = linear aliphatic hydrocarbon; and    C = organic group comprising unit(s) selected from monocyclic ring type aromatic ring unit, condensed system aromatic ring unit, monocyclic ring type aromatic heterocyclic unit, condensed system aromatic heterocyclic unit and unsaturated aliphatic unit, preferably units selected from benzene ring unit, thiophene ring unit and acene ring unit.    EXAMPLE - Terphenyl was dissolved in N-chlorosuccinimide, chloroform and acetic acid solution. Terminal hydrogen was chlorinated and the resulting solution was added into a flask in nitrogen atmosphere and stirred. 4-chloroterphenyl was obtained. The obtained 4-chloroterphenyl was dissolved in sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF), and mixed with excess pure water. The chlorinated terminal was hydroxylated by reacting the solution at 100degreesC. The hydroxyl group was etherified by mixing 4-hydroxyl-terphenyl with n-octyl bromide, sodium hydroxide, THF and pure water. 4-octoxy-terphenyl was chlorinated and the product was formed into terminal triethoxy silyl using Grignard reaction. Chloroform extraction of the product was performed into triethoxy silyl. The obtained product was dried with magnesium sulfate, then solvent was removed, recrystallized with methanol solvent, and purified with silica gel using chloroform solvent, and pi-electron conjugation system organic silane compound of formula (1A) was obtained. The orientation angles of bond of terphenyl structure and octyl group were each 161degrees and 140degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: Metals excluding aluminum, which is baked in same atmosphere, are silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel processor comprises a first catalytic zone for converting the hydrocarbonaceous fuel into an intermediate product gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a second catalytic zone for converting part of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide; and a third catalytic zone for selectively and partially oxidizing or methanazing the remaining carbon monoxide. The second catalytic zone comprises an upstream section having a relatively high working temperature and a downstream section having a relatively low working temperature. The fuel processor comprises a pressure vessel and all the catalytic zones are accommodated inside this vessel.Preferred Parameter: The thermal mass of the catalytic zone is less than 4 k J/degreesC per meter of catalytic zone per gram oxygen to be contained in the chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of Pt in the alloy is 40-90 (preferably 50-80) wt.%. The alloy is dispersed on a conductive carbon material.ELELCTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: In the assembly, the catalyst is incorporated in the cathode. Preferred Definitions:    X = at least one metal selected from first row transition metals (preferably Cr or Ti).    EXAMPLE - A platinum-gold-chromium catalyst comprising each 0-100% of Pt, Au and Cr was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pi-electron conjugated system is formed by connecting 1-8 units of organic group (C) linearly.Preferred Film: The functional organic thin film is arranged such that the organosilane compound is provided at the substrate side and protective film is provided at the film surface side. Preferred Definitions:    A=aliphatic hydrocarbon of linear pi-electron conjugated system;and    C=organic group selected from monocyclic ring group aromatic unit, condensed system aromatic ring unit, monocyclic ring group aromatic heterocyclic unit, condensed system aromatic heterocyclic unit and unsaturated aliphatic unit, preferably benzene ring, thiophene and acene ring unit.    EXAMPLE - Terphenyl was dissolved in n-chlorosuccinimide, chloroform and an acetic acid solution and terminal hydrogen was chlorinated. The solution was provided in a flask in nitrogen atmosphere and stirred. The 4-chloro terphenyl was dissolved in sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and tetrahydrosilane and was mixed with excess pure water. The chlorinated terminal was hydroxylated by reacting 100degreesC. 4-hydroxy terphenyl was mixed and reacted in n-octyl bromide, sodium hydroxide, tetrahydrofuran and pure water. The hydroxyl group was etherified by Williamson's synthesis. 4-octoxy-terphenyl was chlorinated. Terminal triethoxy silyl group was formed using Grignard reaction. The product was extracted with chloroform, dried with magnesium sulfate, and recrystallized in methanol solvent and purified. A terphenyl derivative of formula (1A), was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A sensitizing dye, preferably ruthenium bipyridine group dye is adsorbed to semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The material is a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: In catalyst layers, the material forms two sub-layers of catalyst-coated channels. The material at the ends of the channels (611) forms manifolds for injecting gas into the channels or for collecting gas from the channels. The catalyst-coated channels are straight or smoothly curved so that gas flow is not obstructed. The increased surface area is provided by a corrugated shape of stacked said metal layers. Ceramic interface layers are coated on surfaces of the metal layers (620) and supporting a catalyst coating. Between the alternating metal layers is a heat exchange layer comprising channels of dimensions for conveying a heat exchange fluid and sealant (612) enclosing the heat exchange layers is a gas-tight manner. The stacked reactor (650) is adapted to separately host a first and second reaction, one of which is exothermic and the other endothermic. The catalyst for the endothermic reaction is selected to catalyze a hydrocarbon reformation reaction. The catalyst for the exothermic reaction is selected to catalyze a hydrogen and carbon monoxide scrubbing reaction.Preferred Process: The applying occurs prior to the sealing. The sealing occurs at a temperature of 1000degreesC, which temperature is selected to not degrade the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The physical vapor deposition comprises sputtering, thermal evaporation, or electron-beam evaporation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film has a contact angle of less than 10degrees. The thin film comprises bismuth. It comprises metals, ceramics, and/or composites of metals or ceramics. It comprises noble metals, semi-metals, and/or carbon based materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The exciton blocking layer is made of bathocuproine (BCP) and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bis-benzimidazole (PTCBI). The organic region contains 4,4',4''-tris(3-methyl-phenyl-phenyl-amino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) doped with tetrafluoro-tetracyano-quinodimethane (F4-TCNQ). The acceptor material is selected from fullerenes, perylenes, catacondensed conjugated molecular systems such as linear polyacenes e.g. anthracene, mapthalene, tetracene and pentacene, pyrene, coronene and their functionalized variants. The donor layer in the organic region is made of metal containing porphyrins, metal-freeporphyrins, rubrene, metal containing phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines, diamines and their functionalized variants including naphthalocyanines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The joining reinforcing layer further contains molybdenum. The joining reinforcing layer is an aluminum film, preferably aluminum selenide (Al2Se3) film, Mo(Si,Al)2 film or Cu(In,Al)Se2 film. The conductive layer is molybdenum film. The substrate is glass substrate. The compound semiconductor of optical absorption layer contains copper as Ib group element, indium and gallium as IIIb group element, and selenium and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode (2) contains fluorine-containing tin oxide. The insulating layer consists of silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent used for manufacture of cathode electrode catalyst is chlorinated hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given.Preferred Pigment: The aryl group is substituted by at least one type of electron-attractive group such as halogen group, trihalomethyl group, cyano group, carboxylate-ester group, quaternary ammonium group, optionally substituted alkyl sulfonyl group and arylsulfonyl group, or at least one type of electron-donating group such as optionally substituted arylthio group, alkoxy group and alkylthio group. At least one of R1-R25 is aryl group, and at least one of the remaining group is a hydroxyl group and linker group which performs dehydration. The linker group is a carboxyl group, sulfo group, phosphoryl group and/or phosphono group. Preferred Definitions:    M=Fe, Ru, or Os.    EXAMPLE - A tetra-dentate-ligand (in mg) (100) of formula 28 and ruthenium chloride (40) were dissolved in dimethyl formamide (30 mL), to obtain a reaction liquid. Heating was performed at 120degreesC for 2 hours, followed by stirring in nitrogen atmosphere. Cooling was performed to room temperature, and ammonium isothiocyanate (500), water (2 mL) and triethylamine (1 mL) were added. Stirring was performed at 120degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hours. Cooling was performed to room temperature. Water was added to the residue, followed by filtration and water washing, to obtain a metal-complex pigment (50) of formula 100a. Using the obtained metal-complex pigment, a photoelectrode was obtained. Using the obtained photoelectrode, a dye-sensitized solar cell having high energy-conversion efficiency, was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxide catalyst contains oxides of cerium, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, bismuth, tin, iron, titanium, niobium, magnesium, zirconium, lanthanum and samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A metal coating which consists of nickel, chromium, iron, cobalt or copper, is formed on the polymeric sheet, during manufacture of gas occlusion material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The wall has a catalyst for an endothermic or exothermic reaction. A hydrocarbon, preferably gasoline, diesel, methane or methanol, takes part in the reaction one side and hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide take part in the reaction on the other side. The catalyst is formed as a coating applied by a sol-gel method or a vaporizing method. An increasing temperature profile is formed along a fuel channel, an oxidant channel and/or tempering channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: At least part of a wall of the heat-exchange chamber comprises a porous a membrane having continuous pores communicating one surface of the wall with the other surface. The porous membrane is at a wall of the heat-exchange chamber facing the fuel-cell power generation part. It has a simple through-hole structure or random pore structure. It has a water-repellent surface facing the fuel-cell power generation part. The fuel cell system further comprises a water-absorber configured to absorb the water formed in the heat-exchange chamber, where the water-absorber constitutes at least part of a wall of the heat-exchange chamber, the wall extending between the porous membrane and the fuel-cell power generation part. The water-absorber comprises a water-absorptive component (2) capable of fixing absorbed water. Preferred Properties: The porous membrane has a thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/mdegreesK or more, air permeability of 0.1-100000 cc/cm2-second, and water permeability of 100 cc/cm2-second or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic substance is silica gel, zeolite, and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-absorptive component comprises organic substance and/or inorganic substance, the organic substance being a naturally-occurring polymer and/or synthetic polymer. The naturally-occurring polymers are cellulose polymers, alginic acid polymers, mannan polymers, pullulan polymers, and/or chitin-chitosan polymers. The synthetic polymers are acrylic polymers, acrylamide polymers, poly(ethylene oxide) polymers, and/or polyester polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass transition temperature of (I) is 120-250degreesC and the HOMO is on an energy level of 4.5-5.4 eV (preferably 4.8-5.2 eV). The dopant is 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane or its derivative. The molecular doping ratio of the dopant to matrix material is 1:1-1:10.000. Preferred Definitions:    R, R1 = H, CH3, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert butyl, NH2, N(CH3)2 or N(Ph)2 (where all R are not simultaneously hydrogen in formula (I)).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-( N,N-di-p-isopropylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene and N,N,N',N,-tetrakis-2,7-diamine-(4-diisopropylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirofluorene) is specifically claimed as (D).    EXAMPLE - 2,2',7,7'-Tetrabromo-9,9'-spirobifluorene (10 g), di-p-tolylamine (14.2 g) and sodium tert-butylate (9.6 g) in water-free toluol (100 ml ) under nitrogen were stirred for 1 hour at 60degreesC. Subsequently, tert butylphosphine (200 mg) and palladium (II) acetate (92 mg) were added and the reaction mixture was heated under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was further worked up to give 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methylphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (15 g; 87 %).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound in dispersed state is inorganic particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particulate filler is carbon black. The multiolefin cross-linking agent is divinylbenzene. The isoolefin monomer is isobutene. The multiolefin cross-linking agent and the particulate filler are present in the modified filler in a weight ratio of 0.1 - 9.0 parts crosslinking agent for every 10 parts particulate filler. The multiolefin monomer is isoprene. The multiolefin is present in the polymers greater than 4.1 mol.%.Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a peroxide. EXAMPLE - A composition comprises high isoprene rubber (100 parts), free-flowing composite of carbon black and divinyl benzene (DVB) (65 parts), and dicumylperoxide (2 parts) were mixed and vulcanized. The cured composition gave the following test results: Delta torque of 14.99 dNm; shore A hardness of 58 points, ultimate tensile of 5.38 MPa, and ultimate elongation of 386%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell further comprises a gaseous fuel oxidization unit generating a reactive gas by oxidizing parts of the gaseous fuel vaporized by the liquid fuel vaporization unit and transmitting the reactive gas and remaining parts of the gaseous fuel. The reactive gas is one that is caused to chemically react with the gaseous fuel at the negative electrode. The gaseous fuel oxidization unit includes a gas introduction path to introduce oxygen needed to oxidize the gaseous fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reactive gas is water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The gaseous fuel oxidization unit includes a catalyst that is made of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and/or rhodium, as a main material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid fuel is a methanol solution being a mixed solution of water and methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The liquid fuel vaporization unit is made of a perfluoro sulfonic acid based resin, a perfluoro carbon based resin containing a carboxyl group, silicon, or polyimide, as a main material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The acidic electrolyte interconnects the first and second electrodes facilitate the electrochemical oxidation of a dissolved gas at the first electrode and electrochemical reduction at the second electrode. A metal disc supports the polymer film under positive and negative pressure. The metal disc comprises pores.Preferred Dimension: The polymer has a thickness of 25-250 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first and second electrodes are identical and comprise platinum on carbon, gold, palladium, palladium-platinum, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, or tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal disc comprises stainless steel, high nickel and nickel-copper alloys, bronze, or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first gas permeable membrane comprises a polymer laminated on a porous metal disc. The polymer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, perfluoroalkoxy polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, polyethylene, polyether ester ketone, polycarbonate, or polyurethane. The second gas permeable membrane comprises a polymer.Preferred Property: The first gas permeable membrane is impervious to oil, and vacuum resistant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide having semiconductor character is oxide of metal chosen from titanium, zinc, tin, tungsten, cadmium, niobium, indium, silver, manganese, copper, iron, vanadium and cesium, preferably titanium dioxide containing anatase crystal phase. The metal oxide contains three-dimensional hexagonal symmetry (P63/mmc) or two-dimensional hexagonal symmetry (P6 mm) structure, and at least one element chosen from Group 2-16 of the Periodic Table.Preferred Film: The thin film contains ceramic or organic polymer. The pore having diameter of 2-500 nm is one-dimensional pore, oriented perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the film surface.Preferred Method: The thin film is obtained by anodic oxidation or sol-gel method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal component of metal-coated portion is aluminum, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, magnesium, iron or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer of the fuel tank is made of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The electroconductive filler is carbon black, metallic filler or filler using metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A fuel supplied to the fuel tank includes sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fuel circulation supply comprises a pump arranged between the fuel tank and the fuel cell stack for pumping a fuel; a gas/liquid separator for separating a fuel, air, and a byproduct remaining at the fuel cell stack after a reaction into gas and liquid; a fuel returning line for returning liquid separated by the gas/liquid separator to the fuel tank; and a recycle pump arranged on the fuel returning line, for pumping liquid separated by the gas/liquid separator. The air supply unit includes an air compressor for supplying air in the atmosphere to the cathode of the fuel cell stack; and an air filter for filtering air supplied to the fuel cell stack. It further includes a humidifier for humidifying air supplied to the fuel cell stack; and a water tank for supplying moisture to the humidifier. The sensing unit is arranged at the fuel tank or at the fuel circulation supply. The fuel circulation supply is provided with a filter for filtering a part of a byproduct generated after a reaction. The filter is a sodium metaborate (NaBO2) filter. The system further comprises a second sensing unit for measuring an amount of NaBO2. The second sensing unit is arranged at the fuel tank or at the fuel circulation supply.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell stack comprise an electrically conductive support tube (402). The interconnect structure comprises a curved portion shaped to conform to the outer curved contour of the tubular fuel cell. The curved portion is created by cutting the perforation from the sheet metal without complete severance, and wherein the material cut out to create the perforation is bent into a finger form adapted to contact the contact surfaces of the tubular fuel cell. The interconnect structure further comprises a flat portion. The curved and flat portions are formed out of a single piece of sheet metal. The curved portion comprises fingers. The fuel cell stack further comprises a solid conductive plate. Preferred Properties: The tubular fuel cells each have a wall thickness of 0.5-2 mm. A thickness of an electrolyte layer is 1-50, preferably 5-30 microns. A thickness of the outer electrode layer is between 10 to 70 microns. A thickness of an outer electrode layer is 20-50 microns. The tubular fuel cells are anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A thickness of the anode is 20-100 microns thick. The fuel cell stack is 30-75 microns thick. The interconnect structure is perforated with a number of holes at 1-000, preferably 10-100, more preferably 20-50/in2. Preferred Methods: The curved portion is attached to the flat portion by welding or brazing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound preferably has repeating units of formulae (1,2), and repeating unit of formula: -(Ar3)q-.Ar3=bivalent aromatic hydrocarbon, bivalent heterocyclic group or -C(R15)=C(R16);R15,R16=R1;andq=1-6.The total amount of repeating unit of formula (1) and (2), is 10 mol% or more. The polymer compound has liquid crystallinity.Preferred Method: The polymer is oriented by rubbing or sharing method. Preferred Definitions:    X1=O,S,C(=O), S(=O) or SO2;    X2=C(R1)(R2), Si(R3(R4), N(R5), B(R6), P(R7) or P(=O)(R8);    Ar1,Ar2=trivalent aromatic hydrocarbon group;    Y=S;and    Ar3=-C(R15)=C(R16)-.    EXAMPLE - A compound of formula (3-A) (in g) (0.62), 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene (0.29) and Aliquat 336 (0.36), were reacted in nitrogen atmosphere in a reaction container, into which argon gas was bubbled. De-aerated toluene (9.3) was added. A solution of potassium carbonate (0.39) dissolved in ion exchange water (9.6), and de-aerated by argon gas, was added. Tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (2.1 mg) was added and reacted in nitrogen atmosphere under reflux for 16.3 hours. Bromo benzene (18.4 mg) was added and reacted under reflux for 2 hours. The two-phase solution was cooled and aqueous layer was removed. The organic solvent layer was added and diluted with chloroform. The mixed solution was poured into methanol and stirred for 1 hour. The obtained deposit was filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The dried product was dissolved in chloroform and purified by column chromatography. The solution was re-precipitated in methanol, and dried at reduced pressure. A polymer compound of formula (I) (0.53) of number average molecular weight 1.2x106, was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer of light-emitting module consists of low-temperature cross-linking-type ethylene vinyl acetate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The chemical treatment includes exposing the fuel cell element in a material selected from chromic acid, sulfuric acid, chromic oxide, chromic anhydride, tetrachloroethane, acetic acid, potassium dichromate, cycloallylchromate, potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite, and/or chlorosulfonic acid. It comprises submerging the fuel cell element in an acidic bath, or oxidizing the fuel cell element. The process further comprises anodic roughening the fuel cell element by immersing the fuel cell element in an acidic solution; and applying an electric current to the acidic solution. The oxidation modifies the surface of the fuel cell element to form polar and/or hydrophilic groups or to impart roughness to the surface of the fuel cell element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The filler comprises an exfoliated graphite or an exfoliated clay or silicate structure. The filler is bentonite, vermiculite, montmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, volkonskoite, hectorite, saponite, laponite, sauconite, magadiite, kenyaite, ledikite and/or their solutions. The filler comprises a nano-scaled graphene plate. The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from ceramic, glass, carbon, and/or composite. The porous core comprises micrometer- or nanometer-scaled pores. It comprises cavities selected from shell-hollow core micro-spheres, and/or shell-porous core micro-spheres. The composition has a dimension smaller than 100 (preferably 5) microns. The layered filler comprising nano-scaled platelets is bi-axially orientated in the shell. Preferred Properties: The layered filler comprises a platelet having a thickness smaller than 200 (preferably smaller than 100) nm and both length-to-thickness and width-to-thickness ratios or diameter-to-thickness ratio greater than 25 (preferably greater than 50). The nanocomposite has a tensile or flexural strength greater than 10000 (preferably 50000) psi. Preferred Compositions: The nanocomposite comprises a volume fraction of the filler of 0.1-30%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The core comprises supporting shell or wall material selected from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The withdrawing is conducted using a fuel pump. The fuel pump is located upstream of a mixing zone for mixing at least part of the water of the fluid product stream with the aqueous composition containing a metal hydride. The mixing zone is located in fluid communication with the fuel pump and the hydrogen generation catalyst. A valve upstream the mixing zone permits alternative flow of the metal hydride composition and condensed water from a condensate zone into the mixing zone. A containment system for the catalyst comprises a cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The compound semiconductor layer is made of gallium, phosphorus and arsenic group compounds. The etching liquid is selected from ammonia, sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The acidic radical-containing polymer is olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its metal salt. The olefin-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is chosen from ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid random copolymer and unsaturated carboxylic acid graft olefin polymer. The silane modified polymer is silane grafted ethylene copolymer. Alternatively, the silane modified polymer is a modified substance of acidic radical-containing polymer by silane coupling agent, having an amino group or epoxy group. The epoxy group-containing olefin polymer is ethylene-glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer. At least one portion of polymer (A) and olefin polymer (B) is cross-linked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is alkali metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionic conductive solid electrolyte contains 1-20 wt.% electrolyte salt and 80-99 wt.% polymer. EXAMPLE - 4-(2-propenoyl oxy-ethoxy)benzoic acid (in g) (23.6) was added to acetone. Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (0.15 mol) was further added to the resulting solution and stirred. 4-cyano-4'-hydroxy biphenyl (19.5) was added to the reaction liquid and reacted at room temperature for 6 hours. The reaction product was dissolved in diethyl ether after distillation. The resulting product was washed with water, sodium hydrogen carbonate saturated water solution and saturated salt solution and dried. The obtained solid was recrystallized in acetonitrile (600 cm3) to obtain a monomer having yield of 71% and purity of 99%. The obtained monomer (2.69), acrylic acid stearyl monomer (1.14) (of formula CH2=CR3COOR4, where R3 is H and R4 is stearyl group) and mixed solvent (30 cm3) containing dimethyl acetamide and tetrahydrofuran in a weight ratio of 4:1 were mixed to obtain a copolymer having yield of 89% and weight average molecular weight of 9.8x103. The obtained copolymer (0.8) and lithium salt (LiN(CF3SO2)2) (0.2) were dissolved in cyclohexane (5 cm3). The resulting solution was vacuum dried at 80degreesC to obtain electrolyte. The obtained electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 4.3x10-5 S/cm at 23degreesC and 8x10-5 S/cm, and water absorption amount of 1.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of water in the mixed solvent is 5-85 wt.%. The usage amount of the carbon support-type palladium with respect to 2-halogeno pyridine is 0.01-1 wt.%, by palladium metal conversion. Preferred Process: 2-halogeno pyridine of formula (1) is preferably 2-halogeno pyridine-4-carboxylic acid of formula (2), which is obtained by hydrolysis of 2-halogeno-4-cyano pyridine of formula (3). Ammonia-removal operation is carried out. The residual amount of ammonia with respect to palladium metal of the carbon support-type palladium is adjusted to 50 mol times or less, and is used for coupling reaction. Then, 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine is obtained by carrying out coupling reaction of hydrolyzed product of 2-halogeno-4-cyano pyridine of formula (3), without removing 2-halogeno pyridine-4-carboxylic acid of formula (2).X,M=same as define above. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution (in g) (0.25) of carbon support-type palladium containing palladium (5 wt.%) and water (50 wt.%), potassium hydroxide (4.4), water (20), methanol (23.7), hydrazine monohydrate (0.75) and 2-chloro pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (5) were reacted at 77degreesC for 4 hours. The obtained reaction liquid was cooled after reaction completion. Carbon support-type palladium was separated by filtration. Analysis of obtained filtrate was carried out, and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (3.07) was obtained with yield of 79.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The air purification device is a device for preparing a nitrogen gas stream having an oxygen content of less than 1 ppm oxygen. It is a device providing a nitrogen gas stream flow rate of 0.01-100, preferably 0.05-5 ml/minute. It is a device providing a supply pressure that is close to atmospheric pressure. It is membrane separators, molecular sieve filters, pressure-swing adsorbers, chromatographic separation devices, paramagnetic separators, and/or cryogenic separators. The air purification device is further disposed in fluid communication with additional oxygen sensitive heated components in the system, such that the additional oxygen sensitive heated components are cooled by a flow of the nitrogen gas stream from the air purification device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen storage alloy is formed via arc melting, cold wall induction melting, or levitation melting techniques. The oxides on the surface of the hydrogen storage alloy are removed via etching or mechanical grinding.Preferred Condition: The hydrogen storage alloy is annealed at 1350-1450degreesC, and quenched in liquid argon, liquid nitrogen, or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A surface of the first heat exchanger is coated with the catalyst. The catalyst comprises a combustion catalyst. The first water gas shift reaction zone comprises a high temperature shift reaction zone. The reformer further comprises a second water gas shift reaction zone in fluid communication and downstream of the second heat exchanger. It further comprises a preferential oxidation reaction zone in fluid communication and downstream of the second water gas shift reaction zone. The second water gas shift reaction zone comprises a low temperature shift reaction zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: A cathode is disposed on the first membrane, and an anode is disposed on the second membrane. A first gas diffusion medium is disposed over the cathode, and a second gas diffusion medium is disposed over the anode. Each of the outer peripheral portions of first and second membranes has an edge extending coextensively, and the structural film layer is flush with the edges or extends beyond the edge and optionally has a sealing gasket disposed on at least one side. The structural film layer is disposed between the entire outer peripheral portion of first membrane and corresponding outer peripheral portion of second membrane. Alternatively, a sealing gasket is disposed on at least one edge of the assembly and is integrally attached to the first and second membranes, structural film layer, and first and second gas diffusion media. Alternatively, the fuel cell assembly comprises a membrane having an inner portion and an outer peripheral portion, a structural film layer covering part(s) of outer peripheral portion, an anode disposed on a first side of the membrane, a cathode disposed on a second side of the membrane, and a gas diffusion medium disposed over at least one of the anode and cathode. Preferred Dimensions: The structural film layer has a thickness of less than 0.003 inch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The internal combustion engine is diesel and/or spark ignited 2-cycle or 4-cycle engine. The internal combustion engine is a stationary power generator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell is a high temperature solid oxide and/or a molten carbonate fuel cell. The reformer partially oxidizes and reforms hydrocarbon fuel from the source at 1200-1800degreesF in the presence of gases from the internal combustion engine having an atomic oxygen to carbon ratio greater than 1.Synthesis gas from the reformer includes hydrogen present at 1-20 vol.% and carbon monoxide present at 1-20 vol.% and hydrocarbons 90% of which have up to 3C present at 1-20 vol.%. The fuel cell anode output in the oxidizer is 10-50 vol.%.Preferred Component: The oxidizer contains a catalyst of one or more of a noble metal supported on a ceramic washcoat and matrix or a mixed metal oxide/hexaluminate or a nickel group and an alkali promoter, or a metal exchange zeolite. The reformer contains a catalyst of one or more of a nickel oxide pre-reforming catalyst or a nickel oxide autothermal catalyst or a promoted platinum based catalyst. The oxidizer uses air and a portion of the exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine as the oxidizing fluid.Preferred Parameter: Gas exiting the system to the atmosphere is at less than 1000degreesF, and has a nitrogen oxide emission of less than 1 (preferably 0.1-1) g/horsepower-hour. The cathode output has a temperature at 1400-1800degreesF. The oxidizing gas entering the cathode is preheated by heat exchange contact with the cathode output to not less than 450degreesF. The oxidizer is a thermal oxidizer operating at not less than 1800degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: A monolayer is formed on a substrate, such that the silyl group of organic silane compound is arranged between the substrate and the monolayer, at a portion (A). A protective group is formed on the monolayer except in portion (A). The organic group (C) is monocyclic ring type aromatic-ring unit, condensed system aromatic-ring unit, monocyclic ring type aromatic heterocyclic unit, condensed system aromatic heterocyclic unit and/or unsaturated aliphatic unit, preferably benzene-ring unit, thiophene ring unit and/or acene ring unit. The organic group (C) connects 1-8C linear group. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-Bithiophene was subjected to N-chloro succinimide processing using dimethyl formamide as solvent. Bithiophene was directly coupled in the portion in which chlorination of chloro bithiophene was performed, by using tris(triphenyl phosphine) nickel as catalyst, to obtain a quaternary thiophene. Molecular simulation of quaternary thiophene derivative was performed by molecular orbital method. The orientation angle of the coupling of quaternary thiophene structure and octadecyl group were 173degrees and 130degrees, respectively. The orientation angle was found to be increased due to the presence of ether bond in the orientation direction of octadecyl group. Using the obtained quaternary thiophene derivative, a monolayer was formed on a substrate. Using the obtained organic thin film, a thin-film transistor was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The ferritic stainless steel comprises 0.08% or less C, 0.70-2.50 Si, 0.4 or less Mn, 12.50-15.00% Cr, and Fe and unavoidable impurities the remainder.The austenitic stainless steel comprises 0.005-0.03% C, 0.1-1.0% Si, 0.1-2.0 Mn, 8-13% Ni, 18-20% Cr, and Fe and unavoidable impurities the remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The inorganic pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cross-linking agent is organic peroxide with 1 hour half-life temperature of 100-150degreesC. The cross-linking adjuvant containing allyl group is triaryl isocyanurate or diallyl phthalate. The composition further contains additive and silane coupling agent (1 or less) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100). The additive is chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer and/or its ionomer. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer contains 10-40 wt.% of vinyl acetate. Preferred Composition: The composition contains white colored inorganic pigment (in wt.pts) (0.5-5) and cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-5) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100). The solar cell sealing agent is formed by cross-linking the ethylene copolymer composition. The solar cell module is sealed by cross-linked transparent solar cell sealing agent and the solar cell sealing agent. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (4585), white titanium oxide (415), Lupasol 101 (2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (t-butylperoxy) hexane as cross-linking agent) (60), triaryl isocyanurate as cross-linking adjuvant (100) and KBM503 (gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane as silane coupling agent) (25) were mixed to obtain uniform resin composition. The resin composition had gel fraction of 94% and excellent insulation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The white colored inorganic pigment is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The cross-linking agent is an organic peroxide with 1 hour half-life temperature of 100-150degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is at least one type chosen from ionomer of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester copolymer, ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is a copolymer of 10-40 wt.% of vinyl acetate content. 0.5-50 wt.pts of white colored inorganic pigment is blended per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. 0.1-5 wt.pts of triaryl cyanurate is blended per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The ethylene copolymer composition further contains a silane-coupling agent (1 weight part or less) per 100 wt.pts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The copolymer composition is obtained by further blending an additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant. The solar cell sealing agent is formed by cross-linking the ethylene copolymer composition. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (4585) (with vinyl acetate content of 28 wt.% and melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes), white titanium oxide (415), Lupasol 101 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy) hexane (cross-linking agent) (60) (with 1 hour half-life temperature of 140degreesC), triaryl cyanurate (100) and KBM503 gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (silane coupling agent) (25) were blended, and ethylene copolymer composition was obtained. The composition had gel fraction of 93%, and had excellent insulation property, flexibility, workability, adhesivity and cross-linkability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coating liquid is applied on a substrate by inkjet printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The total content of acetyl acetone indium and organic tin compound is 5-20 wt.% preferably. The weight ratio of acetyl acetone indium and organic tin compound is 95/5-80/20. Preferred Compound: The organic tin compound is selected from acetyl acetone tin, tin octylate, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid tin, tin acetate and butoxy tin. Preferred Derivative: The cellulose derivative is ethyl cellulose and/or hydroxy propyl cellulose. The diethylene glycol derivative is selected from diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. EXAMPLE - Acetyl acetone indium (in g) (36.4), acetyl acetone tin (3.6), para tertiary butyl phenol (42) and dibasic acid ester (14) were mixed and heated at 130degreesC, after stirring for 90 minutes. Hydroxy propyl cellulose (4) was added and stirred for 90 minutes. An application solution containing acetyl acetone indium and acetyl acetone tin in a total amount of 40 wt.%, was obtained. Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (55) and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (20) were added to the application liquid (25) and stirred to obtain coating liquid for transparent electrically conductive film formation. The coating liquid had viscosity of 9.6 mPa.second. Precipitation was not recognized even when neglected at room temperature for 1 week. A transparent electrically film was formed on a glass substrate by bar coating method, dried and baked. A transparent electrically conductive film of 170 nm thickness was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: In the first step a dopant-containing material is applied to the front side of the semiconductor (4) to form a dopant-rich surface layer (6) (emitter) by diffusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gallium is present at greater than or equal to10, preferably 20-50 at.%. The hydrogen storage medium includes greater than or equal to50, preferably 67 aluminium. The hydrogen storage medium includes 10-75, preferably greater than or equal to50 at.% boron. The catalyst is preferably titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, yttrium, lanthanum, manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt, silicon, germanium, palladium, lanthanide, their oxides and/or their compounds. The stabilizer is lithium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and/or calcium. The scale reducer comprises sodium hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage medium includes hydrogen absorption/desorption catalyst i.e. oxide (less than or equal to10 at.%), oxide scale reducer (less than or equal to20 wt.%) and stabilizer (less than or equal to20 at.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises a bonded transferred first layer located between the silicon solar subcell and the gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar subcell. The first layer comprises a germanium layer or a GaAs layer. A tunnel junction is located between the first layer and the GaAs solar subcell. A silicide strain compensation layer is located on a bottom side of the silicon solar subcell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metal wire is completely patterned in spaces between unit cell(s). It comprises a metal consisting of gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, copper, iron, nickel, titanium and/or zirconium. It is patterned by (screen) printing or dispenser method using a metal paste or colloidal solution comprising the metal or metal alloy. It is patterned by combining lithography with chemical deposition, sputtering or electrodeposition to etch a film comprising the metal or metal alloy. It is narrower than the spacer. It is ca. 0.1-30 microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rare-earth oxide is yttrium oxide and/or ytterbium oxide. The iron group metal is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin-film solid lithium ion secondary cell comprises oxide electrically conductive film that contains indium oxide, tin oxide or zinc oxide as essential component. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is made of flexible material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon-type material is chosen from carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, fullerene and graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support further contains a titanium oxide nanotube. The oxide carrier further comprises oxide(s) of element chosen from group 1A, group 1B, group 2A, group 2B, group 3A (excluding lanthanoids and yttrium), group 3B, group 4B, group 5B, group 5A, group 6A, group 6B, group 7A and group 8 of periodic table, preferably silica, zinc oxide, alumina, tungsten oxide, iron oxide, antimony trioxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide and lithium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The exciton generation moving bed is regular self-assembling of organic compound having (pi)-conjugated bond, and contains organic dye or organometallic dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet is made of ethylene vinyl acetate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The electron-withdrawal or electron-donating molecule is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, hexafluoro-phosphate ion, perchlorate ion, sodium, potassium and/or tetra-butyl ammonium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is porphyrin dye, phthalocyanine dye, cyanine dye, merocyanine dye and/or coumarin dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The composite electrode is formed by electrolytic polymerization of mixed solution containing precursor of conductive polymer, and dye capable of bonding by covalent bond by electrolysis reaction. The composite electrode is made to carry electron-withdrawal or electron-donating molecule (0.01-100 mass%) with respect to the composite polymer. The mixed solution is in the state at which the solution relatively flows with respect to the transparent electroconductive film.Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole and/or polyacetylene. EXAMPLE - Bithiophene (1.50 mmol/L), tetra-thienyl porphyrin (0.25 mmol/L) and tetra-butyl ammonium hexafluoro phosphate (0.1 mol/L) were dissolved to obtain mixed solution. Indium tin oxide glass, platinum electrode and silver electrode were immersed in the mixed solution and electrolytic polymerization was performed to form electrolytic polymerization film on the glass. The film was washed with acetone and dried to obtain light sensitive electrode. The electrode was immersed in acetonitrile solution of iodine for 5 minutes, and washed to obtain light sensitive electrode carrying iodine (electron-withdrawal molecule). A solar cell using the light sensitive electrode had improved photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fixing ring is secured to the body by means of inter-engaging screw threads or by means of inclined inter-engaging flanges.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery can operate with hydrogen as pure or reformed hydrogen and air. It can also operate with a non-oxygenated fuel such as a chemical hydride, preferably sodium tetrahydroborate type, in an alkaline solution. Each battery module comprises more than two fuel cells in an even number, preferably 4-20 fuel cells. The battery comprises a single battery module. The body comprises a single, integral monolithic member. The battery comprises interconnected battery modules, preferably juxtaposed in a flat configuration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery can operate with an oxygenated liquid fuel, such as an alcohol, preferably ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, and a compound with a higher level of oxidation, such as an ether, preferably dimethyl ether, dimethoxymethane or trimethoxymethane, an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde or glyoxal or an acid, preferably formic acid or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The ether-linked lipids are tetraether lipids. They are used in conjunction with S-layer proteins that provide added support for the lipid layer and the active transport membrane containing the active enzymes. The S-layer proteins provide support on both sides of the lipid membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The enzyme is a redox enzyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive material contains metal, conductive polymer, metal oxide and/or carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The porous film (A) has an average pore size (d1) of 0.04-1 microns. The ratio of the distribution density of the electrically conducting material in one surface of the porous film (A) to the distribution density of the electrically conducting material in the other surface is greater than or equal to2.Preferred Method: The electrically conducting material is filled in the through pores with a distribution density gradient along the thickness direction of the porous film (A). Preferred Component: Substantially no electrically conducting material is filled in the through pores of the porous film (B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inner walls of the through pores are covered with metal.Preferred Material: The electrically conducting material is a semiconductor, particularly titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A sensitizing dye is carried on the surface of the electrically conducting material.Preferred Material: The electrically conducting material may also be a conductor, particularly a carbonaceous powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The nitrogen oxide removal unit is charcoal filter containing alkali, which absorbs nitrogen oxide to activated carbon. The power-generating device further has an organic substance removal unit (10), alkali removal unit (11), ozonizer and ozonolysis unit. The unit (10) consists of activated carbon capable of absorbing organic substance. The unit (11) contains acid capable of absorbing alkali to activated carbon. The oxidizing agent gas is circulated between units (10,11). The ozonizer supplies ozone for oxidizing nitrogen monoxide contained in oxidizing agent gas to nitrogen dioxide. The ozonolysis device removes ozone contained in oxidizing agent gas, and supplies resultant gas to fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The nitrogen oxide removal unit contains at least inorganic peroxide or permanganate, and perovskite-type composite metal oxide having oxygen deficiency. Carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide in the presence of a photocatalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The nitrogen oxide removal unit contains ion exchange resin having alkaline functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pi-electron conjugated system organosilane compound is chosen from formula: Z-(R11)m-SiR12R13R14, preferably formulae (a-c).Z=2-10 condensed ring of 5- or 6- membered ring;R11=divalent organic group;m=0-10;R12-R14=halogen or 1-4C alkoxy group;X11=carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur;n,q=0-8;X13=X11 excluding carbon;o+p=0-7;andX14,X15=carbon or nitrogen.Preferred Process: Alternately, the organosilane compound (I) is obtained by carrying out Grignard reaction of compound of formula: R1MgX5 or Z-(R11)m-MgX30 and organosilane compound (II) or of formula: X31-SiR12R13R14.R1,R11-R14,Z,m=same as defined above;X5=halogen atom;andX31=H, halogen or 1-4C alkoxy group.Predetermined portion of the compound (II) is halogenated and the halogenated compound is subjected to Grignard reaction. The number of metal atom (YO) in compound (II) is controlled. EXAMPLE - Metal magnesium (0.5 mol) and tetrahydrofuran (300 ml) were charged in a flask and 2-chloro benzimidazole (0.5 mol) was dripped over 2 hours at 50-60degreesC. The contents were ripened at 65degreesC after the dripping completion for 2 hours, and Grignard reagent was prepared. Tetrachloro silane (1.0 mol) and toluene (300 ml) were cooled in ice and the Grignard reagent was added. The reaction liquid was filtered and magnesium chloride was excluded. pi-electron conjugated compound of formula (I-1) was obtained with yield of 50% by removing toluene and unreacted tetrachloro silane from the filtrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The body is made partially of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The inner surface of the engagement section has a smooth finish. The engagement section is disposed along multiple portions of the height of the body, so that the liquid fuel cell may be gripped and held within the body at multiple positions along the height of the body. The wall includes an upper edge and greater than or equal to2 concave portions extending downwardly along the wall from the upper edge, so that the wall shields the flame yielded by the liquid fuel cell from extinguishment by air flow under normal operating conditions in indoor and outdoor environments. The apparatus includes bodies, each carries a liquid fuel cell at a differing location along the height of the fuel cell, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The waste material gasifier has fixed bed furnace to which decomposition furnace ejects residue from lower portion and upper portion, a revolving grate (7), which stirs combustible waste material in lower portion of fixed bed furnace, and a discharge port (17) of molten slag (S) provided at bottom portion of gas melting furnace. The gas melting furnace uses waste plastic (P) as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrophilic processing is performed to the electroconductive support surface. The hydrophilic processing is carbon support surface modification method of nitric acid processing and/or plasma processing. The cathode-diffused layer of a cathode pole is made to disperse the hydrogen oxidizing catalyst. Preferred Complex: The micro-oxo transition metal complex is a micro-oxo binuclear iron (III) complex or micro-oxo binuclear nickel (III) complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The ligand is a monohydro imide acetic acid-imino diacetic acid type ligand.Preferred Group: The hydrophobic group is 6-10C alkyl triethoxy silano group.Preferred Compound: The hydrophobic group-containing silane compound is 6-10C alkyl triethoxy silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The particle diameter of molybdenum is 0.5-10 nm. The catalyst is formed from a carbon material having electroconductivity. The carbon material is chosen from fibrous carbon, carbon nano tube, carbon nano horn, carbon nano filament or carbon particles. The carbon nano tube is multilayered structure of more than two layers, and has diameter of 5-50 nm. The carbon particle is porous carbon particle. Preferred Agents: The oxidizing agent is nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxygen, ammonium per sulfate and/or sodium hypochlorite. Preferred Method: A molybdic acid, molybdate, organic molybdenum acid, alcohol, and an aprotic solvent, is used during carrying process. Hydrogen is used during the reduction process. Preferred Electrode: The load of molybdenum catalyst is 5-50 wt.% in the electrode. Preferred Cell: The electrode is used as the electrode of oxygen side of fuel cell. A platinum is used as electrode of reaction side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The flow-path block uses aluminum material having JIS A1050 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is a photocatalyst such as oxide semiconductor. The oxide semiconductor is titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel used in fuel cell system contains methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cathode protective layer is a cathode diffusion layer comprising hydrophobic hydrogen permeable polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound (A) is given by formula (I).R1-R6 = hydrogen atom, alkyl or 1-12C aryl;R7,R8 = alkyl or 1-12C aryl;X = halogen atom, AlCl4, PF6-, BF4-, bis(oxalato)borate anion, Rf1SO3-, (NC)-2N-, (Rf2Y)2N-, (Rf2Y)3C- or (Rf2Y)2C-Q;Rf1 = perfluoroalkyl or 1-8C aryl;Rf2 = fluorine atom, perfluoroalkyl or 1-8C aryl;Y = -SO2- or -PO-Rf2; andQ = -H or -CORf2.The compound (C) is formed by a cation group chosen from proton, alkaline metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, zinc ion, cadmium ion, mercury ion, rare earth ions, diazonium ion, phosphonium ion, sulfonium ion and oxonium ion; and organic cations such as cation of formula NuR+, where Nu is ammonia, alkyl amine, pyridine, imidazole, amidine, guanidine or alkaloid, and R+ is alkyl, 1-20C oxyalkyl group or 6-30C aryl group. EXAMPLE - Diallyl dimethyl ammonium-(FSO2)2N- (in weight parts) (45), propyl methyl imidazolium-(FSO2)2N- (45), triallyl methyl ammonium-(CF3SO2)2N- (9.5) and Irgacure 651 (0.5), were mixed. The obtained mixture was applied on a polypropylene film to a thickness of 0.5 mm. The applied mixture was covered by a protection film formed of polypropylene, and irradiated with ultraviolet light for 10 minutes. A gel electrolyte film having ion conductivity of 10.2 mS/cm at 25degreesC, and thermal reduction initiation temperature of 290degreesC was formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The information collector is disposed in at least any one of the inside of the fuel cell stack, the fuel gas line and the oxidant gas line; or is disposed in at least any one of the fuel gas line and the oxidant gas line in the vicinity of the fuel cell stack. It comprises a temperature detector that detects temperature in the inside of the fuel cell stack, or a temperature estimator that estimates the temperature; a concentration detector that detects a hydrogen concentration in the inside of the fuel cell stack, or a concentration estimator that estimates the concentration; or a moisture content detector that detects a moisture content of the electrolyte, or a moisture content estimator that estimates the moisture content. The controller controls the switching device to switch the fuel gas supplying direction based on the detected or estimated temperature, based on the counted number of activations, based on the detected or estimated concentration, or based on the detected or estimated moisture content. It counts the number of times that the fuel cell stack has been activated in a state where the detected or estimated temperature is a given value or more, where the detected or estimated hydrogen concentration is a given value or less, or where the detected or estimated moisture content is a given value or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method comprises, prior to reforming, feeding hydrocarbon fuel and air into the fuel reformer as a lean mixture so that the fuel reformer is catalytically started and heated by an exothermic reaction. It further comprises purifying hydrogen that is generated by the ATR process prior to supplying it to the fuel cell, by especially reducing the amount of carbon monoxide. A portion of the hydrogen that is generated by the ATR process is supplied to the fuel cell and another portion is converted into water steam, which is fed back into the fuel reformer. Preferred Property: In the first stage, oxygen is fed into the fuel reformer in the form of ambient air so that the lambda value of the air to fuel mixture is 0.1-0.7. In the initial step, oxygen is fed into the fuel reformer in the form of ambient air so that the lambda value of the air to fuel mixture is 4-8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The arrangement comprises a gas clean-up reactor (2) between an outlet of the fuel reformer and an inlet of the combustion reactor for reducing the amount of carbon monoxide from the product of the fuel reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nitrogen compound is melamine or phthalocyanine. Alternately, the carbon base material is composed of carbon alloy microparticles doped with boron obtained using boron trifluoride methanol complex or boron trifluoride tetrahydrofuran complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The thermosetting resin precursor is furfuryl alcohol, furan formaldehyde resin or phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: An aqueous solution of methanol is supplied to the fuel. Preferred Parameter: The voltage applied is approximately 0.5 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic fuel is methanol. The inert gas is nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film is adhered to the top of transparent substrate by pyrolytic oxidation reaction. There is no diffusion of chlorine remaining in the transparent conductive film into the titanium oxide layer. Preferred Dimensions: The transparent conductive film has a thickness of 0.3-1 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A fuel processing system provides the electrochemical catalytic reaction cell with first reactant comprising hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stainless steel alloy further comprises not greater than 0.02 wt.% sulfur plus phosphorus. The weight percentage of chromium plus molybdenum is greater than 1.66 times the weight percentage of nickel. The stainless steel alloy further comprises 1-1.5 wt.% silicon, 1-2 wt.% niobium, not greater than 0.02 wt.% carbon, not greater than 0.001 wt.% sulfur, not greater than 0.019 wt.% phosphorus, not greater than 0.05 wt.% titanium, not greater than 0.001 wt.% nitrogen, not greater than 2 wt.% manganese, and the remainder iron and incidental impurities.Preferred Concentration: The ratio of chromium equivalent to nickel equivalent is greater than 1.66.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The iodine clathrates having sustained release is beta-cyclodextrin iodine clathrates.Preferred Substrate: The transparent substrate is plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type inorganic semiconductor is copper oxide (Cu2O) or nickel oxide. The n-type inorganic semiconductor is zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide (SnO2) or indium oxide (In2O3). The electrode consists of metal film or transparent electroconductive film. The organic-inorganic composite solar cell has laminate of aluminum/copper oxide/poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl hydroxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV)/fullerene/zinc oxide/indium-tin oxide (ITO), preferably laminate of copper-aluminum oxide (CuAlO2)/MEH-PPV/fullerene/ITO. Fullerene is fullerene or its derivative.The semiconductor film has laminate of copper oxide/MEH-PPV/fullerene/zinc oxide, preferably laminate of organic mixed film of nickel oxide/MEH-PPV/fullerene/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive material of the porous portion is selected from the group containing (C), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tine oxide. The electrodes are made of platinum, palladium, carbon, compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The module includes several transparent sealing resin parts, preferably ionomer parts. The surface which touches the charge-transport body comprises a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal complex has at least one methine or azamethine ligand of formula (1)-(8).R1-R3 = H or substituent;R4 = alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic or amino group;Z1, Z2 = non-metallic atom required to form 5 or 6 membered aromatic heterocyclic ring;Ar = aromatic carbocyclic group or aromatic heterocyclic group;M = H or salt forming positive ion; andn = 0 or 1.The metal complex has ruthenium as the central metal. The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. EXAMPLE - Metal complex of formula (1) was prepared using ruthenium chloride, dimethyl formamide, potassium thio cyanate and prepared intermediate compound of formula (I-1). Metal complex of formula (1) (in g) (5) was dissolved in methanol solution (200) to obtain solution. A prepared titanium oxide film formed on a transparent electroconductive glass panel coated with a fluorine doped tin oxide as support was dipped into the solution, and trifluoro acetic acid (1) was added and ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 2 hours. After reaction, the titanium oxide film was washed and vacuum dried under chloroform, and a photosensitive layer was produced. A counter electrode was produced and an optoelectric transducer was produced using the counter electrode and photosensitive layer. The opto electric transducer had short circuit current density of 9.56 mA/cm2, and open circuit voltage value of 0.716 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Catalyst concentration monotonically increases as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases for positions between the first position and the second position. Catalyst concentration increases linearly or stepwise between the first and second position as distance from the anode flow channel entrance increases. The catalyst is present at 1-50 wt.% of the total weight of the anode. The anode, cathode, and electrolyte layer are arranged in parallel sheets or concentrically. The fuel cell further comprises additional anode flow channels. The cathode defines at least a portion of a cathode flow channel, which has a cathode flow channel entrance for the introduction of an oxidizing component into the cathode flow channel and a cathode flow channel exit. The cathode flow channel is adapted to allow flow of the oxidizing component in a direction opposite to the flow of the fuel in the anode flow channel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Air in the space is replaced by a gas different from air before the bending is undone. The gas used to replace air is an inert gas, preferably a noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The purification gas is oxidizing gas. The treatment gas is inert gas or reducing gas. Preferred Additive: A purification additive having acidic oxide as main component is added to the molten silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The purification gas is oxidizing gas. The treatment gas is inert gas or reducing gas. Preferred Additive: A purification additive having acidic oxide as main component is added to the molten silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: T material produced is cyclically dehydrogenated and hydrogenated several times to maximize the degree of adsorption obtained during the cyclic step. Mixing is conducted in an atmosphere comprising hydrogen and/or nitrogen. The mixture is heated to 150-450degreesC for 0.1-72 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is lithium, and the second hydride comprises a borohydride. Preferred Concentration: The atomic ratio of M'/M is greater than 0 but less than 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst with a dendritic structure comprises platinum oxide; a composite oxide of platinum oxide and an oxide of a metal element except platinum; platinum obtained through reduction treatment of the platinum oxide or the composite oxide; a multicomponent metal containing platinum; a mixture of platinum and an oxide of a metal element except platinum; or a mixture of a multicomponent metal containing platinum and an oxide of a metal element except platinum. It is arranged on a catalyst support (5) comprising a component consisting of a carbon support, a platinum-supported carbon support, platinum alloy-supported carbon (where platinum alloy refers to alloy composed of platinum and a metal element(s) consisting of ruthenium, cobalt, chromium, nickel, copper, iron, vanadium, tin, rhodium, indium, or palladium); platinum black; a platinum fine particle layer; a platinum alloy fine particle layer; or a gold fine particle layer. The metal element except platinum comprises a metal(s) consisting of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium.Preferred Parameter: The catalyst with a dendritic structure has a branch or branched piece with a width of 5-200 nm in a shorter direction; a porosity of greater than or equal to 30 and less than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The power density of the fuel cell can be controlled by pore density, pore size, pH value of the support material, the concentration and nature of the amino acids, and the extent to which these are filled into the pores, and also the operating pressure and temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The support film consists of inert nano particles of silicon or titanium dioxide or a mixture of these.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The amino acid consists of arparaginic acid or L-lycine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The support film of the hybrid membrane consists of polyethersulfone (PES), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polycarbonate with pores of size 100-400 nm. The support film can consist of a detergent e.g. Triton-X-100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first and second copolymers are ionomers. The first and second ionomers are derived from copolymers that each independently comprises 8-20, preferably 14-19 wt.% of carboxylic acid monomer, based on the total weight of the copolymer. The first copolymer is present in 20-60 wt.%, and the second copolymer is present in 80-40 wt.%, where first copolymer is an ionomer component having a secant modulus of less than 15000, and the second copolymer is an ionomer component having an optical transmission of greater than or equal to87%. Preferred Parameter: The film transmits greater than or equal to88% of incident visible light, has a haze value of less than or equal to3% as measured according to ASTM D1003-00. EXAMPLE - A 2 mil monolayer film was obtained from a blend of ionomeric resin (25 wt.%) comprising methacrylic acid (15 wt.%) and zinc ion (1.2%), and ionomeric resin (75 wt.%) comprising methacrylic acid (10 wt.%) and zinc ion (0.75%). The resulting film exhibited a modulus (2 trials) of 11757/11549, haze of 2.24%, and transmittance of 89.4%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel storage container and container accommodation box consists of gas-impermeable material consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heat generated by electrical heater for greater than or equal to 50 milliseconds before the fuel source is supplied to the burner. The heat is generated by the electrical heater until the burner reaches a threshold start temperature. The electrical heater vaporizes the fuel source. The fuel source comprises methanol. The system includes capacitor or battery recharged by the fuel cell and powering the electrical heater. The electric heater is disposed in the burner. The air mixes with the fuel source before the fuel source reaches the rubber. The electric heater is in the burner. The electric heater is outside the burner. The system includes catalyst on an outside surface of the electric heater facilitating the generation of heat in the presence of fuel source, boiler heating the fuel source before the reformer receives the fuel source. The reformer comprises reformer chamber with volume greater than 0.1-50 cubic centimeters. The control logic is made to generate heat in the burner to heat the reformer after discontinuing the supply of the fuel source to the reformer. The control logic is made to discontinue the heat generation in the burner. The control logic flushes the burner with air.Preferred Methods: The method includes turning off the electrical heater after the fuel source is supplied to the burner, providing hydrogen from reformer to the burner, catalytically generating heat in the burner using hydrogen, recharging capacitor or battery powering the electrical heater using electrical energy provided by the fuel cell receiving hydrogen from the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The ceramic particle is oxide of aluminum or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The ceramic particle is oxide of aluminum or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching process is performed using acidic or alkaline aqueous solution. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric-converting layer is formed using amorphous silicon thin film, fine crystal silicon thin film, polycrystalline silicon thin film, silicon germanium or silicon carbide fine crystal thin film and/or silicon germanium or silicon carbide polycrystal thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The etching process is performed using acidic or alkaline aqueous solution. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric-converting layer is formed using amorphous silicon thin film, fine crystal silicon thin film, polycrystalline silicon thin film, silicon germanium or silicon carbide fine crystal thin film and/or silicon germanium or silicon carbide polycrystal thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The average particle diameter of the titanium oxide nanotube beads is 0.5-15 microns.The semiconductor-film (2) contains titanium oxide binder and titanium oxide nanotube beads.The electrolyte layer contains imidazolium salt, lithium iodide, iodine, and t-butyl pyridines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The average particle diameter of the titanium oxide nanotube beads is 0.5-15 microns.The semiconductor-film (2) contains titanium oxide binder and titanium oxide nanotube beads.The electrolyte layer contains imidazolium salt, lithium iodide, iodine, and t-butyl pyridines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The sensitizing dye molecule consists of nitrogen-containing hetero ring complex of formulae (2) or (3).R1-R10,M,a-f=same as defined above;R11-R14=H or substituent;andg,h=1 or more.Preferred Film: The dye sensitizing-type photoelectric conversion apparatus has a transparent substrate (2) having a transparent electrically conductive film (3). An electrical energy is produced between the transparent electrically conductive film and the electroconductive substrate by photoelectric conversion. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group or sulfate group;    M=ruthenium, osmium, cobalt or gallium;and    R5-R8=thiocyanate group, cyano group, carbazole group or diphenyl amino group.    EXAMPLE - Dichloro (p-cymene) ruthenium (II) dimer (in mmol) (0.15) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (50 ml). Subsequently, 2,2'-bipyridine (0.6) was added and stirred. The reaction mixture was heated at 60 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. Subsequently, 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (0.6) was added. The mixture was refluxed at 150 degrees C and nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours, and ammonium thiocyanate (162) was added and refluxed at 150 degrees C and nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The obtained product was washed with distilled water and further with diethyl ether. The obtained solid was dried, and 2,2',4,4'-bipyridine(ruthenium-4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine-(NCS)2)2 complex was obtained. The obtained complex had excellent capability of charge separation, and wider absorption wavelength band. Subsequently, dye sensitizing-type photoelectric conversion apparatus was produced using the obtained complex. The dye sensitizing-type photoelectric conversion apparatus had excellent device characteristics.
Preferred Definitions:    X=NR9;    R1-R8=H, -OR10, -S(=O)2OR10, -C(=O)OR10 or -PO(OR10)2;and    R10=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 55 pigments such as of formulae (I-1, I-2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Titanium-nano oxide T (titanium oxide dispersion liquid) was applied on an electroconductive surface and baked at 450 degrees C for 30 minutes to form semiconductor particle layer. The substrate was immersed in solution of pigment of formula (A) in solvent mixture containing t-butyl alcohol and acetonitrile. The substrate was removed, air-dried and washed with acetonitrile to obtain laminate comprising semiconductor particle layer adhered with pigment. Polyethylene terephthalate film with thickness of 25 microns was laminated on the semiconductor particle layer. Platinum was vapor deposited as counter electrode and optoelectric transducer was produced. The optoelectric transducer had photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The filler layer contains a silane modified resin obtained by polymerizing ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerization polyethylene, and addition polyethylene. The polymerization and addition polyethylene is low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and/or linear low density polyethylene. The filler does not contain silanol condensed catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The shut-off mechanism comprises a material (111), which softens, becomes a viscous fluid, or foams by heat of the shut-off mechanism, where material is a porous component. It comprises a component comprising a first material, which softens, becomes a viscous fluid, or foams by heat, and where a surface of the component is covered with a second material having a composition different from a composition of the first material. It comprises a bimetal or a shape memory alloy. It comprises a valve component, which losses a bearing power by heat to seat on a valve seat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The central hollow chamber has a larger hydraulic inner diameter than the hollow chambers (3) surrounding it. The walls have a honeycomb structure and form a hollow fiber in connection with the hollow chambers arranged between them.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is selected from hydrazine, ammonia liquor and sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is selected from methanol liquid, ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether, formic acid, ethylene glycol and sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is selected from hydrazine, ammonia liquor and sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The binding material contains filler. The filler has metal or oxide group fine particle or ultrafine particles such as aluminum, titanium, silicon and silver, alumina, titanium oxide or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The binding material contains filler. The filler has metal or oxide group fine particle or ultrafine particles such as aluminum, titanium, silicon and silver, alumina, titanium oxide or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel comprises starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, maltose, sucrose or lactose. The fuel cell is starch, which is gelatinized. The fuel cell comprises degradation enzyme, where the enzyme promoters degradation of polysaccharide to monosaccharide, and oxidase enzyme which promotes oxidation of the produced monosaccharide. The fuel cell comprises the coenzyme oxidase capable of oxidizing the reduced form of coenzyme, and an electron mediator capable of receiving electrons generated by the coenzyme oxidation from the coenzyme oxidase and delivering it to the electrode (11). The oxidant of the coenzyme is NAD+. The coenzyme oxidase, the coenzyme, degradation enzyme, polysaccharide and the electron mediator are immobilized on a negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The gasket body comprises a mica comprising Muscovite, Phlogopite, Biotite, Fuchsite, Lepidolite, or Zinnwaldite. The compliant interlayers comprise a glass, a glass-ceramic, a mica glass-ceramic, a phase-separated glass, a glass composite or a cermet. The glass includes an alkaline earth element comprising strontium, magnesium, or calcium, or an alkali additive comprising sodium, potassium or lithium. The glass comprises a borosilicate glass.Preferred Property: The glass has a softening point lower than or equal to the operating temperature of the electrochemical device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The compliant interlayers comprise a metal, or a metal composite. The metal is gold, silver, palladium or platinum. The compliant interlayers are a metallic foil having a thickness of 0.005-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The opposing surfaces of the gasket body are configured to correspond to junction surfaces of the adjacent components. Each of the first and second compliant interlayer is positioned to be disposed between the gasket body and the junction surface of one of the adjacent components. The gasket body comprises a single crystal mica or a mica paper.Preferred Dimension: The gasket body has a thickness of 25 microns to 1 mm. The compliant layers have a thickness of 0.005-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The compliant interlayers comprise a metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The compliant interlayers comprise a metal, or a metal composite. The metal is gold, silver, palladium or platinum. The compliant interlayers are a metallic foil having a thickness of 0.005-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The masking material consists of microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The masking material consists of microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric base material is a high polymer film, which is a polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid includes sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, periodic acid, orthophosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, nitric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, hydrogen hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, salicyclic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, phthalic acid, fumaric acid and picric acid. The base includes sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide, hydration tetramethyl ammonium, hydration tetraethyl ammonium, hydration tetrapropyl ammonium and hydration tetrabutyl ammonium or group containing alkali metal salt selected from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium borate, potassium borate, specific silicate, potassium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate, sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The semiconductor of semiconductor electrode contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - 7-Ethoxy-4-methyl coumarin (in g) (10.2), Lawson's reagent (12.1) and benzene (100 ml) were heated and refluxed for 8 hours. Subsequently, solvent was depressurizingly distilled. Methanol (150 ml) was added to residue, and heated and refluxed for 30 minutes. The deposited crystal after reflux reaction was filtered, washed with methanol and dried to obtain thio coumarin derivative (intermediate product) (8.5). The thio coumarin derivative (2.2) and rhodanine-3-acetic acid (1.9) were mixed and heated at 165 degrees C for 15 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled, methanol (40) was added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The precipitate produced was filtered, washed with methanol and chloroform in order, and pigment (1.1) of formula (D3) having melting point of 215 degrees C was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The exhaust gas module is formed comprising a water-repellent material and a porous material. It is arranged to face at least a part of the surface of the anode. It has a structure in which water-repellent and porous gas-liquid separation tubes are connected to the module substrate with the tube openings attached to the module substrate. The gas-liquid separation tubes are fixed to pass through holes in a rib supporting plate arranged in the fuel chamber. The module has holes having a function of discharging carbon dioxide gas and larger than the pores of the porous material.Preferred Property: The shortest distance between the exhaust gas module and the surface of the anode is greater than or equal to0 mm and less than or equal to4 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The substrates comprise semiconductor electrodes and counter electrodes (4). The electrolyte layer is disposed between each pair of semiconductor electrodes and counter electrodes. Each adjacent pair of semiconductor electrodes and each adjacent pair of counter electrodes are electrically connected through conductive connecting parts (41). The sealing member seals each of the electrolyte layers individually.Preferred Method: The rise time in the ultrasonic welding step is not less than 0.1 second. The relative melting depth in the ultrasonic welding step is 0.3-0.6, provided that the total thickness of the first substrate, the sealing member and the second substrate is defined as 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrates and the sealing member are formed of at least one material from polyethylene terephthalate (preferably), silicone-based resins, fluorine-based resins, or acrylic-based resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The ZnO layer is formed by using a ZnO target for pulse laser deposition or sputtering to which compounds from PmOn, potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, K4P207, (sic), potassium sulfate, potassium hydroxide, potassium oxide, potassium sulfide, potassium selenide, ammonium nitrate or ammonium phosphate.m, n = integers
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the first groove includes removing the second electrode using a laser beam (LB3). Preferred Components: An upper surface of the side end of the first electrode is exposed from the first photovoltaic conversion layer. The length of a portion of the first electrode that protrudes more laterally than the intermediate reflective layer is greater than the thickness of the first photovoltaic conversion layer, and the length of a portion of the intermediate reflective layer that protrudes more laterally than the side end of the second electrode is greater than the thickness of the second photovoltaic conversion layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Portion or whole of the metal oxide film is covered by microparticles of metal oxide. Preferred Properties: The microparticle has diameter of 1 microns or less. The width of groove is 3 microns or less. The linear continuous portion which is not separated with the groove of metal oxide film is 60 microns or less. The ratio for which portions other than the groove portion of the metal oxide film is 50-90% in area ratio. The metal oxide structure has groove portion at the bottom. The metal oxide structure has thickness of 10 microns or less and specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g. The value of actual surface area with respect to the area of the film of the metal oxide structure is 500 times or more. The metal oxide structure has polycrystal structure, and is formed on conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Portion or whole of the metal oxide film is covered by microparticles of metal oxide. Preferred Properties: The microparticle has diameter of 1 microns or less. The width of groove is 3 microns or less. The linear continuous portion which is not separated with the groove of metal oxide film is 60 microns or less. The ratio for which portions other than the groove portion of the metal oxide film is 50-90% in area ratio. The metal oxide structure has groove portion at the bottom. The metal oxide structure has thickness of 10 microns or less and specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g. The value of actual surface area with respect to the area of the film of the metal oxide structure is 500 times or more. The metal oxide structure has polycrystal structure, and is formed on conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hydrophobic-resin is polyester-type resin. Preferred Adhesive: The resin adhesive used for joining glasswares (I,II) is polyurethane group, epoxy resin based, vinyl-acetate resin-based, phenol-resin group, polyester group or acrylic acid ester adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The twisted wire of flat conductor comprises copper strand, aluminum strand, gold strand, silver strand and iron-nickel alloy strand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The porous semiconductor layer comprises titanium-oxide microparticles. The hole-transport layer contains an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallocene compound is a compound(s) of formulae (1)-(3).M = iron or ruthenium, preferably iron;Z = sulfur or substituted nitrogen (N-R21), preferably sulfur;R1-R21 = hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy, preferably R1 is H and R2 is methoxy or hexyl;a-c = 0 or 1;x = 1-6, preferably 2-3;y = 1-100, preferably 1-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The metal content of the intermediate layer is decreasing with continuity from the lower metal substrate to the reflection preventing upper layer. The intermediate CERMET layer consists of two overlapped layers of composite ceramic-metallic material having different volume metal fraction, in which the underlying layer has a higher volume metal fraction than that of the overlying layer.Preferred Properties: The coating material is stable till an operating temperature of 580degreesC, thus reaching a maximum temperature of the working fluid equal to 550degreesC. It has an absorbance, alpha, of greater than 0.95, an emissivity, epsilonn, of less than 0.12, and a photothermal conversion efficiency ,nupt, of greater than 0.80 at an operating temperature of 580degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The lower metal layer consists of infrared highly reflecting materials which are stable under vacuum and little diffusing at high temperatures, such as tungsten or zirconium nitride that can be both manufactured by a non-reactive and reactive DC sputtering technique, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The amount of extraction of acetic acid is 100 ppm or less. The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is further cross-linked by a cross-linking agent or a cross-linking adjuvant such as triaryl isocyanurate. The amount of cross-linking agent is 0.1-1 mass% with respect to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The decrease amount is 2 mass% or less after heating at 160degreesC. The resin film further contains a silane coupling agent and benzotriazole compound, has haze of 3 or less, and vinyl acetate content of 25-27 mass%. EXAMPLE - A resin composition was prepared by mixing ethylene vinyl acetic copolymer with vinyl acetate content of 26 mass% (in mass%) (100), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butoxyperoxy) hexane (0.5) as cross-linking agent, trimethyl cyclohexane as cross-linking adjuvant (1) and gamma-methacryloxy propyl trimethoxy silane (0.5). The resin film was used for forming a glass laminate with haze of less than or equal to1%, excellent durability and free acetic acid content of 20 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Channel(s) is formed on surface(s) of plate(s), and a different plate is contacted with surface(s) in which the channel(s) is formed to form the passage(s). The catalyst layer(s) is on entire inner surfaces of channel(s) and on a surface portion of a different plate contacting the surface(s) of plate(s) in which channel(s) is formed, and the surface portion of the different plate corresponds to the channel(s). The plates include first reaction plate having first channel; second reaction plate contacting one surface of the first reaction plate and having a second channel; and cover plate contacting one surface of the second reaction plate, where the catalyst layer comprises oxidation catalyst layer formed on entire surfaces of passage(s) formed by the first channel and second reaction plate, and reforming catalyst layer formed on entire surfaces of another passage(s) formed by the second channel and cover plate. The reformer comprises a heat source (31) adapted to generate thermal energy, reforming reactor (32) adapted to generate hydrogen gas from fuel, and carbon monoxide reducer(s) (33, 34) to reduce concentration of carbon monoxide contained in a hydrogen gas and the reformer, the reforming reactor and the carbon monoxide reducer are stacked with each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic metal dopant comprises vanadium, tungsten, or molybdenum atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic metal dopant comprises vanadium, tungsten, or molybdenum atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anhydrous liquid solvent having a low dielectric constant is supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical SO2, or methane-sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: An ejector for ejecting the aqueous solution fuel from the fuel cartridge to the fuel cell with the propellant gas is provided at the fuel cartridge or at the fuel cell. The fuel cell has a fuel tank for holding the aqueous solution fuel and a liquid-conveying device for conveying the aqueous solution fuel from the fuel tank to the main body of the fuel cell. The fuel tank is provided with a vent for releasing only gases in the fuel tank to the outside. The fuel cartridge has a fuel chamber for holding the aqueous solution fuel and propellant gas, and a waste liquid collection chamber. A liquid jet port of the fuel chamber is coupled to a fuel inlet of the fuel cell via the ejector and an inlet of the waste liquid collection chamber is coupled to a fuel outlet of the fuel cell. The fuel cartridge is provided with a vent for releasing only gases in the waste liquid collection chamber to the outside.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The propellant gas is composed of pressure gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon or air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The aqueous solution fuel is an aqueous methanol solution. The propellant gas is composed of pressure-liquefied gases such as butane or flon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The propellant gas is composed of pressure gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The pendant cyclic ether comprises a cyclic group comprising 4 or 3 number carbon atoms and 1 number oxygen atom. It is cyclohexene oxide or an epoxy group. The pendant cyclic ether and the fullerene are spaced apart by at least 1 or at least 3 carbon atom. The fullerene derivative comprises 61C-phenyl-butyric acid glycidol ester or its derivative. The reaction product comprises ether groups. It is an oligomer comprising at least two pendant fullerenes. The composition comprises a conducting polymer comprising polyacetylene; polyphenylacetylene; polydiphenylacetylene; polyaniline; poly(phenylene vinylene); polythiophene; polyporphyrins; porphyrinic macrocycles, thiol derivatized polyporphyrins; polymetallocenes, polyphthalocyanines; polyvinylenes; and/or their derivatives. The mixture of which the composition is the reaction product of comprises fullerene derivatives and at least one conducting polymer or its precursor. It includes a solvent. The conducting polymer or its precursor comprises a cyclic ether to react with the pendant cyclic ether of the fullerene derivatives and/or the cyclic ether of other of the conducting polymer or its precursor. It includes thiophene, polythiophene, and/or its derivative. The pendant cyclic ether and the fullerene are spaced apart by an ester group. EXAMPLE - A solution of 4-benzoylbutyric acid (11.9g) in methyl alcohol (250 ml) with a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid (6 drops) was refluxed for 5 hours. Solvent was removed and 50 ml water was added. The reaction product was extracted with dichloromethane to provide an organic layer. The organic layer was separated, dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and passed through a plug of silica, which was rinsed with 2% acetone in dichloromethane. Solvent was removed to afford methyl 4-benzoylbutyrate as light yellowish oil (12.57g, 99%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The organic material is deposited by, inkjet printing, flexographic printing, or screen-printing. The method further comprises fabricating an emissive layer above the enhanced organic film, with the emissive layer emitting light upon charge recombination; and fabricating a photo-resist layer upon the lower electrode layer, with the photo-resist layer patterned upon lines to define deposition regions upon the lower electrode layer.Preferred Component: The existing deposition surface is a lower electrode layer. The enhanced organic film exhibits a reduced number of pinhole defects, an improved coverage of the substrate, and a better contact with other features of the organic electronic device.Preferred Condition: The conditions include high humidity (relative humidity of 95%) and/or high temperature (85degreesC); or time exposure. The environment includes high vapor pressure of solvents that cause the material in the film to reflow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material is a conducting polymer solution.Preferred Solution: The conducting polymer solution is a polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid further contains (gamma)-butyrolactone as a solvent. The electrolyte liquid contains (gamma)-butyrolactone (1 L), imidazole compound (0.1-10 mol), ethylene carbonate (10-60 wt.%) and redox substance (0.1-5 mol). The electrolyte liquid does not contain t-butyl pyridine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The imidazole compound is 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide (MPI). The alkylene carbonate is ethylene carbonate. The redox property substance is lithium iodide and iodine.    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte liquid was prepared by mixing 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide (0.6 mol), (gamma)-butyrolactone (1 L), lithium iodide (0.1 mol), iodine (0.05 mol) and ethylene carbonate (30 wt.%). Fluorine doped tin oxide film of 9000 Angstrom thickness was formed on glass substrate. Then, titanium-oxide film of 10 microns thickness was formed, and baked at 450degreesC for 30 minutes. The substrate was then immersed in a liquid containing cis-di(thiocyanate)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4-dicarboxylate-4'-t-butyl ammonium carboxylate)ruthenium (II) and ethanol, to obtain dye sensitizing type semiconductor electrode. The prepared electrolyte liquid was injected between the electrode and transparent electroconductive glass panel that supported platinum as counter electrode, and sealed by resin. Thus, dye-sensitized solar cell was produced. The obtained solar cell had improved battery capability, open circuit voltage of 0.73 V and conversion efficiency of 3.4%. The assembly of solar cell was carried out favorably with good working environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is soluble in an organic solvent. The counter ion, which neutralizes an electrolytic electric charge is an organic ammonium cation. Preferred Definitions:    X=chlorine atom.    EXAMPLE - Cobalt chloride (II) hexahydrate (in g) (3.59) and tetraethyl ammonium chloride (5.01) were dissolved in dehydrated ethanol (15 ml), and stirred. The resulting solution was refluxed for 10 minutes, and cooled to room temperature after reaction completion. The precipitated blue powder was filtered, and dried to obtain tetrachloro cobalt (II)-bis(tetraethyl ammonium) (electrolyte). Tetrachloro cobalt (II)-bis(tetraethyl ammonium) was dissolved in acetonitrile, to obtain an electrolyte solution having electrolyte concentration of 0.05 mol/m. A semiconductor film formed using ethanol solution of bistetra butyl ammonium salt of cis-di(thiocyanate)-bis(2,2'-dipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium (II) (as spectral sensitized dye), was formed on a transparent electroconductive glass, to form an optoelectric transducer. A dye sensitized photovoltaic cell was produced using the electrolyte solution, platinum electrode and optoelectric transducer. The cell had open circuit voltage of 1.1 V.
Preferred Definitions:    -O-R-=-(OCFZ1CF2)-, -(OCF2CF2CF2)-, -(OCH2CF2CF2)-, -(OCFZ2)-, -(OCZ32)-, -(CFZ1CF2O)-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)-, -(CH2CF2CF2O)-, -(CFZ2O)- or -(CZ32O)-;    Z1,Z2=H, fluorine or CF3;    Z3=trifluoromethyl;    structural unit (M1)=structural unit derived from ethylenic monomer having region of formula: -D-Rx, preferably at least one structural unit of formulae (1-2,1-3);    Rx=Rx1;    D=same as defined above;and    Ry=basic functional group chosen from amine, imine, enamine, ketimine, azine and/or their salts.    X1,X2,X4,X5=X11;    X3=X13;    n1,n2=0 or 1;and    D,Rx=same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy is rhenium-tungsten, tungsten-tantalum, zirconium-niobium and/or titanium-zirconium-carbon added molybdenum alloy.
Preferred Definitions:    X,Y=nitrogen atom.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The squarylium compound of formula (I) is chosen from 3 disclosed compounds such as compound of formula (II).    EXAMPLE - 3,4-dichloro-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (in g) (0.72) and 1-phenyl-3-propyl-2-pyrazoline (1.05) were dissolved in methanol (16 ml) and stirred at 25 degrees C for 1 hour. The precipitate was filtered and obtained solid was added to a mixture of potassium carbonate (0.30) and water (20 ml). Reaction was carried at 50 degrees C for 5 hours. Hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (20 ml was added and a insoluble material was filtered. N-butanol (42 ml), toluene (21 ml), 3-carboxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-pyrrole acetic acid (1.00), were added to the obtained solid and reacted at 110 degrees C for 4 hours. Methanol (30 ml) was added and stirred at 50 degrees C for 1 hour. A squarylium compound of formula (II) (1.5) having lambdamax value of 512 nm, was obtained. The photoelectrochemical cell obtained using the squarylium compound (II) was found to have short circuit current density of 7.2 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.73 V, form factor of 0.60 and energy conversion efficiency of 3.1 %.
Preferred Definitions:    X=nitrogen atom.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The squarylium compound of formula (I) is chosen from 3 disclosed compounds such as formula (II).    EXAMPLE - 3,4-dichloro-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (in g) (1.01) and N,N-di-n-butyl aniline (2.76) were dissolved in dichloromethane (46 ml), and stirred at 25 degrees C for 2 hours. The reaction liquid was concentrated under reduced pressure. Acetic acid (4 ml) and water (2 ml) were added to the obtained residue, and reacted for 1 hour at 110 degrees C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10 degrees C, and the precipitated insoluble matter was filtered. Toluene (20 ml), n-butanol (20 ml) and 5-oxo-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid (1), were added to the obtained solid and reacted at 110 degrees C for 3 hours. Methanol (30 ml) was then added and stirred at 50 degrees C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was filtered to form squarylium compound of formula (II) (1.5) having lambdamax value of 570 nm. The photoelectrochemical cell obtained using the squarylium compound (II) was found to have short circuit current density of 6.7 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.66 V, form factor of 0.59 and energy conversion efficiency of 2.5 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second buffer layer is of a different composition than the first buffer layer. The second layer comprises second-layer sublayers, and where each of the second-layer sublayers has the first-layer lattice parameter. The first layer is a nonphotoactive germanium substrate, the second layer includes Ga1-xInxAs.x=0-0.53.The third layer includes gallium arsenide. The first buffer layer includes graded gallium indium arsenide, and the second buffer layer includes transparent graded aluminum gallium indium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second buffer layer is of a different composition than the first buffer layer. The second layer comprises second-layer sublayers, and where each of the second-layer sublayers has the first-layer lattice parameter. The first layer is a nonphotoactive germanium substrate, the second layer includes Ga1-xInxAs.x=0-0.53.The third layer includes gallium arsenide. The first buffer layer includes graded gallium indium arsenide, and the second buffer layer includes transparent graded aluminum gallium indium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support contains a metal component in foam metal, metal honey comb, metal mesh, expanded metal or metal nonwoven fabric. The metal component is formed using iron group heat resistant alloy, nickel group heat resistant alloy or cobalt group heat resistant alloy. The active metal particles (27) are silver, palladium, rubidium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, platinum, copper, zinc, indium, tin, germanium, silicon, aluminum and/or antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support contains a metal component in foam metal, metal honey comb, metal mesh, expanded metal or metal nonwoven fabric. The metal component is formed using iron group heat resistant alloy, nickel group heat resistant alloy or cobalt group heat resistant alloy. The active metal particles (27) are silver, palladium, rubidium, titanium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, platinum, copper, zinc, indium, tin, germanium, silicon, aluminum and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electroconductive film has monticulus portion (15) containing oxide (I) such as titania and/or tin oxide containing fluorine, and oxide (II) such as tin oxide containing fluorine, zinc oxide and/or indium oxide (In2O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electroconductive film has monticulus portion (15) containing oxide (I) such as titania and/or tin oxide containing fluorine, and oxide (II) such as tin oxide containing fluorine, zinc oxide and/or indium oxide (In2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The inner layer of the end face sealing unit is made from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle oxide layer is a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2), SnO2 or zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conducting thin film is composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (F-doped SnO2). The first conducting substrate is a stainless steel substrate or aluminum substrate. The conducting material is ITO or FTO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticle oxide layer is a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2), SnO2 or zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The second conducting substrate is a polymer substrate of polyethyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylenenaphthalate or polyethersulfone coated with a conducting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is Lewis acid catalyst or onium salt. The onium salt is pyridinium salt. The carbonyl compound is aldehyde or ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymer film has an optical clarity of at least 85% light transmission. The second fluoropolymer has a higher fluorine content or greater percentage of fluorinated carbons than the first fluoropolymer. The difference between the melting points of two layers is at least 10-at least 60degreesC. The melting point of the second layer is at least 160-at least 220degreesC. Preferred Components: The two layers are extruded and are in direct contact with each other. No intervening layers are present between the two layers. The fluoropolymers comprise fluoropolymer copolymer comprising tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and vinylidene fluoride (VDF) monomers. The fluoropolymers comprise tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride (THV) copolymer, and the second THV copolymer has a lower percentage of vinylidene fluoride, higher percentage of TFE, or higher percentage of HFP than the first THV copolymer. Each layer is free of chlorinated fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol contains greater than or equal to50 mol% isopropyl alcohol. Preferred Process: The process further comprises irradiating the solution and the alcohol with light having a wavelength of 250-550 nm at the time of the counter diffusion; heat treating the resultant fibrous fullerene crystal at less than or equal to300degreesC; irradiating the resultant fibrous fullerene crystal with light having a wavelength of 250-550 nm, and heat treating the resultant fibrous fullerene crystal at a temperature in the range of 700-950degreesC in an atmosphere of reduced pressure of at most 13 mPa. The counter diffusion is effected at less than or equal to250degreesC. Preferred Parameters: The fibrous fullerene crystal has a fiber diameter of less than or equal to500 nm and an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to2000. EXAMPLE - 0.02 grams 70C Fullerene (purity of 99%) were dissolved in 20 ml pyridine at 40degreesC to prepare a fullerene solution. The solution obtained was preserved overnight at 10degreesC. The fullerene solution was filtered to remove insoluble matters, and 2 ml resultant filtrate was weighed, placed in 9 ml vessel, and preserved overnight at 10degreesC. 6 ml isopropyl alcohol had been preserved at 10degreesC separately was allowed to slowly flow in the abovementioned filtrate in a state that the pyridine solution and the isopropyl alcohol maintained in intact interface to form a fibrous crystal. The resultant crystal was filtered and dried at 60degreesC to obtain an aggregate of fiber in the form of brown nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin film further comprising an organic polymer and/or an inorganic polymer. EXAMPLE - Fullerene (C 60) (50 mg) was added to ortho-dichlorobenzene (3.9 ml) in a threaded-neck test tube and fully dissolved by applying ultrasound. To the above mixture generation 0.5 polyamidoaminedendron (G0.5(COOMe) 2OFF) (0.061 g) was added and dissolved, the test tube was back-filled with nitrogen, the solution was sealed in the test tube, and stirring was conducted with heating for 4 days at 45 degrees C. The reaction mixture was worked up to give fullerodendrimer (56 mg, 70%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shield comprises a tape, a coating integral to the interconnect, a three-dimensional body that presses on the backsides of the first and second backside contact solar cells, and fills a gap between the first and second backside contact solar cells. The interconnect comprises a first strip of interconnect material electrically coupling a first contact point on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell to a first contact point on the backside of the second backside-contact solar cell; a single continuous interconnect having strain relief features; tabs extending from the body of the interconnect to electrically couple contact points on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell, to corresponding contact points on the backside of the second backside contact solar cell. The solar cell module comprises a first protection layer placed over front sides of first and second backside contact solar cells, the first protection layer being configured to allow solar energy to reach the front sides of the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a second protection layer over the first protection layer, and configured to protect from environmental elements, while allowing solar energy to reach the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a third protection layer placed over the interconnect; a back sheet on a side of the third protection layer away from the interconnect. The first and third protection layers comprise polyethylvinylacetate and the second protection layer comprises glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The membrane/protein composite comprises a device which has the function of the incorporated membrane proteins. The protein functions include valves, channels, sensors, detectors, pumps and energy transducers. The matrix is formed from tri-block copolymer. The matrix is impermeable to a selected species. The membrane proteins are natural biological proteins.Two different membrane proteins are incorporated into the matrix. The membrane proteins are energy converting proteins. The membrane further comprises first and second electrodes on opposite surfaces of the matrix. The matrix is a biocompatible polymer impermeable to protons.Preferred Method: The method further involves orienting the membrane proteins in the matrix; selecting the proteins to produce corresponding membrane functionality; and inserting in the matrix two different membrane proteins. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Cytochrome oxidase is specifically claimed as the membrane protein.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is of formula (2).m,n=2-5.The compound (A) is a piperidinium ring, pyrrolidinium ring or azetidinium ring. Preferred Ion: The counter ion of compound (A) is an iodine ion. Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains a solvent which is cyclic carbonate, ester, nitrile, alcohol, ether or amide. The solvent is preferably an ionic liquid. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains compound (A) (0.1-4 mol/l). The non-aqueous electrolyte contains iodine, non-aqueous solvent and/or ionic liquid. EXAMPLE - Titanium isopropoxide (in ml) (125) was added and stirred with nitric acid aqueous solution (750 ml). The mixture was stirred for 24 hours at 80degreesC. Subsequently, 80:20 liquid mixture of di-isopropoxy-bis(acetyl acetonate) titanium and acetyl acetone was added and stirred, and titanium alkoxide addition sol liquid was prepared. A titanium oxide electrode was produced using the sol liquid. A solar cell was produced using the electrode. The solar cell had excellent energy conversion efficiency, electric current voltage characteristics and high safety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron withdrawing group is oxygen or halogen atom.Preferred Material: The cathode material of the solar cell has amorphous carbon film terminated by electron donor group, preferably hydrogen atom, hydrocarbon or hydroxyl group.Preferred Film: The amorphous carbon film is diamond-like carbon film doped by impurity such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron, oxygen and/or silicon. Preferred Method: The amorphous carbon film is formed as the cathode material on the substrate. Subsequently, plasma processing of the carbon film is performed using hydrogen or reducible gas. Nitrogen, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, diborane, oxygen and/or silane are added as dope gas to the film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron withdrawing group is oxygen or halogen atom.Preferred Material: The cathode material of the solar cell has amorphous carbon film terminated by electron donor group, preferably hydrogen atom, hydrocarbon or hydroxyl group.Preferred Film: The amorphous carbon film is diamond-like carbon film doped by impurity such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron, oxygen and/or silicon. Preferred Method: The amorphous carbon film is formed as the cathode material on the substrate. Subsequently, plasma processing of the carbon film is performed using hydrogen or reducible gas. Nitrogen, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, diborane, oxygen and/or silane are added as dope gas to the film.
Preferred Definitions:A=group of formula (2), preferably heterocyclic group having group(s) containing an anionic group or an anionic group with hetero atom(s).    Y=electron-attractive group, such as cyano group, carboxylic acid or its ester;and    M=hydrogen atom or salt-formation positive ion.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 31 photosensitizer compounds of formula (1) are disclosed, such as compound of formula (I).    EXAMPLE - 1,3-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-6-formyl-1H-perimidine (in g) (1) and cyano acetic acid (0.4), were dissolved in ethanol (12 ml). Subsequently, piperidine of catalyst amount was added and stirred at 60degreesC for 15 hours. The mixture was poured into dilute hydrochloric acid, extracted, dried, concentrated and purified under chloroform, and compound of formula (I) was obtained. The obtained compound (photosensitizer compound) was dissolved in methanol. The compound had molar extinction coefficient of 18000. An optoelectric transducer was produced, by adsorbing the photosensitizer compound to a semiconductor electrode. The optoelectric transducer had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell power generating device is made of resin selected from polyolefin resin, fluororesin, silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass plate (1b) having transparent electroconductive film (1a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass plate (1b) having transparent electroconductive film (1a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Photosensitization pigment is supported on the porous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal oxide film which consists of primary particle, and the metal oxide film which consists of primary and secondary particles are laminated sequentially. Preferred Properties: The metal oxide film has specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g. The value of actual surface area with respect to the area of film is 300 times or more. The metal oxide film has total light transmittance of light ray in wavelength of 350-900 nm, preferably 600-900 nm, of 20% or more, and ratio of diffuse transmission factor with respect to total light transmittance of 60% or more, preferably 80% or more.Preferred Composition: The metal oxide in the metal oxide film is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal oxide film which consists of primary particle, and the metal oxide film which consists of primary and secondary particles are laminated sequentially. Preferred Properties: The metal oxide film has specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g. The value of actual surface area with respect to the area of film is 300 times or more. The metal oxide film has total light transmittance of light ray in wavelength of 350-900 nm, preferably 600-900 nm, of 20% or more, and ratio of diffuse transmission factor with respect to total light transmittance of 60% or more, preferably 80% or more.Preferred Composition: The metal oxide in the metal oxide film is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyether is polyether-type polymer having terminal group substituted by methyl group, and is preferably polyethylene glycol methyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition used for forming the proton exchange film contains perfluoro carbon polymer (50-99.98), polyimide and/or polyamidoimide (0.01-49.99) and further polyazole compound (0.01-49.99). Preferred Process: A solution containing perfluoro carbon polymer, polyimide precursor and/or polyamidoimide, and solvent is obtained. Solvent is removed after casting the solution, and imidation is carried out to obtain the proton exchange film. Alternately, an alkali metal hydroxide of 1-100 times equivalence with respect to equivalent number of nitrogen atom in polyimide precursor and/or polyamidoimide, and polyazole compound, is dissolved in protic solvent to obtain a solution (a). The perfluoro polymer is dissolved in protic solvent to obtain a solution (b). The obtained solutions (a,b) are mixed, and cast after removing solvent. Imidation is then carried out to obtain the film. Preferred Properties: The cross-section of the film along film thickness direction has sea-island structure. The conversion haze value (H50) of the film having thickness (t) of 50 microns, based on a relation: (H50)=100x(1-((100-Ht)/100)50/t) is 70% or less, where Ht is haze value of the film according to JISK7136. The sum total area of the island particle of the sea-island structure is 0.1-70% of cross section along film-thickness direction. The density of the island particle of the sea-island structure is 0.1-100/1 microns2 of the cross section along film-thickness direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is a carbon support or oxide support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is a carbon support or oxide support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The manufacturing method of catalyst further involves removing thiol group, which exists in the support. EXAMPLE - Multi-layered carbon nanotube (100 mg) was oxidized by 6M nitric acid at 70degreesC for 1 hour. Then, the surface of the multi-layered carbon nanotube was chlorinated by adding 25 mL of thionyl chloride and stirring at 70degreesC for 12 hours. Then, the surface of the multi-layered carbon nanotube was thiolated by reacting chlorinated multi-layered carbon nanotube with amino ethane thiol at 70degreesC for 24 hours, to obtain carbon support having thiol group at surface. 10 mM chloro platinic acid aqueous solution (6.4 ml) was added to the obtained carbon support (50 mg), dispersed for 1 hour and reduced by 100 mM sodium borohydride aqueous solution to obtain catalyst having platinum support. The obtained catalyst had excellent dispersion state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalytic material comprises transition metal such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, and/or their borides, or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor further comprises liquid diffusing element, and ballast chamber for receiving and storing the hydrogen gas separated by the membrane.#The heat-exchanging element is surrounded by the first catalytic material and surrounds the first catalytic material.The liquid diffusing element includes a sieved ring.The membrane is hydrophobic and surrounds the first and second catalytic material.The first catalytic material is disposed in a supporting structure.The support structure is a honeycomb monolith or metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalytic material comprises transition metal such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, chromium, silver, osmium, iridium, and/or their borides, or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The one-piece body is positioned upstream from the electrode gap. It defines another air passageway. The injector channel is positioned between the air passageways. The fuel injector contacts the one-piece body. The plasma fuel reformer further comprises a magnetic shield housing the one-piece body. It has a transformer defining an interior region in which the one-piece body housed in the magnetic shield is positioned.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basal component element comprises particles containing metal oxide such as cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titania, silica, magnesium oxide, their derivatives and/or a solid solution. The heterogeneous element is tungsten, titanium, iron, lanthanum, lutetium, calcium, hafnium, iridium, palladium or scandium. The noble metal is platinum, rhodium and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basal component element comprises particles containing metal oxide such as cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titania, silica, magnesium oxide, their derivatives and/or a solid solution. The heterogeneous element is tungsten, titanium, iron, lanthanum, lutetium, calcium, hafnium, iridium, palladium or scandium. The noble metal is platinum, rhodium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type semiconductor layer comprises Zn1-xMgxAyO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The p-type semiconductor layer comprises In, Ga, Se, or Cu.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type semiconductor layer comprises Zn1-xMgxAyO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fluorine absorption and removal unit contains fluorine adsorption resin, anion exchange resin or alumina compound. The fuel cell water treatment apparatus comprises metal absorption and removal unit (80,82) containing metal adsorption resin, chelate resin or cation exchange resin, provided between decarboxylation unit (30) and electric deionization apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consisting of Ni, Cu, Au, Pt and Ag is formed on the palate shaped solid material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A metal layer consists of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: Alternately, the anode of electrolysis tank comprises the cubic system titanium oxide pyrochlore sintered compact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cubic system titanium oxide pyrochlore is a complex oxide of formula: RE2-xTi2-yMyO7-~d, where M is transition metal element such as chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum, and y is substitution amount of M in B site, which is greater than 0 and less than or equal to0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The microflattening layer is a dielectric layer, such as spin-on dielectric, flowable dielectric, dip-on dielectric or spray-on dielectric. The dielectric layer comprises a spin-on glass or silicon dioxide or another oxide. The substrate comprises a ceramic material, glass or a glass-ceramic material. The substrate comprises mullite, alumina or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The reduction of the microroughness of the microrough face is performed by depositing a microflattening layer on the microrough face. An additional step of reducing the macroflatness is performed before the metal induced crystallization process and after the additional step of reducing the microroughness of the face. The metal induced crystallization process is aluminum induced crystallization process. Preferred Components: The microrough face has a microroughness below 1 rad/microns after the step of reducing the microroughness. The aluminum induced crystallization process comprises aluminum deposition, aluminum oxidation, amorphous silicon deposition, annealing, and aluminum removal. The method further comprises epitaxial silicon layer deposition solar cell processing comprising phosphor diffusion, bulk and surface passivation, metallization and isolation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The membrane electrode assemblies in the fuel cell stack provide the first group of membrane electrode assemblies, and some of the membrane electrode assemblies in the fuel cell stack provide the second group of membrane electrode assemblies.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalyst is of formula PtY or PtYX. The electrocatalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide is Pt-Mo.Y=bronze-forming element or its oxide, preferably Sn, Ti, V, Ta, Mo, W or an oxide;X=metals alloyed with Pt (preferably Ru, Rh, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Ga, Zr, or Hf).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrocatalyst is of formula PtY or PtYX. The electrocatalyst for the electrochemical oxidation of carbon monoxide is Pt-Mo.Y=bronze-forming element or its oxide, preferably Sn, Ti, V, Ta, Mo, W or an oxide;X=metals alloyed with Pt (preferably Ru, Rh, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Ga, Zr, or Hf).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first region covers 5-50% of the surface area of the anode structure, and the second region covers the remainder of the surface area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first region comprises an electrocatalyst of formula PtY or PtYX.Y=bronze-forming element or Sn, or its oxide (preferably Sn, Ti, V, Ta, Mo, W, or its oxide);X=metals alloyed with the Pt (preferably Ru, Rh, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Ga, Zr, or Hf).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first region comprises an electrocatalyst of formula PtY or PtYX.Y=bronze-forming element or Sn, or its oxide (preferably Sn, Ti, V, Ta, Mo, W, or its oxide);X=metals alloyed with the Pt (preferably Ru, Rh, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, V, Ga, Zr, or Hf).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst further comprises iron, gold, cobalt, nickel, osmium, palladium, silver, iridium, germanium, gallium, zinc, copper, aluminum, silicon, strontium, yttrium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, boron, indium, tin, lead, manganese, chromium, cerium, vanadium, zirconium or lanthanide elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises, prior to dipping the substrate in solution, etching the substrate such that the arithmetical mean surface roughness of a surface of substrate is 0.07-1 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The gaseous material is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Humidity of the gaseous material is calculated prior to exposing the material to radiation. The gaseous material is a discrete sample collected within a container (102). It flows during exposing and/or measuring. It is associated with a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The exothermic reaction is a hydrogen absorption reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen storage medium comprises a hydride consisting of lanthanum nickel hydride, magnesium nickel hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, titanium iron hydride and/or vanadium hydride. The thermoelectric device comprises a thermoelectric material consisting of skutterudite, p-tellurium/silver/germanium/antimony, CeyCoxFe4-xSb12, bismuth tellurium, silicon germanium, lead tellurium and/or bismuth antimony. The thermoelectric material has a peak energy conversion characteristic within a target temperature range. The hydrogen storage medium is selected to generate heat during the exothermic reaction to achieve a temperature within the target temperature range at a high temperature side of the thermoelectric device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen storage medium comprises a hydride consisting of lanthanum nickel hydride, magnesium nickel hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, titanium iron hydride and/or vanadium hydride. The thermoelectric device comprises a thermoelectric material consisting of skutterudite, p-tellurium/silver/germanium/antimony, CeyCoxFe4-xSb12, bismuth tellurium, silicon germanium, lead tellurium and/or bismuth antimony. The thermoelectric material has a peak energy conversion characteristic within a target temperature range. The hydrogen storage medium is selected to generate heat during the exothermic reaction to achieve a temperature within the target temperature range at a high temperature side of the thermoelectric device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Unit: The fuel supply unit further has a compartment containing precursor reagent (B), precursor reagent (A), a precursor reagent (C), or a catalyst. The compartment (254) encases the compartment (256). The compartments (254,256) are formed side-by-side, and are top and bottom compartments. The fuel supply unit is connectable with fuel cell system. Preferred Compartment: The compartment (256) comprises a breakable or a piercable component. The compartment (256) is detachable, and has a weakened section having thickness less than the thickness of compartment (256).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel comprises methanol, borohydride, hydrazine, or ammonia borane. The precursor reagent (A) comprises dimethyl dicarbonate, water, borane-containing polymer, carbonate, ammonia, or azine, hydrogen peroxide or ammonia. The carbonate is sodium carbonate. The fuel is sodium borohydride. Preferred Method: The reaction between precursor reagents (A,B) occurs outside or inside the fuel supply unit at ambient temperature. Dimethyl dicarbonate as reagent (A) and water as reagent (B) are reacted to form methanol as fuel. Carbonate as reagent (A) and borane or diborane as reagent (B) are reacted to form borohydride as fuel. Ammonia as reagent (A) and borane or diborane as reagent (B) are reacted to form ammonia borane as fuel. Methyl ethyl azine as reagent (A) and water as reagent (B) are reacted to form hydrazine as fuel at elevated temperature. Methyl ethyl azine is obtained by reacting hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel source comprises hydrocarbon and/or oilfield production fluid. The engine is an internal or external combustion engine. The exhaust gas absorbent is capable of absorbing an exhaust gas at substantially the same rate as the rate at which the exhaust gas is generated such that pressure in the generator does not increase. The fuel cell further comprises a proton exchange membrane separating the anode from the cathode and allowing the passage of protons from the anode to the cathode, and exhaust gas absorbent positioned to absorb carbon dioxide generated by oxidation of the methanol. The oxygen-based compound is a solid or a liquid. The source of hydrogen comprises methanol. Preferred Method: The fuel is fed to the engine at a desired rate so as to generate power at a desired rate. The heat from the combustion is applied to the oxygen-based compound. The heat is exchanged between the exhaust gases and the oxygen. The steps of reacting and absorbing are carried out in a well or underwater. The step of providing includes heating the oxygen source by exchanging heat between the exhaust gases and the oxygen source and/or the fuel source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen-based compound and the exhaust product absorbent are the same material. The oxygen-based compound releases oxygen when heated. The oxygen source comprises potassium superoxide. The second reagent is sodium peroxide, potassium oxide, and/or calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The proton exchange membrane comprises spaced apart chains of catalyst coated polarizable particles made polarized and aligned into chains by an electric field. The proton exchange membrane comprises a layer of pure proton conducting layer. The bipolar plate comprises grooves.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polarized particles comprise catalyst coated carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polarized particles comprise catalyst coated carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The pure proton conducting layer comprises perfluorosulfonic acid based polymer. The bipolar plate comprises cured polyurethane or epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogenated fullerene is deposited on a deposition substrate (9) contacting with plasma. The plasma containing hydrogen radical or hydrogen ion is irradiated, and alternately or simultaneously reacted with vapor containing fullerene molecule or fullerene ion. The fullerene molecule or fullerene ion is reacted with hydrogen radical or hydrogen ion, and hydrogenated fullerene is manufactured. The magnetic field generated with magnetic coil (3) conveys plasma from plasma generation portion to deposition substance. Plasma is generated by high-frequency induction system. High-frequency electric power of 500-1000 W, preferably 100-500 W is applied to generation portion of plasma. A positive bias voltage is applied to deposition substrate. Plasma is generated in plasma generation portion by contact ionization system. Fullerene as raw material is heated at 200-350degreesC in vacuum chamber, before manufacturing hydrogenated fullerene. An oxidation passivity film or fluorinated passivity film having chromium oxide as main component is formed at the inner surface of vacuum chamber. Preferred Compound: Fullerene is of formula: Cn (n is 60-84), preferably C60 and/or C70. Hydrogenated fullerene is of formula: CnHm (n is 60 or 70, and m is 18-36). Fullerene has purity of 99.9% or more. Preferred Plasma: The plasma contains alkali metal ion. Preferred Property: The density ratio of alkali metal ion and fullerene ion or fullerene molecule is 4 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester consists of repeating units (1). The optical film has a gas barrier layer and a transparent conductive layer, each laminated by at least one surface. Preferred Properties: The polyester has glass transition temperature of 250degreesC or more. The optical film has total light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Definitions:    X=6-20C bivalent hydrocarbon group containing aromatic ring chosen from structure of formula (3-7).    EXAMPLE - Polyester compound (P-1) (7.11) with weight average molecular weight of 100000 and glass transition temperature of 335degreesC was dissolved in dichloro methane and the resulting solution was filtered. The solution was flow-spread on a glass substrate, dried at room temperature for 2 hours, and heat dried at 80degreesC for 2 hours and 100degreesC for 4 hours, and the film was peeled from the substrate. The optical film with thickness of 87 microns was obtained. The optical film had total light transmittance of 87%, fracture stress of 96 MPa and fracture elongation of 52%.
Preferred Definitions:    A1,A2,D1,D2=optionally substituted amino group, carboxylic acid group, phosphonic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, hydroxyl group, hydroxamic acid group, boronic acid group or squaric acid.    EXAMPLE - Diphenylamine (in g) (4.8), 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzo thiadiazole (4.0), palladium acetate (100 mg), tris-tert-butyl phosphine (0.3), sodium-tert-butoxide (3.3) and dry toluene (100 ml) were heat-refluxed under dry nitrogen air flow for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled and insoluble contents were filtered. The obtained filtrate was poured into methanol was added and precipitated solid was filtered, and purple solid of 4,7-diphenyl amino-2,1,3-benzothiazole (3.3) was obtained, with a yield of 80 %. The obtained solid (1.3) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 ml), and lithium-hydride aluminum (0.2) was added and refluxed under nitrogen stream and cooled. The solution was poured into ice water, and precipitated solid was dissolved in toluene, filter-separated and recrystallized, to obtain a white solid of 3,6-diphenyl amino-o-phenylene diamine with a yield of 90 %. The obtained solid (1) and 4,4'-diethoxy carbonyl benzyl (1.63) were dissolved in ethanol, to obtain a red solid. The red solid was hydrolyzed in aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to obtain a sensitizing dye of formula (A). The photoelectric conversion cell using the obtained dye had conversion efficiency of 3.0 %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Installation Details: The refractory coating of the crucible is also sectorized. The base of the crucible comprises at least two superimposed plates in a refractory material. The installation also includes an inductive plasma torch directed towards the free surface of the silicon charge in the crucible. A metallic plate is placed under the refractory base plates. The preferred refractory material is silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Installation Details: The refractory coating of the crucible is also sectorized. The base of the crucible comprises at least two superimposed plates in a refractory material. The installation also includes an inductive plasma torch directed towards the free surface of the silicon charge in the crucible. A metallic plate is placed under the refractory base plates. The preferred refractory material is silica. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is an internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell. The integrated power production system further comprises a carbon dioxide separator receiving the anode exhaust gas from the anode section of the fuel cell for separating the carbon dioxide gas in the anode exhaust gas from the anode exhaust gas; an assembly for cooling and shifting the anode exhaust gas from the anode section of the fuel cell prior to the anode exhaust gas from the anode section of the fuel cell being received in the carbon dioxide separator; a sequestration assembly for sequestering carbon dioxide separated by the carbon dioxide separator; a recycling assembly for recycling anode exhaust gas to the anode section of the fuel cell after the carbon dioxide gas has been separated from the anode exhaust gas by the carbon dioxide separator; and a combustor for combusting with oxygen the anode exhaust gas after the carbon dioxide gas has been separated from the anode exhaust gas by the carbon dioxide separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The cooling sub-system further comprises a start-up coolant loop fluidly connected to and by-passing a section of, the standard coolant loop, where the start-up coolant loop comprises a start-up pump (270), and where the start-up coolant is directed through the fuel cell stack by the start-up coolant loop during start-up of the fuel cell stack and the standard coolant is directed through the fuel cell stack by the standard coolant loop when the temperature of either the fuel cell stack or the start-up coolant reaches a first predetermined temperature. The coolant volume in the start-up coolant loop is less than the coolant volume in the standard coolant loop.Preferred Parameters: The heat capacity of the start-up coolant is less than the heat capacity of the standard coolant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The start-up coolant comprises a first coolant fluid, and the standard coolant comprises a second coolant fluid. The first and second coolant fluids are liquids. The first coolant fluid is a fluorocarbon and the second coolant fluid is a mixture of water and a glycol. The glycol is ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The first coolant fluid is a gas or air and the second coolant fluid is a liquid or a mixture of water and a glycol. The start-up coolant comprises a mixture of a first coolant fluid and a second coolant fluid and the standard coolant comprises the second coolant fluid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first wall is electrically insulating. The substrate comprises a first electron-conducting region that allows electricity to pass through the substrate material, the first electron conducting region located in a second wall of each of the first troughs opposed to the first wall. At least one of the troughs is filled with an electrically conductive diffusion medium, which is in electrical contact with electrodes. The substrate constitutes a portion of a wall of the first plenum into which a first reactant may be introduced. It constitutes a portion of the wall separating a first plenum from a second plenum. The ion-conducting region is a proton conducting region. The substrate comprises a flexible dielectric circuit board material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically-conductive diffusion medium comprises conducting material(s) consisting of porous metals, porous carbon paper, porous carbon of other forms, electrically-conducting inks, and/or electrically-conducting powders. The diffusion media comprise porous Teflon, porous polymers, porous non-conductive media formed from inks, or porous non-conductive media formed from powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The acid solution is an aqueous solution containing fluoride ion, nitrate ion, nitrite ion, acetate ion, chloride ion, sulfate ion, sulfite ion and/or phosphate ion. The alkaline solution is an aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonate. Preferred Substrate: The semiconductor substrate is a polycrystalline silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The acid solution is an aqueous solution containing fluoride ion, nitrate ion, nitrite ion, acetate ion, chloride ion, sulfate ion, sulfite ion and/or phosphate ion. The alkaline solution is an aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and/or sodium carbonate. Preferred Substrate: The semiconductor substrate is a polycrystalline silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive jointing material and the oxygen electrode are made of perovskite-type oxide containing lanthanum, strontium, cobalt and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive jointing material and the oxygen electrode are made of perovskite-type oxide containing lanthanum, strontium, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coating amount of aluminum compound is 1-15 mol% of all metal ions in acicular iron oxide particles. The average long axis diameter of acicular iron oxide particle is 0.05-3 microns. The axial ratio (long axis diameter to short axis diameter) of the particle is 2-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The coating amount of aluminum compound is 1-15 mol% of all metal ions in acicular iron oxide particles. The average long axis diameter of acicular iron oxide particle is 0.05-3 microns. The axial ratio (long axis diameter to short axis diameter) of the particle is 2-20. EXAMPLE - Aluminum compound coated needle-like alpha-ferric oxide particles having average long axis diameter of 0.15 microns, axial ratio of 5.8 and BET specific surface area of 51.8 m2/g were prepared. The coating amount of aluminum compound on the ferric oxide particles was 3.6 mol%. The obtained particle was used for generating hydrogen by water splitting reaction. The amount of hydrogen produced was 3.7 wt.%. The amount of hydrogen produced after repeating the reaction for 3 times was 4 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen-containing gas is air which enriched pure oxygen or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus of carbon microparticles has high temperature heating apparatus which heats the other mixture at 3000 degrees C or more at supply port of reaction chamber (II) or complex-reaction chamber. Hydrogen gas produced by reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber is used as raw material of hydrogen fuel battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The complete-combustion reaction and partial combustion reaction is performed in separate or same reaction chamber interior. Partial combustion is performed using metal or alloy powder such as iron having particle size of 5 mm or less and cobalt other than mixture containing high temperature mixed gas, as a catalyst.Preferred Component: The carbon microparticles produced by reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber are carbon black or nano carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen-containing gas is air which enriched pure oxygen or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction chamber (II) is alternately a complex reaction chamber (4). The manufacturing apparatus further has a high temperature heating apparatus for heating mixture (M2) to 3000degreesC or more, provided at supply port of reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber. Preferred Method: The complete combustion reaction and incomplete combustion reaction are carried out in separate or same reaction chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen or air enriched with pure oxygen. Preferred Microparticles: The carbon microparticles produced by chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber is carbon black or nano carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction chamber (II) is alternately a complex reaction chamber (4). The manufacturing apparatus further has a high temperature heating apparatus for heating mixture (M2) to 3000degreesC or more, provided at supply port of reaction chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber. Preferred Method: The complete combustion reaction and incomplete combustion reaction are carried out in separate or same reaction chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas is oxygen or air enriched with pure oxygen. Preferred Microparticles: The carbon microparticles produced by chamber (II) or complex reaction chamber is carbon black or nano carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass, is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The space delimiting surfaces in the swelling, transporting and condensation zones are held at elevated temperature so that condensation of selenium on the surfaces is avoided. The space delimiting surfaces are made from a heat resistant only partially transparent material which is similar to glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The container is made of chloroethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polypropylene, acryl, polyethylene terephthalate, glass fiber reinforced plastic, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication network conforms to IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.1g and IEEE 802.11g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin is selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) resin, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) resin, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) resin, ionomer resin, polyester resin,urethane resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene resin, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cells are made up of gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains cyclic imino ester ultraviolet absorber. Easily bonding layer is laminated on both surfaces of the polyester film. The layer having ultraviolet ray absorptivity is a layer containing acrylic resin having benzophenone structure or benzotriazole structure in side chain. Preferred Properties: The layer with water vapor shielding property has film thickness of 50-500 nm and water vapor shieldability of 1 g/(m2.24 hour) or less and is formed from metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene terephthalate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62 was melt extruded and cooled. The obtained unstretched film was extended longitudinally 3.3 times at 100degreesC to obtain a base film. Oxazoline group-containing polymer (A) comprising methyl methacrylate (in mol%) (30), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (30), polyethylene oxide methacrylate (10) and acrylamide (30), terephthalic acid (80), isophthalic acid (15), 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid (5), silica particles, copolyester comprising ethylene glycol (60) and diethylene glycol (40) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, were mixed to obtain a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on both surfaces of the base film, and dried at 95degreesC. The obtained film was extended transversely 3.6 times at 110degreesC, to form easily bonding layer having thickness of 0.05 microns. UV-G101 (RTM: acrylic resin having benzotriazole structure) was applied on the surface of the obtained film, to form layer (P) having ultraviolet ray absorptivity. Silicon oxide film as layer with water vapor shielding property having thickness of 100 nm was formed on layer (P) so a surface protection film was obtained. The surface protection film had water vapor shieldability of 0.3 g/m2.24 hour, excellent ultraviolet ray shielding property and adhesion with ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Solar cell laminated component produced using the surface protection film had high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluid is air or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: At least one valve (18, 20) is disposed on the tubular body where a fluid may be selectively introduced into the inner chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The handles are made from nylon, and have a foam grip. The tubular body is made from heavy duty vinyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The detecting unit comprises at least one sensor selected from acceleration sensor, shock sensor, global positioning system sensor, bearing sensor, bend sensor, pressure sensor, image sensor, pyroelectric sensor, infrared sensor, electric charge sensor, distortion sensor, distance measurement sensor, tilt sensor, magnetic sensor, electric current sensor, electric capacitance sensor and electromagnetic induction sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: Each of the substrates comprises a flexible substrate. Each of the interconnects comprise a conductive pad on each side of each of the substrates and further comprises a via disposed through the substrate to electrically couple the respective conductive pads on each side of the substrates. It comprises a conductive strip configured to wrap around the edge of each of the substrates. Each of the substrates in the stack comprises edge portion(s) that extends beyond the edge portion of the immediately adjacent substrate, such that the edge portions form a step pattern. Each of the interconnects is formed in the edge portion of each of the substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wires are made of oxides of indium, tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet has ultraviolet ray or thermosetting resin in the outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lead consists of indium-doped tin oxide-coated glass or fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive dye is cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) -ruthenium(II)bis-tetrabutylammonium or (bis(2,2'-bipyridine)) (4,4'-(n-diethyl ester-2,2'-bipyridene)) ruthenium(PF6)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The selection agent (B) contains an inorganic substance chosen from metal oxide, gold and silver, as main component. The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of indium, tin, zinc, magnesium and/or antimony. The inorganic substances is in the form of ultra fine powder having particle size of 1 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The component (A1) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The resin composition (C) further contains a silane couple agent. Alternately, the sealing agent has a layer of resin composition (C), and a layer of a resin composition (D). The resin composition (D) does not contain selection agent (B), and contains ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its ionomer (A2) having melting point of 85degreesC or more and a silane coupling agent. The component (A2) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The ratio of resin composition (C/D) is 1/99-90/10. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) masterbatch containing tin doped indium oxide (10 wt.%), was prepared by mixing (in g) EMAA (3500), masterbatch of tin doped indium oxide (1500) and KBM503 (silane coupling agent) (5). The mixture was left for a whole day and night. The mixture was then molded into a film having thickness of 0.05 mm. Separately, EMAA (5000) and KBM503 (5), were mixed, left for a whole day and night, and molded into a film having thickness of 0.5 mm. The formed films were laminated with a green glass plate in between, and vacuum bonded at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. A solar cell sealing agent having transmittance of 88% at a wavelength of 650 nm and 4% at 2000 nm, was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hermetic envelope can be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of the coating is made of magnesium fluoride or aluminum oxide (maximum yield 3.2), silicon dioxide (maximum yield 3.2), or conductive white paint PSG 120 ED (maximum yield 2.85).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A phase difference between an overall electric charge on the front surface and an overall electric charge on the rear face is maintained at a minimum value or below a predetermined value such that the minimum value or the predetermined value is lower than a level at which an electrostatic discharge could be produced between the front face and the rear face. The coating is of emissive and conductive material or of a weak isolating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Biosensor: The specific binding substances and binding partners are detection label-free. The cross-section of the low refractive index one-dimensional grating layer is less than value corresponding to wavelength of the resonant grating effect. A narrow band of optical wavelengths is reflected from the biosensor when the biosensor is illuminated. The specific binding substances are arranged in an array. The specific binding substances are immobilized on the high refractive index material by physical adsorption or chemical binding. The distinct locations define a microarray spot of 10-500 microns in diameter. The specific binding substances or binding partners are selected from nucleic acids, polypeptides, antigens, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, F(ab) fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, Fv fragments, small organic molecules, cells, viruses, bacteria, polymers, peptide or protein solutions, chemical compound library solutions, single- stranded DNA solutions, double-stranded DNA solutions, RNA solutions and biological samples.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The high refractive index material layer comprises zinc sulfide, titanium dioxide, indium tin oxide, tantalum oxide or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The light receiving surface side of surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region at overhead of the wiring material. Alternately, the non-light receiving surface side of reverse surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region under the wiring material. The cutting direction is perpendicular with respect to electrical connection direction of the photovoltaic component. The wiring material is extension portion of electrode provided at the photovoltaic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is film of polyvinyl fluoride, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal wire is made from an alloy of metals such as silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The cutting is provided at vertical direction with respect to longitudinal direction of gap region. The cutting is formed longer than the width of transverse direction of gap region. The coating material has surface film arranged at light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, and reverse side film arranged at non-light receiving surface side of photovoltaic element, each adhered to photovoltaic element using a sealing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell uses silicon semiconductor such as crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, thin-film polycrystalline silicon, and compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: (a) is one or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic diisocyanate. EXAMPLE - A mixture of Desmophene (RTM) 2028 (1075 g), HDO (109 g), BDO (13.5 g), thermoplastic polyurethane (0.5 wt.%) and DBTL (60 ppm) was stirred at 130degreesC and HDI (271 g) was added. The reaction mixture was thermally treated at 80degreesC for 30 minutes and granulated and treated with silane to obtain thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light receiving sheet and back sheet consist of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The exercise system includes media player for playing MPEG encoded video program.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first electrode is a transparent conducting glass including a transparent conduction layer. The anti-ferromagnetic layer is a nickel oxide layer (142).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a P-N junction semiconductor, a nano-rod and polymer mixed layer, or a dye photoactivated layer. The second electrode is a magnetic layer. The applied magnetic field is provided by a hard magnetic layer which adjoins the second electrode or the first electrode. The ferro/anti-ferromagnetic exchange coupling layer is made of a ferromagnetic layer and an anti-ferromagnetic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The second electrode is iron, cobalt, nickel, or their alloys. The hard magnetic layer may be made of neodymium-iron-boron (Nd2Fe14B) or a transparent strong material. The ferromagnetic layer is a nickel layer (141).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The nano-rod and polymer mixed layer is a cadmium selenide (CdSe) nano-rod and poly-(3-hexylthiophene) mixed layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sensors for measuring body metric are connected to music player system through wireless link that conforms to IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polycarbonate layer is selected from the comprising polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyphenyl methacrylate, polydiallyl phthalate, polypentachlorophenyl methacrylate, poly-o-chlorostyrene, polyvinyl naphthalene and polyvinyl carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Features: The support element has a planar or profiled surface lying plane-parallel to the lower side or on the opposing lower side of the support plate. The support element is formed as a cooling body having channels for coolant and/or cooling ribs for circulating ambient air. The support element has a lateral projection interlocking with a support strut as part of a support construction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer is formed by carrying out vapor deposition coating of cyclic-olefin copolymer on a surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises triple junction amorphous silicon solar cell. It comprises roofing shingle including a solar cell active material deposited on a substrate. The rechargeable battery is a nickel metal hydride battery. A hydrogen fueled fuel cell (90) is in gaseous communication with the hydrogen distribution system and in electrical communication with the electricity distribution system. It comprises hydrogen electrode(s) including a hydrogen storage alloy providing for hydrogen storage capacity. The hydrogen fueled fuel cell is alkaline fuel cell, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, or solid oxide fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen distribution system comprises a hydrogen storage system in gaseous communication with the electrolyzer for receiving the stream of gaseous hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer and storing the stream of gaseous hydrogen in gaseous liquid or metal hydride form; and a hydrogen dispenser for dispensing the stored hydrogen from the hydrogen storage system to a hydrogen-consuming device and/or a hydrogen storage vessel. The hydrogen storage system comprises pressure containment vessel(s) at least partially filled with a hydrogen storage alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The concentric linear bearings comprise a pair of linear bearings having a movable sleeve fitted between the governor shaft and the yoke plate. The pair of linear bearings comprises a sleeve bearing that comprises the movable sleeve fitted over the generator shaft and a yoke plate bearing that comprises the yoke plate fitted over the movable sleeve. The sleeve bearing comprises sleeve bushings for slidingly supporting the sleeve on the generator shaft and the yoke plate bearing comprises yoke plate bushings for slidingly supporting the yoke plate on the sleeve. The ram air turbine (RAT) further comprises a bias spring for biasing the movable sleeve to a position on the generator shaft that permits the yoke plate to adjust the pitch of the turbine blades in a coarse position.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sleeve bushings and yoke plate bushings comprise a composite polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical or sub-critical atmosphere contains water or carbon dioxide as medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The super-critical or sub-critical atmosphere contains ethanol, methanol or acetic acid as medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The front cover component and reverse-side cover component are formed using same material, and have same thickness. The reverse-side cover component contains a resin material having white pigment. The resin material is polyethylene terephthalate. A shock absorbing material (7) is arranged between front-cover component and glass plate, and is formed using material same as that of filling component. The filling component contains a thermoreversible material cross-linked at temperature lower than melting point of polyethylene terephthalate. The solar cell module has a pair of photovoltaic cell, which are folded such that light receiving surface side are mutually connected. Both surfaces of filling component are corrugated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred materials: The matrix contains nanoparticles of Al, CrO3, MgO, Al2O3 or H3BO3. The filler contains nanoparticles of Al, Mg, Fe, Ni, Co, Ti or Zn or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent films adhered to the surface film of cover corresponding to the interconnectors, are selected from a group comprising fluoride polymer film, polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably fluoride polymer film. The reverse-side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contained in the surface film of the cover, is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is silicon (Si) type solar cell, gallium arsenide (GaAs) type solar cell, copper-indium-selenium (CuInSe2) type solar cell and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 type solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A pre-form material of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer contains the optically reflective granules of the back side filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive added to lead-containing dielectric and non lead-containing dielectric is tungsten, tantalum, niobium, iron, copper, magnesium, bismuth, yttrium, molybdenum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, silicon, tin, selenium, neodymium, thulium, hafnium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, ytterbium, lithium, scandium, barium, lanthanum/lantern, actinium, cerium, ruthenium, cobalt, palladium, silver, cadmium, boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, fluorine, tellurium and/or lutetium. The lead containing dielectric is PLZT, PZT, PMN, lead titanium oxide (PbTiO3), PbTiO3-La(Zn2/3Nb1/3), PbTiO3- Pb(Mb1/2W1/2)O3 or 0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3- 0.09PbTiO3. The non-lead containing dielectric is barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3), lithium niobium oxide (LiNbO3), potassium niobium oxide (KNbO3), sodium niobium oxide (NaNbO3), potassium sodium niobium oxide ((K,Na)NbO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), SbSI, RbZnBr4, GaP, La2S3, Gd2S3, D2S3, CuPs5Br, Bi12SiO20, Bi12GeO20, Bi12TiO20, silicon, HgS, (Ba, Ca)TiO3, CaBi4Ti4O15, Ba3TaGa3Si2O14, La3Ga5SiO14, Ca3Ga2Ge4O-14 and/or Sr3TaGa3Si2O14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support is transparent in the visible and/or in the infrared region. The holes are arranged in an equidistant manner on the support and/or on the solar cells. The solar cells are crystalline solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support is made from PMMA or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The support stand uses several telescoping legs. The fabric sling uses a full length cushion. The fabric foot stirrups are replaced by a foot booty. The frame is made without adjuster. Durable bungee cords may be substituted for springs. Several springs may be added to compensate for various users weight loads. An electric powered motor may be substituted for all passive suspension components to allow for gentle passive swinging or bouncing. The device uses two additional upper fabric arm member w/hand grips in lieu of support bar for use with optional alternate point suspension mechanism. The height of fabric swing and handles may be mechanically controlled by pulley device to eliminate need for webbing looped harness. A total of six handles and foot stirrups can be used in lieu of the use of pull up bar or looped webbing height adjuster.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fabric sling is made of rip-stop nylon. The frame is made of plastic. The fabric sling is made of cotton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred System: The panel includes an architectural pigmentation emissive to the actinic radiation. The system additionally comprises device to interconnect several frames on the surface, where each frame has a panel mounted in it; and device to combine energy from all panels for output to the power network.Preferred Apparatus: The frame additionally comprises complemental end portions on two opposing edges of the frame that are not the mounting portion, where the complemental end portions engage one another such that several frames are optionally placed adjacent one another in a particular orientation. The apparatus additionally comprises a glass outer sheet adjacent the panel opposite the frame; two layers of ethyl-vinyl acetate adjacent to and on either side of the panel; an aluminum heat sink adjacent to and between the ethyl-vinyl acetate layer and the frame; and wind loading clips mounted to the unit to mount the combined frame and panel to a surface of one of the frame and the wind loading clips dimensioned to receive a portion of another frame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The retainer is of acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: Metals excluding aluminum, which is baked in same atmosphere, are silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer of nafion includes carbon nanotubes. The substrate is plastic. The layer of nafion is formed by airbrushing a chloroform/single-walled carbon nanotube suspension onto a heated substrate. The substrate comprises a nafion substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A sensitizing dye, preferably ruthenium bipyridine group dye is adsorbed to semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hollow tube is made of aluminum, stainless steel or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The system includes an anti-skid surface on the rotation body made of aramid fibres.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Two pockets are formed in each blade.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer filler material comprises a urethane-based polymer or silicone-based polymer. It contains stiffeners.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler materials comprises polymers (preferably urethane polymers).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet is made of ethylene vinyl acetate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The temperature of each of the sections and their positions can be controlled independently. The plate may have the peripheral sections on the same level as the central section or they may be above or below it. The peripheral sections may be separate and screwed or glued to the central plate or they may be integral sections of a single heating plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive material of the porous portion is selected from the group containing (C), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tine oxide. The electrodes are made of platinum, palladium, carbon, compounds of indium-tin complex oxide and fluorine dope tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The module includes several transparent sealing resin parts, preferably ionomer parts. The surface which touches the charge-transport body comprises a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the first groove includes removing the second electrode using a laser beam (LB3). Preferred Components: An upper surface of the side end of the first electrode is exposed from the first photovoltaic conversion layer. The length of a portion of the first electrode that protrudes more laterally than the intermediate reflective layer is greater than the thickness of the first photovoltaic conversion layer, and the length of a portion of the intermediate reflective layer that protrudes more laterally than the side end of the second electrode is greater than the thickness of the second photovoltaic conversion layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The twisted wire of flat conductor comprises copper strand, aluminum strand, gold strand, silver strand and iron-nickel alloy strand.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The shield comprises a tape, a coating integral to the interconnect, a three-dimensional body that presses on the backsides of the first and second backside contact solar cells, and fills a gap between the first and second backside contact solar cells. The interconnect comprises a first strip of interconnect material electrically coupling a first contact point on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell to a first contact point on the backside of the second backside-contact solar cell; a single continuous interconnect having strain relief features; tabs extending from the body of the interconnect to electrically couple contact points on the backside of the first backside contact solar cell, to corresponding contact points on the backside of the second backside contact solar cell. The solar cell module comprises a first protection layer placed over front sides of first and second backside contact solar cells, the first protection layer being configured to allow solar energy to reach the front sides of the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a second protection layer over the first protection layer, and configured to protect from environmental elements, while allowing solar energy to reach the first and second backside-contact solar cells; a third protection layer placed over the interconnect; a back sheet on a side of the third protection layer away from the interconnect. The first and third protection layers comprise polyethylvinylacetate and the second protection layer comprises glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The planar grating layer and the lens abut each other. They are formed of the same material. The optical device includes a reflective layer disposed on an exposed side of the reflection face; and a detector array comprising the photo-detector. The lens comprises a cylindrical lens having a longitudinal axis parallel to a longitudinal axis of the grating elements. It comprises a spherical, elliptical, Fresnel lens, or binary optical element lens. The photo-detector comprises an infrared detector. The light source is a light emitting diode or a laser source.Preferred Parameter: The off-axis radiation forms an angle of 45-90 (preferably 55-85)degrees with the surface normal to the grating layer. The reflection face is disposed to reflect the off-axis radiation more than 90degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar grating layer is formed of zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, calcium fluoride, fused silica, sapphire, germanium, or gallium arsenide. The infrared detector is formed of indium antimonide, or mercury cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The planar grating layer is formed of zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, calcium fluoride, fused silica, sapphire, germanium, or gallium arsenide. The infrared detector is formed of indium antimonide, or mercury cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The planar grating layer is made of polycarbonate, acrylic, or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass, is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanotubes consist of boron nitride (BN), tungsten sulfide (WS2), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metals comprising the metal substrate have an electrical resistivity of not greater than 9 microohms-cm, and thermal conductivity of at least 90 W/m-K. Preferred Method: Producing of the composite includes cleaning the metal substrate (6); introducing the metal substrate into a furnace (9); heating the metal substrate; contacting the feedstock with the metal substrate to form the nanotubes; and optionally subjecting the metal substrate to air, oxygen or plasma to remove amorphous carbon. The furnace is a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace heated to 500-1200degreesC. Preferred Components: The metal substrate is a metal alloy. The metal substrate comprises metal(s) consisting of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), hafnium (Hf), iridium (Ir), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), osmium (Os), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), antimony (Sb), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock is a hydrocarbon feedstock. The nanotubes are carbon nanotubes. The feedstock comprises ethylene, methane, propane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethanol, benzene, toluene or xylene. The nanotubes are single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. They are perpendicularly oriented. They comprise a combination of carbon and inorganic nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The battery electrode optionally comprises a polymer binder. The polymer binder is poly(vinylidene fluoride) or its co-polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spring arrangement consists of a coil spring formed from one of the materials like stainless steel, high-carbon steel, ELGILOY and INCONEL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate and the mechanical protection layer are made from glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A mechanical protection layer (40) is disposed on the metallic layer, and coextensive with the substrate. The solar collection cell has a PIN or a NIP structure. Preferred Dimension: The metallic layer extends 0-4 mm beyond the cell perimeter edge toward the substrate perimeter edge. The metallic perimeter edge is recessed 5-15 mm from the substrate perimeter edge. The electrically insulating film has a thickness of 1-10 microns. The metallic layer has a thickness of 2 nm-2 microns (preferably 100 nm). The substrate having dimensions of 1100 mm by 1300 mm thus defining a substrate perimeter edge that is 4800 mm long, the metallic perimeter edge being recessed 5-15 mm inward from the substrate perimeter edge, and the cell perimeter edge being recessed 5-19 mm inward from the substrate perimeter edge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solar collection cell comprising a boron-doped zinc oxide transparent conductive layer. The metallic layer is an aluminum film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The mechanical protection layer comprises polymeric materials. The electrically insulating film being made from polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The container is made of chloroethylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polypropylene, acryl, polyethylene terephthalate, glass fiber reinforced plastic, polycarbonate, ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Device: The hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be supplied to a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type ceramic semiconductor is selected from the group containing sodium cobalt oxide, calcium cobalt oxide or lithium addition nickel oxide. The N-type ceramic semiconductor material is selected from the group containing lanthanum bismuth nickel oxide, strontium lead oxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin consists of polyamide-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyvinyl fluoride resin, polyethylene terephalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric cells are made up of gallium arsenide.
EXAMPLE - A clathrate compound of the invention was produced by arc melting barium (8 at.%), gallium (16 at.%), and germanium (28 at.%) to prepare alloy melt, casting the alloy melt into molds, allowing it to solidify, crushing the obtained alloy specimen into powder of particle size of 75 microns, and sintering the alloy specimen at 850degreesC and 40 MPa for 1 hour. The obtained sintered body was found to be homogenous in structure with no segregation observed. It exhibited superior thermoelectric property equal to that of the thermoelectric material of the conventional composition without the conventionally indispensable long heat treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxidizing Agent: An oxidizing agent (5) is further added to the molten silicon along with the slag. The oxidizing agent is a material comprising sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, their hydrates, magnesium hydrate and/or calcium hydrate as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal element or alkaline-earth metal used in the oxidizing agent, comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and/or barium. The oxidizing agent comprises sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, hydrates of the mentioned carbonates, magnesium hydrate and/or calcium hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidizing agent is alkali metal carbonate, hydrate of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal carbonate, alkaline-earth metal carbonate, hydrate of alkaline-earth metal carbonate and/or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycarbonate resin has chlorine content of 2 ppm or less. The protection sheet has at least two layers of layer containing polycarbonate resin, formed on both surfaces of the layer consisting of cyclic olefin (co)polymer. At least one surface of the outermost layer of the protection sheet is coated with ultraviolet curable resin and/or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nucleating agent is sorbitol group nucleating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin further contains polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The working fluid comprises at least one compound in which a portion or total methyl groups contained in compound are substituted with one or more halogen or halogen-containing substituent. Halogen is chosen from fluorine, chlorine, or bromine. The working fluid further comprises an additive chosen from fire-retardant agent, flow aid, corrosion inhibitor, lubricant, anti-freezing agent, anti-oxidant, process oil and their mixtures. The working fluid comprises an isoparaffin chosen from isododecane or 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, iso-eicosane or 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,10,10-nonamethylundecane, iso-hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane, iso-octane or 2,2,4 trimethylpentane, iso-nonane or 2,2,4,4 tetramethylpentane and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The non-transferred plasma arc torch has a coating disposed on the front electrode and rear electrode comprising a member from nickel, silver, platinum, and/or their alloys. The non-transferred plasma arc torch has a pivotably base. It is a 2-megawatt DC-powered torch. The coolant flow path extends serially along the outer surface of the rear electrode and through the annular passageway, and so that a fluid coolant may be circulated through the coolant flow path to remove directly heat from both the rear electrode and front electrode during operation of the torch. Preferred Composition: The non-transferred plasma arc torch has a coating disposed on the front electrode and rear electrode comprising 70% silver, 20% platinum, and 10% nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: Each of the substrates comprises a flexible substrate. Each of the interconnects comprise a conductive pad on each side of each of the substrates and further comprises a via disposed through the substrate to electrically couple the respective conductive pads on each side of the substrates. It comprises a conductive strip configured to wrap around the edge of each of the substrates. Each of the substrates in the stack comprises edge portion(s) that extends beyond the edge portion of the immediately adjacent substrate, such that the edge portions form a step pattern. Each of the interconnects is formed in the edge portion of each of the substrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of nickel and magnesium is 0.3 mol or less with respect to 1 mol of zinc. The molar ratio of nickel to magnesium is 0.1-10. The zinc-based complex oxide contains element having electro-donativity with respect to zinc oxide, especially rare earth element excluding lanthanum, and zirconium and/or tin (0.2 mol or less) with respect to 1 mol of zinc. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder (in g) (90.676) having average particle diameter of 2 microns and purity of 99.9%, nickel oxide (2.496) having purity of 99.9%, magnesium oxide (0.449) having purity of 99.9%, and cerium oxide (5.752) having purity of 99.9% were mixed. Aqueous solution of 10 wt.% aluminum nitrate enneahydrate was added and mixed. The resulting mixture was dried at 80degreesC for 5 hours and temporary baking of mixture was carried out at 500degreesC for 1 hour. The baked powder was ground and classified. The resulting powder was molded and heated from room temperature to 1480degreesC for 2 hours. The product was maintained for 7 hours and cooled to room temperature, and zinc-based complex oxide was manufactured with electrical conductivity of 565 S/cm, thermoelectric force of -1.047x10-4 V/K, thermal conductivity of 12.9 W/mK, hall mobility of 75.8 cm2/Vs and performance index of 4.81x10-5 l/K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wires are made of oxides of indium, tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reverse side filler layer contains white coloring compound comprising inorganic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The high density shrink-resistant aerogel consists of tetraethylorthosilicate, ethanol, nitric acid and titania powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The selection agent (B) contains an inorganic substance chosen from metal oxide, gold and silver, as main component. The metal oxide is chosen from oxides of indium, tin, zinc, magnesium and/or antimony. The inorganic substances is in the form of ultra fine powder having particle size of 1 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The component (A1) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The resin composition (C) further contains a silane couple agent. Alternately, the sealing agent has a layer of resin composition (C), and a layer of a resin composition (D). The resin composition (D) does not contain selection agent (B), and contains ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or its ionomer (A2) having melting point of 85degreesC or more and a silane coupling agent. The component (A2) is ionomer, or mixture of copolymer and ionomer of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid, and has average neutralization degree of 1-30%. The ratio of resin composition (C/D) is 1/99-90/10. The sealing agent is in the form of a sheet. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA) masterbatch containing tin doped indium oxide (10 wt.%), was prepared by mixing (in g) EMAA (3500), masterbatch of tin doped indium oxide (1500) and KBM503 (silane coupling agent) (5). The mixture was left for a whole day and night. The mixture was then molded into a film having thickness of 0.05 mm. Separately, EMAA (5000) and KBM503 (5), were mixed, left for a whole day and night, and molded into a film having thickness of 0.5 mm. The formed films were laminated with a green glass plate in between, and vacuum bonded at 150degreesC for 15 minutes. A solar cell sealing agent having transmittance of 88% at a wavelength of 650 nm and 4% at 2000 nm, was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hermetic envelope can be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: The ratio of strongest peak of the Heuslar phase or half Heuslar phase is greater than or equal to85%. The average particle diameter is 1-100 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photocatalyst is a semiconductor material, selected from oxygen-series, sulfur-series, gallium-series, and silicon-series photocatalysts. The semiconductor material is selected from from TiO2, ZnO, ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, CdSe, WO3, GaAs, and GaP,AgInZn7S9, (CuIn)0.15In0.3Zn1.4S2. The conductive carrier is selected from Cu, Ag, Au, Pt and indium tin oxides (ITO). The metal is selected from an ohmic contact metal and a metal with a low Schottky barrier. The reduction electrode is made of a material selected from Pt, Pd, Ru, Ni, NiO, and RuO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base material of flexible electrode is silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide or metal is gold, silver, aluminum, copper, nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of flexible electrode is polyamide, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylic or polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The light receiving surface side of surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region at overhead of the wiring material. Alternately, the non-light receiving surface side of reverse surface film crosses through the cuttings provided at the region under the wiring material. The cutting direction is perpendicular with respect to electrical connection direction of the photovoltaic component. The wiring material is extension portion of electrode provided at the photovoltaic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Films: The surface film is fluoride polymer film. The reverse side film is film of polyvinyl fluoride, nylon or polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Agent: The sealing agent is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The thermoelectric generator includes a low dimensional thermoelectric material. The low dimensional thermoelectric material is a zero-dimensional quantum dots thermoelectric material, one-dimensional nano wires thermoelectric material, two-dimensional quantum well thermoelectric material or superlattice structured thermoelectric material. The thermoelectric generator includes a thermoelectric material with a figure of merit ZT of 0.5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electrical power generation system comprises a conditioning circuitry configured to condition an input power to a desired output power; a sensing device (26) configured to receive power from the first and second capacitance portions and sense a parameter of a vehicle traveling along the rail; a processor (28) configured to receive communications from the sensing device; and a communication circuitry (30) that is coupled to the processor and configured to communicate with a remote location, where communication circuitry is configured to communicate with a field unit via a wireless or wired media.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The power generation device, first and second capacitance portions, and the biasing device are provided inside a hollow power tie (22) installed between a pair of rails. The power generation device is configured to generate power in response to a vehicle operating on the rail. It comprises a fluidically actuated generator, a piezoelectric device, a solar device, and a wind powered generator. The first and second electrical capacitance portions comprise capacitor plates. The first or second electrical capacitance portion has a dielectric material disposed on its surface. The biasing device comprises a compression spring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dielectric material comprises a polyimide dielectric film and an aluminum oxide dielectric film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The heat-conducting device comprises a heat pipe containing circulatory working fluid, and a heat-conducting plate interposed between the heat pipe and heat-generating device. A thermally conductive interface material (33) is interposed between the heat-generating device and the heat-conducting device. A secondary battery is electrically connected with and charged by the thermoelectric converter. A display screen (40) is electrically connected with and powered by the thermoelectric converter. The display screen is a thin-film transistor liquid crystal display. The thermoelectric converter is electrically connected to the circuit board and powers component(s) mounted on the circuit board. The thermoelectric converter comprises a circuit with two strips (363, 364) connected in series. Each of the two strips comprises a different kind of thermoelectric metal relative to one another. Corresponding ends of the two strips are coupled to the heat-conducting device. Each of the ends receives heat energy from the heat-conducting device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The nano-sized particles may be metallic nano material. At least one of the thermoelectric metals comprises bismuth-tellurium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working fluid contains nano-sized particles, e.g. carbon nanotubes or carbon nanocapsules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Module: The recess is formed by omitting several photovoltaic cells. Two to five cells are arranged to form a row running across the longitudinal axis of the support plate. The support plate is 3-15 m long and the sub-modules are 40-100 cm long.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diffusion prevention layer contains tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, platinum, gold, silver, ruthenium, copper, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, vanadium, chromium, aluminum, manganese, silicon, germanium, nickel, niobium, iridium, hafnium, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, zinc, tin, antimony, boron, carbon and/or nitrogen, layered complex oxide of cobalt and copper oxide, carbon, boron, sodium or calcium, aluminum nitride, uranium nitride, silicon nitride, cobalt antimonide or molybdenum disulfide. The heat-electricity direct conversion semiconductor substance in the heat-electricity direct conversion semiconductor apparatus contains titanium, zirconium, hafnium, nickel, tin, vanadium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum palladium or rare earth elements. The inert gas atmosphere contains nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton or xenon. The p-type and n-type semiconductor contain rare earth elements, actinoids, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, iron, rhodium, palladium, platinum, nickel, antimony, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin, manganese, zinc, boron, carbon, nitrogen, gallium, germanium, indium, vanadium, niobium, barium or manganese. The metal lid and the metal frame contain nickel alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, chromium, iron group alloy, or alloy containing cobalt, nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The composition preferably contains water containing aluminum silicate, water containing magnesium silicate, silicic acid anhydride, germanium oxide, tin oxide, boron oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide strontium oxide, barium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, antimony oxide, bismuth oxide and talc as metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A liquid phase composition contains alkali metal silicates, siloxane compound, silane compound and colloidal silica as a heat dissipating composition forming a radiative cooling body and a metal oxide. The filled layer is a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - A water detecting sensor is installed in the lower region of the pump chamber and generates a signal which triggers a visual and/or acoustic signal and/or allows the closing of inlet or outlet shut-off valves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The organic dye has absorption in the wavelength of 300-1200 nm.Preferred Composition: The total amount of acetylacetone indium and organometallic compound is preferably 5-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of acetylacetone indium and organic tin compound is 99/1-80/20. The organometallic compound is organic tin compound, preferably acetylacetone tin. The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propyl cellulose.Preferred Process: The coating liquid applied on the substrate, is baked by laser baking process. The coating is carried out by screen-stenciling or wire coating method. EXAMPLE - Acetylacetone indium (in g) (9.1), acetylacetone tin (0.9), p-tert-butyl phenol (34.96) and dibasic acid ester (52.44), were heated to 130degreesC with stirring for 90 minutes. Hydroxy propyl cellulose (2.6) was then added and dissolved to form a liquid (A). VALIFAST RED 3304 organic dye (in wt.pts) (1), dibasic acid ester (60) and p-tert-butyl phenol (40), were mixed to form an organic dye solution. The liquid (A) (4 g) and the organic dye solution (1 g) were mixed to form a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on a soda lime glass substrate, and dried at 120degreesC for 30 minutes to form a coating film. The organic dye had light transmittance of 64% and maximum absorption wavelength of 530 nm. The coating film was found to have surface resistance value of 5700 Omega/square units, visible ray transmittance of 98.3%, haze of 0.2%, and light transmittance of 100% at maximum adsorption wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The slurry is cleaned to remove particles of insoluble inorganic materials, and to remove any plastic, before the anaerobic digestion step. The gas stream is burnt to generate heat, which is used to dry the dewatered slurry. It is used as a fuel for a gas turbine to generate electricity. The hot exhaust gases are used to dry the dewatered slurry. The anaerobic digestion step is performed for not greater than 24 hours. The waste stream is obtained from municipal solid waste by classifying into different fractions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The energy conversion mechanism incorporates an electricity generator driven by an engine for which the biogas is the fuel.Preferred Function: The heat transfer mechanisms are provided to transfer heat from the energy conversion mechanism to the sludge that is caused to flow through the treatment duct. It maintains the sludge at 55-75degreesC.Preferred Equipment: The equipment further comprises a holding tank (24) for the sludge, a mechanism that circulates sludge from the holding tank through the treatment duct, and a support frame that supports all the components of the equipment as a treatment module.Preferred Condition: The equipment has a size that is convenient size for transport.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The first semiconductive material comprises a semiconductive material consisting of a single semiconductive material area contacting the respective second conductive material, two semiconductive material areas of the same type each contacting the respective second conductive material, or two semiconductive material areas of different types each contacting the respective second conductive material. The first semiconductive material is doped consisting of p-doping, n-doping, depletion, or no doping.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first semiconductive material is made from nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, silicon nanowires, nanomaterials, nanostructures, bismuth (Bi), boron (B), silicon (Si), silicon-on-insulator, germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), polonium, SiGe, Bi2Te3, or superlattice materials. At least one of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the third conductive material are made from nanotubes, carbon nanotubes, nanowires, silicon nanowires, nanomaterials, nanostructures, superlattice materials, aluminum, copper, tin, palladium, gold, silver, titanium, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, molybdenum, cadmium, mercury, hafnium, tantalum, gallium, indium, thallium, lead, bismuth, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the third conductive material are also made from flexible conductive materials, conductive plastics, or conductive polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred materials: The semiconductor is entirely or partly selected from antimonide, telluride excepting Bi2Te3, sulfide, selenide and/or semiconducting oxides. The semiconductor melting point is 600degreesC or more. It includes CoSb3 and/or Zn4Sb3. A semiconductor based on PbTe or Pb/Ge-tellurides is included. The barrier layer is nickel boride and/or nickel phosphide. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for the corresponding method of manufacture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electret: The electret comprises a high resistance oxide bearing material, the high resistance oxide being material comprising a silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electret: The electret comprises a high resistance polymer bearing material, the high resistance polymer material being a material called TeflonTrade Mark manufactured by Dupont.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The first heat recovery steam generator transfers heat from the first working fluid heated by the geothermal energy source to water flowing in the first heat recovery steam generator. The hydrogen production system includes a first heat exchanger to receive steam from the first heat recovery steam generator and to transfer heat from hydrogen and/or oxygen produced by the electrolyzer to the steam received from the first heat recovery steam generator; an electric heater to heat the steam generated by the first heat recovery steam generator and heated by the first heat exchanger; a second heat recovery system to transfer heat to a second working fluid using heat from the first working fluid heated by the geothermal energy source; a turbine coupled to an electrical generator and driven by the second working fluid; and a second heat exchanger to transfer heat from hydrogen and/or oxygen produced by the electrolyzer to the second working fluid prior to entering the turbine. The first heat exchanger transfers heat to the second heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The supercritical or sub-critical atmosphere contains water or carbon dioxide as medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The super-critical or sub-critical atmosphere contains ethanol, methanol or acetic acid as medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The front cover component and reverse-side cover component are formed using same material, and have same thickness. The reverse-side cover component contains a resin material having white pigment. The resin material is polyethylene terephthalate. A shock absorbing material (7) is arranged between front-cover component and glass plate, and is formed using material same as that of filling component. The filling component contains a thermoreversible material cross-linked at temperature lower than melting point of polyethylene terephthalate. The solar cell module has a pair of photovoltaic cell, which are folded such that light receiving surface side are mutually connected. Both surfaces of filling component are corrugated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes are made of conductive material such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The thin film thermoelectric module further comprises:(a) upper unit module substrates attached between the low temperature module substrate and the unit thermoelectric devices (20);(b) heat shielding material that is interposed between the upper unit module substrates attached to the low temperature module substrate;(c) lower unit module substrates attached between the high temperature module substrate and the unit thermoelectric devices;(d) heat shielding material that is interposed between the lower unit module substrates attached to the high temperature module substrate; and(e) upper unit module substrates and lower unit module substrates that are attached between the low temperature module substrate and the unit thermoelectric devices and between the high temperature module substrate and the unit thermoelectric devices, respectively.The unit module substrates attached to the low temperature module substrate have surfaces that are wider than surfaces of the unit module substrates attached to the unit thermoelectric devices. The unit thermoelectric devices comprise insulation materials on surfaces to which the upper unit module substrates are attached. Each thermoelectric device comprises upper substrate (21a), lower substrate (21b) disposed to face the upper substrate under the upper substrate, upper electrode (22a)attached to a lower surface of the upper substrate, lower electrode (22b) attached to a upper surface of the lower substrate, and thermoelectric material (23) between the upper and lower electrodes.Preferred Parameters: Each upper unit module substrate has a height of 1-2 mm. Each lower unit module substrate has a height of 1-2 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: Each upper unit module substrate is made of aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat shielding material is made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent films adhered to the surface film of cover corresponding to the interconnectors, are selected from a group comprising fluoride polymer film, polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably fluoride polymer film. The reverse-side film is polyvinyl fluoride film, nylon film and/or polyethylene terephthalate film.Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contained in the surface film of the cover, is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer resin, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer resin, ionomer resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal lid and metal frame are made of heat-resistant alloy such as iron group alloy selected from nickel or nickel base alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, iron group alloy containing cobalt or alloy containing copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion material consists of an oxide selected from a group containing zinc oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, manganese oxide. The intermediate conductive material consists of an oxide selected from a group containing zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, bismuth oxide, yttrium oxide, samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide, calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The support is transparent in the visible and/or in the infrared region. The holes are arranged in an equidistant manner on the support and/or on the solar cells. The solar cells are crystalline solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support is made from PMMA or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred System: The panel includes an architectural pigmentation emissive to the actinic radiation. The system additionally comprises device to interconnect several frames on the surface, where each frame has a panel mounted in it; and device to combine energy from all panels for output to the power network.Preferred Apparatus: The frame additionally comprises complemental end portions on two opposing edges of the frame that are not the mounting portion, where the complemental end portions engage one another such that several frames are optionally placed adjacent one another in a particular orientation. The apparatus additionally comprises a glass outer sheet adjacent the panel opposite the frame; two layers of ethyl-vinyl acetate adjacent to and on either side of the panel; an aluminum heat sink adjacent to and between the ethyl-vinyl acetate layer and the frame; and wind loading clips mounted to the unit to mount the combined frame and panel to a surface of one of the frame and the wind loading clips dimensioned to receive a portion of another frame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The battery charger is a lithium polymer battery charger connected to a number of lithium polymer batteries arranged is series. The fuel control device comprises a fuel control valve (16) or a vaporizer/pump connected between the source of fuel and the microcombustor. The thermoelectric module has a first heat spreader (40) mounted in thermal communication with the microcombustor, and a second heat spreader (42) spaced from the first heat spreader.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of fuel contains hydrocarbon fuel in vapor form at ambient temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: Each of the first and second heat spreaders is formed of aluminum silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel control device comprises a fuel control valve connected between the source of fuel and the microcombustor; vaporizer/pump connected between the source of fuel and the micro-combustor. The fuel control valve is operative to provide a constant or pulsed flow of fuel to the micro-combustor.The micro-combustor includes a combustion chamber (32) and an igniter (34) for initiating combustion of fuel within the combustor chamber, the micro-controller controlling the operation of the igniter. The generator system includes an ultracapacitor coupled to the micro-controller, and supplying electrical energy to the micro-controller. The thermoelectric module includes a first heat spreader mounted to the micro-combustor, a second heat spreader spaced from the first heat spreader, and a series of quantum well thermoelectric panels oriented parallel to one another and connected between the first and second heat spreaders.Preferred Parameter: The temperature differential between the first and second heat spreaders is on the order of 200degreesC, during operation of the micro-combustor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photoelectric converting layer includes electron-donating material comprising derivative of polyphenylene-vinylene and polythiophene, and electron-accepting material comprising polyphenylene-vinylene derivative with cyano group in C60 or a side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: An alkali metal and gallium-germanium alloy are melted within a reaction container, to obtain clathrate compound (claimed). Preferred Compound: The clathrate compound is a composition of formula (2): A8B8-yGazGe46-z,y=greater than 0 and less than 8;z=14-y to 18-y;A=alkali metal;andB=alkaline earth metal.Preferred Method: Annealing treatment is performed after melting alkali metal and gallium-germanium alloy within the reaction container. The reaction container is made from niobium. Alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and gallium-germanium alloy are melted within the reaction container, followed by annealing treatment. EXAMPLE - Potassium of preset amount currently stored in kerosene, was ultrasonically cleaned in n-hexane. Potassium and gallium-germanium alloy (Ga8Ge38) were prepared so that the molar ratio of potassium, gallium and germanium was 8:8:38. The resulting mixture was put into a niobium crucible, which was put into a graphite container. The resulting container was put into a quartz tube and heated in 5% hydrogen/argon flow within an electric furnace and cooled. The niobium crucible was opened in the glow box, ground, sintered with plasma, and thermoelectric element was obtained. The thermoelectric element contained composition of K8Ga8Ge38, and had favorable thermoelectric characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanocatalyst particles comprise platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, copper, zinc, iron-palladium, nickel and/or manganese. The support is selected from glass, quartz, silicon, ceramics, alumina, zeolites, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, chromic oxide, lanthanum oxide, zinc oxide, ruthenium/ceric oxide and/or rhodium/alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is selected from a hydrocarbon-based fuel such as natural gas, methane and propane, an alcohol such as ethanol and methanol, hydrogen gas and/or carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: (3) and (4) produce electricity by (a) driving a Rankine cycle turbine, coupled to an alternator; (b) driving a Stirling motor, coupled to an alternator or (c) a thermoelectric process. The system may include an electrolytic unit for generating hydrogen from water. The heat-transfer fluid in (1)-(4) is particularly water, optionally containing an antifreeze. The solar captors may also function as dissipators and then consist of transparent, plastic external envelopes that are inflated during the day, to provide a greenhouse effect, and deflated during the night, so that there is no longer a greenhouse effect, and then they function as dissipators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The complex oxide has Seebeck coefficient of 60 microvolts/A or more, at 273 K and under decomposition temperature, electrical resistivity of 20 or less mOmegacm or less, at 273 K and under decomposition temperature and heat conductivity of 10 W/mK or less, at 273 K and under decomposition temperature. Preferred Composition: The complex oxide is a composite containing complex oxide and silver metal microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The low temperature side substrate consists of ceramic, beryllia, silica, ceramic, zirconia, aluminum nitride or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal lid consists of heat-resistant alloy selected from the group consisting of nickel or nickel alloy, carbon steel, stainless steel, iron alloy and cobalt and copper alloy. The metal frame consists of copper, silver, aluminum, tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The sheet is made of ethylene vinyl acetate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The thermoelectric element has a thermoelectromotive force of greater than or equal to60 muv/K and an electrical resistance of less than or equal to200 mOmega throughout the temperature of 293-1073degreesK (absolute temperature).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The temperature of each of the sections and their positions can be controlled independently. The plate may have the peripheral sections on the same level as the central section or they may be above or below it. The peripheral sections may be separate and screwed or glued to the central plate or they may be integral sections of a single heating plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: Air in the space is replaced by a gas different from air before the bending is undone. The gas used to replace air is an inert gas, preferably a noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The filler layer contains a silane modified resin obtained by polymerizing ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerization polyethylene, and addition polyethylene. The polymerization and addition polyethylene is low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, and/or linear low density polyethylene. The filler does not contain silanol condensed catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The heat transport fluid comprises carbon, silicon, sulfur or compounds thereof. The heat transport fluid is heated to 500-1000degreesC by microwave, laser, electrical or inductive heating upstream of the electrolyzer. Hydrogen and/or oxygen produced in the electrolyzer are passed to a fuel cell, especially a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Water and/or reaction products from the fuel cell are reinjected into the earth through an injection well.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of forming the first groove includes removing the second electrode using a laser beam (LB3). Preferred Components: An upper surface of the side end of the first electrode is exposed from the first photovoltaic conversion layer. The length of a portion of the first electrode that protrudes more laterally than the intermediate reflective layer is greater than the thickness of the first photovoltaic conversion layer, and the length of a portion of the intermediate reflective layer that protrudes more laterally than the side end of the second electrode is greater than the thickness of the second photovoltaic conversion layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first photovoltaic conversion layer includes amorphous silicon, and the second photovoltaic conversion layer includes crystalline silicon. The first electrode and the intermediate reflective layer include a transparent conductive oxide. The second electrode includes a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The inner layer of the end face sealing unit is made from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent cover glass contains oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal. The transparent wire glass has wire consisting of metal, ceramics, carbon fiber or glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The curvature of the tempered glass is measured according to JISR3206 specification. The surface compressive stress of plate glass, is measured according to JISR3222 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer used in formation of lead storage battery electrode contains polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and carboxy methyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode mix layer contains 0.5-1.8 mass% of carbon material as electronic-conduction adjuvant. The cell contains non-aqueous electrolyte containing fluorine-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The stop ring press-contacting the coupling, is formed of aluminum, copper or superplastic stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The odorization agent contains isoprene dimer(s) of formulae (V-VIII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The compressed graphite is electrically conducting and has a thickness of 152-508 microns. The compressed graphite is resistant to temperatures of -240 to +3000degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The component for creating a radiation pattern comprises masks (14), diffractive optical structures, and/or refractive optical structures. The mask comprises phase masks and/or amplitude masks. The template further comprises a gap distance (18) between the surfaces having a size to create a desired pattern and structure of a shaped structure fabricated using the template.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen storage property metals are Pd group metal and Au group metal, or Pt group metal. The metal oxide semiconductor is made of TiO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound contained in the electrolytic solution comprises ferrocene, polypyridine complex, benzenoid compound, biphenyl type-compound and naphthalene type-compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The highly purified anhydrous aluminum chloride has purity of 99.999 wt.% or more as determined by subtracting the total content of impurities. Preferred Composition: The highly purified anhydrous aluminum chloride is produced using a molten salt bath of sodium chloride. A metal reducing agent is added to the molten salt bath. The metal reducing agent is metal aluminum or metal magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The olivine-type lithium manganese phosphate is of formula: LiM1xMn1-xPO4, where M1 is metal element(s) chosen from lithium, iron, nickel, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, boron, vanadium, silicon, tin, niobium, tantalum, copper, molybdenum and tungsten, and x is 0-0.5. The spinel-type lithium manganate is of formula: LiM2xMn2-xO4, where M2 is metal element(s) chosen from lithium, iron, nickel, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, boron, vanadium, silicon, tin, niobium, tantalum, copper, molybdenum, titanium and tungsten, and x is 0-0.5. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolytic secondary cell contains a non-aqueous solvent containing an electrolyte. The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro borate and lithium perchlorate. The cathode active material of the cathode of secondary cell, is a highly graphitized carbon material or hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The primary fluid and secondary fluid are fused salt or helium gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle sizes of oxide particles in the coating layer (21) are 1/2-1/4 times the mean pore diameter of the porous base material (10), preferably 600-1000 nm. The particle sizes of oxide particles in the coat layer (22) are 1/25-1/65 times the mean pore diameter of the porous base material, preferably 30-80 nm. The particle size of the oxide particles in the layers is larger than the oxide particles in the coat layer, preferably 100-1000 nm.Preferred Composition: The oxide particles in the coating and coat layers comprise cerium oxide, zirconia, alumina, titania, silica, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide and/or niobium oxide, preferably silica. The oxide particles comprise theta-alumina or delta-alumina. The catalyst component (30) contains metal(s) covered on portion(s) a base element which is simple substance microparticles or two or more types of compound microparticles with a primary particle diameter of nanometer range. The base element comprises metal oxide, metal carbide and carbon material. The metal oxide comprises oxides of cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, tungsten, strontium and/or nickel, or their compounds. The metal carbide comprises silicon carbide or its compound.Preferred Component: The porous base material is cordierite. The carbon material is graphite. The metal(s) covered on the base element surface is/are ultrafine particles having a particle size of less than 50 nm and a coating layer comprising 1-30 atomic layers, and has a purity of 99% or more. The metal(s) contained in the catalyst component is/are platinum, rhodium, palladium, silver and/or rhenium, and their oxides or compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Monomer unit (C) is a monomer unit (C1) partially cross-linked in the polymer by polyfunctional radically polymerizable monomer, and monomer unit (C2) containing radically polymerizable monomer having hydrocarbon group slightly soluble with respect to mixed solvent. Monomer unit (C1) has polyfunctional radically polymerizable monomer of formula: (CH2=C(R1)-COO)2-4-(X). Monomer unit (C2) has radically polymerizable monomer of formula: CH2=C(R2)-COOR3.R1,R2=-H or -CH3;X=residue of hydroxyl group compound;andR3=8C or more alkyl, 8C or more alicyclic alkyl and/or alkylated alicyclic alkyl group.Monomer unit (A) comprises radically polymerizable monomer having oxetanyl group, and/or radically polymerizable monomer having alicyclic epoxy group. The radically polymerizable monomer having alicyclic epoxy group is 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl methacrylate or 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methylacrylate of formula (3). The radically polymerizable monomer having oxetanyl group is oxetane acrylate or oxetane methacrylate of formula (4). Monomer unit (B) comprises monomer chosen from methacryl ester monomer, acryl ester monomer of formula (5): CH2=C(R7)-COOR8, and vinyl ester monomer of formula (6): CH2=CH-OCOR9.R4,R5,R7=same as R2;R6=1-6C alkyl;R8=1-6C alkyl, -(CH2CH2O)1-3CH3, -(CH2CH2O)1-3C2H5, -(CH2CH(CH3)O)1-3CH3 or -(CH2CH(CH3)O)1-3C2H5;andR9=-CH3, -C2H5 or -C3H7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Alternately, the polymer is obtained by carrying out radical emulsion polymerization or radical suspension polymerization of monomer mixture containing monomer units (A,B and D). Portion(s) of monomer unit (A) is obtained by carrying out radical polymerization of radically polymerizable monomer having alicyclic epoxy group. The amount of polymer is 1-6 wt.% with respect to anode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The positive electrode active material having component selected from titanium sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, iron sulfide, copper sulfide, sulfide nickel, lithium-sulfide titanium, lithium-sulfide molybdenum, bismuth oxide, vanadium oxide and lithium-oxide vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyaryl ketone resin is polyether ether ketone. The fluororesin is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and/or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer. The fluororesin is in the form of a micro powder having average particle diameter of 0.1-15 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The clamping ring is made of copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The clamping ring is made of steel and brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reformer is an on-board reformer. The oxygen storage device is disposed in fluid communication with an oxygen source (preferably exhaust gas recycle and/or atmospheric air).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process comprises a fuel reforming process of fuel cell-powered vehicles applications, a fuel reforming process of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, a hydrogen station process, or a petrochemical process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Copper is supported from 0-10 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Nickel is supported from 20-70 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Platinum is supported from 0.2-1 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Copper is supported from 0-10 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Nickel is supported from 20-70 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support. Platinum is supported from 0.2-1 wt.% based on the weight of the ceria support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-rich gases is a syngas obtained from reforming of a liquid fuel, e.g. naphtha, gasoline and diesel; a gaseous fuel, e.g. liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methane, ethane, propane and butane; or a solid fuel. EXAMPLE - A 0.5 g catalyst (5 wt.% platinum/cerium oxide) was charged in the catalyst layer of a fixed bed reactor. Reduction was performed for 1 hour at 500degreesC while flowing an argon mixture gas containing hydrogen of 5% at a rate of 40 cc/min. Water gas shift reaction was performed at 300degreesC. Carbon monoxide conversion was 90.4%. Moisture included in the reaction product was removed using the water trap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The hard magnetic particles consist of ferric oxide particles such as MeO.Fe2O3 or MeO.6Fe2O3, where Me is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, magnesium, zinc, lithium, cadmium, barium, strontium or lanthanum, epsilon-ferric oxide particles, manganese-bismuth particles, rare-earth element-iron-boron-type particles, rare-earth element-cobalt-type particles, rare-earth element-iron-nitrogen-type particles or cobalt-nickel spinel-ferrite particles, where rare-earth element is neodymium or samarium. The soft magnetic particles consist of metals containing iron, nickel and/or cobalt, nickel-zinc ferrite, manganese-zinc ferrite, magnesium-manganese ferrite and/or copper-zinc ferrite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The halogenated organic compound is halogenated monocarboxylic acid ester of formula: CmH2m+1-sXsCOOCnH2n+1, where X is halogen atom, and m, n and s are integer greater than 0. The polymerizable monomer is vinyl monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition contains piperidine or its derivative(s), and a phenolic compound in the molar ratio of 1:1 in a base chosen from water, alcohol, glycols and/or glycol ethers. 0.001-20 wt.pts of piperidine or its derivative(s) is contained with respect to 100 wt.pts of the base. Preferred Definitions:    hydrocarbon group = saturated fat group hydrocarbon, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, alicyclic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon;and    heteroatom of heterocyclic group = oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and/or phosphorus, preferably nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heteroatom in amino alcohols or aminophenols is nitrogen. The number of nitrogen atom in amino alcohol or aminophenol is 1-3. The carbon number of atom group bonded with nitrogen atom of amino alcohol or aminophenol is 20 or less. The atom group bonded with nitrogen atom of amino alcohols or aminophenol is (un)saturated chain hydrocarbon, preferably cyclic hydrocarbon. The amino alcohol or aminophenol is contained in a base which consists of water, alcohol, glycols and/or glycol ethers. The coolant composition contains amino alcohol or aminophenol (0.001-20 wt.pts), with respect to the base (100 wt.pts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The mechanical charge battery contains aqueous solution-type electrolyte liquid (8), and polypyrrole-type thin film containing conductive polymer, as separator (5), and cathode substance as cathode (7).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The activated carbon fibrous structure is further adhered with electron donor material (6), electron accepting material (4) and electron carrier material (2). The electron carrier material is carbon black, phthalocyanine and zeolite compound. The zeolite is subjected to cation exchange treatment using sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, ammonium salt, silver, copper and/or aluminum. The catalyst function is provided to zeolite using molybdenum, copper, and nickel. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid contains silicon, manganese oxide, alumina, zeolite and/or phthalocyanine as electrolyte, and platinum, barium, vanadium, lithium, tungsten and/or molybdenum as oxidation-reduction activator, kaolin, organic polymer and inorganic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of desulfurizing agent in later-stage desulfurizer with respect to desulfurizing agent in front-stage desulfurizer is 0.2-2. The sulfur-content absorption amount per 1 kW of fuel cell outputs in front-stage desulfurizer is 2 g or more and in later-stage desulfurizer is 0.5 g or more. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent is capable of adsorbing carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, sulfide and disulfide. The desulfurizing agent contains zeolite, and metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide. The zeolite has faujasite structure and/or beta-structure. The desulfurizing agent containing zeolite, contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, iron component, manganese component, cobalt component, alkali-metal component, alkaline earth metal and rare-earth metal component, with zeolite. Similarly, the desulfurizing agent containing metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide, contains metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, iron component, manganese component, cobalt component, alkali-metal component, aluminum component, silicon component, alkaline earth metal and rare-earth metal component, with metallic element, metal oxide and/or metal component-supported oxide. Preferred Process: The modification is steam modification, partial-oxidation modification, or auto thermal modification. Catalyst used for modification is ruthenium-type catalyst or nickel-type catalyst. The support component of the catalyst used for modification contains manganese oxide, cerium oxide and/or zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The powder-form hydrogen storage material consists of carbon. Preferred Membrane: The selective transmissive membrane has a catalyst layer containing platinum, rhodium and/or their alloys on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The hydrophilic cross-linked polymer sheet consists of hydrophilic cross-linked polymer which essentially consists of a polymer having a polyoxyalkylene ether group in a side chain. The hydrophilic cross-linked polymer sheet is formed using a sheet which consists of carbon fiber as a base fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen diffusion material is selected from titanium-manganese alloy, titanium-chromium alloy, titanium-iron alloy, titanium, vanadium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon number of cyclic atomic arrangement of compound is 3-35. The compound is contained in a base which consists of mixture of water, alcohol, glycol and/or glycol ether. The content of compound is 0.01-20 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of base. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The coolant is specifically claimed as oxazolone, pyrazolone, jasmone, benzoquinone, pyrone, (gamma)-pyridone, uracil, tropone, tropolone, chromone, naphthoquinone, oxindole, phthalide, xanthrone, anthrone, anthraquinone, alizarin, acridone, and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: Alternately, the sulfonated aromatic polyimide has structural unit of formula (1) an structural unit of formula (18) in ratio of 10-90 to 90-10.Ar=same as defined above;andAr2=bivalent aromatic group does not having sulfonic acid group.2-30% of Ar2 is substituted by trivalent aromatic group, and a cross-linked structure is formed. Preferred Definitions:    X=group of formulae (e, f or 17), preferably polyphenylene oxide chain or polyphenylene sulfide chain substituted by sulfonic acid group;    Y=sulfonic acid group chosen from 14 groups, such as groups of formulae (3-5);    n=1-2;    p=0 or 1;    A=-O-, -S-, -SO2-, -CO-, -CH2-, -CF2- or -C(CF3)2-;and    m=1-10.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-(4-amino phenoxy)-2-(3-sulfobenzoyl)phenyl)sulfone (in g) (3.203) and triethyl amine (1.6 ml) were dissolved in m-cresol (16 ml). 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (1.072) and benzoic acid (0.68) were added, and stirred at 180degreesC for 4 hours and 80degreesC for 20 hours. The mixture was cooled, and m-cresol (10 ml) was added. The polymerized reaction liquid was added to excess amount of acetone. The precipitated solid was separated, washed and dried to produce a product having viscosity of 2.5 dl/g. The obtained product was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and applied on a glass plate. The coating was dried at 80degreesC for 10 hours to produce a sulfonated polyimide film. The film was immersed into sulfuric acid solution for 2 days, and proton exchange was carried out. The film was water-washed and vacuum-dried at 150degreesC for 10 hours to produce proton-type sulfonated polyimide film. The film had methanol permeability coefficient of 1.7x10-6 cm2/second, proton conductivity of 0.007 S/cm at 50% relative humidity, and favorable water resistance and water absorption property.
Preferred Definitions:    X=BF4, PF6, CF3SO3, N(CF3SO2)2, N(C2F5SO2)2, N(CF3SO2)(C4F9 SO2), C(CF3SO2)3 or C(C2F5SO2)3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: Metal (B) is aluminum (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide included in solid polymer electrolyte is selected from any one of silicon dioxide (SiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and aluminum trioxide (Al2O3). The metal oxide included in solid polymer electrolyte is selected from any one of manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, chromium oxide, cobalt oxide, iridium oxide, nickel oxide and lead oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The dehydrogenation catalyst is activated carbon which carried metallic element. The metallic element is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, potassium and/or barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydride: A hydride is chosen from cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl decalin, di-cyclohexyl, tetra-deca hydroanthracene, ammonia, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filter contains nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonia, amine, imides, amide and urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate product includes formaldehyde, formic acid and methyl formate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of methanol and organic compound in the liquid mixture or 0.1-99.5 wt.% and 0.01-20 wt.%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Form aldoxime trimer (in g) (0.2) having molecular weight of 135 was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml). Then, metallic sodium (0.1) having molecular weight of 23 was added and hydrogen gas was generated. Further, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (0.25) having molecular weight of 177 was added and stirred for 2 hours. The precipitate was produced by adding acetone (30 ml), after completion of reaction. The precipitate was collected, centrifuged for 20 minutes and deposit was cleaned. The solid-state compound obtained was air-dried and compound of formula (A) (antifoamer) was obtained. The compound of formula (A) (0.03 wt.pts) was dissolved in liquid mixture containing methanol (10) and water (89.97) and fuel was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mirror is made of material e.g. magnesium (Mg)-nickel (Ni) alloy, compound containing Mg and Ni, or compound containing lanthanum (La) and yttrium (Y).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The olivine-type lithium phosphate (LiMPO4) where M consists of cobalt, nickel, manganese and ferrous. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide consists of nickel, manganese, cobalt, boron, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, chromium, vanadium, ferrous, copper, zinc, niobium and zirconium. The carbon material conductive agent consists of acetylene black and fibrous carbon. The non-aqueous electrolyte is a solvent consisting ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-transition metal oxide is lithium-cobalt composite oxide, lithium-nickel composite oxide or lithium-manganese composite oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and/or gamma-butyrolactone as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, stannic oxide, tantalum pent-oxide, niobium pent-oxide, molybdenum dioxide, iridium dioxide, ruthenium dioxide, metastable oxynitride, nonstoichiometric metal oxide and oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide layer comprises at least one of SiO2, HfO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, SnO2, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, MOO2, IrO2, RuO2, metastable oxynitrides, nonstoichiometeric metal oxides, oxynitrides and their mixtures. The plate material is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and a polymer-composite based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The magnetic powder comprises, e.g., Si 3.0 to 6.0 weight %, Nb 2.0 to 4.0 weight %, O 0 to 1.5 weight% (0 is excluded), at least one of Mn, V and Al, and Cr 0.1 to 1.0 weight%, and Fe the remainder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrophilic carbon is obtained by performing heat-oxidation of carbon in mixed solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electroconductive substance is carbon, silver, gold, platinum, titanium, vanadium, tin, niobium, zirconium, molybdenum, lead, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: A solid state filler used for manufacture of electrode is lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive filler includes artificial graphite in a proportion of less than or equal to100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the expanded graphite. The carbon fibers is present at 5-10 wt. %.Preferred Properties: The artificial graphite has an average particle diameter of less than or equal to75% of the thickness of the thinnest part of the separator for fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises an epoxy resin, a polyimide resin, and/or a functional-group-containing acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber. The binder is present at less than or equal to50 parts by weight of a functional- group-containing acrylonitrile/butadiene rubber per 100 parts by weight of an epoxy resin or 20-40 wt. %. The conductive filler is present at 50-70 wt. %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface layer portion of separator main portion is formed using an amorphous metal containing tantalum as composition metallic element. The amorphous metal contains nickel, tantalum, niobium, titanium, and/or zirconium as composition metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst component is at least one type chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold, silver, iron, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, indium, tantalum, tin, copper, antimony, magnesium, nickel, cobalt and manganese; preferably platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold and silver; or combination of at least one type chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold and silver, and at least one type chosen from iron, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, indium, tantalum, tin, copper, antimony, magnesium, nickel, cobalt and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon filler is natural or artificial graphite, expanded, exfoliated, flake graphite, carbon black, carbon fibers, and/or coke.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The device to produce a mechanochemically activated mixture of the carbon-polymer brittle sticks and additional carbon filler is a high energy grinder. It can be high energy grinder such as planetary, jet and knife mills, disintegrators, mixing rolls and rotary ball mills.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of combining the carbon-polymer brittle sticks with additional carbon filler is performed to create a mixture containing 70-90% carbon.Preferred Component: The polymer binder is a granulated thermoplastic polymer. It can be polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate. EXAMPLE - 400 gram Natural graphite powder and 400 gram polypropylene granules were mixed in a screw extruder at a temperature close to the melting point of binder and carbon-polymer sticks were obtained by extrusion. 600 gram natural graphite powder was combined with the sticks. The obtained mass was inserted into a high-energy grinder and subjected to milling for 30 minutes at a rotor speed of 8000 revolutions per minute. The obtained mechanically activated powdered mixture was removed from the grinder and filled into a mold which was heated to 180-190degreesC, and the mass was hot pressed for 5 minutes at a constant pressure of 240-260 kg/cm2. After cooling the mold to room temperature and decompressing, the plate-like article was removed from the mold. After decreasing the binder amount of composite material by up to 28.6% by mass in the preceding proposed method, the articles produced possessed high mechanical strength electrical and thermal conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The water gas shift reactor comprises a pair of water gas shift reactors downstream.The second water gas shift reactor includes a second air inlet (26) attached to a device for supplying air to the second water gas shift reactor.A second water vaporizer for supplying water vapor upstream of the second water gas shift reactor.A fuel reformer (38) includes a third air inlet (44) and a vaporized fuel.A third water vaporizer supplies water vapor upstream of the fuel reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Hexaaluminate is calcium hexaaluminate. EXAMPLE - Basic aluminum chloride aqueous solution (in mass parts) (1922) having molar ratio of aluminum and chlorine of 1.95, alumina concentration of 22.3%, calcium chloride (85) and nickel chloride hexahydrate (91) were mixed, and baked, such that composition of the resulting product was CaAl11Ni0.5O18. PVA220 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol as spinning adjuvant) was added to the resulting product, and spinning stock solution was prepared. The obtained stock solution had solid content of 30 mass%, spinning adjuvant concentration of 8 mass% and viscosity of 2000 mPa.second. The spinning stock solution was processed and dried at 300degreesC to obtain precursor fiber. The obtained precursor fiber was dried at 150degreesC for 1 hour, subjected to desalination process at 700degreesC for 1 hour, heated to 1000-1400degreesC, and maintained at 1400degreesC for 1 hour to obtain catalyst support.    The obtained catalyst support had Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 9 m2/g, without generation of defect and grain growth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The wear-resistant material is titanium nitride, titanium cyanide, titanium-aluminum nitride, chromium nitride, aluminum nitride, zirconium nitride, niobium nitride, diamond-like carbon and/or carborundum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coachwork and the framework are made of lightweight and high-strength materials such as aluminum-magnesium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sealing member includes a nozzle to discharge the fuel and is interposed between the nozzle and the casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound having the O-H linkage includes one of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or 2-propanol. The organic compound having the ether linkage includes dimethyl ether. (A) includes dimethyl ether and water in a ratio of 1 part of dimethyl ether to 1 part or more of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin includes one of polyethylene naphthalate or polybutylene naphthalate or a mixture of polyethylene naphthalate and polybutylene naphthalate. The mixture is formed from monomers, dimers or trimers of polyethylene naphthalate and polybutylene naphthalate. The amount of polybutylene naphthalate in the mixture is 60 wt.% or less. The rubber excludes plasticizer. The sealing member is formed by mulling a solid polymer with a liquid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of graphite and carbon nanotube is 1:4-100:1, preferably 2:1-10:1. Preferred Properties: Graphite has average particle diameter of 10-200 microns, preferably 30-100 microns. The fiber diameter of vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber is 50-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains thermoplastic resin (in weight %) (8-20), graphite (40-90), vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber (1-50) and carbon nanotube (0.5-6). Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyamido imide, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyether sulfone and/or polyether imide, preferably polypropylene and polyphenylene sulfide. EXAMPLE - Polypropylene/carbon nanotube masterbatch (in wt.%) (20), GA40 (RTM: graphite with average particle diameter of 50 microns) (56.2), VGCF-R (RTM: vapor phase epitaxy carbon fiber with average particle diameter of 50 nm) (18.8) and MB3020-01 (RTM: carbon nanotube) (5), were mixed to obtain thermoplastic resin composition. The molded product produced using the composition had volume resistivity of 13 mOmega.cm and electroconductivity of 46.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal nitride exhibits a crystalline lattice structure having a face-centered cubic unit cell, where a transition metal atom comprising iron, chromium, nickel, or molybdenum, is positioned at each of the unit cell corners and face-centers, and where a nitrogen atom is positioned at the center of the unit cell within an octahedral lattice structure formed by the transition metal atoms positioned at the face-centers of the unit cell. The composition of the transition metal nitride is (0.0 1 (6(at. weight % iron)+5(at. weight % chromium)+ 8(at.% nickel)+5 (at. weight % molybdenum))) which is greater than or equal to5.9 but less than or equal to6.1, and where the transition metal nitride exhibits an atomic ratio of transition metal atoms to nitrogen atoms of 4:0.8-4:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The set of stacked tubes is made of the resin material such as polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas is selected from a group consisting of methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, butane and natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-conductive material is made of aluminum, copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat-conductive material is made of aluminum alloy, copper alloy, stainless steel foil, golden foil, metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode comprises lithium oxide composite of formula: LiMnxM1yM2zO2.M1=Co or Ni;M2=Co, Ni, Al, B, Fe, Mg, and Cr;x+y+z=1;x=0.2-0.6;y=0.2-0.4;andz=0.05-0.4.The anode preferably comprises a compound of formula: LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2. The cathode comprises at least one component selected from a carbonaceous material, an oxide comprising a group IV element, and a nitride comprising a group IV element. The cathode comprises carbonaceous material having d002 value of 0.39 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic electrolyte comprises at least one of a carbonate compound of formula (IV) or (V).R9,R10=same as R1.The cyclic carbonate solvent is ethylene carbonate, the linear carbonate solvent is dimethyl carbonate or ethyl methyl carbonate, the linear ester solvent is methyl acetate, and the carbonate compound of formula (IV) is vinylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 M) was dissolved in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and methyl acetate in the ratio of 3:3:3:1 to form an electrolyte. An anode was prepared using lithium, manganese-nickel-cobalt complex oxide as anode active material, carbon black and black graphite as conductive agents and polyvinylidene fluoride as binder. A cathode was prepared using Carbotron P (RTM: cathode material), carbon black and polyvinylidene chloride. A battery was formed using the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte. The battery had initial electric capacity of 570 mAh and initial direct current resistance of 63 mOmega at 25degreesC and 620 mOmega at -30degreesC; and electric capacity of 465 mAh and direct current resistance of 93 mOmega at 25degreesC and 930 mOmega at -30degreesC, after 1000 hours pulse cycle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The absorbing component is formed like a band, and is wound around the laminated surface of cell unit. The cell unit is provided in a casing, and the absorbing component is disposed completely or partially within the casing. The absorbing component is attached in a membrane state in interior of casing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer of fuel absorbing component is of formula (II).R11,R12=H or hydrocarbon group, preferably 1-20C alkyl;R13=halogen element;andn=2 or more, preferably 100-45000. Preferred Definitions:    R1=cationic nitrogen containing aromatic functional group;    n=2000-45000;and    R2=halogen ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator uses an electroconductive composition containing electroconductive particles and a thermosetting resin as raw material. Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is a phenol-type resin containing methylene group, methylol group and phenol residue of trifunctional property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: Multivalent carboxylic acid anhydride and diamine or diisocyanate are stirred under room temperature or heating in polar organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to synthesize polyimide resin. Preferred Resin: The polyimide type-resin is a polyamidoimide resin. Basic nitrogen of resin is in quaternary-ammonium-salt form. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=substituent which has amino group, hydroxyl group, or carboxyl group or R1, R2 is substituent which has hydroxyl group and R3 is hydrogen or an alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - Trimellitic acid anhydride (in moles (0.95), N-methyl diethanolamine (0.05) and diphenyl methane diisocyanate (1) were introduced into N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and stirred at 130degreesC for 5 hours and polyamidoimide resin (A) was obtained. Graphite (in wt.pts) (25) was mixed with the polyamidoimide resin (100) and dispersed. The mixture was applied on a stainless steel plate and dried at 200degreesC, and a coated stainless steel plate was obtained. The plate had glossiness of 115% and surface resistance value of the coated surface of laminated sheet was 2.1x10-2 Omega/square. The coating film surface had contact angle of 62degrees with water and provided separator having excellent fuel gas supply property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The expanded graphite comprises carbon material selected from artificial graphite, natural flaky graphite, earthy graphite, carbon blacks and carbon fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hardening accelerator is triphenylphosphine or 2-methylimidazole. The hardener has two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups in its molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is a polyfunctional epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is liquid fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The perfluoro-type electrically conductive binder is fluorine resin which has sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium nickel oxide contains metal atom selected from cobalt, manganese, aluminum, iron, copper or strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst consists of Pt, W, Sn, Ir and mixture of Ru and Pt. The liquid used for catalyst layer, comprises carbon and fluorine type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The boiling point of (I), measured at atmospheric pressure, is greater than or equal to 65degreesC(I) has solubility in water greater than or equal to 3 vol.% at the ambient temperature.Preferred Components: (I) comprises a mixture of compound of formula CH3-(OCH2)n-OCH3 (where n is 3-8). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of methoxymethoxymethoxymethane is specifically claimed as (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive plate is either nickel plate or copper plate with nickel surfaces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: 10-100 mass% of carbon material is expanded graphite, and remaining is artificial graphite, natural phosphorus-like graphite, soil graphite, carbon black and carbon fiber. The carbon material occupies 35-85 mass% of whole quantity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hardening accelerator is tetracoordinated boron compound salt of phosphonium of formula (3). The amount of hardening accelerator mixed is 0.1-30 wt.pts with respect to hardener (100 wt.pts).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is polyfunctional epoxy resin. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=aralkyl, alkyl or their derivatives.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The phosphonium compound is tetraphenyl phosphonium tetraphenyl borate (C6H5)4P.B(C6H5)4) or tetraphenyl phosphonium tetra-para-tolyl borate (C6H5)4P.B(C6H5-CH3)4).    EXAMPLE - An epoxy resin composition was prepared by mixing (in mass%) bisphenol (A) novolak type epoxy resin (24), phenol novolak (12), tri-para-tolyl phosphine of molecular weight 304 (2), expanded graphite (13), artificial graphite (29) and lubricating agent (3). The composition was ground and injection molded to form a compact. The compact had hot binding strength of 52 MPa, excellent fluidity and electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (C1) further comprises an electrically conductive, non-metallic particulate substrate chosen from carbon black (C) and C/TiO2. Preferred Nanoparticles: The nanoparticles of AuPt alloy have diameter of 1 - 5 nanometers; has a composition in the range of 1:99 - 99:1 (preferably 50:50 - 80:20). Preferred Method: In the method (M1) of fabricating bifunctional fuel cell catalysts, the preparing AuPt alloy nanoparticles further involves using a specific and controlled ratio of the solution of Au salts and the solution of Pt salts, using a phase transfer reagent (preferably tetraoctylammonium bromide) and an aromatic hydrocarbon suspension liquid. The controlling of the size and composition of the AuPt alloy nanoparticles is done using cleaning procedure. The assembling the AuPt alloy nanoparticles further involves controlling the size of the AuPt alloy nanoparticles by molecularly mediated assembly with an organic material, capping, with an organic material, where the organic material is chosen from thiol and amine compound (preferably decanethiol and oleylamine) followed by the gradual addition of an excess of aqueous sodium borohydride. The activating the AuPt alloy nanoparticles by thermal activation further involves shell removal by heating in a controlled temperature and atmosphere for a first specified duration, and calcination at a controlled temperature and atmosphere for a second specified duration. The shell removal controlled temperature is 200 - 300degreesC, the shell removal atmosphere is 20% O2/N2, and the shell removal duration is approximately 1 hour. The calcination controlled temperature is 300 - 600degreesC, the calcination controlled atmosphere is 15% H2/N2, and the calcination controlled duration is approximately 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The moisture retentive material is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, mordenite and zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: At least some of the catalyst supported by the conducting high surface area structure is in contact with at least one of the fibers. The fuel cell is a direct methanol fuel cell. The electrode catalyst is at least one of an anode material and a cathode material. Preferred Method: Heating is accomplished at 20-250degreesC. Establishing the catalyst layer between the electrolyte and the porous diffusion layer is accomplished by depositing the catalyst layer on the electrolyte and positioning the porous diffusion layer on the catalyst layer, or depositing the catalyst layer on the porous diffusion layer and positioning the electrolyte on the catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous diffusion layer is at least one of carbon cloth, carbon paper, porous metals, and/or metal mesh. The fibers are at least one of carbon fibers, carbon flakes, and/or metal fibers. The catalyst comprises at least one of platinum, ruthenium, platinum ruthenium selenide, platinum ruthenium, iridium, osmium, molybdenum, tin, nickel, iron, and/or their alloys. The conducting high surface area structure comprises carbon black. Preferred Ratio: Each fiber has a high aspect ratio of 10:1-1000:1. Preferred Property: The catalyst layer has a thickness of 1 microns and 1 mm, preferably 10-100 microns. Each fiber has an average diameter of 100 nm and 10 microns, and an average length of 10 microns and 1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a polymeric electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The active material layer further contains carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating material is resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protection sheet has ultraviolet ray or thermosetting resin in the outermost layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell uses an electrolyte of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The conductive material comprises applying metal coating of a lead alloy, lead-tin alloy or a lead-silver alloy to the portion of the reticulated substrate. The conductive material comprises electro-depositing metal or vapor depositing metal on the reticulated substrate. The active material comprises applying a lead paste to the portion of the reticulated substrate. The metal material comprises applying the metal material to a tab on the carbon foam substrate. The reticulated substrate comprises carbon foam. The metal material comprises applying the metal material (electroplating) to produce a current carrying interface attached to the carbon foam substrate. The metal material comprises dipping a portion of the carbon foam substrate in a molten metal.Preferred Method: The method further comprises: washing the reticulated substrate; drying the reticulated substrate; applying a binder material to portion of the reticulated substrate to adhere the active material to the reticulated substrate; carbonizing an organic material to produce the reticulated substrate; graphitizing the organic material to produce the reticulated substrate; and attaching a frame to edge of the reticulated substrate.The method of producing a battery (I) with a non-lead reticulated substrate having a circuitous network of open pores, comprises: installing a second electrode in the housing; and attaching the second electrode to a second battery terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of sulfonyl derivative to difluoro borate salt is 99:1-30:70. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - N-methyl-N-n-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide is specifically claimed as the sulfonyl derivative (1), and N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium difluoro(oxalate) borate is specifically claimed as the difluoroborate salt (2).    EXAMPLE - N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-ethyl pyrrolidinium difluoro (oxalate) borate were mixed in weight ratio of 60:40 and ionic liquid composition was obtained. The composition had viscosity of 52 mPa.second, electroconductivity of 6.5 mS/cm and oxidation-reduction potentials of -3.2V and +2.8V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer in matrix phase of the polymer electrolyte film, is polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyether, polyphenylene, polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polyether sulfone, silicone resin, fluororesin, polyvinylidene fluoride, phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urea resin, furanformaldehyde resin, alkyd resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The two flow field layers comprise flake graphite and a hydrophobic resin. The graphite comprises natural graphite flakes. It also comprises thermally purified natural graphite flakes. The separator plate layer comprises a carbon separator plate. It also comprises flake graphite and hydrophobic resin. It also comprises thermally purified natural graphite flakes.Preferred Property: The hydrophobic has a surface energy less than 25 dyne/cm.Preferred Composition: The separator plate layer comprises approximately 70% to approximately 80% flake graphite and a corresponding remaining percentage of hydrophobic resin. Each of the layers comprises approximately 80% flake graphite and approximately 20% hydrophobic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuels are 1-3C alcohol (10-40 mass.%) and water. The antifungal agent or a disinfectant/microbicide for the fuel cell is a 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one compound, an isothiazoline-3-compound, a thiazolyl benzimidazole compound, a 2-phenoxy ethanol compound or a phenol type compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 45 Compounds are specifically disclosed as the antifungal agent or a disinfectant/microbicide for fuel cell e.g. 2-methyl-5-phenyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, benzo(d)isothiazol-3-one and 2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzoimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst metal is platinum. The slightly soluble metal salt is at least one of group 2, 11, 12 and 14 element, preferably silver, barium, magnesium, lead, strontium and/or zinc. The slightly soluble metal salt is oxygen-acid salt, or sulfate, phosphate, carbonate and/or chromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alkyl cellulose which has ionic group is carboxy methylcellulose.Preferred Composition: The fuel cell has a film containing sulfonic acid group-containing aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer which contains component derived from 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) fluorene and/or component derived from 4,4'-dihydroxy tetraphenyl methane. The fuel cell uses liquid fuel which contains water. EXAMPLE - Catalyst paste (A) was obtained by aqueous solution (in g) (7) of ammonium salt of carboxy methylcellulose formed by mixing DN-800 H (RTM: ammonium salt of carboxy methylcellulose) (1.5) in water (98.5), and HiSPEC (R) 7000 (RTM: platinum-ruthenium support) (1). The obtained catalyst paste (A) was applied on electrode base material and dried at 100degreesC for 30 minutes. Subsequently, heat processing was carried out at 130degreesC for 15 minutes, and electrode for fuel cell was produced. The platinum adhesion amount per unit area of the electrode was 2 mg/cm2. The formed electrode had excellent durability with respect to fuel, and high output density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A photocatalyst containing oxidation and/or reduction catalyst comprising metal (oxide), is inserted into the medium. Decomposition is carried out in the absence of oxygen in the medium. A sensitizer which absorbs and excites light in the medium, and delivers and receives an electron, is inserted into the medium. Viologens are co-existed as electron acceptor is in the medium with the sensitizer. An electron is accepted for decomposition of the nitrogen-containing compound from the excited sensitizer, and an oxidation-type sensitizer is formed. Hydrogen is generated according to the noble metal catalyst using the viologen cation radical produced in the light irradiation by further co-existing a noble metal catalyst and carrying out light irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally invariant resistive bar is made of manganin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electroconductive particles are selected from carbon material, metal or electroconductive ceramic. Lithium-transition metal complex oxide is used as active material for positive electrode, and carbon or lithium-transition metal complex oxide is used as active material for negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The nonionic conductive polymer is selected from fluororesin, olefin resin, silicone resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, aramid resin, epoxy resin and urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorine compound contains 1-6C fluorine-containing alcohol, 1-6C fluorine-containing ether and/or 1-6C fluorine-containing alkane. The fluorine compound contains trifluoromethyl group and/or chloro difluoro methyl group, hydroxyl group and/or hydrogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The repeating unit of formula (2) is repeating unit of formula (2').
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and negative electrode active material layer contains lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The matrix polymer of thermoplastic physical gel is a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The content of polymer having carbonate ester structure is 0.1-10 mass% with respect to total quantity of gel electrolyte. The polymer having carbonate ester structure is polyalkylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Kynar 2801 (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene copolymer) was prepared as matrix polymer of gel electrolyte. A solution of lithium hexafluoro phosphate dissolved in equal volume of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate was prepared as electrolyte liquid. The matrix polymer (1 mass parts) was added to dimethyl carbonate (30 mass parts) and heated. To the obtained liquid, the electrolyte liquid (9 mass parts), was added. Polypropylene carbonate of number average molecular weight of 250000 was added as carbonate ester-containing polymer. A pregel solution was obtained. The pregel solution was applied in predetermined amount to negative electrode active material layer formed on surface of collector. A bipolar electrode type battery was produced. Charging and discharging characteristics of battery was excellent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass matrix (a) contains overall amounts of 25-30 wt. % SiO2, 15-30 wt. % CaO, 3-15 wt. % MgO, up to 15 wt. % (but preferably no) barium oxide (BaO) and 10-20 wt. % Al2O3. The crystalline phase (b) comprises one or more of barium oxide-silicon oxide (BaO.2SiO2), barium oxide-aluminum oxide-silicon oxide (BaO.Al2O3.SiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), calcium oxide-barium oxide-silicon oxide (2CaO.BaO.3SiO2), pure Al2O3 or titanium dioxide (TiO2); and has an average diameter of up to 100 (especially up to 63) microns. (I) optionally also contains 0.1-2 wt. % of melt sintering additives, specifically selected from alkali(ne earth) metal vanadates and their eutectic melting binary mixtures.Preferred Method. In the joining method the crystalline phase of (I) has a particle diameter of at most half (especially at most a third) of the intended layer thickness of the joint connection. EXAMPLE - A composite material (Ia) consisted of (by weight) 89.5% amorphous glass matrix containing 27% SiO2, 25% CaO, 7% MgO, 14.8% Al2O3, 20% B2O3, 3% V2O5, 0.2% Li2O and 3% Co2O3; 10% BaO.2SiO2 crystalline phase; and 0.5% 2Li2O.5V2O5 sintering additive. (Ia) was used as a joining material for high temperature fuel cells, and showed a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range 9-13 x 10-6 K-1 and a joining time of ca. 21 hours (compared with ca. 32 hours for a conventional joining material). When (Ia) was used for soldering the edges of two 50 x 50 mm steel plates to give a sandwich sample, the product showed a helium leakage rate of less than 10-9 mbar.l.s-1 in a vacuum test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The grinding comprises dry grinding and/or wet grinding. Wet grinding comprises suspending the positive electrode active material in a liquid to form a suspension and applying a shear force to the suspension. Kneading comprises planetary mixing, extrusion, 2-roll milling, and/or 3-roll milling. The time is 0.25-8 hours.Preferred Component: The positive electrode active material comprises manganese composite oxides, nickel composite oxides and/or cobalt composite oxides. The conductivity enhancement additive comprises one or more carbonaceous materials from graphite, non-crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon and/or filamentous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The shear force is applied using a ball mill, a bead mill, a vibratory mill, a sand-mill, a homogenizer, a high shear disperser, an ultrasonic disperser, and/or a roll mill.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive substrate comprises a metal foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The positive electrode further comprises a polymeric binder material comprising a polyvinylidene fluoride. EXAMPLE - A lithium manganese composite oxide (LiMn204) having spinel structure was used as a starting material of the positive electrode active material. This starting material was dry ground and classified to obtain the ground positive electrode active material. Eighty parts by mass (pbm) of the resulting ground positive electrode active material were kneaded with 10 pbm carbon black, which was a conductivity enhancement additive, and 10 pbm of PVDF, which was a polymeric binder material, with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which was a solvent, to make a slurry. The resulting slurry was applied on aluminum foil at a thickness of 15 microns, and dried at 130degreesc for 10 minutes to obtain the positive electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separator is made of stainless steel containing metals such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Manganese complex oxide, nickel complex oxide, cobalt complex oxide, iron complex oxide or carbon material such as graphite and amorphous carbon is used as active material. Aluminum, copper or stainless steel is used as metallic foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is used as polar organic solvent and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is used as a main component of binder material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin sheet is made of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The first electrode ink composition further contains electroconductive material and surfactant material. The base material is a collector or an electrolyte film. The first electrode ink composition is employed to prepare a positive electrode and wherein the electrode active material in the first electrode ink composition is lithium-manganese oxide compound or lithium-nickel oxide compound. It is employed to prepare a negative electrode, where the electrode active material is a crystalline carbon material or a non-crystalline carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The surfactant material is carboxylic acid system surfactant or ether-type nonionic surfactant. The ether-type nonionic surfactant is polyoxyethylene ether type nonionic surfactant. Preferred Properties: The surfactant material has an HLB (sic) value of 5-30. It is present in the first electrode ink composition in an amount to provide 0.05-10 wt.% in a resulting coating layer with respect to total quantity of the electrode active material in the resulting layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Purifier: The means of estimation of temperature comprises a memory unit prepared off-line representing the variation of optimal temperature as a function of motor power demanded in a stabilised regime. The means of estimation of temperature is able to determine dynamically the optimal catalyst temperature from a calibrated transport/reaction model, by the equation:dC/dt = Vg/L(CIN -C) + Re(T,C).Vg = velocity of gases during the chemical reaction;T = temperature of catalyst;C = concentration of compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised regime;Re = function dependent on temperature and concentration;L = length of reactor;CIN = concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction.The criteria of efficiency is obtained as a vector of the concentration of the compounds present in the reaction in a stabilised condition and the concentration of compounds upstream of the chemical reaction:eff = 1 - C / CIN.eff = efficiency of the chemical catalyst.The means of estimation can determine dynamically the optimum temperature of the catalyst in a transitory regime from the equation:deff/dt = f(eff, Vg, T, Q, C).eff, Vg, T, C are as above, and Q = mass flow rate of gases during the chemical reaction.The reaction unit described is associated with a fuel cell for an automobile vehicle which comprises a reformer unit producing a reformate which is then passed through a purifying unit and then a unit, as described in the invention, from which pure H2 is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: At least two elements are platinum and ruthenium. The ratio of platinum to ruthenium ranges from 1000:1 - 0.001:1. (C1) Comprises (wt.%): alloys of platinum (0.1 - 5) and ruthenium (0.1 - 5) or their solid solutions. The cerium oxide is present in 0.1 - 99.9 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was prepared by adding platinum (0.75 wt.%) and ruthenium (0.25 wt.%) solution to aluminum oxide/cerium oxide (23g) support material, and calcinating at 400degreesC for 1 hour. The support material was prepared by dissolving Cerium nitrate hexahydrate (25 g) in deionozed water (25 cc), and dipping aluminum oxide (50 g) in cerium nitrate (59 g) solution. The resulting catalyst had platinum (0.51wt.%) and ruthenium (0.17 wt.%) with total metal loading (0.68 wt.%). The catalyst was tested for iso-octane reforming. Steam reforming reactions were conducted in a micro packed bed reactor. The catalyst was activated by rendering with pure hydrogen at 600degreesC for 3 hours. The temperature of the catalyst bed was set at 800degreesC. Sulfur containing fuel was prepared by adding 1,4-thioxane to the iso-octane. The catalyst maintained its catalytic activity and stability for 230 hours of continuous testing. The concentration of methane was 1.5% during 230 hours of non-stop testing while hydrogen concentration was maintained at 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The leakage detecting process further comprises detecting process to detect presence/absence of electrolyte leakage in accordance with space size of a portion which belongs to the adhered portion and emits fluorescence which exceeds predetermined strength. In the detecting process, the adhered portion is imaged by an imaging device to obtain a fluorescent image, and presence/absence of electrolyte leakage is detected in accordance with number of pixels judged as emitting fluorescence stronger than the predetermined fluorescence strength which corresponds to threshold set in bi-level process applied to each pixel of the fluorescent image. The manufacturing method of battery further comprises charging/discharging process to charge/discharge the battery before the leakage detecting process. It further comprises aging process to lay the battery under high temperature atmosphere for a predetermined period before the leakage detecting process. It further comprises decompressing process to lay the battery under decompressed atmosphere of less than or equal to0.1 MPa before the leakage detecting process.Preferred Component: The battery case comprises a battery jar which is a box shape with a bottom to house power generator elements and a sealing member which seals an opening of the battery jar. In the adhering process, the fluorescent material is adhered to at least border of the battery jar and the sealing member or neighborhood of the border, out of the battery case. The predetermined light for making the fluorescence emit is ultraviolet radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is alkali electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluorescent material is fluorescein.