TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The transparent substrate can be made of a glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode includes a binder to enhance the binding force of the metal element to a material forming the transparent substrate and/or a material forming the transparent conductive film. The dye-sensitized solar cell includes a catalyst layer formed between the electrolyte and one of the pair of electrodes to promote the oxidation-reduction reaction of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The catalyst layer has a microporous structure with increased surface area, and is in the form of platinum black or in the form of carbonaceous microporous form. The platinum black form is obtained by subjecting platinum to anodic oxidation or treatment with chloroplatinic acid, and the carbonaceous microporous form is obtained by sintering carbon microparticles or calcining an organic polymer. Preferred Property: The surface resistance of the electrode is 0.05-0.10 mD/unit area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of the added metal element contained in the transparent conductive film is 0.01-50 wt.%. Preferred Component: The added metal element contained in the transparent conductive film is the metal(s) of Group 13 or 14, and/or transition metals. It is aluminum, nickel, chromium, iron, titanium, tantalum, tin, indium, platinum, gold, silver, ruthenium, and/or preferably copper. It is incorporated into the transparent conductive film by simple mixing, doping, film lamination, mesh lamination, complex formation, and/or ion injection. The transparent conductive film is made of tin oxide, tin oxide doped with impurities, zinc oxide, zinc oxide doped with impurities, semi-transparent nanoparticulate metal film, and/or a conductor formed from their complexes. The solar cell includes a light absorption layer formed between the electrodes comprising metal oxide micro particles comprising titaniun dioxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), tungsten oxide (WO3), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and/or titanium strontium oxide (TiSrO3). The catalyst layer is platinum, carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and/or a p-type semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light absorption layer includes dye particles comprising ruthenium complex including RuL2(SCN)2, RuL2(H2O)2, RuL3, and/or RuL2; xanthine dyes including Rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, eosine and/or erythrosine; cyanine dyes including quinocyanine and/or krypto-cyanine; basic dyes including phenosaffranine, Cabri Blue, theosine, or Methylene Blue; porphyrin dyes including chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin, or magnesium porphyrin; azo dyes; phthalocyanine compounds; and/or complexes including Ru-trisbipyridyl, anthraquinone dyes, or polycyclic quinine.L=2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, or polyethylene naphthalate.