TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred System: The system (s1) additionally comprises a device for inducing the semiconductor into a photoexcited state. The system (s2) comprises a device for contacting the photocatalysts with excitation radiation so as to produce an electric current. Preferred Components: The semiconductor additionally comprises a valence band and a conductive band, where the valence band contains electrons. The photo excitation causes the electrons to relocate to the conductance band. The ligands are electron donors. The electrical conduit is an electrically conductive polymer. Preferred Method: In the method (p1), the semiconductor particles are 1 - 20 nanometers in diameter; and each of the semiconductor particles are covalently attached to a ligand to form a construct. The charge is induced by contacting the construct with radiation selected from visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, beta rays, and/or gamma rays, for a time sufficient to produce a charge pair separation on the semiconductor's surface. The protons are sequestered in the resin wafer composed of cation exchange resins. The hydrogen is produced in a compartment separate from oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion-exchange resin is a cation-exchange resin and the ion-exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane. The semiconductor is an oxide selected from TiO2, VO2, ZrO2, Fe3O4, MnO2, NiO, CuO, PbO, La2O3, and/or Tb2O3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ligand is a polydentate modifier selected from 1,2-dihydroxyl phenylamine, 1,2-dihydroxyl phenyl alanine, 1,2-dihydroxyl benzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxy glycine, and/or 1,2-dihydroxy benzyl amine. The ligand is a polydentate group selected from SH, NH2, -OH-OH, COOH, and/or P(O)(OH)2; or dihydroxyl phenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin wafer is a porous matrix comprises a mixture of immobilized ion-exchange resin substrate and conductive polymer. The electrically conductive polymer is selected from polyaniline, polypyrrole, and/or polythyophene. The resin wafer directs the sequestered protons across the membrane to the cathode. In the system (s2), the polymer is connected to the cathode to complete an external circuit.