TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer solution layer contains the fuel in a concentration that is controllable. The amount of the liquid phase water contained in the buffer solution layer is controlled by a demand for electric power output from (I). The buffer solution layer is separated from the first separation layer. The first separation layer is separated from the fuel storage layer. The buffer solution layer comprises a porous medium and a buffer solution uniformly distributed in the porous medium. In (I), a diametric distribution of pores of the porous medium is bimodal; a first peak of the bimodal distribution is 1 nm to 10 microns and a second peak of the bimodal distribution is 10 microns to 10 mm. The porous medium is hydrophilic. The porous medium is an inorganic oxide material, a polymer material or their compounds. The inorganic oxide material is silica, alumina, titania, zirconia or their compounds. The pores of the porous medium have an average diameter of 0.01-10 microns. The porosity and tortuosity of the porous medium is regulated by adjusting the mobility of fuel to 0.8x10-6-4x10-6 g/cm2.sec. The thickness of the porous medium is 0.01-10 mm. In (I), a surface of the porous medium that contacts the surface of the anode has a channel for discharging carbon dioxide and a surface of the porous medium that contacts a second surface of the first separation layer has a pattern formed in it. The buffer solution layer is housed in a buffer solution cartridge, an upper portion of the buffer solution cartridge is completely open such that an upper surface of the buffer solution layer contacts the surface of the anode and a lower portion of the buffer solution cartridge faces a second surface of the first separation layer. (I) further comprises a liquid transferring medium interposed between the buffer solution layer and the anode. The buffer solution cartridge comprises a carbon dioxide vent. In (I), a lower portion of the buffer solution cartridge comprises an opening in it. The pores of the first separation layer have a diameter of 0.001-50 microns. The diametric distribution of pores of the first separation layer is bimodal and a first peak of the bimodal distribution is 0.001-0.05 Mm and a second peak of the bimodal distribution is 1-50 microns. The thickness of the first separation layer is 1-500 microns. The first separation layer allows fuel to pass through more quickly than water, and allows gas to pass through more quickly than liquid. The diffusion coefficient of fuel through the first separation layer is at least three times greater than a diffusion coefficient of water through the first separation layer. The first separation layer comprises a laminate including at least two layers having different average pore sizes. The fuel storage layer comprises a porous medium and the fuel uniformly distributed in the porous medium. The fuel storage layer is housed in a fuel cartridge that faces the first surface of the first separation layer. (I) further comprises a liquid transferring medium interposed between the fuel cartridge and the first separation layer. The fuel cartridge has openings in a surface that contacts the surface of the first separation layer. (I) further comprises a second separation layer interposed between the first separation layer and the fuel storage layer. The fuel is methanol. The concentration of methanol in the buffer solution layer is 0.5-5 M. The fuel contained in the fuel storage layer is pure methanol or a high concentration methanol with a concentration of 5 M or greater. In (I), a cathode current collector is arranged between the cathode and the proton conductive membrane and an anode current collector is arranged between the anode and the proton conductive membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is a polymer resin comprising a hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amine group or a sulfone group; a polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer resin; a cellulose-based polymer resin; a polyvinylamine-based polymer resin; a polyethylene oxide-based polymer resin; a polyethyleneglycol-based polymer resin; a nylon-based polymer resin; a polyacrylate-based polymer resin; a polyester-based polymer resin; a polyvinylpyrrolidone-based polymer resin; an ethylene vinyl acetate-based polymer resin; a polyethylene-based polymer resin; a polystyrene-based polymer resin; a fluorine-based polymer resin; a polypropylene-based polymer resin; a polymethyl(meth)acrylate-based polymer resin; a polyimide-based polymer resin; a polyamide-based polymer resin; a polyethylene terephthalate-based polymer resin; or their compounds.