TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The preliminary reformer and the heat exchanger are provided near the fuel cell stack. The heat exchanger is provided outside the preliminary reformer to form an indirect heating space of the second heating mechanism between the heat exchanger and the preliminary reformer. The preliminary reformer has an inlet (102) and an outlet (122). The inlet is provided adjacent an exhaust gas outlet of the first heating mechanism. An evaporator is provided for evaporating water to produce the mixed fuel. A fluid unit (14) includes the heat exchanger, evaporator and preliminary reformer. It is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack and symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the fuel cell stack.Preferred Conditions: The reforming condition value comprises the temperature of the preliminary reformer and the molar ratio of carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel. The temperature of the preliminary reformer is 350degreesC. The molar ratio of the carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel is 1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A fluid unit including the heat exchanger, the evaporator, and the reformer is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack. The reformer and the evaporator are provided adjacent the fuel stack, and the heat exchanger is provided outside the reformer. The evaporator may be provided outside the reformer and the heat exchanger is provided outside the evaporator. A heat insulating layer is provided around the evaporator; and the exhaust gas is filled in the heat insulating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Alternately, the ionic liquid contains anionic component and cationic component of formula (1).The anionic component is (RSO3)-, (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, ((RfSO2)3C)-, ((FSO2)3C)-, (RCH2OSO3)-, (RC(O)O)-, (RfC(O)O)-, (CCl3C(O)O)-, ((CN)3C)-, ((CN)2CR)-, ((RO(O)C)2CR)-, (R2P(O)O)-, (RP(O)O2)2-, ((RO)2P(O)O)-, ((RO)P(O)O2)2-, ((RO)(R) P(O)P)-, (Rf2 P(O)O)-, (Rfp(O)O2)2-, (B(OR)4)-, (N(CF3)2)-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, PF6-, BF4-, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, F-, Cl-, Br- and I-, preferably (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, CF3COO-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, SO42-, HSO4- and NO3- and more preferably N(CF3SO2)2-.R=H, halogen atom, 1-10C alkyl having linear or side chain, 2-10C alkenyl having linear or side chain with 1 or more double bond, 2-10C alkynyl having linear or side chain with 1 or more triple bond, or saturated or partially or completely unsaturated cycloalkyl, and H contained in substituent R is partially or completely substituted by halogen atom, or by CN and NO2 group partially, and carbon atom contained in the substituent R is substituted by atom and/or atom group chosen from -O-, -C(O)-,-C(O)O-,-S-, -S(O)-, -SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -N(R')2-, -PR'-, -P(O)R'-, -P(O)R'-O-, -O-P(O)R'-O- and -P(R')2=N-;R'=same as defined above;andRf=fluorine-containing substituent. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R9=1-30C alkyl having linear or side chain, saturated or partially or completely unsaturated cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocyclic, preferably alkoxy or 1-20C alkyl having linear or side chain, and R1 is preferably 1-10C alkyl or alkoxy, R2-R7 are preferably methyl or ethyl and R8 and R9 are preferably H;and    X=S or O atom, preferably O atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each of the P-type and N-type thermoelectric element comprises super lattice of compound of bismuth and tellurium (Bi2Te3) and compound of antimony and tellurium (Sb2Te3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cooling apparatus further comprises a coolant cooling third radiator (52) for an interior air conditioner of the fuel cell vehicle. An operating temperature of the fuel cell is set to a higher level than is an operating temperature of the chive motor, and the first radiator is disposed behind the second radiator. Each of the three radiators comprises a pair of lower-portion support pins, and a pair of upper-portion support pins. The pairs of the lower portion support pins are capable of being mounted on the chassis by fitting into support holes that are provided to the chassis in the fuel cell vehicle. The pairs of the upper portion support pins are capable of being mounted on the chassis by fitting into a plurality of support holes that are provided to a detachable linking member mounted on the chassis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polycondensation agent is concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and/or hydrocarbon sulfonic acid, and hydrocarbon other than hydrocarbon sulfonic acid.The hydrocarbon sulfonic acid is 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid and/or 1,5-naphthalene disulfonic acid.Preferred Conditions: The organic compound is heat processed at maximum temperature of 120-300degreesC.The pressure reduction degree when heat processing temperature reaches at 120degreesC, is 6x10-2-6.7x103 Pa.The pressure reduction degree when heat processing temperature reaches at 200degreesC, is 6x10-2-1.4x103 Pa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer consists of a liquid electrolyte or solid electrolyte. The liquid electrolyte contains normal temperature fused salt. The pigment is a ruthenium metal complex pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer is porous. The semiconductor layer is a multilayered structure consisting of semiconductor layer containing particles with different average particle diameter. Preferred Compound: The organic compound is an imidazole compound of formula (1).R1,R3,R4=H or 1-12C hydrocarbon group chosen from 1-6C alkyl and 6-12C aryl;andR2=H or 1-12C hydrocarbon group chosen from 1-6C alkyl and 6-12C aryl, preferably 1-6C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is a heat carrier, preferably liquid such as fluorine-type inactive liquid. The carrier comprises dissolved oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reacting material supply system is an oxygen supply system which supplies oxygen to reaction pole used as oxygen electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The metal support electrode catalyst has amorphous carbon as electroconductive support (73).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The reverse-side protection sheet has resin films such as polyethylene terephthalate film, acryl film or polycarbonate film, laminated on inner surface of liquid crystal polyester (LCP) film, via an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hardening die material comprises hardening resin such as polyisobutylene type resin, phenol resin, urea resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic ester and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silicon oxide contains 5-30 wt.% of silicon. Silicon oxide is silicon dioxide molded product (1) obtained by carrying out compression molding and sintering of silicon dioxide powder.Preferred Property: The silicon dioxide molded product has porosity of 30-80%. Silicon dioxide is an amorphous material, and is derived from diatomaceous earth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The fused salt is calcium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride.Preferred Condition: Electrolytic reduction is carried out at temperature of 500-1000degreesC and cathode potential of 0.6-1.2 V (vs. M+/M) (M+ is n valent cation of metal chosen from alkali metal and alkaline earth metal).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective sheet also comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyester film has lubricating agent content of 20-500 ppm. The lubricating agent is aggregated-form inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the polyester film does not contain lubricating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The semiconductor is spectrally sensitized with the dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor is a metal oxide or a metal sulfide semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye of formula (1) is of formula (3), and the dye of formula (2) is of formula (4).V1=electron-withdrawing group. Preferred Definitions:    X=oxygen atom.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 285 specific sensitizing dyes are disclosed. E.g. compound of formula (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average value of void volume frequency ratio (A/B), void volume frequency ratio (A/C) and ratio (A/D) of void volume frequency (A) with respect to void volume frequency (D) of void volume having diameter of 3 microns, is 2-3. The ratio (A/E) of void volume frequency (A) with respect to void volume frequency (E) of void volume having diameter of 0.1 microns, is 15-1000. The ratio (A/F) of void volume frequency (A) with respect to void volume frequency (F) of void volume having diameter of 0.05 microns, is 15-1000. The void volume frequency ratio (A/B) is 1.8-2.8. The void volume frequency ratio (A/D) is 1-3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rare-earth metal oxide present in the slurry is yttrium oxide, and the iron-group metals are nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer in the front side of silicon layer comprises material selected from group consisting of silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (SiN), undoped amorphous silicon or n+doped amorphous silicon. The non-alloyed p-type doped region is boron doped p-type region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the dispersion comprises providing the silicon powder all at once, by portion or continuously in the liquid phase under dispersing conditions. Preferred Components: The silicon powder is present completely in the crystalline form. The average diameter of the silicon powder is 5-200 nm. The BET-surface of the silicon powder is 5-30 m2/g, preferably 50-700 m2/g. The silicon powder is present as non-aggregate, predominantly aggregate or completely aggregate form. The silicon powder non-porous. The silicon powder is doped. The surface of the silicon particles comprises compounds of type Si-H, Si-O, Si-C and/or Si-OH. The content of silicon powder amounts to 1-60 wt.%. The dispersion exhibit a viscosity of less than 100 mPas, preferably less than 10 mPas, at 1000 s-1, at 23degreesC. The components of the liquid phase are water and/or one or more organic solvents. The aluminum surface is oxidized before the temperature treatment. The temperature treatment takes place at 300-550degreesC. The substrates are glass, silicon dioxide, polycrystalline silicon, ceramic(s) or an organic polymer. Preferred Method: In the method, after the temperature treatment of polycrystalline silicon layer, the available aluminum layer, optionally the alumina layer and the nanoscalic silicon layer are removed by corroding. EXAMPLE - Silicon powder (0.0421 g) with a BET surface of 10.5 m2/g was added with ethanol (10.6 ml) and reacted with SAZ-pearls (10.6 ml). The mixture was dispersed for 4 hours in a disperser. The temperature of the dispersion was held and simultaneously cooling takes place at 25-35degreesC. The dispersion showed silicon content of 0.5 wt.%. The obtained dispersion was applied by means of spin coating on a glass substrate in 2000 U/min.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for the transparent solid - intermediate layer contains tantalum oxide, titanium dioxide, diamond shaped carbon and/or silicon nitride. The reflection layer contains reflection material such as silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide core is comprised of an oxide of one or more metals of titanium, niobium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, manganese, vanadium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, or iridium. The metal oxide core is comprised of an oxide of tungsten. The oxide of tungsten is a sodium tungsten oxide. The sodium tungsten oxide is a sodium-tungsten bronze. The metal oxide core is in the size of one nanometer to five hundred microns (preferably ten to fifty nanometers). The metal oxide core is bound to zerovalent or partially charged platinum clusters. The zerovalent or partially charged platinum clusters comprised of three to sixty platinum atoms. The atomically thin layer is a submonolayer, monolayer, bilayer, or trilayer, of zerovalent or partially charged platinum atoms. The electrically conductive support is carbon black, graphitized carbon, graphite or activated carbon. The ion-conducting electrolyte is a proton-conducting electrolyte (a proton-conducting membrane). The fuel source is hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is generated from reformed methanol, methane or gasoline. The fuel source is an unreformed alcohol (preferably methanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The shrinkage rate of the multilayer film is less than 1% at 150degreesC when held for 15 minutes measured in accordance with ASTM 2305-02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride; or interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene. The intermediate layer is polyethylene terephthalate. The second outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate. Preferred Method: The method further comprises applying a tie layer between the first layer and the intermediate layer, and/or the second layer and intermediate layer. The first outer layer and the second outer layer are applied by extrusion. Preferred Condition: The thickness of the second outer layer is greater than or about twice the combined thickness of the first outer layer and the intermediate layer. The thickness of the multilayer film is greater than 15 mils. Preferred Property: The fluoropolymer has a tensile modulus of less than 80000 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen sensor includes detecting surface that is located at a level the same as or higher than an upper portion of the floor panel in the tunnel portion; and protection cover that protects the detecting surface. The protection cover includes a mesh portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymeric material of the aerogel composite is a fluorinated polymer, a polyimide, a silicone based material, a polyamide-imide, a polyester-imide, a polyesteramide-imide, a polyphenylene oxide, polypyro-mellitimide of 4,4'-oxydianiline, polyamide-acid made from trimellitic anhydride and 4,4'-methylenedianiline, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide, a polyarylate, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide a cyanate ester, or combinations. The fiber reinforcement comprises a fiber based on polyester, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, carbon, silica, polyaramid, polycarbonate, polyolefin, rayon, nylon, fiber glass, high density polyolefin, acrylic polymer, fluorocarbon polymer, polyurethane, polyamide, polyimide or any combination. CERAMICS - The fiber reinforcement is also made of fiber based on fiber glass and ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second microporous layers comprise a binder selected from poly(perfluorosulfonic acid), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), fluorinated ethylene-propylene polymer. The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises at least one proton conductive polymer selected from perfluoro-based polymers, benzimidazole based polymers, polyimide-based polymers, polyetherimide-based polymers, polyphenylenesulfide-based polymers polysulfone-based polymers, polyethersulfone-based polymers, polyetherketone-based polymers, polyether-etherketone-based polymers, polyphenylquinoxaline-based polymers, and combinations. Especially, the proton conductive polymer is selected from poly(perfluorosulfonic acid), poly(perfluorocarboxylic acid), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinylether having a sulfonic acid group, defluorinated polyetherketone sulfides, aryl ketones, poly(2,2'-(m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole), poly (2,5-benzimidazole), and combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel component contains hydrophilic normal temperature fused-salt gel containing cation component and anion component. The cation component is chosen from imidazolium derivative, pyridinium derivative, pyrrolidinium derivative and/or ammonium derivative. The anion component is chosen from BF4-, Tf, SO42-, HSO4-, PO43-, HPO42- and (HFn)F-, where n is real number of 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heteropolyoxometalate compound is a compound in which ruthenium is bonded with a defect structure region of the defect region-containing Keggin-type heteropolyoxometalate anion salt. The heteroatom of the defect region-containing Keggin-type heteropolyoxometalate compound is silicon, phosphorus or germanium. The polyatom of the defect region-containing Keggin-type heteropolyoxometalate compound is molybdenum and tungsten, vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Vapor phase epitaxy is carried out at a pressure of 1000-80000 Pa and at 250-600degreesC.Preferred Process: Hydrogen gas is supplied along with carbon atom-containing gas during vapor phase epitaxy. Aluminum layer having predetermined pattern is formed as aluminum layer on the substrate.A catalyst layer is formed only on aluminum layer pattern or substrate surface having aluminum layer pattern.Subsequently, graphite nanofiber is selectively manufactured on the catalyst layer formed on the aluminum layer pattern.Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is formed using alloy containing cobalt, nickel and/or iron, or alloy containing 2 or more types of cobalt, nickel and/or iron.Preferred Substrate: The substrate contains glass, silicon, ceramics, semiconductor or metal. EXAMPLE - Aluminum layer having thickness of 50 nm was formed on a glass substrate by sputtering method. An iron-nickel alloy layer was deposited on the surface of aluminum layer, by sputtering method. The reaction sample was mounted on sample holder of heat chemical vapor deposition apparatus, and mixed gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen was introduced as source gas, at 550degreesC. Vapor phase epitaxy was carried out for 20 minutes, and graphite nanofiber was grown three-dimensionally on the substrate. The obtained graphite nanofiber had diameter of 50 nm and length of 3 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The reactive gas is nitrogen, noble gas, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen and/or ammonia, and contains one or more types of organometallic compound. Preferred Paint: The conductive paint contains microparticles of organometallic compound, metal inorganic acid salt, metal organic acid salt, metal oxide microparticles, metal or alloy. Preferred Method: A distributor (10) is provided between electrode (3) of plasma generation portion (2) and coating film, to control the flow of plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material consists of glass or organic polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is carbon nanotube or graphite. The particles are oxide semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Additive: The additive is non-viscous microparticles having a polymer or a carbon material. The polymer is polystyrene microparticles, polyethylene microparticles, polyester microparticles, polyurethane microparticles, polypropylene microparticles and/or polymethyl methacrylate microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 0.001-2 wt.pts of lactone group stabilizer with respect to 100 wt.pts of cyclic-olefin polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The phenolic antioxidant is pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and/or ethylenebis(oxyethylene) bis(3-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy m-tolyl) propionate). The phosphorous antioxidant is tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite and/or bis(2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methylphenyl) ethyl ester phosphorus acid.    EXAMPLE - Bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite (in wt.pts ) (0.15) and cyclic olefin polymer (100) having weight average molecular weight of 60000 and glass transition temperature of 170degreesC were mixed to obtain a resin composition with glass transition temperature of 170degreesC. The film produced using the composition had total light transmittance of 91%, haze of 0.2%, yellowing index of 1 or less and surface roughness of 0.19 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal soap type lubricating agent is calcium stearate, magnesium stearate or zinc stearate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fatty acid amide type lubricating agent is ethylene bis stearamide or methylene bis stearamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The optical film has haze of 1% or less and yellow index of 2 or less. EXAMPLE - Tricyclodecanyl tricyclodecenyl ether (in g) (8) in cyclohexane (100 ml), chlorobenzene solution of tungsten hexachloride and chlorobenzene solution of diethyl aluminum chloride were reacted at 60degreesC. The reaction mixture was poured into methanol and non-hydrogenated polymer (7.9) with weight average molecular weight of 120000 was obtained. The polymer (7), toluene (30) and ruthenium hydride triphenyl phosphine complex (0.1 mg) were hydrogenated after supplying hydrogen gas. Excess hydrogen gas released and the reaction solution was poured into hydrochloric acid/methanol solution. The precipitate obtained was dried under reduced pressure and cyclic olefin polymer (7) with weight average molecular weight of 150000, glass transition temperature (Tg) of 171degreesC and hydrogenation rate of 99.5% was obtained. Ethylene bis stearamide (in weight parts) (0.05) and the cyclic olefin polymer (100) were mixed to obtain a resin composition with Tg of 170degreesC. The film produced using the composition had total light transmittance of 91%, haze of 0.2%, yellowing index of 1 or less and surface roughness of 0.15 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal-deposited layer is formed by vapor depositing aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electroconductive polymer film layer is formed precisely on the metal layer, and a porous electroconductive polymer film layer is formed as effective portion of electrode on the electroconductive polymeric layer. The conductive polymer, which forms electroconductive polymer film layer is a polymer of aromatic compound, preferably pyrrole compound of formula (1). The pyrrole compound is preferably pyrrole, 3-methyl pyrrole, 3-butyl pyrrole and/or octyl pyrrole. Alternately, the aromatic compound is thiophene compound of formula (2), preferably, thiophene, 3-methyl thiophene, 3-butyl thiophene, 3-octyl thiophene and/or 3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene. Alternately, aromatic compound is benzyl amine derivative of formula (3) or (4), preferably aniline, anisidine, phenetidine, toluidine, phenylene diamine, hydroxy aniline and/or N-methyl aniline, or at least one of trifluoro methane aniline, nitroaniline, cyano aniline and halogenated aniline. A catalyst compound is contained in the electroconductive polymeric layer.R1-R4=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, carboxyl, sulfo or phosphine group, and R1 and R2 combined to form a ring;R9,R14=H or 1-4C alkyl group;R5-R8 and R10-R13=H, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl, sulfo or phosphonium group, and R5 and R6 or R7 and R8, or R11 and R12 or R12 and R13 combined to form a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer consists of metals of at least 1 type selected from iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, these alloys or stainless steel. The corrosion-resistance conductive layer consists of metal oxide, metal nitride, metal boride, metal carbide. The metal oxide contains tin oxide, indium oxide, mixture of tin oxide and indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, iridium oxide and/or ruthenium oxide. The metal nitride is nitride of metal chosen from chromium, zirconium, vanadium and niobium. The metal boride is boride of metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten. The metal carbide is chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten. The catalyst compound consists of at least one chosen from transition metal, electroconductive carbon material, conductive polymer or organometallic complex. The transition metal is platinum. Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex is at least one type selected from porphyrin complex, phthalocyanine complex and their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymers are at least one type of polymer chosen from pyrrole, thiophene, aniline and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The back sheet further has a high polymer film, a vapor deposited high polymer film (30) containing inorganic oxide, silane coupling agent having organic functional group or its hydrolyzed substance, primer layer containing composite of polyol and isocyanate compound, and inorganic oxide thin film layer. The high polymer film is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate film, polyacryl film or polycarbonate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The precursor includes poly-urea-silane and polycarbosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The distance retainer arrangement is composed of steel material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is coated with mercury, aluminum, lead, copper, iron, carbon, graphite, nickel, silver, gold, silver, cadmium and mercury with arsenic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is contained in the group of palladium, platinum, platinum or palladium on substrate, platinum-containing or palladium-containing alloy, platinum containing and/or palladium containing metal mixture with ruthenium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is hydrogen, methane or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semi-clathrate hydrate forming compound is chosen from ammonium salt, sulfonium salt or phosphonium salt of formula (I), or amine of formula: NR1R2R3, preferably tetrabutyl ammonium bromide or tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride.X = nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur;R1-R4=H, 1-18C hydrocarbon or aryl; andA = anion chosen from bromide, chloride, fluoride, hydrogen sulfate, hydroxide, iodide, methosulfate, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, sulfate or carboxylate.When X is sulfur, R4 is absent.Preferred Composition: The semi-clathrate hydrate Composition contains mixture of semi-clathrate forming compounds. The total concentration of semi-clathrate hydrate forming compound is 50% with respect to water content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reformer and the heat exchanger are provided near the fuel cell stack.The heat exchanger is provided outside the reformer to form an indirect heating space of the second heating mechanism between the heat exchanger and the reformer.The reformer has an inlet (102) and an outlet (122).The mixed fuel flows into the reformer through the inlet.The reformed gas is supplied to the fuel cell stack through the outlet.The inlet is provided adjacent an exhaust gas outlet of the first heating mechanism.The reforming condition value comprises the temperature of the reformer and the molar ratio of carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel.An evaporator is provided for evaporating water to produce the mixed fuel.A fluid unit (14) includes the heat exchanger, evaporator and reformer.It is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack and symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the fuel cell stack.The flow direction of the remaining exhaust gas along the heat exchanger is in parallel with the flow direction of the mixed fuel along the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Element: The organic electroluminescent element has a layer containing monoamine compound provided between anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of monoamine compound is 90degreesC or more.Preferred Compound: The organic compound having pyridine, pyrazine or triazine ring as partial structure, further has N-phenyl carbazole ring as partial structure. The organic light emitting layer contains a host material and a luminescent material. The host material is organic compound having pyridine, pyrazine or triazine ring as partial structure. The luminescent material is organometallic complex. The monoamine compound of formula (II) is of formula (II-1). The monoamine compound of formula (III) is of formula (III-1).R23-R26,R34-R37 = same as R1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The austenitic stainless steel comprises 0.50 or less silicon, 0.30 or less aluminium, 0.02 or less sulphur, 0.05 or less phosphorus, 0.1 or less zirconium and 0.1 or less vanadium. The ratio of niobium to carbon (in atom%) in the steel satisfies the relation:0.7 less than 0.13 (niobium/carbon) less than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface enlargement is implemented by structuring the surface and/or roughening the surface. The electrically conductive coating contains a solderable material. The solderable material is a solder or tin. The electrically conductive coating contains an adhesive. The surface enlargement includes a knurling or fluting. It is made by a grinding or etching process. It extends in cross section only across a region of the electric conductor that is intended for contacting. It extends in cross section over the entire circumference of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is made from a punched part or a cut band. It has a length dimension which is greater than a cross section. It is designed in the form of a wire. The knurling or fluting extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement is made by a grinding process defined by a grinding direction which extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is circular or rectangular in cross section. It has a non-circular shape. It is designed as flat wire. The surface enlargement of the electric conductor extends along an entire length of the electric conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electric conductor is made of metal or metal alloy. It is made of copper. It is made of copper alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The brazing material layer contains copper and/or manganese, and aluminum and/or chromium. The outermost layer of the brazing material layer contains boron and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The quantum dot contains cylindrical molecule or globular molecule of carbon. Preferred Layer: The joint prevention layer comprises a functional group combined with carbon atom of quantum dot surface. The joint prevention layer comprises hydrogen or halogen atom combined with carbon atom of quantum dot surface. Preferred Group: The functional group is alkyl group. The functional group number of cylindrical carbon or carbon atom number of globular molecule surface is 5-50%. Preferred Composition: The ratio of halogen element used for joint prevention layer is 10-90% of cylindrical carbon or carbon atom number of globular surface. The joint prevention layer comprises functional group, hydrogen or halogen atom with carbon atom of portion adjacent to quantum dot of wall layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The n-type high resistant layer contains element chosen from 2 group element, 12 group element, 13 group element and 16 group element. The p-type oxide semiconductor layer contains 11 group element. The 13 group element is indium and/or gallium. The 16 group element is oxygen, sulfur and/or selenium. Preferred Electrode: The transparent electrode contains zinc oxide, indium oxide and/or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Sheet: The solar cell reverse side sealing sheet has region (R1) does not containing easily adhesive coating layer, region (R2) having easily adhesive coating layer, and continuous pattern to end face of solar cell module. The region (R1) is vaporization path of gas component produced from filler. The gas component is vaporized from end face of solar cell module.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The area ratio of coating layer is 30-99%. The easily adhesive coating layer consists of resin (A) chosen from acrylic type, epoxy type, phenol type, polyester type, urethane type and styrene type resin. The easily adhesive coating layer contains resin (B) formed by introducing silicon compound of formula (1) to resin structure of resin (A). The easily adhesive coating layer consists of resin mixture (C) containing resins (A,B). The easily adhesive coating layer is obtained by mixing silicon compound of formula (2) with resin (A), resin (B) or resin mixture (C).R1-R3,R5-R8=hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxyl, (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto, and amine group optionally having substituent;andR4=epoxy, phenol, polyester, urethane and/or styrene group resin.Preferred Sheet: The solar cell reverse side sealing sheet consists of polyester base material having layer(s), and easily adhesive coating layer provided on the base material. The base material is colored by adding a coloring agent, and is a white polyester base material. The base material is a multi-layer polyester base material containing white polyester layer (B-2) and coloring agent layer, and easily adhesive coating layer is provided at polyester layer side does not containing coloring agent. The sheet further has an inorganic compound vapor deposition layer provided on at least one layer of base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers The porous modification catalyst layer contains a sintered compact comprising nickel as main constituent, or a sintered compact containing mixture of yttria stabilized zirconia and nickel, or mixture of stabilized zirconia, porous ceramic or porous cermet. The barrier layer contains stabilized zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, zirconia, alumina, magnesia, and lanthanum complex of formula: (Ln1-xAx)yMO3\|(~d), where Ln is rare earth element, A is barium, strontium or calcium, M is chromium or titanium, x is 0-1 and y is 0.9-1.1. The hydrogen separation and anode layer is a multi-layered film containing palladium film, palladium alloy film, V group metal (vanadium, niobium or tantalum) film, and/or V group alloy film. The electrolyte layer contains perovskite compound shown by formula: ABO3, where A is calcium, barium or strontium and B is cerium or zirconium optionally substituted by rare earth elements such as yttrium and ytterbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating porous membrane consists of insulating material. The insulating material is a transparent polymeric material chosen from polyolefin type polymer compound, polyester type polymer compound, acrylic type polymer compound, nylon type polymer compound and/or fluorine type polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The fuel cell system has a fuel storage portion provided in middle of path connecting fuel cell apparatus and inclusion portion. The fuel storage portion stores liquid fuel containing molecular compound of liquid fuel component and host compound, supplied to fuel cell apparatus. The host compound carries out inclusion of harmful substance contained in product (P), after discharging liquid fuel component from molecular compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liquid fuel component is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal. The host compound is organic compound, inorganic compound, and/or organic and inorganic complex compound. The host compound is single molecule group, polymolecule group and polymeric group host compound. The liquid fuel is a fuel composition containing fatty acid ester of polyhydric alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphoric acid titania has phosphoric acid group. The phosphoric acid titania is amorphous or crystalline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains resin, gel and/or polyelectrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal component is sodium. The biomass is black liquor. The transition metal complex is a nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex. The nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex is a phthalocyanine-type complex or porphyrin-type complex.Preferred Condition: The mixture (M) is heat processed at 650-1500degreesC in inert gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (II) contains a sulfonic acid group (10-80 mol%) in a molecule.The polymer (I) contains at least 70 wt.% of acrylonitrile units.The content of polymer (I) in the liquid mixture is 20 wt.% or more with respect to total weight of polymers (I) and (II).Preferred Properties: The polymer (II) has weight average molecular weight of 2000-1000000.The polymer (I) has weight average molecular weight of 10000-1500000.The porous polymer film has thickness of 0.1-1000 microns.Preferred Method: The manufacturing method of porous polymer film is implemented by etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon component of the copolymer has blocking rate of 10-100 wt% and number average molecular weight of 30000-800000, measured according gel permeation chromatography. The weight ratio of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon to conjugated diene is 50/50-95/5. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of optical medium shows a melting peak at 220-280degreesC. Component (B) contains styrene and poly (alkyl styrene). The optical film is extended and has negative birefringence value. The absolute value (x) of change of birefringence (deltan) before and after stress relaxation under glass transition temperature is less than 80% and is calculated by the equation: x(deltan)=absolute value of (birefringence after stress relaxation/birefringence before stress relaxation)x100, where birefringence before stress relaxation is measured at 23degreesC and birefringence after relaxation is obtained after maintaining the optical medium at a temperature of glass transition temperature+10degreesC for 100 minutes. The absolute value of retardation of optical medium is 50 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Soxhlet extraction of dibenzo biphenylene derivative containing impurity is performed, followed by recyrstallization or sublimation purification. The recrystallization is performed using the same solvent as that used for Soxhlet extraction. Dibenzo biphenylene derivative has purity of 99 wt.% or more. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The solvent is chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and/or o-dichloro benzene.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-binaphthyl (2.04 g) and tetrahydrofuran (150 ml) were mixed in a flask filled with nitrogen. The flask was cooled to -78degreesC. Normal-butyl lithium (7 ml) was dropped and stirred at the temperature for 2 hours. Copper chloride (II) (2.02 g) was supplied and heated to room temperature over night. Hydrochloric acid was added and phase separation was performed. The obtained solid was recrystallized using o-dichloro benzene to form dibenzo biphenylene with purity of 99.9 wt.% and yield of 54.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Layer (2) is provided in 0.02-0.4 g/cm2. Layer (3) is provided in 0.1-0.4 g/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrogen generator has a unit for controlling the feed rate of oxygen or air, and fuel. The arrangement of the catalyst is such that the opening cross-section of the cell of the honeycomb-type catalyst installed in the upstream side and downstream side with respect to the gas flow of the space mutually overlap or deviate with respect to the gas flow direction. The component of the catalyst used for combustion and modification is the same. The cell number of the divided honeycomb catalyst in the combustion-catalyst layer is smaller in the upstream side than in the downstream side. The upstream side has lesser active ingredient amount of divided honeycomb catalyst in the combustion-catalyst layer than the downstream side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coolant: The coolant contains an oil component.
Preferred Definitions:    A = lanthanum, calcium, samarium, cerium, strontium, barium and/or praseodymium;    B' = cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and/or gadolinium;    B" = copper, cobalt and iron; and    x = more than 0.01 and 0.3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyarylene sulfide is 60-99 weight parts, and the content of thermoplastic resin is 1-40 weight parts. Compounds (0.1-5 weight parts) having epoxy group, amino group, and/or isocyanate group are contained in the film with respect to polyarylene sulfide and/or thermoplastic resin (100 weight parts). The surface of the dispersed phase contains silicon atom resulting from a siloxane bond. Preferred Components: The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. The thermoplastic resin is polyamide, polyether imide, polyether sulfone, and/or polysulfone. Preferred Properties: The film has a tensile rupture elongation of 100-250% in the length and/or width direction, and a tensile rupture elongation of 50-250% in the length and/or width direction after processing at 200degreesC for 1000 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal plate comprises metal selected from a group containing stainless steel. aluminium and copper. The insulating layer comprises insulating material selected from a group containing silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminium oxide and zinc oxide. The insulation region comprises insulating material selected from a group containing silicon oxide, titanium oxide, alumina oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide and magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide, and metal component carrying oxide. The zeolite has (beta) (BEA) and/or faujasite (FAU) structure. The zeolite contains metal component(s) chosen from silver, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquefied petroleum gas contains a 3C hydrocarbon compound (97 vol.% or more, preferably 98 vol.% or more), a 2C hydrocarbon compound (1 vol.% or less, preferably 0.5 vol.% or less) and a 4C hydrocarbon compound (2 vol.% or less, preferably 1.5 vol.% or less). The content of olefin and di-olefin in the total hydrocarbon compound is 0.7 vol.% or less, preferably 0.3 vol.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inert gas is heated and introduced to container. The inert gas is purified before introducing to container, and concentration of carbon monoxide, water, carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced. The inert gas ejected from discharge port is further introduced to container from supply port. Exhaustion of container is carried out before introducing the inert gas.Preferred Material: The hydrogen adsorption material is metal-organic structured material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The basic compound capable of producing organic cation is basic compound capable of producing quaternary ammonium ion. Preferred Definitions:    X=halogen atom.    EXAMPLE - Hexachloro rhenium (IV) acid potassium (in g) (0.6) was dissolved in 0.1N hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (50 ml). 10% aqueous solution of tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (6.54) was added, and mixed at room temperature. The obtained deposit was filtered, washed and dried to produce hexachloro rhenium (IV) acid tetra-n-butylammonium. The obtained compound was dissolved in acetonitrile, and oxidation peak was observed at 0.9 V and reduction peak was observed at 0.8 V. The obtained compound was used as electrolyte, and electricity-generating element was produced. The electric power generating voltage was 1.1 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cooling unit is made of plastic support plate that consists of a polymer e.g. polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having boiling point of 200degreesC or more, has melting point of 25degreesC or less. Preferred Composition: The polymer composition contains aromatic ether compound (10-60 wt.%), with respect to weight of whole composition. Alternately, the polymer composition contains organic compound(s) having boiling point of 100degreesC or more, excluding aromatic ether compound, polymer(s) which are charge-transporting or photoluminescent in solid state, and organic compound(s) having boiling point of 200degreesC or more selected from aliphatic compound optionally having heteroatom or alicyclic compound optionally having heteroatom. The alicyclic compound has 6-membered carbon ring structure. The polymer composition contains aliphatic compound or alicyclic compound having boiling point of 200degreesC or more in an amount of 30 wt.% or more, with respect to weight of whole composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymer has polystyrene conversion weight average molecular weight of 1x103-1x107. The polymer composition has viscosity of 1-20 mPa.second. Preferred Composition: The polymer composition contains polymer (0.1-5 wt.%) with respect to weight of whole composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light-harvesting rod contains several photon absorbing particles comprising phorphyrin molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The light harvesting rods are made by depositing a first porphorynic molecule having a phosphonic acid group and a polymerizable handle in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the electrode; contacting the electrode layer with a solution comprising a second porphyrinic molecule having at least two polymerizable groups, a ligand for a quantum dot, and a quantum dot; polymerizing the first and second porphyrinic molecules; coupling the quantum dot and the second porphyrinic molecule with the ligand to form the light-harvesting rods.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor content layer of optoelectric transducer contains modified titanium oxide sensitized by a pigment chosen from metal complex pigment or non-metallic organic dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation of the fused salt is (cyclic) quaternary ammonium group cations chosen from 7 compounds such as compounds of formulae (I-IV).R11-R14=hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl or 2-8C alkoxy alkyl group;R21,R22,R31,R32,R71=1-8C alkyl group;andR23,R33-R36,R72-R76=hydrogen or 1-8C alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plate material comprises a metallic surface. The plate material comprises high quality stainless steel containing molybdenum, chromium and nickel (more than 40 wt.%) with respect to total weight of stainless steel. The plate material comprises a composite polymeric surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: After sulfuric acid saccharification of woody and herbage type biomass, the generated strongly acidic biomass residue is not neutralized, and is used as it is as an alkali soil improvement agent or a neutralizing agent of an alkali waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrophilic solvent is water or aqueous solution, preferably pure water. The acid is hydrofluoric acid or hydrobromic acid. The substrate is immersed in aqueous solution containing 0.1-10 volume% of acid. Preferred Process: The soaking of the electrode in a hydrophilic solvent is immersion in a bath filled with dispersion of hydrophilic solvent. Ultrasonic wave is applied when the substrate is soaked in the solvent. The soaking is performed for one second to 10 minutes. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is p-type single crystal silicon substrate doped with gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode catalyst is selected from platinum, ruthenium, Ib group, IVb group, Vb group, VIb group, VIIb group, and VIIIb group of periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anion component is of formulae: (RSO3)-, (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, ((RfSO2)3C)-, ((FSO2)3C)-, (RCH2OSO3)-, (RC(O)O)-, (RfC(O)O)-, (CC13C(O)O)-, ((CN)3C)-, ((CN)2CR)-, ((RO(O)C)2CR)-, (R2P(O)O)-, (RP(O)O2)2-, ((RO)2P(O)O)-, ((RO)P(O)O2)2-, ((RO)(R)P(O)O)-, (Rf2P(O)O)-, (RfP(O)O2)2-, (B(OR)4)-, (N(CF3)2)-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, PF6-, BF4-, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-, preferably (CF3SO2)2N-, PF6, or BF4-.R=H, halogen, 1-10C linear or side chain alkyl, 2-10C linear or side chain alkenyl with 1 or more double bonds, 2-10C linear or side chain alkynyl with one or more triple bonds, (un)saturated cycloalkyl, aryl or alkoxy alkyl, where hydrogen atom contained in the R is substituted partly or completely with hydrogen atom or is substituted partly with CN and NO2 group, carbon atom contained in the R is substituted with -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-,-SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -N(R')2, -PR', -P(O)R'-, -P(O)R'-O-, -O-P(O)R'-O- or P(R')2=N-;R'=defined above;andRf=fluorine-containing substituent. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=methyl;    R3-R6=H;and    Y=sulfur atom.    EXAMPLE - 3-Methylthio-2-thiazoline (in g) (20.0) was dripped into a flask containing diethyl sulfate (34.7 g) under a nitrogen stream. The mixture was allowed to react for 72 hours at 30 degreesC and a pale yellow liquid was obtained. After washing with ether, and vacuum drying 3-ethyl-2-methylthio-2-thiazonium ethylsulfate was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The co-catalyst atom preferably contains zirconium, titanium and/or molybdenum. The content of platinum atom in catalyst is 0.1-10 mass%. Preferred Property: The concentration index (I) of co-catalyst atom in shift catalyst is 0.1-50, preferably 5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mesoporous structure has heat resistance of 400degreesC or more, mean pore diameter of 1.0-9.0 nm, pore volume of 0.3-0.6 ml/g and three-dimensional pore structure containing mesopores and micropores. The material is amorphous or highly crystalline and has average particle diameter of 20-400 nm and specific surface area of 200-600 m2/g. Preferred Materials: The metal oxide is oxide of titanium, silicon, niobium, iron, tin, chromium, aluminum or vanadium. Preferably the metal oxide is amorphous or anatase type titanium oxide. The metal alkoxide used in manufacture of the porous material is alkoxide of titanium, silicon, niobium, iron, tin, chromium, aluminum or vanadium. The metal alkoxide is preferably titanium butoxide or niobium ethoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anion component is (RSO3)-, (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, ((RfSO2)3C)-, ((FSO2)3C)-, (RCH2OSO3)-, (RC(O)O)-, (RfC(O)O)-, (CCl3C(O)O)-, ((CN)3C)-, ((CN)2CR)-, ((RO(O)C)2CR)-, (R2P(O)O)-, (RP(O)O2)2-,((RO)2P(O)O)-, ((RO)P(O)O2)2-, ((RO)(R)P(O)O)-, (Rf2P(O)O)-, (RfP(O)O2)2-, (B(OR)4)-, (N(CF3)2)-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, PF6-, BF4-, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, F-, Cl-, and/or Br-.R=R1;andRf=fluorine-containing substituent.Preferably, the anion component is (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, CF3SO3-, CF3COO-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, F-, Cl-, Br-, and/or I-, preferably (CF3SO2)N-, PF6-, and/or BF4-, more preferably (CF3SO2)N-. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R9=1-20C linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy, with R2-R7 preferably being 1-4C linear alkyl, and R8 and R9 preferably being H;and    X=oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The material for the plugging member is aluminum titanate or its compound material. A material for the partition walls is cordierite or its compound.Preferred Component: The plugging member has lower thermal conductivity than that of the partition walls or a lower thermal expansion coefficient than that of the partition walls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The conductive matrix particles comprise metal boride, metal carbide, metal nitride, metal silicide, metal oxyboride, metal oxycarbide, metal oxynitride, or metal carbonitride. The metal compound contains chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium. The metal matrix particles consist of boride of cobalt (Co2B, Co3B), chromium (Cr2B, CrB, Cr5B3, CrB2), molybdenum (MoB, Mo2B, Mo2B5), niobium (NbB, NbB2, NbB6), nickel (NiB, Ni2B, Ni3B), tantalum (TaB, TaB2), titanium (TiB2), vanadium (VB, VB2), tungsten (W2B, WB, WB2, W2B5) or zirconium (ZrB2, ZrB12), cobalt carbide (Co2C), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), niobium carbide (NbC, Nb2C), titanium carbide (TiC), vanadium carbide, tungsten carbide, zirconium carbide, cobalt nitride (Co2N), chromium nitride (CrN, Cr2N), niobium nitride, titanium nitride, vanadium nitride, tungsten nitride, tantalum nitride, zirconium nitride, cobalt silicide (CoSi2), chromium silicide (CrSi2, Cr5Si3), molybdenum silicide (MoSi2, Mo5Si3), nickel silicide (Ni2Si, NiSi2), niobium silicide (NbSi2, Nb5Si3), tantalum silicide (TaSi2), titanium silicide (TiSi2, TiSi, Ti5Si3), vanadium silicide (V3Si, VSi2), tungsten silicide (WSi2, W5Si3), or zirconium silicide (ZrSi2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass substrate comprises 0.005-0.45% (preferably 0.01-0.03%) total iron (expressed as ferric oxide (Fe2O3)), 0-0.02% (preferably 0-0.01%) cerium oxide, and 0.01-0.5% (preferably 0.1-0.3%) antimony oxide. It comprises less than or equal to 0.003%, preferably 0.002% iron(II) oxide (FeO). It has a total iron content of 0.005-0.045%. It includes at least twice as much antimony oxide as total iron oxide, by weight.Preferred Properties: The glass substrate has a visible transmission of at least 90%. It has a positive basterisk color value. It has a redox value (FeO/Fe2O3) of not greater than 0.06, preferably not greater than 0.04. It has a total solar and/or total energy value (taue) of at least 90%. It has a transmissive aasterisk color value of -0.5-0.5 and a transmissive basterisk color value of 0.1-1.Preferred Components: The glass substrate is free of erbium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, cerium oxide and/or selenium. It is preferably free of erbium oxide, cerium oxide, and nickel oxide. At least one surface of the patterned glass substrate is patterned to have a surface roughness of 0.5-1.5 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The stirring apparatus has a rotating apparatus for rotating a stirring blade (7) installed in silicon molten metal. The stirring apparatus has an inert gas ejection pipe having jet nozzle in silicon molten metal, and an induction stirring apparatus arranged at outer side of heating apparatus. An impurity condensing apparatus is arranged at position in crucible or crucible opening, such that surface of silicon molten metal is viewed. The impurity condensing apparatus has a cooling device. The refiner further has a raising and lowering apparatus (I) for elevating impurity condensing apparatus, and raising and lowering apparatus (11) for elevating crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode and cathode current collectors comprise silver (Ag), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn) and their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The collectors comprise polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material is selected from silicon, germanium, silicon or germanium alloys, p-doped silicon or germanium, and n-doped silicon or germanium. The membrane is formed of a non-conducting material selected from silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The etching is carried out using an etchant comprising water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The membrane is formed of a metal selected from gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, chromium, titanium, tungsten, lead, tin, palladium, and palladium alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching is carried out using an etchant comprising ethylenediamine, pyrocatechol and pyrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent contained in the catalyst paste is ethyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide consists of zinc oxide. Preferred Compound: The template compound has anchor groups such as carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group or phosphoric acid group, and is a dye compound which has electrochemical reducibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thick film conductive composition comprises metal particles (in wt.%) (40-93), glass particles (2-10) and organic vehicle (5-50). The composition further comprises aluminum. The metal particles are preferably silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The hydrophobic agent consists of siloxane polymer having hydrophobic substituent, and an alkyl siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic coating defines a contact angle of l0degrees along the first or second major face of the diffusion media. The outer surface includes an inner surface portion extending between the first and second major faces. The coating is disposed on the inner surface portion. It extends between the first and second major faces. The hydrophilic polymeric coating comprises regions of hydrophilic polymeric coating and the diffusion media comprises uncoated regions (28). The regions of the hydrophilic polymeric coating and the uncoated regions alternate across first and/or second major faces of the diffusion media. The alternating regions have a periodicity of less than 5 cm. Preferred Dimensions: The porous matrix defines a thickness of 20-1000 microns. The hydrophilic coating has a thickness of 1 nm to 1 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including metallic screens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The hydrophilic monomer comprises a glycol (meth)acrylate, preferably polyethylene glycol acrylate. It is UV-curable. Preferred Materials: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, foam, carbon or graphite wovens or non-wovens, or foams. The formulation comprises polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, photoinitiator, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The material is a cadmium chalcogenide. It is cadmium telluride or cadmium sulfide.Preferred Method: The material is a cadmium chalcogenide and heating includes maintaining the first chamber at 700degreesC or more. The method further comprises providing a mixture of vapor and carrier gas having no solid material after heating the material such that a portion of the material vaporizes into a vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing process of liquefied petroleum gas is carried out using a desulfurizing agent. The desulfurizing agent is at least one type chosen from zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide and metal component supported oxide. The desulfurizing agent contains at least one of metal component chosen from silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal component. The zeolite has beta and/or faujasite structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquefied petroleum gas contains 0.1 volume% or less of 2C olefin, 0.3 volume% or less of 3C olefin and 0.5 volume% or less of 4C olefin and diolefin. The content of 4C diolefin is 0.03 volume% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Clay: The clay is a hectorite and/or a montmorillonite such that the membrane is impermeable to carbon monoxide and permeable to hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is one or more of polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Indium hydroxide is manufactured by mixing indium salt solution and aqueous alkali solution such that the liquid temperature becomes 50-90degreesC and pH becomes 7-8. A grinding process is performed between primary and secondary baking processes. After baking process, the liquid mixture is slowly cooled till the substance temperature becomes 20-100degreesC. Subsequently, the substance is ground such that Dmax becomes 12 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The rare-earth element of the rare-earth complex is europium or samarium. The rare-earth complex contains carboxylic acid in a ligand. The carboxylic acid is aromatic carboxylic acid and its derivative(s) and/or fatty acid. Alternately, the rare-earth complex contains beta-diketone of formula: R1COCHR2-COR3, in a ligand.R1 = aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or aralkyl group all optionally substituted;R2 = H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl or aryl group;andR3 = optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, or optionally substituted aralkyl group.Preferably, the beta-diketone is chosen from 20 diketone compounds such as 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone and 2-methyl-1,3-butane dione. The rare-earth complex contains neutral ligand which absorbs light of 450 nm or less, preferably nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound, more preferably 1,10-phenanthroline or bipyridyl. The rare-earth complex has structure of formula (1,2 or 3).Ln = rare-earth element;R = carboxylic acid of 1 or more type chosen from 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, its derivative and fatty acid as RCOOH;andR1-R3 = 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone or benzoyl acetone as R1COCHR2COR3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cover: The front cover is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contains the rare-earth complex (0.05-1 mass%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (50 mass% or more) containing vinyl acetate unit (10-50 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Iridium compound and platinum compound are chloride, nitrate and/or dinitro diammine salt of iridium and platinum, respectively. The electroconductive support is acetylene black, Balkan, Ketchen Black (RTM: carbon black), black pearl, their graphitized product, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn and/or carbon fibril, preferably acetylene black, Balkan, Ketchen Black (RTM: carbon black) and/or black pearl. The composite noble particle further contains co-catalyst metal(s) and is of formula: (Pt)a(Ir)b(X)c, where a,b are same as defined above, X is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium and/or rhodium, c is atomic ratio of metal (X), b+c/a+b+c is 0.01-0.3 and a+b+c is 1. The average particle diameter of composite noble metal particle is preferably 4-6 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic foil and metal mesh are made of titanium, chromium tungsten, platinum, stainless steel, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium and zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance of electrolyte layer consists of complex salts such as ferrocene, para benzoquinone, 7,7,8,8-tetracyano quinodimethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, tetrathiafulvalene, thiane, p-tolyl amine, ferrocyanic-acid-ferricyanic-acid salt, polysodium sulfide, alkyl thiol-alkyl-di sulfide, hydroquinone quinone, viologen pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The crystalline particles (A) are polycrystalline particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The crystalline particles are polycrystalline particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sheet contains ethylene-based copolymer (100 wt.pts) and organic peroxide (0.3-3 wt.pts). A coupling agent is added to both the outermost layers. The inner layer contains 80 wt.% or more of the organic peroxide having 1-hour half-life temperature of 100-160degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel comprises methanol, ethanol, trioxane, formic acid, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, methyl formate or formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor particles in the semiconductor layer, consist of titanium dioxide which contains columnar crystals. The pigment is a ruthenium metal complex pigment. The liquid electrolyte includes an oxidation reduction substance which consists of an iodine and an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is solid electrolyte in which liquid electrolyte is maintained with a polymer compound. The polymer compound is formed by polymerizing a monomer unit of formula (I). The solid electrolyte is formed by polymerizing a polymer compound forming material containing a liquid electrolyte or electrolyte permeating a gelled material. The polymer compound forming material is the monomer unit (I).R1=H or methyl group;X=group bonded with ester and carbon atom;andn=2-4.The polymer compound and gelled material, each is a reaction material of compound which has an isocyanate group and a compound which has an active hydrogen group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The control portion detects the gaseous generation rate based on gas storage volume variation per unit time of gas storage portion, and photoelectric current amount detected according to gas generation rate. The control portion adjusts the distance between water surface and energy conversion portion by adjusting the quantity of gas stored in storage portion, and by raising or lowering the electrolysis apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The halogenating agent is added after making the reaction system to attain a temperature of 20degreesC or less. After completion of addition of the halogenating agent, the reaction system is maintained at 20-40degreesC.Preferred Compounds: The phthalocyanine is aluminum phthalocyanine and the halogenating agent is bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Fluororesin is a tertrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or a polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gas is hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, helium or hydrogen chloride, and silicon atom-containing gas of monosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane or silicon tetrachloride. The fluidizing gas is hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, helium, hydrogen chloride or silicon tetrachloride. The inert gas is hydrogen, nitrogen, argon and helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell module panel, L shape frame, solar cell module plate mount and L shape base, are made of carbon steel pipes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is a silane modified resin which polymerizes ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerizable polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic acid compound is either aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base film consists of polytrimethylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectric cells are made of gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conductive plate is made of a conductive material such as aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting film is preferably of a polyvinyl fluoride e.g. Tedlar (RTM) or epoxy resin; the sandwiching film layers are e.g. of ethyl vinyl acetate, and one of the outer layers can be of Tedlar (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectrode is semiconductor, silicon, an organic photoconductor, titanium dioxide, dye sensitized titanium dioxide, a schottky diode, a layered structure of silicon and another semiconductor, a P well-intrinsic-N well (P-I-N) diode, a P-N junction, or a P-N junction having a top layer coated with an inert metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface production sheet has transmittance of 1.5% or less, at a wavelength of 370 nm. The sheet has average transmittance of 82% or more, at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm after ultraviolet irradiation for 15 days in the indigo super tester having ultraviolet ray illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2, and before ultraviolet radiation the sheet has average transmittance of 3% or less at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface-side sealing resin and back-side sealing resin are ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA). The solar cell element has a resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The truss is formed of an extruded metal e.g. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A truss is mounted to the frame and is pivotally connected to the base, where the truss is formed of glass reinforced thermoplastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of UV light transmission aperture plate is sapphire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: Each light-receptive portion is provided on a flexible cell substrate. Each light-receptive portion comprises a porous thin-film electrode, a sensitizing dye, an electrolyte liquid, and a counter electrode. The thin-film electrode consists of a metal-oxide semiconductor thin film sintered on an electroconductive substrate, titanium tetrachloride is applied on the semiconductor, and titanium tetrachloride is sintered.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dyes: The sensitizing dye of the red light-receptive portion is a phthalocyanine derivative of formula (1), preferably a zinc phthalocyanine derivative of formula (3), and the sensitizing dye of the blue light-receptive portion is a porphyrin derivative of formula (2), preferably tetra(4-carboxy phenyl) porphyrin of formula (4).X=bivalent transition metal, trivalent transition metal, trivalent rare earth metal, or platinum;andR1-R16,R21-R36=H, carboxyl (derivative), amino (derivative), sulfoxyl (derivative), long chain alkyl, or higher fatty acid, with at least one of R1-R16 and at least one of R21-R36 being carboxyl (derivative).The sensitizing dye used for the green light-receptive portion is Eosin Y (RTM: tetrabromo fluorescein), MFP488 (RTM: fluorophore), Alexa Fluor 488 (RTM: fluorophore), cyanine dye, and/or fluorescein isothiocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photosensitive layer is made of photoconductive polymer e.g. polythiophene, polyalkyithiophene, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polyvinylpyrene and polyparaphenylene-vinylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell is silicon-crystal type photovoltaic cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and the nanometer-scaled rods are made of indium gallium arsenide or mercury cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - An electrical device such as moving picture experts group audio layer 3 (MP3) player, is provided with the gazebo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support construction is made from a material such as galvanized iron, hard aluminum and/or high-grade steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The profile storage device conforms to Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or a thermoplastic polymer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) less than about 150degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective material of the assembly is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The boiler is composed of aluminum or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of conductive material assembly comprises aluminum, molybdenum, copper, steel, nickel, silver, gold, or alloy. The conductive tape comprises a silver, copper, nickel, graphite, or aluminum deposit. The inner coaxial layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS), while the outer coaxial layer comprises CdS, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, or doped ZnO. The transparent conductive oxide layer is made of tin oxide SnO, with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide (ZnO) or combination.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of the assembly is made of polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly tetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The input device has a communications port performing two way communications according to Bluetooth , general packet radio service (GPRS) mobile phone , and 802.11b standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The antimony doped glass exhibits a minimum of 90 percent transmittance when measured over the spectral range from 350 nm to 2500 nm under Method A of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-E424 and spectral distribution of ASTM-E892. The glass may be tempered, preferably in compliance with ASTM C-1048.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The panel comprises an optically transparent glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorescent dye comprises anthranones, anthraquinones, croconines, monoazos, diazos, trisazos, benzimidazolones, diketo pyrrole pyrroles, dioxazines, diarylides, indanthrones, isoindolines, isoindolinones, naphthols, perinones, ansanthrones, dibenzpyrenequinones, pyranthrones, bioranthorones, isobioranthorone, phthalocyanines, pryanthrones, quinacidones, quinophthalones, squaraines, squarilyiums, leuco dyes, deuterated leuco dyes and their derivatives; 3,3'-diethyloxycarbocyanine iodide, cresyl violet 670 perchlorate, perylenes, perylenic acid anhydride or perylenic acid imide; diphenylmethane, and triphenylmethane, type pigments; cyanine and azomethine type pigments; indigoid type pigments; bisbenzoimidazole type pigments; azulenium salts; pyrylium salts; thiapyrylium salts; benzopyrylium salts; leuco-azine dyes; acridines; di-and tri-arylmethane, dyes; quinoneamines; o-nitro-substituted arylidene dyes and/or aryl nitrone dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The panel comprises an optically transparent organic polymer (preferably polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, and/or polymethylmethacrylate; or is a blend of a polycarbonate with polyester). The polyester is polyarylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, poly(1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), poly(cyclohexanedimethanol-co-ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) and/or poly(butylene naphthalate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The TCC layers are made of material selected from zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb), aluminum indium arsenide (AlInAs), aluminum gallium indium antimonide (AlGaInSb), aluminum gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN), silicon carbide (SiC), and zinc selenide telluride (ZnSeTe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid in the solar cell module consists of organic solvent, d-limonene, xylene and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A translucent adhesive agent of solar cell module contains an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The circuit board is a glass substrate or polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless transmission unit utilizes Bluetooth , WiFi i.e. IEEE 802.11 ZigBee , or wireless USB protocol to transmit exercise data to an external computing device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of metal such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electric insulation is made of plastic foil and thermally conductive silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Reinforcing thread-like elements are incorporated in a vulcanised elastomeric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The reinforcing thread-like elements comprise cords made of kevlar (RTM: poly p-phenylene terephthalamide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The absorber layer is made of crystalline or amorphous silicon-based material. The second layer is made of metal or semiconductor materials. The second structure of reflection is made of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The second layer is made of alloy. The second structure of reflection is made of alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The identical blade portions are formed from like sections of a thin gauge stiff material such as sheet steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The identical blade portions are formed from like sections of a thin gauge stiff material such as sheet of polyurethane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulation foil is formed by laminating a plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solder layer (7) comprises tin-silver-copper. The solder layer (8) comprises tin-zinc-bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contained in the adhesion improving layer is crosslinked by alkylated melamine and/or polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Preferred Composition: The sheet further has transparent inorganic gas barrier layer and white reflection layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holding frame is made from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The drive mechanism comprises disengagement actuator made of shape memory alloy (SMA) such as nickel titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, (A) and/or (B) is maintained at initiation of curing and below 120degreesC for increasing their flowability or (A) and/or (B) is diluted in an organic solvent, prior to the coating step. The coated (A) and/or the coated (B) is maintained in an uncured state at a temperature below initiation of curing and below 120degreesC for evaporating the organic solvent used for dilution, prior to the curing step. The curing step may be performed by heating in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas at above 150degreesC, heating in an inert gas or vacuum at above 200degreesC, irradiating with a high-energy beam, exposing to ozone, exposing to nitrogen suboxide gas, or exposing to wet ammonia gas. Preferred Components: (I) is a metal substrate (preferably a thin flexible metal substrate, which is thin stainless steel plate), a ceramic substrate, or a non-optical glass substrate. The semiconductor layer is a thin silicon semiconductor layer or a thin compound semiconductor layer. The semiconductor device is a thin solar battery. EXAMPLE - Hydrogenpolysiloxane of formula ((H2SiO)-0.12(HSiO1.5)-0.88) was dissolved in a dibutyl ether and dehydrated. The obtained solution was spin coated onto the surface of a thin stainless steel plate (i.e. stainless steel foil). The unit was heated for 2 hours at 200degreesC and then for 1 hour at 600degreesC to form a thin flexible stainless steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The flexible substrate has a multi-layer structure containing mica substrate and an intermediate layer containing ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact electrode is made of molybdenum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-elastic belt connecting the weights and the press arms of the exercise machine is made of Kevlar(RTM: aramid fibers).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The major extent of each wing element has unitary, molded synthetic resin consist of a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible base member is formed of thermoplastic urethane or a polymer fabric. The flexible solar cells are formed of pentacene, an organic polymer or plastic. At least one retainer is formed of an elastomeric material or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guiding structures are made from material such as plastic
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cables are coated with the polymeric compound such as polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cobblestone-shaped outer surface is formed of molded rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactor includes selenium-containing gas and sulfur-containing gas connected to gas inlet for supplying at least one of selenium and sulfur to the gap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer comprising metal, metal oxide and/or inorganic compound has gas barrier property. The layer has water vapor permeability of 2.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less. The layer has water vapor permeability of 5.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less after aging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film having intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-1.2 and containing polyimide resin. Alternately, the polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film. The sealing film further has weather resistant resin sheet layer (5) laminated on the surface. The resin layer is chosen from fluorine resin sheet, poly carbonate resin sheet and/or acrylic resin sheet. The sealing film has total visible light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Resin: The acrylic resin is benzotriazole group monomer copolymerized acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The rollers are made of hard ceramic such as silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer covering the raceway is made of titanium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The raceway of the cylindrical inner surface is made of titanium. The shim washers are made of material such as bronze or beryllium-copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor body of the solar cell includes a germanium substrate, and the cells are fabricated in part with gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition layer of the gas barrier vapor deposition film consists of inorganic oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the surface of the vapor deposition layer side of gas barrier vapor deposition film. The gas barrier vapor deposition film is laminated on the unprocessed surface of a plastic base material processed by corona treatment or adhesion processing. The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the processed surface of base material. The base material surface of the gas barrier vapor deposition film is colored or transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive thin film comprises silver pattern, copper or aluminum film and nickel film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support frame is made of structural steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first energy absorbing element comprises cadmium telluride (CdTe). The second energy absorbing element comprises silicon (Si). The first energy absorbing element comprises a carbon nanotube that provides structure to the first energy absorbing element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy conversion device is protected against stationary or moving objects on the floor by a transparent layer comprising glass or a polymer such as perspex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The surface layer has multi-layered structure having surface protection function for protecting surface of reverse side protective layer, reaction prevention function for preventing reaction between materials of insulating sealing agent and protective layer, insulation enhancing function for reinforcing insulation between photovoltaic cell or solar cell submodule, and protective layer, and adhesive enhancing function for enhancing adhesivity between surface layer and sealing agent. The multi-layered structure has surface protective layer, reaction prevention layer, insulation reinforcing layer and adhesion reinforcing layer in order. The surface protective layer is formed using laminate of coating film containing polyester resin, acrylic resin, acrylic resin containing silicon, oxide film or fluororesin. The reaction prevention layer is formed using laminate of coating film having acrylic resin containing silicon, or oxide film. The insulation reinforcing layer is formed using coating film laminate of coating film containing silicon resin, acrylic resin or polyethylene resin. The adhesion reinforcing layer is formed using coating film containing silane coupling material having methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, isocyanate group or mercapto group, or silicon resin. The reverse side protective layer is laminate of predetermined metal plate, predetermined plastic plate and fluorine resin film. Preferred Material: The surface protection material is translucent flexible material. Preferred Method: Corrugation processing of insulating sealing agent adhesive surface side of protective layer, surface of protective layer, or surface of surface layer is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas barrier layer contains aluminum oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The weather-resistant film comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first fullerene is an unsubstituted fullerene comprising fullerene from C60, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92. The second fullerene is a substituted fullerene including an ester group. The substituted fullerene is PCBM (not defined) or PCBG (not defined).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active layer comprises an electron donor material comprising polyacetylene, polyaniline, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythienylvinylene, polythiophene, polyporphyrin, porphyrinic macrocycle, polymetallocene, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphthalocyanine, a discotic liquid crystal polymer, or their derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer consists of an organic material such as aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer consists of an organic material such as polyfluorene, polyspirofluorene and polyphenylenvinylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacer is formed of a moisture-proof material such as butyl rubber. The low-resilience resin section contains an acrylic-based resin as a principal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Coupling agent containing glycidyl, amino and isocyanate groups is contained in the adhesive coat layer. The adhesive coat layer is mixture of polyester type resin or epoxy resin, and acrylic resin, at least one having cross-linked structure. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on at least one layer of the polyester base material of multi-layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive coat layer is formed using water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 100degreesC or more. The adhesive coat layer contains polyfunctional isocyanate type compound, polyfunctional epoxy type compound, melamine type compound or silane compound (R1-Si(R2)(R4)-R3), preferably silane compound.R1-R4=H, halogen, optionally substituted (alkyl, alkoxy (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto or amine) group.The adhesive coat layer is formed on polyester base material. The sheet has a multi-layer structure comprising one or more polyester base material layer. EXAMPLE - Urethane type adhesive comprising polyester, isophorone diisocyanate/xylylene diisocyanate group hardener is vapor deposited on dry laminate of multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film. Water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 180degreesC was provided on multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film to form a sheet. The sheet was adhered on tempered glass and preheated at 40degreesC for 3 minutes to form solar cell module. The sheet had excellent adhesivity with polyethylene terephthalate film, and electric insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Sensor: The biasing component comprises a metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred sensor: The coating comprises thermoplastic elastomer including thermoplastic polyolefin, thermoplastic vulcanizate alloy, thermoplastic polyurethane or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bag is made of a synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The pre-assembled chassis is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic film is produced by hardening acrylic lacquer by irradiating electron beam. EXAMPLE - Acrylic film with thickness of 50 microns and transparent inorganic compound vapor deposited plastic film with thickness of 12 microns were bonded through polyurethane resin adhesive agent, to obtain a surface protection sheet. The sheet had reduced weight, excellent weather resistance, damp proofing property measured according to JIS K 7129, bendability and produced solar cell module with high power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The user is identified with a wireless authentication technology conforming to Bluetooth technique.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The active RF tag receives and transmits radio frequency signals using a wireless local area network IEEE 802.lx communication standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The leg ring is constructed of extruded polypropylene or polyethylene plastic. The snap clip is constructed of polyethylene or ultra high molecular weight (UHMW) polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The corrugated pipe is made from non-porous type high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base includes brass fittings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic rope consists of an elastic core surrounded by fine braiding in polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The housing includes a refractive control medium for focusing and altering the direction of the gravitational waves. The refractive control medium is a superconductor. A refractive control element is located within the housing for altering the direction of travel of the gravitational waves. It is a vehicle trajectory processor or a superconductor. Gravitational wave generators, which change the gravitational field in the vicinity of an object and urge the object in a preferred direction, are positioned in operative relation to and located exteriorly or interiorly of the object. The object is a vehicle, spacecraft, missile, or a mobile operating on land. The gravitational waves comprise two clusters of set(s) of energizing and energizable elements (13, 14). The clusters are located in a terrestrial location or in outer space. The clusters that are located in outer space are at the Moon and the L3 lunar libration point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyclopentadithiophene and silole moieties are substituted with substituent from 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2 or SO2R.R=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalky or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl.The substituent is hexyl, ethylhexyl, or 1-20C alkoxy optionally further substituted with 1-20C alkoxy or halo or (OCH2CH2)2OCH3 or OCH2CF2OCF2CF2OCF3. The first comonomer repeat unit comprises a cyclopentadithiophene moiety of structure (I).R1, R2=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably hexyl, ethylhexyl, (OCH2CH2)2OCH3 or OCH2CF2OCF2CF2OCF3R=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl; andR3, R4=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R.The second monomer repeat unit comprises a silole moiety of structure (XXI).R5, R6=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably aryl substituted with 1-20C alkyl; andR7, R8=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably 1-20C alkyl optionally substituted with halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic-film sheet e.g. as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polycarbonate (PC) are used as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material that has a water vapor transmission rate that is less than about grams/meters2/day at 37.8degreesC as measured by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E96 procedure. The polyester material has a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than 12,000 V measured by the ASTM D149 procedure for a 0.002 inch thick layer. The polyester material has a tensile strength of at least 18,000 psi as measured by the ASTM D882 procedure. The photovoltaic module passed Impulse Voltage Testing at a voltage of 8,000 V as measured by the procedure in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61730-2. The photovoltaic module also passed the Wet Leakage Current Test at a voltage of 1000 V as measured by the IEC 61215 procedure after an ultraviolet radiation exposure simulation test.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic module has an organo-reactive silane-type of primer added to the encapsulant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material. The photovoltaic module junction box is attached to the back sheet by an adhesive selected from oxime-cured adhesive, and amine-cured adhesive, an enoxy-cured adhesive or an alkoxy-cured adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat radiation film is formed of film from composition made of liquid consisting of partial hydrolysate, alkoxy titanium and organic solvent of alkoxysilane compound containing specific metallic compound, or specific alkali-metal silicate, silicone resin emulsion and liquid consisting of any one of the silane compounds containing specific metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric support element is made of flexible polymeric material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glass laminated fabric is made of glass fiber fabric and resin which may be in the form of epoxy, melamine, silicon, phenol, polyimide, and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer is made of tin oxide with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide or zinc oxide. The outer coaxial layer of semiconductor junction is made of cadmium sulfide, tin dioxide, zirconia, zinc oxide or doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of conductive core is made of polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, poletheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material consists of indium, gallium, aluminum, arsenide, phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The radiation sensitive resin composition further contains a crosslinking agent. The alkoxy silane compound has protonic polar group and reactive functional group. The cyclic olefin type polymer has protonic polar group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made from polyethyleneterephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The roof covering plate is manufactured from a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive consists of a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive and optically reflective layer is made up of aluminum and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The beams consist of high-density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The n electrode diffused layer includes titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag), or titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd), or titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au). The p electrode diffused layer includes aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The reverse-side protection sheet has resin films such as polyethylene terephthalate film, acryl film or polycarbonate film, laminated on inner surface of liquid crystal polyester (LCP) film, via an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective sheet also comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for the transparent solid - intermediate layer contains tantalum oxide, titanium dioxide, diamond shaped carbon and/or silicon nitride. The reflection layer contains reflection material such as silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal-deposited layer is formed by vapor depositing aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface enlargement is implemented by structuring the surface and/or roughening the surface. The electrically conductive coating contains a solderable material. The solderable material is a solder or tin. The electrically conductive coating contains an adhesive. The surface enlargement includes a knurling or fluting. It is made by a grinding or etching process. It extends in cross section only across a region of the electric conductor that is intended for contacting. It extends in cross section over the entire circumference of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is made from a punched part or a cut band. It has a length dimension which is greater than a cross section. It is designed in the form of a wire. The knurling or fluting extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement is made by a grinding process defined by a grinding direction which extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is circular or rectangular in cross section. It has a non-circular shape. It is designed as flat wire. The surface enlargement of the electric conductor extends along an entire length of the electric conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electric conductor is made of metal or metal alloy. It is made of copper. It is made of copper alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface enlargement is implemented by structuring the surface and/or roughening the surface. It is an integral part of the coating. The coating is made of homogenous material which is surface treated to provide the surface enlargement. It contains a solderable material. The solderable material is a solder or tin. The electrically conductive coating contains an adhesive. The surface enlargement includes a knurling or fluting. It is made by a grinding or etching process. It extends in cross-section only across a coating region that is intended for energy absorption. It extends in cross section over the entire circumference of the coating. The knurling or fluting extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement is made by a grinding process defined by a grinding direction which extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement or coating extends along an entire length of the electric conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The box is constructed of stainless steel and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The box is constructed of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor content layer of optoelectric transducer contains modified titanium oxide sensitized by a pigment chosen from metal complex pigment or non-metallic organic dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cation of the fused salt is (cyclic) quaternary ammonium group cations chosen from 7 compounds such as compounds of formulae (I-IV).R11-R14=hydrogen, 1-8C alkyl or 2-8C alkoxy alkyl group;R21,R22,R31,R32,R71=1-8C alkyl group;andR23,R33-R36,R72-R76=hydrogen or 1-8C alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water container is made of a PVC pipe material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sheet contains ethylene-based copolymer (100 wt.pts) and organic peroxide (0.3-3 wt.pts). A coupling agent is added to both the outermost layers. The inner layer contains 80 wt.% or more of the organic peroxide having 1-hour half-life temperature of 100-160degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The phase change material is a paraffin wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid is a gas, i.e. a monatomic gas or a molecular gas. The absorbing material is a liquid, i.e. water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The A/C 100A breaker panel is attached directly to the A/C Generator head and wired as positive, neutral, and ground as stated by the National Safety Electrical Code (NESC). All electrical makeup of this system is based on the National Electrical Safety Code as outlined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - The cells are arranged horizontally beneath Fresnel lenses integrally combined with the cell casing by extrusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The reflection plate is made of one of a plastic material with reflective coating, stainless steel, and a mirror.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fin system comprises an elastic component. A tether comprises an elastically deformable member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is nitric acid diluted with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface production sheet has transmittance of 1.5% or less, at a wavelength of 370 nm. The sheet has average transmittance of 82% or more, at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm after ultraviolet irradiation for 15 days in the indigo super tester having ultraviolet ray illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2, and before ultraviolet radiation the sheet has average transmittance of 3% or less at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A carrier for the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heating element (29) is made up of aluminum sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second insulated substrates are made of silicon nitride ceramics or aluminum nitride ceramics. The lead-free borosilicate zinc glass comprises (wt.%): silicon dioxide (40-50); zinc oxide (15-20); boron trioxide (10-15); barium oxide (5-10); potassium oxide (15-20); and aluminum oxide (1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The main gear, crankshaft, connecting rod, cone-shaped pontoon, housing and the case are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lubricating oil within the case is sealed by rubber seals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The truss is formed of an extruded metal e.g. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A truss is mounted to the frame and is pivotally connected to the base, where the truss is formed of glass reinforced thermoplastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and the nanometer-scaled rods are made of indium gallium arsenide or mercury cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - An electrical device such as moving picture experts group audio layer 3 (MP3) player, is provided with the gazebo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A dielectric material e.g. barium titanate, is moved within a space between conductive plates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The tubular electrical machine has insulating spacers that are substantially formed of an epoxy-glass composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The machine has armature coils that are formed from fully transposed strands of copper wire and aluminum wire. The inner member of the machine is formed of nickel and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The generator comprises microstructured bismuth telluride/antimony telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective material of the assembly is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The working fluid is poly (ionic liquid) polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inner surface of the overhang is overlay welded or coated with a protective material such as titanium, alloy of cobalt, alloy of chromium, mixture of chromium and iron, mixture of chromium, iron and nickel and alloy of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of conductive material assembly comprises aluminum, molybdenum, copper, steel, nickel, silver, gold, or alloy. The conductive tape comprises a silver, copper, nickel, graphite, or aluminum deposit. The inner coaxial layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS), while the outer coaxial layer comprises CdS, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, or doped ZnO. The transparent conductive oxide layer is made of tin oxide SnO, with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide (ZnO) or combination.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of the assembly is made of polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly tetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The injection rate of organic waste into the composting unit is varied based on fermentation cycle time of organic waste. The production of odor gas in the composting unit is judged based on the temperature in the compost. Air heated using heat produced in the deodorizing-electric power generating unit, is introduced into composting unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves: dehydrating the distilled ethanol to produce an ethanol with a higher proof, than the distilled ethanol; mixing the whole stillage with bacteria and water prior to digesting; separating the residue from the digestion step into digested liquids and digested sludge; recycling bacteria from the digested sludge into the whole stillage; dewatering the digested sludge to produce a soil amendment and a water residue; recycling the water residue from the dewatering of the digested sludge into the whole stillage; stripping ammonia from the digested liquid to produce an ammonia rich air stream; scrubbing the ammonia rich air stream to produce an aqueous ammonia fertilizer; recycling water from the digested liquid following ammonia stripping into the whole stillage; and separating the residue into a liquid fertilizer and top soil residue. During the dehydrating step, water is recovered and utilizing the recovered water during the distillation step. The step of digesting involves digesting a mixture containing whole stillage anaerobically in a tank that includes several sectors in series, where each sector is portioned from each other. The step of separating the residue involves dewatering its portion to produce the top soil residue and a recyclable water residue; or stripping and scrubbing its portion to produce an ammonia fertilizer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises at least one of glass, ceramic, or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoactive material comprises titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and/or copper oxide (CuO). The self-cleaning coating comprises at least one of an oxide of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, silicon, tin, iron, magnesium, calcium, or tungsten. It comprises the nanocrystals of a photoactive material. The coating composition comprises calcium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating composition comprises at least one of Al(OPr)3, Ti(OPr)4, Zr(OPr)4, Si(OEt)4, Sn(OBu)4, SnCl4, SnBu2O/acetate, Fe(OEt)2, or Mg(OEt)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises plastic. EXAMPLE - Photoactive nanocrystals were added to the vapor stream of a chemical vapor deposition process. A carrier gas containing titanium dioxide nanocrystals was contacted with a gas stream containing tin chloride and a fluorinated ester. The gas/vapor mixture was contacted with a heated glass substrate. A dot of dye decreased in intensity of illumination, while a film of tin oxide:fluorine formed under similar conditions (but without the photoactive nanocrystals) did not show self-cleaning properties. On sputter deposition, film was obtained having embedded photoactive nanocrystals, and possessed self-cleaning properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The glass cladding comprises an insulating material from Pyrex; borosilcate; aluminosilicate; quartz; or PbTe-silicate. Preferred Dimension: The fibers have a diameter of 70-200 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material comprises lead-telluride (PbTe) that is initially in granular form, bismuth telluride, silicon germanide, or zinc antimonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid in the solar cell module consists of organic solvent, d-limonene, xylene and toluene.
EXAMPLE - Vinyl trimethoxysilane (in wt.pts) (2.5) and dicumylperoxide (0.1), were mixed with metallocene linear low density polyethylene (100) having density of 0.898 g/cm3, were heat-mixed at 200degreesC, to obtain silane modified resin. Metallocene linear low density polyethylene powder (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, metallocene low density polyethylene pellets (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorbers (3.75), hindered amine light stabilizer (5) and phosphorus-type heat stabilizing agent (0.5), were heat-mixed, to obtain master batch. The obtained silane modified resin (20), master batch (5) and metallocene linear low density polyethylene (80) having density of 0.905 g/cm3, were mixed to obtain filler. The obtained filler had favorable haze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal matrix is selected from aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, silver, steel, stainless steel, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, and combinations and alloy. The cathode has metal layer selected from cesium (Cs), samarium (Sm), aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), boron (B), cerium (Ce), aluminum (Al), lanthanum (La) and/or europium (Eu) or its alloys. The intermediate layer located between the cathode and the anode includes dielectric material such as polymer, glass, ceramic and/or graphite, or one of barium titanate (BaTio3), lead zirconate titanate (PZT), tantalum oxide (Ta2O3), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), lead zirconate (PbZro3), lead titanate (PbTiO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium oxide (TiO2), alumina (Al2O3), barium oxide (BaO), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulfate (Mg2SO4), fused silica glass, soda lime silica glass, high lead glass, graphite and/or hexagonal boron nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The blades and the blade-arms are constructed in the glass fiber housing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blades and the blade-arms are constructed in the steel housing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrates comprises a ceramic material selected from silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, alumina, magnesia or silicon carbide. The electrodes comprises a metal material selected from copper, silver or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: In the p-type thermoelectric material, 1 - 10 wt.%, or 0.05 - 1 wt.% of thermoelectric material is replaced by dopants. Preferred Device: The p-type and n-type thermoelectric materials are configured to transfer thermal energy from first substrate to second substrate for generating electrical current in a direction from n-type to p-type thermoelectric material. Preferred Components: The electrical circuit further comprises a direct current (DC) power supply to drive electrical current to flow in a direction from n-type to p-type thermoelectric material, or vice versa. The p-type and/or n-type thermoelectric materials are segmented.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The p-type thermoelectric material (m1) comprises a metallic compound of formulae Yb14-yA1yMn1-xM1xSb11 (II), Yb14Mn1-xZnxSb11 (III), and Yb14Mn1-xAlxSb11 (IV).A1 = calcium, europium and/or lanthanum;M1 = zinc and/or aluminum;y = 0 - 14; andx = 0 - 1. Preferred Definitions:    A' = ytterbium;    P' = antimony.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Yb14MnSb11, and Yb14ZnSb11 are specifically claimed as a metallic compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The back sheet contains 0.05-20 g/m2 of perylene type pigment. Preferred Properties: The back sheet has average reflectance of 30% or more in the wavelength of 800-1100 nm and 20% or less in the wavelength of 1500-2000 nm.
EXAMPLE - The principle of current generation as above can be illustrated with reference to the RIT-10 rocket motor, which comprises a quartz or ceramic cylinder equipped with an inductor generating a high-frequency electric field, e.g. with a frequency of 1-30 MHz. Hydrogen is passed through a mesh anode and enters the electric field, forming a plasma. Under the action of the field and light radiation, the hydrogen atoms are dissociated into ions and electrons, the latter returning to the positively charged anode. The hydrogen ions pass through a ring cathode that serves as a discharge nozzle. A neutralizer is mounted near the nozzle and emits electrons in the direction of the jet of positive ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulation foil is formed by laminating a plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holding frame is made from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing agent further contains silane-coupling agent (C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-(alpha)-olefin copolymer (B) contains structural unit of ethylene (30-70 mol%) and 4 C or more alpha olefin (70-30 mol%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The general grade polyester-film layer and/or hydrolysis-proof grade polyester film layer consist of a white film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The direct bondable metal layer includes copper, and/or gold. The solderable layer or a eutectic layer includes gold, silicon, and/or tin. The diffusible bonding layer includes polysilicon, oxide, and/or silicon. The patterned electrical barrier comprises an oxide, a nitride, a silica-based aerogel, porous silicon, glass, and/or a polymer. The thermal blocking layer comprises glass, silicon dioxide, sapphire, and/or porous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The major extent of each wing element has unitary, molded synthetic resin consist of a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer comprising metal, metal oxide and/or inorganic compound has gas barrier property. The layer has water vapor permeability of 2.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less. The layer has water vapor permeability of 5.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less after aging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film having intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-1.2 and containing polyimide resin. Alternately, the polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film. The sealing film further has weather resistant resin sheet layer (5) laminated on the surface. The resin layer is chosen from fluorine resin sheet, poly carbonate resin sheet and/or acrylic resin sheet. The sealing film has total visible light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Resin: The acrylic resin is benzotriazole group monomer copolymerized acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor body of the solar cell includes a germanium substrate, and the cells are fabricated in part with gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module is in accordance with IEC 61646 and IEC 61730 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition layer of the gas barrier vapor deposition film consists of inorganic oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the surface of the vapor deposition layer side of gas barrier vapor deposition film. The gas barrier vapor deposition film is laminated on the unprocessed surface of a plastic base material processed by corona treatment or adhesion processing. The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the processed surface of base material. The base material surface of the gas barrier vapor deposition film is colored or transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive thin film comprises silver pattern, copper or aluminum film and nickel film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The particles with low refractive index are air bubbles or are made from organic polymers, metal oxides or non-metal oxides, preferably particles made from polystyrene or a polystyrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The positive active material is positive active materials comprising hydroxides, ferrates, manganates, chromates, cerates, oxalates, or oxides. It may be nickel hydroxide (preferably), manganese hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or strontium hydroxide. The ferrate can be barium ferrate, potassium ferrate, lithium ferrate, or sodium ferrate. The manganate is sodium manganate, lithium manganate, or potassium manganate. The chromate is potassium chromate, lithium chromate, or sodium chromate. The cerate is potassium cerate, lithium cerate, or sodium cerate. The negative active material is a metal hydride active material from electrochemical hydrogen storage alloys or gas phase hydrogen storage alloys. The electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy is AB, AB2, AB5, A2B7, magnesium-nickel, or calcium-nickel alloys. The metal hydride active material is thermal gas phase hydrogen storage alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydroxide-ion exchange membrane is a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-polyvinylchloride polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of quartz glass, quartz crystal, mica and Pyrex (RTM: borosilicate glass).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The substrate and barrier layer form an electrical insulating and protective barrier on a bottom top and top surface of the thermoelectric layer. The thermoelectric layer comprises a film of thermoelectric material deposited on the substrate. The electrodes are disposed within the thermoelectric film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises a material selected from potassium chloride, potassium bromide and silicon. The thermoelectric layer comprises lead telluride (PbTe). The thermoelectric layer comprises a material selected from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), silicon germanium (SiGe), and zinc antimony (ZnSb). The oxide layer comprises lead oxide-tellurium dioxide (PbO-TeO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises a material from quartz glass, quartz crystal, mica, or Pyrex glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises a material from potassium chloride, potassium bromide, or silicon. The thermoelectric film comprises lead (II) telluride (PbTe); or a material from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), silicon-germanium (SiGe), or zinc antimonide (ZnSb). The oxide layer comprises lead oxide (PbO)-tellurium dioxide (TeO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The surface layer has multi-layered structure having surface protection function for protecting surface of reverse side protective layer, reaction prevention function for preventing reaction between materials of insulating sealing agent and protective layer, insulation enhancing function for reinforcing insulation between photovoltaic cell or solar cell submodule, and protective layer, and adhesive enhancing function for enhancing adhesivity between surface layer and sealing agent. The multi-layered structure has surface protective layer, reaction prevention layer, insulation reinforcing layer and adhesion reinforcing layer in order. The surface protective layer is formed using laminate of coating film containing polyester resin, acrylic resin, acrylic resin containing silicon, oxide film or fluororesin. The reaction prevention layer is formed using laminate of coating film having acrylic resin containing silicon, or oxide film. The insulation reinforcing layer is formed using coating film laminate of coating film containing silicon resin, acrylic resin or polyethylene resin. The adhesion reinforcing layer is formed using coating film containing silane coupling material having methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, isocyanate group or mercapto group, or silicon resin. The reverse side protective layer is laminate of predetermined metal plate, predetermined plastic plate and fluorine resin film. Preferred Material: The surface protection material is translucent flexible material. Preferred Method: Corrugation processing of insulating sealing agent adhesive surface side of protective layer, surface of protective layer, or surface of surface layer is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The pipes are fitted with fixed blade turbines. The turbines rotate different directions dependent on the direction of water flow; or in same direction regardless of direction of water flow, either by switching blade orientation dependent on direction of water flow, or are composed of two sets of opposing blades orientated around the same axis where water is only allowed to flow through either set of blades dependent on flow direction. The wave energy converter composes a substantially circular section cylinder with a single turbine in its base, which rotates about a central axis. The tension in the cables connecting the device to the seabed can be varied to adjust the height that the device sits in the water. The flow into or out of the container is regulated by valves. The device is mounted on a buoy with a support, such that varying the height of the support allows the height of the device to be adjusted. A keel is used to maintain the device in an upright position. Multiple devices are mounted upon a single buoy or platform. The device further comprises sensors to more efficiently regulate the water flow by determining wave characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas barrier layer contains aluminum oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The weather-resistant film comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester film preferably has intrinsic viscosity of 0.8-1.8 and anisotropic index of 0.80-1.30. The polyester film is laminated with a film having relative reflectance of 80% or more. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in weight parts) (64) was mixed with dimethyl terephthalate (100). Further antimony trioxide (0.1) and zinc acetate (0.03) were added as catalyst. The ester interchange was performed at reflux temperature of ethylene glycol. Then, trimethyl phosphate (0.08) was added and polymerized at 271degreesC for 5 hours to obtain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) of intrinsic viscosity 0.55. Solid state polymerization of the obtained chip was performed using a rotary vacuum dryer at 220degreesC and pressure of 0.5 mmHg for 50 hours to obtain PET of intrinsic viscosity 0.82. The PET chip was extruded at 295degreesC, and cooled to obtain an unstretched film. The obtained film was heat processed and extended along longitudinal and width directions, to obtain film of thickness 50 microns. The obtained PET film had intrinsic viscosity of 0.72, plane-orientation coefficient (fn) of 0.169, anisotropic index of 0.95, favorable hydrolysis resistance and curl-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The orientation degree (f) of the ab surface is 0.5 or more. The output factor is 1.1 times or more of the non-oriented polycrystal of the same composition. Preferred Composition: The thermoelectric material contains 0.001-20 atomic% of manganese element substituted by element chosen from Va group, VIa group, VIIa group, VIIIa group and lanthanoids, and 0.001-20 atomic % of silicon is substituted by group IIIb, group IVb or lanthanides. The thermoelectric material has phase of composition: (Mn1-y(M1)y)(Si1-z(M2)z)x.M1=chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron or rhenium;M2=germanium or aluminum;y,z=0-0.20;andx=1.6-1.85.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises nickel, copper or their alloys. The intermediate epitaxial film comprises group IV element, group Vb element, group VIb element, silicon, germanium, vanadium, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, transition metal or noble metal, and a nitride. The semiconductor layer of the photovoltaic device comprises doped silicon or gallium-arsenide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacer is formed of a moisture-proof material such as butyl rubber. The low-resilience resin section contains an acrylic-based resin as a principal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The solid phase reaction is carried at 1500-1900degreesC using hot press.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Coupling agent containing glycidyl, amino and isocyanate groups is contained in the adhesive coat layer. The adhesive coat layer is mixture of polyester type resin or epoxy resin, and acrylic resin, at least one having cross-linked structure. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on at least one layer of the polyester base material of multi-layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive coat layer is formed using water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 100degreesC or more. The adhesive coat layer contains polyfunctional isocyanate type compound, polyfunctional epoxy type compound, melamine type compound or silane compound (R1-Si(R2)(R4)-R3), preferably silane compound.R1-R4=H, halogen, optionally substituted (alkyl, alkoxy (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto or amine) group.The adhesive coat layer is formed on polyester base material. The sheet has a multi-layer structure comprising one or more polyester base material layer. EXAMPLE - Urethane type adhesive comprising polyester, isophorone diisocyanate/xylylene diisocyanate group hardener is vapor deposited on dry laminate of multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film. Water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 180degreesC was provided on multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film to form a sheet. The sheet was adhered on tempered glass and preheated at 40degreesC for 3 minutes to form solar cell module. The sheet had excellent adhesivity with polyethylene terephthalate film, and electric insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The temperature-exchanging element is made of extruded aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic film is produced by hardening acrylic lacquer by irradiating electron beam. EXAMPLE - Acrylic film with thickness of 50 microns and transparent inorganic compound vapor deposited plastic film with thickness of 12 microns were bonded through polyurethane resin adhesive agent, to obtain a surface protection sheet. The sheet had reduced weight, excellent weather resistance, damp proofing property measured according to JIS K 7129, bendability and produced solar cell module with high power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrical generator is a reciprocating engine, a gas turbine, and/or a fuel cell. The waste conversion unit utilizes electrical energy to create plasma and further utilizes electrical power to provide joule heating to a glass bath.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The organic matter may be municipal solid waste or agricultural waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic matter may be used tires or tar sands.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The radio transmitter operates according to a communications protocol designed for short-range communications, such as a Bluetooth (RTM) communication protocol and the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b protocol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The interior of the housing is coated with Teflon (RTM: Not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic-film sheet e.g. as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polycarbonate (PC) are used as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material that has a water vapor transmission rate that is less than about grams/meters2/day at 37.8degreesC as measured by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E96 procedure. The polyester material has a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than 12,000 V measured by the ASTM D149 procedure for a 0.002 inch thick layer. The polyester material has a tensile strength of at least 18,000 psi as measured by the ASTM D882 procedure. The photovoltaic module passed Impulse Voltage Testing at a voltage of 8,000 V as measured by the procedure in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61730-2. The photovoltaic module also passed the Wet Leakage Current Test at a voltage of 1000 V as measured by the IEC 61215 procedure after an ultraviolet radiation exposure simulation test.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic module has an organo-reactive silane-type of primer added to the encapsulant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material. The photovoltaic module junction box is attached to the back sheet by an adhesive selected from oxime-cured adhesive, and amine-cured adhesive, an enoxy-cured adhesive or an alkoxy-cured adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar electric generating system (SEGS) plant is allowed to utilize a specific percentage of total energy produced by burning a fossil fuel under Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The manganese oxide is shown by formula: MnxMeyO2, where x+y is 0.8-1.2 and Me is magnesium, aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, silver, tin or lanthanide group rare earth metal. The manganese oxide further contains lithium, and is shown by formula: LiaMnxMeyO2, where a is 0.01-0.99, and x, y and Me are same as defined above. EXAMPLE - Manganese dioxide powder (in g) (24), lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic salt (11) and silica powder (0.7) were mixed, ground and baked to obtain anode mix. The obtained anode mix was used for forming anode layer. An electrolyte liquid containing manganese sulfate (30 g/l) and sulfuric acid (50 g/l) was formed. A cathode layer containing lithium as main compound was formed. The obtained anode layer, cathode layer and electrolyte liquid were used for forming thermoelectric cell. The obtained thermoelectric cell had favorable discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric support element is made of flexible polymeric material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elongated solar cells as fluorescent material such as copper activate zinc sulfide, silver activated zinc sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, strontium aluminate activated by europium, strontium titanium activated by praseodymium and aluminum, calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth, copper, magnesium activated zinc sulfide etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glass laminated fabric is made of glass fiber fabric and resin which may be in the form of epoxy, melamine, silicon, phenol, polyimide, and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The copolymer contains 10-70 mol% of monomer unit having sulfonic acid group. The molar ratio of sulfonic acid group to carboxyl group in the copolymer is 0.15-2. EXAMPLE - A copolymer having weight average molecular weight of 60000 was formed by reacting acrylic acid and 2-methacryloyloxy ethane sulfonic acid. The copolymer was used as adhesion prevention agent of silica type contaminant. The adhesion amount of silica contaminant was 3.8 mg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer is made of tin oxide with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide or zinc oxide. The outer coaxial layer of semiconductor junction is made of cadmium sulfide, tin dioxide, zirconia, zinc oxide or doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of conductive core is made of polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, poletheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made from polyethyleneterephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: Additional thermal energy is supplied to the liquid in the first chamber, to assist in the evaporation of the first vapor. It originates from a combustion or radioactive decay process or the absorption of solar radiation (9).The turbine includes stators (4, 5, 6, 7) that take the form of hollow chambers, with the warm first vapor passing through tunnels through each stator chamber, with the surfaces of the tunnel walls that are on the inside of the chamber being doused with a liquid, that evaporates, to form the second vapor. The first chamber includes air inlet (10) ports, at the cool end of the chamber (7), to allow air to be drawn in, to supplement the liquid vapor, to enable the vapor plus air pressure in the chamber to harmonize with the local environmental air pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive rails, tabs or busbars comprise strips of conductive metal such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), copper and tin, gold (Au).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film layer comprises fluoropolymer film (ETFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF and PVDF), polycarbonate (PC), fiberglass, polyester, polyethylene terephtalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each of the P-type and N-type thermoelectric element comprises super lattice of compound of bismuth and tellurium (Bi2Te3) and compound of antimony and tellurium (Sb2Te3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor material comprises cadmium sulfide or cadmium telluride.The inert gas is nitrogen.The substrate comprises transparent electrically conductive low E-coated glass.The reactive gas comprises hydrogen chloride.The temperature of fluid mixture is 800-1100degreesC.The temperature of substrate is 585-650degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The reverse-side protection sheet has resin films such as polyethylene terephthalate film, acryl film or polycarbonate film, laminated on inner surface of liquid crystal polyester (LCP) film, via an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective sheet also comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal-deposited layer is formed by vapor depositing aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The back sheet further has a high polymer film, a vapor deposited high polymer film (30) containing inorganic oxide, silane coupling agent having organic functional group or its hydrolyzed substance, primer layer containing composite of polyol and isocyanate compound, and inorganic oxide thin film layer. The high polymer film is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate film, polyacryl film or polycarbonate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface enlargement is implemented by structuring the surface and/or roughening the surface. The electrically conductive coating contains a solderable material. The solderable material is a solder or tin. The electrically conductive coating contains an adhesive. The surface enlargement includes a knurling or fluting. It is made by a grinding or etching process. It extends in cross section only across a region of the electric conductor that is intended for contacting. It extends in cross section over the entire circumference of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is made from a punched part or a cut band. It has a length dimension which is greater than a cross section. It is designed in the form of a wire. The knurling or fluting extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement is made by a grinding process defined by a grinding direction which extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The electric conductor is circular or rectangular in cross section. It has a non-circular shape. It is designed as flat wire. The surface enlargement of the electric conductor extends along an entire length of the electric conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electric conductor is made of metal or metal alloy. It is made of copper. It is made of copper alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface enlargement is implemented by structuring the surface and/or roughening the surface. It is an integral part of the coating. The coating is made of homogenous material which is surface treated to provide the surface enlargement. It contains a solderable material. The solderable material is a solder or tin. The electrically conductive coating contains an adhesive. The surface enlargement includes a knurling or fluting. It is made by a grinding or etching process. It extends in cross-section only across a coating region that is intended for energy absorption. It extends in cross section over the entire circumference of the coating. The knurling or fluting extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement is made by a grinding process defined by a grinding direction which extends in parallel relationship to a length dimension of the electric conductor. The surface enlargement or coating extends along an entire length of the electric conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive is a conductive adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The rare-earth element of the rare-earth complex is europium or samarium. The rare-earth complex contains carboxylic acid in a ligand. The carboxylic acid is aromatic carboxylic acid and its derivative(s) and/or fatty acid. Alternately, the rare-earth complex contains beta-diketone of formula: R1COCHR2-COR3, in a ligand.R1 = aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or aralkyl group all optionally substituted;R2 = H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl or aryl group;andR3 = optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, or optionally substituted aralkyl group.Preferably, the beta-diketone is chosen from 20 diketone compounds such as 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone and 2-methyl-1,3-butane dione. The rare-earth complex contains neutral ligand which absorbs light of 450 nm or less, preferably nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound, more preferably 1,10-phenanthroline or bipyridyl. The rare-earth complex has structure of formula (1,2 or 3).Ln = rare-earth element;R = carboxylic acid of 1 or more type chosen from 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, its derivative and fatty acid as RCOOH;andR1-R3 = 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone or benzoyl acetone as R1COCHR2COR3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cover: The front cover is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contains the rare-earth complex (0.05-1 mass%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (50 mass% or more) containing vinyl acetate unit (10-50 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material is lithium titanate spinel oxide (Li4Ti5O12). The cathode active material is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ionic polymer further has a mesitylene-containing structural unit of formula (2). Preferred Property: The molar ratio of borate anion-containing structural unit (1) and mesitylene-containing structural unit (2) is 5:95-10:90. EXAMPLE - Tetraethylene-glycol diacrylate (in g) (0.510), mesityl borane (0.318) and tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) were added and stirred at 20 degrees C for 6 hours. Then, tert-butylphenol (0.45) was added to the resulting mixture, and re-precipitated using n-hexane and purified, to obtain a polymer (0.913) having molecular weight of 2900. The obtained polymer (0.19), 1N phenyl lithium/cyclohexane solution (0.1 ml) and tetrahydrofuran were added and stirred at 0 degrees C for 12 hours. The resulting mixture was washed using diethyl ether, to obtain an ionic polymer having borate anion-containing structural unit (1) and mesitylene-containing structural unit (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material comprises polyacrylic acid and/or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The piezoelectric element comprises material selected from a group consisting of barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) crystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The piezoelectric element is made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell electrolyte material further contains structural unit having saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon, of formula (2).R3=H or methyl;andk=0 or positive integer.The fuel cell electrolyte material is a block copolymer having octahydro-4,7-methano-indene structural unit of formula (1), and structural unit having saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon, of formula (2). Preferred Process: A raw material compound of formula (4) is further used in production of fuel cell electrolyte material, and structural unit of formula (5) is formed.R1-R3,m,n,k=as defined above;andx,y=positive integer.The polymerization process is carried out using Grubbs catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises low temperature co-fired ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holder comprises mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and silica material. The substrate comprises plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pegylated fullerene is 60C(N(CH2CH2O)nCH3)m, or 60C(CH2C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nCH3)m. EXAMPLE - Fullerene was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene in a pressure vessel, then 8 equivalents of poly(ethylene oxide)-benzylbromide and 2,2'-bipyridine were added and the solution was degassed. After the desired equivalents (8 equivalents) in copper bromide were added, the vessel was sealed and heated until a green precipitate formed. Air was bubbled through the reaction mixture to precipitate un-reacted copper (I) complex. Upon filtration, the solution was concentrated and precipitated into ether. The product was collected by filtration as a brown oil or solid (final yield was approximately 90%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cartridge comprises silica gel or water absorptive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The vibration proof rubber is made of butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The anionic conductivity group is chosen from quaternary ammonium group or quaternary phosphonium group of formulae (1-13).R1-R3=H or 1-8C alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl, more preferably methyl;R4-R9,R11=H, methyl or ethyl;R10=methyl or ethyl;X-=hydroxide ion or acid anion, preferably hydroxide ion;m=2-6;andn=2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of aromatic vinyl type compound unit in polymer block (A) having quaternary carbon is 50 mass% or more. The mass ratio of polymer block (A) and polymer block (B) is 95:5-5:95. The hydrogen atom of aromatic vinyl type compound unit is substituted by 1-4C alkyl, halogenated 1-4C alkyl or phenyl group. The flexible polymer block (B) contains 2-8C alkene unit, 5-8C cycloalkene unit, 4-8C conjugated diene unit, 5-8C conjugated cycloalkadiene unit and 7-10C vinyl cycloalkene unit, preferably 2-8C alkene unit or partially hydrogenated 4-8C conjugated diene unit. Portion(s) of carbon-carbon double bond of the 7-10C vinyl cycloalkene unit is hydrogenated. The aromatic vinyl compound unit is alpha-methyl styrene unit. The block copolymer has ion exchange capacity of 0.30 meq/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cathode has charging/discharging electric-capacitance loss of 5% or more during initial stage in reversible electric capacitance. Preferred Compound: The cathode contains amorphous carbon as cathode active material. The amorphous carbon is a hard carbon. Preferred Metal: The transition metal is chosen from transition element such as iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The electric deionization apparatus has a mixed bed-type demineralizer of anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin. Water is poured in order from cathode chamber to anode chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyarylene copolymer further contains structural unit derived from benzene, of formula (4'). The sulfonic acid group-containing structural unit of formula (1'), is preferably given by formula (1'a), more preferably given by formulae (1'b-1'e).A',D'=direct bond, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i-, -(CH2)j-, cyclohexylidene group, fluorenylidene group or -CR"2-;i,j=1-10;R"=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon;B'=oxygen or sulfur atom;R1-R16=H, fluorine atom, partially halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitro or nitrile;s,t=0-4;r=0 or 1 or more;andZ',l-o,Ar,U',V',p,q,R'=as defined above.Preferred Composition: An electrode paste contains electrolyte, catalyst carrying carbon and solvent. The electrode contains the electrolyte and catalyst carrying carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The brazing solder connection exhibits a silver phosphorus alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst contains a catalyst-activity substance such as platinum and/or palladium alloy. The platinum alloy consists of metal chosen from nickel, iron, cobalt, iridium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sheet is carbon, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium-transition metal oxide includes at least one composite oxide selected from lithium-cobalt composite oxides, lithium-nickel composite oxides or lithium-manganese composite oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous electrolyte contains at least two components selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or gamma butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material is made of lithium-titanium oxide having an average particle diameter of not greater than 0.7 microns. The lithium-titanium oxide has a spinel structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains greater than or equal to 2 solvents of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water-soluble organic compound is methanol, ethanol and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive polymer is polythiophene. The detector of gas sensor is made of tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cyclic silicon compound(s) is contained in an amount of 0.05-20 mass%. The electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate compound having unsaturated group, chosen from vinylene carbonate and/or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The cyclic carbonate compound is contained in an amount of 0.05-20 mass% with respect to the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The binary metal oxide is zinc oxide (ZnO), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), tungsten oxide (WO3), nickel oxide (NiO), and/or cobalt oxide (CoO). The ceria-based oxide composition is from undoped cerium oxide and/or doped cerium oxide. Preferred Composition: The H2S sensor comprises alumina (1-50 wt.%); a promoter (0.1-10 wt.%) from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, gold, and/or silver. The sulfide-sensitive composite material comprises (wt.%): a composition from MoO3 (5), alumina (10), or gadolinium (Gd)-doped ceria (GDC); and NiWO4 (5), alumina (10), and GDC. Preferred Method: The sensor is pretreated by exposure to a hydrogen gas stream that contains hydrogen sulfide gas at 450-600, preferably 600degreesC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quenching gas or liquid is air, argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or water. The shroud includes inner cylinder made of ceramic, graphite, tungsten, molybdenum, stainless steel, zirconia, yttria stabilized zirconia, alumina zirconia, or calcia stabilized zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery is of the type conforming to JIS80D26 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layer is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive adhesive binder is selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, carbon, copper, tin and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material is amorphous carbon, preferably hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The proton conductivity of amorphous carbon to which sulfonic acid group is introduced is 0.01 S/cm or more. The chemical shift of condensed-ring aromatic-compound carbon 6-memebred ring formed by bonding of condensed-ring aromatic-compound carbon 6-membered ring and sulfonic acid group in the amorphous carbon is detected by 13C NMR spectrum. In powder X-ray diffraction, the diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface whose half value width (2theta) is 5-30degrees is carried out, and proton conductivity is exhibited. Only the diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface is detected in powder X-ray diffraction of amorphous carbon to which sulfonic acid group is introduced. The sulfonic-acid density of amorphous carbon is 2-12 mmol/g. The content of amorphous carbon in the catalyst layer is 0.1-50 wt.%, preferably 0.5-10 wt.%. The platinum (4) load is 0.3 mg/cm2 or less, and the output is 0.7 W/cm2 or more with a single pole at 80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound containing 2 or more ethylenically unsaturated groups is polyfunctional unsaturated monomer having 2 or more (meth)acryloyl groups or vinyl groups in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte containing proton-acid group is sulfonated polyarylene containing a sulfonic acid group-containing structural unit of formula (A) and structural unit derived from benzene, of formula (B).Y=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i or -C(CF3)2-;i=1-10;Z=direct bond, -(CH2)j-, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, or -S-;Ar=aromatic group having -SO3H, -O(CH2)pSO3H or -O(CF2)pSO3H as substituent;p=1-12;m,n=0-10;k=1-4;A,D=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i-, -(CH2)j-, -CR'2-, cyclohexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, -O- or -S-;B'=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon;R1-R16=H, fluorine atom, alkyl, (partially) halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitro, or nitrile;s,t=0-4;andR=0 or 1 or more.The mixed solution further contains a polymerization initiator. The polyelectrolyte composition contains a polymer having crosslinked structure obtained from the mixed solution. The polymer having crosslinked structure is obtained by carrying out crosslinking reaction of compound containing 2 or more ethylenically unsaturated groups comprised in the mixed solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The dendritic structures comprise platinum and/or its alloy. The catalyst comprises spherical or disk-shaped metal dendrimers partially fused together. Some of the metal dendrimers have a single crystal structure. The dendritic nanostructures comprise a transition metal. The electron-conducting material includes graphitic carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The charger is connected to the personal computer through a communication interface that conforms to IEEE 1394 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery case conforms to JIS-D 5301 N standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The material of insulating particle is ceramic material or organic macromolecular material. The insulating particle comprises two or more types of different heat resistant material. The insulating particle is mixture of two or more types of particles comprising different heat-resistant material. The insulating particle consists of core portion comprising high heat-resistant material, and shell portion comprising low heat-resistant material. The shell portion has layered structure having two or more layers containing different material. The heat resistance of material of shell portion outermost layer is less than heat resistance of material in other layers. The high heat-resistant material is ceramic material. The low heat-resistant material is organic macromolecular material. Preferred Material: The anode active material is lithium transition metal oxide, lithium transition metal phosphoric acid compound or lithium transition metal sulfuric acid compound. The cathode active material is carbon material, lithium transition metal compound, metal material or lithium metal alloy material. The anode active material layer or cathode active material layer further contains conductive support agent containing carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer contains binder such as thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin or rubber-type material. The electrolyte layer has thickness of 100 nm to 30 microns and porosity of 20-90%. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is liquid electrolyte, authentic polymer electrolyte or gel polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte further contains insulating particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The low valence oxides of the transition element are titanium, tin, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum or tungsten, preferably titanium oxide. The coating quantity of the low valence oxide of transition metal element is 0.1-10 wt.% with respect to the anode active material particles. The anode active material is nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary group complex oxide or lithium transition metal composite oxide. The lithium containing oxide is lithium cobaltate, spinel type lithium manganate or lithium nickelate.
Preferred Definitions:    M=thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium, preferably lutetium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of contacting the first or second electrode with water comprises contacting the cell with water vapor, or humidifying a hydrogen source gas and contacting the first electrode with the hydrogen source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type and n-type semiconductor thermoelectric converters consists of half whistler type material, skutterudite type material, bismuth-tellurium type material and silicon-germanium type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: At least one portion of hole of porous film is not penetrated. The porous film contains fluorine resin, heat resistant thermoplastic resin, polyurea type resin and/or inorganic compound. The porous film is subjected to active processing using isocyanate compound by actinic light. The porous film is formed by carrying out film formation of a composition which contains a resin and a hydrophilic solvent in water or in air. Preferred Polymer: The acid modified polymer contains a polymer of monomer chosen from ethylenic unsaturated group containing acidic monomer, acidic radical containing hydroxy silyl compound and acidic radical containing silyl compound. The acidic radical of acidic monomer is functional group chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and carboxylic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic groups are sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid and/or carboxylic acid. The direct type fuel cell uses fuel chosen from 1-6C organic compound and mixture of 1-6C organic compound and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The drying process is carried out at 40degreesC. Preferred Compound: The polymer electrolyte membrane is cross-linked with cross-linkable compound (1-50 weight parts) of formula: (-CH2OR1), where R1 is hydrogen or arbitrary organic groups, with respect to ionic group hydrocarbon type polymers (100 weight parts). EXAMPLE - Polymer containing fluorine repeating unit of formula (I) having weight average molecular weight of 220000 was obtained using potassium carbonate (in g) (6.9), 4,4'-(9H-fluorene-9-ylidene)bisphenol (14.1), 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone (4.4), disodium 3,3'-disulfonate4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (8.4) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The obtained polymer containing fluorine repeating unit, HMOM-TPPHBA (RTM: crosslinkable compound) (1) and NMP (16) were mixed and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to obtained mixed solution. The mixed solution is coated on glass substrate, dried and heat processed at 325degreesC for 10 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane. The obtained polymer electrolyte membrane was immersed in 1N hydrochloride acid for 24 hours, and proton substitution was carried out, and washed with pure water. The washed polymer electrolyte membrane was immersed in 30 wt.% methanol aqueous solution at 25degreesC for 24 hours, and dried at 100degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain film. The obtained film had sulfonic acid group density of 1.4 mmol/g, proton conductivity of 14 mS.cm-1 and methanol permeation amount of micronsol.minutes-1.cm-2., and excellent solvent resistance and fuel-shutoff property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cathode active material is an alloy of lithium-tin group or an alloy of lithium-silicon group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The material (M) contains a polymer which is obtained by co-polymerizing a monomer having hole transportable group and a monomer having electron transportable group. The material (M) is hole transportable material and electron transportable material. The nitroxyl polymer is high molecular compound containing cyclic nitroxyl structure of formula (1) in oxidation state. The nitroxyl polymer is a high molecular compound which contains in a side chain residue which has hydrogen(s) bonded with element which forms the cyclic structure of at least one cyclic nitroxyl structure chosen from 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl cation of formula (11), 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl cation of formula (12) and 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl cation of formula (13), in an oxidation state.R1-R4 = alkyl; andX = bivalent group which forms 5-7 membered ring, where portion(s) of X comprises principle chain of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat bonding layer is made of polypropylene, and protective sheet is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali is potassium hydroxide (KOH) and/or sodium hydroxide (NaOH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polymerization initiator is either a living radical polymerization initiator or living anion polymerization initiator. The living radical polymerization initiator is 2-bromo isobutyryl bromide. The electrolyte monomer precursor is ethyl styrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive active material contains a lithium-manganese based complex oxide and a lithium-cobalt based complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium ion secondary cell charges with a voltage of 4.3 V or more. Preferred Cell: The lithium ion secondary cell has non-aqueous electrolyte containing compound containing fluorine atom. EXAMPLE - Lithium-cobalt-aluminum-magnesium-oxide (A) (LiCo0.97Al0.02Mg0.01O2) having average particle diameter of 13 microns, and lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide (B) (LiNi0.81Co0.16Al0.03O2) having average particle diameter of 12 microns, were mixed in the mass ratio of 0.25. Further the sodium content in lithium-cobaltate compound (A) is 90 ppm and is compound (B) is 100 ppm. Acetylene black (in mass parts) (1), and prepared active material mixtures (98), acrylic type rubber (1), n-methyl pyrrolidone were mixed to obtain anode mix composition. Then, the anode mix composition was coated on both surface of aluminum foil to obtain anode. Graphite, styrene butadiene rubber, and aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose were mixed to obtain cathode mix composition. The cathode mix composition was coated on both surface of electroconductive substrate to obtain cathode. The obtained cathode, anode and electrolyte liquid containing hexafluoro lithium phosphate were arranged to form lithium ion secondary cell. The obtained lithium ion secondary cell had capacitance of 1020 mAh, voltage during 50% discharge capacitance of 3.76 V, and had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The composition of soft-magnetic alloy thin strip contains iron, silicon, boron and carbon (FeaSibBcCd), where d is 0-3%, c is 12-18%, b is 0-5% and a is 80-83%. The 30 % of iron contains cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A noble metal catalyst layer (12,22) of fuel cell consists of electroconductive substance (which is silica or carbon) supported with noble metal catalyst (which consists of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and/or iridium), and proton conductive substance (which is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide). The electrolyte film is sulfone group-containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of providing the aqueous electrolytic solution includes providing a sodium hydroxide solution in water of 1-5% (preferably 3%) on a mass per mass basis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microfibers are constituted by polyolefin-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent window material is high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of cyclic anhydride, cyclic sulfonate ester, dicarboxylic acid dialkenyl, tetraoxa-spiro undecane compound and/or boron-containing lithium salt is 0.001-5 wt.%. The ratio of dicarboxylic acid dialkyl compound in electrolyte liquid is 0.001-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphoric acid ester is less than 20 mass% with respect to total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The phosphoric acid ester is tri (2,2,2-trifluoro ethyl) phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is comprised of polypropylene, polyethylene or an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains acrylamide containing proton conductive group (in mol.%) (10-90) and unsaturated hydrocarbon-type monomer (10-90). The unsaturated-hydrocarbon type-monomer is styrene and proton-conductive group contains sulfonic acid group. The acrylamide is of formula (1).R1=hydrogen or alkyl group;R2=alkyl;andP=proton conductive group.Preferred Structure: A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly has the catalyst layer containing the catalyst layer formation material, arranged on both surfaces of polymer electrolyte membrane and a diffused layer arranged on both surface of the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer is contained in the anode side of polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. EXAMPLE - 5 wt.% acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid-co-styrene polymer solution (ATBS-co-st) (in g) (4.123) SA27-13RC (RTM: catalyst powder) (0.463) and pure water (4.630) was stirred for 30 minutes, to obtain catalyst layer formation material. Then, the material was sprayed on polytetrafluoroethylene sheet and dried at 5degreesC, to obtain anode catalyst layer having length of 22 microns and breadth of 22 microns. A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly was obtained from the catalyst layer. A fuel cell was obtained using the obtained polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. The obtained fuel cell had high electric power generation characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The impact-absorbing member is made of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or synthetic resin in an elastic porous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxide contained in negative electrode is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, Li2Ti3O7) or niobium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite material is a metal exchanged zeolite-Y. The metal is copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Detector: The detector further comprises an optical detector capable of measuring the change in color of zeolite material. The zeolite material is disposed in a side flow of gaseous flow. The side flow is used to calibrate the sensitivity of sulfur detector. The optical detector is calibrated to approximate a concentration of sulfur in gaseous flow by the degree of color change to zeolite material. The zeolite material changes color when the concentration of sulfur in gaseous flow is at least 1 mg/m3. The zeolite material is regenerated by heating to 300degreesC and exposing zeolite material to a gas flow. The regeneration is performed after removing zeolite material from gaseous flow. The zeolite material is monitored after removing zeolite material form gaseous flow. The gaseous flow is a fuel. The gas flow carries away desorbed sulfur compounds. The substrate is an integral part of a system for gaseous flow. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the intermediate layer is 10-50 nm.Preferred Composition: The chemical composition of the intermediate layer is same as that of the oxide layer. The intermediate layer and oxide layer consist of pervoskite-type complex oxide containing composition formula:AB1-xMxO3a.A = alkaline earth metal element;B = cerium or group 4a element of periodic table;M = neodymium, gallium, aluminum, yttrium, indium, ytterbium, scandium, gadolinium, samarium or promethium;x = 1 or 2, where x of intermediate layer is 0-0.2;anda = 0.67-0.95.The anode base material is porous material and/or metal having hydrogen permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The platinum and ruthenium containing support is heat processed at 300degreesC or more. EXAMPLE - Carbon nanotube (100 mg) having diameter of 10-20 mm was oxidized at 70degreesC by the mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid for 1 hour. The surface of the carbon nanotube was chlorinated by adding thionyl chloride (25 ml) and stirred at 70degreesC for 12 hours. Then, the surface of carbon nanotube was thiolated by amino ethane thiol at 70degreesC for 24 hours to obtain thiolated carbon support. The ruthenium-chloride aqueous solution (5 ml), chloroplatinic-acid aqueous solution (5 ml) and sodium borohydride aqueous solution were added to the thiolated support to obtain ruthenium and platinum metal particles-containing support. Then, the obtained support was heat processed at 200-600degreesC for 1 hour under hydrogen atmosphere, to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst had excellent usability of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The semiconductor device further has a temperature sensor and a sensor output circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal element is manganese, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, niobium, tungsten and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The crystal structure of anode active material contains two crystal structure which belongs to at least space group (lmmm) and space group (R-3m). The anode active material is preferably of formulae: xLi2MO2x(1-x)LiNiO2 and xLi2MO2x(1-x)LiMnyNi1-yO2, where x and y are 0-1. The cathode contains lithium metal, lithium alloy or silicon material. The anode active material is baked in mixed gas of air and oxygen or inert gas. The inert gas contains nitrogen, carbon, helium, neon and krypton. Preferred Definitions:    M=copper, nickel, manganese or zinc;and    M=nickel, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, titanium, or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The preliminary charging/discharging positive electrode and preliminary charging/discharging negative electrode contains stable material such as lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of high output anode active material and high capacitance anode active material is preferably 0.5 microns or less and 0.2 microns or less. The volume ratio of high output anode active material and high capacitance anode active material is 4:1-1:4, preferably 1:1-1:3. Preferred Composition: The high output anode active material contains lithium manganese complex oxide as a main component. The manganese atom of lithium manganese complex oxide is partially substituted by other metal atoms. The high capacitance anode active material contains lithium nickel complex oxide or lithium cobalt complex oxide as a main component. The nickel atom of lithium nickel complex oxide or lithium cobalt complex oxide is partially substituted by other metal atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode preferably contains carbonaceous composite particles as active material. The composite particles have a carbon layer covering a core material containing the carbonaceous material (A). The ratio of the rhombohedral system structure w.r.t. the hexagonal system structure of the carbonaceous material (A) is preferably 30-200%, more preferably 58-172%. The cathode contains activated carbon capable of adsorbing to the cation, as cathode active material. The cathode contains graphite composite particles having a carbon layer covering the graphite particles, and/or graphite particles as cathode active material. The carbonaceous material (B) of the cathode is non-reinforced carbon black-type particles or hard carbon-type particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal element (M) is cobalt, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, copper, zinc and gallium. The metal element (T) is cobalt and manganese. The metal element (L) is aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, copper, zinc and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ratio of Mg to benzyl alcohol and/or MBZ and/or NBZ is 1:1 to 1:3 (preferably 1:2). MBZ is used in step (i) and the solvent removal is accomplished by a supercritical treatment. Toluene is added to the mixture before the supercritical treatment. The nanosheets have a thickness of less than 10 (preferably 3-5) nm. Preferred Structure: The nanosheet structure has electron diffraction data as given in the specification. The nanosheet precursor is Mg(OH)(OCH3) nanosheet structure. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid fuel is diesel oil, gasoline kerosene, methanol, ethanol and/or golden triangle energy fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The tape that is used as the heat conductor is made of aluminum. The pipe is made of steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elongated tube is made of rubber or plastic. The protective layer is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electrochemical conversion cells further comprise respective membrane electrode assemblies, electrolytic membranes, gaseous diffusion layers, catalytic components, carbonaceous components and/or electrically conductive components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is a carbonate solvent comprising propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrode further comprises at least a second population of activated carbon fiber fragments whose average lengths exceed those of the first population of activated carbon fiber fragments.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The average aspect ratio of the carbon fiber fragment is 1-10 (preferably 1-5, more preferably 2-3). The average diameter of the carbon fiber fragment is less than 15 (preferably less than 10, more preferably 5) microns. The non-woven fibrous material comprises a first population of activated carbon fiber fragments, where greater than 50% of the first population of activated carbon fiber fragments has similar lengths and diameters, and where the average aspect ratio of the first population of activated carbon fiber fragments is 1-20. The non-woven fibrous material further comprises at least a second population of activated carbon fiber fragments whose average lengths exceed those of the first population of activated carbon fiber fragments. The non-woven fibrous layer comprises a first population of activated carbon fiber fragments, where greater than 90% of the first population of activated carbon fiber fragments has similar lengths and diameters. The thickness of the non-woven fibrous layer is less less than or equal to200 micron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The low temperature alloy is selected from bismuth-lead, tin, cadmium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lattice component is a rolled lead alloy sheet formed by laminating lead-antimony-silver alloy layer (3) on one surface of a base material (4) consisting of lead-calcium-tin alloy. A strip consisting of lead-antimony-silver alloy is laminated on the base material strip of lead-calcium-tin alloy, both strips are bonded by pressure rolling, and lattice component is produced. Preferred Property: The thickness of lead-antimony-silver alloy layer is 1.3-5% of the thickness of lattice component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode terminal is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material comprises tin, silver, aluminum and silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder comprises carboxymethylcellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pack: The sealed container comprises a hollow housing (210) opened at one end of it and having the perfluoroketone stored in it; and a cover member (220) mounted to the open end of the housing for sealing the perfluoroketone. The cover member is broken at a predetermined inner pressure. The housing includes a closed lower end mounted to the battery pack and a cylindrical side part vertically extending from the closed lower end. The cover member is mounted to an inner upper end of the cylindrical side part, and a gasket (240) is disposed at the region where the cover member is mounted to the inner upper end of the cylindrical side part. The cover member is provided with at least one major surface with a notch for allowing the cover member to be easily broken when the inner pressure is increased. The perfluoroketone is stored in a hollow part of the housing while a filmshaped sheet seals the perfluoroketone. At least two housings are mounted in the battery pack. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluoro-hexan-3-one is specifically claimed as perfluoroketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The perovskite type oxide is of formula: LixLyMO3+d.L=lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, promethium, neodymium, strontium or calcium;M=niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper;x=0-0.08;y=0.1-0.5;andd=d-0.1 to 0.1.The complex contains 90 atomic% or more of niobium with respect to M element. The lithium titanium complex oxide has spinel type structure. The perovskite type oxide is contained in an amount of 0.1-50 wt.% with respect to the total amount of perovskite type oxide and lithium titanium complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Composition obtained by mixing composition (B) with water is used as composition (A). The volumetric fraction of solid in composition (B) is more than 0 volume% and 90 volume% or less. The composition (B) in liquid state and water are mixed. Heat is exchanged between surface of composition (B) and water. Preferred Salt: The mineral salt is magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride or calcium bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer includes a water-repellent resin which is tetrafluoroethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The structure used for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication signals transmitted or received by a vehicle computer relative to the vehicle electrical system meets J-1939 and multiplex standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cathode of the non-aqueous secondary cell contains a graphite-based carbon material and the cathode of the electric device contains material which is selected from amorphous carbon, alloys and metal oxides. The anode of the non-aqueous secondary cell contains a compound selected from iron phosphate compounds and nickel manganese spinel oxides. The anode of the electric device contains a lithium oxide (LiMO2) which represents a metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al) and magnesium (Mg).
WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed sulfonated polyarylene-based copolymer of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The austenitic stainless steel further contains carbon (0.05 or less), silicon (1.5 or less), manganese (2 or less), phosphorus (0.02-0.08), sulfur (0.005 or less), nickel (8-30), chromium (16-35), niobium (0.05-1), titanium (0.05-1), aluminum (0.04-2), zirconium (0.05-1), vanadium (0.05-1) and/or boron (0.05-1.5) and remaining iron and unavoidable impurity, and molybdenum (0.3-5), copper (0.2-4) and tungsten (0.2-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conducting bodies are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The guiding bodies and the side surface of the component comprise a gap that is filled by a polyurethane sealing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is made from a constant coolant material, particularly polypropylene or a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The foam-like structure comprises metal which is a hydrogen storage alloy. The hydrogen storage alloy is a gas-phase thermal hydrogen storage alloy or an electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy. The foam-like structure also comprises a hydroxide from nickel hydroxide, or manganese hydroxide. It also comprises an oxide from silver oxides or copper oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive-electrode active-material layer contains complex oxide of lithium and a transition metal, while the negative-electrode active-material layer contains complex oxide of carbon or lithium, and a transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The collector comprises a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, epoxy resin and synthetic rubber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lead storage battery has cathode grating having tungsten (0.00003-0.005 mass%) and lead or lead alloy, and electrolyte liquid containing tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous carbon fiber sheet has bulk density (Da) of region of thickness from surface of both surfaces to 50 microns of 0.4-0.6 g/cm3. The ratio of bulk density (Da) and bulk density (Db) of region of 20 microns of thickness direction center section of porous carbon fiber sheet is more than 1 and less than 6. The porous carbon fiber sheet has electrical resistance of 1-8 mOmegacm2 along thickness direction, bending strength of 10-100 MPa and thickness of 120-400 microns. The porous carbon fiber sheet has porous structure of two layers or more having different bulk density along thickness direction. The density of porous structure of both surfaces is higher than bulk density of internal porous structure. The porous carbon fiber sheet has symmetrical structure as center of thickness direction. Preferred Sheet: The porous carbon fiber sheet contains carbon short fiber and resin carbide which are dispersed, such that at least one portion of carbon short fiber is bonded with the resin carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen separation membrane is partially exposed at the interposed between membrane and porous oxide film. The metal oxide is niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium niobate, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, sodium tantalate, potassium tantalate and/or lithium tantalate. The hydrogen separation membrane contains palladium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium and/or their alloy. The fuel flow path layer or oxygen flow path layer of catalyst consists of highly heat conductive material. The hydride is hydride of isopropanol, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, decalin, tetradecahydro anthracene and/or bicyclohexyl or their alkyl substituted derivatives. Alternately, the hydride is lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or magnesium borohydride, or bioethanol and/or biomethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material is selected from polyvinylidene-fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polypropylene oxide and polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, carbohydrate, polyacrylonitrile, polyamine, and/or their derivatives, preferably polyvinyl alcohol derivative chosen from polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl butyral, and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers. The carbohydrate comprises a polysaccharide polymer chosen from cellulose polymers and starch polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass substrate, sapphire substrate, plastic substrate or silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-metal compound is material selected from Ni(C5H5)2, Ni(CH3C5H4), Ni(C5H7O2)2, Ni(C11H19O2)2, Ni(C7H16NO) and Ni(C7H17NO2). The organic-metal compound is provided as solution comprising n-heptane as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The energy is added by a high kinetic energy process. The high kinetic energy process comprises ball milling. The hydrogen source is exogenous to the coal. The process further involves evolving at least a portion of the stored hydrogen under hydrogen evolution conditions to produced evolved molecular hydrogen. The hydrogen evolution conditions comprise moderate temperature conditions. The process further involves collecting the evolved molecular hydrogen; and transporting the evolved molecular hydrogen to a desired location. The moderate temperature is 0 - 100degreesC and the moderate pressure is 0 - 10 atm, inclusive.Preferred Components: The mixture further comprises a transition metal. The carbon source further comprises a material selected from a transition metal, alkaline earth metal, alkali metal and/or non-metal; acene; unsaturated hydrocarbon; and coal. The hydrogen source is a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The hydrogenated carbon material comprises a hydrogen carbon clathrate is characterized by evolution of molecular hydrogen at room temperature at atmospheric pressure. The hydrogenated carbon material comprises molecular hydrogen, and hydrogen bound to carbon. EXAMPLE - Producing hydrogen using combined storage and production process as follows: A Fritsch Pulveristte LC-106A with stainless steel components (316 SS) was used to ball mill the samples at 400 revolutions per minute (rpm). Buck Mountain coal and powdered graphite (Carbone) were ball milled for 80 hours, both with and without a cyclohexene (99%) wetting agent added at a 3.3 ml per gram of coal ratio. All milling occurred under a 1 bar argon atmosphere to obtain Buck Mountain Coal milled for 80 hours in cyclohexene. The evolution of cyclohexene, benzene, and hydrogen during the sample heating was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modified free acid type heteropolyacid is of formula (1): Hm(X(Y'OH)aOb).nH2O.X=heteropolyacid salt obtained after eliminating structure atoms;Y'=silicon, titanium, aluminum or zirconium;m,n=1 or more;anda=1 or 2.When a is 1, b is 0 and when a is 2, b is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heterogeneous elements is made of boron, nitrogen or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The base material is substance having linear molecule, or is a sheet material consisting of polymer or carbon material. EXAMPLE - Single wall carbon nanotube (1 mg) were dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide to form addition solution. 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1.2 g) and zinc nitrate tetrahydrate (11 g) were added to the addition solution. Complex particles (Zn4O(2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate anion)3.(dimethyl formamide)6) were precipitated on carbon nanotube surface. The complex binding group material were separated from solvent and again mixed with dimethyl formamide. Bulky complex bonding group material was immersed in chloroform for 24 hours. The guest molecule (dimethyl formamide) in the complex was substituted by chloroform. The chloroform was removed to form hydrogen absorption material. The obtained material had excellent hydrogen absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead battery conforms to 55DJIS specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average primary particle size is preferably 5-100 nm and the average secondary particle size is 1-2 microns.Preferred Material: The source of lithium ions is selected from lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium oxalate, lithium acetate, lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and/or lithium iodide. The source of titanium ions is selected from anatase titanium oxide, rutile titanium oxide, a titanium-ion solution. The solution is aqueous and/or organic solutions. Lithium titanate is Li4Ti5O12.Preferred Method: The method further comprises crushing the solid mixture prior to calcining the solid mixture 600-1000degreesC and coating the particles of lithium titanate with a layer of carbon. The coating method involves exposing lithium titanate to a carbon source in a furnace and heating the carbon source at 100-1300degreesC to deposit carbon on the lithium titanate. The amount of carbon-coating is 20 wt.% or less, preferably 2 wt.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent is selected from carboxylic acids, alcohols, esters, ethers and/or ketones. The carbon source comprises from 1-20 carbon atoms, and is selected from acetylene, butane, 1,3 butadiene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, 2,2-dimethylpropane, ethane, ethylene, hexane, heptane, isobutane, isobutylene, methane, 2-methylbutane, pentane, propane, propylene, octane and/or toluene. The carbon source is mixed with carrier gas selected from carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and/or argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive and negative electrode active materials are lithium-manganese group complex oxide and crystalline carbon material or amorphous carbon material respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator contains polyester type resin, aramid type resin, or polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The chemical structure of a monomer component not having a styrene structure of the styrenic thermoplastic elastomer is of formula: -(-C(-R1)(-R2)-C(-R3)(-R4)-)m-(-C(-R5)(-R6)-C(-R7)(-R8)-)n- and/or -(-C(-R9)(-R10)-C(-R11)(-R12)-)l-.R1-R12=H, lower alkyl, or lower fluoroalkyl;andl-n=0 or more.The ratio of monomer component which forms the polymeric principal chain of the elastomer is 10-90 mol% of monomer components having a styrene structure. The proton-conductive group contains a sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material is an alloy made of metal selected from aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin or silver. The negative-electrode active material is also an alloy made of metal selected from aluminum, lithium, sodium, manganese, calcium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, tin or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide, a lithium transition metal phosphoric acid compound or a lithium transition metal sulfuric acid compound. The cathode active material is a carbon material, a lithium transition metal compound or a lithium metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin filled in the case is selected from the group consisting of polybutylene terephthalate resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The salt of cerium ion and/or manganese ion used during manufacture of electrolyte film is carbonate. The heteropolyacid has proton conductivity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The dispersion of high molecular compound used during manufacture of polyelectrolyte is formed by dispersing high molecular compound in liquid containing water. The high molecular compound is perfluoro carbon polymer which is copolymer having tetrafluoro ethylene repeating unit and perfluoro carbon repeating unit (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H), where X is fluorine or trifluoro methyl group, n is 1-12, m is 0-3 and p is 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst contains any one of palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt). The metal oxide has main component as molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), tungstic trioxide (WO3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), hydration iridium (Ir(OH)n), vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and nickel oxide (NiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The aramid thin leaf material has an air permeability of 3 seconds/300 cm3 or less as measured by Gurley air-permeability measuring method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is iron base alloys, stainless steels, and/or nickel base alloys. The silicon is present at 1.5-3 wt.%. The bi-polar plate includes titanium (0.01-3 wt.%). Preferred Methods: A natural melt process is used to integrate the silicon into the metal to form the high-energy surface on flow channel(s). Preferred Properties: The surface has a wettability contact angle of less than 40, preferably less than 20degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The shock absorber cylinder and piston are made of stainless steel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The multifunction integral engine utility assembly is molded from polypropylene and glass-filled polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The permeability of the sound absorbing material conforms to JISK6400-7 A standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sound absorbing material contains a plastic foam that is polyurethane-type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The fiber filler contains carbon fiber or aramid fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The water repellent layer further contains material having hydrophilicity. The material having thermal conductivity is graphitized carbon. The amount of graphitized carbon contained in water repellent layer with respect to total volume of water repellent layer is 10-50 volume%. The amount of material having thermal conductivity contained in inlet side of gas passageway is less than the amount of material having thermal conductivity contained in exit side of gas passageway. The amount of material having thermal conductivity contained in gaseous diffusion base material side is less than the amount of material having thermal conductivity contained in electrode catalyst layer side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ionic conductive group is -SO3M or -PO3HM, where M is H, ammonium ion or alkali metal ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The structural unit derived from styrene derivative is 3-(4-vinyl phenyl)-1,1'-biadamantane and/or 1-(4-vinyl phenyl)adamantane. Polymer block (A) contains 10 mass% or more of structural unit derived from styrene derivative (I). The mass ratio of polymer block (A) to polymer block (B) is 95:5-5:95. Polymer block (B) comprises repeating unit chosen from 5-8C conjugated cycloalkadiene unit in which a portion of carbon-carbon double bond is hydrogenated, 2-8C alkene unit, 5-8C cycloalkene unit, 7-10C vinyl cycloalkene unit in which a portion of carbon-carbon double bond is hydrogenated and/or 4-8C conjugated diene unit in which a portion of carbon-carbon double bond is hydrogenated, preferably 4-8C conjugated diene unit and/or 2-8C alkene unit in which a portion of carbon-carbon double bond is hydrogenated. Preferred Property: The ion exchange capacity of block copolymer is 0.3 meq/g or more. Preferred Definitions:    R1=cross-linked alicyclic hydrocarbon group;and    R2=methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rings are made of a metal such as aluminum, copper or nickel, or alloys of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas supplied to the anode of the fuel cell, contains hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The columnar particles contain element selected from the group consisting of carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, indium, zinc, and bismuth, silicon simple substance and/or silicon oxide, and oxide containing transition metal element, solid solutions and/or their composite. The transition metal element is cobalt, nickel or manganese. The oxide containing transition metal element, solid solutions and/or their composite, is chosen from lithium cobaltate, lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide (LiCox1Niy1Mnz1O2, where x1, y1 and z1 are more than 0 and less than 1, and x1+y1+z1 is 1), lithium-cobalt-nickel-aluminum oxide (LiCox2Niy2Alz2O2, where x2, y2 and z2 are more than 0 and less than 1, and x2+y2+z2 is 1), and lithium-nickel-manganese oxide (LiNiy3Mnz3O2, where y3 and z3 are more than 0 and less than 1, and y3+z3 is 1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material comprises tin-phosphorus (Sn-P) or nickel-Sn-P (Ni-Sn-P) nanoparticles at 5-30 wt.%. The reductant is composed of 54 g/L sodium hypophosphite and 32 g/L sodium succinate. The oxidant solution is 0.08 M stannous sulfate. The oxidant further includes nickel ions. The oxidant solution is composed of 0.06 M nickel sulfate and 0.08 M stannous sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The unit cells are lithium batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution contains (in mass parts) phosphoric acid (15-20) and further contains ethoxy alcohol (3-7), heavy ammonium fluoride (2-6), sulfonic acid (4-8) and xylene specific sulfonate (1-3).
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The disulfonyl-containing compound is chosen from bis(vinyl sulfonyl)methane and bis(allyl sulfonyl)methane (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The tertiary process is maintaining electric potential of anode below +0.68 Vvs. standard hydrogen electrode. The secondary and tertiary process is repeated. The membrane electrode assembly has polymer electrolyte membrane arranged between anode and cathode. EXAMPLE - HiSPEC6000 (RTM: platinum-ruthenium black) containing ratio of 1 having microcrystal size of 2.7 nm and specific surface area of 73 m2/(1 g of platinum-ruthenium black), and Nafion (RTM: cation-exchange-resin solution) were mixed to obtain paste for anode catalyst layer. HiSPEC8000 (RTM: platinum-carbon) having platinum content of 50 wt.%, microcrystal size of 3.7 nm and specific surface area of 60 m2/(1 g of platinum-carbon), and Flemion (RTM: cation-exchange-resin solution) were mixed to obtain paste for cathode catalyst layer. The paste of anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer was coated to polymer electrolyte membrane, and membrane electrode assembly was obtained. The polyelectrolyte fuel cell comprising obtained membrane electrode assembly had favorable durability and electric power generation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyelectrolytes (A-C) contain sulfonic acid group as ion exchange group. The average equivalent weight of proton exchange group in polyelectrolyte (C) is 1500-2000. The polyelectrolyte has an ion exchange group having low acid dissociation constant than that of sulfonic acid group. The ion exchange group having low acid dissociation constant is chosen from carboxylic acid group and/or phosphonic acid group. The polyelectrolytes (A-C) are formed using polymer, such as perfluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pressed metal plates are made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase change material is formed by paraffin and sugar alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The phase change material is formed by synthetic polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The terminal electron acceptor is oxygen. The iron (Fe) (II) oxidizing catalyst comprises a Fe (II) oxidizing biocatalyst, such as a Fe (II) oxidizing organism, e.g. Fe (II) oxidizing microorganism, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans or Gallionella ferruginea, or a microorganism from Genus solfolobus or Genus chlorobium. The cathode fluidum comprises reagents for the catalysis of the Fe (I) oxidizing catalyst, such as nutrients for a Fe(II) oxidizing organism. Preferred Composition: The Fe (III) ions and Fe (II) ions in soluble form are 0.05-0.2, preferably 0.05-0.1 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorption material is polyelectrolyte of high ion exchange capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The central metal (M) is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or ruthenium, and has 2 or more types of oxidation number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine is tertiary amine.Preferred Process: The salt central metal is added after dispersing carbon particles in salt of dithiooxamide derivative. Preferred Definitions:    R = H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The complex particles (12) are coupled together through complex particle (14). The complex particle (12) and complex particle (14) are same substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support plate is made of silicon, and the protection layer is a silicon oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxo-acid group comprises sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, carbonic acid group and tungstic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base spring is made of superelastic nickel titanium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The noble metal-type catalyst is noble metal particles have an average particle diameter of 3 nm or less and a maximum particle size of 10 nm or less. The noble metal-type catalyst is a platinum catalyst, rhodium catalyst, ruthenium catalyst, gold catalyst, palladium catalyst and/or rhenium catalyst, preferably a platinum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline and/or polythiophene, preferably polypyrrole.Preferred Material: The production of the composite material further uses a transition metal complex as oxidizing agent. The transition metal complex comprises iron chloride, nickel chloride, chromium chloride, cobalt chloride, and manganese chloride as precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concave portion of cathode is a through hole. The ratio of area of concave portion with respect to whole cathode area in flat surface view of cathode is 30-80%. The hydrogen permeation metal film contains palladium, niobium, tantalum or vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The nucleating agent is metal salt compound. The metal salt compound is in the form of powder having average particle diameter of 0.1-100 microns. The metal salt compound is zinc phosphate. The amount of nucleating agent and electroconductive filler with respect to polyphenylene sulfide resin is 0.1-10 mass% and 50-90 mass%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyphenylene sulfide resin has melt viscosity of 10-100 Pa.second at 300degreesC. The resin composition is compression molded to obtain fuel cell separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenated aromatic compound is cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl decalin, tetralin and/or methyl tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal ion is beryllium, aluminum, magnesium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc, zirconium, rubidium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, platinum or gold ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex has four aromatic rings which form pi-pi bond. The aromatic ring is bonded with metal atom via COO bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The basic group is -OH, -O-Si(OH)3, -COOH, -Ar1-NH2, -(NO2)2-Ar2-NH2, -SO2NH2 or -CO-NH2, where Ar1 and Ar2 are arylene group. The basic group is -OH, -O-Si(OH)3, -Ph-NH2, -(NO2)2-Ph-NH2 or -CO-NH2. The electrolyte film contains a component derived from 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)fluorene, component derived from phenolphthalein and/or component derived from 4,4'-dihydroxy tetraphenyl methane. The electrolyte film has cross-linked three dimensional structure. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (in g) (109.1) was mixed with fuming sulfuric acid (150 ml) and reacted at 100degreesC for 10 hours. The solution was neutralized. Salt (200 g) was added and precipitate was filtered. Disodium 3,3'-disulfonate-4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (181) was obtained. Potassium carbonate (6.9), 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)fluorene (16) and 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (6) were mixed with obtained compound (6) and polymerized in N-methyl pyrrolidone at 190degreesC to form polymer (A). Potassium carbonate (6.9), 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (7) and 4,4'-dihydroxy tetraphenyl methane (14) were mixed with disodium 3,3'-disulfonate-4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (5) and polymerized in N-methyl pyrrolidone at 190degreesC to form polymer (B). Polymers (A,B) were dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and coated on glass plate. The coating was dried to form electrolyte films (A,B). The electrolyte film (A) was immersed in solution formed by dissolving 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (1) and tetraethoxy silane (0.5) in water (5). The electrolyte film was removed from the solution and dried. Acid dissociation constant of sulfonic acid group was -3 and base dissociation constant of base group derived from tetraethoxy silane was 0.42, in the electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid or mixture of phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid. Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell has units cell equipped with polymer electrolyte membrane clamped by oxygen electrode and fuel electrode, oxidizing agent supplying flow board in which oxidizing agent flow path is formed in oxygen electrode side and fuel supplying flow board in which fuel flow path is formed on fuel electrode side. The polymer electrolyte membrane contains proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte. The oxygen electrode and/or fuel electrode contains the proton conductive solid polymer electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Portion of polyazomethine is oxidized and modified. The crosslinked structure of proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte is formed by a low molecular crosslinking agent. The low molecular crosslinking agent is chosen from diacid anhydride, diepoxy compound and diisocyanate. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H, 1-6C alkyl or aryl;and    X=phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthryl or phenanthryl.    EXAMPLE - Polyazomethine having structural formula (6) formed using 3,3'-diamino benzidine and isophthalaldehyde as raw material, was dissolved in dimethyl acetamide. The solution was cast on a glass substrate, and dried at 60degreesC for 3 hours under reduced pressure. A polymer film having thickness of 30 microns was formed. The polymer film was immersed in 20% phosphoric acid, and a polymer electrolyte membrane having dope rate of phosphoric acid of 150 mass% was formed. A fuel cell using the polymer electrolyte membrane had favorable electric power generation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Dihalogen monomer such as 3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone, hydroxyl-containing monomer such as ethyl resorcinol, benzonitrile or benzophenyl monomer and biphenyl monomer such as mercapto biphenol are polymerized by aromatic nucleophilic substitution in presence of a basic compound to obtain the sulfonic acid group-containing polymer. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the repeating units in the polymer satisfy the relations: (n1+n2+n3+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5)=0.9-1, (n1+n2)/(n1+n2+n3+n4)=0.1-0.7 and (n2+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4)=0.01-0.95, where n1-n4 are the mol% of the repeating units of formulae (1-4) and n5 is the mol% of another repeating unit. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=aromatic group of formulae (5-8, preferably 5 or 6);    R1=4-20C linear alkyl group;    Ar2=aromatic group of formulae (9-12, preferably 11 or 12);    Z1,Z2=oxygen atom;and    X=-S(=O)2-.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (in g) (60), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (26.74), 4,4'-biphenol (41.35), 4-hexyl resorcinol (10.79), potassium carbonate (42.2) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (360 ml) were heated at 195-200degreesC. Water was added to the reaction mixture and the obtained precipitate was washed with boiling water for 1 hour and dried to obtain polymer with logarithmic viscosity of 0.91 dl/g. The polymer (7) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (28) and coated on a hot glass plate, and heated at 80degreesC and 150degreesC. The coating was dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 150degreesC for 1 hour and the film was peeled from the glass plate. The obtained film was immersed in pure water, sulfuric acid aqueous solution and washed with water to obtain ion exchange membrane. The ion exchange membrane had improved durability, bondability and reduced methanol permeability. The fuel cell formed using the ion exchange membrane had high output.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pores of the porous silica have cubical array structure. The pores have hole diameter of 2-50 nm. The porous silica is granular or film-form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The breakdown voltage is measured according to JISK6911.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramics comprised in the ceramic layer are oxide ceramics selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, zirconium, yttrium, magnesium, calcium, and scandium. The oxide ceramics are selected from any one of silica gel and group consisting of silica alumina gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, polyimide, and a polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of nickel and manganese in lithium-containing transition metal oxide is lower than 1. The weight ratio of lithium-containing transition metal oxide and lithium manganese oxide is 1:9-9:1. Lithium is contained in 3b transition metal site of lithium-containing transition metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The oxidize polymerization method is electrolytic oxidize polymerization method. The fibril-like polymer is baked in non-oxidizing atmosphere. Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is a compound having benzene ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring, preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group-III metallic element is yttrium and/or erbium. The amount of particles (P) is 0.4-2 wt.%, with respect to hydrogen occlusion alloy powder. The hydrogen occlusion alloy powder has CaCu5 type crystal structure, and contains rare earth elements, cobalt, manganese and aluminum. The amount of cobalt in hydrogen occlusion alloy powder is 0.5-6 wt.%. Preferred Property: The composite material has average particle diameter of 5-30 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The membrane electrode laminate is immersed for 30 seconds or more. A gaseous diffusion layer (130) is provided on both sides of membrane electrode assembly at relative humidity of 50% or more. The membrane electrode assembly is clamped with a separator (140) on both sides at relative humidity of 50% or more.Preferred Layer: The gaseous diffusion layer contains hydrophilic-processed electroconductive porous base material. The electrode catalyst layer contains electrode catalyst containing catalyst component supported with an electroconductive support, and polyelectrolyte. The electroconductive support is mesophase pitch group graphite and/or phosphorus artificial graphite.Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has membrane electrode assembly clamped with separator. The time required for absorbing ion exchange water (0.1 cc) dripped at the surface of electrode catalyst layer is 70 seconds or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cathode contains graphite as cathode active material. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains polymerized product of disulfide derivative having acryl group. EXAMPLE - Anode was obtained using complex oxide of lithium-cobalt (LiCoO2), polyvinylidene fluoride, acetylene black and N-methyl pyrrolidone. Cathode was obtained using styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose and graphite. Nonaqueous electrolyte is obtained using complex oxides of lithium, phosphorus and fluoride (LiPF6) (in weight parts) (15), propylene carbonate (20), dimethyl carbonate (30), ethylmethyl carbonate (30) and disulfide derivative having acryl group of formula (I) (1). The obtained anode and cathode were laminated with polyethylene nonwoven fabric of separator using obtained nonaqueous electrolyte, to obtain nonaqueous electrolyte battery. The obtained battery has excellent discharge capacitance, and high temperature storing characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio of irreversible capacitance (C) is 30% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The normal temperature fused salt contains quaternary ammonium cation. The cathode active material contains lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbonaceous substance or metallic compound, preferably lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Kv1.5 K+ channel inhibitor comprises compound B. The membrane transport protein comprises a proton pump comprising H/K ATPase. The H/K ATPase inhibitor comprises SCH280080 (sic SCH-28080). Preferred Method: The confirming step comprises measuring resistance across the membrane in the presence and absence of gramicidin D in a medium containing a gramicidin-D permeable cation, where existence of the functional lipid bilayer is confirmed if reconstitution of gramicidin D in the lipid bilayer is successful such that a decrease in resistance in a medium containing the gramicidin-D permeable cation results. Existence of the reconstituted membrane protein is confirmed by measuring K+ current across the lipid bilayer before and after addition of vesicles comprising a Kv1.5 K+ channel inhibitor. Existence of the reconstituted membrane protein is confirmed by monitoring H+ transport across the lipid bilayer before and after addition of an H/K ATPase inhibitor. Monitoring H+ transport comprises measuring an acidification rate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The PC porous support comprises triacetyl cellulose. The porous support comprises pores each having a diameter of 1-100 (preferably 3-50) microns. The PLLA comprises pores having diameters of 3-15 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The electrode catalyst powder uses a chemically-processed and pulverized metallic glass. An electrolyte emulsion is further mixed with the mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The electrolyte emulsion is applied on the electrode membrane formed on the filter paper. The filter paper has opening (21) of 0.2 microns or less. The inner-wall portion of the container (11) into which the mixture is put when carrying out suction filtration, is formed with a hydrophobic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is water and/or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The fuel cell system has high pressurization unit to pressurize gas supplied to cathode more than atmospheric pressure. The supply structure maintains the pressure of exhaust gas more than atmospheric pressure. The supply structure has tank to store exhaust gas temporarily, and a control system to control gas supplied to the apparatus according to oxygen concentration of exhaust gas. Preferred Gas: The gas supply to cathode is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The antioxidant is phenol type compound and has 2 or more functional groups having antioxidant function. 90% or more of the antioxidant is concentrated to less than 10% in the inner wall side of the thickness of the hollow fiber. The antioxidant is cross-linked by the base material using organic peroxide type cross-linking agent. The mass ratio of the antioxidant with respect to polysulfone is 0.5-1.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with respect to polysulfone is 5-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The inorganic base materials (I,II) have specific surface area of 10-400 m2/g. The carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst has average specific surface area of 50-220 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The inorganic base material is chosen from alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, ceria, magnesia, silicon carbide and/or silica-alumina-magnesia. The alumina is chosen from gamma-alumina, theta-alumina and/or alpha-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The shift amount (Delta2theta) of the diffraction peak at the high angle side is 0-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid contains as a carrier gas of the antioxidant a fuel or an oxidizer is supplied to the fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises one of a hydrogenic type, a direct methanol type, and direct hydrocarbon type fuel cells. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 13.3 - 13332.2 Pa in the fluid. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 6.65 - 6666.1 Pa in the fluid. The fluid supply comprises a bubbler configured to bubble a liquid containing the antioxidant and humidifying water by the carrier gas to supply the fluid. The antioxidant comprises a hydrocarbon system compound composed simply of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The oxidant of the antioxidant is changed to a chemically stable hydrolysate. The antioxidant has a reversible redox-ability, and an oxidant of the antioxidant is chemically stable. The antioxidant or an oxidant is changed by oxidation by a catalyst in an air electrode of the fuel cell to carbon dioxide, water or nitrogen are discharged. The antioxidant has a standard oxidation-reduction potential of greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1.77 (NHE) (preferably greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1 (NHE)) V. The antioxidant comprises 5 compounds as given in the specifications e.g. a compound of formulae (i) - (v).X=O or hydroxyl group;Y1 and Y2=methyl groups or ethyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode (1) comprises an active material, binder and conductive additive. The active material is a metal hydride, preferably aluminum hydride (AlH3), silicon hydride (SiH4), lithium hydride (LiH), beryllium hydride (BeH2), gallium hydride (GaH3), or antimony hydride (SbH3), or nickel lanthanide (LaNi5). The electrode (9) comprises an air/gas electrode with a catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer. The catalyst layer comprises catalyst, active carbon and a halogenated olefin binder. The catalyst is metal catalyst, metal oxide catalyst or perovskite catalyst. The gas diffusion layer comprises active carbon and a halogenated olefin binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The gel polymer adhesive electrolyte comprises a polymer partially or completely dissolvable in a base solution, preferably carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, sodium polyacrylate, poly(N,N-dimethyl-2-diallyl-ammonium hydroxide), glycerin, polyacrylic acid and/or triethanol amine. The base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and/or ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Separator: The separator is a non-woven membrane comprising polyethylene, polypropylene, asbestos or nylon. Preferred Layer: The polymer tri-phase electrolyte layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, latex emulsion or halogenated olefin latex. Preferred Binder: The binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and/or carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The aluminum alloy for forming the metal liner also contains 0 to 0.4 percent iron, 0.05 to 0.3 percent chromium, 0 to 0.05 percent zinc, 0 to 0.5 percent strontium, 0.1 to 0.3 vanadium, 0 to 0.1 percent titanium, and 0.0 to 0.05 percent manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electroconductive powder has dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 100-260 ml/100 g, and the polyelectrolyte dispersion liquid has viscosity of 1-20 cp. Preferred Composition: The catalyst compound is platinum-group metal compound, and used as solution with concentration of 0.05-0.5 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte dispersion liquid contains solvent such as alcohol showing restoration effect to catalyst compound. EXAMPLE - Graphitization carbon black having dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 120 ml/100 g was obtained by heat-processing of Ketchen Black EC600 (RTM: carbon black) under argon gas atmosphere at 2800degreesC for 10 hours. The obtained graphitization carbon black (in g) (1) was mixed with dinitro diamine platinum nitric acid solution (200) containing platinum content of 0.5 mass% and stirred for 20 minutes. Then, 1-propanol (35), water (35) and polymeric electrolytic solution (16.8) containing Nafion DE2029 (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluor ethylene copolymer) (5 mass%), water (47.5 mass%) and 1-propanol (47.5 mass%) were mixed to the resulting mixture and stirred for 20 minutes, and mixing dispersion liquid was obtained. The mixing dispersion liquid was heated at 90degreesC and stirred for 6 hours to obtain catalyst ink. The obtained catalyst ink had excellent utilization factor, and contains electrode catalyst having platinum load of 47 mass% and platinum average particle diameter of 3.5 nm, by which platinum particle of supported by carbon block.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The content of powdery carbon material in the hydrophilic resin sheet and carbon material in the substrate is each 50-95 wt.%. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the powdery carbon material is 150-400 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hydrophilic resin having caprolactam group uses vinyl caprolactam as a structural component. The vinyl caprolactam is 30-90 wt.% of structural component of the hydrophilic resin. Preferred Sheet: The hydrophilic resin sheet is formed using sheet consisting of carbon fiber as a base fabric. The thickness of the hydrophilic resin sheet is 0.05-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic monomer is compound containing phosphorus element, compound containing sulfur element, carboxylic acid, boric acid, and/or inorganic solid acid. The electronic conductor is a carbon material. The electronic conductor has a continuous coupling of carbon including a double bond. A noble metal catalyst is carried by the carrier. The water repellent consists of electronic conductor or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The organic monomer is acetylene, resorcinol, phenol, 2-phenylphenol, aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, phenyl phosphonic acid, phenyl silane alkoxides, pyrogallol and dihydroxy biphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material carbon nanotube is pre-heated at 800-1700degreesC, preferably 1400-1600degreesC and degree of vacuum of 1.3x10-2 Pa.The diameter increasing treatment is performed at temperature of 1700-2000degreesC.The diameter increasing treatment is performed without reducing temperature to 1200degreesC or less.Preferred Compound: The raw material carbon nanotube is single wall carbon nanotube synthesized by high pressure carbon monoxide (HiPCO) method.
EXAMPLE - Platinum was made carried by 5 g of carbon at 10 wt.%. The resulting carbon was attached to a porous electrode (anode) and a porous electrode (cathode) (the amount of the electrocatalyst was 17 mg/cm2 of the electrodes). The electrodes were coupled by hot press to both faces of an Nafion(RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer) electrolyte membrane to form a catalyst-integrated electrolyte membrane. On both sides of the resulting electrolyte membrane, an anode-side collector and a cathode-side collector were formed of carbon fiber. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell was accommodated in housings which were formed of an acrylic resin which was an electrically insulative resin. Contact faces of the housings were sealed with a silicone sheet (16) for preventing leakage of hydrogen, air or oxygen and were fastened. For taking out electricity efficiently, an aluminum negative electrode (14) and an aluminum positive electrode (13) were connected to one end and another end of copper springs which were located on the outer sides of the anode and the cathode. An anode side surface of the anode-side collector was also connected to spring and thus had conductivity. A mixture liquid, 3 mL, of formate-hydrogen lyase and Clostridium butyricum cultivated at 30degreesC for 10 days was put and fixed in the anode-side collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen-sensitive coating comprises a pressure-sensitive paint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The volume flow adjusting units are connected to the fuel cell stack either before or after the stack. The fuel cell stack has a feed line and a removal line for a fluid for deviating or introducing heat to the stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate is made of copper, gold, aluminum or platinum, nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from ethanol and dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid contains solvent chosen from acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyl lactone. The compound which carries out dope/dedope reaction is chosen from pyrene, naphthacene, chrysene, perylene, benzopyrene, coronene, helicene, pentacene, sexiphenyl and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is selected from the group consisting of methane, methanol, ethanol, naphtha, butane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mesocarbon pellet is granulated, heat-processed and pulverized to obtain the cathode material. The heat-processed product or pulverized product is subjected to mechanochemical processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The particle diameter of electroconductive particle is 15-150 nm. The electroconductive particle is hollow shell like carbon black. The volume ratio of the electroconductive particle in the composite particle is 20-60 %. Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is stainless steel substrate having nickel and gold, nickel and copper or nickel and silver layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The diameter of resin particle is 0.3-2.5 microns. The resin particle consists of fluorine resin, imide type resin, silicone type resin and/or polyether type resin. Preferred Film: The electroconductive composite film is formed on a metal substrate having a metal layer for passivity film prevention on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid ester compound is chosen from tri(2,2-difluoro ethyl)phosphate and/or tri(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl)phosphate. The amount of phosphoric-acid ester compound is 5 wt.% or more. Preferred Process: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon pi-bond and cyclic organic compound having sulfur-oxygen (S=O) bond. EXAMPLE - An anode was formed using lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), acetylene black and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride. A cathode was formed using the graphite and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride. The polyethylene microporous film of 25 microns thickness was used as separator. Tri(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl)phosphate (in wt.%) (3), 1,3-propane sultone (2) and vinylene carbonate (2) were added to mixed solvent (1 L) of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1. Then, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (1 mol) was added and dissolved, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery was formed using the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte. The battery had initial-stage discharge capacitance of 9.9 mAh and high-discharge capacitance of 7.8 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive nano structure is nano tube, nano wire, nano fiber, nano coil, nano flakes or dendrite. The catalyst consists of platinum, aluminium, silicon, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, iridium, silver, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. The catalyst is fine particles having primary particle size of 2-10 num.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxides: The metal oxides other than platinum are metal oxides of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. The metal oxides other than noble metals are metal oxides of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. Preferred Property: The porous thin film has a porosity of 30% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloys: The platinum alloy is an alloy of platinum, and aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. The platinum-noble-metal alloy is an alloy of platinum, and palladium, silver and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: Element (E1) is zinc, aluminum, silver, indium, antimony and/or lead. Element (E2) is cobalt, copper, manganese, iron, nickel and/or chromium. The content of tin, element (E1) and element (E2) in electrode process portion is 40-90 atomic%, 5-40 atomic% and 5-40 atomic%, respectively. The constituent element of collector is diffused to at least one portion of the electrode process portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The coloring agent consists of pigment selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, titanium oxide and organic matter using phthalocyanine as a component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ionomer contains component same as solid polymer electrolyte is contained in the solid polymer electrolyte film. The ionomer does not contain a catalyst compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonating agent is 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene-3-sulfonic acid and/or 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl benzene-6-sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The proton conductive group is sulfonic acid group. The vinyl type monomer has aryl group. The sulfonation of graft film is performed for 1.5 times with respect to time equivalent to the inflexion point, where the rate of increase of weight by reaction is saturated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer (P1) contained in base material has cross-linked structure. Preferred Method: Proton conductive group is introduced to at least one of polymer of vinyl monomer. The vinyl monomer filled in base material is graft polymerized to obtain graft chain, and proton conductive group is introduced to graft chain. A cross-linking agent of vinyl monomer is used for manufacturing electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - KFW#1000 (RTM: polyvinylidene fluoride) (in wt.pts) (20) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (80). Vinyl sulfonic acid and methylene bis acrylamide were added to solution and stirred. The resulting solution was casted and dried to obtain porous base material having permeability of 150 seconds/100 cc and thickness of 48 microns. Monomer aqueous solution obtained using vinyl sulfonic acid, methylene bis acrylamide and V-50 (RTM: azo initiator) was made to impregnate base material, irradiated with visible light for 6 minutes, and heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour. The formed film was washed and dried at 50degreesC, and at room temperature for 8 hours to form electrolyte film having thickness of 50 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Cerium atom and/or manganese atom is contained as ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The high molecular compound having acidic group is perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group (containing ethereal oxygen atom). The perfluorocarbon polymer is a copolymer having polymer unit based on perfluorovinyl compound of formula: CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H, where n is 1-12, m is 0-3, p is 0 or 1 and X is fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The reinforcement material is preferably cloth comprising fiber having diameter of 0.01-20 microns, non-woven fabric comprising fiber having diameter of 0.01-20 microns, porous film or porous sheet. The thickness of the cloth is 1-50 microns. More preferably the reinforcement material is non-woven fabric containing continuous fiber of fluororesin. The total film thickness of electrolyte film is 5-80 microns. The electrolyte film is laminate film containing non-reinforced layer comprising high molecular compounds having same or different acidic groups, and reinforced material. The non-reinforced layer is arranged as outermost layer on at least one surface of electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The energy storage unit has several energy storage cells. The first units have a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element (2) and a heating strip placed around the cells of the energy storage unit. Air is fed to the first units using a fan or ventilator. Air fed to the first units is heated and passes through the energy storage unit. The energy storage cells are nickel-metal hydride cells, preferably lithium ion cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber has fiber diameter of 5-10 microns, average particle diameter of 5-15 microns, apparent density of 0.02-0.1 g/cm3, and ash content of less than 0.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polypropylene resin has melt flow rate of 5-70 g/10 minutes. The resin composition has electric conductivity of 2 muS/cm or less. The cured material of resin composition has bending strength of 80 MPa or more based on JIS K7171, bending elastic modulus of 3800 MPa or more, and combustion residue of carbon fiber and graphite powder of 3% or less in combustion residue measurement test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface active agent is CoatOSil (RTM: surface active agent), surfactant, EnviroGem AD01 (RTM: surfactant), Photomer 8127 (RTM: propoxylated neopentylglycol monomethyl ether acrylate), Flexitane CA 6000 (RTM: specialty coating additive), alcohol ethoxylate, Lauryl dimethylbetaine, alkyl phosphate ester, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate and alkyl dimethyl betaine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The colloidal solution having mono-dispersed zirconia particles is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis of zirconium oxide dichloride, zirconium nitrate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrabromide or zirconium sulfate. The zirconia fiber is manufactured by mounting flat substrate into the colloidal solution and evaporating dispersion medium of the colloidal solution. Preferred Composition: The additive is colloidal solution of calcium ion, magnesium ion, yttrium ion or cerium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode active material of the cathode is carbonaceous material containing graphite having rhombohedral system structure (5% or more).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ions: The anion of lithium salt and normal temperature fused salt is hexafluoro phosphorus anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (N(CF3SO2)2-), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide anion (N(C2F5SO2)2-), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion (N(CF3SO2)2-), (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)(perfluorobutyl sulfonyl)imide anion (N(CF3SO2)(C3F9SO2)-), tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide anion (C(CF3SO2)3-), and/or tris(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)methide anion (C(C2F5SO2)3-). Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains cyclic carbonate having pi bond, acid anhydride and cyclic organic compound having S=O bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium alloy material contains iron (0.005-0.1) and oxygen (0.01-0.2) as impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode and cathode side separators are made of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conductive binder contains the compound having mass mean molecular weight of 1500-80000. Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfur dioxide;and    Y1,Y2=single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precipitation rate is controlled using a solvent comprising denatured ethanol. A solution comprising deionized water and denatured ethanol is used in the formation of the hydrophilic article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The metal salts are dissolved in an organic solvent, stirred for 0.5-10 hours at approximately 0degreesC during the addition of a reducing metal powder, and then stirred at room temperature for another 2-24 hours. The solid intermetallic product is annealed in an inert atmosphere or in a reducing atmosphere at 150-400degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Metal salts are used. The metal salts are chlorides of aluminum (Al), indium (In), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and/or zinc (Zn). The reducing metal is Zn or magnesium (Mg).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic solvent is ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol or xylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: One of the current collection layers (60) contains chromium-molybdedum-iron-aluminum-nickel (19Cr3Mo19Fe0.5AlNi) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum-titanium-niobium-tantalum-iron (38Ni15Co0.7Al1.4Ti3NbTaFe or 38Ni15Co0.7Al1.4Ti3(Nb+Ta)Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst component has average particle diameter of 1.5-15 nm. The electroconductive support has specific surface area of 20-1000 m2/g. The electrode catalyst layer has thickness of 1-25 microns. The polyelectrolyte has proton conductivity. Preferred Composition: The catalyst component is contained in an amount of 10-75 mass% with respect to the whole quantity of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The covering material has electronic conductivity and/or lithium ionic conductivity. The covering material contains carbon and phosphoric acid iron lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material contains transition-metal element selected from group of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrated case is a complex nitrated case consisting of matrix of M4N-type crystal structure, and crystal layer of hexagonal-crystal structure of epsilon-M2-3N-type crystal structure. The nitrated case contains a complex of formula: (Fe1-x-y-zCrxNiyMoz)4N1.1-1.7, where x is 0.19-0.28, preferably 0.26-0.28, y is 0.11-0.19, preferably 0.13-0.19 and z is 0-0.01. The base material contains (in wt.%) chromium (18-26, preferably 24-26), nickel (11-21, preferably 14-20) and molybdenum (0-2, preferably 0-1). Preferred Process: Plasma nitriding is performed at 400-500degreesC by applying bias voltage of minus to the base material in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma, which discharged nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. Preferred Properties: The ratio of width of the flat portion (13) and width of false base of the protrusion is 3:1-1:3. The height of the protrusion is 0.3-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nitrated Case: The nitrated case is a complex nitrated case consisting of matrix of M4N-type crystal structure, and crystal layer of hexagonal-crystal structure of epsilon-M2-3N-type crystal structure. The nitrated case contains a complex of formula: (Fe1-x-y-zCrxNiyMoz)4N0.8-1.7, where x is 0.25-0.27, y is 0.13-0.19 and z is 0-0.01. Preferred Base material: The base material consists of fibrous stainless steel material by which nitrated case is formed in depth direction from surface. The base material contains (in wt.%) chromium (24-26), nickel (14-20) and molybdenum (0-1). Preferred Process: Plasma nitriding is performed at 400-500degreesC by applying bias voltage of minus to the fibrous stainless steel material in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma, which discharged nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material contains metallic element selected from group of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo) and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base material is made of alloys of metals such as iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The cubic crystal structure is M4N type crystal structure which has nitrogen atom arranged at the octahedron space of unit cell of face centered cubic lattice formed of transition metal atom chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal atom of the nitrated case is selected from ferrous, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separator comprises alloys of metals such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The base material of separator is made of austenitic stainless steel conforming to SUS304, SUS310S, SUS316L, SUS317J1, SUS317J2, SUS321, SUS329J1 and SUS836 standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The separator contains base material made of alloy of metal selected from group consisting of iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The separator has a surface roughness of 0.5 microns or more. The nitrogen amount and oxygen amount in the outermost surface of the nitrated case to a depth of 10 nm are 20 at% or more and 25 at% or less, preferably 20 at% or less, respectively.Preferred Method: The plasma nitriding process is carried out by applying a negative bias voltage to the base material in a low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma which discharges nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The engine utilizes a metal structure made of titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stripe-shaped hydrophilic strips comprise a mixed solution of ordered mesoporous silica and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). Preferred Method: Forming the hydrophilic strips comprises mixing ordered mesoporous silica and PVdF to form a hydrophilic solution; applying the mixed hydrophilic solution to the electrode; and annealing the applied hydrophilic solution at 170degreesC for 30 minutes. Mixing comprises adding ordered mesoporous silica and PVdF in a 1:1 weight ratio to acetone; and stirring for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pH of solution containing noble metal ion is adjusted to value less than value at which transition metal and/or noble metal does not precipitate. The pH of solution (C) is adjusted using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The electroconductive support carrying the compound alloy fine particle is baked in atmosphere containing water vapor. Preferred Component: The precipitant is chosen from tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Preferred Ion: The noble metal ion is derived from dinitro diamine platinum, platinum chloride, nitric acid rhodium, palladium chloride, nitric acid iridium and iridium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The suspension liquid of carbon contains platinum ion or gold ion (3-100 wt.pts) with respect to carbon solid content (100 wt.pts). Platinum colloid (10-180 wt.pts) is added with respect to carbon solid content (100 wt.pts), in the ion-containing suspension liquid.Preferred Compound: The platinum ion is obtained from platinum compound which is chloroplatinic acid, platinum chloride (IV) acid potassium, platinum chloride (IV) acid sodium, tetranitroplatinum (II) potassium, hexahydroxoplatinum (IV) acid sodium hydrate, dinitrodiamineplatinum nitric acid, dinitrodiamine platinum ammonia and tetraaminedichloroplatinum hydrate. The gold ion is obtained from gold compound which is chloroauric acid, sodium auric sulfate, potassium auric cyanide and sodium auric cyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery for every sample measures the battery life performance by light load life test which conforms to the standard JISD5301 at 75degreesC in a water tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon containing material comprises graphite, activated carbon, coal, coke, and charcoal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic group solvent extraction agent for extracting lithium, comprises mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-2 ethylhexyl, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonic acid, bis (2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl) phosphonic acid, phenyl alkyl beta diketone and trioctyl phosphonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The embedded nanostructures are made from metallic electron conductive materials, non-metallic electron conductive materials, non-metallic semiconductive materials, non-metallic dielectric materials, ion conductive materials, silicates, carbon nanotubes (107), and/or luminescent probe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The low-viscosity non-hardened gasket is made up of polyisobutylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The nano size fine particles of iron are used as metal or its oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The partial ion exchange of ion exchange group of cation exchange membrane is carried out using cerium ion or manganese ion. The polymer which has ion exchange group is perfluorocarbon polymer which has sulfonic acid group. The cation exchange membrane unit contains 0.3-20% of cerium ions, and 0.5-30% of manganese ions with respect to sulfite groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate is ammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate (preferred), sodium phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate. The phosphate has a particle size of less than 50 microns. The metal ion impurities incorporated during an assembly process of the battery are removed via a cation exchange process, by further including a cation exchange material containing cations such as lithium, sodium and/or ammonium, in conjunction with (I). The cation exchange material is alumino-silicate and/or alumino-phosphate containing cations such as lithium, sodium and/or ammonium. The phosphate is added to a cathode or anode active material and coated on the surface of a separator. The amount of the phosphate added to the cathode or anode is 0.005-5 wt.% of an electrode active material. The phosphate is coated in the range of 0.005-50 g/m2 to the surface of the separator. The phosphate is dispersed in conjunction with a fluorine-based material as a base material in a solvent and optionally coated on the surface of the separator. The phosphate is a sodium phosphate of (I) and addition of the sodium phosphate performs precipitation of metal ion impurities simultaneously with provision of flame retardancy. EXAMPLE - Iron (II) perchlorate hydrate was dissolved in a ethylene carbonate solution and ethylmethyl carbonate (1:2, v/v) containing lithium hexaflurophosphate salt (1M), which was an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, and to prepare a iron solution (500 ppm). Ammonium hydrogen phosphate (2 wt.%) was added to the prepared electrolyte at room temperature for 24 hours, and the concentration of iron was determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer. The concentration of iron ions in electrolyte after 24 hours was 180.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive ceramics are chosen from group consisting of metal carbide such as titanium carbide, niobium carbide, vanadium carbide, metal nitride, metal carbonitride, metal boride and metal silicide. The substrate is made of either stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, copper, nickel steel or alloy of titanium, aluminum, copper and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive layer comprises fluorine resin selected from either tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer or tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The spacers are of synthetic plastics material or meshes of synthetic plastics material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The lithium-absorbing material is formed of manganese based oxide, molybdenum based oxide, vanadium based oxide, niobium based oxide, titanium based oxide, or copper based oxide. The lithium-absorbing material is formed of LixMnO2. The lithium-titanium composite oxide has a spinel structure. The anrode contains LiaNibCocMndO2.x = 0-3;a = 0-1.1;b = 0.1-0.5;c = 0-0.9;d = 0.1-0.5.Preferred Properties: The lithium absorption potential of the lithium-absorbing material is not less than 1.8 V (vs. Li/Li+).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first oxygen getter includes metallic nickel in a form of nickel metal foam, nickel wire, or nickel mesh; or nickel alloy in the form of nickel alloy foam, nickel alloy wire, or nickel alloy mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery capacity test conforms to JIS D 5301 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell has a separator interposed into a membrane-electrode conjugant, which has a polymeric electrolyte film, a catalyst layer and a gaseous diffusion layer, provided between an electrode pair. At least one of the gaseous diffusion layer and separator includes the metal material, which has the film in portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal material is nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, iron, chromium, aluminum, gold and/or platinum. The electroconductive particles contain carbon, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, fluorine, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, iron, chromium, aluminum, gold and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic conductive polymer is chosen from polyacetylene-type resin, polyacene-type resin, polyaromatic vinylene-type resin, polypyrrole-type resin, polyaniline-type resin, polythiophene-type resin and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The solid electrolyte substrate comprises BaZrxCe1-x-yInyO3-alpha (where alpha shows the oxygen defect.x = 0 to less than 1;y 0 to less than 1; andalpha = (1/2)y.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Heat exchange is carried out using working fluid (4) before use to compress the gas and/or working fluid not used to compress the gas. Preferred Apparatus: Heat exchange in the heat exchanger (9) between the compressed gas and working fluid is carried out indirectly using a heat/cold carrier or accunulator (5), such as aqueous glycol or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The secondary battery, which is a pouch-shaped battery has an electrode assembly mounted in a pouch-shaped sheet case including a high-polymer resin layer and a metal layer in a sealed state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first component is a conductive electro-active polymer, which is polypyrrole, a polyaniline, a polythiophene, a polyacetylene, a poly(para-phenylene), a poly(diphenylamine), a poly(indole), a poly(fluorine), a polyazulene, or a polyacene. The second component is a heteropolyanion, a polyoxometalate, a heteropolyacid, or a polyelectrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The columnar particles are selected from silicon, silicon alloy, a silicon and oxygen compound, a silicon and nitrogen compound, tin, tin alloy, a tin and oxygen compound or a tin and nitrogen compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bag is made of polypropylene or polyethylene. The elastic material is made of reticulated polyurethane foam, an open foam of elastomer or rubber, or a honeycomb structure of reticulated polyurethane, elastomer or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of sulfonic acid group in the inorganic oxide fine particles surface is 15-55 wt.%. The inorganic oxide fine particle is compound inorganic oxide fine particle which has silica as a main component. The electrolyte film contains inorganic oxide fine particle which has sulfonic acid group (25-65 wt.%), hydrolysis substance matrix of organo silicon compound which has proton conductivity (10-50 wt.%) and proton donor (10-40 wt.%) as solid content. The electrolyte film further consists of dispersion medium. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of the inorganic oxide fine particle is 5-100 nm. The proton conductivity of the electrolyte film is greater than 10-3 S/cm. EXAMPLE - SN-5 (RTM: silica sol) was added to isopropyl alcohol (in g) (19.64). Silica organo sol (1.47) was added. KBM802 (RTM: gamma-mercapto propyl methyl dimethoxysilane) (1.18) was added and stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. KBM402 (RTM: gamma-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane) (1.18) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Tungstosilicic acid 26 hydrate (0.89) added to isopropyl alcohol (3.93) was added. The scattered dispersion liquid was added slowly, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour.10 wt% acetic acid aqueous solution (0.3), hydrogen peroxide solution (35 wt.%) were added slowly. The mixture was heated with stirring at 70degreesC for 3 hours. The coating material for electrolyte film was prepared. The coating material was transparent, uniform without aggregate. The coating material was used and an electrolyte film was obtained. The film had film thickness of 168 microns and proton conductivity of 0.22 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer containing reactive functional group is ternary polymer of polynorbornene rubber, ethylene, propylene and diene monomer. The polymerizable hydrophilic monomer with proton conductivity is sulfonic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid. The polymerizable hydrophilic monomer without proton conductivity is aromatic vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The positive and negative side strands conform to JIS C 1602 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen permeable film is zirconia-containing film. The metal oxide is cooper-manganese-type spinel oxide, copper-iron-type spinel oxide, and/or copper-manganese-iron-type spinel oxide. The solid acid is alumina and/or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound is dimethyl ether. Preferred Process: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound is modified by steam reformation, auto thermal modification or partial oxidation modification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The active material has average particle diameter of 10 microns or less, preferably 5 microns or less.Preferred Composition: The active material contains material(s) chosen from lithium-manganese complex oxide, lithium-nickel complex oxide, lithium-cobalt complex oxide, lithium-iron complex oxide, graphite and amorphous carbon. The active material layer contains a conductive support agent and carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polymeric material(s) chosen from cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride and fluoro rubber. The shape of the binder is fibrous form, agglomerate form or particulate form. A lithium ion secondary cell (1) has electrolyte layer (17) containing liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte or intrinsic polymer electrolyte.Preferred Property: The average fiber diameter or average particle diameter of the binder is smaller than the average particle diameter of the active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electronic-conductive substance is selected from silicon dioxide or carbon. The catalyst consists of metal chosen from gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. The gaseous diffusion material is electroconductive porous base material which is carbon paper and carbon cloth. The separator consists of stainless steel, copper, soft iron or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The solid-polymer-electrolyte membrane is selected from sulfone group containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group containing perfluorocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The catalyst layer consists of proton conductive substance, electron conductive substance and catalyst. The proton-conductive substance is selected from perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide.
EXAMPLE - Carbon monoxide was thermally decomposed with high pressure, and single-layer carbon nanotube having tube average diameter of 1.5 nm was produced. Then, diameter-widening process of carbon nanotube was carried out at 1500-2000degreesC under vacuum degree of 1.3-1.3x10-2 Pa and diameter-widened carbon nanotube was obtained. The obtained diameter-widened carbon nanotube had graphite (G1) content of 7.5 wt.% laminated on tubes, pore volume of 8, correction value of 0.624 cc/g, calculated value of 0.508 cc/g, and correction to calculated ratio of 1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material is carbon material. The battery case contains aluminum laminate film. The electrolyte contains lesser amount of additional positive ion than the amount of the anion compound. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The anion compound is chosen from 4 oxygen-containing compounds of formulae (2-4).    EXAMPLE - Non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium ion (0.95 mol/L), phosphorous hexafluoride ion (0.95 mol/L), anion compound (0.05 mol/L) of formula (2) and potassium ion (0.05 mol/L) was prepared. The lithium secondary battery produced using the non-aqueous electrolyte had favorable capacitance maintenance factor, and improved output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The two diffusion regions provided adjacent to the electrodes comprise a layer of diffusion media, such as graphite paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nitride: The transition-metal nitride is of formula: (Fe1-x-y-zCrxNiyMoz)4N(1.1-1.7), where x is 0.19-0.28, y is 0.11-0.2 and z is 0-0.01, or (Fe1-x-y-zCrxNiyMoz)4N(1.3-1.7), where x is 0.26-0.28, y is 0.13-0.19 and z is 0-0.01.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Base: The base contains stainless steel consisting of iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum. The base contains (in wt.%) chromium (18 or more), preferably (25 or more), nickel (10 or more), and molybdenum (0-2, preferably 0-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ionomer comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. The fluoropolymeric material comprises a homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene or a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. The support layers comprise expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The released energy drives a land vehicle or powers a spacecraft or powers an aerial vehicle or drives a maritime vessel comprising an undersea delivery vehicle. Hydrogen peroxide product is stored in a tank prior to committing the product into fuel cell container area. The product is directed to power a fuel cell. The performed work replaces work performed by an internal combustion engine or by a diesel engine. The molecular stimulator or device with similar capabilities producing vibration energy, cleans the oxides from anode and/or cathode. The molecular stimulator or device with similar capabilities tunable vibration stirs the hydrogen peroxide at variable rates to accelerate or decelerate the reaction rate of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen peroxide is obtained by electrolytic conversion of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method uses a water-soluble coating remover composition comprising (in wt.%) gamma-butyrolactone (25-94), organic acid (1-40), and water (5 or more). The acid is of formula: RCOOH, where R is H, 1-10C alkyl, halogen-substituted 1-10C alkyl, hydroxy-substituted 4-6C alkyl, or 4-6C cycloalkyl. An alkali metal salt of the organic acid is used instead of or in addition to acids. The organic acid is formic acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, glycolic acid, and/or citric acid, preferably formic acid. The acid is designed specifically for its end use strength and chemistry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The gasoline engine driven electrical generating system (genset) meets the EPA NOX emission standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent further contains dimethyl carbonate (20-60 volume%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The composite metal oxide is of formula: Li1+x(Ni1-yM3y)1-zO2, where M3 is cobalt, manganese and/or iron, where x, z are 0-0.1 and y is 0-0.3. The aluminum compound is alumina, lithium aluminate (LiAlO2), Li(Ni1-aAla)O2, Li(Co1-aAla)O2 and Li(Mn1-aAla)2O4, where a is integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The boride fine particles have particle diameter of 1-800 nm. Preferred Composition: The fine particles further contain oxide fine particles and/or complex oxide fine particles consisting of element(s) chosen from antimony, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, zirconium, fluorine, zinc, aluminum, titanium, lead, gallium, rhenium, ruthenium, phosphorus, germanium, indium and tin, and tungstic acid compound fine particles of formula: WyOz chosen from 3 claimed complex oxides, where W is tungsten, O is oxygen and z/y is 2.45-2.99. The boride fine particles in the intermediate layer are dispersed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The plastic contains a sheet or film of polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin or polyethylene terephthalate resin. The resin which comprises the intermediate film, is vinyl-type resin. The vinyl-type resin is polyvinyl butyral or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paper made of polyethylene and polypropylene comprises the material used in separator. The exterior container uses laminate film made of aluminum and polymeric material e.g. nylon, polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The cylinder is made of thermally stable ceramic. The ceramic-foam that is coated with platinum is provided in cavities of the pistons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The propylene alpha-olefin random copolymer is obtained by copolymerization of propylene and 2-18C alpha-olefin except propylene using a metallocene catalyst. The propylene-alpha-olefin block copolymer consists of 3-30 wt.% of non-crystalline or low crystalline components and 70-97 wt.% of crystalline polypropylene components. The alpha-olefin content of non-crystalline or low crystalline propylene alpha-olefin copolymerization component is 70 wt.% or less. Preferred Case: The battery case is an injection molded product which consists of resin composition. Preferred Property: The battery case has haze value of 86-94% measured based on JIS-K7105 and bending elastic modulus of 950 MPa or more measured based on JIS-K7203.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid state active salt electrolyte is a hydrogen sulfide-cesium (CsHSO4) or phosphoric-acid dihydrogen cesium (CsH2PO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The average layer-surface interval (d) of the surface (002) calculated by X-ray diffraction method is 0.355-0.4 nm. The cathode material has a true density (rhoH) of 1.5-1.9 g/cm3 as measured by JIS R1620(4) gas substitution method using helium as substituted medium, an equilibrium moisture absorption amount of 1 wt.% or less as measured by JIS K1469, and a BET specific surface area of 0.5-5 m2/g. The discharge capacitance at electric potential of 0.1 V during counter-electrode lithium evaluation is 60-115 mAh/g. The difference of electric capacitance in lithium dope and lithium de-dope state is 60 mAh/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The ratio (A/S) of surface area (A: m2) of the cathode and the volume (S: m3) of battery, is 1.59x103/m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The hydrogen storage alloy has an average particle diameter of 15-35 microns. Preferred Definitions:    Ln=neodymium (97% or more);    x=greater than 0, and 0.2 or less, preferably 0.09-0.2;    y=greater than 0, and 0.5 or less;and    z=3.4-4.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An aluminum oxide is formed on magnesium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: Metal particles provided with acid-proof surface treatment are added to the topcoat layer. Preferred Layers: A plating layer consisting of nickel and a plating layer consisting of aluminum are formed between the magnesium alloy and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel-type composite metal oxide further consists of nickel. The sulfur-compound removal agent is supported by a porous base material such as molecular sieve and/or activated carbon fiber. The alkali is added to the mixed aqueous solution of metal salt in the presence of the porous base material, and then the metal hydroxide is settled to the porous base material surface. Preferred Properties: The particle size of the nanoparticles is preferably 10 nm or less. The sulfur-compound removal agent has Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area of more than 90 m2/g. The metal salt concentration in the mixed aqueous solution of metal salt is 10 wt.% or less. The dripping amount of 1-30 wt.% concentrated hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution is 85 ml or more. The calcination temperature is 400-600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separator is made of polyolefin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: A groove is formed in one surface of the porous carbon molding, and the other surfaces are smooth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive substance is silicon dioxide or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst consists of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or iridium. The catalyst has an average particle diameter of 1-5 nm. The catalyst-supporting rate of the electroconductive substance is 1-80%.Preferred Board: The current collection board comprises copper, stainless steel, nickel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte film contains a sulfone group containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon. The catalyst layer comprises a proton-conductive substance, an electroconductive substance, and a catalyst. The proton conductive substance is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, or sulfonated polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inner current collector is made of copper, gold or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal portions are made of a thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The differential voltage of porous carbon sheet when permeating air (14 cm3/cm2/second) in thickness direction is 1-10 mmaq/mm. The porous carbon sheet has volume resistivity of 30-300 mOmega.cm in thickness direction, residual deformation amount of 3-15 microns by compression in thickness direction, density of 0.15-0.35 g/cm3 and thickness of 100-250 microns. Preferred Sheet: The porous carbon sheet contains carbonaceous powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coil comprises a super-conductive material such as yttrium barium cuprate, or magnesium diboride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A disc-shaped plate is made of elastomeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat-processing temperature is 50-220degreesC. Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is a liquid at 50-220degreesC under normal pressure. Preferred Properties: The molar quantity of sulfur with respect to carbon is 15-100 mol%. The solid acid has an acid value of 1-20 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The solid medium is a polymer chosen from polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, poly (methoxy oligo ethylene glycoxy) methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate polyvinylidene fluoride polyethylene-oxide, vinylidene-fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and ethylene oxide-propylene-oxide copolymer. The solid medium further contains plasticizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic substrate comprises magnesium alloy or aluminum alloy. The metallic-glass layer comprises chromium, molybdenum or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer is a derivative of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and carboxy methyl cellulose compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The throttle element is arranged in the flow direction of the fuel (10) behind a starting valve (9) which is the same size of the dosing valve (7). A rinsing unit rinses a fuel cell unit (6) with a rinsing fluid (14).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte liquid injected into porous separator in the lead storage battery, contains aluminum ions, selenium ions or titanium ions. The electrolyte liquid also contains sodium ions and lithium ions. The positive electrode sheets are made of lead-calcium alloy, bismuth, antimony, calcium and compounds of bismuth, antimony and calcium. The positive electrode also contains tin, arsenic and compound containing tin and arsenic. The negative electrode sheets contain carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous materials (I,II) are chosen from porous carbon, non-porous carbon having crystallites suitable for ions intercalation, porous metal oxides, and carbon modified with electroactive polymer, preferably porous carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. The current collectors (I,II) comprise aluminum, or a lithium salt chosen from lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoro methyl sulfonyl)imide and lithium bis oxalato borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The organosilicon electrolyte (15) is an oligoethyleneoxide substituted organosilane electrolyte or polysiloxane electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises sugar alcohol (0.1-20 wt.%).Preferred Components: The base component is water, alcohol (preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol or octanol), glycol or glycol ether. The glycols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol or hexylene glycol. The glycol ethers are ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether or tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether. EXAMPLE - A coolant composition (test) comprising (in wt.%) ethylene glycol (50), ion-exchange water (50) and sorbitol (5) was prepared. A comparative composition without sorbitol was also prepared. Oxidation deterioration testing (100degreesC; 168 hs) was performed on both test and comparative and their post-testing electric conductivities were measured. The initial conductivity/post test conductivity for test was 0.4/3.3 muS/cm and for the comparative it was 0.2/42.6 muS/cm respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plated area is made of nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gel-like outer shell is made of urethane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner layer of the housing is made of polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF), and is coated with an electroplateable resin (DER). The outer layer of the housing outer is made of low density poly ethylene (LDPE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The step of calculating the internal resistance of a lithium-based battery that has been used at a first temperature for a first period of time utilizes a formula representative of the relationship between the initial internal resistance of the battery, the temperature of the battery, and the time that the battery is used at the temperature; or a graph illustrating the relationship between internal resistance and time at multiple constant temperatures. The step of using the determined expected age of the battery to calculate a new internal resistance of the battery after the battery has been used at the second temperature for a second period of time utilizes the equation R = R0 + (A x exp(B/T))x(t0 + ti)0.5, where A and B are constants, R0 is the initial internal resistance of the battery, T is the second temperature, t0 is the expected age of the battery if the battery had been held at the second temperature for its entire life, ti is the duration of the second period of time, and R is the resistance after the second period of time. The method further comprises predicting the status of the battery through correlation to the internal resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The anode active material has Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 7-100 m2/g and lithium occlusion electric potential of more than 0.4 V (versus lithium/lithium ion). Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains spinel-type lithium titanium oxide. The counter anion of imidazolium ion is tetrafluoro boric acid anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains gamma-butyrolactone. Preferred Definitions:    R=1-4C alkyl or 1-4C halogenated alkyl;    R'=H, halogen, methyl or halogenated methyl;and    R"=halogen, methyl or halogenated methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mixed resin contains bifunctional aliphatic alcohol-ether type epoxy resin (40 wt.% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material further contains a binder or a conductive support agent.Preferred Properties: The foam metal support has a porosity of 90% or more and a thickness of 100 microns or less. The battery electrode has porosity of 50% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The battery using the electrode has an anode (13), a cathode (15) and an electrolyte layer. The electrolyte layer comprises an intrinsic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The non-aqueous electrolyte has solute concentration of 0.4-2 mol/L, and consists of lithium hexa fluoro phosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetra fluoro borate (LiBF4), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium trifluoro acetate (LiCF3CO2), lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl imide) (LiN(SO2CF3)2), lithium tris-(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)methide (LiC(SO2CF3)3), lithium bis perfluoro ethyl sulfonyl imide (LiN(SO2C2F5)2), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium hexa fluoro arsenate (LiAsF6) and/or lithium fluoro antimonate. The anode contains activated carbon and/or vapor phase epitaxy carbon. The carbonaceous material of cathode is natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized meso carbon pellet, graphitized inorganic material obtained by heat-processing graphite whisker, graphitized carbon fiber, vapor-phase epitaxy carbon, petroleum coke and pitch coke, baked product of furfuryl alcohol resin, baked product of novolak resin and/or baked product of petroleum resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound having pi-bond is of formula (1): C(R1)(R2)=C(R3)(R4), and/or any one of formula (2-9). A mixed solvent in the aqueous electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxazoline and/or gamma-butyrolactone.R1-R14=H, alkyl (containing double bond and optionally containing cyclized substance), phenyl, alkoxy (containing double bond and optionally containing cyclized substance) , phenoxy, carbonyl or halogen group; At least one of R1-R4=other than H; andn=0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic glass is made of material selected from group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, titanium, zirconium, magnesium, copper and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is activated carbon, carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nano tube, carbon nano horn, graphite, graphite nano fiber, fullerene, fullerene nano whisker, fullerene nano fiber, graphitized fullerene nano whisker and their composite material. Ruthenium dioxide is dispersed on the carbon material by contacting the ruthenium tetraoxide with carbon material. The noble metal is platinum or a platinum-ruthenium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The standard deviation of a-axis length is preferably 0.5x10-2-1.8x10-2 or less pm. Preferred Definitions:    a = 4-4.7, preferably 4.11-4.46;    b = 0.3-0.65, preferably 0.38-0.51;    c = 0.2-0.5, preferably 0.29-0.34;    d = 0-0.32 (excluding 0);    e = 0.001-0.11 (excluding 0.001); and    a+b+c+d+e = 5.2-5.38.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A fugitive material is disposed in at least a portion of the grid interstices (20). The fugitive material comprises sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive base comprises a metallic interconnect made of iron, chromium, nickel, tin, ferritic stainless steel, or metallic foam. The grid layer comprises a steel wire grid. The grid layer comprises screen, metallic wire grid, conductive foam, and/or chromia former grid. The porous electrode material is nickel or yttria stabilized zirconia. The mesh substrate is a stainless steel screen, a nickel screen, or a metallic foil having fine holes. Preferred Method: The electrode or the electrolyte is deposited using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD (PE-CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD), sputter deposition, ion beam deposition, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), spray pyrolysis or particulate deposition techniques such as plasma spray, flame spray, or high-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray process (HVOF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluid material consists of silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The nodes are used within technique such as Bluetooth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode active material comprises silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cathode binder comprises polyimide. Preferred Property: The polyimide has a glass transition temperature of less than or equal to 350degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyoxyalkylene-modified silane is present in an amount of at least 0.001 vol.% of the entire non-aqueous electrolytic solution. The electrolyte salt is a lithium salt. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-6C (fluoro)alkyl; and    R2 = -(CH2)3-, -CH2CH(CH3)CH2- or -(CH2)3-O-CH2-.    EXAMPLE - A non-aqueous electrolytic solution was prepared by dissolving a polyoxyethylene-modified silane of formula (C3H7)3Si-C3H6O-(C2H4O)2CH3 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (45 vol.%) and diethyl carbonate (45 vol.%) and further LiPF6 (1 mole/liter) was dissolved. For comparison purposes, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution was similarly prepared without using the polyoxyethylene-modified silane. The positive electrode material used was a single layer sheet using LiCoO2 as the active material and Pioxcel C-100 (RTM: an aluminum foil). The cathode material used was a single layer sheet using graphite as the active material and Pioxcel A-100 (RTM: a copper foil). The separator used was a GC-50 (RTM: glass fiber filter). A battery of 2032 coin type was assembled in a dry box blanketed with argon, using the battery materials, a stainless steel was housing also serving as an anode conductor, a stainless steel sealing plate also serving as a cathode conductor, and an insulating gasket. The test/control battery was tested for low temperature characteristics and high-output characteristics. The results of test/control battery for low temperature and high-output were found to be 188/92 and 216/101 respectively. Thus the results showed that the test battery had good temperature and high-output characteristics as compared to the control battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: Temperature (T1) is not less than 215degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode comprises an active material, a conductive material, and a binder. The anode active material is of formula: LixCo1-y-zNiyMzO2.x = 0.95-1.1;y = 0-0.9;z = 0-0.5; andM = aluminum, manganese, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, iron, copper and/or zinc.The cathode comprises an active material and a binder. The active material comprises carbon material, silicon, silicon alloy, silicon oxide, tin, tin alloy, and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst component is selected from platinum, gold, silver, copper, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, tungsten, lead, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, gallium, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The alicyclic structure-containing polymer is norbornene-type polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The liquid fuel is methanol.    EXAMPLE - Solution containing ZEONOR 1020R (RTM: norbornene-type polymer) (in weight parts) (90) and particle-form sulfonated poly(4-phenoxy benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) (10) was applied on a solid electrolyte film made of Nafion (RTM: sulfone group-containing perfluorocarbon) and dried. A limit permeation layer was formed on both sides of the solid electrolyte film by joining solid electrolyte film with electrode containing carbon black (5) supported on platinum and particle-form sulfonated poly(4-phenoxy benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) (5). Electrode-electrolyte joint component was obtained. Then, catalyst electrode-solid electrolyte film joint component was set in single fuel cell. Aqueous solution of methanol (10 volume%) was supplied to the fuel cell at room temperature and 1 atmosphere. The fuel cell had open-circuit voltage of 0.96 V and maximum output of 85 mw/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of complex oxide is 1:1,000-1:3, preferably 1:50-1:5 of average particle diameter of lithium manganate. The amount of complex oxide is 5-30 mass% with respect to active material amount. The electrode is used as anode of secondary battery. The cathode active material of the secondary battery is carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of lithium silicate phase is 0.05-6 wt.% with respect to composite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel storage includes the hollow space for receiving the fuel e.g. methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An oxide film comprising nitrogen is formed on surface of the amorphous alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A connecting pipe (8) is spanned between the high- and low-temperature parts to transport a reactant and a product. An insulating film is formed on the high-temperature reaction , part. The heating element (170,172,174) is provided on the insulating film. A lead wire (176,178,180,182,184,186,192,194) for high-temperature reaction part is connected to the heating element through the wire to apply voltage to the heating element from outside. The heating element functions as a temperature sensor. A heat insulating package houses the reaction parts, heating element, and wire. The low-temperature reaction part comprises a carbon monoxide remover. It comprises a metal material. The high-temperature reaction part comprises a reformer to reform a fuel containing hydrogen atom in a chemical composition of the fuel to generate hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The collector of metal foil is composed of aluminum or its alloy. Preferred Layer: The active material compound layer contains metal oxide. Preferred Electrode: The electrode of opposite polarity has active material compound layer containing carbon, and collector composed of copper or its alloy, nickel or it alloy or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer consists of electroconductive carbon, semiconductor material and/or electroconductive oxide and filler material dispersed in high molecular substance. The high molecular substance is polyimide, polyamidoimide and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The filler material is polyimide powder or alumina powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrochemical device is a fuel cell having a hydrogen anode, an oxygen cathode, and a water or steam electrolyzer or a hydrogen sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The salt comprises complex ((N(CH3)4)2(B12F11H)) and complex ((N(C2H5)3CH3)2(B12F11.3H0.7)). EXAMPLE - A colorless slurry containing potassium complex (K2B12H12CH3OH) (in g) (2.96) in 6 ml formic acid at an average Hammett acidity of -2 to -4 was fluorinated at 0-20degreesC. Further fluorination (3%) at 30degreesC was resulted in precipitation of solid from solution. Solvents were evacuated overnight, colorless friable solid (5.1) was obtained. The crude reaction product was dissolved in water and the pH of the solution adjusted between 4-6 with triethylamine and triethylamine hydrochloride. The precipitated product was filtered, dried, and resuspended in water. Two equivalents of lithium hydroxide monohydrate were added to the slurry and the resulting triethylamine was evacuated. Additional lithium hydroxide was added until the pH of the final solution remained at 9-10 after distillation of total triethylamine. Water was removed by distillation and the final product was vacuum-dried at 200degreesC for 4-8 hrs. Lithium complex (Li2B12F12) was obtained at yield of 75%. Button cell battery was configured using lithium foil-electrode, 0.4-0.5M Li2B12F12 in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate, and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 electrode. The battery had improved physical, chemical and electrochemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket is made of polymeric insulating materials e.g. nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode active material is lithium manganese, complex oxide, lithium nickel complex oxide, lithium cobalt complex oxide, lithium-containing iron oxide, graphite or amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separator further has nitrated layer (III) provided between nitrated layers (15,16). The nitrated layer (III) contains irons, and has metal nitride (M4N) type crystal structure having lath (sic) shape, in which nitrogen atom is arranged at octahedron shape based on units cells of face-centered cubic lattice formed using transition metal atom chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. Preferred Properties: The width of metal nitride (M4N) type crystal structure having lath shape is 20-40 microns. The nitrated layers (15,16) have thickness of 0.2-10 microns and 100 nm or more, respectively. The amount of chromium nitride contained in compound layer and intermediate layer is high. The amount of nitrogen in outermost layer from outermost surface of layer (16) to a depth of 5 nm is larger than oxygen amount. Preferred Method: Plasma nitriding is carried out by applying bias voltage to stainless steel in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma, in which nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are electrically charged. Micropulse plasma power supply, which sets the plasma discharging time and plasma interruption time to 1-1000 micro seconds is used during plasma nitriding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium transition metal phosphate is a compound of formula Li1-xM(PO)4, LixM'yM''a(PO)4, or (Li1-xZx)MPO4.M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Ni;M'' = Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, or IIIB metals having an ionic radius less than the ionic radius of Fe2+;x = up to 0;a, y = greater than 0;Z = Ti, Zr, Al, Ta, W or Mg; andx = 0-0.05.Preferred Component: The negative electrode includes graphitic carbon from graphite, spheroidal graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, or carbon fibers.Preferred Composition: The electrolyte includes 1-1.3 M lithium hexafluorophosphoric acid.Preferred Property: The lithium transition metal phosphate compound has a specific surface area of greater than 10 m2/g.The impedance growth of the cell is logarithmic with respect to time at less than or equal to 55degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises organic solvent including 30-50 wt.% ethylene carbonate, 20-35 wt.% dimethyl carbonate, 20-30 wt.% ethyl methyl carbonate, and 1-3 wt.% vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The stainless steel used in the manufacture of the fuel cell stack conforms to SUS304, SUS310S, SUS316L, SUS317J1, SUS317J2, SUS321, SUS329J1 and SUS836 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nitrated Case: The nitrated case is formed at the outside exposed surface of the base material. The nitrated case has a cubic crystal structure formed in the depth direction from the surface of the base material, and is obtained by nitriding of the surface of the base material, comprising an alloy containing a transition metal element chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. Plasma nitriding is performed by applying a minus bias voltage to the base material in low-temperature non-equilibrium plasma, which discharges nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.Preferred Properties: The thickness of the nitrated case is 0.5-5 microns. The concentration of nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms at a depth of 10 nm from the outermost surface of the nitrated case is greater than 15 at.% and less than 20 at.%. The concentration of nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms at a depth of 10-200 nm from the outermost surface of nitrated case is greater than 16 at.% and less than 21 at.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The separator comprises alloys of metals such as chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (A) is hydrocarbon-type compound containing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, preferably benzene or its derivative, biphenyl, acenaphthene, naphthalene or its derivative, pyridine or its derivative, cyclohexane or its derivative, 3-10C linear olefin, cyclohexene or its derivative, cyclic ether, styrene, alkylamine, acetamide, amide derivative, aniline or its derivative, 2-8C tertiary alcohol or its derivative, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, and/or 2-8C ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The weight proportion of palladium with respect to whole catalyst is 8-22%. The catalyst is provided in flow path of a reactor. An oxidizing agent is supplied to the flow path. Preferred Process: A solution containing the precipitant is dripped at the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, and a deposit is generated. The pH and temperature of mixed solution, when adding precipitant to the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, are maintained at 6.5-8.5 and 20-60degreesC, respectively. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution formed by mixing palladium nitrate aqueous solution whose palladium content was 50 g/l, and nitric acid zinc-hexahydrate with distilled water (100 ml) was adjusted such that content rate of palladium during catalyst manufacture was 15 wt.%. Sodium carbonate aqueous solution (0.76 mol/L) was added to the mixed solution, and maintained at 40degreesC to obtain deposit. The pH of the mixed solution was maintained at 6.5-8.5, and then the solution was stirred for 1 hour, maintained for 12 hours, and filtered. The obtained filtrate was stirred with distilled water at 40degreesC for 20 minutes, washed, and baked at 500degreesC for one hour in nitrogen airflow to obtain palladium/zinc oxide catalyst. The obtained catalyst had improved catalytic activity even if used for oxidative reforming or high-temperature reforming-type system.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar2=group of formula (2);    Ar3=any one of group of formulae (6-9), preferably group of formula (9);    Ar4=group of formula (10 or 11), preferably group of formula (10);    Ar6=group of formula (12);    W=oxygen, sulfur or -C(CF3)2, preferably oxygen;    Z1,Z3=oxygen;    Z2=oxygen or sulfur;    n+m+o=2-1000, preferably 5-20;    m/(n+m)=0.1-0.7;and    o/(n+m+o)=0.001-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conductive functional group is sulfonic acid group. The atom of the portion(s) of aromatic unit is substituted with fluorine atom (95-wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The aromatic high molecular compound has aromatic repeating unit(s) of formulae: -Ar1-X-, -Ar2- and of formulae (3-6). The high molecular compound(s) is high molecular compound of formula (17): -(CY1Y2-CY3Y4)-, their derivatives and copolymers, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, poly methyl pentene, polyvinyl fluoride, poly vinylidene fluoride, polychloro trifluoroethylene resin, and tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and polytetrafluoroethylene.Ar1,Ar2=any one of bivalent aromatic unit of formulae (7-16);Ar3-Ar6=tetravalent aromatic unit;X=-O-, -CO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -S-, -SO- or -SO2;R1-R12=H, halogen, 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl or phenyl;Y1-Y4=H, CH3, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or OC4H9.The aromatic high molecular compound is poly benzooxazole (PBO), polybenzothiazole (PBT), poly benzimidazole (PBI), polysulfone (PSU), polyether sulfone (PES), polyether ether sulfone (PEES), poly aryl ether sulfone (PAS), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene ether (PPE), modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfoxide (PPSO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene sulfide sulfone (PPS/SO2), poly para-phenylene (PPP), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK), polyimide (PI), polystyrene (PSt), syndiotactic polystyrene (second-PSt) and their derivatives, and copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rectification circuit contains organic semiconductor layer consisting of any one of acene group, thiophene group, phenylene group, vinylene group, metal-replacement phthalocyanine, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), silver-7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-dianhydride (PTCDA), naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), Perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide (PTCDI), naphthalenetetracarboxylic di-imide (NTCDI) group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A first electrically excited heater heats a part of the vaporizer medium covering the region of the peripheral wall. The vaporizer medium has a first vaporizer medium region (28) and a second vaporizer medium region (30). A mixed material line (36) is arranged on the peripheral wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The content of lanthanum in the alloy, lattice volume of CaCu5 type crystal structure, and full width at half maximum on (002) surface is 15-27 wt.%, 87x106-88.7x106 pm3 and 0.13-0.29degrees, respectively, when d is 0.18-0.45 and a+b+c+d+e is 5.05-5.2. Alternately, the content of lanthanum in the alloy, lattice volume of CaCu5 type crystal structure, and full width at half maximum on (002) surface is 13-27 wt.%, 88.17x106-88.69x106 pm3, and 0.2-0.29degrees, respectively, when d is 0.18-0.5 and a+b+c+d+e is 5.025-5.15. Preferably, the content of lanthanum in the alloy and full width at half maximum on (002) surface is 17-27 wt.% and 0.2-0.24degrees, respectively. Preferred Definitions:    a = 3.7-4.3, preferably 0.7-4.25;    b = 0-0.7;    c = 0.1-0.5;and    e = 0-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The secondary battery comprises a container (14) accommodating the anode collector, cathode collector, the organic compound and a supply unit to supply organic compound to the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of oxide to lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 0.1-10 wt.%, preferably 1-5 wt.%.Preferred Compound: The titanium containing oxide is lithium titanate having spinel structure. The oxide is amorphous ferric phosphate or hexagonal structured ferric phosphate.Lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula LiNi1-xMxO2 or LiNiaCobMncO2, where:M=cobalt and/or aluminum;x=greater than 0 to 0.3;a, c=0.3 and 1; andb=greater than 0 to 1. EXAMPLE - Non-aqueous electrolyte battery comprising lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum complex oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.17Al0.03O2) and amorphous ferrous phosphate as anode active materials, and cathode active material comprising lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) was formed. The discharge capacity maintenance of the battery at 500th charging/discharging operation was 83%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base plate electrical track is made of hardened steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder which connects the positive electrode and negative electrode with respect to separator is made of thermoplastic resin containing poly tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene and polyethylene. The paper made of polyethylene and polypropylene comprises the material used in separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder containing acrylate polymer belonging to nitrile group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anion of non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes at least one of BF4- and PF6-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali metal salt of organic acid is of formula: R-COOM, R-OM, or R-SO3M, where M is sodium or potassium, and R is 4C or more alkyl group. Preferably, alkali metal salt of organic acid is benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The second adapter is configured to be electrically connected to a cigarette lighter outlet or j1962 connector of the vehicle. The second adapter is configured to be electrically connected to a lead to a main battery of the vehicle. The first adapter is configured to be electrically connected to 18.8 V cordless power tool battery or a 14 V cordless power tool battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The microcapsule is made of an acid-resistant thermoplastic resin containing polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester or polyacrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is selected from polyester, polyamide and polyolefin. Preferred Composition: The sea component of sea-island type composite fiber is aqueous alkali solution of copolyester of 5-sodium sulfo isophthalic acid, polylactic acid, ultra high molecular weight polyalkylene oxide condensed type polymer, polyalkylene glycol copolyester and/or polyoxyalkylene glycol type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A metal microparticle coated with polymer film is further introduced in addition to the fuel gas and oxidizing gas, to the cylinder. The metal microparticle is introduced in a state mixed with the fuel gas or oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum in the form of complex oxide is contained in an amount of 10 mol% or more with respect to the whole quantity of platinum in the catalyst component. The metal in the complex oxide is cerium, titanium, zirconium, niobium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, chromium, manganese, rhenium, and/or cobalt, preferably cerium, titanium, zirconium and/or niobium. The inorganic support contains cerium and further contains titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum. A water-soluble oxide sol is used for the manufacture of the shift catalyst.Preferred Property: The co-catalyst concentration index in the shift catalyst is 0.1-50 calculated from the ratio of support molar quantity of the metal and value of electronegativity of the metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carbon layer is divided into center portion, at which catalyst layer is arranged, and outer edge portion, at which the catalyst layer is not arranged and provided outside center portion. The outer edge portion contains polyelectrolyte. A layer containing polyelectrolyte and electroconductive carbon is arranged at outer edge portion. Portion(s) of side of catalyst layer is coated on outer edge portion. The area of main surface of side contacting base material of carbon layer, and area of main surface of side contacting carbon layer of base material are same. The mass per unit area of water-repellent material contained in outer edge portion is 5-40% more than mass per unit area of water-repellent material contained in center portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: Alternately, the porous support is an inorganic porous support which consists of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon oxide (SiO2), titanium oxide (TiO2) and/or zirconium oxide (ZrO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte material is normal temperature fused salt which does not contain an anion of formula (I): (HX)yX-.X=group 17 element;andy=positive real number ranging from 1.0-2.3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Support: The support has porosity of 5-95% and thickness of 10-200 microns. The support consists of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide and/or polyimide. The electrolyte film further contains a polymer chosen from polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate and polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polymer of monomer chosen from acrylic acid type monomer, methacrylic acid type monomer, acrylamide type monomer, allyl type monomer, styrene type monomer and/or epoxy type monomer. Preferably the polymer is polymer of monomer component which has 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion exchange property fine powder is metal oxide, metal hydroxide and/or mineral salt, preferably titanium oxide, titanium hydroxide and/or mineral salt. The hydrogen absorbing alloy has crystal structure similar to Ce2Ni7 type crystal structure or Ce2Ni7 type crystal structure. Preferred Properties: The cathode has thickness of 0.2 mm or less. The anode has non-sintered nickel electrode having thickness of 0.3 mm or less. The nickel hydrogen storage battery has volume density of more than 200 mAh/cm3. Preferred Composition: The separator comprising polyolefin type fiber is non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode of the electrode structure is made of a material selected from a complex oxide of lithium-manganese (Li-Mn), lithium-cobalt (Li-Co), lithium-chromium (Li-Cr), lithium-nickel (Li-Ni), lithium-iron (Li-Fe) and lithium-vanadium (Li-V). The cathode of the electrode structure is made of crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic storage portion includes insulating material comprising tungstic trioxide. The charge separation material contains fine particle and/or dye which shows plasmon absorption. The fine particle which shows plasmon absorption is gold and/or silver. The dye which shows plasmon absorption is chosen from porphyrin compound, its metal complex, phthalocyanine compound and its metal complex. Electric conductive material and/or electric-conduction material is chosen from electroconductive carbon particles, an electroconductive carbon porous material and an electroconductive carbon cloth. Proton conductive material is a proton conduction film containing polymer and/or an oxide. Metal material is platinum. The proton storage portion consists of proton storage material and proton escape prevention material chosen from solid polymer, proton conduction glass and metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge separation material contains fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel supply of the arrangement is independent of the fuel supply of the vehicle. The arrangement is a low temperature proton exchange membrane cell or direct methanol fuel cell. The arrangement treats the fuel of the vehicle using a reformer unit. The arrangement uses the same fuel as a thermal engine in a vehicle such as gasoline, alcohol mixture, hydrogen, methane or other hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Material: The alkyne and catalyst are dispersed in a matrix, optionally together with a promoter. The alkyne is a compound with an aromatic substituent at the triple bond, e.g. diphenylacetylene or phenylacetylene, or a polyacetylene oligomer or polymer. The support comprises activated carbon, graphitized activated carbon, silica or alumina. The group VIII metal is platinum, palladium, nickel or a platinum-palladium alloy and is present in an amount of 0.05-50% by weight of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - A mixture of a 5% platinum/carbon catalyst (0.6 g) and phenylacetylene (10 g) was stirred and heated to 160degreesC in an autoclave at 50 atmospheres. The product was capable of absorbing 11 liters of hydrogen in 60-80 minutes, corresponding to a storage capacity of about 9.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanofibers are selected from imogolite nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, doped carbon nanotubes, silicon carbide (SiC) nanofiber, MgB2 nanofiber, carbon doped MgB2 nanofiber, Bi nanofiber, nanofibers of binary group III-v elements, Si nanofibers, ZnO nanofibers, selenium nanofibers, fluorinated nanofibers and nanofibers that are compounds of Mo, S and I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible reinforcing material is selected from high tensile strength aromatic polyamide fibers and nylon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The terminal connector further comprises a third member rotatably interconnecting the first and second members; interconnecting device; and coupling member inserted into a coupling hole and engaging with the second member. The terminal connector further comprises a coupling member inserted into the coupling hole at which the axis passes through. The coupling member is a rivet. The battery further comprises additional terminal connectors, each mechanically interconnecting a terminal belonging to unit cells and a terminal belonging to a another unit cell neighboring the one unit cell in the same manner as terminal connector; and separator located between the two unit cells. The unit cell is in a prismatic configuration. Preferred Method: The step of interconnecting comprises electrically connecting the first and second terminals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage system comprises hydride material, glass spheres, and/or glass tubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydride material is a reversible metal hydride material having a reversible storage capacity of greater than 5.0 wt.%.Preferred Component: The reversible metal hydride material comprises magnesium hydride (MgH2), or a mixture of lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and magnesium hydride (MgH2) in a two to one ratio, respectively.Preferred Composition: The anode exhaust comprises less than 15 vol.% of hydrogen. The catalytic combustor comprises a combustion catalyst, which is platinum/aluminum oxide (Pt/Al2O3), Pt-palladium/Al2O3, Pt-rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, Pt-rhenium (Re)/Al2O3, Pt-ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, and/or Pt-iridium (Ir)/Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, or alkali fuel cell. The hydrogen storage system comprises a hydride material (magnesium hydride and/or lithium borohydride) having reversible storage capacity of greater than 5 wt.%. The catalytic combustor comprises a combustion catalyst (platinum/aluminum oxide, platinum-palladium/aluminum oxide, platinum-ruthenium/aluminum oxide, or platinum-iridium/aluminum oxide).Preferred Properties: The anode exhaust comprises less than 15 vol.% of hydrogen. A temperature of the anode exhaust is 60-150degreesC. A temperature of the offgas is greater than 150, preferably 150-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The electrical resistance in 1-atmosphere pressure condition is 20 Omega.cm2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon particles have oxygen concentration of 1 wt.% or less and nitrogen specific surface area of 0.30-10 m2/g calculated from nitrogen adsorption measurement by 77 K and oxygen to carbon ratio of 0.001-0.060 calculated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Preferred Method: The carbon particles are obtained by carbonizing a carbon precursor resin at 450-1,000degreesC, grinding the obtained carbonized material and carbonizing the carbonized material at 900-2,000degreesC. The carbon precursor resin has average particle diameter of 5-50 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon precursor resin contains a phenol derivative of formula (I) (40-70 mol%).X = 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkenyl, aryl or halogen atom. EXAMPLE - Formaldehyde aqueous solution (in g) (97), m-cresol (217) and hydrochloric acid (20) were mixed and heated to 100degreesC. The mixture was heat refluxed at 150degreesC. The residual monomer and water were removed at 180degreesC to obtain phenol resin (100). The resin was ground and mixed with hexamethylenetetramine (10). The obtained mixture was cured and a cured material was obtained. The cured material was ground for 30 seconds and carbonized. The carbonized material was further ground for 30 seconds, sieved and carbon particles were produced. The carbon particles had helium true density of 1.64 g/cc, carbon dioxide absorption amount of 0.86 cc/g, nitrogen specific surface area of 4.7 m2/g, oxygen to carbon ratio of 0.042, oxygen concentration of 0.21 wt.% and face distance (d002) of 0.37 nm. A cathode was produced using the carbon particles. A battery using the cathode had reduced irreversible capacitance, excellent output characteristics, rapid charging-and-discharging characteristics, and high safety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metalloporphyrin is cobalt porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide of sodium and cobalt is NaCoO2. The cathode (2) of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is germanium simple substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte (5) of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains sodium hexafluorophosphate, and cyclic carbonate ester, chain carbonate ester, ester, cyclic ether, chain ether, nitrile and/or amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically active material is a nickel hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fibers are chosen among polyethylene, polyamide or polypropylene fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mold is formed from a material of large density such as steel or cast iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte liquid contains propylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Function: The function controlled by the switch depends on the length of time the switch is depressed, e.g. a first function is controlled if the switch is depressed for less than 0.5 second or a second function is controlled if the switch is depressed for greater than or equal to0.5 second. Switch activation results in interruption of power to the electronic device. The power interruptions to the electronic device correspond to switch activation equal to or greater than a specified duration. The duration of the power interruption is less than or equal to1 millisecond. The specified duration of switch activation is 0.5 second. Switch activation results in a level shift of the voltage to the electronic device in a predetermined manner. The voltage shift is 0.7 or -0.7 volts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous carbon material is carbon nanotube or activated carbon. The carbon nanotube is formed, by aggregating carbon nanotube bead. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube bead has diameter of 0.5-50 mm. The carbon nanotube bead is porous and has macropore of 50-500 nm diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode catalyst layer contains a catalyst poisoning promotion material chosen from aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, gold and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The catalyst poisoning agent contains carbon monoxide, methanol, formic acid, acetaldehyde, and/or formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substrate is a carbon group substrate. The carbon group substrate comprises carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanocluster, fullerene, pyrolytic carbon and/or activated carbon.Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains a transition metal adhered to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is chosen from sulfone group, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group. preferred Compound: The quinone substance is naphthoquinone or naphthoquinone derivative. The naphthoquinone derivative is chosen from menaquinone, its derivative(s), phylloquinone or its derivative(s). Preferred Composition: The amount of naphthoquinone and naphthoquinone derivative to a lead powder contained in cathode is 0.01-0.04 mass% and 0.05-0.5 mass%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carbon in electroconductive porous film is 30% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-insulating material is made of e.g. urethane, rubber, expanded polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery state is determined as per the criteria set by JIS light load life test, for exact determination of deterioration degree of battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film formed on annular surface of base material is made of hydride, yttrium compound, ceramic metal composite material and rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The separating body and the molded bodies are made of steel sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The metallic cathode plate has a first thickness and the polymeric composite anode plate has a second thickness, greater than the first thickness. The metallic cathode plate has a thickness of (0.1 - 0.3) mm. The polymeric composite anode plate has a thickness of (0.3 - 1.5) mm. The coating is located on the cathode plate (preferably on both the surfaces of the cathode plate), and has a thickness of (0.5 - 40) nm. The plate assembly has a bond line disposed between the metallic cathode plate and the polymeric composite anode plate, having a resistance of less than 3 mohm-cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic cathode plate comprises stainless steel (preferably austenite stainless steel) having a combined content of molybdenum, chromium, and nickel of less than 40 wt.%. The coating comprises a noble metal, selected from gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, rare earth metals, and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrated case has a cubic crystal structure formed in the depth direction from the surface of the base material by nitriding the surface of the base material, comprising an alloy containing a transition metal element chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The cubic crystal structure is an M4N-type crystal structure in which a nitrogen atom is positioned in an octahedron space based on the face-centered cubic lattice of unit cells formed with a transition metal atom chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The nitrated case is obtained by nitriding the surface of a base material comprising an alloy containing transition-metal element(s) chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The nitrated case having a cubic crystal structure is formed in the depth direction from the surface of the base material. The cubic crystal structure is a crystal structure of M4N type with nitrogen atom arranged at the octahedron space of unit cell having face-centered cubic lattice formed with the transition metal atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The noble metals comprise gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxides: The lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide is of formula: Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, and the lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide is of formula: Li1-zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2. The lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide has a relatively high content of nickel compared to that of manganese and cobalt. The mixing ratio of the lithium/manganese spinel oxide and lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide is 10:90-90:10 (w/w). Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum and/or magnesium;and    y=0.01-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of noble metal elements in titanium alloy base material is 0.005-1 mass%. The average content of noble metal elements and titanium in mixed layer is 1-90 atomic%. Preferred Property: The average thickness of mixed layer is 10-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The cubic crystal structure comprises a crystal structure of M4N type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is polymer containing monomer containing acid phosphoxy group and/or 2-(meta) acryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine. Preferred Composition: The content rate of the phosphoric acid portion in the phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is 10-6 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen permselective separation membrane is electroconductive oxygen permselective separation membrane, such as carbon film. The carbon film is obtained by thermal decomposition of carbon film precursor organic polymer film at 400-1400degreesC in oxygen-free atmosphere. The carbon film is dispersed with nano metal microparticles chosen from VIII group metal and IB group metal. The electroconductive oxygen permselective separation membrane has electrode catalyst function. An electroconductive path is formed in interior or exterior of separation membrane. The fuel electrode contains metal microparticle in one surface of separation membrane. Preferred Metal: The VIII group metal is chosen from ruthenium, platinum or palladium. The IB group metal is chosen from copper, silver or gold. The nano metal microparticle is platinum-ruthenium or platinum-palladium. Preferred Method: One surface of carbon film is localized and catalyst layer is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main component has alternate composition of formula: (Sr1-zREz)1-xTi1-yMyO3+delta ;, where RE is element capable of carrying out partial substitution of A site containing scandium, yttrium and lanthanide series element chosen from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium, and M, x-z and delta are same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrically insulated cover comprises a plastic casing (38) containing petrochemical grease (58) as an inhibitor for inhibiting the formation of corrosive residue on the clamp and battery terminal post.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The gas crossover barrier material comprises a solvent-free room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, silicone, polyvinylidene fluoride, or fluoropolymer resin that exhibits cross-linking upon curing and cures at below 60degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive porous material has a noble metal layer formed at the surface side of a nitrated case and the rear side. The porous material is a metallic substrate obtained by compression-molding a fibrous metal material. The nitrated case is obtained by carrying out nitriding of the surface of a base material containing an alloy of iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum, and has a cubic crystal structure of M4N type in which a nitrogen atom is positioned in an octahedron space based on unit cells of a face-centered cubic lattice formed with transition metal atoms chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal element is selected from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer contains electroconductive material chosen from inorganic electroconductive material and organic electroconductive material. The inorganic electroconductive material is metal oxide chosen from carbon material, metal material and metal oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from indium-tin oxide and titanium oxide. The inorganic electroconductive material is inorganic electroconductive particle chosen from particle-form metal material and carbon material. The conductive layer contains inorganic electroconductive particle and a binder. The inorganic electroconductive particle is chosen from carbon black, silver powder, gold powder and platinum powder, preferably carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic electroconductive material is conductive polymer chosen from polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and polyindole. Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from epoxy resin, acrylic resin, modified urethane resin, cellulosic resin, fluororesin and wax, preferably fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber is hollow fiber, and has an opening in the sidewall. The opening has a diameter of 10-50 nm. The carbon fiber has an average length of 1-8 microns, and the aggregated carbon material has an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less. The carbon composite has a liquid adsorption of 5 cc/g or more. The carbon composite contains 50-90 wt.% of carbon fiber. Preferred Oxide: The anode active material contains a layered complex oxide of formula: LiaMO2, preferably of formula: LiaMnxNiyCozO2.M=cobalt, nickel and/or manganese;a=greater than 0, and 1.2 or less;x=0.1-0.9;y=0.1-0.44;z=0.1-0.6;andx+y+z=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonionic hydrophilic inorganic compound contains metal-oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous base material contains polyolefin or cross-linked polyolefin. The polyelectrolyte is a polymer having a structure containing monomer (a) having polymerizable double bond, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group and carboxyl group, and cross-linkable monomer (b) having polymerizable double bond(s). EXAMPLE - Monomer mixture containing 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (in g) (40) and N,N'-ethylene bis acrylamide (10), surface active agent (0.005), ultraviolet ray radical polymerization initiator (0.005) and water (50), were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. A porous base material was immersed in the aqueous solution. The porous base material was irradiated with ultraviolet-ray. The obtained electrolyte film had thickness of 80 microns, porosity of 44%, proton conductivity of 4.2 S/cm2 and methanol permeability of 11 kg/cm2.hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is preferably given by a formula: (PH2xCH2x(t+tan)-2xPO2xCO2xtca)greater than 0, where PH2 is hydrogen partial pressure (in kPa) of fuel electrode, PO2 is oxygen partial pressure (in kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, t is thickness (in cm) of electrolyte film, tan is thickness (in cm) of fuel electrode catalyst layer, tca is thickness (in cm) of oxidizing-agent electrode catalyst layer, CO2 is oxygen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, and CH2 is hydrogen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of fuel electrode. The gas pressure of fuel-gas supply unit and oxidizing-agent gas supply unit is controlled such that the relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is given by a formula: (1.25xPH2x(t+tan)-PO2xtca)greater than 0. Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a circulation compressor (216), which recycles and supplies fuel gas to fuel electrode. The gas supply control unit controls fuel electrode hydrogen partial pressure by the circulation compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The porous thin film is polytetrafluoroethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The complex oxide has a superstructure having space group of P3112 or P3212. The nickel ion, cobalt ion and manganese ion contained in the transition metal layer of complex oxide forms a superstructure shown with wood notation: (square root of 3xsquare root of 3)R30degrees. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains electrodissociated electrolyte compound which consists of anion compound and cation compound. The cation compound is monovalent lithium or monovalent sodium. Other electrolytes are added to the non-aqueous electrolyte besides the anion compound and cation compound. The additional amount of electrolyte compound in the electrolyte is 2-80 wt.%. The other electrolyte is chosen from lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoro borate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate and lithium hexafluoro antimonate. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The anion compound is chosen from specific anion compounds of formula (3-6), preferably formula (5) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material contains Ketchen black (RTM: carbon black), carbon nano material, carbon fiber and/or graphite.Preferred Property: The Ketchen black (carbon black) has a dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 250 ml/100 g or more.Preferred Separator: The electroconductive separator has a gas passageway containing several parallel grooves formed on the surface of the metal separator base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin contains epoxy resin and/or phenol-type resin. The epoxy resin is bisphenol type epoxy resin. EXAMPLE - Epicoat 1010 (RTM: bisphenol-A epoxy resin having a weight average molecular weight of 5000) (weight parts) (100), Ketchen black EC (RTM: carbon black) (25) having a dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 365 ml/100 g and Curezol 2E4MZ-CN (RTM: imidazole type hardener) (1) were mixed and added terpineol solvent (80) to obtain an electroconductive paste composition. A film with good adhesivity was formed using the electroconductive paste composition for a fuel cell separator. The fuel cell separator had good electroconductivity, corrosion resistivity, a pencil hardness of 9H as measured according to JIS-K5600 and a penetration resistivity of 1 Omega.cm as measured according to JIS-K7194.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The anode and cathode are insulated electrically. A gel-form electrolyte comprising a polymer and an electrolyte liquid (1a) is provided between the anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance which stores electricity in the anode non-Faraday layer is activated carbon. The supply source of movable ion contains a lithium salt or compound. The energy storage device contains a quaternary onium cation salt of formula: (R4-X(-R1)(-R3)-R2)Y'Fn.R1-R4 = H or 1-3C alkyl;X = N or P;Y' = B, P or As; andn = 4 or 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The first section of the electrical connection communicates with the flow path or an opening formed in the fuel cell plates. The plates have recesses which extend down from a first surface of the plates. The first section is connected to a sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material is gamma-alumina. The rod-shaped current collector is formed of a metal material or a carbon material.Preferred Property: The pore size of the pores in the porous material is 1-100 nm and the porosity of the porous material is 40-90%. The secondary particle size of the particles in a catalyst paste to be used in fabricating the MEA is greater than or equal to 100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen adsorption component is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, or porous metal organic structure containing zinc oxide (Zn4O)(1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl)3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The electrochemical potential of the anode is within 1.2 (preferably 0.5) V of lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium salt can be lithium tetrafluoroborate. The cathode comprises Li(Ni,Co)O2, LiMn2O4, Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2, Li1+x(Mn,Ni,Co)1-xO2, V2O5, or preferably LiFePO4 or LiCoO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The lithium (Li)-containing material comprises lithium metal, lithium intercalated into hard or soft carbon, lithium intercalated into an oxide, nitride or phosphide, lithium inserted into a compound or composite by displacement, and/or a lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ionic salt comprises a lithium salt, preferably lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide and/or lithium bis-perfluoroethylsulfonylimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The neutral organic plastic crystal matrix comprises succinonitrile. EXAMPLE - Succinonitrile (NC-CH2-CH2-CN) (2.3066 g) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) (0.1125 g) were mixed, heated until melting and then cooled to make a solid solution of composition 96%SCN-4%LiPF4 (based on mol.%). This compound had a melting point of 51degreesC and exhibited crystal plastic phase behavior of -35-51degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The base case is adapted to receive the insert. The base case and the insert are integrally molded by two-color molding and/or insert molding with polymeric materials (A,B). The base case further comprises an outer flange, and the insert further comprises an inner flange contacting the outer flange. The alkaline storage battery further comprises thermally conductive fins (128). The battery in the form of monoblock comprises the base case, insert and several electrode stacks.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The thermally conductive filler comprises a ceramic filler selected from alumina, fused silica, boron nitride, silicon nitride, boron carbide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material (B) comprises a base polymer and at least one thermally conductive filler. The polymeric material (A) is selected from polyphenylene ether, polystyrene, polypropylene and/or polyphenylene sulfide. Preferred Properties: The thermal conductivity of polymeric materials (B,A) is 1-10 W/mk and 0.2-1 W/mk, respectively. The volume resistivity of polymeric materials (B,A) is 0.1 Omega.cm to 1E15 Omega.cm and 1E12-1E15 Omega.cm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The dopant element is lanthanum, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, strontium, vanadium and/or yttrium, preferably niobium.Preferred Electrode: The electrode which comprises noble metal catalyst particles, is formed on a surface of a proton exchange membrane. The electrode is cathode for reduction of oxygen in stream of air. The catalyst comprises platinum and niobium as dopant element.Preferred Composition: The titanium compound is titanium (IV) alkoxide compound. The liquid medium comprises an alcohol and/or water. The template particles are silica particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is titanium or scandium. The titanium or scandium substituted for the hydrogen atom of the trans-polyacetylene structure is present in a form of TiH or ScH due to chemical bonding with hydrogen atoms, thus realizing a structure capable of maintaining chemical stability. When the transition metal applied on the two sites of the carbon chain of the cis-polyacetylene structure is titanium, hydrogen molecules are directly adsorbed on the titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is polyphenol, polyaniline and/or polyparaphenylene. The hydrogen storage material comprises a hexagonal polymer structure composed of carbons, with some of the carbons being substituted with boron or nitrogen. The hydrogen storage material comprises a trans-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is substituted for a hydrogen atom of the structure. The trans-polyacetylene structure includes hydrogen atoms comprising two adjacent hydrogen atoms, each of which is replaced with titanium hydride (TiH) or scandium hydride (ScH), and next two adjacent hydrogen atoms neighboring the former two adjacent hydrogen atoms, which remain unsubstituted to provide a space where hydrogen molecules are adsorbed, thus increasing hydrogen storage density. The hydrogen storage material comprises a cis-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is applied on both sites of a carbon chain of the structure, or a trans-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is applied on two sites of a carbon chain of the structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition catalyst is ruthenium oxide. The decomposition catalyst is deposited as a layer on an outer surface of the bipolar plate, the diffusion media layer or the MEA. The decomposition catalyst is deposited to a thickness of 50-1000 nm by a chemical vapor deposition process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The bipolar plate is made of stainless steel, titanium, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The bipolar plate is made of carbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cooling apparatus is connected to a bypass line, which is installed ahead of the moisture removing device in a gas flow direction of the anode inlet line. The bypass line comprises valves that selectively allow the hydrogen containing gas to flow through the cooling apparatus. The cooling apparatus comprises a pipe that surrounds the bypass line, and through which cooling water flows. The cooling apparatus is a thermoelectric component having a cold junction inside the bypass line and hot junctions outside the bypass line. The moisture removing device comprises a desiccant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desiccant comprises silica gel and/or a molecular sieve. It is dryable and reusable.Preferred Process: Shutting down of the fuel cell system comprises cooling the hydrogen containing gas to a temperature higher than the dew point of the hydrogen containing gas. Cooling of the hydrogen containing gas comprises cooling the hydrogen containing gas to 70-75degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The flow of fuel gas is increased by increasing flow of fuel gas from a baseline reactant stoichiometry of greater than or equal to2 to an elevated reactant stoichiometry of greater than or equal to3, and/or increasing flow of an oxidant gas from a baseline oxidant stoichiometry of greater than or equal to2 to an elevated oxidant stoichiometry of greater than or equal to3. Preferred Properties: The total power output level is greater than or equal to50% of a maximum power output level.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gases: The fuel gas comprises pure gaseous hydrogen or dilute hydrogen stream. The oxidant gas comprises pure gaseous oxygen or dilute oxygen stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass alloy contains element (in atomic%) (20 or less) chosen from aluminum and gallium, element (10 or less) chosen from gold, palladium and platinum, element (10 or less) chosen from rare earth elements, element (5 or less) chosen from germanium, tin, silicon, beryllium and boron, and element (5 or less) chosen from iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, chromium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxygen collection material is an electrolyte containing metal(s) having an affinity with oxygen, or its compound. The metal is selected from transition metals of group (III-V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base material consists of stainless steel containing transition metal element chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum, nickel group alloy or pure titanium. The nitrated case has M4N crystal structure having nitrogen atom arranged at octahedron space of the face-centered cubic lattice formed with transition metal atom. The nitrated case comprises titanium nitride crystals.Preferred Properties: The ratio of nitrated case thickness (t1) and board thickness (t) of plate-shaped material is 0.02-0.2. The ratio of width (y) of cleavage from surface of base layer to nitrated case, and total width (x) of island portion (17) and nitrated case is 0.052-19.Preferred Composition: The pole surface of nitrated case has nitrogen amount of 5 atomic% or less and oxygen amount of 50 atomic % of less. The ratio of oxygen amount and nitrogen amount of the pole surface of nitrated case is 10 or less. The nitrogen amount and oxygen amount at depth of 10 nm from the outer surface of nitrated case is 10 atomic% or more, preferably 15 atomic% or more, and 30 atomic% or less, preferably 20 atomic% or less respectively.Preferred Film: The separator further comprises an oxide film formed on the surface of base layer, opposing the cleavage. The cleavage vertically runs through the nitrated case and reaches the base layer.Preferred Method: The press-forming process is performed by passivation method. The nitriding process is performed by plasma nitriding or plasma chemical vapor deposition method. The base material is pulled and tension is applied, in the nitriding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material paste contains active material having lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The microcapsule contacts with carbon compound, and discharges the oxidizing agent. Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent contains hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The diaphorase and the electronic mediator are immobilized on the negative electrode. The cell further comprises two or more enzymes which degrade another fuel, where the enzyme is NADH+ dependent glucose dehydrogenase and the other fuel is glucose or a polysaccharide degraded by the NADH+ dependent glucose dehydrogenase and converted into glucose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The diode is a silicon diode. In the hydrogen forming cell, the housing hermetically encloses the components of the cell, this inhibiting the exchange of gaseous components between the interior and exterior.The housing parts (a) and (b) contact the anode and cathode respectively; and are connected via a silicon diode (D1) and optionally a resistor (R1) in the flow direction, so that electrodes released in the zinc anode can flow into the gas anode and two working windows for the cell potential value are defined, i.e. a window for hydrogen generation below 0.42 V and a window for reduction and binding of oxygen from oxidized compounds above 0.42 V.Alternatively (where the opening to the atmosphere is absent or closed) the window of the cathode (in intimate contact with the paraffin oil or hydrocarbon mixture) and the window for hydrogen generation or Raney nickel reduction overlap below 0.42 V, so that the double bonds in the oil are hydrogenated on line with the electron current from the anode, after which the oxidized groups are reduced. EXAMPLE - A gas generating zinc-hydrogen cell (1) in a permanently installed electrical regulating circuit, as shown in the figure, had a conditioning circuit formed by diode (D1) and resistor (R1), in which current only flowed when the cell potential was greater than the drainage potential of the diode. Only part of the cell capacity was thus discharged; specifically a potential of more than 0.422 V was produced. This potential could only reach (rather than the zinc electrode) the oxide parts on the metal parts of the gas electrode (e.g. nickel (hydr)oxide and copper (hydr)oxide) and atmospheric oxygen. The atmospheric oxygen could be excluded by covering over the aeration opening of the cell. The cover acted as a switch; if the cover was removed, current was provided from cathodic oxygen reduction instead of cathodic hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium complex oxide consists of LixM1-yLyO2, where M is selected from a group consisting of nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), and L is selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth element, Ni and transition metal elements, rare earth elements, IIIb group element and IVb group element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Alternatively, the state-of-charge of a rechargeable lithium ion battery is determined by measuring battery's impedance, real-time terminal voltage, and real-time current; multiplying real-time current and impedance to derive a voltage drop; adding the voltage drop to the real-time terminal voltage to derive the battery's open circuit voltage; and determining the state-of-charge corresponding to the battery's open circuit voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains sodium hexafluorophosphate and cyclic carbonate ester, chain-shaped carbonate ester, cyclic ether, ester, chain-shaped ester, nitrile and/or amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polypropylene resin is a polypropylene resin containing propylene-ethylene random copolymer having ethylene content of 0.1-1 wt.%. Preferred Property: The polypropylene resin has melt viscosity of 2000-7000 Pa.second, at a shear rate of 12 second-1 and at 23degreesC. EXAMPLE - Propylene-ethylene block copolymer (in weight parts) (100) having weight average molecular weight of 750000, molecular weight distribution of 5, melt viscosity of 4940 Pa.second at a shear rate of 12 second-1 and at 230degreesC, and ADEKA STAB NA-11 (RTM: phosphoric acid 2,2'-methylene bis(4,6-di-t-butylphenyl)sodium) (0.2), were mixed to form a pellet-form resin composition. The obtained resin composition was subjected to injection molding, and a battery case was obtained. The obtained battery case had bending elastic modulus of 1800 MPa, bending strength of 53 MPa, and Izod impact strength of 27 J/m at 23degreesC and 320 J/m at 80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protection sheet comprises polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, PTFE, polyimide and/or polyether nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Sulfur is provided to electroconductive carbon support as sulfur-containing compound before supporting metal or metal alloy. The sulfur-containing compound is selected from hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus sulfide (P2S5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon disulfide (CS2), sulfuric acid or sulfurous acid. The electroconductive carbon support is chosen from graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotube and carbon nanophone. The metal is chosen from 5-11 group metals. EXAMPLE - Ketchen black (in g) (2) was heated at 300degreesC in argon atmosphere for 2 hours. The Ketchen black was maintained in hydrogen disulfide atmosphere for 2 hours or more. The obtained Ketchen black provided with sulfur (1), chloroplatinic acid (0.05) and methanol (500 ml) were mixed, and refluxed at 100degreesC for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered, water washed and dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours. A catalyst having platinum and carbon supported on Ketchen black as support, was obtained. The obtained catalyst had favorable methanol oxidation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium alloy further contains aluminum (0.3-5) and copper (0.1-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide shift catalyst contains oxygen occlusion-discharging material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Membrane: The separating membrane is perfluorocarbon sulfonic-acid group solid-electrolyte membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent is oxygen or oxygen-containing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of the fuel electrode is platinum-ruthenium alloy supported in carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Matter: The organic matter is alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and/or ether. The alcohol is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The particles include a surface comprising highly fluorinated polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid and/or cathode contains sulfate of soda and granule lignin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer is selected from derivative of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and/or carboxy methyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low ion dissolubility electroconductivity substance contains gold, tantalum nitride, tungsten carbide and tungsten boride. The impurity contained in separator surface is selected from group consisting of cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron, copper and strontium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The external member is the laminate film comprising a metal foil e.g. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external member is a laminate film comprising a synthetic resin e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polycarbonate, membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The zirconia particles consist of a stabilized zirconia containing 3-6 mol % of oxides of scandium, yttrium and/or ytterbium as a stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material includes lithium titanate having spinel structure. The current collector is formed using aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. The anode contains lithium-nickel complex oxide of formula: LiaNibCocMndO2, where a is 0-1.1, b is 0.1-0.5, c is 0-0.9 and d is 0.1-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and/or gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The composite oxide porous particles have average pore size of 100-500 Angstrom . Preferred Composition: The lithium-titanium composite oxide porous particles contain lithium titanate phase having a spinel structure. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains lithium tetrafluoroborate. The anode contains lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide. The cathode has a cathode current collector (4a) formed of aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains at least two types of solvents chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains a complex oxide of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The negative electrode active material contains titan- ium-containing metal composite oxide including lithium-titanium oxide, and contains phosphorus, vanadium, tin, copper, nickel and iron. The negative electrode comprises a current collector formed of aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. The film forming the case comprises an aluminum layer or aluminum alloy layer provided between a thermoplastic resin layer and a resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises at least two types of non-aqueous solvents chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials : The active-material layer containing gas-adsorption agent further contains carbon material. The carbon material is chosen from activated carbon, carbon nanotube, and carbon sheet. The anode active material contains trace amount of lithium-transition metal oxide. The cathode active material contains carbon material or lithium transition metal compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer : The electrolyte layer contains polymer electrolyte and/or gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sulfonated rate of the compound is controlled by initial stage preparation amount of the carbonyl sulfate. The sulfonated rate of the compound is controlled to 30-70 mol%. The preparation process of carbonyl sulfate is performed using acetic anhydride as anhydrous carboxylic acid. The synthetic precursor has solubility of 0.1 or more with respect to organic solvent. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aprotic polar solvent. The aprotic polar solvent is at least one type chosen from dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound to-be-sulfonated is a polymer having solubility of less than 0.1 with respect to organic solvent. The polymer is an aromatic polyketone-type polymer or aromatic polysulfone-type polymer. The aromatic polyketone-type polymer is polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, polyether ketone-ketone and/or polyether-ether ketone-ketone. EXAMPLE - Sulfonated polyether ether ketone precursor (in g) (2) and dimethyl sulfoxide (100 ml) were mixed in a flask and stirred at 80degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, acetyl sulfate was added slowly after dissolving the precursor completely. Stirring was continued for 3 hours, and reaction was stopped by adding 1-propanol (10 ml). The obtained product was filter-separated and the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure at 80degreesC for 24 hours, and sulfonated polyether ether ketone was obtained. The obtained compound had ion exchange capacity of 1.5 meq/g and sulfonated rate of 55 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystal grain contained in nitrated case (15) and crystal grain of base layer, have same size. The size of crystal grain contained in case (15) is reduced, when separated from the surface. The nitrated case (15) has lath of size 20-40 microns, and thickness of 100 nm or more. The nitrated case (16) has thickness of 0.2-10 microns. Preferred Composition: The amount of nitrogen in outermost layer of nitrated case (16) from outermost surface to depth of 5 nm is higher than the oxygen content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A solution containing noble metal ion is contacted with a metal base containing base metal having high ionization tendency than noble metal. Noble metal ion is precipitated on the base metal by substituted metal plating, and catalyst particle containing noble metal and base metal is formed on the metal base to obtain catalyst. The substituted metal plating is performed at 80degreesC or less using solution in which hydrogen gas is dissolved. Preferred Particle: The catalyst particle has particle size of 1-100 nm. The abundance ratio of noble metal element in catalyst particle surface is 20-95%. Preferred Metal: The noble metal is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, gold and silver. The base metal is a transition metal. The catalyst base contains carbonaceous material or solid polymer electrolyte supported on base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, hydrogen containing gas is supplied to anode pole and oxygen containing gas is supplied to cathode pole, when anode pole and cathode pole are not electrically connected. Preferred Properties: The maximum diffraction full width of tungsten carbide at half minimum at a area (diffraction angle of 2thetaplus minus0.3degrees of 40-60degrees), is 0.8degrees or more, as determined by X-ray diffraction method using Cu-K alpha ray. Tungsten carbide is obtained by the conversion of tungsten boride, tungsten nitride, tungsten sulfide, tungsten phosphide and tungsten silicide. The average particle diameter of tungsten carbide is 0.1-1000 nm. The anode pole contains transition metal and/or transition metal compound other than tungsten carbide. EXAMPLE - Tungsten carbide having alpha structure was manufactured using tungsten oxide. The maximum diffraction full width at half maximum at diffraction angle (2theta) of 48.251degrees, was 1.888degrees. Tungsten carbide (20 mg) and carbon black (80 mg) having specific surface area of 254 m2/g were mixed with Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) (24.14 mg), glycerol (298 mg) and water (74.72) to form a paste. The obtained paste was applied on fluorine resin sheet and dried to form anode catalyst layer. A cathode catalyst layer containing platinum supporting carbon particles was formed. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell having anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer was formed. Hydrogen gas was supplied to the cathode pole and nitrogen gas was supplied to the anode pole. The fuel cell was processed by maintaining electric potential between -1 V and -50 V by normal hydrogen electrode reference. The catalyst in the fuel cell had excellent activity even after processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredients are ion, metal and/or oxide. The element is preferably 1B group element. The content of active ingredient in the fuel processing agent is 0.1-40 wt.% calculated as an element. EXAMPLE - Crystalline cellulose (in g) (20) and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminate (1180) having average particle diameter of 4 microns and solid content of 85 wt.% were added into a kneader and stirred. Pure water was added so that the water content was 35%. The mixture was extrusion molded to a cylindrical shape, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 600degreesC for 5 hours, and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product was obtained. The obtained meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product (200) was dispersed in pure water (2 l) and the pH of the dispersion liquid was adjusted to 6.5 with nitric acid aqueous solution (10 wt.%). The dispersion liquid was stirred and silver nitrate (78.8) was added slowly. The mixture was heated at 60degreesC, stirred at 60degreesC for 1 hour, and solid-liquid separated. The resulting product was washed, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours, and a fuel processing agent was obtained. The obtained agent had excellent adsorption capability of sulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor produces reformed gas by contacting modification source gas and gas for modification with the catalyst layer, and performing modification reaction. Preferably, the reactor produces hydrogen-containing gas by contacting mixed gas of hydrocarbon-type fuel and water with the catalyst layer. The microwave of 0.3-30 GHz introduced to the reactor, is irradiated at the catalyst layer. The reactor is a cavity resonator (30) of rectangular parallelepiped shape, and is optionally resonated by single mode. The catalyst layer is arranged at a region having maximum electrical field strength in the cavity resonator of resonance state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is supplied as hydrogen during hydride removal process. At least one portion of hydrogen in hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is stored by heating in hydrogen storage material capable of releasing hydrogen. Hydrogen discharged by storage material is supplied to modification reaction device. The hydrogen storage material is a hydrogen storage metal material. An oxygen-containing gas is supplied after modification and before removal process. Carbon precipitated on the surface of the catalyst is supplied to oxygen, and oxidation removal is enabled. The hydrogen storage material is heated with reaction heat of catalyst via heat exchanger (60) provided between catalyst and hydrogen storage material. The discharge heat from hydrogen storage material is converted to electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises removing a flash portion of the separator plate with the laser; and providing a gas diffusion media proximate the fuel cell separator plate, the surface being a surface of the gas diffusion media. Activating the surface with the laser comprises removing a portion of a coating of the gas diffusion media, the removal of the portion of the coating reducing a contact resistance of the fuel cell.Preferred Materials: The coating comprises electrically conductive particles or hydrophobic material. The gas diffusion media comprises a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material has an enthalpy of reaction of less than 80 kJ/mol H2; reversibly stores at least 8 wt.% H2; and has a single crystal volumetric density 50% higher than liquid H2. Hydrogen desorption takes place at less than 100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The radio transmitter operates according to a communications protocol designed for short-range communications, such as a Bluetooth (RTM) communication protocol and the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b protocol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The interior of the housing is coated with Teflon (RTM: Not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a thermoplastic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of the holes is 0.1-0.5 nm. The nanomesh has a monolayer sheet having crystallographic thickness of 0.4 nm laminated in multiple layers. The horizontal size of the monolayer sheet is in the range of several millimeters from submicron.Preferred Composition: The nanomesh is derived from a layered oxide having composition shown by formula: Na2-xHxMn3O7.nH2O where x is 0-1.3 and n is 0-2 inclusive (preferably Na2Mn2O7) by peeling or exfoliation. The hydrogen ion exchanger has a composition same as the layered oxide. EXAMPLE - Sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and beta-MnO2 were sealed in a pipe, and hydrothermal reaction was performed at 500degreesC and 1000 atmospheres for 4 days to obtain sodium-manganese complex oxide (Na2Mn2O7) single phase. The obtained complex oxide was ground and reacted with hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (1.24x10-4 mol/dm3), such that hydrogen ion was introduced to the interlayer. The molar ratio of sodium ion and hydrogen ion was adjusted to 10. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 days, filtered and air-dried to obtain hydrogen ion substituted-type layered manganic acid powder (H0.72Na1.28Mn3O7.nH2O). The obtained hydrogen ion substituted-type layered manganic acid powder (0.4 g) was added to tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (100 cm3), and shaked at room temperature, such that the molar ratio of tributyl ammonium ion and hydrogen was 0.1-50. Then, peeling of layered compound was carried out to obtain two-dimensional sheet-like manganese oxide nanomesh. The obtained obtain two-dimensional sheet-like manganese oxide nanomesh had excellent ion diffusibility and film forming ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The bisphenol polysiloxane copolymer has bisphenol structure having epoxy group in a molecule at both terminal. The bisphenol polysiloxane copolymer is block copolymer of formula (a).BP1=group of formula (I);S1=group of formula (II);m=1-50;andX=0-10. EXAMPLE - ALBIFLEX296 (RTM: bisphenol polysiloxane copolymer) (in weight parts) (100) and triethylene tetraamine (3) were mixed to obtain curable composition. A sealing compound obtained using the curable composition had favorable hardenability, adhesivity, heat resistance, water resistance and acid resistance, and hardness of 70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ruthenium is in a form of a ruthenium compound, such as ruthenium chloride, ruthenium chloride hydrate, ruthenium nitrosyl chloride hydrate or ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate. The platinum is in a form of a platinum compound such as platinum chloride, hydrogen hexachloroplatinate hydrate or platinum acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is methane, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline and/or diesel. EXAMPLE - Steam reforming, finely powdered, nickel-alumina catalyst with 10% nickel content (20 g) was immersed in a solution (200 cc) containing ruthenium chloride (8.2 g), followed by drying at 120degreesC for 4 hours and calcinating at up to 900degreesC for 9 hours to give ruthenium-supported nickel-based catalyst, which contains 0.1 g (0.1%) of ruthenium per 100 g of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell power plant further comprises an anode effluent discharge passage (11) combined with an anode effluent purge valve (20) for discharging the fuel gas after reaction in the anode as an anode effluent, and a cathode effluent discharge passage (14) combined with a cathode effluent purge valve (24) for discharging the oxidant gas after reaction in the cathode as a cathode effluent, where
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bipolar plate comprises stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, polymer-carbon composite based material. The metal oxide layer comprises gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Metal sheet plate material is selected from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and a polymer-carbon composite based material. The doped metal oxide is niobium (Nb) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2), tantalum (Ta) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) or fluorine (F) doped tin dioxide (SnO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the area of anode non-Faraday layer with respect to the area of anode Faraday layer of the portion exposed to the cathode side is 15-50%. The anode and cathode are insulated electrically. An insulating layer which allows only a movable ion to pass, is provided. A gel-form electrolyte consisting of a polymer and an electrolyte liquid (1a) is provided between the anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance which stores electricity in the anode non-Faraday layer, is activated carbon. The supply source of movable ion contains lithium salt or compound. The energy storage device contains a quaternary onium cation salt of formula: (R4-X(-R1)(-R3)-R2)Y'Fn.R1-R4=H or 1-3C alkyl;X=N or P;Y'=B, P or As;andn=4 or 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor of inorganic component is made to permeate the polymer film. The inorganic component is chosen from silica, titania, zirconium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and/or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is a nonionic surfactant. The mineral salt is lithium molybdate. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution containing lithium molybdate (27 wt.%) was prepared. Polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan oleate (nonionic surfactant) was added to the resulting solution, to obtain coolant composition. The obtained coolant composition had excellent fluidity at -30degreesC, and mineral salt precipitation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-resistant resin contained in the inner surface layer consists of an olefin resin. The olefin resin layer consists of polymethyl pentene or polypropylene. The outer layer consists of nylon-type resin. The hose further has a reinforcement layer formed on the outer periphery of the outer layer, and spiral layer of fiber or metal wire. The reinforcement layer is formed as protective layer, and formed from a thermoplastic resin. EXAMPLE - Modified polymethyl pentene resin, nylon 12 and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer resin were extruded simultaneously, and a hose of three-layered resin was produced. The hose had internal diameter of 6.5 mm and outer diameter of 8.9 mm. The hose had excellent flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molybdenum salt solution is sodium molybdate aqueous solution or ammonium molybdate aqueous solution. The lithium compound is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate or their hydrates. Preferred Process: Alternately, the alkaline solution is added to the mixed aqueous solution to obtain nickel-cobalt composite hydroxide. The composite hydroxide is coated with molybdic acid compound and baked to form molybdenum solid solution. Subsequently, the composite hydroxide is mixed with lithium compound and heat processed to obtain powder of lithium metal complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The separator plates are substantially hydrophilic and porous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous polymer matrix is fluorine-based polymer, polyimide-based polymer, polyetherimide-based polymer, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymer, polysulfone-based polymer, polyether sulfone-based polymer, polyether ketone-based polymer, polyether ether ketone-based polymer or polyphenyl quinoxaline-based polymer. The phosphate monomer is 2-20C olefin-based monomer, 2-20C alkene-based monomer, 2-20C alkyne-based monomer, 3-20C (meth)acrylate-based monomer, 4-20C di(meth)acrylate-based monomer and/or 8-20C styrene-based monomer, 6-20C alkylene glycol methacrylate phosphate such as ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate or propylene glycol methacrylate phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The catalyst layer contains platinum alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pouch is made of flexible plastic material e.g. polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The boss is a metal boss. The tank assembly has liner layer made of plastic and the outer layer is made of a graphite composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method increases production of reducing gas used for dry distillation of hydrocarbons, such as coal (c) and a carbohydrate in dry distillation apparatus, using partial hydrogen from fuel cell. The electricity generated from the fuel cell is utilized for the heater of dry distillation apparatus. The water (w), water vapor and hot water generated from the fuel cell is utilized for decomposition of the dry distillation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel Cell: A solid electrolyte material is applied on surface of oxygen electrode and heat-processed, to form a solid electrolyte. Oxygen electrode material is applied on one surface of solid electrolyte and heat-processed to form oxygen electrode. Thus, a fuel cell is manufactured. EXAMPLE - Praseodymium oxide, strontium carbonate, cobalt oxide and iron oxide were mixed, and heat-processed at 1300degreesC for 10 hours. A complex oxide powder of formula: Pr0.9Sr0.1CoO3, was obtained. The obtained oxide powder was sintered at 1500-1700degreesC, and a sintered compact was formed. The obtained sintered compact had electric conductivity of 180 S/cm at 800degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum catalyst powder contains cerium atom supported on platinum component (22). The platinum catalyst powder further contains atom(s) chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. The copper catalyst powder further contains rare earth atoms. The content of platinum atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-20 mg/ml. The content of cerium atom per catalyst unit volume is 50-500 mg/ml. The content of copper atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-80 mg/ml. The content of copper catalyst powder is 0.1-10 mass parts with respect to 1 mass part of the platinum catalyst powder. The inorganic support contains inorganic oxide containing atom(s) chosen from silicon, aluminum, titanium, cerium and zirconium. The inorganic oxide does not contain copper atom. EXAMPLE - Platinum catalyst powder was prepared using dinitro diamine platinum complex salt. Copper catalyst powder was prepared using copper nitrate. The platinum catalyst powder and copper catalyst powder were mixed, and slurry was produced. The slurry was coated on a monolith support, dried, and a shift catalyst was obtained. The shift catalyst had high catalytic activity in low temperature and high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The strands all have the same cross-section. The cable is inside an insulating sheath and preferably comprises several separate strands in the same sheath. One form of conductor (10) to be connected to the cable (11) has a set of flat areas (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) in parallel pairs while the cable has a set of strands (18, 19, 20) each of which is soldered onto one flat area leaving the opposite flat area free.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The low-temperature region is maintained at 500degreesC or less, preferably 200-400degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    j,k=1;    m,n=0-4;    A=yttrium or calcium;    B=barium or strontium;and    C,D=cobalt, iron, zinc or aluminum, preferably cobalt.    EXAMPLE - Yttrium oxide, barium carbonate and cobalt oxide were mixed in ratio of 1:1:4. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid dissolved in aqueous ammonia was added to mixture of yttrium oxide, barium nitrate and cobalt nitrate, and colloidal solution was prepared. The solution was heated at 200degreesC, and mixed powder was produced. The mixed powders were added to alumina crucible, and heated at temperature increase rate of 2degreesC/minute. The mixture was calcined at 1000degreesC for 10 hours, ground and molded. The molded product was heated at 1100 for 24 hours, and cooled to produce metal oxide sample. The sample had favorable oxidation diffusible ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic particle is particle containing silica, or particle containing glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber composition further contains organo polysiloxane of formula: R1tSiO(4-t)/2.R1=1-10C monovalent hydrocarbon group of which hydrogen atom(s) is optionally substituted by cyano group or halogen group;andt=1.9-2.1.The weight ratio of copolymer (A) and organopolysiloxane is 99.9:0.1-5:95. Preferred Compound: The silicon hydride group-containing compound is given by formula (III or IV). Preferred Properties: The fuel cell sealing material is void-free and has volume resistivity of more than 1x1010 ohm.cm. The hard-disk drive top cover material is void-free. The hard-disk drive top cover and gasket are integrated by an adhesive agent. The Duro A hardness of the wire-connector sealing material is 45 or less. EXAMPLE - Ethylene (1.3 kg), propylene (2.5 kg), 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (130 g), aluminum ethylene chloride (Al(C2H5)1.5Cl1.5) (161 mmol), vanadium oxy ethoxy chloride (VO(OC2H5)Cl2) (23 mmol) and hexane (60 mmol) were polymerized in presence of methanol, to obtain ethylene-propylene-5-vinyl-2-norbornene random copolymer. The obtained copolymer (in wt.pts) (100), F-200 (RTM: carbon black) (15), High micron HE-5 (RTM: talc) (20), Crystallite (RTM: silica) (20), silicone hydride group-containing compound (160) of formula (III), cross-linking agent (5), ethynyl cyclohexanol (2.1), platinum-1,3,5,7-tetravinyl methyl cyclo siloxane complex (0.4) were mixed and pressed at 150degreesC for 10 minutes, to obtain cross-linked rubber sheet of 2 mm thickness. The tensile strength, elongation and volume resistivity of the obtained sheet was 3 MPa, 500% and 1014 ohm cm, respectively. The sheet had favorable acid resistance, hardness, compression permanent-deformation proof property, leak proof property, adhesivity and formability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic dielectric component is barium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate, calcium zirconate, calcium zirconium titanate and/or magnesium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The organic binder is polyolefin having weight average molecular weight of 400000 or more. Preferred Resin: The hardening resin is epoxy resin, phenol resin, unsaturated polyester resin, melamine resin, polyimide resin, silicone resin and/or polyurethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive compound particles contain vanadium boride (VB), vanadium carbide (V8C7) and vanadium nitride (VN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The air electrode layer comprises metal material chosen from platinum, nickel oxide, ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The charge-separation material of fuel-electrode layer contains fullerene (C60). The charge-separation material comprises microparticles of gold and/or silver or pigment chosen from phthalocyanine compound, porphyrin and its metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The glass fiber is the glass fiber to which binding agent containing amino group silane coupling agent and novolak type epoxy resin is applied. Preferred Composition: The polybutylene terephthalate resin composition further contains epoxy compound (0.1-3 wt.pts) with respect to the resin component (100 wt.pts). The epoxy compound is bisphenol A glycidyl ether having epoxy equivalent of 100-200 g/eq.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous component is obtained using a metal. The metal is chosen from nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, iron, chromium, aluminum, gold, platinum, their alloy and their composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The conductive resin is obtained by electrolytic polymerization. The conductive resin is chosen from polyacetylene-type resin, polyacene-type resin, polyaromatic vinylene-type resin, polypyrrole-type resin, polyaniline-type resin, polythiophene-type resin and their derivative. The conductive resin has water-repellent property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metalloxane monomer is added to the catalyst solution, such that the content rate of the metalloxane polymer obtained by polycondensing the metalloxane monomer, is 0.04-1.8 wt.%. Preferred Component: The metalloxane monomer is siloxane monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The seal is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material supplied to fuel electrode is chosen from alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid and ether. The alcohol is methanol. The diaphragm is proton electroconductivity solid-electrolyte film such as perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type solid-electrolyte film.Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent supplied to oxidation pole is oxygen or gas containing oxygen. The catalyst of fuel electrode is platinum-ruthenium alloy supported to carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The step of hot pressing further comprises the use of a second perforated member having first and second faces, where the first face is contacted with the second opposing surface of the membrane and the second face is in contact with an adsorbent material. The step of hot pressing is performed at a temperature above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the swollen membrane but less than the Tg of the membrane when dried and at a pressure of 10-50 kg/cm2. The method further comprises cooling the membrane after the step of hot pressing at a rate of greater than or equal to15, preferably 15-25degreesC/second.Preferred Condition: The perforations in the member comprise holes having a diameter of 125-200 microns. The perforations in the perforated member are arranged in a repetitive pattern and comprise 15-50% of the area of the first face of the member. The PEM swells anisotropically in the ZM dimension as compared to the swelling in the XM, YM plane.Preferred Component: The swollen membrane is a continuous web.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The faradic reaction mechanism comprises an intercalation/desorption reaction of lithium ion, or absorption/desorption reaction of anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The curing catalyst is phosphorus type compound. The equivalent ratio on stoichiometry of curing initiator with respect to epoxy resin is 1-1.2. The spherical natural graphite is used as graphite component. Titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 1/10-1/3 with respect to average particle diameter of graphite particle, alumina and/or fluororesin are included in the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hollow particle has pressure resistance of 20 MPa or more and its content is 3-12 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin contains epoxy resin having melting point of 70-130degreesC, or phenol resin, curing initiator and curing catalyst. The phenol resin is resol type phenol resin having melting point of 70-80degreesC. The polymerization reaction in phenol resin advances by ring opening polymerization method. EXAMPLE - EOCN 1020-75 (RTM: epoxy resin) (in mass%) (12.21), PSM4357 (RTM: phenol novolak) (7.18), triphenyl phosphine (0.12), WR-50 (RTM: not defined) (72), S-45 (RTM: inorganic hallow filler with average particle diameter of 40 microns and pressure resistance of 25 MPa) (5), A187 (RTM: not defined) (0.6), F1-100 (RTM: not defined) (1.15) and J-900 (RTM: not defined) (1.5) were mixed to form a composition. A separator was formed using the obtained composition. The separator had density of 1.63 g/cm3, three-point bending strength of 54 MPa, warm water electroconductivity of 25 muS/cm and excellent moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell further has electronic electroconductive path formed inside or at exterior of the selective transmissive separation membrane. The fuel electrode and electrolyte layer are formed as an assembly by hot press. Alternately, the electronic electroconductive path is formed between the surface of an electrode and an electrolyte, and the collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The selective transmissive separation membrane is a minute carbon film. The minute carbon film is a carbon film obtained by thermally decomposing a minute carbon film precursor organic polymer film in oxygen-free atmosphere at 400-1200degreesC, or minute carbon film of dispersed nano noble metal microparticles of 8 group metal or 1B group metal, which is a microparticle dispersed minute carbon film obtained by decomposing the minute carbon film precursor organic polymer film with dispersed nano-microparticle precursor in oxygen-free atmosphere at 400-1200degreesC. A catalyst layer is formed at the surface of nano noble metal microparticles of the minute carbon film with dispersed nanometal microparticles. Alternately, an electrode catalyst is applied and formed at the surface of the selective transmissive separation membrane.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst added to the fuel electrode is platinum microparticle catalyst or platinum-ruthenium microparticle catalyst. Hydrogen gas containing trace amount carbon monoxide gas is supplied to the fuel gas path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nickel group amorphous metal material comprises nickel (in atomic%) (40-60), niobium (15-25), titanium and zirconium (10-30) and metal (M) (0-20) chosen from cobalt, copper, aluminum, iron, silicon and chromium. The total content of niobium, titanium, zirconium and metal (M) is 40-60 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The water vapor modification catalyst is copper-alumina catalyst mixed with solid acid catalyst. The carbon dioxide modification catalyst is copper-zinc-alumina catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic material contains silicon, aluminum or carbon. The inorganic material stores hydrogen. The inorganic material consists of a carbon-type material chosen from graphite, amorphous carbon, fibrous carbon and activated carbon. The fibrous carbon contains a mono layer carbon nanotube, multilayer carbon nanotube and carbon fiber. The alkali metal aluminum hydride is chosen from sodium aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium aluminum hydride, sodium-lithium-aluminum hydride, magnesium aluminum hydride and calcium aluminum hydride. The alkali metal borohydride is chosen from sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride and potassium borohydride. The metallic compound contains metal atom chosen from titanium, chromium, vanadium, cobalt, magnesium, calcium, lanthanum, europium, yttrium, neodymium, manganese, zirconium, ruthenium and iron. The hydrogen storage material contains a physical mixture of metal hydride and inorganic material.Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbon has length larger than the average diameter of the metal hydride in at least one direction. The carbon-type material has Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) specific surface area of 30 m2/g or more. The metal hydride has particle diameter of 0.01-20 microns. EXAMPLE - Titanium chloride and sodium aluminum hydride were suspended in ether solution in argon atmosphere. Subsequently, ether was removed. Physical mixing of titanium-added sodium aluminum hydride and activated carbon was carried out, and hydrogen storage material was obtained. The hydrogen storage material had improved hydrogen storage ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of active ingredient is 5 nm or less. The support has specific surface area of 5-80 m2/g. Preferred Compound: The active ingredient is ruthenium, rhodium and/or nickel. Preferred Support: The support is alumina, zirconia, ceria, neodymium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or praseodymium oxide. The support coexists with basic oxide, such as alkaline earth metal, and is amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Synthesis of (B) is at 650-1000degreesC and atmospheric pressure, with the tube being supplied with a source of carbon (5-50 cm3/minute); reactive reducing agent (5-50 cm3/minute); catalyst and transport gas (350-2000 cm3/minute). EXAMPLE - A reactor at 750degreesC was supplied with 40 cm3/minute acetylene; 0.3 cm3/minute iron pentacarbonyl; 40 cm3/minute hydrogen and 2000 cm3/minute nitrogen (carrier). The carbon nanotubes formed had better than 90% purity and yield was over 2%, based on acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solutions: The positive and negative half cell solutions have a supporting electrolyte chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrogen bromide and mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen bromide, and vanadium ion chosen from vanadium (III), vanadium (IV) and vanadium (V).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The cation exchange membrane contains a polymer chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluorosulfonic acid and perfluorosulfonic acid/PTFE copolymer. The membrane is treated with aqueous solution chosen from hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface layer portion of the active material particles has element Md (same as Mc) comprising crystal structure different from the lithium complex oxide. The lithium complex oxide is crystal structure of formula: LivNiO2, when z is greater than 0. The nickel portion of the lithium complex oxide is substituted with cobalt, calcium, magnesium and element (M). The content of element Md is 2 mol% or less with respect to lithium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, phosphazene and/or fluorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Element: The fuel cell element is a bipolar plate (8) comprising two surfaces, each comprising a flow field. The bipolar plate comprises a polymer/graphite composite. The flow field has lands (134) and channels (131), and further the lands are free of the coating and electric current flows through coating on the lands.Preferred Method: The coating is grafted to the surface during plasma polymerization of the coating. The plasma is produced by microwave or radio frequency energy generators. The polymerized layer is produced in at least one of nitrogen and noble gases. The polymerized layer has a dynamic contact angle for water of less than or equal to30degreesC for both advancing and receding contact angles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic, ethylenically-unsaturated monomer comprises at least one of hydroxy-functional monomers, acid-functional monomers, and amine-functional monomers. The monomers further comprise a crosslinking monomer and the polymeric surface is thermoplastic. The crosslinking monomer comprises at least one of alkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates and polyalkylene glycol di(meth)acrylates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer coating comprises at least one of hydroxyl groups, acid groups, and amine groups. The polymer coating is crosslinked. Preferred Composition: The relative amounts of hydrophilic monomer and crosslinking monomer are 50 - 99 wt.% hydrophilic monomer to 1 - 50 wt.% crosslinking monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidic support material comprises alumina or ceria zirconia. The monolithic structure is made from ceramic, metal, open-cell ceramic foam and/or open-cell metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support material is promoted with Group IA, Group IIA, manganese or iron metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The constituent material of intermediate layer is gold, silver, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or ruthenium. The constituent material of diffusion prevention layer is zirconium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, chromium, hafnium, niobium, ruthenium, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium dioxide, titanium boride, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum-silicon oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium aluminum nitride, complex oxide of magnesium and aluminum, complex oxide of magnesium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The copper-type catalyst and noble metal catalyst are provided in a copper-type catalyst portion and a noble metal type catalyst portion, which are divided, respectively. The noble metal catalyst portion is arranged in front stage side, and copper-type catalyst portion is arranged in later stage side. The copper-type catalyst is a catalyst obtained by supporting metal copper or copper oxide as active component, on oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide and metal silicate. The copper-type catalyst is perovskite-type complex oxide obtained using copper as active component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The complex oxide has compositional formula: LiaMnxNiyXzO2, where X is cobalt and/or aluminum, a is 1-1.2, x is 0.2-0.5, y is 0.35-0.8, z is 0-0.45, and x+y+z is 1.Preferred Method: Lithium salt, transition metal oxide, cobalt oxide and/or aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum oxide are dispersed in a solvent, and pulverized and mixed such that median particle size is set to 1 microns or less, to obtain anode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material is a complex oxide having a layered rock-salt structure and the compositional formula: LiaMnxNiyXzO2.X=cobalt and/or aluminum;a=1-1.2;x=0-0.65, preferably 0.2-0.5;y=0.35-1, preferably 0.35-0.8;z=0-0.65, preferably 0-0.45;andx+y+z=1.The raw material anode active material is obtained by dispersing lithium salt, transition metal oxide, cobalt oxide, aluminum hydroxide and/or aluminum oxide in a solvent, and pulverize-mixing the slurry so that the median particle size is set to 1 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic plate is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metallic plate is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reference electrode is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The copolymer comprises aryl and/or aliphatic groups in the back bone of the copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic dielectric polymers are polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and/or their dielectrics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent is an amine group or an epoxy-type silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte particles comprise ceria-based ceramic, and/or zirconia-based ceramic. The electrolyte particles comprise samarium-doped ceria-based ceramic, gadolinium-doped ceria-based ceramic, yttrium-stabilized zirconia-based ceramic, and/or scandium-stabilized zirconia-based ceramic. The cobalt and the nickel are completely solid-solution in the cermet, at least under the reduced conditions. Preferred Composition: The cermet comprises 10-70 wt.% electrolyte particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: The adsorption ability for the gases is expressed by the formula: the number of adsorbed molecules (mol)/the unit area (m2) of the cermet. The electrode material has adsorption ability of 0.1 to 1xl0-6 mol/m2 for each of methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen outlet pipe is connected to a purification unit (8), which has outlets for purified hydrogen and impurities. The reactor can be heated with the impurity stream. The fuel inlet pipe and residual fuel outlet pipe form part of the heat exchanger. The reactor acts in combination with a catalyst. The reactor is mounted in an aircraft and is heated with bleed air or with waste heat from a turbine or fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A complex-ion stabilizer such as phosphate, carboxylate salt or sodium salt is added to plating bath.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Aluminum fluoride is formed by performing plasma processing using a fluorine-containing gas and argon gas. Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid contains hexafluorophosphate anion or tetrafluoroborate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The carbon support is graphite support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is compound containing trioxane and/or polyacetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline zirconia sol (A) and base zirconium carbonate salt (B1) are mixed. The resulting liquid mixture is aged at 20-100degreesC, preferably 60-100degreesC. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of solid content (BS) converted to zirconia of base zirconium carbonate salt (B1) to solid content (As) converted to zirconia of alkaline zirconia salt (A), is 0.05-4. The quaternary ammonium carbonate is a quaternary ammonium carbonate of formula: (NR4)2CO3 and/or a quaternary ammonium carbonate of formula: NR4HCO3, where R is hydrocarbon group. The quaternary ammonium ion in the quaternary ammonium carbonate comprises 1-18C hydrocarbon group, preferably 1-4C hydrocarbon group. The zirconium salt (B2) is zirconium oxy salt, preferably zirconium oxy carbonate. The base zirconium salt is ammonium zirconium carbonate. Preferred Property: The obtained alkaline zirconia sol has pH of 8-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polymer complex compound of transition metal is a polymer metal complex of tetra-dentate Y'=group chosen from group of formulae (e-f);Me=transition metal;R=H or electron donating substituent;R=H or halogen;andn=2-200000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymerizable monomers are absorbed on the surface of conductive porous material by impregnating conductive porous material in solution of polymerization monomers, and removing solvent in the solution. Preferred Monomer: The polymerizable monomers are in the form of complex monomer solution of transition metal having at least two oxidation numbers. The conductive polymer formed by electrolysis polymerization is an energy storage redox polymer layer having polymer complex compound of transition metal, for storing energy through redox reaction. Preferred Definitions:    Me=nickel, palladium, cobalt, copper and/or iron;and    R=CH3O-, C2H5O-, HO- and/or CH3-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion conductor further contains hollow fiber, and the polar-liquid supply portion is formed using the hollow fiber. The hollow fiber contains alumina, silica, titania and/or zirconia. Portion(s) of the normal temperature fused salt is hydrophilic normal temperature fused salt containing cation and anion. The anion is chosen from boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride` anion, hydrogen sulfate anion and/or dihydrogen phosphate anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is chosen from imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation and/or ammonium derivative cation. The ion conductor contains polar liquid comprising water as an essential component. EXAMPLE - Normal temperature fused salt containing 1,2-diethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion (cation) and boron tetrafluoride anion, was mixed with pure water in a ratio of 1:1. A gelatinizer of diamide derivative obtained from trans-1,2-diamino cyclohexane was added to the obtained mixture at rate of 50 g/L. A hollow fiber containing alumina was arranged on mold, and polar-liquid supply portion was formed. The obtained ion conductor was poured in the mold containing hollow fiber and hardened. The hardened ion conductor was removed from the mold. The obtained ion conductor had excellent proton conductivity. A fuel cell containing the ion conductor had excellent electric power generation capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains hydrophilic normal temperature fused salt containing cation component and anion component. The cation component is molecular cation having one or more hetero atom chosen from imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation and ammonium derivative cation. The anion component is molecular anion chosen from boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride anion, sulfuric acid mono-hydrogen anion and phosphoric acid dihydrogen anion. The polar substance has polar value of 30 or more, and is chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, alpha-picoline, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. EXAMPLE - Normal temperature fused salt containing 1,2-diethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion of imidazolium trisubstituted derivative cation and/or boron tetrafluoride anion and water as polar substance were mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1 at normal temperature to obtain an ion conductor. The ion conductor had improved proton conductivity.
Preferred Definitions:    Me=iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite amorphous material contains nickel (40-60 atomic%), niobium (15-25 atomic%), titanium (10-30 atomic %), nitrogen (0.05-5 atomic%) and two or more of zirconium, cobalt, copper, aluminum, iron, silicon and chromium (0-20 atomic%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the number of moles of fluorine type lithium salt and number of moles of lithium borate is 0.05-1.5. The concentration of the electrolyte salt is 1.3-3M. The dielectric constant of gamma-butyrolactone is 20 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wheel inner dust cover and attachment are made of aluminum or duralumin, steel, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The surfactant in the dispersant is cationic, anionic or amphoteric surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: Amine-borane adduct structure is of formula: -NHR1.BHR2R3 or -NHR1.BH=R4, where R1-R3 is H or 1-10C hydrocarbon group, and R4 is 4-15C hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - 1,4-phenylene diamine (in g) (2.16) and tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) were mixed. 1M borane tetrahydrofuran complex (40 ml) was dropped gradually and the solution was cooled. The solution was reacted at room temperature to form 1,4-phenylene diamine-borane adduct (2.79 g). The obtained adduct was heated at 100degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and dehydrogenation was performed. The obtained foam was evacuated to form porous substance having hydrogen storage ability of 0.1 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin coating comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The stainless steel used has a grade of S32750.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A high density polyethylene is used for an insulation layer. An ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is used for another insulation resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The sulfonated polyimide film has imide structural unit of formula (1).Ar1=bivalent aromatic group having sulfonic acid group, preferably structure of formula (2), structure in which sulfonic acid group is introduced to structure of formula (3), or structure of formula (4);D1=direct bond, O, CH2 or C(CH2)3;Ar2=bivalent aromatic group having sulfonic acid group;D2=O, CH2, C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2 or S;R1=alkoxy chain shown by -O-R2- or 1-12C alkyl chain;R2=1-12C alkyl chain;andm=0 or 1.The sulfonated polyimide film is a cross-linked sulfonated polyimide film having cross-linked structure. The convergence time of the fuel cell is less than 15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Specified oxidizing agents include alkali, alkaline earth and/or ammonium nitrate or perchlorate and/or alkali, alkaline earth or zinc peroxides; and reducing agents include aluminum, titanium, boron (or its hydrides), silicon and graphite. Typical inorganic burn modifiers are silicates, silica gel and/or boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) is 10-100, best 20-50, wt.% of (A) with the balance one or more additives, particularly 30-60wt.% oxidizing agent; 15-40wt.% N-containing compound; 1-40% energy additive; 1-15% reducing agent; 1-20% binder; 1-10% burning modifier or processing auxiliaries. Four compositions are specifically claimed, e.g. (by weight) 30% aminoguanidine-5,5'-azotetrazolate; 27.5% guanidinium picrate; 40% sodium nitrate; 2% titanium and 0.5% graphite. Preferred Materials: Specified N-containing compounds include ammonium picrate; aminoguanidinium picrate; nitroguanidine; guanidine dinitrate and dicyandiamidine nitrate; energy additives are hexogen, octogen and/or nitrocellulose; and typical burn modifiers are ferrocene (or its derivatives), acetonylacetate and salicylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Specified binders are cellulose (or its derivatives); poly(vinylbutyral); polynitropolyphenylene; poly(nitrophenylether); 'Plexigum'; poly(vinyl acetate) and copolymers. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (I) is aminoguanidine-5,5'-azotetrazoate and/or guanidine-5,5'-azotetrazolate.    EXAMPLE - A mixture comprised, by weight, 30% aminoguanidine-5,5'-azotetrazoate; 10% octogen; 20% aminoguanidinium picrate and 40% sodium nitrate. It had deflagration temperature 172degreesC; sensitivity to abrasion 360 N; and impact sensitivity 2 J. When stored for 24 hours at 125degreesC or for 400 hours at 110degreesC, it lost 0.34% and 0.7% of its weight, respectively, and after these treatments had deflagration temperatures 172 and 178degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The preliminary reformer and the heat exchanger are provided near the fuel cell stack. The heat exchanger is provided outside the preliminary reformer to form an indirect heating space of the second heating mechanism between the heat exchanger and the preliminary reformer. The preliminary reformer has an inlet (102) and an outlet (122). The inlet is provided adjacent an exhaust gas outlet of the first heating mechanism. An evaporator is provided for evaporating water to produce the mixed fuel. A fluid unit (14) includes the heat exchanger, evaporator and preliminary reformer. It is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack and symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the fuel cell stack.Preferred Conditions: The reforming condition value comprises the temperature of the preliminary reformer and the molar ratio of carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel. The temperature of the preliminary reformer is 350degreesC. The molar ratio of the carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel is 1.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A fluid unit including the heat exchanger, the evaporator, and the reformer is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack. The reformer and the evaporator are provided adjacent the fuel stack, and the heat exchanger is provided outside the reformer. The evaporator may be provided outside the reformer and the heat exchanger is provided outside the evaporator. A heat insulating layer is provided around the evaporator; and the exhaust gas is filled in the heat insulating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead tin-alloy is applied to a portion of the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The zinc/air battery further comprises a control unit coupled to each cell for monitoring the depletion of the cells and to trigger an opening of one cell at a time by operating the exposing arrangement. The exposing arrangement includes a perishable sealant, heating mechanism for removing a sealant, and pressure elevating mechanism for breaking open a sealant. The sealant of each cell includes a different diffusion constant, such that each sealant degrades at a different rate, resulting in serial operation.Preferred Parameters: Each cell has a volume of approximately 200 mul. The cells include 80 cells.Preferred Method: The method further comprises monitoring the active cell for depletion; upon detection of depletion of the active cell, removing the sealant from a further inactive cell and activating the further cell; heating a material coupled to the sealant of the further cell where the heated material open pores in the air sealant; and elevating a pressure of a gas in proximity to the sealant, where the gas has an elevated pressure breaking the sealant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cooling apparatus further comprises a coolant cooling third radiator (52) for an interior air conditioner of the fuel cell vehicle. An operating temperature of the fuel cell is set to a higher level than is an operating temperature of the chive motor, and the first radiator is disposed behind the second radiator. Each of the three radiators comprises a pair of lower-portion support pins, and a pair of upper-portion support pins. The pairs of the lower portion support pins are capable of being mounted on the chassis by fitting into support holes that are provided to the chassis in the fuel cell vehicle. The pairs of the upper portion support pins are capable of being mounted on the chassis by fitting into a plurality of support holes that are provided to a detachable linking member mounted on the chassis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The concentration of highly concentrated potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is 1-20 mol/l. The average particle diameter of the hydrogen-occlusion-alloy particles is 1-125 microns. The usage amount of metal titanium and/or titanium oxide is 0.005-1 wt.% by titanium conversion with respect to hydrogen occlusion alloy particles. The heat processing temperature is 50-400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The proton-conductive polymer contains vinyl sulfonic acid as main component, and has cross-linked structure. Preferred Material: The porous base material is formed by crosslinking a resin composition containing polyolefin polymer and another polymer having reactive functional group. EXAMPLE - Norsorex NB (RTM: norbornene) (in wt%) (3) having weight average molecular weight of 2 million or more, TPE24 (RTM: thermoplastic elastomer) (16) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (81) were mixed. The obtained mixture (16 wt.pts) and liquid paraffin (84 wt.pts) were mixed uniformly to form a slurry. The slurry was mixed for 60 minutes at 160degreesC, and mixed material was rapidly cooled to obtain a sheet. The sheet was heat-pressed and stretched to obtain a microporous film. The microporous film was heat processed at 85degreesC for 6 hours, and 116degreesC for 2 hours to obtain a porous base material (A-1) of 17 microns thickness and porosity of 39degreesC. Vinyl sulfonic acid (90 mol%) was added to methylene bis acrylamide (10 mol%) and water (80 wt%) to obtain aqueous solution. V-50 (RTM: water-soluble azo initiator) (1 mol%) was further added to the aqueous solution. The film base material (A-1) was immersed to the obtained aqueous solution, and irradiated for 6 minutes and heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour. The excess polymer in the surface of the film was removed, washed and dried at 50degreesC for 8 hours to obtain electrolyte film (B1). The obtained electrolyte film had thickness of 24 microns, proton conductivity of 0.12 (s/cm), positron lifetime of 1.81 and relative intensity of 4.09%. The fuel cell formed using electrolyte film had high output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The perfluorinated electrolyte is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid.Preferred Parameter: The solid polymer electrolyte has an ion exchange rate with the metal ions of 0.01-60%, as represented by formula: ion exchange rate = (number of moles of the metal ions x valence of the metal ions/total number of moles of the cation exchange groups contained in the perfluorinated electrolyte) x 100. The solid polymer electrolyte has a membrane resistance of less than or equal to30 Ohm.cm. EXAMPLE - An appropriate amount of cerium nitrate hexahydrate was dissolved in 100 ml of water, and then Nafion 112 (RTM: perfluorinated electrolyte membrane) having a thickness of 45 microns was placed in the solution. The solution was heated to 90degreesC for 1 hour. The resulting electrolyte membrane was cleaned twice with 100 ml of hot pure water at 90degreesC for 30 minutes. Further, the resulting electrolyte membrane was cleaned several times with ion exchange water, and dried under vacuum at 80degreesC for 2 hours. The ion exchange rate with cerium ion in the treated membranes was measured by titration (0.005 N sodium hydroxide) for cation exchange capacity. Subsequently, 200 ml of an aqueous solution containing a hydrogen peroxide (1 wt %) and iron (10 ppm), which was added in the form of ferrous chloride was prepared. The aqueous solution and the treated membrane were added to a container of a PTFE inner barrel. Then, a dipping test was conducted at 100degreesC for 8 hours. After completion of the dipping test, the concentration of iron ion dissolved was examined using an ion-selective electrode. The membrane was cleaned with an ion exchange water, and dried under vacuum at 80degreesC for 2 hours. Thereafter, the weight E2 was measured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery further includes a separator (5) comprising a resin and is disposed between the positive and negative electrodes. The porous heat-resistant layer is attached to the positive and negative electrode active material layer. It includes a nonconductive filler and a binder.Preferred Property: A ratio of a thickness B of the porous heat-resistant layer to a thickness A of the separator, B/A, is 0.35-2. A ratio of a thickness Y of the end plate to a thickness alpha of the battery case of the battery, Y/alpha, is 0.4-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-conductive filler includes alumina, silica, magnesia, titania, or zirconia.Preferred Property: The non-conductive filler has a median size of 0.3-4 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder includes polyvinylidene fluoride or acrylic rubber.Preferred Composition: An amount of the binder is 0.3-8.5 pbw/100 pbw nonconductive filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The step of harvesting the electrical energy is performed by coils contacting the material. Preferred Components: The smart material comprises a conductive elastomer and an electroactive powder. The apparatus includes elastomer layer and coils. The coils comprise layer of coils. The layer of coils is sandwiched between the smart material and the layer of elastomer. The smart material and coils are integrated into a structure associated with useful movement. The structure is a tire or an article of footwear. The apparatus can also comprise tire (10), smart material, and coils integrated into the tire such that movement of the tire against a surface generates the force against the smart material. The tire comprises tire body having an outer wall for contact with the surface and opposite sidewalls. The article of footwear has a sole for contact with the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material includes magnetostrictive material. The electroactive powder is an electroceramic powder. The electroactive powder comprises a magnetostrictive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The material comprises a conductive elastomer. The conductive elastomer is a rubber or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silane coupling agent is given by formula: RSiX3 where R is 1-10C monovalent hydrocarbon group and X is halogen atom, methoxy group, ethoxy group or propoxy group. The amount of silane coupling agent is 0.01-60 mass%, with respect to electroconductive carbon. EXAMPLE - Carbon black was added to 20 g/L dichloromethane solution of ethyl triethoxy silane. Pressure of the reaction mixture was reduced to 1 Torr or less at 60degreesC, and dichloromethane was removed. Then, the mixture was heated at 150degreesC under reduced pressure for 17 hours, and dried at 60degreesC after washing with dichloromethane, to obtain a carbon support having ethyl triethoxy silane (20 mass%). The obtained carbon support was immersed into 0.16 mass% platinum-ruthenium colloidal solution (300 ml), and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The obtained solution was filtered and dried at 60degreesC for 5 hours, to obtain an electrode catalyst having platinum-ruthenium catalyst content of 19 mass%. The obtained electrode catalyst had metal active surface area of 135 m2/g-metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: The anode and/or cathode are equipped with collector having a hole penetrating both front and backsides. The lithium ion is doped by electrochemical contact with cathode and lithium ion supply source. Preferred Material: The anode active material has weight more than the weight of cathode active material. The electrostatic capacitance per unit weight of the cathode active material is 3 times or more of the anode active material. The active carbon particle has specific surface area of 600-3000 m2/g. The cathode active material is carbon material or polyacene group substance. The cathode active material is obtained by heating processing an aromatic condensed polymer at 400-800degreesC in non-oxidizing atmosphere. The insolubility ratio of hydrogen and carbon is 0.05-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sheet-like electrode contains an electrical conductivity agent and a binder. The binder is a fluororesin, preferably polytetrafluoro ethylene or tetrafluoro ethylene perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium compound is in membrane-form or particle-form. The surface of lithium-transition metal oxide particles is covered or dotted. The transition metal contains nickel, manganese and/or cobalt. The lithium compound is chosen from group (G) containing lithium sulfate, lithium phosphate, lithium fluoride, lithium acetate, lithium acetylide ethylene diamine, lithium benzoate, lithium bromide, lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium oxalate, lithium pyruvate, lithium stearate, lithium tartrate, lithium hydroxide, lithium phosphoric acid sulfur compound, lithium phospho oxynitride, lithium oxide-boron trioxide compound, lithium oxide-boron trioxide-lithium iodide compound, lithium sulfide-silicon sulfide compound and/or lithium sulfide-silicon sulfide-lithium phosphate compound. The mineral salt containing transition metal ion is chosen from hydroxide, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, iodide, bromide, oxalate and/or phosphate salt. The mineral salt containing lithium compound is chosen from group (G).Preferred Properties: The film thickness and average particle diameter of lithium compound are 5-100 nm and 10-2000 nm, respectively. The lithium ion conductivity of the lithium compound is more than 10-15 S.m-1. The average particle diameter of lithium-transition metal oxide particle is 0.01-2 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer of the anode includes cerium phosphate (1-30%) with respect to total mass of catalyst layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyelectrolyte in the catalyst layer is perfluoro carbon polymer which has a sulfonic acid group. The perfluoro carbon polymer is a copolymer containing polymer unit based on perfluoro compound of formula: CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H, and polymer unit based on tetra fluoroethylene compound.m=0-3;n=1-12;p=0 or 1;andX=fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The container has a first connector mechanism. The heat-shielding plate has a second connector mechanism installed on it in such fashion as to be disposed at positions corresponding to the first connector mechanism installed in lateral sides or the outer four faces of the container. The second connector mechanism is connected with the first connector mechanism. The battery includes reflective plate fixed to the heat-shielding plate to reflect heat transmitted from the outside. The heat-shielding plate is installed in the form of a ventilation structure. The ventilation structure is opened upwardly and downwardly and spaced apart from the both lateral sides or the outer four faces of the container such that air flows upwards and downwards. The reflective plate is formed of a mirror surface capable of reflecting heat. Preferred Properties: The heat-shielding plate is formed in a rectangular or a semi-spherical shape and spaced apart from the both lateral sides or the outer four faces of the container. The heat-shielding plate is rounded off at its peripheral area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heat-shielding plate and container are made of polypropylene. The two connector mechanisms are formed of a same elastic material. The reflective plate is fixedly installed at the heat-shielding plate by an adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric of the capacitor winding is made of polyester, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS), or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ultracapacitor energy storage cell pack has one or more middle plate supports including two polycarbonate middle plate supports with cutouts that receive the ultracapacitors and balancing resistors. The ultracapacitor assembly includes an end support plate made of a glass fabric laminate with an epoxy resin, and has a pattern of holes for mounting the ultracapacitors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Container: The container comprises a can made of stainless steel and/or aluminum. Preferred Substrate: The ceramic substrate is formed using low-temperature co-fired ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The incompressible liquid is oil material chosen from silicone oil, fluorinated oil, low-temperature oil and biocompatible oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Assembly: The reinforcement layer is polyelectrolyte reinforcement layer obtained by filling polymeric porous material with polyelectrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The brazing material layer contains copper and/or manganese, and aluminum and/or chromium. The outermost layer of the brazing material layer contains boron and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal component is sodium. The biomass is black liquor. The transition metal complex is a nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex. The nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex is a phthalocyanine-type complex or porphyrin-type complex.Preferred Condition: The mixture (M) is heat processed at 650-1500degreesC in inert gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The titanium structure is formed at 600degreesC or less. The slurry adhesion material is heated at temperature increase rate of less than 1.5degreesC/minute.Preferred Method: Titanium is transformed into beta-phase during joining of titanium powder in titanium structure, after maintaining in alpha-phase for fixed time. The titanium structure is reacted with carbon and carbon absorption component, or oxygen and oxygen absorption component, preferably titanium hydride or sponge titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains vanadium (in mass%) (0.1-1.0) and/or boron (0.0002-0.0030).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer rubber (A) and olefin resin (B) are mixed using a compatibility component. The compatibility component is compatibilizing agent (D) which is non-crystalline reactive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The polyalkylene oxide type polymer has a structure cross-linked through a cross-linkable group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material is amorphous carbon. The cathode active material (I) is spinel-type lithium manganate and cathode active material (II) is lithium iron phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer binder is chosen from thermoplastic polymers or elastomers such as polyether e.g. polyoxyethylene (POE) and polyoxypropylene (POP), polyalcohol e.g. polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene/ butadiene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF-HFP copolymer, carboxymethylcellulose and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the functional areas is made from a polyvinylalcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reformer is a pressurized and heated vessel that is filled with catalytic material, such as gold, palladium or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plate material comprises a metallic surface. The plate material comprises high quality stainless steel containing molybdenum, chromium and nickel (more than 40 wt.%) with respect to total weight of stainless steel. The plate material comprises a composite polymeric surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: After sulfuric acid saccharification of woody and herbage type biomass, the generated strongly acidic biomass residue is not neutralized, and is used as it is as an alkali soil improvement agent or a neutralizing agent of an alkali waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal in the catalyst layer of anode is platinum-ruthenium alloy, and the particle diameter of the platinum-ruthenium alloy is 3-10 nm. The metal in the catalyst layer of cathode is platinum-cobalt alloy, and the molar ratio of platinum with respect to cobalt is 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The noble gas is argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The benzene ring to which sulfonic acid group is introduced via hydrocarbon chain, is grafted. Preferred Definitions:    X=chlorine atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The carbonaceous powder is a mixed powder of graphite powder and carbon powder. The amount of carbon powder is 4-80 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.% of mixed powder. The average particle diameter of graphite powder and carbon powder is 25 microns or less and 5 microns or less, respectively. The resin composition further contains nitrogen compound, sulfur compound and/or metallic compound as adhesion adjuvant for increasing adhesivity with metal. The liquid conductive resin composition is formed by mixing carbonaceous material powder, liquid thermosetting resin component and optionally reactive diluent, in a mixing apparatus by applying a shearing force.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid conductive resin composition further contains reactive diluent (40 wt.% or less), with respect to 100 wt.% of total of thermosetting resin component and reactive diluent. The total amount of thermosetting resin component and reactive diluent is 3.6-570 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of carbonaceous material powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin component is liquefied and contains epoxy resin and/or phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anion component is of formulae: (RSO3)-, (RfSO3)-, ((RfSO2)2N)-, ((RfSO2)3C)-, ((FSO2)3C)-, (RCH2OSO3)-, (RC(O)O)-, (RfC(O)O)-, (CC13C(O)O)-, ((CN)3C)-, ((CN)2CR)-, ((RO(O)C)2CR)-, (R2P(O)O)-, (RP(O)O2)2-, ((RO)2P(O)O)-, ((RO)P(O)O2)2-, ((RO)(R)P(O)O)-, (Rf2P(O)O)-, (RfP(O)O2)2-, (B(OR)4)-, (N(CF3)2)-, (N(CN)2)-, (AlCl4)-, PF6-, BF4-, SO42-, HSO4-, NO3-, F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-, preferably (CF3SO2)2N-, PF6, or BF4-.R=H, halogen, 1-10C linear or side chain alkyl, 2-10C linear or side chain alkenyl with 1 or more double bonds, 2-10C linear or side chain alkynyl with one or more triple bonds, (un)saturated cycloalkyl, aryl or alkoxy alkyl, where hydrogen atom contained in the R is substituted partly or completely with hydrogen atom or is substituted partly with CN and NO2 group, carbon atom contained in the R is substituted with -O-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S-, -S(O)-,-SO2-, -SO3-, -N=, -N=N-, -NH-, -NR'-, -N(R')2, -PR', -P(O)R'-, -P(O)R'-O-, -O-P(O)R'-O- or P(R')2=N-;R'=defined above;andRf=fluorine-containing substituent. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=methyl;    R3-R6=H;and    Y=sulfur atom.    EXAMPLE - 3-Methylthio-2-thiazoline (in g) (20.0) was dripped into a flask containing diethyl sulfate (34.7 g) under a nitrogen stream. The mixture was allowed to react for 72 hours at 30 degreesC and a pale yellow liquid was obtained. After washing with ether, and vacuum drying 3-ethyl-2-methylthio-2-thiazonium ethylsulfate was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The co-catalyst atom preferably contains zirconium, titanium and/or molybdenum. The content of platinum atom in catalyst is 0.1-10 mass%. Preferred Property: The concentration index (I) of co-catalyst atom in shift catalyst is 0.1-50, preferably 5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium metal phosphate is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). The electrode has carbon coating on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains at least one solvent and salt. The electrolyte is a liquid or gelled electrolyte containing polar or aprotic solvent and alkali metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a polymer, copolymer or terpolymer gelled by a polar liquid containing at least one metallic salt in solution or an ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The fuel cell discharge-gas processing device further comprises a venting gas supply path which supplies a cathode gas for venting from an upstream side of the fuel cell to the dilution container, where the venting gas supply path includes a branching portion which branches off from the bypass path and has an inner diameter larger than an inner diameter of the bypass path; and a valve provided on the branching portion. A flow rate controlling device is provided on the bypass path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrode active material is activated carbon having specific surface area of greater than 30 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is dispersed type binder and is preferably acrylate type polymer and polytetrafluoro ethylene. The composite particles further contain dissolution type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The viscosity of functional liquid (I) is increased before arranging functional liquid (II), by partially removing dispersion medium of functional liquid (I). A bank (54) is formed before arranging functional liquid (I) such that a preset region is divided on the substrate. The functional materials of the liquids have a relation which mutually acts complementarily and exhibits a specific function.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outlet openings are blocked with a material such as epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic coating defines a contact angle of l0degrees along the first or second major face of the diffusion media. The outer surface includes an inner surface portion extending between the first and second major faces. The coating is disposed on the inner surface portion. It extends between the first and second major faces. The hydrophilic polymeric coating comprises regions of hydrophilic polymeric coating and the diffusion media comprises uncoated regions (28). The regions of the hydrophilic polymeric coating and the uncoated regions alternate across first and/or second major faces of the diffusion media. The alternating regions have a periodicity of less than 5 cm. Preferred Dimensions: The porous matrix defines a thickness of 20-1000 microns. The hydrophilic coating has a thickness of 1 nm to 1 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including metallic screens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The hydrophilic monomer comprises a glycol (meth)acrylate, preferably polyethylene glycol acrylate. It is UV-curable. Preferred Materials: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, foam, carbon or graphite wovens or non-wovens, or foams. The formulation comprises polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, photoinitiator, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: An inert gas is added to the process gas.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The borane-ammonium compound is chosen from borane-ammonia, borane-dimethylamine, borane-diethylamine, borane-trimethylamine, borane-triethylamine, borane-tert butylamine, borane-morpholine and/or borane-pyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fixing component, flexible conducting wire and connection component are made of copper and electroplated with nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The water-electrolysis catalyst is iridium or its alloy. The iridium alloy is iridium-platinum alloy or alloy consisting of iridium-platinum and base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Iridium compound and platinum compound are chloride, nitrate and/or dinitro diammine salt of iridium and platinum, respectively. The electroconductive support is acetylene black, Balkan, Ketchen Black (RTM: carbon black), black pearl, their graphitized product, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanohorn and/or carbon fibril, preferably acetylene black, Balkan, Ketchen Black (RTM: carbon black) and/or black pearl. The composite noble particle further contains co-catalyst metal(s) and is of formula: (Pt)a(Ir)b(X)c, where a,b are same as defined above, X is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium and/or rhodium, c is atomic ratio of metal (X), b+c/a+b+c is 0.01-0.3 and a+b+c is 1. The average particle diameter of composite noble metal particle is preferably 4-6 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cobalt support powder contains 1-12 mass% of cobalt. The rhodium support powder contains 0.2-6 mass% of rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is platinum or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The porosity of the coating is obtained by disposing a solid pore-forming agent in a conductive coating and exposing the pore-forming agent to an acid sufficient to dissolve the foaming agent. The porous conductive layer is provided on the body by providing a conductive polymeric coating having an embedded pore-forming agent over the body, and exposing the pore-forming agent to a removal media to cause the pore-forming agent to produce pores in the conductive polymeric coating to provide a porous conductive coating on the plate body. The plate body comprises a conductive composite material, and the porosity is created by molding pores into the composite plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The removal media comprises acid, and the pore-forming agent comprises sodium carbonate and graphite. The removal media comprises non-chemical treating media, and the pore-forming agent comprises foaming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The porous conductive layer is a porous conductive coating (130) adhered to the plate body. The plate body comprises a metallic sheet and a composite polymeric conductive coating (125) different from the porous conductive coating. The plate may be a bipolar plate. Preferred Properties: The porous conductive coating has a porosity of greater than or equal to 10% (preferably 10-50%) and a pore density of greater than or equal to 50 pores/cm surface area of the coating. The pores have an average size of 0.05-1 microns. The water contact angle is less than 25degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plate body may comprise composite comprising electrically conductive filler disposed throughout a polymeric matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid vehicle comprises molecular precursor to a metal, and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrocatalyst suspension comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrical conductive agent is powder-form, grain shape, plate shape or scale-like electrical conductive agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The cutting portion has a depth of 5-500 microns along direction from outermost surface layer of the resin molded product. The contact surface portion of resin molded product has volume resistivity of less than 1x1010 Omega.cm, measured according to JIS K6911. 50% or more of volume resistivity value of contact surface portion of resin molded product after cutting portion formation is lower than volume resistivity value before cutting portion formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive comprises (in weight%) iron (5-15, preferably 5-12 and more preferably 8-15), cobalt (0.001-0.050, preferably 0.002-0.01 and more preferably 0.002-0.05) and hydrochloric acid (0.05-15). The additive is added to device in which at least 60%, preferably 20%, volatile solids, which is at least 60%, preferably 20%, of the supplied g of volatile solids per day fed to the device is green material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A sample of the digested sludge is taken out of the reactor and is analyzed for the content of at least one 10C or more organic fatty acid such that the amount of cobalt added to the organic material is controlled in relation to the analyzed content of organic fatty acid. The iron, cobalt and hydrochloric acid are added in the form of additive containing iron, cobalt and hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution. Preferred Composition: The addition of cobalt is controlled to provide a concentration of palmitic acid in the sludge to less than 1500 mg/l. The content of iron added is with respect to an addition of at least 500 g of iron (Fe) added per m3 of substrate fed to the reactor. The content of hydrochloric acid added is with respect to an addition of at least 10 g hydrochloric acid (HCl) (free acid) added per m3 of substrate fed to the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The molar concentration hydrogen in the stream removed from the second zone of the reactor is maintained at a level suitable for the stream to be used as a fuel for a gas turbine. The hydrogen partial pressure in the second zone is greater than or equal to3 bar (0.3 MPa). The total pressure in the second zone is at least 10 bara (1 MPa). The reaction in the first zone is a water gas shift reaction, a partial oxidation reaction and/or a steam reforming reaction. The reaction in the first zone is catalyzed. The process stream removed from the first zone is fed to a combustor to produce heat and a product stream predominantly comprising carbon dioxide and water. The heat generated in the combustor is transferred to feed streams to the first zone of the reactor. The combustor product stream is fed to a water separator. The process stream removed from the first zone of the reactor is fed to a water separator. The dewatered carbon dioxide-containing product stream from the first zone of the reactor is compressed to a pressure of 75-100 barg (7.6 to 10.1 MPa). The remaining carbon dioxide-containing stream is sequestered by being compressed to 100-200 bara and fed into an oil and/or gas well.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sweep gas is nitrogen and/or steam. The molar hydrogen concentration in the second zone of the reactor is up to 80 (preferably 40-60)%. The process stream removed from the first zone of the reactor comprises carbon monoxide at a molar concentration of less than 5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactant material further comprises a water-soluble salt catalyst that causes progressive pitting of the aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ionic liquid film is bound to the surface by self-assembled monolayer (SAM); by at least one polyelectrolyte or conductive polymer on the surface; or by at least one polyionic or zwitterionic liquids. The ionic liquid film is phosphonium dodecylbenzene-sulfonate (DBS) (preferably P6,6,6,14 DBS). The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) comprises carboxylic acid terminal groups or pyridine terminal groups. The zwitterionic liquid comprises imidazolium, tetraalkylammonium or tetraalkylphosphonium groups; and additionally comprises sulfonate groups. The organic chemical is methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal hydride slurry comprises magnesium, magnesium hydride, and mineral oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The nano-molecular sieve particles are nano-AIPO-18, nano-AIPO-14, nano-AIPO-34, nano-UZM-25, nano-CDS-1, nano-Nu-6(2), nano-AIPO-25, nano-AIPO-5, nano-silicalite, or nano-SAPO-34. Preferred Properties: The nano-molecular sieve particles have a particle size of 5-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The functional organic linkage is an organosilane or a compound of formula R(CH2)nSi(OR1)3, R(CH2)nSiR'(OR1)2 or R(CH2)nSiR'(R")(OR1).R=organic functional group;n=1-20; andR1, R', R"=1-8C hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen fuel comprises ethanol, petrol, or mixture of ethanol and petrol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The amount of heat required for evaporating moisture content of biomass by drying waste incinerator is detected with burning temperature of furnace (11), and processing amount biomass is adjusted so that waste material carries out self sustained combustion in the furnace. The vapor of waste heat boiler is not contacted with biomass directly. The waste gas produced in biomass is introduced into combustion portion of combustion apparatus, or path of waste gas joining the apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The combustion apparatus is waste incinerator (23).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cartridge comprises silica gel or water absorptive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water soluble organic compound is chosen from methanol, ethanol and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen generating-agent composition further contains inorganic compound and aggregation-suppression particles. The inorganic compound is calcium oxide and aggregation-suppression particles are carbon black. EXAMPLE - Aluminum (0.5 g), magnesium hydride (0.5 g) and water at a rate of 2 ml/hour were mixed to obtain hydrogen generating-agent composition. The obtained hydrogen generating-agent composition was heated at 60degreesC to generate hydrogen gas at a high velocity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The oxygen-containing gas is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrolyzate is used to produce a biogas comprising methane, acetic acid, ethanol, xylitol, natural polymers or combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in an aprotic solvent, preferably acetonitrile and at the temperature of boiling. EXAMPLE - 3-Piperazinyl-1,2-benzisothiazolt (38.4 g) and 5-(2-bromoethyl)-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-onet (21.96 g) were dissolved in acetonitrile (240 ml) and boiled for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered and washed with acetonitrile (50 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred in distilled water (240 ml) at 85-90degreesC for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was worked up to give 5-(2-(4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)-ethyl)-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one. 5-(2-(4-(1,2-Benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)-ethyl)-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (28.1 g) was dissolved in boiling tetrahydrofuran (760 ml) containing water (7.5%), charcoal (2.8 g) and silica gel (2.8 g) were added, and the mixture was boiled further for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was worked up to give 5-(2-(4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl)-ethyl)-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (23.4 g, HPLC purity: 99.6%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding sulfide salt water to concentrated material obtained by concentrating the separated supernatant liquid under reduced pressure, stirring the mixture, neutralizing the supernatant liquid in which coagulation sedimentation agent was added to obtain a liquid manure. The fish processed dreg is viscera of scallop.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heavy metal is cadmium and the concentration of cadmium is 1% with respect to nitrogen after acetic acid aqueous solution processing at a weight of 0.75 ppm or less. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is formed of metal particles composed primarily of platinum, ruthenium, palladium and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The antifungal composition has antifungal activity against the water mould Saprolegnia parasitica, which causes fungal diseases in fish. ACTIVITY - Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lanthanide element is lanthanum. The photoelectrode comprises lanthanum tantalum oxynitrides. The counter-electrode comprises a material of iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adjustment mechanism comprises a compressible member made of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sludge is blown into the furnace after the addition of magnesium or calcium or silica component to the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The mass ratio (R) of calcium with respect to potassium contained in combustion ashes are greater than or equal to Rs, where Rs is the predetermined mass ratio, or 7-Rs, during addition of calcium compound. Preferred Compound: The calcium compound is calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide and/or calcium sulphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganism is Bacillus sp., preferably Bacillus sp. YTK-1 strain (acceptance number NITE P-155). The amount of hydrogen produced by the microorganism is measured based on the following steps, (1) inoculating the microorganisms into the YEM-Mo brom thymol blue (BTB) culture medium (2 ml) comprising mannitol (in g/l) (10), dipotassium phosphate (0.5), magnesium sulfate (0.2), sodium chloride (0.1), power yeast (0.4), agar (15), disodium molybdate dihydrate (0.1 mg/ml), and 5% BTB solution (2 ml/ml), (2) culturing the microorganisms for 72 hours at 30degreesC in aerobic conditions in presence of 10% acetylene, and (3) measuring hydrogen generation amount (unit: ml/l suspension liquid/day) by thermal conductivity detector gas chromatography (TCD-GC), and measuring reduction in acetylene by flame ionization detector (FID); and the hydrogen production ability is determined using a formula: hydrogen producing ability=hydrogen generation amount/acetylene reduction amount and is found to be 50000 or more. A biomass is used as an organic substrate source, which is the substrate of the microorganism. The biomass is the excretion or foodstuffs waste material of livestock. The excretion of the livestock is excreted from the cow, hen and pig. The organic substrate source is subjected to heat pasteurization and used as a nitrogen source for microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The anaerobic microorganisms are contained in either livestock dung, compost, activated sludge, or sludge of anaerobic treatment tank. The organic matter used as a raw material is any of the waste material or waste liquid containing the organic matter discharged from foodstuffs residue or food-processing factories, such as livestock excretion and an organic refuse, and energy crops containing sugarcane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is methanol, ethanol, propanol or ethylene glycol. The gaseous fuel is selected from methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and/or liquefied natural gas (LNG).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 10 volume% or more of 6C isoparaffin and 1.5 volume% or more of 2,3-dimethyl butane, in 50 volume% distillation temperature of 98degreesC or less. The ratio of 6C isoparaffin and 6C normal paraffin is 5 or more and the ratio of 6C isoparaffin and 6C olefin is 2.2 or more. The gasoline composition contains 1 mass ppm or less of sulfur and 20 volume% or less of 8C isoparaffin. The composition has Reid vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The methane concentration method involves conveying mixed gas containing methane to the dehydration portion and the carbon-dioxide removal portion by carrier gas to remove water and carbon dioxide respectively, then conveying the mixed gas to the methane trapping portion to trap methane, and discharging the trapped methane from the methane trapping portion. Preferred Equipment: The dehydration portion is equipped with desiccant, and the mixed gas is contacted with the desiccant to remove the water. The carbon-dioxide removal portion is equipped with carbon-dioxide absorber, and the mixed gas is contacted with carbon-dioxide absorber to remove carbon-dioxide. The methane trapping portion is equipped with activated carbon, and the mixed gas which does not have water and carbon dioxide is contacted with activated carbon to adsorb and trap methane. Preferred Property: The methane is trapped in methane trapping portion at 20-200degreesC. The trapped methane from is discharged methane trapping portion at 20-200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst for liquefied petroleum gas manufacture contains olefin hydrogenation catalyst component and zeolite. The olefin hydrogenation catalyst component contains iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and/or platinum. The catalyst is obtained by supporting palladium and/or platinum to ZSM-5 or USY-type zeolite. The atomic ratio of silicon and aluminum in ZSM-5 type zeolite is 20-100, and the ratio of silica and alumina in USY-type zeolite is 5-70. The content of palladium and/or platinum in the catalyst is 0.005-5 wt.%. The catalyst is obtained by mixing palladium-type catalyst component formed by supporting palladium to support, and USY-type zeolite, in mass ratio of 0.1-1.5. The load of palladium in palladium-type catalyst component is 0.1-5 wt.%. The support of palladium-type catalyst component is silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Source gas containing methanol and dimethyl ether, and synthesis gas are circulated to the catalyst layer. The content of carbon monoxide in the source gas is 18-30 mol%. Content of hydrogen with respect to 1 mol of methanol is 0.5-2 mol, and with respect to 1 mol of dimethyl ether is 1-3 mol. Preferred Process: Synthesis gas is manufactured from carbon-containing raw material and water, oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. Synthetic methanol catalyst (12a) or dimethyl ether synthesis catalyst is used, and methanol-containing gas or dimethyl ether-containing gas is manufactured from synthesis gas. Catalyst for liquefied petroleum gas manufacture is used, and liquefied petroleum gas containing hydrocarbon such as propane or butane is obtained from synthesis gas and methanol-containing gas or dimethyl ether-containing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (M1) involves heating the reaction mixture with microwave radiation (2.450 and 915 MHz) produced by a microwave generator coupled to the reaction cavity. The microwave energy dissipation based on polarization models and electric conduction, coming from the high dielectric permittivity in the reaction medium, afforded by the use of acidic or basic catalysts or induced by the use of acid or basic catalysts.The acid catalysis is performed with sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid with high dielectric permittivity values. The base catalysis is performed with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or bases with high dielectric permittivity values. The process involves a two stage process, initiating with an acid catalyst up to a conversion of up to 80% and, then, after taking all the glycerin off ending the process with a base catalysis. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton exchange membrane is an acid doped polybenzimidazole membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pellet: The fuel pellet further comprises several compartmentalized fuel pellets each comprising a separate chemical solution, heating element and chemical catalyst covered by protective layer. The fuel pellet is independently operable by selectively activating heating elements. The heating elements further comprise resistive heating elements. Preferred Solution: The chemical solution comprises a metal borohydride. The metal borohydride is sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer comprises a heat-removable layer. The heat-removable layer comprises wax, polymer, or copolymer of olefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Methods: The method includes switching wastewater containing organic matter to high concentrated water with no organic matter, switching hydrogen to gas containing oxygen source, washing and catalyst regeneration of oxidation, and removing stain pollution contamination. The oxygen generated by electrolysis of water is used as gas containing oxygen source. An inert gas is once supplied and substitutes hydrogen or oxygen of system inside.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Electrolysis of water involves decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen by applying voltage to the anode and cathode. Manufacture of hydrogen involves decomposing-electrically water into hydrogen and oxygen by applying a voltage to anode containing photocatalyst and cathode. Preferred Electrolyzer: The electrolyzer has an anode containing photocatalyst, cathode and electrolytic cell. The anode and cathode are not connected directly but through electrical connection unit in the exterior. During electrolysis water is poured into the electrolytic cell. An apparatus used for manufacture of hydrogen collects the hydrogen generated by electrolysis of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The photocatalyst has photocatalytic activity in ultraviolet-ray region and visible region. Preferred Process: The nitrogen-substituted type titanium-oxide thin film is baked at calcination temperature of 200degreesC or more. Preferred Composition: The nitrogen containing inert-gas is a mixture of nitrogen gas and argon gas. The volume ratio of nitrogen gas and argon gas is 0.020-0.7. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The titanium oxide is titanium dioxide.    EXAMPLE - Nitrogen-substituted type titanium-oxide thin film (photocatalyst) was formed on titanium substrate at 873K by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method in nitrogen-argon mixed gas atmosphere. The obtained photocatalyst had excellent photocatalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water-soluble organic compound is methanol, ethanol and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon fuel further contains branched aliphatic hydrocarbon (50-80 wt.%). EXAMPLE - Crude oil was distillated, and isomerized using platinum supported sulfuric acid zirconia-alumina catalyst at 200degreesC under 1.96 MPa, to obtain isomerized oil which was the fuel for hydrogen production. The obtained isomerized oil contains aromatic content of 1.2 wt.%, olefin content of 0 wt.%, sulfur content of 1 ppm or less, and had hydrogen-carbon atomic ratio (H/C) of 2.39, existent gum of 1 mg/100 ml or less, 5% distillation temperature of 36degreesC, 50% distillation temperature of 43degreesC and 95% distillation temperature of 63.5degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred method: The method involves heating the reaction mixture with microwave radiation (2.450 and 915 MHz) produced by a microwave generator coupled to the reaction cavity. The microwave energy dissipation based on polarization models and electric conduction, coming from the high dielectric permittivity in the reaction medium, afforded or induced by the use of acidic or basic catalysts. The acid catalysis performed with sulfuric acid, nitric acid or their derivatives or acids with high dielectric permittivity values. The base catalysis performed with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or bases with high dielectric permittivity values. The process is a two stage process, initiating with an acid catalyst up to a conversion of up to 80% and, then after taking all the glycerin off ending the process with a base catalysis. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves: drying of the pulp or sludge to obtain a solid product; drying of the pulp or sludge in a drying oven or greenhouse or in the open air to obtain a solid product which when removed from the mold enables bulk pieces to be obtained; adding an effluent or residue with a high organic load to the pulp or sludge; placing the obtained mixture for composting. EXAMPLE - Roughly mixing and, if necessary with the assistance of a mechanical agitator, equal volumes of olive mill wastewater and cork dust (particles less than 0.2 mm in size) until a pulp was created with a moisture content of 845.4 g kg-1, a C/N ratio of 109.1, a pH value of 4.84 and organic matter ratio (as dry matter) of 609.3 g kg-1. This mixture produced a volume of sludge slightly above the initial volume of the olive mill wastewater e.g. a mixture of olive mill wastewater (250 ml) and cork dust (250 ml), produced sludge (300 ml). The resulting product, the sludge, in a greenhouse was dried at approximately 45degreesC, or in the air in adequate trays or molds until a solid product was obtained (moisture content lower than 40% m/m). At the end of 3 days, in a greenhouse at 45degreesC, the product obtained was in the form of a solid agglomerate with a calorific value or heating value of 14-18 MJ/kg. The product was collected from the tray or removes it from the molds to obtain bulk, cylindrical or fine strip pieces (briquettes or pellets) for use as a fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is air (compressed air), oxygen, ozone, carbon-di-oxide (CO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is methane, ethane, propane and butane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The membrane consists silicone polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The wind generator has a vertical rotor in two sections, each with three aerodynamically designed blades, e.g. with a total height of 80 m and a diameter of 60 m. Most of the weight of the wind generator, including the drive and generator units, is mounted below deck. The ship is powered by a diesel engine or by an electric motor connected to a generator fueled with hydrogen or diesel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of oil-and-fat and alcohol is 1/30-1/1. The oil-and-fat contains synthetic triglyceride containing natural fats-and-oils and/or synthetic oil fat, synthetic triglyceride, monoglyceride, and diglyceride, their modified substance, or water product oil and fat. Preferred Compound: The alcohol is 1-5C lower alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The strongly basic anion exchanger is anion exchange resin having cross-linked polystyrene structure, or II-type anionic exchange resin having dimethyl ethanol ammonium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metals consist of 1-2 wt.% of iridium, palladium, platinum and/or gold, and nickel (5 wt.%), where the metals present in the catalyst are based on the total weight of the metals and the carrier. The substrate is a spinel, cordierite, zirconia-mullite, titanium aluminate, calcium aluminate, gamma-, theta- alpha- and delta- alumina, alumina stabilized by lanthanum, barium, magnesium or calcium, metal stabilzed gamma-alumina, zirconia-mullite and/or zirconium-toughened alumina. The first stage catalyst comprises a metal consisting of platinum (5 wt.%) based on the total weight of the first stage metals and the carrier. The second stage catalyst comprises a metal consisting of 1-2 wt.% of iridium, palladium, gold and/or platinum, nickel (5 wt.%) and rhodium (not exceeding 0.5 wt.%), where the metals present in the catalyst is based on the total weight of the second stage metals and the carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains copper, copper oxide, zinc, zinc oxide, nickel, nickel oxide, cobalt, cobalt oxide, palladium platinum, ruthenium, rhodium and/or its alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The magnesium alkoxide is magnesium methoxide. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage composition contains component (I) which undergoes an endothermic reaction which releases hydrogen, and component (II) in contact with component (I). The second component is capable of undergoing an exothermic reaction which provides favorable energy for release of hydrogen from component (I). The endothermic reaction releases a substance which reacts with component (II) in an exothermic reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unreformed fuel comprises (wt.%) olefins (at least 5); n-paraffins (about 5); and branched paraffins (2-50) (where all of the branch groups are monomethyl and wherein the ratio of terminal monomethyl branching to internal monomethyl branching is at least about 1:1.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The miscellaneous gas contains hydrogen, dimethyl ether and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The synthetic resin-made network is product of polyethylene resin. The synthetic resin-made network is mixed in the weight ratio of 10-50% per dry weight of the vine of yam. The raw material used for producing biomass solid fuel is wound up and bound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive polymer is polythiophene. The detector of gas sensor is made of tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold and/or zirconium. Preferred Process: The reaction is carried out at 120-300degreesC under pressure of 0.1-30 MPa. The transesterification process is carried out at 40-65degreesC. The methanol, and vegetable oil and fat are mixed and transesterifed in the presence of catalyst, without heating. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of carbondioxide gas and hydrogen gas is 50/50-5/95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alkaline material is added in ground form and/or powder form during the production of the pellet, or in fluid form and/or liquid form during or after the production of the pellet. Preferred Components: The pH-value of pellet is 5.5-8.2, preferably 5.5-6. The alkaline material is an inorganic or organic alkaline solution, preferably calcium oxide or calciferous substance. The alkaline material is a naturally occurring material with a pH-value of greater than 5, preferably milk, urine, seawater, limewater or suchlike. The alkaline material is a material with a pH-value of greater than 8, preferably sodium hydrogen carbonate, soap sud, ammonia water, di- or trisodium phosphate, caustic soda, potash or such like. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Conditions: The optimum growth condition of microorganisms is 50-70degreesC, and the optimum growth pH of microorganisms is 6-8. Preferred Compounds: The microorganisms belonging to genus Geobacillus, is preferably G.thermodenitrificans deposited under NITEBP-157 with denitrification function. The fermentation accelerator is polysaccharide degradation enzyme or organic-substance material. The polysaccharide degradation enzyme is cellulase, xylanase or pectinase. The organic substance material is oil cake, rice bran, corn steep liquor, brown sugar, soybean cake, meal, meat scraps, dried blood powder, chicken meal, fish meal, boiled lees of dried bonito, lees of pupa, yeast-extract lees and beer lees. Preferred Process: Oxygen is supplied to the nitrogen-containing biomass by aeration of 2 or more times. Then, peat is further mixed with the biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises the components in various amounts as follows (vol.%): ethanol (85) and isopeatane (15); ethanol (85), gasoline (12) and isopentane (3); ethanol (85), gasoline (9) and isopentane (6); ethanol (85), gasoline (6) and isopentane (9); or ethanol (85), gasoline (3) and isopentane (12). The gasoline is commercially available gasoline. EXAMPLE - Six different fuel compositions were prepared using ethanol, CARBOB (California reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending) gasoline (commercial gasoline meeting local volatility specifications and having vapor pressure of 5.7 psi), and/or isopentane, which were as follows (ml): (A) ethanol (1000); (B) CARBOB (1000); (C) ethanol (850) and CARBOB (150); (D) ethanol (850), CARBOB (100) and isopentane (50); (E) ethanol (850), CARBOB (50) and isopentane (100); and (F) ethanol (850) and isopentane (150). The vapor pressures of the composition blends were determined, which were as follows (psi): (A) (2.41); (B) (5.67); (C) (4.44); (D) (6.45); (E) (8.51); and (F) (10.85). The results showed that replacing a part of gasoline portions with isopentane increased the resulting vapor pressure of E85 fuel. For the summer gasoline it took about 3 vol.% of isopentane of the 15 vol.% total hydrocarbon portion to meet summer standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photoelectrode (P1) is of formula M((VI)xO1-x)y. The bandgap of the ternary metal oxide alloy is less than the bandgap of the unsubstituted binary metal oxide (preferably smaller by at least 10 %). The Group VI element is selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The ternary metal oxide alloy is selected from W((VI)xO1-x)3 and Ti((VI)xO1-x)2. The mole percent of the Group VI element replacing oxygen in the ternary metal oxide alloy is less than or equal to10 percent.M = metallic element of group (VI) element;x = 0-1;y greater than or equal to 1.Preferred Method: The method further includes the step of annealing the binary metal oxide in an oxygen environment prior to alloying the binary metal oxide with the Group VI element. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The liquid mixture of cellulose fiber suspension and living cell biomass is maintained at anaerobic condition to produce an organic acid solution. The resulting solution is maintained at anaerobic condition, and organic acid and other organic compound are decomposed to produce combustible gas having methane. Alternately, cellulose fiber contained in liquid mixture of cellulose fiber suspension and living cell biomass is hydrolyzed using hydrolase or hydrolase-producing microbe to produce monosaccharide solution. Monosaccharide and other organic compound of obtained solution maintained at anaerobic state are decomposed, and combustible gas containing methane is produced. Alternately, cellulose fiber contained in cellulose fiber suspension is hydrolyzed to produce monosaccharide solution. The obtained solution is then mixed with living cell biomass. The liquid mixture of monosaccharide solution and living cell biomass is maintained at anaerobic condition, and monosaccharide and organic compound are decomposed to produce organic acid solution. Organic acid and other organic compound of solution are decomposed, and combustible gas having methane is produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The supernatant liquid after removing phosphate ash solid content, is recycled as reaction liquid containing potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The method involves calcium hydroxide to phosphate, separating the content into solid and liquid components, removing the solid content after absorbing the phosphoric acid solution, and obtaining phosphate fertilizer. The method involves mixing natural source of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer blended with phosphate fertilizer to obtain mixed fertilizer. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (1 N, 10.35 kg) was added to sewage sludge incinerated ashes (1 kg). Phosphoric acid was eluted at 75degreesC for one hour. The solid and liquid components in phosphoric acid extract were separated. Slaked lime (2.6 kg) was added to phosphoric acid solution (8.91 kg), and reacted for 90 minutes at room temperature. Calcium phosphate salt (1.21 kg) and supernatant liquid (7.96 kg) were obtained. To the above supernatant liquid, water (2.39 kg) was added to recycle the reaction liquid (10.35 kg). The obtained calcium phosphate salt was then used as phosphate fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Sulfuric acid is used as acid, when sodium hydroxide is used as alkali catalyst. Sodium sulfate is by-produced at recycle process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Gum-like material is removed from unpurified fats and oils in front stage side of esterification process, when the animal and vegetable fats are unpurified fats and oils. An adsorption agent containing pearlite, and phosphoric acid as modifier of unpurified fats and oils are added during removal of gum-like material, and obtained mixture is filtered. The transesterification process is carried out in two stages. The distillation process is carried out in two stages from which carbon number of fatty acid lower alkyl ester, which is to be distilled, differs.Preferred Conditions: The top and bottom pressure of distilling column is 0.1-1 kPa and 2-5 kPa, respectively. The top pressure and bottom pressure of distilling column is 150-200degreesC and 190-220degreesC, respectively. The reflux ratio and evaporation rate of the distilling column is 0-1 and 95-99%. The content of glyceride in the distillate distilled at last stage of vacuum distillation is 0.1 mass% or less, when the main component of animal-and-plant fats and oils originates in 16C and/or 18C fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises adding a binding material and organic material before or after grinding the olive waste; and adding an aromatic material to the olive waste or to the bricks formed, where the aromatic material releases a scent of smoked beef.Preferred Material: The binding material is maize flour. The organic material is dry wood.Preferred Condition: The combustible material is porous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid phase is purified by sieving and membrane separation. The retention that occurs during the fine cleaning contains the dissolved nutrition of the fermented remains in a concentrated form and is used as liquid manure. The addition of liquid phase results completely or partially in one time or in portions. The addition of liquid phase in the middle of the circular pit results in a relatively narrow area. The area of addition is 5-30% of the total outer surface of the pit. EXAMPLE - Fermented remains (50 ton), poor in solid material, were separated into a solid material (3.75 ton) and liquid phase (46.25 ton). The liquid phase was purified by sieving and membrane separation. After processing, fermented remains (3.1 ton), liquid manure (11.4 ton) and industrial water (29.6 ton) were obtained, and water (5.8 ton) was evaporated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer comprises 5-95 (30-75) wt.% fiber and 95-5 (70-25) wt.% particulate comprising both active and inert particulate. It includes 1-1000 g active particulate/m2. The particulate is an absorbent particulate, adsorbent particulate, and/or reactive particulate. The particulate has a major dimension of 0.1-70 microns. It is an adsorbent, or a combination of an inert particulate and an active particulate spacer. Preferred Properties: The web has a Frazier permeability of 1-50 m/minutes and an efficiency of 40-99.9999% under ASTM 1215-89 using monodispersed 0.78 microns polystyrene particulate at 6.1 m/minute or 20 ft/minute. The filter structure comprises fine fiber layers having a thickness of at least 0.5 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The lower limit of the pH target range is set to greater than or equal to4, and an upper limit is set to less than or equal to6.5. The lower limit of the ORP target range is set to greater than -300mV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (disclosed): The bacteria is isolated from the soil. Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria or its mutant degrades the female-hormone substance at the temperature of 15-30degreesC. Preferred Method: The method involves contacting the bacteria or its mutant with the substance contaminated by female-hormone substance, where the bacteria or its mutant is immobilized on the solid support. EXAMPLE - Soil sample was added to soil extract culture medium (soil extract (in %) (20), yeast extract (0.05), diammonium hydrogen phosphate (0.12), potassium chloride (0.1), sodium chloride (0.2) and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.03), at pH 7.1) including 1 mg/ml of 17beta-estradiol, and cultured at the temperature of 20-28degreesC for 15 days. The obtained culture solution was added to the soil extract culture medium including 1 mg/ml of 17beta-estradiol and again cultured for 7 days. Then, the culture was inoculated into 1/2LB+C liquid medium being 1:1 mixture of LB culture medium and C culture medium (ammonium sulfate (in g) (5), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (5.87), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2.93), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (10 ml), sodium chloride (2), yeast extract (0.2), calcium chloride (1 ml), ferrous sulfate (10 g/l), and trace element solutions) including 0.5 mg/ml of 17beta-estradiol. Then, the cloudy formation was observed in the liquid medium which confirmed the growth of microorganisms. The obtained culture was streaked on the 1/2LB+C agar medium having 0.5 mg/ml of 17beta-estradiol, and cultured at the temperature of 20 or 28degreesC. The agar medium was found cloudy with the addition of 17beta-estradiol. The colony around which a portion became transparent by 17beta-estradiol degradation was isolated and again cultured in 1/2LB+C liquid medium. Thus, the strain which degraded the 17beta-estradiol was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The filter cake obtained by filtering the suspension liquid is subjected to composting. The method involves carrying out microorganism processing. In the amino acid plant activation liquid preparation, composting processed material by performing liquid extraction. The method involves filtering the suspension liquid after extraction process. The method involves carrying out preservation by heating the filtrate, by irradiating ultraviolet rays, or by soaking the filtrate in water. The method involves dialysis processing of the filtrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation (Disclosed): The microorganism belonging to the Penicillium genus is cultured from a yeast nitrogen culture medium, citrus-fruits crushed material containing yeast nitrogen culture medium, or malt extract culture medium. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism has a deposition number of NBRC101300. EXAMPLE - A yeast nitrogen culture medium contained potassium hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), a nitrogen source other than ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, and traces of metal and vitamin. A 2-mm crushed mandarin orange fruit-skin (1 g) was mixed with the yeast nitrogen culture medium (30 mL) and heat-sterilized to prepare the microorganisms culture medium. A rotting mandarin orange fruit-skin sample was suspended in the sterilized culture medium (10 mL). The suspension liquid (100 muL) was inoculated into the sterilized culture medium (30 mL) and cultured at 150 rpm and 20degreesC. The culture solutions (50 muL) were inoculated on the culture medium solidified with 1.5% agar and incubated at 30degreesC until some colonies purified. One colony was suspended in the physiological sodium chloride solution which was heat-sterilized on the surface of an agar medium, and inoculated into the culture medium and cultured at 150 rpm and 30degreesC. The culture solution for 0.2-4 weeks was filtered and fruit-skin crushed materials were collected. A 2-week culture medium decreased the mandarin orange fruit skin by 56%. A 4-week culture medium decreased the amount by 75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propylcellulose. The fuel is alcohol such as methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Cellulose derivative, polyethylene glycol and/or partially saponified type polyvinyl alcohol is further added to fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The culture medium containing predetermined component does not include any carbon sources. The living organism is insect, living organism in soil or water. The predetermined component in the artificial is an environmental pollutant, or a substance capable of generating a useful substance by biodegradation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen is generated from hydrocarbon, dimethyl ether or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The host slag material comprises silicon dioxide (43 wt.%), calcium oxide (29 wt.%) and aluminum trioxide (28 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The molecular sieve of the X-type is CaX-type and/or NaX-type. The ratio of active charcoal layer to intermediate layer to molecular sieve layer is 0.1-0.5:0.1-0.5:0.2-0.8, preferably 0.3:0.2:0.5. The removal of water takes place in one of the active charcoal layer, which is pre-connected with adsorbent layer. EXAMPLE - A gas mixture containing 15 vol.% of carbon dioxide, 5 vol.% of methane, 5 vol.% of carbon monoxide, 3 vol.% of nitrogen and 72 vol.% of methane was introduced to a double layer pre-connected dry layer, containing a ratio of active charcoal and 5A-molecular sieve of 0.54:0.46, at an adsorption pressure of 20 bar and a raw temperature of 23degreesC to give hydrogen (84.8%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms are present as a suspended biomass in the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw water is weakly organically contaminated and less contaminated with salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid material comprises hydrogen and/or water. The hydrogen source is capable of forming hydrogen gas via reaction of a solid chemical hydride with an acidic reagent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxidized wastewater is returned to upstream of oxidation catalyst with microbubble. The oxidation catalyst is arranged in wastewater, and microbubble is supplied to catalyst. The catalyst is activated by microbubble and organic pollutant material is oxidized and decomposed. Wastewater is subjected to anaerobic processing by anaerobic bacterium, and/or aerobic treatment by aerobic bacterium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxidation catalyst is formed using anatase type titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The treated water is supplied to a sludge flow path (53b) from the temperature control process. The cleaning process cleans the sludge flow path. During temperature control process, the temperature of the sludge is adjusted to 18-23degreesC of the sludge in fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The foamed plastic sheet is a flexible polyurethane foam sheet. Preferred Method: The carrier is alternately manufactured by cutting the foamed plastic sheet in shape of dice, and then coating the aqueous solution containing surface active agent or water to dice-type material. The surface active agent is adhered to at least one surface of dice-like foamed plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal, which has corrosion, is chosen form zinc, iron, nickel, chromium, aluminum, copper, cadmium and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid fuel or oil is chosen from petroleum, gasoline, light oil, fuel oil, alcohol, diesel oil, hydrocarbon and ether. The metal corrosion is generated in junction portion or welding portion in a liquid fuel or oil tank, or a container, a pipe, tank or container through which a liquid fuel can pour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The nitrifying microorganisms are Nitrosomonas bacteria. The denitrifying microorganisms are Paracocous denitrificans enzyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The agent further comprises zeolite and treated quartz such as quartz sand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The agent further comprises peroxide and citric acid. Preferred Components: The photosynthesis inhibiting substances is terbutryn. The zeolite, peroxide, citric acid and/or quartz are substituted by sodium hydrogen sulfate. The amount of sodium hydrogen sulfate is up to 80%. The amount of: photosynthesis inhibiting substances is 0.01-0.15 wt.%, preferably 0.095-0.096 wt.%; zeolite is 1-62 wt.%, preferably 45 wt.%; citric acid is 1-82 wt.%, preferably 18 wt.%; nitrifying microorganisms is 1-87 wt.%, preferably 2 wt.%; denitrifying microorganisms is 1-87 wt.%, preferably 2 wt.%; and treated quartz is 1-86 wt.%. The agent consists of terbutryn (0.098-0.094 wt.%), nitrifying microorganisms (2.2-1.8 wt.%), denitrifying microorganisms (2.2-1.8 wt.%), citric acid (19-17 wt.%), peroxide (19-17 wt.%), zeolite (48-42 wt.%) and remaining amount of treated quartz. The agent is formed as granulate. The granulate consists of grains with a maximum longitudal extension of up to 3 mm. The agent is filled in a packaging such as sac that consists of a renewable raw piece. The renewable raw material is maize. EXAMPLE - Typical agent comprised of: terbutryn (0.098-0.094 wt.%), nitrifying microorganisms (2.2-1.8 wt.%), denitrifying microorganisms (2.2-1.8 wt.%), citric acid (19-17 wt.%), peroxide (19-17 wt.%), zeolite (48-42 wt.%) and remaining amount of treated quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The atrazine-degrading genetic potential consists of genes trzN, atzB, atzC and trzD that function for atrazine degradation. The atrazine-degrading activity yields carbon dioxide and ammonium ions as ultimate products of atrazine degradation. Atrazine mineralization is the result of complementary catabolic activity of the culture members; some members degrade atrazine to cyanuric acid and other member continues the degradation of cyanuric acid to carbon dioxide and ammonium ions. Substantial atrazine-degrading activity is expressed in a wide range of atrazine concentrations at 10-30degreesC and tolerance of high atrazine concentrations (up to 10 g/l). Preferred Method: The microbiological method (M1) involves batch cultivation of mixed culture under the conditions that are ensuring atrazine-degrading capacity and other identifying characteristics of the culture Atz Mix l. The culture cultivation is performed directly at the contaminated sites and culture is applied as a liquid culture initially grown under the conditions enabling its substantial atrazine-degrading efficiency or as immobilized culture, i.e. cells attached to adequate carriers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The monomer is ethylene. The comonomer is hexene. The diluent is isobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of providing the aqueous electrolytic solution includes providing a sodium hydroxide solution in water of 1-5% (preferably 3%) on a mass per mass basis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tubular support comprises porous ceramic, metal, and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first metal comprises palladium, palladium alloy, palladium and silver, or copper. The second metal is gold, silver, platinum, palladium, nickel, and/or copper. The metal flange is formed of stainless steel, Inconel(RTM: nickel-based alloy), Kovar(RTM: not defined), or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting polymer is Polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The plant biomass is cultivation group plant biomass or waste material group plant biomass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The microwave diffusion unit is a unit to rotate the extraction container, or a unit to carry out diffused reflection of microwave irradiated in the extraction container. The microwave transmission unit is a unit to arrange microwave permeation material in plant biomass. A plant biomass container is installed in the extraction container, to accommodate plant biomass and solvent in non-contact state with extraction container, before heating. The essential oil recovery unit returns the condensed solvent in the extraction container. Preferred Property: The microwave has frequency range of 0.5-10 GHz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of plant biomass and solvent is 1/0.1-1/5. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The irradiation conditions of the heavy ion beam are neon 20Gy irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volatile organic material has vapor pressure of 70-140 kPa at 37.8degreesC, boiling point of 25degreesC or more and flash point of -30degreesC or less. The fuel has vapor pressure of 30-70 kPa at 37.8degreesC and research octane number of 90 or more.Preferred Compound: The volatile organic material is chosen from n-pentane, trans-2-pentene and/or diethyl ether. The alcohol is ethanol. The fuel contains ethanol (in vol.%) (70-85) and volatile organic material (15-30). The ingredients of fuel are nature-derived ingredients. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (in mass%) (80), n-pentane (15), butane (2) and hexane (3) were mixed to obtain a fuel. The obtained fuel had octane number of 108 based on JIS K2280 and vapor pressure of 34.4 kPa based on JIS K2258. The fuel had favorable low temperature engine startability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The bacterial culture in the first hydrolysis phase vessel is selected from Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Eubacteria species. The bacterial culture in the biogasification reactor is selected from Aerobacter, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Leptospira, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Paracolobacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rhodopseudomonas, Sarcina, Serratia, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Methanobacterium omelianskii, Mb. formicium, Mb. sohngenii, Methanosarcina barkerii, Ms. methanica and Mc. mazei.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous solution is slurry of anhydrous oxalic acid or slurry of oxalic acid dihydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle size of pulverized wooden biomass is 50-1000 microns. The wooden biomass is carbonized before pulverization. The fuel oil is fuel oil, light oil or crude oil, when the internal combustion engine is a boiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: More than two stages of gas-making process and more than two stages of solid-oxide fuel cell electric-power-generation process is provided. The raw material is divided, steam (water) is added to one of them, and the mixture is supplied to gas-making process and sent to fuel-cell electric-power-generation process fuel electrode. The remaining raw material is added to the outlet gas and sent to latter gas-making process. Modification reaction is carried out by using the steam and carbon dioxide produced by electric-power generation reaction. In case of methanol raw material, the raw material is divided and hydrogen and carbon monoxide are produced at gas-making process (I) using methanol decomposition catalyst for one portion without adding steam. The remaining methanol is sent to outlet gas for gas-making process (II). Hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide are produced in gas-making process (II) using steam produced by electric-power-generation reaction. The system is an internal gas-making type operated at 450-550degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The methanol decomposition catalyst is zinc/chromium type catalyst or copper-type catalyst. The copper-type catalyst is used for steam reforming of methanol and dimethyl ether. gamma-alumina, zinc/chromium catalyst, or platinum-type catalyst is used for hydration/decomposition of dimethyl ether.
EXAMPLE - Silicon carbide powder (in wt.pts) (45) having average particle diameter of 1.5 microns, silicon carbide powder (30) having average particle diameter of 30 microns, silica sol (10) and 1190 (RTM: carboxy methylcellulose) (0.2) were dispersed in water (14.8), to obtain viscous liquid. Thus, silicon carbide type bonding material was obtained. The silicon carbide type bonding material contains silicon carbide powder (20 wt.%) having average particle diameter of 1.5 microns with respect to 100 wt.% of total silicon carbide powder. The silicon carbide type bonding material had adhesive strength of 3.1 mPa and excellent adhesiveness and thermal resistance. The silicon carbide type bonding material was coated to a thickness of 1.5-2 mm and joined with ground honey comb portion. Another joining material was formed and joint with bonding material, to obtain honey comb base material having angular-filler shape. Then, the honey comb base material was dried at 80degreesC, heated at 750degreesC and bonding material was solidified. The outer periphery of honey comb base material was cut and coated with bonding material. Thus, honey comb material was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding water to the ground organic refuse. The method involves generating the saccharified water after reacting the saccharogenic amylase with starch content adjusted ground organic refuse, by back filtering. The method involves utilizing the sterilized liquid obtained by filtering the saccharified liquid. The conversion ratio for glucose is 48%. EXAMPLE - Production of ethanol was done as follows. Zymomonas mobilis NRRL B-14023 was cultured in YM broth culture medium. Spawn was obtained. The organic refuse containing pine apple, food sushi, eggs, sandwich, vegetables, ham and Japanese fried food wasted in a party (1 kg) was collected. To the above organic refuse 1 l of water was added and ground well. Again 2 l of water was added. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.5 using sodium hydroxide (0.1 N). Saccharogenic amylase dextrozyme (500 mul) was added and stirred well. The saccharification reaction was performed at 60degreesC for 24 hours in a warm tank. The saccharide concentration of the saccharified process is 92 g/l. The saccharified products were centrifuged for 2 minutes at 3000 g, to obtain clarified sugar liquid (1.8 l). The pH of the sugar solution was adjusted to pH 6.2, and placed in a glass jar fermenter after sterilization in a autoclave at 115degreesC for 10 minutes. The spawn (100 ml) was inoculated to above sterilized solution, and cultured at 30degreesC for 15 hours. The pH was maintained at 5.5 by addition of ammonium hydroxide (1 N) with stirring at 150 rpm. The fermentation was completed at 16 hours. Mash was distilled off and ethanol was obtained. The yield was found to be 80 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The mixture is cooled down, when the rise in temperature exhibits a threat to the microorganisms. The process further comprises introducing a cooling, if the temperature in the hottest place of the mixture approaches a value closer to 70degreesC. The cooling is terminated if the temperature of the mixture substantially decreases or drops almost to ambient temperature (e.g. after 8-12 weeks). The water content of the mixture is maintained, for the duration of the procedure, at 15-30%, preferably 18-24%, optionally by further addition of water. During the treatment, the mixture is temporarily arranged on an impermeable, e.g. asphalted base. The adequate cooling of the mixture is carried out by renewed mixing and/or conversion and/or external ventilation of the window. The process further comprises adding a fertilizer (0.5-3, preferably 1 kg/ton of the fine-filtered mixing fraction) to the mixture. Preferred Components: The microorganisms are commercially available soil additive microorganisms, e.g. Terra Biosa (RTM: Concentrate obtained from cultured lactic acid, sugar tubing molasses and special herb mixture), EM (RTM: Efficient microbes) or Animal Biosa (RTM: Lactic acid bacteria). The fertilizer comprises lime, preferably organically bound lime e.g. powdered dried algae. EXAMPLE - The fine-filtered mixed fraction was first sprayed with water till the water content reaches approximately to 20 wt.%. Then the fraction was sprayed with commercial microorganism (approximately 3 kg/ton of the fraction) and subsequently with organically bound lime (approximately 1 kg/ton of the fraction). The fraction was mixed until the homogeneity reaches approximately to 98%. The temperature of the mixture was raised to approximately 70degreesC and subsequently cooled. The moisture content of the fraction was maintained to approximately 20 wt.% by occasionally spraying with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves a second mixing substance mixed with (P1) and (P2). The mixing substance is methanol and mixing of methanol with second mixing substance forms methoxide. Preferred Device: The device comprises inner and outer flow impinge upon a mixing grate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkali metal silicide comprises alkali metals that are selected from the group of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. The alkali metal silicide comprises sodium-potassium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst of the reformer is Cu/ZnO or Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. The catalyst of the CO remover comprises particles made of Pt, Pt/Ru and Cu/CeO/Al2O3. The ceramic material comprises Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic particles are chosen from the group consisting of silica, calcium carbonate, magnetite, talc and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Isolation (disclosed): The Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 strain and Pseudomonas koreensis BC-08 strain are isolated from freshwater fish raising environment. Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria is Pseudomonas koreensis. ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Virucide. In vivo analysis of efficacy of Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 strain in suppressing proliferation of pathogenic virus was carried out as follows: Feed containing the Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 strain, or the feed not containing the Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 strain was administered to the group of seabream fishes for ten days in the ratio of 5 g/body weight/day and the fishes were raised at 25degreesC in the tank containing 100 l of water. Then, the iridovirus liquid of lethal concentration was administered to the fishes by intraperitoneal route and raised for few days. Then, fish survival rate was measured. The survival rate of the fish administered with feed containing Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 strain, was found to be 70%, where as the fish administered with bacteria free feed became extinct.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria is Flavobacteria sp. BC-07 (FERM P-20738) and Pseudomonas koreensis BC-08 (FERM P-21120) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Pure oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or compressed air is used as a gas or gas mixture for aerating the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises cooling a solid native fat such as brown fat, white fat or bone fat at 60degreesC and followed by in situ pre-esterification with a methanolic solution of potassium methanolate. After each replacement of the oil in the fryer, the oil batches are mixed proportionally with methanolic pottasium methanolate i.e. a proportional pre-esterification is carried out. The batches of oil and fats are subjected to a relevant second complete transesterification in a continuous transesterification plant according to the specification. The separation charge between a biodiesel- and glycerin phase of the continuously working unit is reached by a special geometric arrangement of metal gauze in the separator according to the specification, where the density variation in the separating phase such as glycerin phase/biodiesel phase is not less than 1.2. The reaction- and washing step is carried out in an identically constructed device component. The arrangement is suitable for the transesterification of all kinds of oils and fats, with an acid number of up to less than or equal to 2, without the pre-esterification step. EXAMPLE - Brat fat (850 kg) with an acid number of 2 was pre-esterified with potassium methanolate solution containing potassium hydroxide (7.9 kg) and methanol (220 l) at 20degreesC and stirred with a compressed air. The fat was passed through a 250 microns sieve into a mixture of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide to give a fat with an acid number of 0.3. The obtained fat was worked up to give fatty acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises at least 1x105 cfu/g of Lactobacillus diolivorans; or at least 1x106 cfu/g L. diolivorans and at least 1% 1,2-propanodiol, or at least 1x106 cfu/g L. diolivorans and at least 5x104 cfu/g of L. buchneri. Preferred Method: The 1,2-propanodiol is produced by L. buchneri. Greater than 70.9% dry matter is recovered after 80 days of fermentation, or greater than 70.5% dry matter is recovered after 140 days of fermentation. The composition is effective to recover at least 0.5 cfu/g of dry matter when compared with traditional treatment methods. EXAMPLE - A sugarcane silage was treated with 1% 1,2-propanodiol and 1x106 cfu/g Lactobacillus diolivorans. The treatment achieved 82.68% and 76.46% of dry matter recovery rate after 80 and 140 days of storage, respectively, compared with control treatment (69.64% and 67.43%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate has several ceramic layers provided from the surface towards the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrode device generates a product which differs from the gas, by gas treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon comprises a paraffin, naphthene, olefin, aromatic, ethane, propane, ethane, octane, dodecane or biomass fuel. Preferred Method: The hydrocarbon is reformed into a synthesis gas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The synthesis gas is passed through a forward water-gas shift (WGS) reactor to increase the hydrogen in the synthesis gas. The hydrogen is captured as a chemical hydride, e.g. sodium hydride or boron hydride or metal hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid fuel is diesel oil, gasoline kerosene, methanol, ethanol and/or golden triangle energy fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nonconductive polymer frame comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, fluorinated polymers, polypropylene, polysulfones, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polystyrene and its combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The borohydride compound is at least one alkali metal borohydride (greater than or equal to95%) (preferably sodium borohydride and/or potassium borohydride, especially sodium borohydride).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base (5%) is sodium, lithium or potassium hydroxide, sodium or potassium methoxide (preferably sodium hydroxide). The acid (0.1-1 equivalents) is 2-5C dicarboxylic acid, 2-5C hydroxy carboxylic acid, and/or 2-5C hydroxy dicarboxylic acid (preferably malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid and/or oxalic acid). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises at least one metals selected from titanium, tin, scandium, and zirconium (preferably titanium). The aluminum content is at least equivalent to 40% of the aluminum content of the NaAlH4. Preferred Method: The aluminum content of the added particulate mixture is also predetermined to facilitate the transfer of heat to and from the particulate mixture. In the method, hydrogen is repeatedly withdrawn from the sodium alanate content of the vessel for the hydrogen-using device and, upon depletion of hydrogen from the vessel, hydrogen is repeatedly added to the vessel to reform sodium alanate. The aluminum content of the added particulate mixture is at least a 25 (preferably at least 40)% of the aluminum content of the added NaAlH4. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The main material of praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) contained in the hydrogen storage alloy is didymium. EXAMPLE - Metal raw materials were mixed to have composition expressed by formula: (La0.25Pr0.15Nd0.55Sm0.05)0.85Mg0.15Ni3.5Al0.2. A mixture thus obtained was cast into an ingot. This ingot was heated in an argon atmosphere at 1000degreesC for 10 hours to control its metallographic structure. The formed lump of hydrogen storage alloy was mechanically pulverized in an inert gas atmosphere and sifted into alloy particles having particle sizes of 400-200 mesh. The alloy powder (100 parts by mass) was added with sodium polyacrylate (0.4 parts by mass), carboxymethylcellulose (0.1 parts by mass), and PTFE dispersion liquid (2.5 parts by mass). Then, the mixture was kneaded and made into slurry of a negative mixture. This slurry was applied onto both entire sides of nickel-coated punching metal, dried, and the punching metal was pressed and cut into a negative plate for a nickel-hydrogen secondary battery of AA size. At praseodymium/neodymium (Pr/Nd) ratio of 0.27, the battery internal pressure was 20 and the cycle life was 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An antifungal agent, preferably bioash or zeolite, is added to the solid fraction. The nutrients predominantly comprise nitrogen (especially in ammonium form), phosphorus and potassium and are recovered by adding magnesium oxide to the wet fraction in order to precipitate struvite, which is filtered through zeolite and then the zeolite containing the bound nutrients is added to the dry fraction, optionally in combination with a binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An energy increasing additive, preferably paraffin, stearin, animal fat or tallow oil, can be added to the dry fraction. The biomaterial has a high moisture content, typically fresh horse, cow or pig manure, but also including crops or waste from restaurants, large kitchens and foodstuff production processes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The drying process is carried out on a drying bed which consists of a reticulated floor where lower side is raised and on which the raw material is dispersed and dried to predetermined thickness. During granulation process the die length of the dice hole in the dice for carrying out pressing to a pellet form is the die length corresponding to the kind of raw material plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The synthetic methanol catalyst component has average particle diameter of 500 microns or more, preferably 5 mm or less. The zeolite catalyst component has average particle diameter of 500 microns or more, preferable 5 mm or less. The average particle diameter of zeolite catalyst component is same as that of average particle diameter of synthetic methanol catalyst component. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of synthetic methanol catalyst component with respect to zeolite catalyst component the catalyst, is 0.1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The clay is pyrophyllite-talc, montmorillonite (MMT), hectorite, fluorohectorite, saponite, kaolinite, vermiculite, illite, mica, and/or brittle mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper oxide (CuO) is supported in an amount of 20-40 (preferably 25-30) wt.%. The zinc oxide (ZnO) is included in an amount of 20-40 wt.% and the CuO is included in an amount of 20-40 wt.%. The base is added in an amount of 1-1.2 M based on 1 M Zn. The Zn compound solution is added in an amount of 1x103-5x103 (preferably 2x103-3x103) M based on 1 g of clay. Preferred Material: The Zn compound is Zn nitrate, Zn acetate, and/or Zn chloride. The Cu precursor is Cu nitrate, Cu acetate, and/or Cu chloride. Preferred Method: Calcination is performed at 300-500degreesC. EXAMPLE - Montmorillonite was added to a zinc (Zn) nitrate aqueous solution in a 1 wt.% concentration. The amount of the Zn nitrate aqueous solution was controlled until the amount of Zn was 2.75 mmole per 1 g of montmorillonite. An ammonia hydroxide aqueous solution was added to the obtained mixture solution to hydrolyze, and the base was regulated up to 1.1 M based on 1 M of Zn. The hydrolyzed product was stirred for 24 hours and filtered. The filtered product was dried at 200degreesC to give a supporter, which was then impregnated in a copper nitrate-containing compound (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) water solution. The impregnated product was calcinated at 500degreesC to prepare a catalyst. The Cu(NO3)2.3H2O (1.318073 g) was used based on 1 g of the supporter. The prepared water gas shift catalyst had 25 wt.% of zinc oxide (ZnO) and 30 wt.% of copper oxide (CuO); and evaluated. Results showed that the catalyst had good carbon monoxide conversion rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process comprises a cooling technique, which is adapted for the separation of the product in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The process combines the thermochemical reactions with iodine or sulfur base and reforming technique, where the reforming products are cooled to be separated by gaseous permeation membrane. The separation of corrosive products resulting from a dissociation of acid at elevated temperature is replaced by an oxidation of non-metals by hot and concentrated sulfuric acid in low temperature. The products resulting from oxidation are cooled to be separated by gaseous permeation membrane. The separation of the hydriodic acid is done by treating in pure thermal or sulfur bases. Preferred Components: The sulfur, hydrogen sulfide gas and/or solid, liquid or gaseous sulfuric acid, also take part in the production of hydrogen from water by injecting at a precise time of the reaction cycle. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate fluid is ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate fluid is selected from the list consisting of glycol, glycol-water mixture, methanol, propanol, propane and butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves separating a lower alcohol(s) from reaction products comprising fats and oils obtained from the reactor at an upper stage and subjecting the resulting liquid component to oil/water separation to remove glycerin, between the reactor at an upper stage and the reactor at a lower stage.Preferred Components: The fixed-bed reactors each packed with a solid catalyst are used as the reactors. The solid catalyst is a solid acid catalyst (preferably a molded product of a heterogeneous catalyst comprising aluminum orthophosphate). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The aerotolerant anaerobic bacteria includes a species in a genera selected from Desulfomonas, Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The primary adherer bacteria comprises bacteria in the genus Gordonia; and Caulobacter. The secondary adherer bacteria comprises bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas; Bacillus; Enterobacter; and Zoogloea; Gordonia; Caulobacter and Agrobacterium. The secondary adherer bacteria comprises Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Caulobacter vibrioides and/or Caulobacter crescentus. The bacteria in the order Actinomycetales are in the suborder Corynebacterineae. The bacteria in the order Thiotrichales are in the family Thiotrichaceae. The bacteria in the containers is Gordonia, Nocardia, Thiothrix and/or Beggiatoa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The beneficial properties of concentrates, e.g. distillers dried grain, distillers dried grain solubles, medicinals, chemicals including reprocessing concentrate to make sugars, ethanol, simple monomers and nutrients including the nutrient or medicinal return to the potable water, are recovered before anaerobic digestion. The separated non-beneficial concentrate is returned to anaerobic digestion. The total or separate fractions of solid organic concentrate are anaerobically digested under thermophilic conditions to liquefy insoluble organics to improve acidogenesis, hydrogen production efficiency and methanogenesis. A gas of methane fuel value is produced and used to recover its energy value. Methane is separated from carbon dioxide gas of no fuel value, the enriched gas is separately used for its energy value and carbon dioxide is recovered for useful purposes or fixed from entering the atmosphere. The total or separate fractions of organic solids is anaerobically digested to produce ammonia solution for use as fertilizer, for recycling to ethanol fermentation process as nutrient for yeast culturing, as buffering agent for neutralizing acids, and for producing ammonia-based products. Clean water is separated from the concentrate by anaerobic digestion, centrifugation, and ultrafiltration-nanofiltration through a semi-permeable membrane having a molecular weight pore size of not less than 700 Dalton, and recovery of ammonia from the permeate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-polymeric fluorine compound is fluorinated graphite or fluorinated pitch. The catalyst layer comprises the catalyst for reducing oxygen, the promoter for decomposing a product of the oxygen reduction, conductive carbon, and binder. The catalyst for reducing oxygen is activated carbon, and the promoter is a manganese oxide. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio (b/a) of the content (b) of the non-polymeric fluorine compound to the content (a) of the binder is 0.1-11.5. The total content of the binder and the non-polymeric fluorine compound is 5-50% of the total weight of the catalyst layer. Preferred Property: The catalyst layer has a porosity of 50-80%. EXAMPLE - Battery containing (weight ratio of solid components (%)) activated carbon (35), manganese oxide (35), conductive carbon (10), polytetrafluoroethylene binder (a) (19.1), fluorinated pitch (b) (0.9) and the weight ratio of (b)/(a) (0.05) was fabricated. The ratio of total content of (a) and (b) was 20 wt.% and the porosity of the catalyst layer was 70%. Evaluation demonstrated that air battery was excellent in heavy-load discharge characteristics and storage characteristics by adding a non-polymeric fluorine compound to the catalyst layer and controlling the mixing ratio of the non-polymeric fluorine compound and the porosity of the catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic oxide carrier is at least one metal oxide selected from alumina, silica, titania and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is selected from at least one of platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, rhodium and compounds containing the metals. The supported metal catalyst comprises at least one metal component selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, cobalt and copper supported on an inorganic oxide carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid acid is selected from at least one of H-type zeolite and polymer compounds having sulfonic acid groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The waste material is heated at 350-450degreesC under a low oxygen atmosphere condition, and thermally decomposed.Preferred Process: The thermal decomposed residue of waste material is recovered. The valuable metal (24) and non-flammable substance (25) contained in the residue are separated, and residue is heated at high thermal decomposition temperature after a preset time and thermally decomposed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: An exhaust gas from the decomposition chamber collides with the unit having photocatalytic action. The system comprises flow path through which the exhaust gas flows. A water spraying unit is provided in an upper part of the chamber. Warm water is sprayed when humidity in the chamber is less than a predetermined value.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The second deodorization part comprises titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The component (B) is obtained by oxidizing mercapto group of mercapto group-containing alkoxysilane and converting to sulfonic acid group or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The conversion catalyst is a catalyst composition containing zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fuel manufactured using biomass is liquid fuel and/or gaseous fuel. The biomass contains ethanol, methanol and/or methane, preferably ethanol. The organic compound is olefin and/or aromatic compound, preferably ethylene, propylene, xylene or paraxylene. The resin raw material comprises ethylene glycol, acrylonitrile, caprolactam, adipic acid, hexamethylene diamine and/or terephthalic acid, preferably terephthalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The different woods, herbs, ethereal oils, fruits, perfuming substance, flavors and vegetable/animal, hardened (un)saturated oil/fats are incorporated into the grilling coal/firewood pressed mixture; and beer, whisky, herb liquor or wine are incorporated into the grilling coal/firewood-pressed mixture for smoke and scented smoke formation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ground material obtained by pulverizing wooden raw material is classified. The ground material having maximum particle diameter of more than 5 mm is pulverized again. The maximum particle diameter of secondarily pulverized material is adjusted to 5 mm or less. The wooden raw material is pulverized using a grinder by ventilating 250degreesC or less gas. The moisture content in the wooden raw material is 40 mass% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Same or different solid acid catalyst is used for processes (I,II). The naphtha fraction, and low octane number compound (I) and/or low octane number compound (II) are contacted with the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Low octane number compound (II) is processed by isomerization process (II) with low octane number compound (I). Low octane number compound (II) containing linear saturated-fat group hydrocarbon is processed with naphtha fraction at isomerization process (I). The separation process is carried out using an adsorption agent containing silicon, aluminum and/or carbon, a separation membrane, and/or super-fractionation. Preferred Composition: A gasoline composition obtained using the base material has a research octane number of 90 or more, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, and a linear saturated fat group hydrocarbon compound content of 9 vol.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst includes group VIII element chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The deposited organic waste perform plowing by moisture content adjustment and appropriate space. The fermentation curing room is arranged in parallel and multiple sections, and by the space, which carried out plowing, deposited organic waste are moved to other fermentation curing rooms one by one from the above fermentation curing room. The microorganisms comprises several microorganisms such as fiber decomposer microorganisms, ammonium nitrate chemical-forming microorganisms, starch-sugarized microorganisms, protein decomposer microorganisms, and ligninase productivity Penicillium genus or Bacillus genus microorganisms. The Bacillus genus microorganisms are 9011 strain of Bacillus subtillis DB having aflatoxin decomposability or B.subtillis FERM BP-3418 strain. In the method of producing plant of the organic fertilizer, the fermentation curing room, accumulation integration area and packing area are provided in the same sealed building, and fermentation curing room and accumulation area, and fermentation curing room and packing area are connected at the channel. At least three ways are enclosed by the side wall in the fermentation curing room. One or more side wall of the fermentation curing room (height) visually observes the interior region of fermentation curing room.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The microorganisms is immobilized onto two or more types of substrate materials chosen from organic substance substrate and mineral matter. Preferred Method: The method of producing compost involves immobilizing the microorganisms capable of degrading fats and oils and composting organic matter decomposing materials onto two or more types of substrate materials chosen from organic substance substrate and mineral matter. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganisms are Aspergillus genus, preferably Aspergillus sp. EF139 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Microorganisms was inoculated in lipolysis splitting microorganisms enrichment culture medium containing oil for cooking (in g) (50), yeast extract (3), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (3), potassium chloride (0.2), magnesium sulfate hepta hydrate (0.2) and distilled water (1000 ml). The shaking culture was performed in a lipolysis splitting microorganisms enrichment culture medium. Reduction in fats and oils was visually determined. Results showed that the microorganisms was found to be Aspergillus sp. EF139 and exhibited reduction in fats and oils, significantly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: A fuel oil is used as an alternative for supplementary fuel. Alternately, the fats and oil group sludge is collected and crushed. Alternately, a bag which is accommodated with high concentration fats and oil group sludge is ripped and crushed. The crushed sludge is classified into sewage residue and recycled fuel. The classified recycled fuel is concentrated. A fixed amount of concentrated recycled fuel is supplied and added to the sludge cake. The sludge cake is supplied to the incinerator and incinerated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The oxidationcatalyst is a photocatalyst consisting of molybdic acid compoundsupported on a silica support.Preferred Source: Oxygen gas is used as oxygen source in oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.The hydrogen-containing gas is reformed gas of hydrocarbon gas, and is used for fuel cells.Preferred Condition: Carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbondioxide at 100degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas comprises methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The foam-like structure comprises metal which is a hydrogen storage alloy. The hydrogen storage alloy is a gas-phase thermal hydrogen storage alloy or an electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy. The foam-like structure also comprises a hydroxide from nickel hydroxide, or manganese hydroxide. It also comprises an oxide from silver oxides or copper oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The biphenyl utilizable Actinomyces are R.erythropolis TA421 strain. The aromatic ring dioxygenase gene cluster is chosen from bphA1, bphA2, bphA3 and bphA4 gene derived from R.erythropolis TA421 strain. The aromatic ring dioxygenase gene cluster is introduced by which the gene cluster is located under the transcriptional regulation by a high expression promoter. The high expression promoter is a promoter located in 5'-end upstream of the dfdB gene, which is a dibenzofuran metabolic system gene derived from Rhodococcous sp. YK2 strain. The high expression promoter and aromatic ring dioxygenase gene cluster are integrated in Rhodococcus-Escherichia coli shuttle vector. Preferred Method: The dioxins of four chlorinations are 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen permeable base material has a film of palladium formed on both surfaces of the film which consists of palladium or niobium, tantalum and vanadium. Alternately, the hydrogen permeable base material is a porous material which consists of stainless steel or ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The jets have at least three outlets, at least two of which are at right angles to the third. The flow of gas for these is horizontal. The jets are positioned radially around the oxidation zone, the number of jets being determined by its diameter and cross-section. A funnel (70) feeds wood into the oxidation zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second feeding comprises a hydro-alcoholic blend comprising water and 1-2, preferably 1C alcohol. The hydro-alcoholic blend contains a denaturing agent, which is completely miscible with the hydro-alcoholic blend.Preferred Composition: The water content of hydro-alcoholic blend is 5-95, preferably 40-60 vol.%. The second feeding comprises (vol.%): demineralized water (50), methanol (48.5), and iso-butanol (0.15).Preferred Parameter: The volume ratio between gas oil and hydro-alcoholic blend is 2/98-80/20, preferably 5/95-75/25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen separation membrane is partially exposed at the interposed between membrane and porous oxide film. The metal oxide is niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium niobate, potassium niobate, lithium niobate, sodium tantalate, potassium tantalate and/or lithium tantalate. The hydrogen separation membrane contains palladium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium and/or their alloy. The fuel flow path layer or oxygen flow path layer of catalyst consists of highly heat conductive material. The hydride is hydride of isopropanol, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethyl cyclohexane, decalin, tetradecahydro anthracene and/or bicyclohexyl or their alkyl substituted derivatives. Alternately, the hydride is lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride and/or magnesium borohydride, or bioethanol and/or biomethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst is made up of manganese dioxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An electrostatic filter includes fibers that form a dielectric mat which are formed from a material such as polyester and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The oxyfuel combustion process is the combustion of pulverized coal in a water boiler producing steam for expansion to generate power. The method further comprises introducing at least one diluent fluid selected from nitrogen (N2) or water (H2O) to the separated H2 gas to produce H2-containing gas; and using the H2-containing gas for the heat recovery. The H2 is separated from the gaseous mixture by pressure swing absorption or by an amine scrubbing process or physical solvent absorption process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The CO2 product gas comprises one or more contaminants selected from SO2, SO3 and NOx.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The content of metal in the hydrogen generation catalyst is 0.05-20 wt.%, preferably 1-5 wt.%. The hydrogen generation catalyst further comprises a support material chosen from activated carbon, coke and charcoal, a support containing refractory inorganic oxide(s), a support containing metal in the form of foam, sintered particle, fiber and/or monolith, a support in the form of perovskite of formula: ABO3, where A is metallic atom having divalence, and B is metallic atom having tetravalence. Preferred Metal: The metal is cobalt or ruthenium. Preferred Properties: The hydrogen generation catalyst has BET surface area of 5-25 m2/g. The supported catalyst has pores, average pore radius of 5-50 Angstrom , preferably 20-30 Angstrom and volume of 5-10 ml/g. The metal has particle size of 2-40 nm, preferably 10-20 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alkane-containing feed stream and oxygen-containing feed stream are injectively intermixed and turbulently agitated within reaction chamber. The product stream is fluidly conveyed to backmixing reaction chamber product stream through a flow restriction baffle. The alkane-containing gas feed stream is pressurized with a centrifugal blower before supplying feed stream to reaction chamber. Preferred Compound: The alkane comprises methane. The alkyl oxygenate comprises methanol. The alkyl oxygenate further comprises formaldehyde or ethanol. Preferred System: The reactor system has a space-time of less than 40 seconds for inducing and reacting respective to a combined feed rate of alkane-containing feed stream and oxygen-containing feed stream. The tubular-flow reactor has an inlet and an outlet. The tubular-flow reactor is quenchably cooled with a cooling gas stream received from a cooling gas inlet disposed at a physical location between tubular-flow reactor inlet and tubular-flow reactor outlet. The tubular-flow reactor discharges a reaction product stream from tubular-flow reactor outlet. The reaction product stream is scrubbed with a liquid absorbent to condense methanol from reaction product stream in a scrubber (134). The absorbent further absorbs carbon dioxide from reaction product stream. A recycle stream is recycled from scrubber to alkane-containing feed stream. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of alkane in alkane-containing feed stream is 4:5-20:21. Preferred Chamber: The reaction chamber has a housing and a bulkhead in slideably-sealed interface to housing. The reaction chamber has internal volume defined by backmixing reaction chamber housing and bulkhead. The housing has a housing portion in opposite disposition to bulkhead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A rack holding the principal electrodes and the supplemental electrodes is made of highly dielectric plastic including PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The energy is added by a high kinetic energy process. The high kinetic energy process comprises ball milling. The hydrogen source is exogenous to the coal. The process further involves evolving at least a portion of the stored hydrogen under hydrogen evolution conditions to produced evolved molecular hydrogen. The hydrogen evolution conditions comprise moderate temperature conditions. The process further involves collecting the evolved molecular hydrogen; and transporting the evolved molecular hydrogen to a desired location. The moderate temperature is 0 - 100degreesC and the moderate pressure is 0 - 10 atm, inclusive.Preferred Components: The mixture further comprises a transition metal. The carbon source further comprises a material selected from a transition metal, alkaline earth metal, alkali metal and/or non-metal; acene; unsaturated hydrocarbon; and coal. The hydrogen source is a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The hydrogenated carbon material comprises a hydrogen carbon clathrate is characterized by evolution of molecular hydrogen at room temperature at atmospheric pressure. The hydrogenated carbon material comprises molecular hydrogen, and hydrogen bound to carbon. EXAMPLE - Producing hydrogen using combined storage and production process as follows: A Fritsch Pulveristte LC-106A with stainless steel components (316 SS) was used to ball mill the samples at 400 revolutions per minute (rpm). Buck Mountain coal and powdered graphite (Carbone) were ball milled for 80 hours, both with and without a cyclohexene (99%) wetting agent added at a 3.3 ml per gram of coal ratio. All milling occurred under a 1 bar argon atmosphere to obtain Buck Mountain Coal milled for 80 hours in cyclohexene. The evolution of cyclohexene, benzene, and hydrogen during the sample heating was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Wash water containing a micro nano bubble is sprinkled in the waste gas. Microorganisms are bred in the liquid and activated by micro nano bubble. Charcoal (15) is immersed in the liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing gas is air supplied to modifier. The catalyst of layer (A) contains ruthenium supported by alumina, and the catalyst of layer (B) contains platinum supported by alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The dehydration process takes place by means of a pressing procedure. The partial flow of sludge developing during the pressing process is added as an inoculant to the waste material to be dehydrated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mixed culture contains a portion of polymers that supports flocculation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heterogeneous catalyst comprises an element consisting of iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, tungsten, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, zinc and silicon in amount up to 2.5 wt.%. The homogeneous catalyst comprises potassium and/or sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst supported trap layer has aid materials composed of a material selected from a group consisting of alumina, zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is composed of a material selected from a group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The gelled propane fuel or gelled MON-30 oxidizer comprises a gellant selected from silicon dioxide, clay or carbon; and additive selected from hydrogen gas, lithium metal, carbon, aluminum or boron. Preferred Compositions: The gelled propane fuel or gelled MON-30 oxidizer comprises 3-5 wt.% silica as gellant. Preferred Components: The gelled propane fuel or gelled MON-30 oxidizer comprises an additive selected from monomethyl hydrazine, surfactant, or hydroxypropyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gelled propane fuel or gelled MON-30 oxidizer comprises a gellant selected organic polymers and inorganic polymers. The gelled propane fuel and gelled MON-30 oxidizer are thixotropic gels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride comprises sodium tetrahydroborate, magnesium tetrahydroborate, lithium tetrahydroborate, aluminum tetrahydroborate, beryllium tetrahydroborate, zirconium tetrahydroborate, calcium tetrahydroborate, potassium tetrahydroborate, lithium hydride, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride, calcium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride and lithium aluminum hydride. The catalyst comprises cobalt, ruthenium, and platinum, palladium, nickel, iron, gold, silver, manganese, rhenium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium and cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises polyamides, polycarbonates, polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters, polyvinylidene fluoride and polybutyl terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectrochemical particles comprise a powder such as titanium oxide, strontium-titanium oxide, tantalum oxynitride, tantalum nitride, strontium-tantalum oxygen nitride, calcium-tantalum oxygen nitride, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, or lutetium-tantalum oxygen nitride. The photoelectrochemical particles may comprise an n-type semiconductor powder such that oxygen is formed within an anterior compartment and hydrogen is formed within the posterior compartment or p-type semiconductor powder such that hydrogen is formed within the anterior compartment and oxygen is formed within the posterior compartment. The catalyst comprises platinum, nitrogen, hydrogenase, or oxygenase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - A solid oxide fuel cell is used. Electricity is produced from methanol by converting it into hydrogen which is then supplied to the cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The injection rate of organic waste into the composting unit is varied based on fermentation cycle time of organic waste. The production of odor gas in the composting unit is judged based on the temperature in the compost. Air heated using heat produced in the deodorizing-electric power generating unit, is introduced into composting unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains granular material (in wt.%) (1-20) containing magnesium component, which is magnesite and foaming agent (0.1-5). The foam glass material is obtained by foaming the glass powder grain, and forming a gap. The granular material contains magnesium component in the exposed surface and gap inner wall face.The foaming agent comprises calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, barium carbonate, silicon carbide, borax, particle carbon, limestone or dolomite (disclosed).Preferred Process: A foam glass material is added and dispersed in bottom sludge of to-be-processed water containing phosphorus, and phosphorus contained in water is adsorbed using the foaming glass material, and eluted from the bottom sludge. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No agricultural data is given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of silica and alumina in the zeolite is 2-10. The reaction temperature is 100degreesC or less. The concentration of methanol in hydrocarbon-type fuel is 1 mass ppm or more. The hydrocarbon-type fuel contains water (1 mass ppm or more).Preferred Components: Zeolite is faujasite-type zeolite. The zeolite-type desulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion-exchange of zeolite with silver and copper. EXAMPLE - Alumina binder (in kg) (5) was mixed with a NaX type zeolite powder ion-exchanged with silver and copper (30), and extrusion molding was carried out to obtain desulfurizing agent. A liquefied petroleum gas was desulfurized using the obtained desulfurizing agent. The sulfur content of the outlet gas after 170 hours was found to be 20 mass ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The protective layer contains nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, chlorine and/or bromine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic charge generating substance is azo pigment of formula (I).Cp1,Cp2=coupler residue of formula (II);R201,R202=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy or cyano group;R203=H, alkyl or aryl group;R204-R208=H, nitro, cyano, halogen, halogenated alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, dialkyl amino or hydroxyl group;andZ=atomic group required to form (un)substituted aromatic carbocyclic ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring.Preferred Properties: The organic charge generating substance has diffraction peak (plus minus0.2degrees) at Bragg angle (2(theta)) of 9.4degrees or more, 9.6degrees and main peak at 24degrees, with respect to X-ray of CuKalpha having maximum diffraction peak at 27.2degrees. The diffraction peak at low angle side is at 7.3degrees. The substance has titanyl phthalocyanine crystal, which does not show peak between 7.3degrees and 9.4degrees, and 26.3degrees or more. An intermediate layer is provided between support and charge generating layer. The intermediate layer consists of electric charge blocking layer and moiri prevention layer. The electric charge blocking layer contains insulating material and has film thickness of 2-0.3 microns. The moiri prevention layer contains inorganic treatment and binder resin in a volume ratio of 1/1-3/1. The exposure light source used for forming latent image is light source of short wavelength of 450 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A thermal-decomposition apparatus (18) is provided at front stage of storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The livestock farming related waste material comprises of one or more of cattle feces, hen droppings and pig feces. The moisture content after mixing byproduct glycerin and livestock farming related waste material is 70 wt% or more. EXAMPLE - Cattle feces (360g) and byproduct glycerin (40g) were mixed uniformly in 1000 ml culture flask and covered with a rubber stopper and a cock. A tube was connected to a cock and tied to gas sampling bag. The culture flask was soaked in water bath and anaerobic fermentation was carried at 40degreesC without stirring. After 6th day, 7.12 l hydrogen, 4.52 l carbon-di-oxide, biogas, small amount of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected. The production of hydrogen carried out by anaerobic fermentation of cattle feces in absence of byproduct glycerin, was observed. The results indicated that more amount of hydrogen is produced when fermentation of mixture of cattle feces and byproduct glycerin was carried out in presence of 70% or more moisture content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pipe is formed of sintered aluminum and zirconium oxides and has a thickness of 5-50 (preferably 20-50) mm. The pipe may be formed from modules of pipe pieces fitted together. The pipe contains a catalytic bed to divide the reaction chamber into two distinct reaction zones. The coating of ceramic fibers is in the form of loose fibers, or in the form of a tape, felt, fabric, or unwoven fabric wound around the pipe. The coating comprises alumina and silica fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The lower part of the demethanizing-column is operated at a higher pressure as the upper part. In the process, heat exchanger, expander, pumps, compressor, valves and/or conductions are at least partially re-used. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (II) is optionally replaced by animal fats. The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel further comprises: antioxidants (III) (0.01-1 wt.%, preferably 0.02-0.06 wt.%) from the class of the sterically hindered phenols; a homogeneous soluble cetane number conditioned compound from alkylnitrate and/or dialkylperoxide; a detergent; and a nucleating agent like long chain substituted hyperbranched polymers. Preferred Components: (I) comprises completely or partially refined soya bean oil with low concentration of palmitic acid. (II) is an ester of 6-14C linear saturated fatty acid, preferably coconut methyl ester- or palm kernel methylester oil. (II) further comprises non-biogenic origin fatty acid alkyl esters in the form of unevenly saturated 7-15C-fatty acid alkyl ester. (III) comprises complete or partial butylhydroxytoluene. The detergent is amines, dimidazoline, amide, succinimide, polyalkyl succinimide/-amine or polyetheramine. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: soya refined oil (80%); Estisol 170 (RTM: Coconutmethyl ester oil) (20%); and butylhydroxytoluene (0.05 vol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid permeable pouch is made of material containing 75-100 percent polyester, and 0-25 percent rayon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves: dehydrating the distilled ethanol to produce an ethanol with a higher proof, than the distilled ethanol; mixing the whole stillage with bacteria and water prior to digesting; separating the residue from the digestion step into digested liquids and digested sludge; recycling bacteria from the digested sludge into the whole stillage; dewatering the digested sludge to produce a soil amendment and a water residue; recycling the water residue from the dewatering of the digested sludge into the whole stillage; stripping ammonia from the digested liquid to produce an ammonia rich air stream; scrubbing the ammonia rich air stream to produce an aqueous ammonia fertilizer; recycling water from the digested liquid following ammonia stripping into the whole stillage; and separating the residue into a liquid fertilizer and top soil residue. During the dehydrating step, water is recovered and utilizing the recovered water during the distillation step. The step of digesting involves digesting a mixture containing whole stillage anaerobically in a tank that includes several sectors in series, where each sector is portioned from each other. The step of separating the residue involves dewatering its portion to produce the top soil residue and a recyclable water residue; or stripping and scrubbing its portion to produce an ammonia fertilizer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pollutant comprises volatile sulfur compounds. Preferred Condition: The carbon monoxide gas and the carbon dioxide gas supplied to the reactor is at 10-2000degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Same or different solid acid catalyst is used for processes (I,II). The naphtha fraction, and low octane number compound (I) and/or low octane number compound (II) are contacted with the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Low octane number compound (I) is processed by isomerization process (II). Low octane number compound (II) is processed by isomerization process (II) with product (I), or with naphtha fraction, or with low octane number compound (I). Low octane number compound (II) containing linear saturated-fat group hydrocarbon is separated into saturated-fat group hydrocarbon having branch(es) and saturated-fat group hydrocarbon having 2 or more branches. The separation process is carried out using an adsorption agent containing silicon, aluminum and/or carbon, a separation membrane, and/or super-fractionation. Preferred Composition: A gasoline composition obtained using the base material has a research octane number of 90 or more, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, and a linear saturated fat group hydrocarbon compound content of 9 vol.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst includes group IV element chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and tin, group VI element chosen from tungsten, sulfur and molybdenum, and VIII element chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a compound comprising water or a weak acid and a photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water upon receiving light or heat. The solar battery includes a positive electrode substrate that is a compound formed by mixing particles and fibers of a conductor to desired ratio that can emit electromagnetic waves with at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions and active carbon, or their compound. The positive electrode substrate is made from active carbon or active carbon fibers. The photo catalyst is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, cadmium sulfide, or zinc sulfide formed at a nanometer scale. The solar battery includes a non-photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water in no light or heat condition. The non-photo catalyst is at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions, active carbon, or an acid root. The solar battery has an absorbent located between the positive electrode substrate and the film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar battery includes a negative electrode substrate from aluminum, zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium, alloys of aluminum and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium and magnesium, alloys of zinc and lithium, alloys of zinc and magnesium, or alloys of zinc and lithium and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film is made from polymers or a conversion coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Purification is carried out using at least two filter stages in the air circulation stream, the first filter being a coarse filter with a hemp fiber packing density of 30-35 kg/m3 and the second being a fine filter with a hemp fiber packing density of 35-45 kg/m3. The hemp fibers have a staple length of 30-60 mm and fiber fineness of ca. Nm 8-14. The suction flow through the filter stages is generated by a suction tube ventilator downstream of one of the stages. The filter stages are carried out using exchangable cassettes, insertable into the circulating air. Measurement of the pressure loss is carried out between the inlet side of the first filter stage and the outlet side of the second filter stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: (VI) has particle size 30-100 microns and is an oxide of Ti, Zn, Fe, Zr, Mn, Al and/or Ce, or a mixed oxide, particularly TiO2 or ZnO, optionally having an organic and/or inorganic surface coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (VI) is 0.5-10, preferably 1-5, wt.%: (I) is 1.5-60, preferably 10-25, wt.%; (II) is 1-25, preferably 7-15, wt.%; (IV) is 0.1-10, preferably 0.7-3, wt.%; (V) is 40-98, especially 60-90, wt.%. Particularly (I) is the only film-forming and/or fixing component in the composition.Preferred Materials: (I) is a plant, animal or inorganic wax, preferably of m. pt. 50-85degreesC, specifically beeswax; carnauba, candellila or montan waxes and/or cetyl palmitate. (IV) is an anionic or nonionic surfactant, preferably the salt of an ether carboxylic acid and compounds that contain phosphate-groups. (V) is a 3-5C alkane, particularly n-butane and/or propane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: (II) is dimethicone; dimethiconol or cyclomethicone. EXAMPLE - A spray composition comprised, by weight, 1% Special wax 7686 OE (mixture of cetyl palmitate; beeswax; microcrystalline wax and polyethylene); 15.75% Weichceresin FL400 (RTM for a mixture of vaseline, vaseline oil and wax); 1% TiO2; 2% Hostaphat (RTM for a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-(12-14C alkyltetraglycol ether-o-phosphates)); 0.1% sunflower oil; 0.15% perfume and n-butane to make 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum is 0.5-10 pbw. The cerium is 1-20 pbw. Preferred Material: The oxide carrier is formed of alumina (Al2O3), titanium oxide, zirconia (ZrO2), stabilized zirconia, and/or cerium oxide. Preferred Component: The dispersing medium is water. Preferred Dimension: The specific surface area of the oxide carrier is 10-1000 m2/g. The platinum is in the form of platinum particles having an average particle size of 1-10 nm. Preferred Property: The platinum dispersion is 60-99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersing medium is alcohol. EXAMPLE - 0.22 g of platinum ammonia nitrate, 2.42 g of cerium nitrate hexahydrate and 10 g of gamma-alumina were added to 50 ml water, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours. The mixture was vacuum dried at 60degreesC to remove the solvent, then dried in an oven at 110degreesC for 16 hours and then calcined at 500degreesC for 2 hours in air. Subsequently, the resultant was reduced in the oven at 300degreesC for 2 hours in hydrogen atmosphere to prepare platinum-cerium/gamma-aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biodiesel is cooled to a temperature of less than 38degreesC, preferably 4-38degreesC, in multiple stages using a series of heat exchangers. The heat exchangers are periodically cleaned by running un-cooled biodiesel through the heat exchangers without supplying cooling fluid to the exchangers. The cooling stage (I) reduces the biodiesel temperature to 93-105degreesC, cooling stage (II) further reduces the biodiesel temperature to 26-33degreesC, and cooling stage (III) further reduces the biodiesel temperature to 18-24degreesC. The filtering is performed in multiple stages. The filtering stage (I) includes addition of an adsorbent to the biodiesel. The adsorbent is diatomaceous earth, silica and/or sand, preferably diatomaceous earth which is added by an amount of 0.1-0.25 wt.% of the biodiesel. The filtration stage (I) includes a leaf filter and filtration state (II) includes a sock filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The multi-functional catalyst composition further comprises catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) material capable of enabling oxidation of coke deposits on the multifunctional catalyst and enabling the conversion of hydrocarbon species to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The CPO material comprises platinum-group metal comprising element chosen from rhodium, platinum, iridium, palladium, osmium and/or ruthenium. The platinum-group metal is present in an amount of 0.1-5 wt.%, preferably 1 wt.%. The CPO material and SCR material are disposed on the cracking catalyst material. The cracking catalyst material comprises zeolite. The zeolite is aluminophosphate and/or silico aluminophosphate. The zeolite comprises ultrastable Y zeolite (USY), beta-zeolite, ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-22, ZSM-35, MCM-22, MCM-36, MCM-41, MCM-48 and/or SAPO-34, substituted with rare earth elements. The SCR material comprises a catalytic metal oxide (5-31 mol%) and a promoting metal (0.5-9 mol%). The metal oxide comprises oxide chosen from gallium oxide, silver oxide, indium oxide and cerium oxide. The promoting metal comprises metal chosen from silver, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, indium, vanadium, zinc, tin, copper, iron and bismuth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The primary hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon-based liquid engine fuels, preferably diesel fuel, or alkane, alkene, alcohol, ether, ester, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone and/or carbonate, preferably ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butene, pentane, pentene, hexane, hexene, heptane, heptene, octane, octane, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, methanol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, acetaldehyde and/or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The compost raw material is further added to the extracted liquid compost, and solid and liquid are separated. The liquid compost is then concentrated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ion exchange capacity of the aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte film is 0.5-1.6 meq/g. Preferred Condition: The hot press temperature is -20degreesC to 20degreesC with respect to initial softening temperature of the aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte film. Preferred Electrode: The electrode of the assembly contains aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in mol) (0.014), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (0.36), SPECIANOL DPE-PL (RTM: terminal hydroxyl group-containing phenylene ether oligomer) (0.05), potassium carbonate (0.065) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (100 ml) were heat-stirred at 195-200degreesC and reacted for 11 hours. The polymerization liquid was cooled and filtered. The filtrate was washed and dried to obtain aromatic hydrocarbon group polyelectrolyte. The obtained polymer (10 g) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (40 g), and cast uniformly on a glass plate. The glass plate was heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour, 120degreesC for 0.5 hour and 150degreesC for 0.5 hour, and dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 150degreesC for 2 hours. The film was peeled from the glass plate, immersed in water and subsequently in sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The film was water-washed and dried in air, to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane. The thickness, initial softening temperature, and ion exchange capacity of the obtained electrolyte membrane was 33 microns, 148degreesC and 0.96 meq/g, respectively. An assembly of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electrode was formed. The assembly had favorable bondability. A fuel cell using the assembly had favorable electric power generating efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel bag is formed on material selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene-ternary type rubber (EPDM), polyvinyl-acetate-ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (PVAc-EVA), polyvinyl chloride, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Features: The liquid is displaced with circulating water in the mixing container. The circulating water is pumped from the outlet (12) of the fixed bed reactor into the mixing container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The drying gas after it has moved in co-current with the material and has thus been cooled leaves the drying chamber and is introduced into a first heat exchanger, which heats up this drying gas, after which the drying gas heated up by the first heat exchanger is introduced into the drying chamber, and the torrefying gas, after it has moved in counter-current to the material and has thus been cooled down leaves the torrefying chamber and is introduced into a second heat exchanger, which heats up this torrefying gas, after which the torrefying gas that has been heated up by the second heat exchanger is introduced into the torrefying chamber.Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the hot gas introduced into the torrefying chamber is 200-400degreesC (preferably 300degreesC). The temperature of the hot gas introduced into the drying chamber is 150-600degreesC (preferably 350degreesC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 5-14.95 wt.% of (I), 85-94.95 wt.% of (II) and 0.005-0.05 wt.% of (III). Preferred Components: (I) is tetrahydrothiophene (preferred), methyl ethyl sulfide, dimethylsulfide and/or diethylsulfide. (II) is methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate (both preferred), n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate and/or dodecyl acrylate. (IV) is a tetramethyl piperidin oxide derivative of formula (IVa). (III) is N-(tert-butyl)-N-(1-(ethoxy(ethyl)phosphino) propyl)nitroxide, N-(tert-butyl)-N-(1-diethylphosphono-2,2- dimethylpropyl)nitroxide and/or N-(tert-butyl)-N-((2-methyl-1-phenyl)propyl)nitroxide.R5 = H, amino, R6-COO-, R6-CON-; andR6 = 1-4C alkyl. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): ethyl acrylate (58.66); methyl acrylate (29.33); tetrahydrothiophene (12); and N-(tert-butyl)-N-(1-diethylphosphono-2, 2-dimethylpropyl)nitroxide (0.01).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Torrefaction is carried out for at least 30 (60) minutes at 200-320degreesC and 20-90 bar. Water is heated to the torrefaction temperature at a sufficiently high pressure for it to remain in liquid form and then it is mixed with the biomass to form a slurry which is then added to the reactor. The direct contact between the water and biomass heats the latter to the torrefaction temperature. The biomass is cooled to below 100degreesC, preferably room temperature, after torrefaction. The cooling step is carried out using a cooler unit (3) through which water flows to act as a coolant. The water from the cooler unit is supplied to the reactor. After torrefaction the pressure of the reactor is reduced to atmospheric level using an expansion vessel (4), drying gases and moisture being generated during pressure reduction. These gases are supplied to a combustion unit (25) for burning to form hot exhaust gases, which in turn are supplied to a heat exchanger (20) used to heat the water being supplied to the reactor. Pressure reduction is carried out after the cooling step. Water from the reactor and expansion vessel are collected in a purification device (30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lubricating oil is applied to inner surface of a copper pipe (1) containing copper or its alloy, and inner-surface processing is carried out. The inner-surface processing is form-rolling, which provides the tooth shape to the inner surface, or reduction processing. Non-oxidizing gas is substituted in atmosphere of pipe, which is subjected to reduction processing or form rolling, and annealing is carried out.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol is of formula: R1-OH, where R1 is 9-18C hydrocarbon group. The additive further contains aromatic hydrocarbon (1-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorocarbon compound is saturated fluorocarbon. EXAMPLE - Carbon black was subjected to plasma processing in the presence of hexafluoroethane and optionally oxygen. The treated carbon black had contact angle of 138degrees with respect to water. Platinum was supported to treated carbon black. The true dynamic electric current of treated carbon black was 0.185 A/Pt cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The secondary-emission agent is a kind of metal oxide selected from beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microchannel apparatus contains a catalyst for catalytic oxidation of combustible volatile contaminants. The catalyst comprises platinum, palladium, rhodium, rhenium, nickel, cobalt and/or manganese. The catalyst is wash-coated onto the walls of channels of the first set.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Preferred Method: The glycerine and biodiesel are separated. Hydrogen gas produced in the first catholyte compartment is introduced into the second anolyte compartment. Hydrogen gas produced in the second catholyte compartment is introduced into the second anolyte compartment. The second anode comprises a catalyst to facilitate oxidation of hydrogen gas into hydrogen ions. Alkali hydroxide produced in the second catholyte compartment is removed and introduced into the first anolyte compartment. Water produced in the first anolyte compartment is removed and introduced into the second catholyte compartment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A settling tank (68) separates the glycerine and biodiesel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol comprises a straight chain, lower 1-6C alkyl alcohol that may contain more than one hydroxyl moiety. It is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, hexanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol. The triglyceride comprises vegetable oil or animal fat. It has the formula (C3H5O3)(OCR)3.R=14-24C hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The liner is formed of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The housing is formed from stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The core is formed from a fluoroelastomer. The surface layer comprises a polymerized layer polymerized using a process gas comprising hydrocarbon or its chemical analogs or using a process gas comprising acetylene, ethane, ethylene, methane, or their chemical analogs. The seal is formed of a fluorocarbon rubber compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid enzyme formulation dripping tube is made of hydrophilic material, polycarbonate or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenated aromatic compound is cyclohexane, methyl cyclohexane, decalin, methyl decalin, tetralin and/or methyl tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aqueous solution containing potassium ruthenate, and chloroplatinic acid are used to obtain the catalyst. Preferred Property: The content of chlorine in the catalyst is 200 mass ppm or less. Preferred Method: Carbon monoxide in a source gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is selectively oxidized by contacting with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of the catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in the source gas is 0.5-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of ruthenium is 0.05-2 mass% and the content of platinum is 0.0002-0.5 mass%, in the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas is obtained in hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether by de-sulfurization reaction, modification reaction, and water-gas shift reaction. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is 0.1-2 vol.%. The carbon monoxide concentration in the gas produced after oxidation is 100 volume ppm or less. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium ruthenate (in g) (0.194) and chloroplatinic acid (0.194) in water (100 ml) was prepared. Alumina support (25) having a specific surface area of 320 m2/g was supplied to the liquid, impregnated, stirred for 3 hours, and filter-separated. Hydrogen processing was then carried out at 120degreesC for 15 hours and at 500degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain a catalyst. The load of ruthenium was 0.3 mass%, load of platinum was 0.03 mass%, potassium content was 90 mass ppm, and chlorine content of 75 mass ppm. The catalyst had excellent capability to selectively oxidize carbon monoxide in source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Reactor: The nuclear reactor is a fast reactor or fast breeder reactor, which uses liquid metal as coolant, or high-temperature gas cooled reactor, which uses helium as coolant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fuel reforming method may comprise supplying fuel and oxygen to the reactor; mixing the fuel and oxygen; igniting the fuel such that partial oxidation occurs; and then reforming the partially oxidized fuel. The oxygen is provided in the form of air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves performing the reaction at 50 - 400 (preferably 200 - 320, especially 230 - 300)degreesC for at least 10 minutes (preferably 1 minute) and forming solid by mixing powdered lithium nitride and powdered lithium amide in a mol.% range of 0.2 - 5 mol lithium nitride per mole of lithium amide or mol% ratio of 08:1.2. The powdered lithium nitride and powdered lithium amide comprise particles (0.5 - 10) mm in diameter. The reversible hydrogen capacity is at least 5 (preferably 6, especially 6.5, particularly 6.8) wt.%. The method (M2) further involves subjecting hydrogen storage solid to at least one (preferably 4, especially 7) hydrogen adsorption-desorption cycle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The combustion installation is a cement manufacturing equipment, installation for electric power generation and/or gasification installation. Preferred Method: The combustible gas is washed with alkaline water, and tar mist is removed. The washing liquid after alkaline water wash is supplied to a solid-liquid separator and the separated solid content is supplied to the combustion installation. The carbonized material is supplied to the combustion installation, after removal of non-flammable components. The removed non-flammable is washed and the washing liquid is supplied to a solid-liquid separator. The high temperature gas generated in the combustion installation is used as heat source of the organic material, preferably as gas for partial combustion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Escherichia coli, or Candida.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Plant: The oil (I) is used untreated as delivered. Residence times may be reduced by using mixers with very intensive mixing properties and individual purification stages may be omitted depending on raw material quality. Glycerol is removed continuously in the stages by separators; excess methanol may be recovered and recycled to the process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The oil is chosen from vegetable oil, animal fat, used motor oil and their mixture.Preferred Component: The coalescing aid comprises a hydrocarbon having a specific gravity of less than 1 and a viscosity of less than 2 centistokes at 40degreesC. The hydrocarbon fuel comprises 12% or more of fuel mixture.Preferred Process: A cetane agent and a lubricant are further added to the fuel mixture. The lubricant is chosen from trimethylbenzene, ethylene and their mixture. Acetone is further added to the mixture. The fuel mixture is further passed through a particulate filter and a carbon filter. A triglyceride composition is blended with hydrocarbon fuel to form fuel mixture. Water content is established in fuel mixture of at least 0.4 ounces of water per gallon of fuel mixture. The coalescing aid is added in amount of 0.25 oz/gal to fuel mixture. Water is removed from fuel mixture using coalescing filter (16). The hydrocarbon fuel is chosen from diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, and their mixture. The coalescing aid is chosen from naphtha, xylene, naphthalene, toluene and their mixture.Preferred Composition: The biodiesel fuel composition comprises triglyceride (wt.%) (75 or more), hydrocarbon fuel (12 or more), coalescing aid (0.25 oz/gal or more), cetane additive, and lubricant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The MEA environment includes populations of facultative heterotrophic fermentors, autotrophic nitrifiers, heterotrophic facultative denitrifiers, heterotrophic PAOs, heterotrophic MEAPAOs, and autotrophic ammonium denitrifiers. The MEA environment comprises biological microorganisms regenerating at a rate of greater than or equal to 1015 base pair replications/second. The MEA environment comprises concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, and dissolved oxygen below 5 mg/l. The MEA environment comprises concentrations of oxygen below 0.1 mg/l, and nitrate concentrations of below 0.5 mg/l. The waste comprises a concentration of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of at least 100 mg/l, and a TKN to total BOD ratio of more than 1:20. The MEA environment contains at least 1017 biological microorganisms with a doubling time of less than or equal to 10 days, or at least 1013 biological microorganisms with an average doubling time of less than 30 days/pound of total BOD or TKN in combined waste stream. The wetlands environment is dewatered and the solids are harvested to recover a beneficial humus material. The humus material are mixed with at least one of clay, sand, silt, mud, soil, gravel, dust, mine tailings and dredgings, polymers, plastics or other inert or inorganic materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nutrient is phosphorus, or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of peptidase involves culturing the above-cited microorganism such that the peptidase is produced. Preferred Peptidase: Peptidase is chosen from peptidase (P1) isolated from Bacillus sp. strain 97001, and peptidase having substantially equivalent property of P1 and having an amino acid sequence of P1 in which one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted or added by variation, where the peptidase is biologically active and stable. EXAMPLE - Microorganism of Bacillus sp. strain 97001 was cultivated in the bacillus culture medium containing yeast extract (in weight%) (0.4), polypeptone (0.8) and sodium chloride (0.2) at 30degreesC for 18 hours in presence of shaking, to obtain starter culture liquid. The obtained starter culture liquid (4 ml) was added to 400 ml of bacillus culture medium and cultured at 30degreesC for 18 hours in presence of shaking and the front culture solution was obtained. The obtained front culture solution (1.6 l) was inoculated into 160 l of bacillus culture medium containing antifoamer (0.01), and cultivated at 30degreesC for 18 hours. The culture was centrifuged and supernatant was obtained. The obtained supernatant was concentrated at 4degreesC using membrane filtration apparatus (membrane of molecular cut off 10000), to obtain peptidase. The obtained peptidase showed maximum activity at 60degreesC, stable at the range of pH 6-9 and had a molecular weight of 26000. The obtained peptidase solution (100 ml) was mixed with 100 ml of potassium phosphate buffer, and allowed to react on Aurelia aurita and cut Aurelia aurita at 30degreesC. The Aurelia aurita was found to be completely degraded in 6 hours while the cut Aurelia aurita was completely degraded within 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The inorganic base materials (I,II) have specific surface area of 10-400 m2/g. The carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst has average specific surface area of 50-220 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The inorganic base material is chosen from alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, ceria, magnesia, silicon carbide and/or silica-alumina-magnesia. The alumina is chosen from gamma-alumina, theta-alumina and/or alpha-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl ester from vegetable oil is methyl ester or ethyl ester. Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises at least an additive, such as antifoaming agent or cleaning agent, which allows the improvement of the cold characteristics. Preferred Process: The process further comprises incorporating alkyl ester into the diesel blend or diesel base and adding ethanol to the obtained mixture. EXAMPLE - The typical composition comprised of ethanol (20 parts by volume) and methyl ester from rapeseed oil (30 parts by volume).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The first separation is carried out on a rough sieve having a hole diameter of 10-15 mm for separation of dung or droppings from biohumus mass and larvae, and the remains on this sieve is thrown away, which is not suitable for use. The second separation is carried out upon the first one, that is present on the medium sieve having a hole diameter of 5-10 mm for separating the biohumus of the first fraction that goes onto granulation of the rest, and the remaining first fraction on the medium sieve has neither larvae nor dolls. The third separation is carried upon the second on the fine sieve having the hole diameter of 0.5-5 mm allowing only fine biohumus to pass through, and the remaining second fraction of biohumus of granulation 2-6 mm with larvae, dolls, etc, is specially treated on hollow three part trays.The third fraction is collected in a separate dish below the fine sieve having fine biohumus with granulation of 0.1-2 mm without larvae and dolls and this fraction is further dried and grinded. The process constantly maintains the moisture level of fine biohumus (granulation 0.1-2 mm) to be 15%, then it is grind and granulate to obtain a moisture of up to 20%, which is suitable for pack it into bags until for usage. The biohumus is stored at 17-22degreesC. The transportation temperature for biohumus to the consumers is not less than 5degreesC. The air flowing above the processed material takes over the waste gases, that have odorous smell, from the process and this air is allowed through a biofilter comprising a column filled up with moistened straw, previously prepared, and the preparation consists of blowing clean air through the moistened straw, during which anaerobic microorganisms are removed, and the remaining microorganisms are fed by waste gases. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bolt is manufactured from an electrical conductive material e.g. rust-resistant steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holding plate is manufactured from an insulating material e.g. plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The resistance coil is responsive to heat and/or electricity such that the application of heat and/or electricity unbinds or releases carbon dioxide from the active material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous material can be porous carbon material comprising a molecular sieve. The porous material comprises active carbon, carbon fiber, carbon tube, charcoal, or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The active material is capable of binding carbon dioxide. It can be amine, amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, amidine, amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer. The amine comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolamine. The amidine comprises 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene (DBU), tetrahydropyrimidine (THP), N-methyltetrahydropyrimidine (MTHP), or polystyrene or poly(meth)acrylate (each being modified by DBU, THP, or MTHP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The active material can be a polymer produced by modification of pre-made polymer structure using active molecules. The porous material comprises porous polymer material. The substrates comprise porous plastic plate, silica wafer, and/or nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The specialized sulfur adsorbent comprises copper oxide, zinc oxide and amorphous aluminum. The specialized sulfur adsorbent contains 10-50 wt.% amorphous aluminum and 90-50 wt.% hydrated alumina. The hydrated alumina is crystalline boehmite, pseudo-boehmite, gibbsite, aluminum hydroxide, or alumina hydroxide (AlO(OH)). The desulfurization system includes a zeolite sulfur adsorbent and a selective sulfur adsorbent. The zeolite sulfur adsorbent comprises calcium exchanged zeolite X or LSX ion exchanged to greater than or equal to50% available metal ions with calcium ions. The selective sulfur adsorbent comprises 60-80 wt.% manganese compound(s) (e.g. manganese (IV) oxide, manganese (III) oxide, manganese (II, III) oxide and/or manganese hydroxide), 15-40 wt.% copper oxide, and 5-15 wt.% binder. EXAMPLE - A synthetic natural gas feed stream comprising 93% methane, 3% ethane, 2% propane, 0.2% butane, 1% carbon dioxide, 0.75% nitrogen, 9 ppm carbonyl sulfide, 14 ppm tetra hydro thiophene, 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide and 10 ppm ethyl mercaptan was passed through an artificial reactor containing an adsorbent comprising 70% crystalline hydrated alumina and 30% copper oxide, zinc oxide and amorphous aluminum. Breakthrough did not occur until after 100 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The peroxide includes peroxide(s) from compound of formula M-I2O2 (1), a compound of formula M-IIO2 (2), or sodium hydrogen peroxide. It is also hydrogen peroxide.M-I=H, Li, Na, K, NH4, Rb, or Cs; andM-II=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, or Hg.Preferred Composition: The peroxide is 0.01-99, preferably 0.1-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The peroxide includes peroxide(s) from compound of formula R-O-O-R (3). The primary fuel is aqueous solution(s) of an aqueous solution of 1-10C alkyl alcohol or an aqueous solution of 1-10C alkyl acid. It also comprises fuel(s) from methanol, ethanol, or formic acid.R=acetyl group or 1-20C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution is 0.01-17 M. EXAMPLE - A 1 L fuel composition was prepared from 32 g methanol, 100 g of a 30 wt.% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, and ultra-pure distilled water. In the fuel composition, the weight ratio of methanol to hydrogen peroxide to ultra-pure distilled water was 3.20:3.00:93.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water cleans a permselective membrane used for the separating step.The primary byproduct comprises carbon monoxide and is oxidized using air (23).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises 0-25 (preferably approximately 5) wt.% water and approximately 75-100 (preferably approximately 95) wt.% methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The composite material also comprises aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The composite material comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel substance comprises a solid material consisting of alkali metals, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, and/or sodium borohydride. The power generator further comprises a hydrogen generation catalyst combined with the fuel substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The oxygen permeable, water vapor impermeable membrane comprises a fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer or a perfluoroalkoxy polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Raw Material: The microorganism raw materials using the earthworm excrement obtained by adding bacteriostatic substance to the extract. The absolute aerobic bacteria are added in such a quantity, thus proliferation of microorganisms, which advances a putrefaction of the extract, is suppressed. The aerobic living microbe is a purple non-sulfur bacterial. The living microbe in absolute aerobic living microbe containing the microaerophile exists at a ratio of 107-109 cell/ml. The bacteriostatic substance is a dehydro acetic acid, and is added to the extract of an earthworm excrement in 0.1-10% of ratio. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. Akitakomachi rice was inoculated. A solution comprising microorganism raw material was added at a space interval of 30 days. A solution not comprising the microorganism raw material was taken as control and added to the rice field. The yield of harvested rice plant was investigated. Results showed that the plant height and ear length was found to be significant in test group.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Biosensor: The biosensor comprises a substrate with at least one coating of an inorganic-organic hybrid polymer as a matrix for at least one Ruthenium complex and at least one enzyme for converting bioproducts. The substrate is a glass and/or a polymer. The substrate is an optical lens or an optical fiber. The substrate is an optical fiber having a cladding layer. The Ruthenium complex is selected from complex of ruthenium tris-(1,10-phenanthroline) dichloride, ruthenium tris-(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichloride and ruthenium tris-(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) dichloride. The enzyme is glucose oxidase from Penicillinium vitale, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus niger type II or Aspergillus niger type IIS for determining glucose. The enzyme is glucose oxidase, glucose isomerase or glucose catalase for determining fructose. The enzyme is glycerokinase, L-glycerol-3-phosphate (sic) or catalase for determining glycerol. The enzyme is immobilized in a polymeric host matrix. The polymeric host matrix is polystyrene, styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer or polyacrylics. The inorganic-organic hybrid polymer is obtained by hydrolytic condensation of at least one alkoxysilane or by hydrolytic condensation of at least one organically substituted alkoxysilane and at least one alkoxy compound of a metal, especially Si(OEt)4, Ti (OEt)4, Zr(OPr)4 and Al(O-sBu)3. The substrate has a single coating comprising the at least one ruthenium complex and the at least one enzyme. The substrate has a first coating containing the at least one ruthenium complex and a second coating containing the at least one enzyme. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises separating the residue after the biomass fermentation process, separating the solid as fixed muck and decomposing the liquid residue over a further anaerobic fermentation step, pre-purifying the remaining liquid over an aerobic trickling filter by the decomposition of C- and N-substrate and processing the obtained raw water to pure water and fertilizer concentrate using an ultrafilter and/or a single- or two-stage reverse osmosis plant. The amount of heat resulting from the CHP is additionally converted partially to electric power by means of an energy-saving module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The aerobic-fermentation apparatus is rotary kiln fermentation apparatus, preferably rotary kiln (102) or rotary drier which is free from lining brick. The storage warehouse is sealing-type building. The anaerobic fermentation of the fermentation treated material is suppressed in the storage warehouse. The maximum deposition amount of the fermentation treated material in the storage warehouse is set to 2-5 m. The storage warehouse is provided with a ventilator which ventilates air, deodorizing machine which processes the ventilated air, and a detector which monitors the combustible gas concentration of the air in the warehouse. The usage amount for 1-30 days is stored in the kiln for cement manufacture, while using the fermentation treated material as some raw materials and mineral fuel with the kiln.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A porous region is made of carbon, metal, or conducting polymer. The carbon is in form consisting of carbon nanotubes, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon cloth, carbon aerogel, and/or conductive polymers. The separator is a hydrophobic membrane comprising expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), polysulfone, or polyetherimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (V) is not isolated prior to further reaction. The process further comprises hydrolyzing (II) to form (V) and, without isolating an acid, reacting with ammonia to form salt and then forming a lactone ring. The solution comprises methanol as a solvent. The premix is formed by adding a mixture comprising butylated hydroxyanisole and water to a solution of (VI). ACTIVITY - Antilipemic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor.    EXAMPLE - Acetonitrile (172.5 liters), simvastatin ammonium salt (25 kg), para-toluenesulfonic acid (0.5 kg) and toluene (402 liters) were added into a reactor and subjected to heating at 80degreesC for 29 hours. Water that was formed during the reaction was separated by azeotropic reflux. The reaction mass was cooled to 42.5degreesC and the reaction mass was filtered. The solvent was completely distilled from the filtrate at 60degreesC under vacuum mercury (650 mm) and then cooled to 45degreesC. Methanol (300 liters) was added to the residue and stirred for 20 minutes. Activated carbon (2.5 kg) was added to the obtained mass and subjected to stirring for 30 minutes. The mass was filtered, washed with methanol (50 liters) and heated to 37.8degreesC. Water (350 liters) was added to the filtrate and cooled to 12.5degreesC for 2 hours. The obtained solid mass was centrifuged followed by washing with precooled mixture (110 liters) of methanol (55 liters) and water (55 liters). The wet material was subjected to spin drying for 2 hours and subjected to drying at 54degreesC. Finally the obtained compound was cooled to 32degreesC to give simvastatin (14.5 kg, 63%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (I) is prepared by an atomic layer deposition process of the noble metal on the nanostructure substrate. The atomic layer deposition process comprises the step of exposing a noble metal vapor precursor to a surface of the substrate resulting in at least a portion of the noble metal vapor being adsorbed onto the surface, purging any non-adsorbed precursor away from the surface, exposing a vapor reactant to the surface, where the vapor reactant will react with the adsorbed precursor, and purging an non-reacted reactant away from the surface. The reactant is hydrogen.Preferred Components: The nanostructure substrate comprises a non-noble metal. The surface layer comprises a noble metal. (I) further comprises an ion conductive electrolyte positioned in at least some of the pores in the substrate. The nanostructure comprises at least one of nanoparticles, nanowires, honeycombs, and inverse opals. The noble metal is platinoid, preferably platinum. The thickness of the surface layer on the substrate is 1-100 monolayers. The pore diameter of the nanostructure is 3-200 (preferably 5-50) nm. The non-noble metal comprises a first-row transition element, valve metal and/or coinage metal. The first electrode is an oxygen or air cathode. The second electrode is a hydrogen anode, where the noble metal loading in (I) is 0.2-0.017 mg/cm2, or methanol anode, where the noble metal loading in (I) is 0.1-0.04 mg/cm2. The ion exchange membrane comprises a proton-conducting polymer and it fills at least part of the pores of the substrate. The membrane-electrode assembly further comprises first and second gas diffusion layers in contact with the catalyst layers. The noble metal vapor is (eta5-methylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum, (eta5-ethylcyclopentadienyl)trimethylplatinum or (eta1,5-cyclooctadiene)dimethylplatinum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The cupric sulfide is precipitated at a pS of 10-15 and an Eh of -100--120 mV. The ferric hydroxide is precipitated at a pS of less than 2 with nitrogen gas sparging. Zinc sulfide is precipitated at a pS of 10-15 and an Eh of -100--120 mV. Ferrous sulfide is precipitated at a pS of 5-8 and an Eh of -80--200 mV. Manganese sulfide is precipitated at a pS of 10-15 and an Eh of -100--120 mV. All metals are recovered together as mixtures of the metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizing agent is a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bioreactor contains silica gel beads containing an encapsulated bacterial suspension that are made by adding bacteria, sodium alginate and distilled water to a colloidal silica solution and maintaining the pH of the mixture at 6-7, dropping the mixture into a 5% calcium chloride aqueous solution to form silica gel beads, and curing silica gel the beads in the solution. The bioreactor contains polyvinyl alcohol gel beads containing an encapsulated bacterial suspension that are made by mixing polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate and distilled water and heating the mixtures until all material is dissolved to form a homogeneous mixture; cooling the solution and adding a bacterial suspension; and adding the mixture to a solution of sodium nitrate and calcium chloride to form polyvinyl alcohol-sodium nitrate gel beads. The bioreactor contains silica gel beads or polyvinyl alcohol gel beads containing alginate and an encapsulated bacterial suspension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is ethanol.Preferred Composition: The fuel contains ethanol (83-97 vol.%) and isopentane (3-17 vol.%). The ingredients of fuel are of plant origin.Preferred Property: The fuel has vapor pressure of 30-70 kPa at 37.8degreesC and research octane number of 90 or more. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (95 vol.%) and isopentane (5 vol.%) were mixed to obtain fuel. The fuel had favorable knock-proof performance and engine low temperature startability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Culture Medium: The porous material and/or carbide material is obtained from a wood timer, where the porous material is processed into fragments. The porous material is chosen from Japanese-cedar material. The carbide material is chosen from arbitrary combination of charcoal, bamboo charcoal and leaf charcoal. A portion of cellulose in the component contained in the porous material produced from the Japanese cedar and hemicelluloses are saccharified. The dilution liquid of the wood vinegar, bamboo acid liquid or Japanese fir vinegar is impregnated. The aggregate of porous material and/or carbide, which has the carrier microorganism, is used as a culture medium instead of natural soil. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The electrical voltage between the two surface electrodes is less than a voltage necessary for electrolyzing water (11). At least two proton exchange membranes are connected in series with the surface electrodes, in which the electrical potential of the surface electrodes decreases toward the surface electrodes. The molecular hydrogen is obtained by reacting silicon with an aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The liquid manure is cattle liquid manure, pig liquid manure and/or other animal feces. Preferred Process: After the application of the fertilizer, the cultivated fruit exhibits highest level of purity and quality without coliform germs, Escherichia, enterobacteria, Enterococcus/faecal Streptococcus, pseudomonas and with aerobic mesophile germ of 3.2x104 KbE/g, yeast motivation of 2x102 KbE and molds motivation of 2.6x103 KbE. The starting material during the addition of the sugar solution is added as biological catalyst for shortening of the ripening time.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The starting material has satisfying brown color; homogeneous, flow capable granulation; pleasant smell; hygienic state; extremely high concentration of essential plant nutrient and traces elements; high purity degree; absence of plant and soil affecting chemical components; high concentration of organic substances; required CN-ratio (30:1); good water retentivity; very good capillary action; and prevention of the nutrient material washout. The nutrient content present in the end product is as given in the table of the specification. Preferred Components: The separated solid part of the liquid manure has a dried mass of 20-70%. The carbon and cellulose containing material has a maximum particle size of 0.1-6 mm by mixing. The ratio of dry mass (Tm) of carbon and cellulose material in the long term manure ratio is equal to the quality, where the deviation in the ratio depends on the external condition in the material transformation and used carbon- and fiber material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal borohydride is lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, calcium borohydride, zinc borohydride and/or titanium borohydride. The metal cation in the metal borohydride is alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or transition metal. The metal chloride composition comprises metal chloride and magnesium chloride. The metal chloride is zinc chloride. The molar ratio of the metal borohydride to sum of the magnesium chloride and metal chloride is 1:1-6:1. The molar ratio of the metal borohydride to magnesium chloride is 2:1-3:1. The molar ratio of the metal borohydride to sum of the magnesium chloride and metal chloride is 1:1-2:1. The molar ratio of the solvent to the sum of the metal borohydride and the metal chloride composition is 50:1-100:1. The borohydride complex is magnesium chloro borohydride or zinc magnesium borohydride etherate. Preferred Process: The solvent is removed via evaporation. The treating comprises heating the borohydride complex to 80-250degreesC. The magnesium chloro borohydride is heated to 180-235degreesC and the zinc magnesium borohydride etherate is treated to 80-120degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is alkyl ether, preferably methyl ether, ethyl ether and/or propyl ether. EXAMPLE - Magnesium chloride (in g) (1.99), lithium borohydride (0.91) and ethyl ether (100 ml) were stirred at room temperature. Ether was evaporated by heating the mixture to 235degreesC, and magnesium borohydride was obtained as white solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The nonphenolic oxygen scavenger or its precursor comprises a compound having a vapor pressure greater than 10 Torr at 25degreesC. The nonphenolic oxygen scavenger comprises a hydroxylamine or an amine N-oxide; the phenolic antioxidant comprises hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone or catechol (preferably hydroquinone). Preferred Composition: The composition comprises the nonphenolic oxygen scavenger (0.001 - 5, preferably 0.01 - 5 wt.%). The fatty ester component comprises a biodiesel and further comprising a petroleum distillate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Diethylhydroxylamine and triethylamine N-oxide) are specifically claimed as the nonphenolic oxygen scavenger. Hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone and catechol are specifically claimed as the phenolic antioxidant.    EXAMPLE - A composition (test) comprised (wt.%) methyl oleate (70%), diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) (4%) and hydroquinone (HQ) (100 mg/ml). A control composition comprised only 70% methyl oleate. The oxidative stability was evaluated for both the compositions. Viscosity of each sample was measured on day 0, using a Brookfield DV-II viscometer at 21.5degreesC, and the bottles were then sealed. The bottles were opened every three days for approximately five minutes to admit oxygen, and then re-sealed. Samples were withdrawn from the bottles every seven days for viscosity measurement. The changes in viscosity (in cP) over a 28-day period was observed. The viscosity increased in the test as well as the control sample. However, an unexpected synergy was seen in the test samples containing both DEHA and HQ i.e. the velocity decreased and it maintained a low viscosity over a 28-day period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The tree branch pieces comprises pieces of Cinnamomum camphora and/or Ligustrum japonicum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid reaction product is passed through the catalyst layer of reactor (II) from top portion to bottom portion. The catalyst layer of reactor (II) is heated to high temperature by a heating medium which flows from top portion to bottom portion of catalyst layer. The vapor of hydrogen unsaturated aromatic compound containing hydrogen gas produced in reactor (II) is cooled with liquid reaction product supplied from top portion of reactor (II). The vapor is condensed and liquid is recovered. Preferred Compound: The hydrogen unsaturated aromatic compound is naphthalene or naphthalene methylate. The reaction composition is tetralin or tetralin methylate. Preferred Composition: The mole concentration of each component in reaction product of bottom portion in reactor (II) satisfies the relation: (hydrogen)/((naphthalene)+(tetralin)) less than 1, where (hydrogen) is number of moles of hydrogen, (naphthalene) is number of moles of naphthalene, and (tetralin) is number of moles of tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is iron, silver, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, gold, copper, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, cobalt, zinc, zirconium and/or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is a carbonized material of biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The medium pipelines are manufactured from V4a-stainless steel (chromium-nickel-molybdenum-steel).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The medium pipeline, for passing the coolant, is enclosed with gas-leading medium pipeline. The medium pipeline is divided into several medium pipelines. The medium pipelines are aligned parallel and adjacent to one another. The coolant is glycol-water mixture. The medium pipeline for the coolant is connected with a coolant aggregate (10), where the connection is capable of transporting the coolant. At least a storage facility (11) for the coolant is assigned into a medium pipeline (5) between the coolant aggregate and the channel. The medium pipeline, for the coolant, is enclosed in the channel region by an expansion. The expansion is formed by a plastic tube (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, a coolant is led at a distance directly opposite to the direction of the gas. The process is carried out sequentially. The coolant is kept at 5degreesC. The surface along which the gas is led, is cooled with the coolant, where the condensate is obtained at the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In producing thermophilic microorganisms, an increasing amount of ethanol is added into the culture media, with the microorganisms allowed to adapt to the added ethanol prior to the next incremental addition of ethanol. The ethanol is incorporated to a final concentration of at least 3-7.5% w/v, where ethanol is incorporated in increments of 0.5% w/v or less. Ethanol is incorporated to the culture media at early log phase. In the method, the microorganism has an inactive lactate dehydrogenase gene, and does not comprise a restriction system. Preferably, the microorganism is Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius. The microorganism also comprises a non-native pdc gene or a non-native adh gene. EXAMPLE - Ethanol tolerance of a wild-type organism (NCIMB 11955) was tested in order to determine the starting point. The organism was grown overnight (LB agar plate, 60degreesC) and a colony used to inoculate an overnight culture (100 ml USM, 1% glucose, 60degreesC, 250 rpm). This culture was then used to inoculate a triplicate series of flasks containing 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% ethanol which were then grown for 36 hours before the growth was measured (50 ml USM, 1% glucose, 60degreesC, 250rpm). The strain isolated at the end of the fermentation displayed consistently higher optical density values than the starting strain. There was a significant difference in growth at 5% ethanol indicating improved ethanol tolerance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: (I), of particle size 30-100 micron, is a silica-based compound, especially silica, mixtures containing silica or a silicate, particularly ground pumice; aluminosilicates and/or magnesium-aluminum silicates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: This contains 5-40, preferably 15-35, wt.% (I); 1.5-60, preferably 10-25, wt.% (W) and 40-98, preferably 50-75, wt.% (P).Preferred Materials: (W) is of plant, animal or inorganic origin, with m. pt. 50-85, best 50-75, degreesC, particularly beeswax; carnauba, candelilla or montan waxes and/or cetyl palmitate. Preferably it is the only film-forming and/or fixing component in the composition. (E) is a nonionic or anionic surfactant, particularly an ether-carboxylic acid salt or a phosphate group-containing compound, present at 0.1-10, best 0.7-3, wt.%. (W) is a 3-5C alkane, preferably n-butane and/or propane. EXAMPLE - A composition comprises (by weight) 1% beeswax; 9.1% Weichceresin FL400 (RTM: a mixture of vaseline, vaseline oil and wax); 7.65% crushed pumice; 2% Hostaphat KL340D (RTM: a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-(12-14C)alkyltetraglycolether-ortho-phosphate ester); 0.25% perfume and n-butane to make 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus precipitates are selected from magnesium ammonium phosphate and iron (III) phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The new strain was isolated from the soil of mountain region by standard recombinant method.Preferred Generator: The hydrogen generator comprises a hydrogen isolation unit (15) for selectively isolating and collecting hydrogen from the gas. EXAMPLE - Screening and isolation of novel Bacillus subtilis strain capable of generating hydrogen was carried out as follows. Soil (10 g) was collected from large mountain region, and was added to a container containing 300 ml of water and was stirred. The water phase was isolated and 0.5 ml of the water phase was added to LB agar medium and was cultured at 25degreesC for 24 hours. The hydrogen production ability of the microorganisms contained in a culture was evaluated by treating the culture in the presence of water and iron, and analyzing the culture solution by gas chromatography. The microorganism that generated hydrogen was isolated and the characteristics of the strain were studied. The isolated strain belonged to B.subtilis genus, had spore forming ability, and was catalase positive, capable of producing gas/acid from glucose. The isolated novel strain having the above characteristics and capable of producing hydrogen at high energy efficiency was determined to be Bacillus subtilis sakane strain, and was deposited under the acceptance number FERM BP-10715.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous solution contains an additive, e.g. lower alcohol, silver salts, colloidal silver; zinc salts; zinc oxide; chlorhexidine; anionic, cationic, non-ionic and/or amphoteric surfactants, emulsifiers, hydrotropes, glycerol, stannates, chelating agents, acids, bases, fragrances, coloring chemicals, and/or surface tension decreasing agents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent is carbon dioxide (CO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The extract is analyzed by UV-VIS photo spectrometric analysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solvent is light hydrocarbon, preferably 1-4C hydrocarbons.Preferred Parameter: The solid residues are dried at 30-60degreesC for 10-180 minutes. The process is conducted at 50-300 atm for 40-180 minutes. EXAMPLE - Husks (100 g) were dried in a hothouse with re-circulation of air at 45degreesC for 20 minutes, and were taken to an extractor at 40degreesC for 2 hours at a carbon dioxide pressure of 250 bars. The solvent used was carbon dioxide (CO2). As from the solution extracted (oily mixture) a solution of lesser concentration was prepared in chloroform/cyclohexane (1:10) for UV-VIS photo spectrometric analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (c) of retaining involves an ultrafiltration of the solution obtained in step (b). The ultrafiltration is conducted inside or outside the reaction chamber. In step (c), the solution obtained in step (b) is released by pressure. The biocatalysts consisting of carbonic anhydrase suspended in the liquid are provided in a free state, linked to a solid support or entrapped in an organic or inorganic solid substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: the metal is lithium, beryllium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, boron, aluminum, or silicon. Preferred Composition: The substituted ratio of aluminum with respect to metal nitrogen compound is 40 mol% or less. The metal nitrogen compound further contains metal hydride or metal simple substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal nitrogen compound is metallic amide compound, metal imide compound or metal nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from palladium, platinum, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, gold, silver, nickel or alloy containing 2 or more of the above metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component comprises a mixture of vegetable oil esters e.g. methylic or ethylic esters of colza, palm, pine, soya, sunflower, tallow, corn, carthame, cotton, coriander, mustard and all other esters containing stearic esters and/or esters of at least 18 unsaturated carbon atoms. The fuel comprises stearic ester at 0.5-2.4 wt.%, preferably 0.5-1.2 wt.%. The fuel comprises 16-18C saturated esters at greater than 10 wt.%. The fuel comprises a combination of vegetable and animal oil ester mixture at greater than 10 wt.%, preferably greater than 20 wt.%. The fuel comprises an additive of cold filterability. Preferred Components: The stearic acid ester is monoalcoholic esters containing 1-6 carbon atoms e.g. methylic, ethylic, n-propanolic, isopropanolic, n-butanolic or tert-butanolic esters. The mass ratio of stearic ester contents to total unsaturated fatty acid ester content is 5-9.6%, preferably 7-9%. The unsaturated fatty acid esters present in the composition are mono- or polyunsaturated acid esters containing 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms. The unsaturated fatty acid esters are oleic, linoleic or linolenic acid esters. The stearic acid ester or the unsaturated fatty acid esters are natural or synthetic. The stearic acid ester or the unsaturated fatty acid esters are prepared by transesterification of triglycerides contained in vegetable and/or animal oils. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The DSC includes mesoporous titanium dioxide as a photoactive semiconductor. Preferred Property: The photoactive semiconductor comprises nanoparticles of roughly 20 nm in size, and is in the region of 5-10 microns thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The DSC includes Z907(RTM: ruthenium dye), as a sensitizer. The DSC includes an organic electrolyte, preferably n-propyl-n-methyl imidazolium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stabilizer mixture components are at least one additive to maintain cetane levels at or above petroleum fuel requirements for Diesel Number 2 fuel; at least one additive to maintain and clean oil solids from injectors and fuel systems; at least one additive to maintain lubrication of the internal combustion engines and their parts; at least one additive to remove or separate water from the at least one fuel and the fuel composition; or at least one additive to prevent gelling of the fuel composition. Preferred Material: The biosynthetic oil is peanut oil, vegetable shortening, cottonseed oil, soy oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, palm oil, waste vegetable oil, recycled animal oil, recycled vegetable oil, tallow, lard, or yellow grease. The petrochemical fuel is Diesel Number 1, Diesel Number 2, or Farm Diesel. Preferred Composition: The stabilizer mixture comprises 0.086-0.017% (v/v) of the total volume of the petrochemical fuel and the biosynthetic oil pre-mixture. The stabilizer mixture comprises (vol.%) 1-acetoxyethylene (6-8%); heavy aromatic solvent naphtha (10-14); 5-pentenylsuccinimide (1-2); ethylbenzene (3-6); 2-ethyl hexylnitrate (29-31); 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (2-4); 1-(methylethyl)benzene (1); xylene (20-23); 2-butoxyethanol (6-8); 2-ethylhexanol (0.1); 1-hydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctane (0.4); tall oil fatty acid (1); light solvent naphtha (10-14). EXAMPLE - About 22.7 L of stabilizer mixture were added to a total of 26500 L of a fuel pre-mixture of 70% waste vegetable oil and 30% Diesel Number 2 to give a final stabilizer concentration of 0.086% v/v. A truck fueled with the composition demonstrated an increase in fuel economy of roughly 3% over the truck fueled with Diesel Number 2, and had a reduction in hydrocarbon emissions of 60% compared to the Diesel-fueled truck.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The hydrogen generating substance is metal chosen from aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises a transition metal other than platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. The transition metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, or copper. The base metal catalyst further includes at least one ligand bonded to the base metal. The multidentate ligand comprises oxygen, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, and/or sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The base metal catalyst and amine-borane are combined to form a catalytic initiator by forming a solution or a slurry of the amine-borane in a solvent, combining the base metal catalyst with the solution or slurry, and heating the catalyst combined with solution or slurry to up to 80degreesC (up to 60degreesC). At least one of a (R1HN- BHR2)m oligomer and a (R1N-BR2)n oligomer is heated to 80-200degreesC. Preferred Component: The solvent is toluene, chlorinated solvents, or ethereal solvents. The chlorinated solvent is methylene chloride and/or 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The ethereal solvent is tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and/or diglyme. The base metal catalyst is tetrakis(trimethylphosphine) nickel, bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) nickel, bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane iron dichloride, or N-heterocyclic carbene copper chloride. At least one of a (R1HN- BHR2)m oligomer and a (R1N-BR2)n oligomer comprises acyclic oligomer and/or cyclic oligomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethereal solvent is polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - A solution of 8 mg Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2 and 18 mg N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene in 0.5 ml C6D6 was added to a solution of 18 mg ammonia-borane in 1 ml of 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The solution was heated at 60degreesC and monitored to determine kinetics of consumption of ammonia-borane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-containing compound is lithium borohydride. The magnesium (Mg) compound is Mg fluoride, Mg chloride (MgCl), Mg hydroxide (MgOH), Mg oxide, Mg sulfide, Mg selenide, Mg silicide, Mg carbonate, Mg-copper, Mg-germanide, Mg-nickel, Mg(OH)Cl, or Mg pyrophosphate. The solid hydrogen-containing lithium compound and solid magnesium compound are reactive to release hydrogen for the hydrogen-using device and to form solid by-products being reactable with hydrogen to regenerate the hydrogen-containing lithium compound and the magnesium compound. The material mixture comprises a catalyst for the reaction between the hydrogen-containing lithium compound and the magnesium compound. The catalyst comprises halogen-containing or hydrogen-containing compound(s) of cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, erbium, iron, lanthanum, manganese, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, yttrium, or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The early enzymatic excitation which gives a significant mass of bacterial flora and enzymes is at the entrance of each solid reactor as a way to immediately initiate the degradation process. The mass of bacteria flora and enzymes to be utilized is generated by the same process differentiating by phases of degradation determined by the amount of solid reactors, is 3 or more. The gas optionally reusable for generation of heat is methane. Preferred Equipment: The equipment for treatment of solid waste has grinders and 1 or more mud reactors, 1 or more fuels and dryers, 1 or more compression equipments. The use of grinders is optimized through an auxiliary silo of solid wastes, and inactivity of the auxiliary grinding hopper and respective container elevators, while capable of automatically activating the main hopper which does not receive the wastes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The body is infrared dried or infrared dried extrudate formed from a dough comprising catalyst powder and binder including carrier vehicle. The catalyst powder comprises nickel, nickel oxide, alumina, zirconia, and/or mixture of ceramic carriers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst includes platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) or support metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: A first group of the supplemental electrodes are connected to the anode electrode with a first metallic conductor and a second group of the supplemental electrodes are connected to the cathode electrode with a second metallic conductor. The electrolyzer further comprises a rack to hold the 2 principal electrodes and the supplemental electrodes in a fixed spatial relationship; and a retainer for securing the 2 principal electrodes and the supplemental electrodes to the rack, the retainer being removably attached to an electrolysis chamber. The supplemental and principal electrodes are each individually a metallic wire mesh, a metallic plate, or a metallic plate having holes. Preferred Methods: The method further comprises adjusting an operation of an oxygen sensor so that the oxygen sensor does not cause a fuel rich condition. The operation of the oxygen sensor is adjusted by resistance capacitance (RC) circuit having resistor in series with the oxygen sensor's check engine light electrical line; and capacitor between the oxygen sensor's control line that monitors the amount of oxygen and the check engine light electrical line. Preferred Materials: The combustible gas contains atomic hydrogen or atomic oxygen, and can be used as a fuel without the need of atmospheric oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric tubes are selected from sapphire tubes, quartz tubes, yttrium oxide tubes, magnesium fluoride tubes and/or alumina tubes. The linear tubes include ultra-violet blocking film disposed on an outer tubular surface, where ultra-violet blocking film is selected from alumina, yttrium oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, per-fluoride compounds and/or sputtered metallic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The linear tubes comprise metal tubes with a dielectric film coating an interior tubular surface. The sealing elements are metal or metallic coated and are selected from the radial o-rings and crush o-rings. The connectors are formed of a metal including an interior surface coated with a dielectric material, or formed of a dielectric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of silicon (Si). The insulating support thin film is any or combination of silicon oxide film, silicon nitride film, oxynitride silicon film and alumina film. The oxide semiconductor is silicon dioxide (SnO2) or zinc-oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The neutralizer is an acid, an acid anhydride, a salt or carbon dioxide. The salt is a sodium bicarbonate. The amount of starch phosphate particle is 0.1-1 g/l of the methanol-free FAME raw products. The anhydrous glucose units in the starch phosphate product show an average substitution degree of the carbamide group and the phosphate ester group of 0.1-1.Preferred Method: In the method, with the use of carbon dioxide, water is added in a quantity necessary for the hydrolysis of the methylates. The contacting of the methanol-free FAME raw products with the starch-phosphate takes place in an agitating cascade- or a column arrangement. EXAMPLE - Raw product of canola oil methyl ester (1 l) (after separation of the lower glycerin rich phase from the alkaline transesterification mixture, without water wash) was mixed for 3 hours with sodium bicarbonate (2 g). The raw product treated with bicarbonate was heated at 100degreesC to distillate methanol. The methanol free raw product was treated with the phosphorylated and carbamylated starch phosphate particles to remove glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Naptha fraction (I) is contacted with a hydrogenation catalyst (II) in hydrogen-containing atmosphere before catalytic reformation process, to obtain naptha (II) having sulfur content and oxygen content less than the naptha fraction (I). The naptha (II) contains sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less and oxygen content of 10 mass ppm or less. The raw material oil (I) is contacted with the hydrogenation catalyst (I) in hydrogen-containing atmosphere before hydrocracking process, to obtain raw material oil (II). The hydrocracking process is carried out at hydrogen pressure of 6-20 MPa, liquid space velocity (LHSV) of 0.2-1.5 hour- and hydrogen-oil ratio 200-2000 NL/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature is 100degreesC or less. Preferred Fuel: The concentration of methanol in the hydrocarbon group fuel is 1 mass ppm or more, and the fuel contains water (1 mass ppm or more). The hydrocarbon group fuel is liquefied petroleum gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is faujasite type zeolite. The zeolite group de-sulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion-exchange supporting of silver on zeolite, or by molding zeolite and supporting silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst functional substance is boron (B), carbon (C), manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iridium (I r), neodymium (Nd), lanthanum (La), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), ruthenium (Ru), a molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), a tantalum (Ta), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and silver (Ag), their compounds, alloy, or an alloys for hydrogen accumulation. The catalyst function substance is added at 0.1-20 mass.% with respect to the metal hydride. EXAMPLE - Lithium aluminum ammonium (445.6 mg) and lithium hydride (3 mg) were mixed in mortar and was measured in argon air flow. The material was reacted completely at 310degreesC
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pressure-control mechanism is designed as a single-component compact unit. The pressure-control mechanism is not designed as a compact unit. The gas-conveyer system is arranged between the pressure-control mechanism and the discharge atmosphere. The gas-conveyer system is a diaphragm pump. The pressure in the measuring chamber lies below the pressure in the discharge atmosphere. The pressure in the measuring chamber is higher than the pressure in the discharge atmosphere. The pressure in the measuring chamber corresponds to the pressure in the discharge atmosphere. The deviation of the pressure in the measuring chamber as well as of the pressure in the discharge atmosphere and of the pressure in the gas flow to be analyzed, does not amount to more than 100 mbar. The selected components of the gas flow to be analyzed are molecular oxygen. The selected components of the gas flow to be analyzed are propylene and/or propane. The discharge atmosphere is the atmosphere of the natural surroundings. The discharge atmosphere is not the atmosphere of the natural surroundings.Preferred Process: The introduction/withdrawal of the partial stream into/out of the measuring chamber is accomplished with the help of a gas-conveying device. The partial stream of the gas flow is led back after being discharged from the measuring chamber. A constant auxiliary stream is supplied between the measuring chamber and the pressure-control mechanism. The method is accomplished simultaneously in several parallelly-operated analytical devices and the pressure control for all measuring chambers of the different analytical devices is carried out with only a common pressure control mechanism, where the partial streams to be analyzed from the different measuring chambers are led as a mixture to the different analytical devices. The temperature of the measuring chamber is additionally controlled constantly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is supported on titania, silica, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is unsupported or supported vanadyl phosphate. It is constituted by M3+ monosubstituted compounds of vanadyl phosphate having formula (M(H2O)xVO1-xPO4asterisk2H2O. The aliphatic alcohol is an aliphatic monoalcohol containing 1-5C. The monoalcohol is methanol or ethanol.M = trivalent ionPreferred Method: The reaction stage comprises mixing vegetable oils or animal fats with aliphatic alcohol, obtaining a mixture of vegetable oils and/or animal fats and aliphatic alcohol, placing the heated mixture in contact with the catalyst, and heating the mixture. The reaction is performed at 100-250degreesC. The alcohol and the vegetable oil or animal fat are used in an alcohol/vegetable oil or animal fat weight ratio of 0.25-5. The reaction occurs in the presence of free fatty acids. It occurs discontinuously or continuously. EXAMPLE - The catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts in the presence of free fatty acids was verified. Tests in the presence of free fatty acidity were carried out by loading at a reactor with 2 g soybean oil acidified with oleic acid, 0.9 g methanol, 0.1 g catalyst comprising M3+ monosubstituted compounds of vanadyl phosphate. The catalyst was kept at 500degreesC for 2 hours before use. The reactors were subjected to 14 minutes at 50degreesC, heating at 20degreesC/minute up to 180degreesC for 60 minutes. The reactors were cooled rapidly. The resulting yield was 81.48%. The catalyst exhibited activity in the esterification reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal is platinum, ruthenium, iridium, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, iron, osmium, rhodium and/or rhenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-based support is formed of graphite, carbon powder, acetylene black, carbon black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanorings, carbon nanowires, and fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrically conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polythienylenevinylene, and/or poly(p-phenylenesulfide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The crushed fine porous crustaceans particles are mixed with natural zeolite and aerobic Bacillus and processed. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The nano size fine particles of iron are used as metal or its oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A standard compound, which contains stable isotope, is supplied, and metabolism is performed. Preferred Components: The standard compound is nitrous acid, ammonia or nitric acid. The gas is nitrogen isotope (29N2), and the secondary gas is another nitrogen isotope (30N2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - PREFERRED METHOD : The waste is dewatered mechanically. The basic solution is added at 50-70degreesC and pH 9-13. Keratinase is added in a concentration of 0.1-10%. Hydrolysis is carried out whilst stirring constantly and is preceded by a pre-hydrolysis step. Ammonia formed during hydrolysis is dissolved and converted into nitrogen. The acidic solution is added at 0-80degreesC and pH 4-8. The precipitate is concentrated to a solids content of 15-75% and then dried to give a solids content of at least 45%. Coagulated waste blood can then be added.PREFERRED APPARATUS - An ammonia processing unit (19) is connected to the hydrolysis tank for removing and processing the ammonia liberated during hydrolysis. One or more pipes are used to supply the basic solution and an enzyme solution to the hydrolysis tank and to supply the acidic solution to the precipitation tank. A waste blood coagulation tank (15) is connected via one or more pipes to the precipitation tank and/or to exit pipes from the latter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base comprises a sodium hydroxide, lime, potassium (sic) or ammonia solution. A catalyst such as sodium sulfate, sodium (bi)sulfite, sodium thionite is added during hydrolysis. The acidic solution can comprise hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic solution can comprise chloroacetic acid or malonic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lipid substrate is soya oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, animal tallow, butter, expired butter and/or used cooking oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) contains the low molecular mass alkyl ester being the remainder of the surplus used during the ester substitution.The low-molecular mass alkyl ester is an ester of a 1-7 carbons carboxylic acid and a 1-6 carbons alcohol.(I) as additive for petrochemical fuel or heating oil, at a ratio of 1-30 vol.%.(I) contains the 1-6 carbons monoalcohol-plant or animal fatty acid ester (preferably 1-99 mass.%). EXAMPLE - Dried rapeseed oil (10 parts by mass) were added to methyl acetate (10 parts) and sulfuric acid (1 part by mass) at 30degreesC. The reaction was carried out at the mixture's boiling temperature for 2 hours and then the methyl acetate (4 parts by mass) were evaporated off, which were then returned to the reaction again. The reaction mixture was chilled, and mixed with water (1 part by mass). The precipitated sulfuric acid was centrifuged out and the remainder was washed twice with two changes of water (1 part by mass). The resulting product was dried to give the biofuel component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The sensor dielectric comprises sol-gel silicon dioxide composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device comprises a passivation layer of silicon nitride (Si3N4) composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sensor dielectric comprises cross-linked polymer (preferably polyimide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thickener is water-soluble polymer group thickener, synthetic macromolecule group thickener, polysaccharide group thickener and/or inorganic-type thickener. The quickset cement is alumina cement, regulator cement and/or ultra rapid hardening cement, and Portland cement.Preferred Composition: The cement coated-surface protection reinforcement further comprises emulsion (2-25 wt.%). The cement spray paint material further comprises gypsum, titanium oxide and/or inorganic fine particle pigment, water-soluble polymer and siliceous sand, calcium carbonate, clay and/or talc. The injection gas used in aerosol product is dimethyl ether, liquid nitrogen, liquefied carbon dioxide, liquefied petroleum gas and/or freon.Preferred Emulsion: The emulsion is micro emulsion with particle size of 0.1 microns or less.Preferred Property: The cement coated-surface protection reinforcement has viscosity of 5-5000 cps. EXAMPLE - Methyl cellulose (#1000 grade) was added to water to a viscosity of 300 cps and mixed with a microemulsion comprising 2-ethylhexyl acrylic ester (solid content 35 wt.%, particle size 0.035 microns) to form a reinforcement composition. The resultant semi-transparent composition was filled into an aerosol can together with 1,2-dimethoxyethane; the ratio of reinforcement composition to DME was 200g:60 g. The product was sprayed onto a flat concrete plate with surface moisture content of 4.5%, using a quantity of 0.15 kg/m2. Uniform spraying was obtained without dripping and without dissipation into the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst-support carbon material is activated charcoal.Preferred Composition: The oxygen content of activated charcoal is 5 mass% or less.Preferred Layer: The gaseous-diffusion carbon material content in the catalyst layer is 5-50 mass%.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst component contains N4 chelate type metal complex having at least 2 imines among nitrogen atoms which carry out central metallic bonding.N4 chelate type metal complex is of formulae (1) or (2).M = metal atom; andR1-R10,R11-R24 = H or substituent.The catalyst component further contains a precious metal.Preferred Metal: The complex center metal is at least one transition metal of from groups V-VIII.Preferred Properties: The surface area (SBET) of catalyst support by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) evaluation is greater than or equal to 1500 m2/g.The ratio of total pore area (Stotal) and total surface area (Smicro) of micropore with diameter of 2 nm or less satisfies the relation:Smicro/Stotal greater than or equal to 0.5.The average diameter of micropore with diameter of 2 nm or less of activated charcoal is 0.7-1.5 nm.The catalyst-support carbon material has micropore volume with diameter of 2 nm or less of is 0.1 or more ml/g, dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 300 ml/100 g or more and specific surface area (SBET) by BET method of 500 m2/g or more.The gaseous diffusion carbon material has water vapor absorption amount of 100 or less ml/g, preferably 1-50 ml/g at 25degreesC and 90% relative humidity.The zero to zero bond distance of oxygen molecule which couples with the complex center metal of metal complex and oxygen molecule calculated by B3LYP density functional method is 0.131 nm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The CO remover has a catalyst (46, 66) of any one of platinum (Pt), Pt/ruthenium (Ru), or copper (Cu)/cerium oxide (CeO)/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) deposited on the partitioning walls. The passage of the CO remover is filled with catalyst particles formed of any one of Pt, Pt/Ru, or Cu/CeO/Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The nitrifying Microorganisms are Nitrosonomas, Nitrobacter or Nitrospira.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The filter media is biological pinballs, biological ceramic rings, Zeolite chips and/or carbon pellets, or mini pads.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The prepackaged bag is made of nylon.
EXAMPLE - A palladium hydride-nickel coated alumina substrate was made by, shaking 200-250 mesh palladium black powder (48.0 g), 200-250 mesh nickel powder (452.0 g), denatured absolute ethanol (187 ml), fish oil (2.67 g), polyvinyl butanol (0.85 g), butylacetate (1.4 g), dibutyl phthalate (4.0 g), and ethyl cellulose (2.9 g) until dissolved and then ball milled for 45 minutes. An alumina flat plate structure (88 wt % purity, 40 mmx116 mmx2 mm) was immersed in the alcohol slurry of palladium and nickel powder, held for 15 seconds, and then withdrawn. A palladium-nickel layer (45 microns thick) was deposited onto the surface. The palladium-nickel coated substrate was dried in air and fired in a 4 vol.% hydrogen balance nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 1240degreesC, and held for two hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is faujasite type zeolite. The zeolite type desulfurizing agent is obtained by molding zeolite, and supporting zeolite with copper by carrying out ion-exchange.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The desulfurization is performed at reaction temperature of 100degreesC or less. Preferred Fuel: The concentration of methanol in hydrocarbon type fuel is 1 massppm or more. The hydrocarbon type fuel contains 1 massppm or more of water. The hydrocarbon type fuel is liquefied petroleum gas. EXAMPLE - Copper sulfate pentahydrate (32 g) and distilled water (600 ml) were mixed and copper sulfate aqueous solution was prepared. NaY type zeolite powder having silica to alumina ratio of 5.5 was added and ion exchange was performed. The zeolite was subsequently cleaned using distilled water and dried at 180degreesC. Alumina binder (5 g) was mixed with respect to copper exchanged zeolite (30 g), and extrusion molded to obtain a desulfurizing agent. The copper ion supporting rate of the zeolite was 12%. A flow through type reaction tube was filled with desulfurizing agent and liquefied petroleum gas having sulfur concentration of 3 mass ppm and methanol concentration of 1000 mass ppm was passed through the tube. The content of sulfur in the outlet gas was measured at 25degreesC after 170 hours. The sulfur content was well below the detection limit of 20 mass ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of total of nitrogen atom in 5-membered ring and 6-membered ring with respect to total nitrogen atom is 0.3-1. Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, titanium, zinc, and vanadium. Preferred Method: The metal is supported by the porous material, and electrode catalyst is heat processed at temperature more than decomposition temperature of salt of metal ion in inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substance (A) consists of metal oxide, metal carbide, carbon and/or their composite (C). The metal oxide is oxide of aluminum, lead, indium, tin and/or transition metal, preferably beta-alumina, gamma-alumina, titanium oxide, iron oxide, zirconium oxide or cerium oxide. The composite (C) of microwave absorbing substance (A) contains red mud, inorganic sludge, clinker (coal bottom ash), calcium ferrite, iron oxide-containing sludge, flue-boiler scale processed blast material, aluminum dross, incinerated ash, zeolite, sodium aluminate, and/or coal fly ash.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The moisture content of the organic substance cultured cells is 30% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method includes application of heat processing during hydrogen production by the above-cited strain, to prevent various microorganism contaminations, where the microorganism has a heat-resistant spore. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Precursor substance of metal catalyst is introduced into the carbon nanotube through the opening, and the metal catalyst is fixed in the carbon nanotube.The hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl or sulfone group of the precursor of metal catalyst in the opening and defective portion of the carbon nanotube is made to react, and the metal catalyst is adhered to the inner and outer surface of the carbon nanotube.Preferred Compounds: The precursor of metal catalyst contains acetyl acetonate complex, nitrite or chloride.Oxidation is carried out using nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxygen, ammonium persulfate and/or sodium hypochlorite.The carbon nanotube is mono carbon nanotube having outer diameter of 0.85-2 nm or multilayered carbon nanotube having outer diameter of 5-50 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compounds: The metal of the metal catalyst is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas includes ozone, nitrogen, or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The alkaline catalyst is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium alcoholate and sodium alcoholate. The raw fat-and-oil is waste edible oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The final boiling point of the permeate is less than the final boiling point of the liquid stream, in which the boiling points are determined by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D5307.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The dense membrane comprising the top layer of the nanofiltration membrane is made from a polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline-earth metal is calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and/or barium (Ba). The alkaline-earth metal hexaaluminate is BaO.6Al2O3. Preferred Support: The catalyst support comprises greater than or equal to 98 vol.% alkaline-earth metal hexaaluminate and has a surface area of greater than or equal to 12 (preferably greater than or equal to 18 m2/g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid phase desulfurizer includes a zeolite-based sorbent or alumina guard bed. The zeolite-based sorbent material is selected from copper-ion, silver-ion and cerium-ion exchanged zeolite. The gas phase desulfurizer includes a coarse gas phase desulfurizer and a polishing gas phase desulfurizer in flow sequence. The coarse gas phase desulfurizer includes a sorbent material selected from zinc oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, zinc titanate and calcium carbonate. The polishing gas phase desulfurizer includes a sorbent material comprised of a morphologically altered oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microbial cell is phenol degradation microorganism. The phenol degradation microorganism is Acinetobacter sp. The ammonia oxidation microorganism is Nitrosomonas europaea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Pseudomonas putida U-TCH011 strain (FERM BP-5948).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The carbonized material is pulverized and washed with water using a grinder. The pH of water supplied to washing apparatus is adjusted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The powder catalyst is laminated on the surface of honeycomb support or molding support to thickness of 5-200 microns. Preferred Compound: The zeolite is mordenite-group zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The carbide material adsorbed with tar, light oil, char, and organochlorine compound, and/or purified gas are used as alternate fuel of fossil fuel. Steam is blown into the pyrolysis furnace and the activity of carbide material is improved. The carbide material is contacted in an adsorption tower (2) filled with gas and used as moving bed. The entire quantity or portion of carbide material adsorbed with tar, light oil, char, and organochlorine compound, or purified gas is burned with a combustion furnace and used as heat source of pyrolysis furnace. The gas obtained from pyrolysis furnace is cooled and contacted with carbide material after converting tar, light oil, char, and organochlorine compound into mist. The cooled gas is passed through a dust removal apparatus and contacted with carbide material after removal of dust component. Oxygen or air, and steam are blown-in into the gas obtained from pyrolysis furnace, and modified at 800-1400degreesC. Contact with carbide material is carried out after reducing portion of tar and light oil. The carbide material obtained from the pyrolysis furnace is passed through a sieve apparatus and used as adsorption material after removal of fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The step (a) is carried out at a temperature below 25 degrees C, preferably 10-25 degrees C. The crystallization is carried out at 0-5 degrees C. In the process, ferric chloride is used at a concentration of 1-3 mole equivalents and sodium iodide or potassium iodide is used at a concentration of 4-8 mole equivalents to that of (II). (I) is obtained in a crystalline form having characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern as given in figure-1 of the specification. ACTIVITY - Anticonvulsant; Analgesic; Anorectic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - 10 g Azidosulfate was added to 80 ml ethyl acetate with stirring. 20.52 g Sodium iodide and 6.66 g ferric chloride were added in small portions with stirring and maintaining the temperature at 25 degrees C. After the completion of reaction, the resulting mixture was washed with sodium thiosulfate solution followed by sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ethyl acetate was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at 35-40 degrees C. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml ethyl acetate and 100 ml hexane was added drop-wise with stirring at 0-5 degrees C to obtain topiramate (yield 86%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel comprises (%): ethanol (85-95) and volatile hydrocarbon fractions (5-15).The fuel component comprises at least one additive selected from corrosion inhibitor, combustion enhancer, solubility aid and cold starting promoter.The fuel component comprises water (1-20, preferably 3-10)%.Preferred Components: The volatile hydrocarbon fractions are selected from pentane, isopentane, butane, isobutane and/or propane.The volatile hydrocarbon fractions comprise pentane (3-13%) or isopentane; butane (0-2%) or isobutane; or propane (0-2%).The volatile hydrocarbon fractions are selected for volatility, flame rate, octane rating and low toxicity. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising (wt.%): ethanol (95), propane (1), butane or iso-butane (1), isopentane (3) and fuel additive package (balance) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The MLSSbio is adjusted so that in the first mode MLSSbio is at least 20 (preferably 40)% larger than a reference value (which larger than 2 but smaller than 10 g/L), and so that in the second mode MLSSbio is at least 20 (preferably 40)% smaller than a reference value. When switching from the second to the first mode, at least a portion of the activated sludge, which has been accumulated in the settling tank, is recycled to the bioreactor system to raise MLSSbio. When switching from the first to the second mode, the sludge recycling factor over the membrane filtration system Qr,ft/Qeff,ft is decreased to raise MLSSft and to lower MLSSbio and vice versa, when switching from the second to the first mode, the sludge recycling factor over the membrane filtration system Qr,ft/Qeff,ft is increased to lower MLSSft and to raise MLSSbio. When switching from the first to the second mode MLSSft is raised with at least 10 (preferably at least 30)%. When switching from the second to the first mode MLSSft is lowered with at least 10 (preferably 30)%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent comprises silica, clay, acid-activated clay (all preferred), activated carbon containing compound, alumina and/or diatomaceous earth. The adsorbent has an average pore size of 40-100 (preferably 50-75) angstroms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises distilling the first composition before the contacting step. The first composition comprises greater than or equal to 40 (preferably 60) ppm of sulfur before the distilling step. The distilling is performed by: a short-path distillation column, where the short-path distillation column is a wiped film evaporator; or a continuous column and/or a continuous fractionation distillation column. Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: the fuel; at least one solvent such as aromatic hydrocarbon, non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, branched hydrocarbon, saturated hydrocarbon, xylene, heptane and kerosene; at least one co solvent such as low molecular weight alcohol of formula ethanol or 2-ethyl hexanol; and at least one low temperature stabilizer, preferably ester-terminated polyamides, tertiary-amide-terminated polyamides, ester-terminated polyester-amides, tertiary-amide-terminated polyester-amides, polyalkyleneoxyterminated polyamides or polyether-polyamides. Preferred Components: The cyclic fatty acid compound is a rosin acid compound. The first composition comprises greater than or equal to 30 (preferably 40) ppm of sulfur. (I) is the fuel.R3 = 1-20 carbon hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - The tall oil fatty acid was optionally distilled at 190degreesC under 2mm mercury of pressure. The middle portion of the distillate (75%) was contacted to varying amounts (i.e. 0-5% based upon the total weight of the middle portion of the distillate) of Tonsil Supreme 110 FF (RTM: Bleaching clay) for 10 minutes and filtrated to give the tall oil fatty acid composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises an alkali metal, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride (preferably), lithium borohydride, and/or sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material comprises water vapor permeable liquid water impermeable oil. The fuel is in the form of a pellet (10), granules, or powder. The fuel releases hydrogen gas when contacted by water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material comprises a fluoropolymer containing material, PTFE, a multilayer coating comprising a fluoropolymer containing material, a water vapor permeable liquid water impermeable rubber.Preferred Property: The material has a thickness of 0.1-100 (1-5) microns. EXAMPLE - Fine lithium aluminum hydride powder (50 g) was mixed in 100 ml hexane and ca. 0.1 g curable rubber solution including a curing agent. The mixture was warmed to 500degreesC and stirred. The mixture was stirred continuously as it was warmed, until the entire mixtures had a soft, rubbery consistency. The soft mass was removed from the hood and granulated over a 400 mesh sieve. The granules were collected and dried at ca. 600degreesC for ca. 8 hours. The dried granules were pelletized in a press and ready for use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The suction element is made of ceramic, foaming sponge, or metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filter element is made of fluorinated resin, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride, fluoroethylene propylene, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, or fluoroethylene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (A1) further comprises carrier material supporting the noble metal-containing particles; tin oxide particles supported by the carrier material. A portion except the carrier material and oxygen has a composition of formula Ptx1Ruy1A'z1Sns1. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition exhibits a first peak indicating crystalline plane spacing of 0.216 - 0.225 nm, and a second peak indicating crystalline plane spacing of 0.255 - 0.268 nm and a ratio of an area of the second peak to an area of the first peak is 3 - 20%.A'=at least one element selected from rhodium, gold, pallidum, iridium or osmium;x1=20 - less than or equal to42;y1=20 - less than or equal to40;z=0 - less than or equal to30;s1=0.8 - less than or equal to20;x1+y1+z1+s=100. EXAMPLE - Carbon black (10 g) with a mean particle diameter of 50 nm used as a carrier were mixed with water (70 ml) and methanol (300 ml) by a homogenizer to prepare a suspension. After the suspension was put in a three neck flask to which a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser pipe and a drip funnel were attached, the suspension was stirred at reflux for an hour. Then, an aqueous solution of dihydrogen hexachloroplatinate (50 mg/ml, an aqueous solution of dihydrogen pentachlororuthinate (50 mg/ml and an aqueous solution of dihydrogen hexachlorostannate (50 mg/ml) were added. After 20 minutes, SB12 (RTM: colloidal stabilizer) (50 ml) was added. Further after 20 minutes, an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate containing sodium borohydride (5 mol/l) as a reductant was dripped gradually until PH reached 9. After dripping, the resulting precipitate was washed with pure water well and then dried at 100degreesC to obtain a catalyst (test). The prepared catalyst showed excellent activity and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The dielectric housing is fabricated from fused quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The gas includes krypton, 79 vol.% neon, 20 vol.% argon, and 1 vol.% xenon. It is at 9-200 (70) torr. Preferred Component: The conductor includes nickel plated steel, nickel, or molybdenum. It is at least partially coated with alkaline earth oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fertilizer: The organic waste is heated, dried, degreased and molded to obtain the fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen permeable film is zirconia-containing film. The metal oxide is cooper-manganese-type spinel oxide, copper-iron-type spinel oxide, and/or copper-manganese-iron-type spinel oxide. The solid acid is alumina and/or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound is dimethyl ether. Preferred Process: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound is modified by steam reformation, auto thermal modification or partial oxidation modification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is a compound having benzene ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring, preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or its derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The oxidation polymerization is electrolytic oxidation polymerization. The baking is performed in non-oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The total amount of platinum group compound added to cathode chamber interior is 10-7 mole to 10-2 mole per 1 m2 of effective electrolysis area of cathode. The temperature of electrolysis tank is 65-90degreesC, and the current density per 1 m2 of effective electrolysis area of cathode is 0.1-10 kA/m2.
EXAMPLE - Carbon monoxide was thermally decomposed with high pressure, and single-layer carbon nanotube having tube average diameter of 1.5 nm was produced. Then, diameter-widening process of carbon nanotube was carried out at 1500-2000degreesC under vacuum degree of 1.3-1.3x10-2 Pa and diameter-widened carbon nanotube was obtained. The obtained diameter-widened carbon nanotube had graphite (G1) content of 7.5 wt.% laminated on tubes, pore volume of 8, correction value of 0.624 cc/g, calculated value of 0.508 cc/g, and correction to calculated ratio of 1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The biogas is dried, compressed, stored and subsequently materially evaluated. The biogas is compressed to a pressure of 10-60 bar, preferably 20-50 bar. The biogas is obtained by dry fermentation. Carbon dioxide and methane contained in the biogas are separated from each other and at least one of the gases materially utilized. One of the separated gases is used in heat treatment of metallic materials or for carburizing metallic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation: No general isolation method is given. Preferred Gene: The gene encoding thermophilic long-chain alkane monooxygenase comprises a nucleotide sequence having SEQ ID No. 1. Preferred Plasmid: The plasmid comprises pCom8 as a carrier or pET-28a(+). Preferred Strain: The recombinant strain is Pseudomonas fluorescens, preferably P.fluorescens KOB2Delta1 strain. The recombinant strain is Escherichia coli, preferably E.coli BL21 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble compound is high molecular compound, preferably polyethylene glycol. The mixture of water-soluble compound contains an acid. The hydrogen generating agent is molded in tablet shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Condition: The global oxygen transfer coefficient is 0.9 min-1. The standard oxygen transfer rate is 4.6 O2/KW. The oxygen concentration is greater than 55% of the saturation concentration which is 5-6 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. The ejector generates a volume of air aspirated into the effluent liquid with a volume/volume ratio of greater than or equal to2.5 to simultaneously overcome the counter pressure of the liquid inside the reactor. The ratio of diameter of the entry section of the ejector to the diameter of the acceleration zone is 2.25. The ratio of the length of the entry zone to the length of the entry zone corresponding to the diameter is less than or equal to0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Producing methane comprises:(1) culturing a photosynthetic organism in a first vessel in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and visible light, where the culturing provides for photosynthetic fixation of CO2 to photosynthetic products;(2) collecting and diverting the photosynthesis product to a second vessel comprising methanogenic bacteria; and(3) culturing the methanogenic bacteria to produce methane.The photosynthetic organism is a photosynthetic cyanobacteria. The photosynthesis product is glucose acetic acid. The cyanobacterium is genetically modified order to provide for transport of the photosynthetic products. The visible light source is natural light. A visible light source is artificial light. A CO2 source is atmospheric CO2. CO2 source is an artificial source. Preferred System: The system further comprises a first conduit connecting the first vessel and the second vessel, a gas storage container in gaseous communication with the second vessel and a second conduit connecting the second vessel with the gas storage container. Preferred Cyanobacteria: The genetically modified cyanobacterium expresses at least a first foreign gene, where the genetically modified cyanobacterium is capable of transporting products of photosynthesis across the cyanobacteria's membrane. The transport is passive transport. The transport is active transport. The first foreign gene encodes a glucose transporter. The glucose transporter is Glut-1. The genetically modified cyanobacterium expresses a second foreign gene. The first foreign gene encodes fructose-6-phosphate and the second foreign gene encodes glucose-6- phosphatase. The first foreign gene encodes pyruvate decarboxylase and the second foreign gene encodes aldehyde dehydrogenase. The first foreign gene encodes pyruvate dehydrogenase and the second foreign gene encodes acetyl CoA kinase. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver is present in the form of organic or inorganic silver salts or as colloidal or nano-particulate silver. The silver is embedded into an inorganic or organic substrate. The silver is present in releasable form in glass, zeolites or ion exchange resin. The weight ratio of the silver compound and the benzisothiazolinone compound is 1:1-100, preferably 1:1-25. The biocide composition contains further precious metal beside silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The benzisothiazolinone compound is N-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one or 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. The biocide component is a mixture of N-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in a weight ratio of 10-1:1-10. The biocide composition contains further biocide components such as octylisothiazolinone, N-methyl-benzisothiazolinone or N-butyl-benzisothiazolinone. The biocide composition is present as liquid preparation. EXAMPLE - A biocide composition comprised silver ions (5 ppm) and octylisothiazolinone (50 ppm) and/or methylisothiazolinone (15 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solvent is silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flavorant is denatonium benzoate, capsaicin, denatonium capsaicinate, quinine hydrochloride, sucrose octaacetate, saccharide and/or their derivatives. The odorant includes an organic amine selected from trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, n-butylamine, n-pentylamine, n-hexylamine, n-heptylamine, n-octylamine, n-decylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,5-diaminopentane or 1,7-diaminoheptane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Methods: The method further comprises treating the cellulosic material with an amount of enzymes selected consisting of hemicellulase, esterase, protease, laccase, and/or peroxidase; and recovering the degraded cellulosic material. Preferred Materials: The cellulolytic protein and/or polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity are in the form of a fermentation broth with or without cells. The polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, its mature polypeptide; or its fragment having cellulolytic enhancing activity; and is encoded by a polynucleotide contained in plasmid pTr3337 which is contained in Escherichia coli (NRRL B-30878). Preferred Sequences: The mature polypeptide coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is nucleotides 77-766 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 is amino acids 20-249 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Source: The carbon dioxide source is atmospheric air, combustion gas or aerobic decomposition gas. Preferred Component: The cathode contains metal oxide (M1) and solid solution of nickel oxide and metal oxide (M2) chosen from magnesium oxide, cobalt oxide and/or copper oxide. The metal oxide (M1) is zirconia doped with metal oxide chosen from yttrium oxide, ytterbium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and scandium oxide, ceria doped with metal oxide chosen from yttrium oxide, ytterbium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide and scandium oxide, or lanthanum-gallium oxide doped with strontium, magnesium, iron or cobalt. The cathode further contains catalyst chosen from praseodymium, cobalt, cerium, europium and rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Fuel: The solid fuel is fuel burning with coal.Preferred Apparatus: The carbonization installation has an insertion opening for supplying dry organic sludge, and a discharge port for discharging carbonized material of organic sludge. Steam is blown such that steam opposes the advancing direction of carbonization. The carbonization installation is a screw-type installation.Preferred Process: The dry organic sludge is granulated before carbonization using a granulator (26).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A catalyst device and electrothermal heater are positioned at the exit side.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support layer or catalyst layer contains 0.01-10 wt.% of fibrous titanium oxide and 1-30 wt.% of binder component. The support layer or catalyst layer contains 50-95 wt.% of support component other than fibrous titanium oxide or catalyst component. Preferred Properties: The support component or catalyst component are particles having average particle diameter of 5 nm-30 microns. The support layer or catalyst layer has thickness of 0.5 microns-5 mm. The honey-comb base material has outer diameter of 20-200 mm, opening of 1-30 mm, wall thickness of 0.01-5 mm and length of 30-1000 mm, along cross-section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: A dispersion medium chosen from water, alcohol, ketone, glycol and organic acid, is used in manufacture of the honey-comb compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mass production of methane gas involves using hydrogen gas generated by partial oxidation of dry biomass or organic waste at high temperature, or carbon monoxide gas as substrate for methane processing microbe. The method optionally involves adding formate/formic acid (derived from source other than biomass or organic waste) and acetate to the reaction mixture. Alternately plant or soil with high salt concentration, heavy metal and toxic chemical is used as substrate for methane processing microbe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amplitude of the liquid level of the liquid is 0.5-2 times the maximum width of the through hole. The frequency of the vibration of the liquid level of liquid satisfies the relation: F greater than (V/d), where F is frequency (second-1) of vibration of the liquid level of liquid, V is suction speed (mm/second) by the capillary action of liquid, and d is mean value (mm) of amplitude of the liquid level of liquid. Preferred Method: The liquid level of liquid detected with a liquid-level sensor (1) provided at predefined position from other end of the through hole. The liquid-level sensor has a pair of ultra-fine electrodes (2a,2b), and insulating sleeve having an opening (4) which enables conduction with exterior tip portion of the electrodes. The insulating sleeve has thickness insertable to the through hole, and consists of a flexible insulating material, insulating the periphery of electrodes. The liquid level is detected, when the liquid reaches the opening and contacts the electrode. The surplus liquid from the through hole is removed by sucking from one end of the through hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton conductor contains a composition containing barium, element such as cerium or zirconium and yttrium oxide expressed as:BaM1-xYxO3M = cerium or zirconium; andx = 0.06-0.25, preferably 0.15-0.25.The noble metal electrode consists of silver, and is less than 10 microns in average particle diameter and compactness of 90% or more in two-dimensional observation from surface of the electrode.Preferred Properties: The silver powder has particle diameter of 0.003-1.5 microns and average particle diameter of 0.005-1 microns.Preferred Method: The slurry is applied on the proton conductor by screen-printing or inkjet printing, to porosity of 10% or less. Subsequently, the slurry is baked at 450-900degreesC for 30-90 minutes. The slurry is heated in atmospheric condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of higher alcohol in the Fischer-Tropsch-hydrocarbon is less than 10 vol.%. The viscosity of (I) is less than 4 mm2/s, and the cetane number is greater than 52. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The plasma process simulating a specimen existing state in the processing chamber is a plasma process to be performed by introducing into the processing chamber a process gas containing compositions of reaction byproducts to be obtained when the specimen is subjected to the plasma process. The process in the specimen non-placed state is a process to be performed by introducing gas containing bromine or chlorine, gas for removing deposits in the processing chamber, gas for depositing deposits in the processing chamber, or gas containing fluorine, oxygen, silicon and/or carbon atoms. The plasma state data detected with the state detector in the plasma process in the specimen non-placed state is data acquired immediately before completion of the plasma process. Prediction of the process result is made in real time. Preferred Component: The process gas contains silicon tetrafluoride, silicon tetrachloride and/or silicon tetrabromide.Preferred Component: The processing chamber further comprises a heater or cooler or a unit for generating an ion attracting electric field in the plasma processing chamber, respectively for a process in the specimen non-placed state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic residue is mixed with natural additive such as shochu liquor waste liquid and processed, to improve preservability, feed efficiency and absorption property of feed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film is a film of alloy of palladium, silver or copper. Preferred Gas: The hydrogen-containing gas obtained by reforming methanol or dimethyl ether is used as source gas by the hydrogen purification module for hydrogen purification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Wood Chip: The wood chip is chosen from lignin, fiber, salt, PCB, dioxin, agrochemicals, dye, chlorine compound and an enzyme that degrades a chemical substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): The mannose fermentative Zymomonas is obtained by integrating foreign gene encoding phospho mannose isomerase, in target gene of chromosome of Zymomonas, by double crossover by homologous-recombination method.Preferred Bacteria: The foreign gene is of Escherichia coli origin. The target gene is a levansucrase gene. The Zymomonas bacteria is Z.mobilis. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Zymomonas bacteria is Z. mobilis Z6 E2:manA (FERM AP-20581) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Plasmid such as pUZE2d (4.8 kb) containing ampicillin resistance gene and Plac-E2 gene was cut by restriction enzyme NdeI, and subjected to BAPP processing. The plasmid such as pUC118-manA (4.8 kb) obtained by inserting Escherichia coli K12 origin manA DNA fragment (gap-manA fragment) to HincII site of vector pUC118, was cut by restriction enzymes BamHI and EcoRI, and the 1.5 kb Pgap-manA fragment was obtained. The Pgap-manA was ligated into the cut plasmid pUZE2d, and introduced into E.coli JM109 strain by heat shock method, and the plasmid pUZE2d'-manA was obtained. The plasmid pUZE2d'-manA was introduced into Zymomonas mobilis, and the transformed organism was obtained by cultivating the organism in mannose RM liquid medium. The DNA was extracted from the transformed organism and subjected to analysis, which indicated the insertion of manA fragment in E2 region of chromosomal DNA of the transformed organism. Thus, the Z.mobilis Z6 E2:manA was obtained. The Z.mobilis Z6 E2:manA was found to exhibit high phospho mannose isomerase (PMI) and fructokinase activity when compared to other strains such as Z.mobilis Z6 and Z.mobilis Z6 (pSZI-manA-frk). The Z.mobilis Z6 E2:manA (FERM AP-20581) was found to consume mannose completely when cultured in mannose culture medium for 36 hours and also exhibited high ethanol productivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A total weight of the non-azeotropic mixed refrigerant, a total weight ratio of the refrigerants R245fa and R600 is 40 - 80 (preferably 49 - 70, especially 64) wt.%; a weight ratio of the refrigerant R23, R116, R508A or R508B is 15 - 47 (preferably 21 - 42, especially 24) wt.%; and a weight ratio of the refrigerant R14 is 3 - 20 (preferably 9 - 20, especially 12) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: Seq. (2), (6), (8) and (10) are, respectively, an aldehyde dehydrognease (for converting (Y) to HIBA); alcohol dehydrogenase (for converting (X) to (Y)); a permease (particularly di/tripeptide permease) and transcriptional regulator. Seq. (2)-(10) (even) are encoded by Seq. (1)-(9) (odd; 1515; 648; 1659; 672 and 1233 bp). (II) is (i) any of Seq. (1)-(9) (odd) or their complements; (ii) sequences with at least 70, best 99, % identity with (i); (iii) sequences that encode variants of Seq. (2)-(10); (iv) variants of (i)-(iii) with one or more substitutions, deletions, insertions, additions or mutations; and (v) fragments of (i)-(iv) having at least 15 nt. Also included is Seq. (11), containing all of Seq. (1)-(9) (odd) and representing a gene fragment from M. austroafricanus CNCM I-2562; and (II) is placed under control of a single promoter, particularly as an operon, and its transcription is induced by presence of MTBE and/or its catabolic intermediates. Host cells of (3) are particularly M. smegmatis mc2 155; Escherichia coli or Rhodococcus ruber and Seq. (12) is the 16S rDNA sequence of M. austroafricanus CNCM I-2532. None of the sequences referred to are reproduced. Preferred Method: Method (6) comprises optionally seeding test cells on a medium that contains MTBE and/or its catabolic intermediates; then screening cellular nucleic acid with probes of (4) and/or amplification or polymerization with primers of (5). When used to treat aqueous effluents, (I)-expressing cells are preferably fixed to a solid carrier. Isolation: M. austroafricanus I-2562 was grown in presence of MTBE and proteins induced by MTBE identified. Internal peptide fragments of this protein were determined and used to design probes for screening genomic DNA from I-2562 to identify Seq. (11) that contained five open-reading frames (Seq. (1)-(9), odd).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The ratio (y) of the disinfection flow (Qdisinf) of mixed liquor directed towards the disinfection to the feed flow (Qfeed) of effluent to be treated, is derived by the formula such as Xreactor/Xeffluent being approximately SRT/((x2xyxSRT)+HRT), where: Xreactor is the concentration of X in interstitial bioreactor liquid; X is target microorganism; Xeffluent is the concentration of X in treated effluent; x2 is the yield of the disinfection-sterilization elimination treatment; SRT is mud age; and HRT is the hydraulic retention time in the reactor. The treatment loop is independent of the recirculation of mixed liquor. The treatment loop in the separating system is arranged in bypass to a recirculation pipe (10) of the mixed liquor existing between a filtration cell (2) and a biological reactor (1). The solid fraction resulting from the solid/liquid separation is either restituted without treatment in the bioreactor (R) or subjected to a reduction treatment for mud production before being restituted in the bioreactor. The treatment loop comprises a mud treatment unit comprising solid/liquid separation followed by reduction of the solid phase. The cut-off threshold for the solid/liquid separation phase is at least 0.1 microns. The solid/liquid phase separation is carried out by sifting, flotation, centrifugation, decantation, fabric filtration and/or membrane separation, under conditions to maintain the targeted micro-organisms in the liquid phase of the solid/liquid separation. The disinfecting treatment of the liquid phase comprises: physical or mechanical treatment using UV rays, ultrasounds, pressure shock; chemical treatment using (non)oxidizing biocide e.g. chlorine, ozone or chlorine dioxide; biological treatment such as enzymatic oxidation/hydrolysis; and/or heat treatment. The treatment loop is provided for a continuous/batch operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The dry mix is a mixture including volcanic ash, milled basalt rock, calcium carbonate, zeolites, milled rock phosphate, and carbon. The culture is a type of soil amelioration that required or desired; or a liquid containing micro-organism(s); and includes plant material, fungus or animal tissue. A small concentration of a binding medium is added to the fertilizer and soil ameliorant to permit the prilling or aggregation into coarse gravel grade. The binding medium is seaweed gum or gelatine. Preferred Methods: Each culture is propagated in a vessel with nutrition, temperature, and aeration. The method includes combing all of the cultures to be added to the dry mix in a common vessel and allowing them to cool; and adding the cultures to the dry mix by passing the dry mix along a conveyor, where it is sprayed with the culture mix from the common vessel. Microbes are absorbed into the carbon component of the mixture and the moisture content lowers so that they fully enter rest phase. The fertilizer and soil ameliorant is then packed for market.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The micro-organisms are beneficial bacteria and fungi, including mychorrizae, rhyzobia, phosphobacters, and aztobacter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Transesterification of vegetable oil/waste oil is carried out with methanol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst in a reactor comprising two chambers in which glycerol removal is performed. The reactor has a plate with openings for allowing simultaneous removal of glycerol. The reactor comprises two separated chambers (A, B), and glycerol removal is enabled in chamber (B). Biodiesel is filled in chamber (B), in which glycerol settles out during transesterification reaction, before transesterification. The transesterification and glycerol removal are concurrently carried out. The reactor has a dead volume (a volume having no mixing) in which glycerol settles out. Glycerol settles out in a different chamber which is heated. Glycerol is removed in two steps. Methanol is added in two steps. The stirring rate of reactors is varied. Neutralization of biodiesel is carried out before washing with hot water at 85-90degreesC while stirring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The feed stream comprises water (17) and carbon-containing feedstock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crude glycerin, accelerant or primary fuels are mixed to provide a uniform fuel mixture. The metal or elastomeric parts within the burner and storage/fuel delivery system are replaced to allow improved durability of the burner system. The crude glycerin is burned in either a commercially available burner system or in a specially designed and modified system by raising the temperature of the fuel and/or combustion or atomizing air to bring the fuel closer to its flashpoint. Preheating may also be required to lower the viscosity of the fuel to promote proper atomization to improve combustion. An acid is added to the fuel to neutralize the pH of the fuel to protect storage, delivery or burner parts. The crude glycerin is either burned at the place of the biodiesel manufacturer or is shipped off-site. The raw material used is fresh or waste vegetable oil or animal fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-based catalyst is carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sawdust pile is periodically turned over every 15 - 30 days. The sawdust pile is watered until water flows out the pile after each periodic turning of the sawdust pile. The ratios between the sawdust and the cattle excrements during the second fermentation process are sawdust 75% and the cattle excrements 25%. Lime powder and calcium carbonate is added to the sawdust to adjust the pH level during the second fermentation process. The cattle excrements have gone through the sterilization process of 60 - 75degreesC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid fuel component comprises 20-99.7 wt.% of the borohydride salt. Preferred Component: The solid fuel component further comprises a stabilizing amount of a hydroxide salt of formula M'(OH)n.M'=alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, aluminum cation, zinc cation or ammonium cation; andn'=charge of selected M' cation.Preferred Material: The solid borohydride salt is lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, calcium borohydride, sodium borohydride dihydrate, potassium borohydride trihydrate, potassium borohydride monohydrate, and/or preferably sodium borohydride. The hydroxide salt is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and/or calcium hydroxide. The pack further contains a catalyst comprising manganese (II) chloride, iron (II) chloride, cobalt (II) chloride, nickel (II) chloride, copper (II) chloride, boric acid, copper, zinc, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, and/or palladium. Preferred Pack: The pack is a blister pack or a dissolvable bag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Part of the plant fuel gas is recovered from the process and is further processed to produce an individual fuel gas product for export from the process in addition to the individual product. The furnace is fired in part with natural gas and/or plant fuel gas, and the syngas is employed as a furnace combustion fuel in place of part of natural gas and/or plant fuel gas. The plant fuel gas is processed to meet pipeline specifications for transport in the pipeline.The further processing to produce the individual fuel gas product for export from the process includes removal of hydrogen and the addition of at least one British thermal unit (Btu) enhancing component (i.e. methane (CH4)), and excludes desulfurization of the fuel gas. The syngas is diluted with at least one gas to alter the flame temperature of the combustion fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The syngas contains 50-65 mol.% carbon monoxide, 25-35 mol.% hydrogen (H2), 1-15 mol.% carbon dioxide, 1-5 mol.% nitrogen, and less than 2 mol.% methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plant fuel gas contains CH4 in major amount and H2 in minor amount. The CH4 is present at 70-95 mol.%, the H2 is present at 3-28 mol.%, with the remainder being a mixture of ethane and ethylene. The individual fuel gas product for export from the process contains greater than or equal to80 mol.% CH4, and greater than or equal to3 mol.% H2, with the remainder being a mixture of ethane and ethylene.Preferred Parameter: The individual fuel gas product has a Btu content of greater than or equal to950 Btu per standard cubic foot and is at a pressure of greater than or equal to400 psig.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The installation comprises units for deacidification (1) and drying (2) of the natural gas upstream of the extraction column; turbines for producing energy partly fed with one part of the extracted ethane; a gas liquefaction unit; a feed of sweetened and dried natural gas in liquefied form; a device for drying the methane-rich gas upstream of the mixer; a heat exchanger between the liquefied gas line and the methanation reactor; a column (5) for separating into a light fraction and a fraction of heavier components containing ethane and LPGs; and a unit for fractionating the heavier components into a stream containing ethane and LPG streams. The mixer is situated upstream of the units for deacidification and drying. The reactors for reforming and methanation are partly installed on the gas feed line.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises deacidification and drying the natural gas before the extraction step; reforming and methanation on one part of the natural gas before the extraction step; the use of one part of the extracted ethane as fuel gas; liquefaction of the gas; drying the methane-rich gas before the mixing step; separating the heavy components of the gas into a light fraction and a fraction of heavier components (12) containing ethane and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG); fractionating the heavier components into a stream(s) containing ethane and LPG streams; and high heating adjustment of the gas.The extraction step is carried out on sweetened and dried natural gas, which is available in liquefied form. Mixing is carried out before deacidification and drying step.The methanation stage produces heat, which is used to partially vaporize the gas in liquefied form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogenation is preceded by a heating stage at 350-500degreesC. The whole process is carried out at a pressure of 100-5000 kPa of hydrogen. The hydrogenation is carried out 5-60degreesC. The heating activation stage is carried out at ambient temperature or 300-700degreesC for at least 15 minutes. The cooling activation stage is carried out until ambient temperature. The heat treatment cycle is renewed until the reversible capacity of hydrogenated alloy is stabilized. Preferred Composition: The alloys absorbing hydrogen comprises a metal composition of formula (TixV(1x))(1-y)My.M = Fe, Mn, Ni or Col;x = 0.25-0.45; andy = 0.03-0.15. EXAMPLE - The metal alloy of formula (Ti(0.33)V(0.6)Mn(0.07)) was heated up to 500degreesC (with low pressure i.e. 1-1000 Pa), then hydrogenated at 25degreesC under 2000 kPa hydrogen. The reversible capacity of the alloy at 25degreesC was equal to 0.15 wt.%. The hydride was placed under 1000 kPa of hydrogen at ambient temperature. The heating was carried out at 450degreesC for 4 hours followed by cooling with a pressure of 1000 kPa hydrogen to ambient temperature. The cycle was renewed four times with a progression of the reversible capacity at 25degreesC with each cycle. The reversible capacity at 25degreesC was stabilized in the fifth cycle to reach approximately 1.4 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas is absorbed by a biogas before and/or after several days of the process. The bacterial culture is added in the form of an inoculation or sludge. The decomposition process takes place anaerobically. The process further comprises absorbing the gas of the liquid mixture or material mixture, additive, bacterial culture and optionally another additive, examining the decrease of the additive, after the collection of gas formation, and examining the decomposition of the additive, the concentration of the additive in the mixtures, where the obtained value is compared with an initial concentration. Preferred Components: The additive is phenol (up to less than or equal to1 g/l), which is in the form of liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The raw gas is compressed by a raw gas compressor with at least a compressor section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A part of the C2 rich liquid phase from the phase separator is decompressed and serves as a cooling agent. The gaseous C2 rich stream led from the head of the absorbing column and from the phase separator is cooled against heat absorbing process and supplied to a separating column for the production of C2 fraction. The hot product discharged from the separating column is decompressed and subsequently cooled. The gaseous C2 rich material flow from the phase separator is divided into a first and second partial stream before cooling, where the first partial stream is supplied to a separating column for producing C2 fraction and the second partial stream is decompressed and subsequently used for cooling the hot product. The hot product of the separating column is further heated to obtain as C1 fraction. The C2 rich material stream for cooling the hot product in the separating column is further heated after heating against the main product of the separating column and subsequently supplied at a suitable position of the raw gas compressor. A part of the C2 rich liquid phase is cooled, decompressed, heated and supplied to the raw gas compressor. The raw gas is a hydrogen and methane-poor C3 hydrocarbon mixture containing olefins (70-97, preferably 85-92 wt.%), where the olefins exhibit a C3 portion of 50-90 wt.%, preferably 60-80 wt.%, and 85-98 wt. %, preferably 90-94 wt.% of the C3 portion is propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The ionic flocculants are located at a spacing to optimize the activity of the electron radiation based on the range of frequency. The number of treatment tanks is 20-90, depending on the quality of the starting water and the required purity of the treated water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hexaluminate is M13O19, M16O22, M16O23, and/or M19O27. It includes formula LaMAl11O19 or LaMgAl11O19. The mixture comprises alumina delta phase alumina, theta phase alumina, and/or gamma phase alumina (preferably).M=Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and/or Zn.Preferred Composition: The mixture comprises 1-10 wt.% of the divalent cation component, and 4-12.0 wt.% of the trivalent cation component, based on the total weight of the mixture. Preferred Property: The catalyst is capable of producing greater than or equal to20 vol.% hydrogen after treatment at greater than or equal to1200degreesC or greater than or equal to1370degreesC. The alumina comprises a surface area of 20-50 m2/g. EXAMPLE - An aqueous mixture of magnesium nitrate and gamma alumina powder containing lanthanum was prepared. The mixture was heat treated at 950degreesC in air to vaporize the water and the nitrates and to stabilize the alumina. The result of the heat treatment was a catalyst support comprising a powdered mixture of oxides. Aqueous slurry of the catalyst support and rhodium nitrate was prepared. The slurry was applied on a monolithic substrate that was then heat treated in air at 538degreesC for 1 hour. The finished catalyst was placed in static air at 1200degreesC for 10 hours to form a stabilized mixture of hexaluminate and alumina. The effectiveness of the oxidation catalysts for partial oxidation of gasoline was tested. The results showed 22.1 and 21.5 vol.% hydrogen after 1200degreesC and 1300degreesC heat treatments, and 92% and 90% maximum hydrogen after 1200degreesC and 1300degreesC heat treatments.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio (by weight) of (A) to the USY-type zeolite is 0.1-1.5. The amount of supported palladium and/or platinum in (A) is 0.1-5 wt.%. The support for (A) is silica. The specific surface area of the silica support for (A) is 450 m2/g or more. The USY-type zeolite has a silicon dioxide/alumina ratio of 5-50.Preferred Process: In the process, the reaction temperature is 350-470degreesC, and the pressure is 0.3-3 MPa. EXAMPLE - The silica was pulverized to 20 to 40 mesh, sized and dried. An aqueous solution of Pd(NO3)2(NH3)2 (8.8 ml of 50 mg/ml) was added drop by drop to the silica (20 g). After sufficiently impregnating the solution into pores, the silica was dried in a drying machine at 120degreesC for 12 hours. The above process of impregnation and drying was repeated two more times. The silica impregnated with palladium was calcined at 450degreesC in the air for 8 hours. Subsequently, it was mechanically pulverized to give a palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component. A mechanically powdered proton-type USY zeolite with a silica/alumina ratio of 10, was used as a USY-type zeolite. The palladium- and/or platinum-based catalyst component thus prepared and the USY-type zeolite were homogeneously mixed with palladium/silica:USY is 1:2 (by weight). The mixture was molded by a tablet-compression and sized to give a granular molded catalyst having an average particle size of 1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The propellant mixture comprises iso-pentane or iso-butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The microorganism raw material comprises microorganisms such as bacteria, Actinomyces and filamentous fungi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic waste is spread such that the wooden carbon material is covered on the surface of manure deposition after spreading of the waste and before stirring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The wooden carbon material contains conifer material (30% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The bacteria capable of decomposing cellulose is preferably Bacillus subtilis BSTH-1 strain (FERM AP-20663) and/or its mutant. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen donor is hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The grinding method of wood-type biomass is carried out, by utilizing waste heat of a garbage incineration system, when carbonizing the biomass. The vertical mill is a mill for coal grinding. The biomass is pulverized to predetermined dimension before carbonizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas-sensitive block comprises sintered compact of fine particle material containing tungsten oxide and silica. The core in the gas-sensitive block consists of 10-50 wt.% of alumina with respect to content of tungsten oxide.
ACTIVITY - Fungicide. A Fusarium oxysporum (1asterisk104/g) was inoculated in soil. Sample A (waste clay, cattle-feces urine and raw material mixture of lining), sample B (waste clay and cattle-feces urine), and sample C (cattle-feces urine and raw material mixture of lining) were added. Chinese flat cabbage was grown. Soil disease pathopoiesis degree in the cultural process was investigated. Results showed that sampled A significantly suppressed soil disease.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aryl-alkinyl-ethers (I) is preferably verbutin of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fuel mixture and oxygen are compressed before being fed to the carbonation reactor. The carbonation reactor is heated after being fed with compressed oxygen. Preferred Parameters: During the feeding step, the ratio of the CaO moles introduced in the carbonation reactor and the sum of methane and carbon dioxide (CO2) moles contained in fuel mixture is 1-1.5, preferably 1.33. The carbonation reactor and the calcination reactor are kept at 3-15, preferably 5 bar and 540-940degreesC. The CaO and CO2 are produced from the calcination reactor at 900-1000degreesC. The H2 and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are produced from the carbonation reactor at 500-600degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel mixture contains 40-95 (preferably more than 65 mole%) methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The gas face biolayer comprises nitrosifying and nitrifying bacteria. The liquid face biolayer comprises bacteria capable of sequestering solids from a liquid stream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support membrane comprises silica, titania, zirconia, and/or alumina gel supported by a support material comprising woven or non-woven fibrous or non-fibrous porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process (M2) involves depolymerization at 700 - 775degreesF and hydrolysis at 440 - 500degreesF. In the process (M1), deriving the fuel from the liquid mixture involves subjecting the liquid mixture to hydrolysis to form organic liquor; and converting the organic liquor into the fuel. The process of deriving the fuel from liquid mixture involves hydrotreating the liquid mixture and subjecting the liquid mixture to thermal conversion process. The process further involves prior to preparing or heating, adding an organic solvent to the slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The specific microorganisms are microorganisms for fermentation, microorganisms for environmental preservation and/or biological pesticide. The microorganisms are semi-fixed by a method chosen from mixing method, entrapping elasticity, crosslinking condensation method, carrier absorption process, carrier binding method and/or encapsulation. The specific microorganisms are fermentation microorganisms, preferably dry-type methane fermentation. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate has iron (Fe)-nickel (Ni) alloy, Fe-Ni-Cr alloy, copper alloy or aluminum alloy as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The insoluble fraction is removed by decantation centrifugation at 1000-10000 minutes-1, and at 1300-11000 g and the centrifuged cake is dewatered. Colloids, especially proteins, are secondarily separated from the liquid fraction by air flotation after the separation of insoluble substances, and at the same time pre-precipitation of sulfates present is carried out by dosing calcium oxide and flocculant and the obtained sludge is dewatered. The liquid obtained after the separation of solid fractions is acidified under controlled conditions at 0.5-50 hours, at pH 4.8-9.2 with the degree of acidification of 3-86% of acidifiable COD, while caustic soda and magnesium oxide are being dosed. The anaerobic decomposition of acidified liquid is performed in a reactor by means of granulated biomass comprising acidifying and methanogenic bacteria, spontaneously multiplied and granulated without a support at 25-40degreesC and at upward flow rate of the liquid in the reactor at 2-12 m-hour-1. Nitrogenous substances precipitate in the anaerobically treated water by adding magnesium chloride at 0.1-2 kg-m-3, and phosphoric acid at 0-1 kg-m-3, and precipitated magnesium ammonium phosphate is separated. Biogas released from the anaerobic digestion process is biologically desulfurized to remove the hydrogen sulfide and produce elementary sulfur. The final treatment of the liquid fraction obtained from the anaerobic digestion and precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate is carried out by anaerobic digestion with the excessive sludge being dewatered, thickened and removed to be utilized in agriculture or burnt down.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is enriched with oxygen. Preferred Components: The fuel and/or its additive are diesel mixable and/or its mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process further comprises dewatering the depressurized stream, anaerobically treating the depressurized stream, removing natural gas from the treated stream, and adding an acid to the chamber during the step of pressurizing so as to reduce pH of stream to less than 6.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid comprises nitric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed gas comprises carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen, and/or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process of bioremediation further comprises allowing time to pass for the spheres to absorb at least a part of the chemical and/or petrochemical spill, where the spheres provide microbial nutrients prior to the allowing step. The soy wax comprising hollow spheres are housed in many porous containers made of a material, which is nonabsorbing to the chemical and/or petrochemical, where the container is in the shape of an elongated boom. The process of bioremediation is carried out in the bilge of a boat. The process of bioremediation further comprises (after allowing time to pass for indigenous microbes): exposing a deeper level of soil into which the chemical and/or petrochemical has seeped; providing additional spheres comprising soy wax; contacting the additional spheres with the deeper level of soil; allowing additional time to pass for the additional spheres to absorb at least part of the chemical and/or petrochemical spill, where the additional spheres provide microbial nutrients; and allowing still further time to pass for indigenous microbes to use the nutrients provided by the spheres and the additional spheres to digest the chemical and/or petrochemical, the spheres and the additional spheres.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) further comprises beeswax. The container contains a plastic. The hollow spheres comprise soy wax and beeswax. The container or the boom consists of a plastic. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst is a zeolite compound, which is ZSM-5 zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The stream containing C4 plus hydrocarbons is separated into a stream containing 4-5C hydrocarbons and a stream containing C6 plus hydrocarbons. The stream containing 4-5C hydrocarbons is recycled to the catalytic cracking reaction step. A portion of the stream containing C6 plus hydrocarbons is recycled to the catalytic cracking reaction step, and the remaining portion can be separated into a stream containing 6-8C hydrocarbons and a stream containing C9 plus hydrocarbons. A portion of the stream containing 6-8C hydrocarbons is recycled to the catalytic cracking reaction step, and the remaining portion is recovered after conversion to an aromatic fraction by hydrodesulfurization. A portion of the stream containing C9 plus hydrocarbons is recycled to the catalytic cracking reaction, and the remaining portion is recycled to the catalyst regeneration step. The catalytic cracking reaction is carried out in a fixed-bed reactor or a fluidized-bed reactor. Preferred Parameter: The catalytic cracking reaction is carried out at 500-750degreesC, and a hydrocarbon feedstock/steam weight ratio of 0.01-10. If the catalytic cracking reaction is carried out in the fixed-bed reactor, the catalytic cracking reaction will be carried out at a hydrocarbon feedstock residence time of 0.1-600 seconds. If the catalytic cracking reaction is carried out in the fluidized-bed reactor, the catalytic cracking reaction will be carded out at a hydrocarbon feedstock residence time of 0.1-600 seconds and a catalyst/hydrocarbon feedstock weight ratio of 1-100. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The odorant further contains mercaptan compound and/or sulfide compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The atomic ratio of hydrogen with respect to carbon content of portion of the solid fuel is 1-1.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of liquefaction stone fuel and water is 1:3-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Layer (14) has reduction expansion coefficient of 0.14% or more. Layers (12,16) have reduction expansion coefficient of less than 0.14%. Thickness of layer (12) is 1/3-3 times of the thickness of layer (16). Layers (12,16) consist of same material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon monoxide adsorption agent is regenerated after absorption and removal of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is removed in carbon monoxide adsorption tower provided in a carbon monoxide removal apparatus (2) having three or more towers connected in series. The carbon monoxide adsorption agent is regenerated by supplying a portion or whole of fuel cell stack off gas, high purity hydrogen gas, or raw material. The off gas ejected from adsorption tower in carbon monoxide adsorption-agent regeneration process, is used as fuel for heating reformed gas. The carbon monoxide adsorption agent is reduced with a material consisting of silica, alumina, activated carbon, graphite and/or polystyrene resin supported on a support comprising halogenated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode of nickel-hydrogen storage battery comprises cobalt (in pts. wt.) (4-8) and ytterbium (1-6), with respect to nickel hydroxide (100).The electrolyte liquid of nickel-hydrogen storage battery, comprises sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The method of modifying agro-waste comprises packaging the agro-waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: The process of preparing the food/feed product, comprises the additional step of: contacting with a further additional food/feed ingredients; and packaging the food product. The process of preparing bioethanol comprises the additional step of packaging the bioethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The preparation of the paper comprises the additional steps of: contacting with a paper ingredient; and packaging the paper. EXAMPLE - Whole grain wheat flour was mixed with xylanase and arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase to give dough.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The pellets comprise cells of the anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria at a VSS concentration of 100-3000 mg/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pellets comprise 0.05-5 mass% fine activated carbon powder and/or the fine metal powder such as magnetite or iron powder. EXAMPLE - Sludge (1000 mg/L) of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria was mixed with powdered activated carbon (1 mass%) having an average particle size of 20 microns/100 g of entrapping immobilization pellets. Then, polyethylene glycol methacrylate (10 mass%) was mixed with the mixture to prepare a raw material solution. Next, potassium persulfate (0.025 mass%) and crosslinking agent were added to the raw material solution, and the mixture was polymerized at 20degreesC for 0.5 hour. The polymer was divided into 3 mm-square approximately cubic forms to prepare entrapping immobilization pellets. Biological treatment tank was packed with the entrapping immobilization pellets at a packing ratio of 20%, and the tank was operated for wastewater treatment for over 4 months. The pellets showed a denitrification activity of 15.0 kg-N/m3/d. A comparative entrapping immobilizing pellet prepared without the powdered activated carbon, showed a denitrification activity of only 10.0 kg-N/m3/d.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The air-proof flexible material is formed by a polyethylene or poly vinylchloride tarpaulin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic micro gel in the liquid fuel is 0.1-5 wt.%. The liquid fuel contains 10-99.9 wt.% of fuel component chosen from methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl ether.Preferred Monomers: The ionic monomer is an anionic monomer chosen from carboxylic acid, carboxylate salt, sulfonic acid and sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gel: The ionic micro gel is in the form of a dispersed phase containing ionic monomer and non-ionic monomer dispersed in a dispersion medium using a surfactant. The ionic micro gel is obtained by radically polymerizing the monomers. The dispersed phase further contains a cross-linking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) comprises a mineral powder such as plagioclase/orthoclase and/or mica (muscovite/biotite), preferably granite flour. The mineral powder is quartz, calcite, dolomite, pyrite and/or clay (montmorillonite), preferably pebble lime flour and/or quartz sand. (I) comprises 5-35 (preferably 20)wt.% of quartz sand, 20-60 (preferably 40)wt.% of granite flour and 10-70 wt.% of pebble lime flour or lime and/or marble flour, preferably 15 wt.% of pebble lime flour and 5 wt.% of lime, preferably in the form of marble flour. The amount of silicon carbide is 40 wt.%. The granite flour (10-15 wt.%) is replaced by garnet sand. The size of the individual components is 60-600 microns, preferably 50% of the individual components lie in 350 microns. (I) is in the form of a flowable powder. Preferred Process: The oil-reducing microorganisms are added in the form of pellets or capsules. The removal of adsorbed hydrocarbons, preferably adsorbed crude oil takes place in situ. 8 kg of the composition is used for 1 kg of hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Normal tap water (fresh water) was added with sea salt until the salt content of the tap water becomes equal to the usual salt content of the seawater. In a container, salt water (1 liter) and crude oil (20 ml) were added with slight stirring. An oil slick was floating on the surface of the salt water and the composition was dispersed over the oil slick in a uniform thin layer. After few seconds, the dispersed composition containing quartz sand (40%), granite flour (40%), pebble lime flour (15%) and calcite (5%) was binded with the oil. The composition was sinked together with latter below surface of the water and slowly settled as fine sediment on the bottom. Within few hours, the toxic hydrocarbons were eliminated from the water and the resultant water was turned into a clear and optical. The smell of the oil was no more detectable after a day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separation membrane includes palladium (Pd) or Pd alloy with hardness that is higher than that of pure Pd; and the low-hardness metal membrane includes a Pd alloy or pure Pd having a hardness that is lower than that of the hydrogen separation membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The alpha-amylase is derived from a strain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus or is an alpha-amylase having an amino acid sequence which has at least 80% identity to the alpha-amylase shown in a sequence having 487 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 1) as given in the specification, and as determined using the Clustal method (Hig- gins, 1989, CABIOS 5: 151-153) using the LASERGENE (RTM: software), MEGALIGN (RTM: software), with an identity table and multiple alignment parameters as given in the specification. The dose of alpha-amylase is 2 - 140 (preferably 2 u 70, 2 - 35, 2 u 8, 2 u 5) g/dry ton of total suspended solids. The enzyme is allowed to incubate with the sludge for 1 minute to 24 hours (preferably 30 minutes to 12 hours, especially 1 - 2 hours). The alpha-amylase is added in combination with at least one of proteases, lipases, cellulases, hemicellulases, oxidoreductases, laccases, glycosyl hydrolases and/or esterases. The alpha-amylase is an alpha-amylase having an amino acid sequence which has at least 80 (preferably at least 85, at least 90, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98 and at least 99)% identity to the alpha-amylase shown in the SEQ ID NO: 1. EXAMPLE - Primary sludge (400 ml) (3% total suspended solids (TSS), pH 6.8), freshly harvested from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant were aliquoted into 500 ml flasks. The flasks were then dosed Geobacillus stearothermophilus alpha amylase (4.601 g protein/DT TSS). All flasks were then incubated, conditioned and dewatered. The dewatered cake was tested for characteristics obtained from the enzymatically pre-treated primary sludge harvested from the local municipal wastewater treatment plant. After only 60 minutes of incubation, the G. stearothermophilus alpha-amylase pre-treatment was able to improve cake solids (1.43% increase) and simultaneously reduce the volume of dewatered sludge (~7.5% reduction).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalyst layer comprises palladium zinc catalyst. The second catalyst layer may comprise a zinc oxide layer formed of the surface of second walls, and platinum, palladium and/or copper carried on the zinc oxide layer. The alumina layer comprises gamma-alumina having an average pore size of 5-10 nm. The heteropolyacid is phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, and/or silicotungstic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalyst layer may comprise methanol reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises gold, copper, platinum, rhodium, palladium, chromium, iridium, or their alloys. It is supported on a metal oxide comprising titanium, cerium, lanthanum, zinc or tin. The active coating further comprises an active material which is titania, ceria, lanthana, silicon carbide, or ferrites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The organic matter is collectively mixed with water and microbes and fermented to obtain bio-mineral containing material. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    2-week-old tomato seedlings were planted in Wagner pot containing water (3 l), mixed with bio-mineral containing material (15 g) obtained from rapeseed oil dregs and cultivated under aerobic condition for 3 days. The plants were supplemented with calcium and magnesium and subjected to hydrophonic cultivation. A control was performed with chemical fertilizer. The test group showed clear and excellent growth of tomato plants relative to the control.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - 30-150 mg of bio-mineral containing material is mixed with fertilizer liquid in hydrophonics.    EXAMPLE - Soil (1 g) and rape seed oil dregs (1 g) were mixed with distilled water (100 ml) and decomposed at 25 degrees C. The obtained mixture was agitated under aerobic condition at 120 rpm and further processed with fish meal to obtain compost or bio-mineral containing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The agent preferably consists of mercaptans and cyclohexene only. The mercaptan is tertiary butyl mercaptan whose mix ratio with cyclohexene is 85:15-50:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The saccharide is biomass resource containing cellulose as main component.Preferred Method: The formic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide or carbonate of cellulose and alkali metal at 0-100degreesC. The acetic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of saccharide and alkali metal at 250-450degreesC. The glycolic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of polysaccharide and alkali metal at 220-300degreesC. The lactic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide or carbonate of monosaccharide and alkali metal at 100-250degreesC. The dicarboxylic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of saccharide and alkali metal at 140-380degreesC. The organic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of alkali metal and lignin at 140-360degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen sulfide gas and/or sulfuric acid may also participate in the production of hydrogen from water by injection at a precise time of the reaction cycle.Preferred Process: The process comprises a cooling technique, which is adapted for the separation of the product in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The process combines the thermochemical reactions and reforming technique, where the reforming products are cooled to be separated by gaseous permeation membrane; The separation of corrosive products resulting from a dissociation of acid at elevated temperature is replaced by an oxidation of non-metals by hot and concentrated sulfuric acid in low temperature. The products resulting from oxidation are cooled to be separated by gaseous permeation membrane. The separation of the hydriodic acid is done by treating in sulfur. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: plating carbon fibers or the carbon nanotubes with materials (e.g. rhodium, ruthenium, nickel and palladium) that show a strong affinity for hydroxy; and then plating the electrode with materials (e.g. platinum and iridium) that have a strong affinity for the oxidation of ammonia and/or ethanol to give (I). #Preferred Components: The carbon support is carbon fibers, carbon tubes, carbon microtubes or carbon microspheres. The plating layer is rhodium (preferred), ruthenium, nickel and/or palladium. The another plating layer is platinum and/or iridium. The fuel is ammonia or ethanol. The plating layer has a plating coverage of at least 2 mg/cm. The another plating layer is a monometallic layer or a bimetallic layer. The bimetallic layer comprises platinum and iridium, with a ratio of 99.99:0.01-50:50, preferably 80:20-75:25. (I) has total plating coverage of 4-10 mg/cm. The basic electrolyte is potassium hydroxide (preferred) and/or sodium hydroxide. The basic electrolyte has a concentration of 3-7 (preferably 5) M. The ammonia is present in the cell at a concentration of 0.01-5 (preferably 1) M. The electrolytic cell further comprises a electrode comprising (I) and another electrode having an activity towards hydrogen evolution in alkaline media. The another electrode is platinum, rhenium, palladium or Raney nickel. The cathode is nickel or platinum black.Preferred Process: The basic electrolyte is added in excess of the stoichiometric proportions needed. The fuel cell operates at 20-70degreesC. The concentration of the basic electrolyte concentration is 2-5 times (preferably 3 times) greater than the concentration of ammonia, when the fuel is ammonia. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalyst activity metal contains rear earth metal (0.1-100) chosen from yttrium, lanthanum, cerium and/or praseodymium. The catalyst activity metal is particle-form nickel having particle diameter of 45 nm or less. Preferred Material: The porous material further contains silicon (0.5-20). The hydrolysis catalyst used in manufacture of hydrogen production catalyst is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid and/or ammonia. The metal salt used in manufacture of hydrogen production catalyst is nickel nitrate, nickel acetate and/or nickel acetyl acetonato.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fatty acid is free fatty acid existing in raw oil-and-fat material or fatty acid obtained from raw oil-and-fat material by carrying out transesterification of fatty acid glyceride and carboxylic acid at supercritical or subcritical condition of carboxylic acid or by hydrolyzing fatty acid glyceride in supercritical or subcritical condition. The carboxylic acid ester is formate, preferably methyl formate.Preferred Process: The fatty acid phase and carboxylic acid ester phase are made compatible by adding a component (III) to esterification reaction system. The fatty acid glyceride phase and carboxylic acid phase or carboxylic acid ester phase are made compatible by adding a component (III) to a transesterification reaction system. Fatty acid glyceride contained in raw oil-and-fat material is hydrolyzed on supercritical or subcritical condition, to obtain fatty acid. The fatty acid obtained is esterified with alcohol by carboxylate ester of supercritical or subcritical condition, and fatty acid alkyl ester is obtained. Ester interchange between fatty acid glyceride contained in raw oil-and-fat material and alcohol of supercritical or subcritical condition is carried out, to obtain fatty acid alkyl ester. Ester interchange between fatty acid glyceride and carboxylic acid ester of supercritical or subcritical condition is carried out, to obtain fatty acid alkyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mediator: The electronic mediator is anthraquinone carboxylic acid, aminoanthraquinone, diamino anthraquinone, anthraquinone sulfonic acid, diamino anthraquinone sulfonic acid, anthraquinone disulfonic acid, diamino anthraquinone disulfonic acid, ethyl anthraquinone, methyl naphthoquinone, methyl-amino naphthoquinone, bromo methyl-amino naphthoquinone, dimethyl naphthoquinone, dimethylamino naphthoquinone, lapachol, hydroxy (methyl butenyl) amino naphthoquinone, naphthoquinone sulfonic acid, trimethyl amino benzoquinone, flavin mononucleotide, their derivatives, ubiquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, cytochrome a, cytochrome b, cytochrome c, nontronite, and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Removal of carbon dioxide and oxygen using process membranes produces permeate which is used in the step of recycling the gas to improve methane recovery or in the step of removing water, non-methane organic compounds and volatile organic compounds. The method includes adding liquefied petroleum gas to the stranded gas to raise the heat content to 1000 BTU/ft3, compressing the gas to a required pipeline requirement, and processing the gas using activated carbon beds to reduce siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen fuel cell comprises an acidic polymer membrane electrolyte (24).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The treatment zone is followed by a dwell zone (40) in which the substrate is kept above a predetermined killing temperature. The dwell zone has a temperature sensor (42), an insulated housing (12) and an auxiliary heater (44) supplied with waste heat from the generator. The outlet end of the dwell chamber is equipped with a wetting device for forced cooling of the treated substrate. The treatment zone has a conveyor (20) for transporting the substrate between the electrodes. The apparatus includes a preheating zone (36) supplied with waste heat from the generator. The apparatus includes a proportioning roll (68) for forming a substrate layer of uniform thickness on the conveyor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen compound is nitrogen, ammonium ion, nitrite ion or nitrate ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid component is put into an air-tight container. The solid component of the mushroom culture medium is squeezed, dried under reduced pressure and used as a fuel or artificial soil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Material: The clay dredge earth material is in dried form. The plant biomass is wood biomass and/or agricultural waste such as chaff. The wood biomass is driftwood obtained from lakes and marshes. The additive is manure or organic fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus. The additive is added before granulating the particulate material.Preferred Amount: The particulate material comprises (in mass parts) powdered carbide of plant type biomass (5-20), clay dredge earth and sand material (60), dust compost (5-25, preferably 5-35) obtained by fermenting organic dust from water-power station intake of lakes and marshes region, cattle feces compost (5-25, preferably 5-35) which is obtained by fermenting mixture obtained by mixing chip of fragmented driftwood from lakes and marshes and excretions of cow. The sum total of the carbide material, clay dredge and additive is 40 mass parts.Preferred Properties: 80 wt.% or more of the particulate material can pass through sieve having pore size of 15 mm according to JIS G 3553. ACTIVITY - Soil improving.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of iron, zirconium or cerium with respect to total metal content in the catalyst is 0.05-0.17. The catalyst is used for modifier, which modifies compound containing hydrogen, to hydrogen, using oxidizing agent and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process in which the distillation column containing mainly 6-8 carbon molecules are sent in to an aromatic extraction unit (60), where the resulting effluent is upgraded as petrochemical base. The process comprises mixing the effluent of the water treatment unit with a part of the effluent of an aromatic extraction unit to give the desulfurized gasoline. The process further comprises recycling the 4-carbon fraction. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst in the oligocracking unit at 450-580degreesC under 0.1-0.5 MPa at a spatial velocity of 1-10 per hour.Preferred Components: The rate of recycling of the heavy fraction from the oligocracking unit is 1-5, preferably 3-5.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is a zeolite, where the zeolite is having a silicon:aluminum (Si/Al) atomic ratio of 50:500, preferably 75:150. The zeolite is present in MEL, MFI, NES, EUO, FER, CHA, MFS, MWW, NU-85, NU-86, NU-88 and/or IM-5 structure forms. EXAMPLE - A 4-5 carbon atom fraction (containing 4C dienes and 5C cyclo paraffin) was reacted with maleic anhydride (1 g) in the presence of a zeolite catalyst of ZSM5-5 type (with a Si/Al atomic ratio of 140) to give dispersion. The dispersion was subjected for the selective hydrogenation at 143degreesC under 3.2 MPa at spatial velocity of 6 per hour to give desulfurized gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid gas mixture comprises 88 wt.% of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 9 wt.% of octafluoropropane and 3 wt.% of isobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel storage includes the hollow space for receiving the fuel e.g. methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The agro feedstock is mahua seeds and mahua dried flowers; Simarouba and mahua seeds and syrup; Pongamia seeds; neem seeds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The skeletal material is endo skeletal material, or exo skeletal material comprising a shell of a marine animal or a poultry egg.Preferred Method: The product is produced by heating an animal skeletal material to greater than or equal to 1000degreesC to convert part of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and produce a calcined product, and contacting part of the product with water to produce a particulate material containing calcium hydrate. EXAMPLE - About 10 lbs oyster shells were placed in a kiln and heated to 2150-2350degreesF. The kiln was then turned off and allowed to cool to room temperature. The heated shell, which was in the form of coarse cinnamon or brownish flakes, was removed from the kiln and placed in a bucket. Water was added to the bucket in an amount to provide 5 parts by weight of heated shell to each part by weight of water. The temperature of the water rapidly rose to almost 100degreesC, with significant amounts of steam being emitted from the bucket. The temperature in the bucket lowered fall and after the temperature returned to ambient, the contents of the bucket were removed and found to be in the form of a fine white or white homogeneous, powder. The yield of the fine white powder, calcium hydrate, was 8 lbs. To a film of marine engine oil on the surface of a small stretch of water in a marina was added one half lb calcium hydrate. The oil immediately sank to the bottom leaving the surface of the water free of any visible trace of the oil film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises an active metal present in 0.5-20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal foam supports the active metal from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), their alloys, and/or stainless steel. Preferred Properties: The metal foam has a porosity of 40-98%, and a pore density of 400-1200 ppi. Preferred Method: The surface of the metal foam is treated with a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Nickel chloride (100 g) was dissolved into water (1 L) to provide catalyst slurry. Then, stainless steel metal foam (porosity of 55%, pore density of 400 ppi) was treated with 1M hydrochloric acid to activate a surface of the metal foam, and then immersed into the catalyst slurry and agitated for 5 hours at room temperature. The metal foam was removed from the catalyst slurry and dried for 15 hours at room temperature, then fired at 500degreesC to provide a catalyst for reforming a fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The FeRB is a member of Geobacteraceae selected from Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter humireducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter grbiciae, Geothrix fermentans, Geovibrio ferrireducens and Geobacter NU strain. The biological material comprises a methanogen. Preferred Method: The biological material is inoculated with a FeRB.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of Fe(III) is selected from ferric chloride, ferric citrate, ferric nitrilotriacetic acid and/or other iron salts. The VFA is selected from acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and/or valerate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A connecting pipe (8) is spanned between the high- and low-temperature parts to transport a reactant and a product. An insulating film is formed on the high-temperature reaction , part. The heating element (170,172,174) is provided on the insulating film. A lead wire (176,178,180,182,184,186,192,194) for high-temperature reaction part is connected to the heating element through the wire to apply voltage to the heating element from outside. The heating element functions as a temperature sensor. A heat insulating package houses the reaction parts, heating element, and wire. The low-temperature reaction part comprises a carbon monoxide remover. It comprises a metal material. The high-temperature reaction part comprises a reformer to reform a fuel containing hydrogen atom in a chemical composition of the fuel to generate hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system further comprises a pH controller (34), a heater (12), substrate contained within the bioreactor, a device for removing hydrogen from the bioreactor, and temperature sensor for monitoring the temperature of the heater. The bioreactor further includes an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) sensor (32). The heater heats the organic material prior to entry into the bioreactor, and to a temperature that deactivates or kills methanogens and does not affect Klebsiella oxytoca. The heater heats the organic feed material at 60 - 100degreesC. The pH controller can adjust a pH of the organic feed material in the system, where the pH conducive to hydrogen production from Klebsiella oxytoca metabolizes the organic material. The pH controller is set to control the pH of organic feed material to 3.5 - 6.0 pH. The substrates have surfaces for Klebsiella oxytoca containing biofilm to grow on. The system is operably combined with an industrial production plant. The system further includes an effluent passage for providing removal access to the bioreactor. The system produces a hydrogen containing gas having a 1:1 ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The electrochemical device is a fuel cell having a hydrogen anode, an oxygen cathode, and a water or steam electrolyzer or a hydrogen sensor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The salt comprises complex ((N(CH3)4)2(B12F11H)) and complex ((N(C2H5)3CH3)2(B12F11.3H0.7)). EXAMPLE - A colorless slurry containing potassium complex (K2B12H12CH3OH) (in g) (2.96) in 6 ml formic acid at an average Hammett acidity of -2 to -4 was fluorinated at 0-20degreesC. Further fluorination (3%) at 30degreesC was resulted in precipitation of solid from solution. Solvents were evacuated overnight, colorless friable solid (5.1) was obtained. The crude reaction product was dissolved in water and the pH of the solution adjusted between 4-6 with triethylamine and triethylamine hydrochloride. The precipitated product was filtered, dried, and resuspended in water. Two equivalents of lithium hydroxide monohydrate were added to the slurry and the resulting triethylamine was evacuated. Additional lithium hydroxide was added until the pH of the final solution remained at 9-10 after distillation of total triethylamine. Water was removed by distillation and the final product was vacuum-dried at 200degreesC for 4-8 hrs. Lithium complex (Li2B12F12) was obtained at yield of 75%. Button cell battery was configured using lithium foil-electrode, 0.4-0.5M Li2B12F12 in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate, and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 electrode. The battery had improved physical, chemical and electrochemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The optical utilization ammonia oxidation microorganisms are microorganisms, which proliferated on supplying ammonia and irradiating light, and use anaerobic digestion sludge as spawn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Activator: The microorganism activator contains surfactant. The vitamin B is vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, or their mixtures. The member of TCA cycle is malic acid, succinic acid and citric acid. The amino acid is free arginine, free phenylalanine, free aspartic acid, L-alanine, beta-alanine, glutamic acid and aminobutyric acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The exhaust heat in hydrogen production apparatus is used as a heat source of the distilling column.
EXAMPLE - Rhodococcus SCRC-40412 and 42236 were inoculated to culture (3 ml) and cultivated at 20degreesC for 24 hours. Each culture solutions (1 ml) was placed in glass centrifuge tube (30-ml) containing n-hexadecanes (10 mg). The existing air permeable silicone cap was attached and the shaking culture was started at 20degreesC. Decomposition degradation experiment was conducted by two series. Chloroform (1 ml) containing docosannoic-acid methyl ester (10 mg) for chloroform/methanol (1:2, v/v) mixture (3 ml) and internal standard substance and distilled water (1 ml) was added to the shaking culture on 12th day. Then, n-hexadecane extraction was carried out. The shaking extraction with chloroform (1 ml) was repeated twice. The extract was combined and the one part was analyzed with the silica gel thin layer chromatography hydrogen flame ionization detection method. The turbidity of the culture solution of both the strain and the amount of the n hexadecane was measured on day 12 at optical density (O.D) 610 nm. The hexane amount decreased to 0.49plus minus-0.04 and 0.25plus minus-0.02 with respect to control respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The linA gene is from S. paucimobilis UT26 and is expressed under control of (a) two 35S promoters of CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) and (b) a polyA termination sequence. The LinA expression product (a lindane dehydrochlorinase) converts (I) to 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorocyclohexadiene which (i) decomposes spontaneously to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (less toxic than (I) and more easily degraded) or (ii) is decomposed further (ultimately to 2,5-dichlorophenol, carbon dioxide and water) by other Lin enzymes.Preferred Plants: Seeds of (A) can grow in media that contain a concentration of (I) toxic to the corresponding wild-type plants, and (A) can reduce (I) content of soils by 98%.Preparation: The linA gene is cloned into the integration plasmid pCAMBIA3500 (X); the product used to transform plants ; transgenic plants selected and expression of the linA gene compared between the different transgenic lines. (X) comprises (a) an origin of replication functional in Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens; (b) the kanamycin resistance gene for selection in these two species; (c) resistance to phosphinotricin, for subsequent identification of genetically modified plants; (d) T-DNA sequences flanking the fragment that is to be integrated into the plant genome; and (e) a cloning site flanked by two 35S promoters and a polyA termination sequence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is bacteria belonging to Serattia marcescens or Cobetia marina, preferably Serattia sp. EBRO3 strain (FERM ABP-10695) or Cobetia sp. EBRO4 strain (FERM ABP-10696).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The purification of soil or water containing heavy metal and organic compound involves processing soil or underwater containing organic compound using microorganisms belonging to Serattia or Cobetia in presence of heavy metal in a plant which absorbs heavy metal. The processed material is separated from the plant and subjecting to steam blasting and recycling cellulose or hemicellulose from the blasting product by saccharification or fermentation. Then lignin component is resinified from the blasting product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The heavy metal is iron (Fe), chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, tin, lead, bismuth, zinc, cadmium and mercury.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is decomposition-resistant aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - The sheet is formed from agricultural waste products and/or humic substances; comprises 3 - 97 (preferably at least 30) wt.% of the agricultural waste products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The substance is aged ground wood or bark having a level of leachable salts of 0.05 to 1 parts per million (ppm) when mixed with water in a wood or bark to water ratio of 1:5 for one hour on a rotary shaker and separated by filtration to produce a filtrate with a conductivity of less than 1 mSeimen/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fire retardant material is boric acid or its salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet comprises synthetic fibers and/or natural fibers, or nonwoven material. The synthetic fibers are made from a material selected from polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, acrylic, rayon, acetate, liquid crystal polymers, aramid, polyphenylene sulfide, fiberglass, polybenzimidazole, melamine, polyvinyl chloride, ceramics, polyethylene and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The natural fibers are made from a material selected from kenaf, wood pulp, hemp, cotton, jute, abaca, kapok, canton, pacol, ramie, maguey, sisal, pina, buntal, cabo negro and/or coir. The substance comprises biodegradable fibers that decomposed during composting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solid purge from the gasification reactor is contacted with the sour water in a slurry vessel, and ammonia vapor is recovered from said slurry vessel. The dilute catalyst solution is contacted with a gas containing CO2 before returning to the feed slurry; and stripped with the cooled raw product gas before returning to the feed slurry. In the process (P2), the petroleum coke particles are 33 - 100 mesh in size; and the reactor comprises a fluidized bed with an upper fluidized bed and a lower fluidized bed.Preferred Components: The catalyst having steam gasification activity comprises at least one alkali metal and alkali metal compound (preferably alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal formate, alkali metal oxalate, alkali metal amide, alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal acetate, and alkali metal sulfide, especially Na2CO3, K2CO3, Rb2CO3, Li2CO3, Cs2CO3, NaOH, KOH, RbOH and CsOH, particularly potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide). The potassium carbonate concentration in the aqueous medium is 0.9 - 10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The charging system produces at least one radical comprising at least one of oxygen, OH or NO2. In the treating emission method, at least one, first compound (preferably nitrogen oxide), at least one second compound (preferably nitrogen oxide) and third compound (preferably at least one of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) is treated in the exhaust stream with at least one catalyst. The teeth have sawtooth shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The iron reduction bacteria is Shewanella algae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from cobalt, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc and/or cobalt, or noble metals and/or platinum group metals. Preferred Process: Direct reduction of metal ion of noble metals and/or platinum group metals contained in liquid is carried out using iron reduction bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is chosen from propane, butane, kerosene, light oil, dimethyl ether, fuel oil, and meal waste oil having oxidation degree of 2.5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The crushed material is classified to obtain crushed material of maximum length 60 mm or less. The classified material having a maximum length of more than 60 mm is crushed again. The fine-crushed material is classified, and the classified material having a particle size of more than 5 mm is fine-crushed again.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal powders having different metals are reacted with ammonia, and metallic-amide composite is obtained. The metal powders having different metals are pulverized and mixed in ammonia gas atmosphere, and metallic-amide composite is obtained. Alternately, a metal nitride containing different metals and metal or metal hydride are pulverized and mixed in ammonia gas atmosphere, and metallic-amide composite is obtained. EXAMPLE - Raw material mixture (in g) (10) of metal lithium and magnesium nitride in molar ratio of 8:1 was prepared in a sealed microreactor. The microreactor was cooled to boiling point of ammonia with solid carbon dioxide-methanol freezing mixture. Then, liquid ammonia (10) was supplied to the microreactor and stirred for 5 hours at room temperature, and lithium amide-magnesium nitride composite (solid) was obtained. Amidation of lithium in the reaction was 85%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is titania, tin oxide or zinc oxide. The particle size of noble-metals fine particles is 100 nm or less. Citric-acid ion is adsorbed to the surface of noble-metals fine particles. The noble-metals fine particles consist of fine particles of platinum, gold, ruthenium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, rhodium, and/or their alloys. Preferred Process: A process liquid containing a trapping agent, which traps chemically the fluoride ion produced from fluorocomplex of metal, which comprises the metal oxide, and fluorocomplex of the metal is used during manufacture of the noble-metals fine particles holder. The fluorocomplex of the metal is fluorocomplex of titanium, fluorocomplex of zinc, or fluorocomplex of tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The biomass is fermented using microbes such as poly-glutamic acid producing microbe, poly galactosamine producing microbe, gellan gum producing microbes and/or curdlan producing microbes, under predetermined conditions. The biomass fermented by protein engineering method, mutation introducing method, genetic engineering or genetic engineering, is then solidified with other biomass. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hollow particles contain nitrogen, air, 2-8C linear and branched hydrocarbon, its fluorinated component, 2-8C cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, its fluorinated component, and/or ether compound of formula: R1-O-R2.R1,R2=1-5C monovalent hydrocarbon.Some hydrogen atoms of hydrocarbon group are substituted by fluorine atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The resin of the continuous phase is polyvinyl alcohol resin, acrylonitrile group polymer, acrylic-type polymer, and/or vinylidene-chloride group polymer. The acrylonitrile group polymer is acrylonitrile/m-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate copolymer, acrylonitrile/m-acrylonitrile/methyl methacrylate trinary copolymer, and/or acrylonitrile/m-acrylonitrile/methacrylic acid trinary copolymer.Preferred Properties: The hollow particles have a swelling start temperature (Ts2) of 90-200degreesC. The hollow particles (4) are arranged in the tire air chamber (3) and rim (2) of a tire assembly.Preferred Conditions: The maintenance environment of the hollow particles is a temperature 10degreesC or more and less than swelling stat temperature (Ts2), preferably 50degreesC or more and less than Ts2. The maintenance environment of the hollow particles is 100degreesC or less. The atmosphere in the maintenance environment contains a gas different from the inclusion gas, chosen from air, nitrogen, and inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The weight proportion of palladium with respect to whole catalyst is 8-22%. The catalyst is provided in flow path of a reactor. An oxidizing agent is supplied to the flow path. Preferred Process: A solution containing the precipitant is dripped at the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, and a deposit is generated. The pH and temperature of mixed solution, when adding precipitant to the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, are maintained at 6.5-8.5 and 20-60degreesC, respectively. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution formed by mixing palladium nitrate aqueous solution whose palladium content was 50 g/l, and nitric acid zinc-hexahydrate with distilled water (100 ml) was adjusted such that content rate of palladium during catalyst manufacture was 15 wt.%. Sodium carbonate aqueous solution (0.76 mol/L) was added to the mixed solution, and maintained at 40degreesC to obtain deposit. The pH of the mixed solution was maintained at 6.5-8.5, and then the solution was stirred for 1 hour, maintained for 12 hours, and filtered. The obtained filtrate was stirred with distilled water at 40degreesC for 20 minutes, washed, and baked at 500degreesC for one hour in nitrogen airflow to obtain palladium/zinc oxide catalyst. The obtained catalyst had improved catalytic activity even if used for oxidative reforming or high-temperature reforming-type system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The dissolved oxygen amount of treated water is increased by contacting treated water with oxygen-containing gas formed as micro bubble, before ozone treatment. One or whole portion of exhaust gas ejected from ozone treatment is introduced to oxygen treatment process. A portion of treated water is circulated between micro bubble oxygen dissolution process and biological treatment. The solid and liquid of biological treated water is separated using a membrane separation unit. A portion of liquid mixture of biological treated water is circulated and denitrified. Preferred Gas: The ozone-containing gas is high concentration oxygen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flammable component (II) is hydrogen.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell comprises a reformer to supply the reformed gas, containing hydrogen produced from hydrocarbon fuel, to the fuel cell anode, a combuster to heat the reformer by burning the flammable component (I) and/or the flammable component (II), a supply means to select the flammable component (I) and/or the flammable component (II) for supply to the combuster, and a controller to control the supply means based on the amount of heat required by the reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flammable component (I) is hydrocarbon, preferably methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the foam slurry is obtained by mixing organic binder, foaming agent, plasticizer, water and/or surfactant with mixed powder containing 10 vol.% or less of titanium powder and remaining titanium hydride powder. EXAMPLE - Titanium hydride powder having average particle diameter of 10 microns (in mass%) (60), methyl cellulose (water-soluble resin bonding agent) (3), hexane (organic solvent) (2), ethylene glycol (plasticizer) (2.5), alkyl benzene sulfonate (surfactant) (4) and water, were mixed for 15 minutes or more, to obtain foam slurry. The foam slurry was molded, to obtain a slurry layer. The obtained slurry layer was foamed at 40degreesC and 90% relative humidity for 20 minutes and dried at 80degreesC for 15 minutes, to obtain foam green molded product having high porosity. The resulting molded product was degreased at 550degreesC for 5 hours under hydrogen atmosphere and cooled. The obtained degreased product was wrapped with board obtained from titanium at 5x10-3 Pa, and sintered at 1200degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain high strength foam titanium sintered compact. The obtained compact had compresses strength of 2.2 MPa and porosity of 92%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The method further comprises addition of trace elements. The purification is carried out by ultra filtration. The purification and the volume reduction are carried out by reverse osmosis and/or vacuum distillation. The obtained concentrate in the reverse osmosis is subjected to a second reverse osmosis step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device further comprises an ultra filtration device, reverse osmosis mechanism, second reverse osmosis mechanism and a vacuum distillation mechanism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - \Preferred Components: The mono-substrate is a baking by-product, preferably old bread and/or waste products resulting in baker's shop. The additive is a nitrogenous product, preferably ammonium nitrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A first electrically excited heater heats a part of the vaporizer medium covering the region of the peripheral wall. The vaporizer medium has a first vaporizer medium region (28) and a second vaporizer medium region (30). A mixed material line (36) is arranged on the peripheral wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxide salts are sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and/or calcium hydroxide. The boron hydride is a borohydride salt of sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, potassium borohydride, calcium borohydride, sodium borohydride dihydrate, potassium borohydride trihydrate and/or potassium borohydride monohydrate. The catalyst comprises a material of manganese (II) chloride, iron (II) chloride, cobalt (II) chloride, nickel (II) chloride, copper (II) chloride, boric acid, copper, zinc, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, platinum, and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The substream in the heat exchanger is led by a liquid lead with a diameter of less than 1 mm. The heat exchanger is a micro-crosscurrent heat exchanger or micro-counter current heat exchanger.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The material mixture is discharged easily. The heat exchanger exhibits a liquid temperature. The liquid has a boiling temperature, which is below the crystallization temperature of the substance and evaporates in the heat exchanger. The material mixture is not mixed during the crystal growth, and is separated by cooling process. Preferred Components: The liquid contains a mixture of ethylene glycol and water. The material mixture is a mixture of optionally saturated methyl ester, such as a fuel, preferably biodiesel from old edible oil. EXAMPLE - The temperature of the biodiesel in the heat exchanger was adjusted with the coolant thermostat until crystals was formed. The temperature of the supply container was adjusted with the temperature of the temperature regulator and the temperature of the cold medium circulation in the heat exchanger was kept constant. The obtained crystals were led over the substream circulation into the supply container, sediment and magnetically stirred such that the crystals distribute as crystal germs in the container. The saturated fattyacid methylester in the liquid biodiesel was removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The specific surface area of alumina support is 60 m2/g or more.Preferred Metal: The rare earth metal is lanthanum or cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The transition metal ion is iron, cobalt, or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The molar ratio of fatty acid glyceride to alcohol is 1:6-1:12. Preferred Composition: The concentration of solid, double metal cyanide catalyst is 1-2 wt.% fatty acid glyceride. Preferred Component: The solid, double metal cyanide catalyst has a molecular formula of Zn3M2(CN)n(ROH).xZnCl2.yH2O.R=tertiary-butyl;M=transition metal ion;x=0-0.5;y=3-5;andn=10 or 12.The source of fatty acid glyceride is vegetable oil or animal fat. The vegetable oil is coconut oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, mustered oil, olive oil, cotton seed oil, rapeseed oil, margarine oil, jojoba oil, and/or jatropha oil. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and/or pentanol. EXAMPLE - Soybean oil (5 g), methanol (oil:methanol molar ratio=1:6), and double metal cyanide Fe-Zn catalyst (50 mg; 1 wt.% of oil) were charged. The reaction was conducted at autogeneous pressure at 170degreesC for 4 hours. It was then allowed to cool to 25degreesC. The products were isolated by distillation in vacuum. Oil conversion base on isolated glycero yield=92.0. Methyl esters (99%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactants: The reactive metal is iron or tin. Preferred Composition: The gas stream extracted from the reactor comprises greater than or equal to 50 vol.% hydrogen gas. The gas stream comprises not greater than 15 vol.% carbon dioxide. It comprises a molar hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide (H2:CO) ratio of 1:1 - 3:1 (preferably greater than or equal to 2:1). The mass ratio of steam to carbonaceous material is greater than or equal to 0.5:1. Preferred Method: An oxygen-containing gas is further contacted with the molten metal. The steps of contacting steam and contacting a carbonaceous material comprise injecting the carbonaceous material entrained in the steam into the molten metal. Contacting of steam is terminated and the metal oxide is contacted with a reductant comprising a particulate carbonaceous material or particulate coal to reduce the metal oxide back to the molten metal. A flux is added to the molten metal to promote the formation of a slag layer over the molten metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbonaceous material comprises municipal waste, hazardous waste or petroleum coke. EXAMPLE - Tin metal (0.7 kg) and iron powder (0.7 kg) were heated to 1200degreesC. Coal (10 g) containing 74.48% carbon, 5.34% hydrogen, 8.85% oxygen, 1.31% nitrogen, 1.95% sulfur, and 8.07% ash was injected into the steam flow. Hydrogen gas was produced for 4 minutes by the reaction of steam oxidizing iron in the molten bath. After 4 minutes, coal was injected at 1.33 g/minute into the steam lance to inject both coal and steam into the molten bath. The produced synthesis gas contained 60.2 vol.% hydrogen, 26.5 vol.% carbon monoxide, 11.2 vol.% carbon dioxide, and 2.1 vol.% methane. The hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide molar ratio was 2.27:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The device (d2) is one of pH value detector, oxidation-reduction potential detector or foam level detector. The device (d4) comprises oxidation-reduction potential detector, pH value detector, enzyme activity detector and microbial activity detection.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The at least one other physical parameter monitored during the step of primary mesophilic digestion is one of pH value, oxidation-reduction potential, or foam level. The step of primary mesophilic digestion additionally involves sampling the mixture to determine an amount of free amino acids and an amount of undigested starch. The step of secondary mesophilic digestion additionally involves sampling the mixture to determine an amount of free amino acids and an amount of undigested starch; and adjusting the pH value of the mixture. The at least one other parameter monitored during the step of thermophilic digestion is oxidation-reduction potential, pH value, enzyme activity, and/or microbial activity. The first, second and third predetermined maximum temperature value is 38, 50 and 65degreesC, respectively.Preferred Components: The mixture of organic input materials comprises at least one of animal manures, food industry wastes, sorted municipal food wastes, vegetable processing leftovers and/or grass clippings. The predetermined pH value is less than 6. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The alkali metal is potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The characteristics X-ray (Lalpha-ray) intensity of ruthenium is larger than mean value of characteristics X-ray intensity of alkali metal with all domain characteristics X-ray intensity of alkali metal in 55% or more of certain region, by 10 or more, when line analysis measurement is carried out along one direction with respect to alkali metal and ruthenium from catalyst outer surface to other outer surfaces by EPMA. The sum of characteristics X-ray (Lalpha-ray) intensity of ruthenium detected between the distance from catalyst outer surface to 1/3r0 (where r0 is distance from catalyst outer surface to catalytic center) is 80% or more with respect to sum of all X-ray intensities. Preferred Metal: The alkali metal is potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal other than rhodium chosen from group VIII of the periodic table, is platinum or palladium. The amount of rhodium in the catalyst is 0.05-20 mass%. The amount of metal other than rhodium is 0.01-10 weight times the amount of rhodium. EXAMPLE - A catalyst support was prepared using gamma-alumina molding with surface area of 165 g/cm2. Zirconia was supported on the catalyst support in an amount of 12 mass% and the support was baked at 800degreesC. Rhodium (12 mass%) and platinum (2 mass%) were supported on the support and baked at 800degreesC after drying, to obtain a catalyst. The catalyst had excellent sulfur poisoning resistance and partial-oxidation modification reactivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The organic waste is decomposed on aerobic conditions until the organic-matter concentration is 70-90 mass%. Aerobic fermentation of the organic waste is carried out until the microorganism concentration per dry weight of intermediate product is 105-109/g. The method involves high-temperature methane fermentation at 45-60degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: Lead film or lead alloy film having thickness of 50-400 nm is formed on both surfaces of the hydrogen permeation alloy film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactions: The reaction proximate the anode is an electrolytic reaction. It further comprises a pyrolytic reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The cathodes are equidistant from the anode. The hydrogen produced may be vented through an outlet port (34) in the inner chamber. The inner and outer chambers are cylindrical. The cylindrical inner chamber comprises an open end in fluid communication with the outer chamber. The anode is positioned proximate the open end such that hydrogen gas produced proximate the anode rises through the cylindrical inner chamber and exits through the outlet port. Alternatively, the inner and outer chambers are spherical. Oxygen produced may be vented through an outlet port (24) in the outer chamber. A condenser (80) is in fluid communication with an upper portion of the inner chamber for removing residual moisture from the hydrogen gas and with an upper portion of the outer chamber for removing residual moisture from the oxygen gas. The direct current power source supplies a pulsed direct current output, preferably a square wave output, a saw tooth wave output or a half-wave rectified alternating current, to the apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Medium: The culture solution is a medium that does not contain nitrogen source other than nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphate is disodium hydrogen phosphate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Effluent from denitrifying process is introduced into a re-aeration tank (16) provided with oxygen supply unit. The organic material contained in the effluent is then decomposed in the presence of an aerobic microbe. Kjeldahl nitrogen-containing water and carbonic acid alkylene-containing water are separately collected from electronic device manufacturing process. Then, Kjeldahl nitrogen-containing water is introduced to the aerobic tank and carbonic acid alkylene-containing water is introduced into denitrifying tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic storage portion includes insulating material comprising tungstic trioxide. The charge separation material contains fine particle and/or dye which shows plasmon absorption. The fine particle which shows plasmon absorption is gold and/or silver. The dye which shows plasmon absorption is chosen from porphyrin compound, its metal complex, phthalocyanine compound and its metal complex. Electric conductive material and/or electric-conduction material is chosen from electroconductive carbon particles, an electroconductive carbon porous material and an electroconductive carbon cloth. Proton conductive material is a proton conduction film containing polymer and/or an oxide. Metal material is platinum. The proton storage portion consists of proton storage material and proton escape prevention material chosen from solid polymer, proton conduction glass and metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge separation material contains fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst further comprises an alkaline element, alkaline-earth or rare earth (57-51 atomic numbers) preferably sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lanthanum, yttrium, zirconium, praseodymium or neodymium at 0.01-10 wt.%. Preferred Components: The cerium base is a mixed cerium and zirconium oxide (I) of formula CexZr1-xO2 (where x is a value of 0.33-0.99). The support is deposited on a performed porous element or a powder, marble, extrudate, pastilles, monolith, foam or plate. The cerium base is present at 0.01 wt.%. The metal is present at 0.01-20 wt.%. The active phase comprises noble metals at 0.1-5 wt.% and non-noble metals like nickel, cobalt or iron at 1-10 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The catalyst is useful in the steam reforming reactions of ethanol operating at 300-700degreesC under 0.1-3 MPa, preferably 0.8-2 MPa using water/ethanol mixture at 0.8:10 ratio in combination with a partial oxidation reaction in the presence of oxygen, where the ratio of oxygen to ethanol is 0.1:1.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The two-carbon alcohol is ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline/alkaline-earth metals are sodium, lithium and magnesium. The noble metals are platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, nickel, iron, gold, silver, manganese, rhenium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of fossil diesel fuel and/or oxalic acid diethyl ester is 25 vol.%. The amount of biodiesel and/or oxalic acid diethyl ester is 50 vol.%. EXAMPLE - Pure mineral diesel fuel (8 kg) was mixed with oxalic acid diethylester (2 kg) by stirring to give a diesel fuel mixture.
EXAMPLE - The oxidation stability of the biodiesel (100 mg) containing 2,6-di-tert.butyl-hydroxytoluol (BHT) (0.1 wt.%) was tested using differential thermal analysis method in the presence of oxygen (10 mg), at a heat rate of 1 K/min, oxidation was initiated at 97degreesC. The result showed that the biodiesel containing BHT exhibited an energy release value of 510 J/g, compared with the diesel without BHT (490 J/g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor has an internal heat exchange surface having a surface to volume ratio of not greater than 100 /m. There are one or more reactors with no two reactors in series.Preferred Process: The catalyst in the dense phase bed is maintained at a solids volume fraction of 0.20-0.55 (preferably 0.3-0.5). A dilute phase zone is maintained in the reactor above the dense phase zone and the dilute phase is maintained at a solids volume fraction of not greater than 0.4. The dense phase catalyst bed is maintained at a temperature differential of not greater than 50degreesC. The catalyst that is separated from the methanol product is returned to the dense phase fluidized bed. The dense phase fluidized bed is maintained at 150-350degreesC. The gas flowing through the fluid bed reactor flows into the reactor at 60-95degreesC. The gas flowing through the fluid bed reactor further contains carbon dioxide (CO2), and the gas is contacted with the catalyst at a rate to control molar conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and CO2, based on the total amount of CO and CO2 in the feed, to 30-55%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst has a particle size of 20-300 microns. The methanol synthesis catalyst includes an oxide of copper, silver, zinc, boron, magnesium, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, gallium, palladium, osmium and/or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic waste consists of ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The de-oxidation material is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica or diatomaceous earth. The de-oxidation material consists of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of copper, iron or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The foreign material of the wood type biomass is removed after coarse pulverization. The wood-type biomass is pulverized by grinding using a vertical mill (1) along with other fuels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process:: The biomass is fine-crushed using vertical mill, coarse pulverized with preliminary grinder (70), and foreign material is removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The granulator is a roller-type granulator.Preferred Process: The wood-type biomass is finely crushed by vertical mill, after carrying out coarse pulverization with a preliminary grinder (70), and removing foreign material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The secondary grinder is a vertical mill (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The wood-type biomass is pulverized after carbonization, and classified using a wind force type classifier, a gravity type classifier, or a centrifugal classifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A vertical mill (1) pulverizes the wood-type biomass after carbonization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The supported-catalyst layer has high mean pore diameter than the non-supported catalyst layer. The load is decreasing towards a deepest portion from the surface layer portion of the supported catalyst layer.Preferred Layer: The support catalyst layer has supported catalyst layer (L1) containing catalyst particles (P1) and supported catalyst layer (L2) containing catalyst particles (P2).Preferred Particles: The particles (P1) are catalyst particles for promoting endothermic reaction, and the particles (P2) are catalyst particles for promoting exothermic reaction. Alternatively, the particles (P1) are catalyst particles for promoting modification reaction, and the particles (P2) are catalyst particles for promoting shift reaction, or the particles (P1) are particles for promoting shift reaction, and the particles (P2) are particles for promoting methanation reaction. The particles (P2) contains at least one of platinum, rhenium and cerium. The non-supported catalyst layer includes solid acid catalyst.The catalyst particles (P1) include acid salt amphoteric catalyst, and the catalyst particles (P2) include at least one of noble metal catalyst and manganese group catalyst. The solid acid catalyst contains alumina. The acid salt amphoteric acid contains cerium. The manganese group catalyst contains rhenium. The non-supported catalyst layer contains anodic oxidized alumina or ceramic compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermetallic compound contains nickel (in wt.%) (77-95) and aluminum (5-23). The catalyst surface contains nickel nanoparticles. The catalyst has powder shape produced by rotation disc atomization method or cutting after ingot melting and mechanical polishing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The zeolite catalyst further contains cerium and the ratio of cerium atom to lanthanum atom in the zeolite is less than 0.5. The ratio of sum total of lanthanum and cerium atoms with respect to silicon atom in the zeolite is 0.001-0.2. The zeolite catalyst consists of zeolite and binder. The average particle diameter of the molded catalyst is 0.3-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The zeolite is contacted with the reaction mixture in the presence of an organic solvent chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, glycol, ester, ether, ketone, and saturated hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of palladium:platinum is 5:1-2:1. The composite ceria is composed of cerium oxide-zirconium oxide. The weight ratio of the first palladium-impregnated alumina to the second platinum-impregnated alumina is 70:35-84:21. The weight ratio of the alumina including the first palladium-impregnated alumina and the second platinum-impregnated alumina to the composite ceria is 105:5-86:4. EXAMPLE - First alumina powder (21.0 g/l) and second alumina powder (84.0 g/l) were impregnated with chloroplatinate and palladium nitrate. Cerium oxide-zirconium oxide composite ceria powder (5 g/l) and nickel oxide powder (5 g/l) were added to the mixture and dispersed in water. The slurry obtained was ball-milled, the cordierite was coated with the fine slurry, dried at 150-160degreesC for 10 minutes and backed at 530-550degreesC for 40 minutes to give the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wood pieces are pressed into mold pieces. The additive comprises palmitic acid (50-60% or 42 wt.%) and/or stearic acid (40-50% or 5 wt.%) (both preferred), lauric acid (greater than 1%), myristic acid (greater than 3% or 2 wt.%), trace of oleic acid (41 wt.%) and linolic acid (10 wt.%)
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as copper, stainless steel or alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a chemically resistant, non-conductively formed plastic substrate. The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The copper compound is selected from copper sulfate, copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxide, copper borate, copper fluoride or copper hydroxide carbonate (preferred). The ratio of triadimefon and/or triadimenol to the copper compound is 1:600 to 1:1. Preferred Composition: The mixture further comprises at least one further active substance from fungicidal and antibacterial effective compound, particularly tolylfluanid, bethoxazin, benzalkoniumchloride, 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butylcarbamate, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, imidacloprid, permethrin or thiacloprid. The mixture comprises 0.005-2.5 wt.% triadimefon and/or triadimenol, 0.5-30 wt.% copper compound and optionally 0.001-20 wt.% active substance. ACTIVITY - Antiparasitic; Fungicide; Antibacterial.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Synergist.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition was composed of (%): triadimefon (0.5), sodium rhizinate-sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate-preparation (0.3), fatty acid polyethylene glycol ether ester (2.7), Texanol (RTM: 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, 6.5), copper hydroxide carbonate (10), ethanol amine (22) and water (55).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The anaerobic treatment removes heavy metals, e.g. arsenic, mercury or sulfur. The aerobic treatment is provided to remove chemical oxygen demand from or nitrify the waste stream upstream.Oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) of the waste stream upstream of the anoxic treatment step to denitrify is maintained at 0-100 mV, and ORP of the waste stream downstream of the anoxic treatment step to remove selenium is maintained below 0 mV. The ORP of the waste stream leaving the process has an ORP of ~\50 mV. The presence of di basic acid in the waste stream in determining a rate of carbon nutrient addition is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The method can include converting hydrocarbon to mixture of carbon oxide(s), preferably carbon monoxide and hydrogen in syngas reactor, passing the mixture of carbon oxide(s) and hydrogen from the syngas reactor to a conversion reactor, and reacting mixture in conversion reactor in the presence of a particulate rhodium-based catalyst to form 2C-oxygenates, and adding saturated 1-3C monocarboxylic acid and/or its ester of a 1-3C saturated monocarboxylic with a 1-4C monohydric aliphatic paraffinic alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particulate catalyst is a particulate rhodium-based catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon oxide(s) and hydrogen containing feedstocks are synthesis gas or syngas. The oxygen containing hydrocarbon compounds are 2C-oxygenates. The 2C-oxygenates are ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. The ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid preferably represent together greater than or equal to50, preferably greater than or equal to60 wt. % of the products obtained from the conversion reactor. The 1-3C saturated monocarboxylic acid and/or its ester with 1-4C monohydric aliphatic paraffinic alcohol are added to the conversion reactor comes from oxygenates obtained from the conversion reactor. The 1-3C saturated monocarboxylic acid and/or its ester with 1-4C monohydric aliphatic paraffinic alcohol are separated from the ethanol and acetaldehyde produced in the conversion reactor and sent back to the conversion reactor.The 1-4C monohydric aliphatic paraffinic alcohol is acetic acid, methyl acetate, and/or ethyl acetate.The 1-4C monohydric aliphatic paraffinic alcohol is acetic acid, methyl acetate, and/or ethyl acetate (sic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The gas reactor, the fluid tubes, the external container, and the sealant are made of glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises a first catalyst layer (50a) made of copper (II) oxide or zinc oxide, and a second catalyst (50b) made of aluminum or aluminum oxide. The first catalyst layer reforms a gasified fuel into a hydrogen gas at the evaporating part, and the second catalyst is provided underneath the first catalyst as a supporting layer for the first catalyst to maintain a stable catalyst function. The CO removing unit is made of platinum or palladium.Preferred Apparatus: A second porous part (70) is formed underneath the reforming part to increase a catalyst area. Each of the first and second porous parts comprises nano-pores (62, 72) integrally formed in the base by anode corrosion. A carbon dioxide (CO) removing unit is formed on a portion of an inner surface of the cover member, corresponding to the position of an emission path at which reformed hydrogen is emitted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorbent comprises contracted titano silicate-1 (CTS-1) (preferred), activated alumina, activated carbon, silica gels, molecular sieves, and/or carbon molecular sieves. The feed stream further contains carbon dioxide impurities. The feed stream contains water and the methane-rich product stream contains water less than the feed stream.Preferred Condition: The natural gas feed stream is at a feed pressure of 60-250 psig. The process comprises gathering a natural gas stream from the landfill at a pressure of from sub-atmospheric to 25 psig and compressing the gathered natural gas stream in a compressor to the feed pressure. The vent stream is at 15-100 psia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methane-rich product stream contains greater than or equal to65 vol.% methane. The feed stream contains volatile organic compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The activating agent is preferably:(a) sugar-sand (3-25 kg), ammonium nitrate (1-10 kg), azophoska (0.25-10 kg), lignohumate (0.2-5 kg) and tap water (1000 kg); or(b) sugar-sand (1-10 kg), beer wort concentrate (1-25 kg), fermentative peptone (0.2-5 kg) and tap water (1000 kg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Waste gas is heated at 400degreesC or more and siloxane contained in volatile component of waste gas is crystallized. The waste gas containing crystallized siloxane is collected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Methane produced in the methane fermentation process is used as fuel for boiler which produces heated water vapor. The fermentation layer is heated by waste gas of the carbonization furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The outer layer has thickness of 0.15 microns or more. The ratio of thickness of outer layer and inner layer is 1:1-10:1. EXAMPLE - E-105GM (RTM: propylene homopolymer) (in mass parts) (100), ADEKA STAB FP-2100 (RTM: phosphate type flame retardant) (25), and Metablen A-3000 (RTM: acrylic modified polytetrafluoroethylene resin) (1.25), were mix-kneaded to form flame retardant resin composition. The obtained flame retardant resin composition was extruded to form outer layer. Polypropylene homopolymer was used as inner layer. The inner layer and outer layer was fused to form flame retardant resin piping. The obtained flame retardant resin piping had tensile strength of 1150 MPa as measured by JIS K7113-1995, excellent flame retardance, and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Unit: The micro nano bubble microorganism activation unit has an activated microorganism cultivation tank (15) in which charcoal (13) and polyvinylidene chloride filler (12) are filled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen gas produced during partial oxidation processing of formate, and biomass or organic waste, at high temperature, and carbon monoxide gas are used as substrate. Formic acid and acetic acid manufactured without adding formate derived from biomass, is added. Alternately hydrogen gas manufactured without using partial oxidation process of organic waste is used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel gas purification system further has a heating unit for heating superheated steam to 140-250 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The non-condensable gas contained in low-boiling component (B) is nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and/or methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Fluorocarbon is chosen from chlorotrifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane, trifluoromethane, difluoro methane, mono fluoro methane, trifluoro ethylene and/or 1,1-difluoro ethylene. Preferred Composition: The concentration of pentafluoroethane in impervious gas is 50-99 volume%. Preferred Condition: The supply side pressure of gas permeation membrane is 0.1 MPa or more. Preferred Membrane: The gas permeation membrane is membrane module having hollow filament-formed film. Preferred Method: The pressure-increasing process, distillation process, contact process and mixing of impervious gas and reaction gas are sequentially and continuously carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte-containing water is aqueous solution of acid comprising main component of anion.The electrolyte-containing water is alkali hydroxide aqueous solution.Preferred Method: The acid concentrated to predetermined concentration in anode chamber is recovered.The anion remaining in anode chamber interior is recovered as acid, after carrying out dialysis separation of cation.The salt contained in wastewater is saturated.The separation removal of fouling causative agent of ion-exchange membrane is carried out.The vaporized ammonia gas is cooled to temperature less than boiling point of ammonia, and separated with hydrogen gas, and liquid ammonia is recovered.The electrical energy is used for electrolyzing electrolyte-containing water of cathode chamber.The liquid ammonia is gasified and supplied to an ammonia decomposition catalyst for decomposition into hydrogen and nitrogen gas. The cracked gas is supplied to fuel cell, and converted and recycled into electrical energy.
EXAMPLE - Hydrogen peroxide (in ml) (5-10) was dripped in tungsten powder (0.46 g) to dissolve tungsten powder. The excess hydrogen peroxide was degraded using platinum black. Ethanol (7.5) and distilled water (25) were further added to prepare tungstic acid peroxide aqueous solution. The prepared tungstic acid peroxide aqueous solution was put into electrolysis cell containing graphite electrode or glass electrode as working electrode and silver/silver chloride as reference electrode. The working electrode (electrode base material) was modified with tungsten oxide film. The coated amount of tungsten oxide film was 1x10-8 mol. Highly active hydrogen was generated using coated electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrolysis reaction is performed using a catalyst layer filled with catalyst chosen from nickel, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or their alloys held on support such as alumina, zirconia and silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film formed on annular surface of base material is made of hydride, yttrium compound, ceramic metal composite material and rare earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The gel is a water absorptive polymer. The biodegradable plastics are used as energy source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria containing organic compound as substrate, exist in microorganism group-containing water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism does not have the capability to utilize the compound of formula (1) when n of formula (1) is more than 10. The microorganism belongs to Ensifer genus and has mycological characteristics chosen from Bacilli cell form, motile: positive, Gram's stain: negative, endospore: negative, nitrate to nitrite production: positive, catalase positive, oxidase positive, OF test: oxidation type, degradation of glucose (production of acid or gas): negative, attitude: aerotropism with respect to oxygen, growth temperature of 20-35degreesC, and exhibits no growth at 40degreesC, and optimum pH: 7. The microorganism belongs to Pseudomonas genus and has mycological characteristics chosen from Bacilli cell form, motile: positive, Gram's stain: negative, endospore: negative, nitrate to nitrite production: positive, catalase positive, oxidase positive, OF test: oxidation type, degradation of glucose (production of acid): positive, degradation of glucose (production of gas): negative, attitude: aerotropism with respect to oxygen, growth temperature below 35degreesC, and optimum pH: 7. Preferred Method: The microorganisms are cultured using a culture medium containing yeast extract. The wastewater treatment process involves utilizing the above microorganism and other microorganisms capable of utilizing nonionic surface-active agent during the purification of wastewater containing nonionic surface-active agent such as alkylphenol polyethoxylate. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganisms is Ensifer sp. AS08 (FERM AP-20592) or Pseudomonas sp. AS90 (FERM AP-20571) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The unprocessed sugarcane bagasse is continuously fed into the continuous feeding unit while the bagasse is loosened and flattened. Ferrous material and impurities are removed from the unprocessed sugarcane bagasse. The unprocessed sugarcane bagasse is dried using saturated steam. In the drying step, after the bagasse leaves the tubular bundles, the bagasse is insufflated in counter flow with hot air by a duct coming from a heat radiator fed by saturated steam (VS). In the drying step, the hot and humid gases are removed on an opposite side of an entrance of a dryer by the duct with forced exhaust, and sent to a cyclone, or similar equipment, where the solid particles (powder) are separated and sent to be burned by a boiler. After the pelletization step, the sugarcane bagasse pellets are removed from the pelletizers, in particular by a variable-speed cleated or similar type conveyor belt. In the sorting and drying steps, the sugarcane bagasse pellets are sorted according to their size, and/or any rejected material at a sifter, together with any excess with excess dried sugarcane bagasse from a feeding conveyor belt is returned to the feed box to be reused in the pelletization method. The pelletization method further includes storing the dried sugarcane bagasse pellets. The pelletization method is a fully automated and/or continuous method. The pelletized unprocessed sugarcane bagasse is further blended with coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrotreatment catalyst is nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-molybdenum, or nickel-tungsten on a catalyst support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triglyceride feedstock is restaurant trap grease, animal fat, waste grease, and/or low-quality vegetable oil. The middle distillate fraction has a boiling point of 160-345degreesC.Preferred Process: Thermal cracking is conducted at 390-460degreesC (preferably 410-430degreesC). The catalytic hydrotreatment consumes less than 2 kg hydrogen/100 kg middle distillate fraction. The catalytic hydrotreatment is conducted at 330-400degreesC (preferably 350-390degreesC) using a commercial hydrotreatment catalyst. The process includes filtering the triglyceride feedstock to remove macroscopic contaminant particles before thermal cracking; separating after catalytic hydrotreatment to produce a gas stream, a water stream and a liquid organic product stream; distilling the liquid organic product stream to further separate diesel fuels from paraffinic residues; and recycling the gas stream as hydrogen recycle during catalytic hydrotreatment. EXAMPLE - Restaurant trap grease having an average density of 0.925 g/ml and an oxygen content of 13.72 wt.% was fed to a thermal cracking unit (10) where it was cracked at 418.5degreesC and 300 kPa for 40 minutes. Thermal cracking produced gas stream, naphtha stream, 63 wt.% middle distillate stream having a boiling point of 165-345degreesC and an oxygen content of 7.99 wt.%, water, and residue. The middle distillate stream was fed to a catalytic hydrotreatment unit (12). Hydrotreatment produced a biomass-derived diesel fuel having a cetane value of 75.4, a pour point of -6degreesC, a cloud point of -2.5degreesC, and a sulfur content of less than 10 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The micro-organisms are selected from Bacillus species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species, Cellulomonas species, Micrococcus species, Thiobacillus species, and Saechormyces species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal constituent comprises multiple metal particles, or at least one metal plate. The metal constituent comprises aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The probiotic microorganisms contain Lactobacillus plantarum LQ80 strain (NITE P-133) and/or Bacillus subtilis LQ13 strain (NITE P-132). EXAMPLE - Various food residue discharged from food manufacturing works, restaurant, hotel and convenience store was used as a raw material. The foreign material was removed from the raw material and ground. The water content was adjusted to 81%. The ground material were steam sterilized at 100degreesC for 3 minutes. After sterilization, the material was cooled to 30degreesC and put into a storage tank. The Lactobacillus plantarum LQ80 strain (NITE P-133) and/or Bacillus subtilis LQ13 strain (NITE P-132) were added and fermentation was performed for two days. The obtained fermented substance was used as a fermented liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nickel aluminide intermetallic compound further possesses alumina. Preferred Method: The hydrogen is generated by performing water-vapor modification reaction or decomposition of methanol or hydrocarbon using the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Nickel (in wt.%) (13.09) and aluminum (86.91) were mixed to obtain nickel aluminide powder. The obtained nickel aluminide powder was cold-rolled to obtain nickel aluminide foil. The oxidation of nickel aluminide foil was performed at 700degreesC, 900degreesC and 1000degreesC, each for 1 hour respectively to obtain a catalyst having nickel particles and alumina on its surface. The catalyst had high catalytic activity even in low temperature and heat resistance. High yield hydrogen generated using the obtained catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The organic arsenide ejected as gas from the heating apparatus is trapped by an activated carbon adsorption equipment, a wet scrubber, or an oil scrubber.The organic arsenide trapped in water of the wet scrubber is separated through a solid-liquid separator. The organic arsenide dissolved in permeated water of the solid-liquid separator is further absorbed and removed using a cerium oxide-type absorbent.The organic arsenide trapped in the oil of the oil scrubber is decomposed into inorganic arsenide using metallic sodium. The inorganic arsenide is extracted to an aqueous solution, and set as a solid waste by carrying out evaporation solidification of the extract. The oil, which extracted inorganic residue to the aqueous solution, is recycled as trapping oil of oil scrubber.Preferred Properties: The concentration of oxygen in low oxygen atmosphere is 1% or less. The heating temperature in the heating apparatus is 150-320degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic arsenide such as diphenyl arsinic acid, lewisite, diphenyl chloroarsine and/or their derivative(s), produces an intermediate product by hydrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertile soil further contains bacteria to promote fermentation of beer lees and shochu liquor lees and nutrient for bacterial reproduction. The fertile soil is obtained by mixing beer lees and/or shochu liquor lees with diatomaceous earth, followed by drying and pelletizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen generator consists of an inner container and an outer container. The inner container consists of acryl, epoxy, glass or phenol, and the outer container consists of polyethylene terephthalate or polyvinyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Base Material: The base material is paper, cloth, or porous component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic porous component is sintered compact containing metal oxide chosen from alumina, silica, titania and zirconia. The inorganic porous component is formed from the suspension liquid, which mixes polymer microparticles and inorganic material, which forms inorganic sol. The inorganic sol forming material is inorganic colloid. The electrolyte material is ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The nutrient for cultivation of native microbes contains fresh or dried produce of rice bran, marine products, agricultural products and/or beans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The container for cultivating microbes is made of expanded polystyrene. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Growth Stimulant; Insecticide; Pesticide; Herbicide.    Japanese radish seeds were planted in soil filled in a container and sprinkled with liquid fertilizer (30 cc/hectare) (diluted 100 times with water) twice daily. A control was performed with water. The test group when evaluated had excellent plant growth promoting effect (plant height of 25 cm), than control (plant height of 10 cm).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Rice bran (10 kg) was added to expanded polystyrene container, mixed with (in g) soybeans (100), sea tangles (100), dried bonito (30) and shiitake mushroom (200), and left aside for 2 months. Dried chaff (2 kg) was added to another container along with organic refuse (1 kg), processed with obtained native microbes and maintained at 30degreesC for 1 month. The native microbes (100 g) were added to excrement of cow (1 tonne) and left aside for 2 months, to obtain mineral enriched solid substance. The chaff decomposed liquid (1 kg) and mineral enriched solid substance (450 g) were mixed, to obtain liquid fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxygen source is air. EXAMPLE - Menadiol monoacetate (28.8 g) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate (67 mL) and n-hexane (67 mL) and added with boron trifluoride-diethyl oxide (BF3-Et2O; 2.4 g). While stirring this solution, all-trans-geranyllinalool (28.3 g) was added dropwise at 45degreesC over 1.5-2 hours. The reaction was carried out for 5 hours at the same temperature. The reaction solution was worked up to give an organic layer which was subsequently concentrated. The concentrated residue was dissolved in toluene (150 mL). Sodium hydrosulfite (4 g), potassium hydroxide (23 g), water (17 mL) and methanol (40 mL) were added and stirred. Work up gave an organic layer. Aqueous sodium chloride solution (14 g sodium chloride and 80 mL water) and n-hexane (200 mL) were added to the organic layer and the reaction mixture was stirred while bubbling air into it. The layers were separated after the completion of the reaction and the organic layer was worked up to yield crude menatetrenone as oil. The crude menatetrenone was crystallized from ethanol to give crude crystals. Menatetrenone (22% yield) was obtained by recrystallizing the crude crystals from ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon compound is selected from glucose, fructose, glycerol, mannitol, asparagines, casein, adonitol, 1-arabinose, cellobiose, dextrose, dulcitol, d-galactose, inositol, inulin, lactose, levulose, maltose, d-mannitol, d-mannose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, salicin, d-sorbintol, trihalose and/or d-xylose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon monoxide adsorbent comprises an adsorbent selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, iridium or their compounds; molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta) or their carbides; nitride of Mo, W, V, Cr, or Ta; molecular sieve 5A, molecular sieve 13 X, or halogenated copper optionally supported on Y-zeolite; or silver optionally supported on Y-zeolite. The desorption gas is helium, neon, argon, nitrogen or air. Preferred Compositions: The concentration of carbon monoxide at an exit of the shift reactor is less than or equal to5000 ppm during the steady-state operation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A carbon monoxide detector detects a concentration of carbon monoxide at an exit of the shift reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The temperature and pressure maintained during absorption of substance (S) are 100-250degreesC and 0.1-3.9 MPa, respectively. Preferred Method: The combustible oil absorbed with substance (S) is burned using combustion heat. Inorganic salt contained in organic substance in trapped by a substance consisting of metal or non-metal supported metal oxide, and carbon substance having catalytic function. Preferred Energy: The energy of recovery system is energy of gas turbine, gas engine, Stirling engine or fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water-soluble component is water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride and/or carbon dioxide, preferably ammonia, which is used for exhaust gas processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The biomass origin combustible oil is vegetable oil, animal oil, waste edible oil, fatty acid ester-type biodiesel fuel, fats and oils thermal decomposition-type biodiesel fuel, biomass chemical decomposition-type biodiesel fuel and/or biomass thermal decomposition-type biodiesel fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Amount: The mixing rate of artificial soil is 50-80 wt.%, natural sand is 5-30 wt.%, hen dropping is 5-30 wt.%, wood chip compost is 5-30 wt.%, organic refuse compost is 5-30 wt.% and additive is 0.001-0.005 wt.%.Preferred Components: The additive contains natural material such as microbes e.g. Bacillus subtilis or lactic acid bacteria, enzyme, rice bran, bran or biocalcium.Preferred Conditions: The press soil is dried at high temperature of 200-300degreesC.Preferred Properties: The particle size of pressed soil after pulverization is 10-60 microns. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hydroscopic agent is calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, or diphosphorus pentaoxide. The hydroscopic agent is supported by the air holes of the porous component in a ratio of 20-95%. The porous component has a porosity of 5-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The compound catalyst particles are manufactured by vacuum-depositing carbon component to the surface of composite particles formed by supporting catalyst activity particles to surface of inorganic particles having particle diameter of 10 nm or more.Preferred Component: The inorganic component of core portion is chosen from carbon component, molybdenum oxide component, tungsten oxide component, indium oxide component, aluminum oxide component, titanium oxide component, stannic oxide component and lead oxide component. The inorganic particles are chosen from carbon particles, molybdenum oxide particles, tungsten oxide particles, indium oxide particles, aluminum oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, stannic oxide particles and lead oxide particles. The catalyst activity particles contain platinum, nickel, copper, tin and/or cobalt particles, preferably platinum particles.Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of inorganic particles and the path of core portion is preferably 10-100 nm. The particle diameter of catalyst activity particles is 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The biomass ethanol manufacturing apparatus further has a stirling engine operated utilizing waste heat of fuel cell, and an air preheater and/or exhaust heat recovery apparatus which utilizes waste heat of stirling engine as heat source. The modification unit is an evaporator which evaporates water-containing ethanol by waste heat of fuel cell and/or stirling engine, or a modifier which modifies water-containing ethanol by modification reaction.Preferred Property: The ratio of fuel utilization factor (Uf) and air utilization factor (Ua) of fuel cell is 1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst contained in modification portion of hydrogen production apparatus contains nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main component has alternate composition of formula: (Sr1-zREz)1-xTi1-yMyO3+delta ;, where RE is element capable of carrying out partial substitution of A site containing scandium, yttrium and lanthanide series element chosen from lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium, and M, x-z and delta are same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The micro-aerobiosis conditions are obtained by: depositing the first product in a tightly closed container to avoid settling; covering the container tightly to avoid ammonia evaporation; and maintaining the product under these conditions to allow the herbal material to be present in the first product and optionally to allow the degradation of the components added during micro-aerobiosis, by ammonia. The micro-aerobiosis is carried out for 12 days at approximately 22degreesC, preferably 10degreesC. The process further comprises: adding the obtained deodorized product to give the crude liquid animal waste, followed by subjecting the crude to aerobic treatment; and composting the second product with soil to form compost under the same reaction conditions for 6-8 weeks, preferably 20 days. Preferred Components: The adjustment of the C/N ratio is carried out by adding the herbal material with strong carbon content. The solid fraction of the animal wastes has the C/N ratio greater than 20. The second product obtained has ammonium ions content of less than 0.1 wt.% of the raw material. The product has a conductivity of less than 2000 muS/cm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The nitrogen source for the nutrient medium is yeast extract, fish hydrolyzate or cornsteep liquor. The fermenter temperature is 20-29degreesC. EXAMPLE - Seed cultures of Rhodococcus ruber (VKM Ac-1513 D) and Rhodococcus erythropolis (VKM Ac-1514 D) were grown on hexadecane in a mineral medium at 27degreesC for 5-7 days. The seed cultures were transferred separately to a mineral medium supplemented with fish hydrolyzate (20 g/l) and glucose (10 g/l) and cultured at 28degreesC for 24 hours in the case of Ac-1514 D and for 36 hours in the case of Ac-1514 D. The strains were then cultured together under the same conditions for 28 hours, after which the culture liquid was concentrated and centrifuged. The heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-oxidizing cell counts (108 cfu/ml) were 65 and 10 respectively, compared with 1.9-2.8 and 1.802.5 when the strains were cultured separately.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrogen generating fuel is a material chosen from hydrocarbons and chemical hydrides chosen from boron hydride and ionic hydride salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen recovering unit has a valve (7) which opens and closes according to the pressure of the gas which is connected with the portion formed and occupies the space (6) formed in the upper portion of liquid level of the desulfurized liquid hydrocarbon in the storage tank. The de-sulfuring apparatus is used in a fuel cell system. The fuel cell system is further provided with a modifier (11) which modifies the liquid hydrocarbon and generates hydrogen. The fuel cell system generates electric power by the generated hydrogen. The hydrogen recovered by the hydrogen recovering unit of the de-sulfuring apparatus is supplied to burner of the modifier and burnt. The kerosene supply flow path (24) which leads hydrogen from hydrogen recovering unit to the modifier and reformed-gas flow path (21) of the modifier are purged, when the modifier is stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydride: The metal hydride is beryllium alanate, magnesium alanate, calcium alanate, strontium alanate, lithium alanate, sodium alanate, potassium alanate, lithium hexahydridoaluminate and/or sodium hexahydridoaluminate. Preferred Conditions: The compound hydrogen storage material is thermally decomposed by heat obtained by oxidizing iron powder.The compound hydrogen storage material is hydrolyzed by adding water or hydrate, which discharges water by heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Gasification processing is carried out by thermal decomposition of biomass such as wooden biomass, using an external-heating rotary kiln. The substance, which inhibits manufacture of carbon nanomaterial, is removed from the source gas, by heating, reforming and dehumidifying the source gas. Then, the source gas is supplied to the carbon nanomaterial manufacturing apparatus. The surplus portion among the purified source gas, which is not consumed by the manufacturing apparatus, is supplied to other processes. The carbon nanomaterial is manufactured by chemical vapor deposition Preferred Conditions: The gas component of source gas to which the characteristics of to-be-manufactured carbon nanomaterial is changed, is adjusted by changing the conditions of gasification processing using a processing condition change unit. The conditions of gasification processing are heating temperature and water vapor volume of indirect heating apparatus. The concentration of oxygen in source gas during gas reforming process and dehumidification processing is adjusted to 100 ppm or less and 2000 ppm or less, respectively. EXAMPLE - Indirect heating of wooden biomass was carried out at 700degreesC, and thermal decomposition gasification was carried out. The obtained source gas was heated to 1150degreesC, and reforming was performed. Then, water flow-dehumidification was carried out, and smoke dust was removed. Secondary humidification was further carried out, and source gas containing oxygen concentration of 2000 ppm or less was supplied to carbon nanomaterial manufacturing apparatus. Carbon nanotube was manufactured by supplying source gas at flow rate of 100-150 ml/minute, and adjusting reaction temperature and time as 650degreesC and 5 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metals are platinum or gold. The weight ratio of graphite silica and platinum is 29:1-1:5. The weight ratio of graphite silica and gold is 29:1-1:1.Preferred Method: The photocatalyst is activated by irradiating a light on alcohol aqueous solution, to obtain hydrogen. EXAMPLE - (In mg) Nippon Aerosil P25 (RTM: titanium oxide) (15) having particle size of 20 nm, specific surface area of 50 m2, anatase structure of 80% and rutile structure of 20%, and total (GS+Pt) of graphite silica powder having average particle diameter of 3 microns and platinum (15) were blended to obtain photocatalyst (30). The obtained photocatalyst (30) and 40 volume% methanol aqueous solution (20 ml) were used and hydrogen was produced. The hydrogen generation speed was high.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic compound is heated at 300degreesC or more in a reactor (203). The thermal reaction product and water are directly contacted, and heat exchange is carried out.Preferred Apparatus: The reactor (209) has thermal storage material (210) for thermally storing remaining heat, which is not used for thermal reaction. The reactors (203, 209) mutually exchange heat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Biological treatment is carried out by nitrification-de-nitrification method. The organic sludge is pre-processed by solubilization processing prior to anaerobic digestion, by heat-processing at high temperature and pressure. Preferred Arrangement: The biological-treatment apparatus is provided with a nitrification tank (207) and a de-nitrification tank (206). The processing apparatus is provided with a sludge solubilization apparatus (211).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Flocculant: The flocculant is a combination of cationic inorganic flocculant, amphoteric polymer flocculant, and anionic polymer flocculant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is nickel. The ratio of nickel with respect to the total amount of nickel and substance containing barium titanate is 1 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is preferably given by a formula: (PH2xCH2x(t+tan)-2xPO2xCO2xtca)greater than 0, where PH2 is hydrogen partial pressure (in kPa) of fuel electrode, PO2 is oxygen partial pressure (in kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, t is thickness (in cm) of electrolyte film, tan is thickness (in cm) of fuel electrode catalyst layer, tca is thickness (in cm) of oxidizing-agent electrode catalyst layer, CO2 is oxygen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, and CH2 is hydrogen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of fuel electrode. The gas pressure of fuel-gas supply unit and oxidizing-agent gas supply unit is controlled such that the relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is given by a formula: (1.25xPH2x(t+tan)-PO2xtca)greater than 0. Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a circulation compressor (216), which recycles and supplies fuel gas to fuel electrode. The gas supply control unit controls fuel electrode hydrogen partial pressure by the circulation compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The biomass processing system further has unit for returning dialysate to methane fermentation tank, and unit for returning portion(s) of liquid obtained by anammox processing to diffusion dialysis apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The organic waste treatment plant has organic waste stirring apparatus for performing composting, biological treatment unit for converting compost into soil improvement material using earthworm, and a disposal plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Waste foodstuffs oil is applied as oil added to compost raw material. The amount of oil added is 10-50 wt.% by dry weight reference with respect to all compost raw materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The addition of water of 100-200 l/m3, preferably 150 l/m3 of mixture of fibers/barks to bring the retention of water of the mixture of fibers/barks is 50-80% of its maximum capacity of retention with -10kPa. The fermentation is carried out for several times for less than or equal to 8 months at a temperature not exceeding approximately 70degreesC. Preferred Composition: The compost further comprises barks, peat, soil, composts of manure type and/or nutritive elements such as ternary manures. Preferred Components: The fibers are obtained from leafy trees e.g. birch, charm, beech, resinous tree, pine, fir, spruce, beech or coniferous trees. The mixture comprises wood fibers at 30-70 vol.%, preferably 50-70 vol. %. The wood fibers and the barks have a particle size of 1-35 mm, preferably 5-15 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wood fibers contain urea-formaldehyde adhesives and optionally adhesives and/or the resins like phenol-formaldehyde, neoprene adhesives, polyamides adhesives, vinyl adhesives, thermofusible adhesives containing wax or paraffin. The wood fibers resulting from the crushing of medium density fibers panels. The ratio of wood fibers resulting from the medium density fibers panels is 10:1-2:1 in volume. The mixture comprises bark tree and/or waste plants. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The supported catalyst contains less than 5 wt.% of platinum or palladium as platinum group metal and 0.05-60 wt.% of cerium, lanthanum, iron, chromium or manganese. Preferred Material: The support is ceramic, cement or sol-gel. The support also contains alumina, zirconia, titania, calcium, zinc oxide or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises metal of VIII group as catalytic component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Feed: The paraffin hydrocarbon-containing feed comprises a gaseous feed chosen from ethane, propane and/or butane.Preferred Process: The cracked gas stream from auto-thermal cracker (4) is treated to remove carbon dioxide, any residual oxygen and water, to produce the product stream (10). The stream (10) is passed to a chilling train comprising one or more stages in which chilling and partial condensation occurs. The liquid streams (14) are individually passed into the demethanizer column, or in combined form. The product stream (41) is combined with uncondensed vapor stream, or separately used as a fuel gas, treated to recover hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide, and/or used as synthesis gas feed for subsequent chemical process. The overhead product (53) containing acetylene is directed to acetylene hydrogenation system, before treating in 2C splitter. At least portion of the bottom product of the deethyleneizer column is recycled to auto-thermal cracking process. The chilling and partial condensing comprise at least one rectification operation. At least a portion of the chilling is provided by a refrigeration system containing working fluid comprising more than one hydrocarbon component in which at least two of which have different number of carbon atoms.Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of hydrocarbon heavier than ethane with respect to ethane in deethyleneizer column overhead product is greater than or equal to0.01. At least 90% of propylene in the product stream (10) is recycled to auto-thermal cracking process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The yeast is in the form of cream yeast. The yeast is Saccharomyces. The cream is comprised of 15-24% solids. The gum is present at 0.03-1% by weight of cream yeast. The gum is chosen from carob, tragacanth, Arabic, guar and xanthan gum. The polyhydroxy compound is present at 1-5% by weight of cream yeast. The polyhydroxy compound is chosen from glycerol, propylene glycol, non-fermentable monosaccharides, non-fermentable oligosaccharides, non-fermentable sugar alcohols, soluble oligo-carbohydrates, soluble polymeric carbohydrates and polyethylene glycol. The non-fermentable monosaccharide is xylose. The non-fermentable sugar alcohol is chosen from mannitol and sorbitol. The polymeric carbohydrate is chosen from hydrolyzed starch, cellulose and agarose. The yeast is chosen from high activity yeast, high budding yeast, high nitrogen yeast and high protein yeast, preferably the yeast is high budding yeast. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed as new is method for producing the yeast preparation by using a combination of polyhydroxy compound (preferably glycerol) and gum (preferably xanthan gum).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The dopant element is lanthanum, manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, strontium, vanadium and/or yttrium, preferably niobium.Preferred Electrode: The electrode which comprises noble metal catalyst particles, is formed on a surface of a proton exchange membrane. The electrode is cathode for reduction of oxygen in stream of air. The catalyst comprises platinum and niobium as dopant element.Preferred Composition: The titanium compound is titanium (IV) alkoxide compound. The liquid medium comprises an alcohol and/or water. The template particles are silica particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The solid reactant is sodium borohydride powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid reactant is citric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is steam-methane reforming catalyst or water gas shift catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A heavy-metal ion and a reducing agent are further added to to-be-processed water after membrane-separation processing and before reverse-osmosis processing, in a tank provided in the middle of a water channel between the membrane-separation processing and reverse-osmosis processing. Additional sterilization treatment by ozone treatment, hydrogen-peroxide processing, chlorine treatment, and/or photo-oxidation-catalyst processing is included after membrane-separation processing and before reverse-osmosis processing. An additional purification process chosen from activated-carbon treatment and sand-filtration processing is carried out after membrane-separation processing and before reverse-osmosis processing. A flocculant is added to to-be-processed water containing activated sludge stored in the biological-treatment tank. To-be-processed water from membrane-separation processing to reverse-osmosis processing within the biological-treatment tank is set always in a shaded environment.
Preferred Definitions:    P=coupling group chosen from -CO-, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, or -C(CF3)2-;    k=1-2; and    f=0-2, preferably 0,1 or 2.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl sulfonyl)phenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (in g) (25.17), 2,5-dichloro- 4'-(4-thiophenoxy)thiophenoxy benzophenone (16.3), bis (triphenyl phosphine) nickel dichloride (1.43), sodium iodide (1.37), triphenyl phosphine (7.73) and zinc dust (11.3) were stirred in nitrogen atmosphere. Then, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (0.2 l) was added and polymerized at 80degreesC for 4 hours. The resulting solution was diluted with tetrahydrofuran, and polymer was recovered. The polymer was washed with methanol, vacuum dried and 95% yield of polyelectrolyte (34.7) having number average molecular weight of 40000 and weight average molecular weight of 145000 was obtained. The polyelectrolyte was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 100degreesC, and polymeric solution was produced. A porous polytetrafluoro ethylene support having thickness of 30 microns and porosity of 89% was impregnated in the polymeric electrolyte solution for 15 minutes. The support was remove from the solution, dried at 110degreesC, and ion-cluster exchange film having thickness of 50 microns was obtained. The film had excellent oxidation resistance, mechanical property, durability, high temperature proton conductivity and high stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water in the tank contains sodium chloride (0.5-2 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The organic acid contains carboxylic acid(s) other than acetic acid. Carboxylic acid is aromatic carboxylic acid chosen from para toluic acid, benzoic acid, isophthalic acid and/or terephthalic acid.Preferred Properties: The load of methane fermentation tank is measured as ratio of total amount of chemical oxygen demand measured using complex oxide (K2Cr2O7) of potassium and chromium, and feed rate of organic wastewater per day volume of methane fermentation tank. The load of tank is raised, when the concentration of the acetic acid in processed wastewater is 300 ppm or less. The ratio of load raise amount and amount before load raise is less than 1, when increasing the load of methane fermentation tank. The load raise is carried out for every 3 days or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The ion exchange treatment is carried out using a cation exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Material: The method of obtaining soil disease suppression material further involves adding microorganism, preferably 1.0x106/g of Bacillus subtilis into the fermentation apparatus. ACTIVITY - Plant protectant; Fungicide.    The soil disease inhibitory effect of the disease suppression material was determined in vivo. Fusarium oxysporum was inoculated at a concentration of 1x104/g. Sample A containing the test material was added to the soil at 500 kg per 10 a and Chinese flat cabbage was grown in the soil and in soil not containing the test material. The soil disease pathopoiesis degree was determined. No symptom of disease was observed in the plant grown in soil containing the test material, when compared with control.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel gas is a gas containing a large amount of hydrogen gas, the hydrogen gas being derived from at least one of hydrocarbons and alcohols and being reformed by the action of a reforming catalyst in a reformer; a gas containing a large amount of hydrogen gas, the gas being prepared by another process than reforming or derived from by-produced hydrogen, being stored in a reservoir, and being fed from the reservoir according to necessity; and/or hydrogen gas being stored in and fed from a hydrogen cylinder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The water temperature is elevated to increase a speed of chemical reaction of the metal nitride particles with the water to produce ammonia. Ammonia is separated from the oxide byproduct and metal particles are recovered and supplied back to the plasma to generate more metal nitride particles. It is decomposed by supplying it to thermal chemical cracking assembly (60) to produce a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gas. The nitrogen gas is separated and supplied back to the plasma. A portion of an electrical power generated by electrical power generation facility is supplied to form the plasma and elevate the temperature of the substance to increase the speed of the chemical reaction of the metal nitride particles with the substance to produce ammonia and the oxide byproduct. High temperature water, steam, and heat as a byproduct are produced and supplied to elevate the temperature of the water to increase the speed of the chemical reaction of the metal nitride particles with the water to produce ammonia and the oxide byproduct.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nitride particles are nanometer sized. The plasma is nitrogen; air and hydrogen; nitrogen and hydrogen; nitrogen and argon; or helium and nitrogen. The substance comprises water source (13) in vapor and/or liquid form. The oxide byproduct is metal hydroxide, hydrated oxide, and/or oxyhydroxide. The oxide byproduct comprises a metal hydroxide. The metal particles comprise metal oxynitride or are iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, lithium, manganese, strontium, magnesium, or similar metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plasma can be methane and nitrogen. It can be nitrogen-hydrocarbon plasma. The hydrocarbon comprises methane or a source of steam and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The fuel-electrode-side porous metal has a three-dimensional structure and pores (6a) formed by the skeleton have a near-spindle shape of 80-800 microns in the average pore size. The average particle size of the particles is 10-60% of the pore size of the fuel-electrode-side porous metal (7). The particle size is less than or equal to10microns. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon reforming catalyst comprises particles in which an active metal component from nickel, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and/or copper is loaded on a ceramic carrier. The fuel-electrode-side porous metal body for supporting the hydrocarbon reforming catalyst comprises nickel, a nickel-based alloy, iron, or an iron-based alloy. The fuel-electrode layer is formed of a composite material of nickel, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, and/or copper, and a ceramic. The catalyst is loaded in a porous metal body comprising nickel, nickel-based alloy, iron, or iron-based alloy. Preferred Method: The fuel-electrode-side porous metal is constructed by laminating sheet(s) of a porous metal filled with the hydrocarbon reforming catalyst and sheet(s) of a porous metal filled with no catalyst, or by filling a porous metal plate having a three-dimensional skeletal structure with a hydrocarbon reforming catalyst and pressing the porous metal plate. Preferred Composition: The ceramic is from (Ce0.8Sm0.2)O2, (La0.8Sr0.2) (Ga0.8Mg0.15Co0.05)O3, or zirconium oxide doped with yttrium oxide of 3-8 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The gas treatment method further involves regenerating the adsorption material under reduced pressure in the column, or purging carrier gas into the column. The adsorption material is heat-processed at 600-800degreesC in predetermined gas atmosphere.Preferred Gas: The predetermined gas is nitrogen, air and/or argon.Preferred Material: The adsorption material is sodium-mordenite-type zeolite whose partial sodium ions are substituted by silver ion other than monovalent cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Portion: The accommodating portion comprises a component consisting of a wooden thermoplastic resin composition containing vegetable filler and thermoplastic resin. The accommodating portion has a front panel (5), a backboard, and a side plate (8). The front panel slides up and down in a state in which the back plate is opened, and is detachable. The accommodating portion further has a vent hole (2b), which opens gap among components of the accommodating portion. The distance of the gap is 2-4 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The microcapsule contacts with carbon compound, and discharges the oxidizing agent. Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent contains hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The raw material gas of activated gas consists of air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia and/or noble gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The diode is a silicon diode. In the hydrogen forming cell, the housing hermetically encloses the components of the cell, this inhibiting the exchange of gaseous components between the interior and exterior.The housing parts (a) and (b) contact the anode and cathode respectively; and are connected via a silicon diode (D1) and optionally a resistor (R1) in the flow direction, so that electrodes released in the zinc anode can flow into the gas anode and two working windows for the cell potential value are defined, i.e. a window for hydrogen generation below 0.42 V and a window for reduction and binding of oxygen from oxidized compounds above 0.42 V.Alternatively (where the opening to the atmosphere is absent or closed) the window of the cathode (in intimate contact with the paraffin oil or hydrocarbon mixture) and the window for hydrogen generation or Raney nickel reduction overlap below 0.42 V, so that the double bonds in the oil are hydrogenated on line with the electron current from the anode, after which the oxidized groups are reduced. EXAMPLE - A gas generating zinc-hydrogen cell (1) in a permanently installed electrical regulating circuit, as shown in the figure, had a conditioning circuit formed by diode (D1) and resistor (R1), in which current only flowed when the cell potential was greater than the drainage potential of the diode. Only part of the cell capacity was thus discharged; specifically a potential of more than 0.422 V was produced. This potential could only reach (rather than the zinc electrode) the oxide parts on the metal parts of the gas electrode (e.g. nickel (hydr)oxide and copper (hydr)oxide) and atmospheric oxygen. The atmospheric oxygen could be excluded by covering over the aeration opening of the cell. The cover acted as a switch; if the cover was removed, current was provided from cathodic oxygen reduction instead of cathodic hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The calorific value per emulsion unit quantity is controlled by changing the mixing rate of liquid guest molecule in the emulsion, and water. The generation rate of hydrate is controlled by changing the particle size of the microparticles in the emulsion. Preferred Method: An ultrasonic wave is irradiated to the emulsion, and the microparticles and water surface are activated. Continuous irradiation of ultrasonic wave is carried out to the emulsion, and generation of hydrate during irradiation is suppressed. Preferred Components: The guest molecule is carbon dioxide or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The plutonic rock is granite, syenit, graywacke and/or diorite; and igneous rock is diabase, porphyritic and/or basalt. The catalyst is water and/or carbon, where the carbon in 12:1 ratio of lower carbon to nitrogen is 8 and the carbon in 100:1 ratio of higher carbon to nitrogen is 80, of raw coal and/or from carbonized wood and from humus. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - A soil improver comprised (in parts by weight) diorite rock flour (15), basalt rock flour (15), clay (25), compost (15), nitrogen (5), potato starch (5), brown coal ash (1), water (5) and arbuscular mycorrhizal of inoculum (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The portion (II) of the mixture is chilled, and the resulting chilled portion (II) is fed directly or indirectly into to the column at level below the inlet of portion (I).The portion (I) of the mixture effluent from the indirect heat exchange is chilled to 5degreesF or more lesser than the chilled portion (II), and the resulting chilled stream is fed directly or indirectly into to the column at level below the reflux inlet.The heated overhead stream (111) is compressed to an absolute pressure of 50% or more higher than that in the top of the column.The compressed overhead stream (113) is treated by selective hydrogenation to obtain a compressed stream free of acetylene, and processed to obtain the liquid condensate.The gaseous mixture is an effluent stream from a steam cracking unit.The liquid residue from the bottom of the column is free of ethylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The mixture of organic compounds is a gaseous stream comprising hydrogen, methane, ethylene, acetylene, 3C hydrocarbons, and 4C hydrocarbons.The overhead stream is free of 3C or 4C hydrocarbons.The liquid residue from the bottom of the column is free of ethylene. Alternately, the overhead stream and liquid residue contain 3C hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deforming agent is polyvinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The syngas is derived from the combined process of oxygen-rich air catalytic or air catalytic partial oxidation and steam or carbon dioxide reforming of natural gas. The molar percentage of nitrogen in syngas is 10-50%, preferably 20-40% in the first step and 18-67%, preferably 33-57% in the second step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first step is carried out in one reactor or two tandem reactors or multistage series reactors. The second step is carried out in a different reactor. The process is carried out at 190-290degreesC under 3-8 MPa and a syngas gas hour space velocity (GHSV) of 500-2000 h-1. EXAMPLE - Copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide catalyst (1.5 g) was loaded into tandem reactors. Copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide and HZSM-5 (RTM: Crystalline alumino silicate) catalysts (3 g) were loaded into dimethyl ether synthesis reactor. The catalysts were reduced at 210degreesC for 4 hours. The obtained feeding gas was then switched to syngas containing nitrogen and the methanol/dimethyl ether synthesis reaction was carried out under 4 MPa, 1000 h-1 and 205degreesC in methanol synthesis reactors and 210degreesC in dimethyl ether synthesis reactor to give methanol and dimethyl ether (90%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred hydrogen separation layer This is palladium and/or platinum. It is alternatively based on a palladium alloy with palladium and/or platinum. Preferred oxygen separation layer This is silver or a silver alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred membrane The polymer membrane (2) consists of hydrogen-free polyimide, or a polyimide including amide-, ester- and/or ether groups. The membrane is PEK, PEEK, PEKK or PEEKK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The methane isotopologue (A) is 12CDH3, and methane isotopologue (B) is 13CDH3. The carbon isotopologue is chosen from 12CO2, 13CO2, 12C18O16O and 13C18O16O. The hydrogen isotopologue is chosen from H2O, HDO, H218O and HD18O. The mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon includes methane, ethane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrolyzer comprises a proton exchange membrane that when coupled to power source separates H2 from oxygen (O2) in water. A heat exchanger (150) removes heat from a fuel cell cartridge receiving pressurized hydrogen. A water purifier is coupled between the water source and the electrolyzer; and a hydrogen filter is coupled between the electrolyzer and the fuel cell cartridge. The electronics receives water level sensor information from the water reservoir and/or temperature information from a temperature sensor proximate the fuel cell container coupler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst may consist solely of the persulfate or may additionally comprise a ferric or ferrous salt. The persulfate is of an alkali, alkaline earth or transition metal, more preferably an alkali metal. The iron salt is chosen from those in which the anion is inactive in radical reactions. Most preferably it is iron perchlorate or sulfate. The concentration of iron salt is lower than that of the persulfate. Where the iron salt is included, the medium to be treated has an acid pH. EXAMPLE - Tests were carried out employing various amounts of irradiation on a 100 muM aqueous solution of phenol with pH 3 with varying catalysts and catalyst amounts. The residual organic content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The parameters of the 15 samples were (read: sample/Fe II or III sulfate (s) or perchlorate (p)/sodium persulfate concentration in muM/residual amount of organic molecules in %/dose of irradiation in Grays): 1c/-/-/15 or 46/900 or 320; 2c/TiO2/-/7.2 or 27.5/900 or 300; 3/- /3000/5 or 21/900 or 300; 4/FE(III)(s) 200muM//3000/0 or 26/300 or 150; 5/-/1000/30 or 48/300 or 150; 5a/FE(III)(p) 200 muM/1000/0 or 24/ 300 or 150; 6/-/500/34 or 56/300 or 150; 6a/Fe(III)(p) 300muM/500/5 or 30/300 or 150; 6b/Fe(III)(s) 200muM/16 or 35/300 or 150; 6c/Fe(III)(p) 100muM/8 or 30/300 or 150; 6d/Fe(II)(p) 200muM/30/150; 7/Fe(II)(p) 200 muM/45/150; 8/Fe(III)(p) 200 muM/27 or 44/300 or 150; 8a/Fe(II)(p) 200 muM/50/150; 9/Fe(III)(p) 200muM/39 or 56/300 or 150. The results (samples 3 and 4) show that the addition of an iron sulfate to a medium containing sodium persulfate permits reduction of the irradiation dosage while obtaining an analogous or better result and (4, 5q, 6b, 8 and 9) that for a 100 muM solution of phenol, in the presence of 200 muM of an Fe(II) salt 1000 muM of sodium perchlorate represents an upper limit in terms of improvement in performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The active phase particularly contains platinum, at 0.1-10, best 0.3-1,%, plus 0-30, especially 0-10, % promoter, and the support is a mesoporous material of high surface mobility and modified crystalline structure, especially one or more of alumina, silica, zirconia and/or rare earth oxides, particularly zirconia, optionally mixed with silica and optionally doped with cerium or lanthanum oxides. Preferably the carrier is first impregnated with an aqueous solution of a lanthanide salt and then with a solution containing the Group VIII metal. Preferred Reaction: The gas feed may also include components formed in a reforming reaction, especially hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was prepared by impregnating a 10% cerium oxide/zirconia support (10 g) with aqueous solutions of (a) Ce(NO3)3. 6H2O (7.875 g) and (b) H2PtCl6.nH2O (0.161 g), then drying at 110degreesC for 2 hours and calcining at 500degreesC for 2 hours. The catalyst (particle size 0.42-0.56 mm) was filled into a tubular reactor; reduced in situ with hydrogen for 2 hours at 500degreesC, then supplied with water (0.118 ml/minute at 25degreesC) and CO (8.7 ml/minute; normal conditions), at gaseous hourly space velocity 35000 hour-1, with temperature 150-350degreesC. CO conversion was 5% at 150degreesC but 100% at 250degreesC or above; selectivity for hydrogen was 7% at 250degreesC and no methane was produced at any test temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The mean residence time of the dynamic reactor is less than 5 seconds. Preferred Components: The reactant mixture is free of lower alkyl esters. The light liquid phase comprises lower alkyl esters, i.e. fatty acid methyl ester (majority by weight). The product mixture comprises lower alkyl esters (greater than or equal to80, preferably greater than or equal to90 %). The alcohol is methanol. The catalyst is base catalyst. Preferred Methods: The method includes inducing cavitation within the dynamic reactor during reacting. The inducing cavitation within the dynamic reactor comprises revolving a rotor. The method includes separating the product mixture into a vapor product phase and a liquid product phase or in light liquid phase and a heavy liquid phase, and removing vapor from the product mixture prior to separating. The separating comprises centrifugally separating the product mixture. The method can also comprise introducing reactant mixture into a cavitation zone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate in which channels are formed using negative mold, is made of carbon-containing material or metal. The negative mold is released from the substrate, using sodium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate used for creating negative mold, is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The compost is mixed in waste soil with a solidification agent (11). The ground mowed grass and mushroom waste microbial bed is supplied to a rotation stirring apparatus (8), such as concrete mixture, stirred and fermented to obtain compost.Preferred Material: The mushroom waste microbial bed contains core of beer yeast and maize.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains substance having lanthanoid group metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is mixed oil having aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon compound contains a sulfur compound. Preferred Process: Thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon is carried out, in presence of the modification catalyst, and hydrogen is manufactured. EXAMPLE - Zirconyl nitrate (in g) (21) was dissolved in distilled water (100), and aqueous ammonia (100 ml) was dropped, and precipitate of zirconium hydroxide was obtained. The obtained precipitate was dried at 100degreesC and then baked at 300degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain amorphous zirconia. The obtained amorphous zirconia (2.5) was suspended to solution of rhodium nitrite (0.138), ammonium perrhenate (0.18), nickel nitrate (2.48) and strontium nitrate (0.604) dissolved in distilled water (40), and baked at 540degreesC, to obtain rhodium/rhenium/nickel-strontium/zirconia catalyst (2.14). Hydrogen was efficiently manufactured using the obtained catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mechanical impact or stress is applied by colliding a hard component with substance containing low-valence metal. An acid is added to the reaction system of water and substance containing low-valence metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The mixed gas has carbon dioxide emitted by purification of natural gas produced from gas field, as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Stirrer: The centering bearing (16) has an introduction directing device; a centering section with a polyhedral (preferably square) shape in plan view; and an opening in the lower part, of material into which the shaft (12) can be forced for insertion. Preferred Fermenter: The outlet opening (41) is diametrically opposite to the input device (36). The stirrer (11) has a vertical shaft (12); preferably several stirrers are provided. The side walls (5) are circular in plan view. The fermenter (1) optionally has a lid (6). The side walls, and lid if present, are of concrete. Preferred Process: The material to be fermented has a dry solids content of at least 25% and preferably comprises silo maize, cereal GPS, grass silage, sugar beet silage, fodder beet silage and/or cereals. The substrate is mixed radially with the stirrer, preferably operating at not more than 60 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Part of the pyrolysis gas is stored and used as carrier gas in the drying and pyrolysis steps. Part of the water gas is stored and used as carrier gas in the gasification and methanization steps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon comprises methane. The feed stream comprises approximately amounts of methane and carbon dioxide on a mole basis. The hydrocarbon product comprises at least one alcohol (preferably ethanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compartments: The compartments (1, 2) are constructed from 316 stainless steel grade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process maintaining the lower layer at a temperature, which is high to reduce any tars from the pyrolysis zone intermediate layer to carbon monoxide, hydrogen; providing the charcoal production bed with an outlet mechanism for fuel gas, regulating the additional biomass material by regulating at least the quantity and/or the moisture content of the additional biomass material; monitoring the level of pyrolysis zone in the reaction chamber by thermocouple mechanism; removing the fuel gas from the reaction chamber. Establishing the charcoal production bed is commenced by adding a charge of charcoal at the lower layer of the reaction chamber.Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the pyrolysis reaction zone is 800-1000degreesC.Preferred Component: The charcoal lower layer is devolatilized and uniform in size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture: When the refrigerant mixture comprises ethane and hexafluoroethane then the mixture comprises ethane (25 - 95, preferably 60 - 80, more preferably 65.3 - 70 mol.%) and hexafluoroethane present (balance to 100); when the refrigerant mixture comprises ethane and trifluoromethane then the mixture comprises ethane (45 - 75, preferably 50 - 65 mol.%) and the trifluoromethane (balance to 100); or when the refrigerant mixture comprises ethane, hexafluoroethane and trifluoromethane then the mixture comprises the ethane (25 - 90, preferably 35 - 80, more preferably 40 - 55), the hexafluoroethane (5 - 60, preferably 5 - 40, more preferably 5 - 20) and the trifluoromethane (balance to 100). EXAMPLE - At room temperature ethane (45 mol.%), hexafluoroethane (30 mol.%) and trifluoromethane (25 mol.%) were mixed by physical method to obtain a refrigerant mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cascade section further comprises a valve (92) disposed at the piping network and being controllable to provide a regulated flow through the piping network. A compressor section (94) is provided comprising a compressor and a heat exchanger (96) disposed upstream of the cascade section and downstream of the cell. It includes at least two stages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The compost container has a component (4) formed by foam molding of wooden thermoplastic resin composition. At least one surface of component (4) is subjected to sanding process. The container has vent hole (2b) having gap. The width of the gap is 2-4 cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin is polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The compost container has open-close type cover (3). The cover contains wooden thermoplastic resin composition. The vegetable filler is wood meal. The wooden thermoplastic resin composition contains 30-85 wt.% of wood meal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic refuse is initially supplied to container, and culture soil is then supplied to produce culture soil raw material in alternate deposition state. The culture soil raw material is kept in container for collection of cargo arranged at a relay space, and accumulated on storage space. The culture soil is then conveyed to organic refuse generation portion. The remainder of culture soil accumulated in storage space is provided to sales. Preferred Material: The fermenting material is branches, leaves, grass, nitrogen or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal material capable of transmitting hydrogen is Va group metal chosen from niobium, tantalum and vanadium, and is contained in an amount of 90% or more. The hydrogen non-permeable metal material is copper or silver, and is contained in an amount of 90% or more. A palladium film is coated at both surfaces of the hydrogen-permeation alloy film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Treatment: The biological treatment is nitrification, nitrous acid formation, denitrification, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide decomposition, dimethyl-sulfoxide decomposition, and/or processing by ANAMMOX bacteria (autotrophic denitrifying bacteria).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Amount: The raw material contains residue (in wt.%) (65-75), rice bran (15-20) and crumbs (15-20). Compound yeast (0.010-0.015 weight parts (wt.pts)) is added to the raw material (100 wt.pts). Preferred Conditions: The temperature of high temperature fermentation is 230-260degreesC. Preferred Ingredients: The rice bran is low crude fat rice bran. EXAMPLE - Organic refuse was added to fermentation tank. Uchishiro microbe (compound fermentation microbe) (0.010 weight parts (wt.pts)) was added to raw material (100 wt.pts) containing organic refuse (70 wt.%) and rice bran (30 wt.%), fermented, low crude fat rice bran was added, further fermented at high temperature of 230-260degreesC for 12-14 hours, and cooled for 3 hours to obtain the microbial cells. The microbial cells had crude fat content of 10 wt.%. The microbial cells produced by fermentation without adding crumbs (crude fat content regulator) had crude fat content of 10-14 wt.%. The obtained microbial cells having crude fat content of 10 wt.% was used as feed or fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Material used for forming anode of fuel cell stack is selected from nickel, nickel-iron alloy, doped ceria, doped zirconia, titanium complex MasTi1-xMbxO3-d, chromium complex LnCr1-xMxO3-d, Material for forming cathode is selected lanthanum complex ((La1-xSrx)MnO3-d), lanthanoid complex ((Ln1-xSrx)MnO3-d or (Ln1-xSrx)Fe1-yCoyO3-d), yttrium complex ((Y1-xCax)Fe1-yCoyO3-d or (Y,Ca)Fe1-yCoyO3-d), gadolinium complex ((Gd1-xSrx)Fe1-yCoyO3-d or (Gd1-xCax)Fe1-yCoyO3-d), doped ceria, and doped zirconia. The components (a,b) are selected from iron complex (Fe1-x-yCrxMcy), and/or nickel and titania complex, nickel and chromium oxide complex, and doped ceria or doped zirconia.Ma = barium, strontium or calcium;Mb = vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium or uranium;x, y = integer;s = 0-0.5;d = 0-0.3;M = vanadium, manganese, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, thorium or uranium;d = 0-0.3; andMd = nickel, titanium, cerium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, lanthanum, yttrium, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The wastes are bran, distillery mash, malt grape marc, brewery grape marc and breweries grain from malt and distilleries, malt and beetle slice. The above ground parts of the agricultural plants and products materials are straw, hay, plant stem and biomass of plant and product from agricultural area under cultivation. The wastes and/or the aboveground parts of agricultural plants additionally contain combustible or feedable components of plant or non-plant origin. EXAMPLE - Typical fuel and/or feed based plant material comprised (wt.%): wastes from the agricultural plants processing (80), coal dust (19) and inorganic or organic binder (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred features: The biological treatment stage comprises hygienization at high temperature and methanization in a biological reactor. Nutrients are added to the bioreactor. Nitrogen-containing materials, especially urea, are added to the biological treatment units. The waste is diluted to a dry solids content of 5 - 20%, especially 8 - 12 %. The cellulose-containing fraction is worked-up to produce a fuel of low calorific value and the plastics fraction to give a fuel of high calorific value and plastic granules. Suspension and dissolving of cellulose-containing material is carried out in a pulper. The hygienization unit comprises two connected tanks, each of which is fitted with a stirrer, to which heated suspension is fed. The outlet of the first tank is connected to a heat exchanger whose outlet is connected via a dosing unit to the inlets of both tanks. Alternatively the hygienization unit comprises a single tank divided into two chambers with a single stirrer, or hygienization and methanization are carried out in a single tank divided into chambers, the methanization chamber being longer than the hygienizing chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorocarbon gas is selected from CF3, CF4, C2F6, C4F8, and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Membrane: The separating membrane is perfluorocarbon sulfonic-acid group solid-electrolyte membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent is oxygen or oxygen-containing gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of the fuel electrode is platinum-ruthenium alloy supported in carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Matter: The organic matter is alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and/or ether. The alcohol is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas effluents are treated at a pressure of 0.8-1.3 bars. The water vapor that is injected is at a concentration ranging from 100 ppm and 5% and at a temperature of 20-300degreesC.Preferred Components: The gas effluents to be treated comprise perfluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons mixed with nitrogen. The reducing agent is water, ammonia, methane and/or alcohols.Preferred Device: The plasma is produced by a plasma torch, and the water vapour injector has a vaporiser with a temperature regulator. The products of plasma reaction are trapped, for example, by a solid bed of granules based on lime soda or a gas scrubber. Alternatively, the effluents are treated with the plasma source which generates a first species, which is then transformed into a second species in the form of gas, liquid or solid, at which point a reducing agent downstream from the plasma is injected before washing with the water vapor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The nitrifying bacteria are ammonia decomposer microbe and nitrous acid decomposer microbe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The organic waste is composted by a composting installation (13), while adjusting moisture content of the organic waste. A portion of the digested sludge (23) drawn out from methane-fermentation tank (11) or water is supplied to the composting installation, while introducing other specific organic waste (27) into the composting installation to adjust the moisture content. The specific organic waste which has deodorizing effect with other specific organic waste is supplied to the composting installation. Two or more methane-fermentation tanks (12) are provided. The low decomposable unspecified organic waste is introduced from the upstream side towards downstream side of the methane-fermentation tank. The solubilized sludge is introduced into methane-fermentation tank after solubilizing the digested sludge drawn out from the methane-fermentation tank. Alternatively, a portion of digested sludge drawn out from the methane-fermentation tank is branched, and biological-denitrification-processed or solid-liquid is separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of copper and silver components is 99:1-80:20. The desulfurizing agent further contains manganese component. The mass ratio of copper and manganese components is 85:15-50:50.Preferred process: The hydrocarbon oil is desulfurized at 150degreesC or less. EXAMPLE - Copper sulfate (0.7 kg) was dissolved in pure water (10 L), to obtain liquid (A). 15% aqueous solution of trisodium silicate (1.5 kg) and sodium carbonate (0.7 kg) were dissolved in pure water (10 L), to obtain liquid (B). The liquid (A) was dripped into liquid (B) and stirred. The obtained deposit was washed with water, removed by filtration, dried at 110degreesC in air and baked at 350degreesC, to obtain copper-type desulfurizing agent. The resulting agent was impregnated into silver nitrate solution. The resulting product was dried at 110degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 400degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain silver-type desulfurizing agent containing copper (55 mass%) and silver (1 mass%). The obtained agent had improved benzo thiophene adsorption and removal capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process comprises a pre-treatment step to improve the catalytic activity of the catalyst.The pre-treatment step comprises: placing the catalyst in a chamber; heating the chamber; carrying out a cycle consisting of firstly flushing a hydrocarbon fuel gas stream into the chamber, then flushing an air stream into the chamber; and repeating the step of carrying out the cycle one or more times.Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises chromium (10-25 (preferably 16-20) wt.%) and nickel (0-20 (6-12) wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is in the form of grids, mesh, honeycomb, flat plates, molded sheets, powder, pellets, fibers and/or tubes.The hydrocarbon fuel is a gas of methane, ethane, propane, butane, petroleum spirit, diesel and/or paraffin.The temperature of the chamber during a cycle is 600-1100degreesC. EXAMPLE - Stainless steel 1.4301 catalyst (comprising carbon (less than 0.08%), chromium (17.5-20%), nickel (8-11%), manganese (less than 2%), silicon (less than 1%), phosphorous (less than 0.05%), sulfur (less than 0.03%) and iron (greater than 65%)) was placed in a reaction chamber. A hydrocarbon fuel (propane) was flushed through the reaction chamber at a flow rate of 50 ml/min. Then a burning phase comprising an air stream flushing through the inlet is used to carry out the pyrolysis reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Each zone is adapted for oxidation of carbon monoxide produced by oxidation of deposited carbon into carbon dioxide. The carbon utilization unit has a heat transfer unit for conducting heat from zone performing oxidation to zone performing pyrolysis. The heat transfer unit has a wall disposed between the adjacent zones, such that heat transfer occurs by conduction across the wall. The wall is a wall defining a boundary of both pyrolysing and oxidizing zones. The zones have a chamber (I) contained within a chamber (II). Each chamber is tubular shaped. The wall defines a boundary of one or other zone. The wall comprises a material which enhances carbon deposition, concentrated at the area of interface between the zones. The wall comprises a ferrous alloy, preferably stainless steel and most preferably grade 304 stainless steel. The apparatus further has a burning unit of carbon monoxide produced by oxidation of deposited carbon to produce heat to partially or completely sustain pyrolysis in zone performing pyrolysis. The burning unit is not adapted for pyrolysis. The burning unit has a burner disposed for heat transfer to each pyrolysis/oxidation zone. The burner is further adapted to initiate start up of pyrolysis in zone (I) by combustion of a fuel gas. Alternately, each zone has a semi-annular chamber disposed about a central tube containing a porous burner for combustion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The desiccant material is selected from metal oxide, silica gel and activated carbon. Preferably the desiccant material is chosen from alumina, silica, calcium oxide and titania. More preferably the material is alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Stream: The hydrocarbon stream is natural gas stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl levulinate is 2-8C alkyl levulinates such as ethyl levulinate, n-propyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate, n-pentyl levulinate, 2-hexyl levulinate and 2-ethyl hexyl levulinate, more preferably ethyl levulinate, n-butyl levulinate or n-pentyl levulinate, preferably ethyl levulinate.The co-solvent is 3-8C alcohols, hydrocarbons, or oxygenates.The alcohols can be isopropanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-butoxy-ethanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl hexanol and 2-(2-(1-butoxy) ethoxy) ethanol. The hydrocarbons can be toluene.The oxygenates can be fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably rapeseed methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The location of the flaming pyrolysis zone is controlled to maximize tar reduction for a prescribed range of fuel gas flow rates. The porosity of the char material and the second portion of the carbonaceous material are controlled to maximize tar reduction with a minimum of pressure drop for a prescribed range of fuel gas flow rates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The heat source for ignition comprises an electric resistance heater or a gas burner.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbonaceous material comprises a bulk density of greater than 3 lbs/ft3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: Mole ratios of ruthenium, M, and tellurium are 10-95:5 to 40:0.1-50. The catalyst has an average particle diameter of 1-2 nm. EXAMPLE - Mo(CO)6, Ru3(CO)12, and Te were reacted in m-xylene, and then all of the m-xylene was evaporated. The resulting product was fired at 200degreesC to prepare a Ru-Mo-Te black powder catalyst having current density of 1.52 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The carbon monoxide reduction unit comprises a first reaction unit (37) disposed in a second region proximate the first region to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide through a water gas shift reaction of the carbon monoxide. A barrier (39) having a shape of a mesh is disposed between the first and second pipes to partition the first and second regions. The thermal treatment unit allows the reforming reaction unit to maintain the operational temperature range of the reforming reaction unit of 700-800degreesC and allows the first reaction unit to maintain the operational temperature range of the first reaction unit of 200-500degreesC. It comprises a thermal isolation component (41) surrounding an outer surface of the first pipe corresponding to the reforming reaction unit to isolate the thermal energy supplied from the thermal source unit to the reforming reaction unit. The thermal source unit comprises a torch (32) connected to the second pipe to ignite and burn the fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel is a gaseous fuel containing butane as a main component, liquefied petroleum gas, or liquefied natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The covering material is silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel storage region of the fuel cartridge contains boron hydride fuel or reformable hydrocarbon fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cathode: The cathode is formed by carrying out electrolytic deposition of high level waste liquid generated from reprocessing process and radioactive process of spent reactor fuel by electrolysis with constant current processing. The current density of the constant current is 2.5 mA/cm2-0.1 A/cm2. Initial stage electrolysis is performed with low current density. The electrolytic deposition of the rare earth element of uniform composition is carried out by electrolyzing with high current density.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous alkali solution is hydrogen. The electrolytic liquid contains rare earth element fission products ion in an amount of 70-400 mg/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The contact temperature of the rough hydrogen gas or noble gas with palladium catalyst, and synthetic zeolite is 0-100degreesC. The contact temperature of the rough hydrogen gas or noble gas with getter agent is 400-600degreesC. Two or more introduction lines of rough hydrogen gas or noble gas to the palladium catalyst and synthetic zeolite are installed. Palladium catalyst and synthetic zeolite are regenerated at one line, while performing purification of hydrogen gas or noble gas at other line.Preferred Refiner: The refiner has line of two or more lines or two or more pipes of filling pipes of palladium catalyst and synthetic zeolite, installed in parallel and connected to the filling pipe of getter agent of one pipe. Alternately, two or more pipes of filling pipe of synthetic zeolite are installed in parallel and each pipe is connected to one filling pipe of palladium catalyst and one filling pipe of getter agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Impurity: The impurity of the gas is nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water and/or methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The hydrogen-generating substance contains aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium and/or their alloys, as main constituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises indium gallium phosphide (InGaP). The substrate is semi-insulation property gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate, sapphire substrate, quartz substrate or glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal coat covering layer further contains a component (II) which can form oxide, nitride or carbide. The component (II) is chromium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, iron, copper, molybdenum and/or zirconium. The crystal grain boundary coated portion is formed using chromium, silicon and/or aluminum as film forming material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Fats and oil are impregnated in low water-containing substance. Fats and oils-impregnated low water-containing substance, to-be-fermented material, and existing fermented material are mixed and mixture is introduced to methane fermentation tank. The fermentation residue from dry type methane fermentation tank is dried and used as fuel or cement baking material. The supernatant liquor of fermentation residue from dry type methane fermentation tank, and supernatant liquor of fermentation residue from wet methane fermentation tank, are mixed and used as liquid fertilizer.Preferred Material: The to-be-fermented material contains fat and oil, and low coalification charcoal or peat. The low water-containing substance is sub-bituminous coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The carbonization furnace carries out carbonization of wood-type biomass using exhaust gas ejected from a garbage incineration plant. The supply system has a grinder (40) for grinding carbonized material to coarse powder, and a grinder (60) for grinding coarse powder to particles. The supply system has a foreign material removal apparatus for removing foreign material from coarse powder, and a granulator (70) for pelletizing ground carbonized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The concentrated water, after reverse osmosis membrane processing which uses nitric acid as an acid for pH control of biologically treated water supplied to the reverse osmosis membrane process, is returned to the denitrification process or to the front-stage side of the denitrification process.Coagulation-sedimentation processing of the biologically treated water is carried out before performing reverse osmosis membrane processing.Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus of wastewater further has concentrated-water return line (7), and coagulation-sedimentation tank (3) which is provided between front-stage side of the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus and later-stage side of the biological processing apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The protease and/or glucanase are used as cell wall digesting enzyme. Preferred Microbes: The solubilization microbe is protease and/or glucanase secreting microbe, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans and/or its mutant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fullerene base material is selected from the group consisting of endohedral fullerene, hetero fullerene, chemical modification fullerene and fullerene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredients are ion, metal and/or oxide. The element is preferably 1B group element. The content of active ingredient in the fuel processing agent is 0.1-40 wt.% calculated as an element. EXAMPLE - Crystalline cellulose (in g) (20) and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminate (1180) having average particle diameter of 4 microns and solid content of 85 wt.% were added into a kneader and stirred. Pure water was added so that the water content was 35%. The mixture was extrusion molded to a cylindrical shape, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 600degreesC for 5 hours, and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product was obtained. The obtained meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product (200) was dispersed in pure water (2 l) and the pH of the dispersion liquid was adjusted to 6.5 with nitric acid aqueous solution (10 wt.%). The dispersion liquid was stirred and silver nitrate (78.8) was added slowly. The mixture was heated at 60degreesC, stirred at 60degreesC for 1 hour, and solid-liquid separated. The resulting product was washed, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours, and a fuel processing agent was obtained. The obtained agent had excellent adsorption capability of sulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The support is formed of polysaccharide, protein, synthetic macromolecule or inorganic substance. The support has a porous structure. The microorganisms are salt tolerant organic matter waste liquid utilizing microorganisms group contained in sludge. The microorganisms are immobilized to the support by adhering, cross-linking or entrapping method. The apparatus is a solution sending apparatus comprising the support accommodated in a container (5) and the contacting unit. The apparatus has a pipe and solution sending pump. The container comprises a dissolved oxygen concentration adjustment unit (4) for adjusting the dissolved oxygen concentration in the salt-containing waste liquid. The apparatus further comprises a sterilization unit (6) for sterilizing the salt-containing waste liquid, desalination unit for desalinating the salt-containing waste liquid and voltage application unit for applying voltage and the salt-containing waste liquid. The salt concentration in the waste liquid is 1 mass% or more.Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are chosen from yeast and bacteria. The yeast is Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 126-Aege strain (FERM P-20896). The bacteria is chosen from bacteria belonging to Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus genus. The bacteria belonging to Sphingobacterium genus is S.multivorum or S.spiritivoum. The bacteria belonging to Bacillus genus is B.pumilus. The microorganisms are obtained by performing enrichment culture of salt tolerant organic matter waste liquid utilizing microorganisms group contained in sludge, in salt-containing waste liquid used as processing target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor produces reformed gas by contacting modification source gas and gas for modification with the catalyst layer, and performing modification reaction. Preferably, the reactor produces hydrogen-containing gas by contacting mixed gas of hydrocarbon-type fuel and water with the catalyst layer. The microwave of 0.3-30 GHz introduced to the reactor, is irradiated at the catalyst layer. The reactor is a cavity resonator (30) of rectangular parallelepiped shape, and is optionally resonated by single mode. The catalyst layer is arranged at a region having maximum electrical field strength in the cavity resonator of resonance state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The processing agent prepared from grain raw material is old rice powder or corn flour. The processing agent prepared from potato raw material is jump flour of konjak or konjak. The processing agent prepared from timber raw material is paper or pulp. The processing agent forms a composite material and biodegradable plastic, preferably biodegradable polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is supplied as hydrogen during hydride removal process. At least one portion of hydrogen in hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is stored by heating in hydrogen storage material capable of releasing hydrogen. Hydrogen discharged by storage material is supplied to modification reaction device. The hydrogen storage material is a hydrogen storage metal material. An oxygen-containing gas is supplied after modification and before removal process. Carbon precipitated on the surface of the catalyst is supplied to oxygen, and oxidation removal is enabled. The hydrogen storage material is heated with reaction heat of catalyst via heat exchanger (60) provided between catalyst and hydrogen storage material. The discharge heat from hydrogen storage material is converted to electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The methane containing gas stream (A) is cooled to temperature of -25degreesC or less. The cooling step is carried out by feeding methane containing gas stream (A) to a first heat exchanger, while at the same time a second heat exchanger is allowed to defrost, optionally followed by switching the first and the second heat exchanger. The first and the second heat exchangers are allowed to exchange heat between them. The stream comprising condensed contaminants (C), is obtained from the second heat exchanger, which is allowed to defrost. The methane comprising stream (B) is cooled to -60degreesC, in the cooling step, followed by cooling the methane comprising stream (B) to a carbon dioxide vapor/liquid equilibrium temperature of -80degreesC or less. The methane comprising stream (B) is fed to an adsorption unit and/or a catalytic conversion unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stream comprising condensed contaminants (C) comprises: siloxanes; and contaminants such as water, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, halogen compounds and/or higher hydrocarbons (preferably 5 carbon or higher). The adsorption unit and/or catalytic conversion unit comprises a single unit comprising a bed of solid particles. The methane containing gas stream (A) is a biogas, preferably obtained from a landfill, a digester and/or a wastewater treatment facility.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The cooler or cooler unit comprises a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger, which may be operated in parallel. The piping downstream of step (b), does not have any heat tracing and/or does not have any insulation. The equipment downstream of (a), is constructed from stainless steel 304 (SS304) and/or carbon steel. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and/or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal of metal material contains aluminum, silicon, zinc and/or magnesium. The exothermic material consists of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and/or calcium sulfate. The hydrogen production material further contains hydrophilic oxide, carbon and/or water absorbing polymer. The hydrophilic oxide is alumina, Boehmite, silica, magnesia, zirconia, zeolite and/or zinc oxide.Preferred Composition: The content of metal material and exothermic material in hydrogen production material is 85-99 wt.% and 30-80 wt.%, respectively.
EXAMPLE - A pulp comprising a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid to a concentration of about 1 wt.% and hydrolyzed for 14 days. The solution was stirred overnight and then ultrasonicated for 2 minutes. A film was cast, covered, and left at room temperature for 4 days, after which it was dried in a vacuum oven at 105 degreesC for 18 hours. The film was carbonized under vacuum by heating using a heating rate of 1 degreesC/min to a final temperature of 550 degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active fluid comprises the active fluid comprises arsine, phosphine, hydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, ammonia, nitrous oxide, tungsten hexafluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, hydrogen bromide, diborane, methane, methane, ethylene, chloroform, propane, butane, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen, fluorine, ammonium fluoride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hydroxide, boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, dichlorosilane, germane, tetrafluoromethane, trifluoromethane, difluoromethane, methyl fluoride, hexafluoroethane, pentafluoromethane, perfluoropropane, octafluorocyclobutane, nitric oxide, silane, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrafluoride, trichlorosilane, hydrogen selenide, or organometallic reagent gases.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The monitor is a fluid analyzer such as a thermopile infrared (TPIR) analyzer
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The lipolytic enzyme is 60% identical with lipolytic enzymes from Candida Antarctica, Hyphozyma sp., Candida parapsilosis, Candida rugosa, Pseudomonas cepacia, Geotricum candidum, Rhizomucor miehei, Crytococcus spp., Candida parapsilosis, or Thermomyces lanugthosus. The phosphlipase is 60% identical with a phospholipase from a strain of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, or Thermomyces lanuginosus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The phosphorus content of the reduced to not greater than 50 ppm (preferably not greater than 1 ppm). A chelating agent is added at 0.01-1 wt.% (preferably 0.04-0.1 wt.%) based on the oil content. The water phase including enzymes is recycled fully or partially into the reaction mixture, which mixture also contains new substrate.Preferred Parameter: The temperature is 30-70degreesC (preferably 50degreesC).Preferred Component: The substrate further comprises 0.01-95 wt.% free fatty acids. The triglyceride is derived from vegetable oil feedstock, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, mustard oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, coconut oil, hemp oil, palm oil, tall oil, animal fats including tallow, lard, poultry and fish oil, which oils and fats may be of crude, water degummed, waste, or refined quality. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The reaction mixture comprises less than or equal to 50 wt.% water.Preferred Concentration: The molar ratio between alcohol and fatty acid residues is 0.1-10 (preferably 0.4-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves the step of inoculating the organic feed material with additional hydrogen producing microorganisms. The organic feed material is heated in several containers or passages prior to conveyance into the bioreactor. The organic feed material is heated to 60-100degreesC. The organic feed material is conveyed into the bioreactor with the aid of a pump. The temperature of the organic feed material is controlled with an electronic controller. The hydrogen is produced in the bioreactor by the hydrogen producing microorganisms metabolizing the organic feed material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic feed material is inoculated within the bioreactor. The organic feed solution is heated by the heat waste (preferably steam heat) in a heat exchanger. The organic feed material in the bioreactor has a controlled pH of 3.5-6. The power plant is a coal fired power plant.Preferred Unit: The unit for heating the organic feed material before it is introduced into the bioreactor with the heat waste is a heat exchanger associated with the heat waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic feed material in the bioreactor is an effluent from an industrial production process, preferably sugar containing aqueous material or waste product of juice manufacturing process. The organic feed material is treated by adjusting electrolytes of the organic feed material. The hydrogen-producing microorganisms metabolize sugar contained in organic feed material by producing pyruvate from glucose, and reacting pyruvate and coenzyme to produce formic acid, which is decomposed to obtain hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material has an enthalpy of reaction of less than 80 kJ/mol H2; reversibly stores at least 8 wt.% H2; and has a single crystal volumetric density 50% higher than liquid H2. Hydrogen desorption takes place at less than 100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage material has an enthalpy of reaction of about 20-50 kJ/mol hydrogen. The hydrogen storage material reversibly stores at least 8 wt.% of hydrogen. The hydrogen desorption takes place at less than 100degreesC. The hydrogen storage material has a single-crystal volumetric density of about 50% higher than liquid hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic waste chips have size of 1-200 mm3. The iron ion-containing liquid has pH 5-7. Preferred Conditions: The moisture content in fermentation step is 60-70%. Fermentation-I is performed at 70-85degreesC, and fermentation-II is performed at 50-60degreesC. Preferred Process: The iron ion containing liquid reacts with organic waste chips and ferrihydrite is produced. Preferred Components: The nutrients of soil fungus contain treacle. The organic waste is a residue obtained after detoxifying at least a portion of heavy metal from heavy metal containing organic waste raw material by chelate bond of ferrihydrite. EXAMPLE - Construction scrap wood (200 kg) was crushed, immersed for 30 minutes in Techno earth X (RTM: not defined), microbes adhering to construction scrap wood was annihilated, construction scrap wood was removed and drained. Techno earth X (RTM: not defined) (20 l), treacle (0.2 kg), techno blend (0.2 kg) and hen droppings (40 kg) were mixed. The mixture was adjusted to moisture content of 65%, at 75degreesC and primary fermentation was performed. After 7 days, temperature and moisture content were adjusted and secondary fermentation was performed at 60degreesC and moisture content was set to 65%. After 6 months construction scrap wood compost substantially free from heavy metal, which cause damaged to the ecosystem was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid used for hydrolysis is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Organic Matter: The protein-containing organic matter is waste material containing animal protein and/or vegetable albumin as main constituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.Preferred Composition: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 6 volume% or more. Decomposition products of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin are produced when timber is used as biomass. The pressurized hot water is super critical water and/or subcritical water. The sodium hydroxide is added during manufacture of organic acid. EXAMPLE - Cellulose (biomass) (50 mg) and 20 volume% hydrogen peroxide solution (2 ml) were processed at 210degreesC or less under 1.9 MPa, and formic acid (organic acid) was produced. The obtained organic acid had improved yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support material consists of stainless steel. The hydrogen-permeation element has a reinforcing material consisting of a metal nonwoven fabric and/or a metal mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The humus tree treatment tank has a porous treatment tank (14) filled with volcanic ash soil granulated material, at downstream side. The porous treatment tank is filled with a porous absorption material (3) having filtration rate of 0.05-2 m/day with respect to treated water. The purifies has a control unit for controlling residence time of storage tank to 1-20 days, filtration rate of treated water in soil contact processing tank to 0.5-10 m/day, residence time of humus tree treatment tank to 5-20 hours, and filtration rate of treated water in porous treatment tank to 0.05-2 m/day.A light shielding plate capable of shielding sunlight is arranged at storage tank. The light shielding plate has opening-closing unit for opening and closing based on wastewater state. The purifier has water flow inlet port provided at top position of soil contact processing tank and lower position of humus tree treatment tank, processing water flow exit provided at lower position of soil contact processing tank and top position of humus tree treatment tank, and a communicating path for connecting exit of soil contact processing tank and inlet port of humus tree treatment tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: A sand trap (5) is provided downstream of the screening station (4), and the fermenter (16) is downstream of the sand trap. The dosing of the waste water and/or clarified sludge (12, 13) and the solid biomass charge (29) are such that the mixture in the fermenter has a solids content of less than 20 (especially 8-15)%. At least one partial stream (28b - 28e) of mechanically prepurified water, downstream of the screening station or sand trap, is optionally supplied to the fermenter. Preferably the whole of the prepurified water is stored in an intermediate vessel before being dosed to the fermenter, preferably using a pump. At least one clarification tank, specifically a preclarification tank (6), living sludge tank (8) and/or post-clarification tank, is provided downstream of the screening station or sand trap, from which a predetermined amount of sludge is supplied to the fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The clarification plant (1) includes a living sludge stage (8) downstream of the sand trap (5), in which contaminants in the waste water are biologically degraded with the living sludge; and the sediment-specific bacteria are formed by living sludge (12b, 24) from the living sludge processing stage, especially from a living sludge tank (14) and/or a post-clarification tank (9) downstream of the living sludge tank. The sand trap sediment processing vessel (15) is formed by a region of the living sludge tank separated by at least one partition (28). The sediment processing vessel has at least one stirrer and/or mixer for the sediment-bacteria mixture, specifically a hydraulic or pneumatic stirrer (32); a discharge device, specifically a discharge screw, for the processed sediment; a sediment washing and/or separating station (33); and a blowing and/or aeration device (30), for supplying air (31) for the aerobic fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid acid type desulfurizing agent is solid superstrong acid chosen from sulfate radical zirconia, sulfate-radical alumina, sulfate-radical oxidation tin, sulfate-radical iron oxide, tungstic acid zirconia and tungstic acid oxidation tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic feed material is heated to 60-100degreesC prior to introduction into the bioreactor. The hydrogen producing microorganisms metabolize sugar contained in the organic feed material under the reactions i.e. converting glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate, which combining 2 molecules of coenzyme A and converting 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and 2 molecules of formic acid; and liberating 2 molecules of formic acid to 2 molecules of hydrogen and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. The pH of the organic feed material is maintained with additions of a sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. The electrolytes of the organic feed material are adjusted prior to introduction into the bioreactor. The organic feed material is heated for 45-90 minutes. The organic feed material is retained in the bioreactor for 6-24 hours. The method further involves removing the hydrogen containing gas from the bioreactor; cleaning the hydrogen containing gas to substantially remove carbon dioxide; and inoculating the organic feed material with additional hydrogen producing microorganisms.Preferred Components: The hydrogen containing gas substantially contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a 1:1 ratio. The organic feed material is a waste product from an industrial facility e.g. juice manufacturing industrial facility. The hydrogen producing microorganisms metabolizing the organic feed material has an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of -300 to -450 mV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The oxidizer catalyst is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) and the substrate coating is alumina, silica, zirconia, alumina-ceria and/or ceria. Each of the catalyst members comprises a ceramic monolith body or a metallic monolith body. The second catalyst member is spaced from the first catalyst member by 0-6 inches. The channel density of the channels of the first catalyst member is less than or equal to200 (preferably 100) channels per square inch and the channel density of the channels of the second catalyst member is greater than or equal to250 (preferably 400) channels per square inch. The channel width of the channels of the first catalyst member is greater than or equal to0.071 inch or greater and the channel width of the channels of the second catalyst member is less than or equal to0.063.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A pyrophoric layer contacts the shift catalyst layer and comprises a pyrophoric material that spontaneously oxidizes when reacted with oxygen to generate heat. The pyrophoric layer comprises particles of transition metals and/or their oxides, preferably chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, zinc, tin, aluminum and/or titanium. The particles have specific surface area of 40-3000 m2/g. The pyrophoric material has heat of oxidation of 30-200 kcal/mol. The pyrophoric layer may comprise a mixture of shift catalyst particles and pyrophoric material particles uniformly distributed among the shift catalyst particles. The pyrophoric material is present at 0.1-20 pbw, based on 100 pbw shift catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution is a sodium or potassium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The heater heats the organic feed material to a temperature of 60 - 100degreesC and to substantially kill or deactivate methanogens.The pH of the organic feed material is affected when passing through the circulation system. The circulation system includes at least one pump that is a centrifugal pump. The directional flow in the bioreactor is an up-flow or a down-flow. The pH controller is operably related to the circulation system. The system further comprises an ORP sensor operably related to the circulation system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Property: The pH of the organic feed material in the bioreactor is controlled to a range of 3.5-6 pH.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating is a gelatinous matrix. The gelatinous matrix is formed from agar and carbon compound. The carbon compound is glucose, fructose, glycerol, mannitol, asparagines, casein, Adonitol, I-arabinose, cellobiose, dextrose, dulcitol, d-galactose, inositol, lactose, levulose, maltose, d-mannose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, salicin, d-sorbitol, and/or d-xylose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: Aquatic worms are used, preferably Lumbriculus variegates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen absorbent further comprises metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel, copper and neodymium, and metal chosen from rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The VA group element is tantalum. The VIA group element is molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The carrier gas is nitrogen gas and/or argon gas.Preferred Property: The mean pore diameter of the molecular sieve carbon is larger than the diameter (D) of the atom or molecule of gas (I or II), and is smaller than 1.25D.Preferred Conditions: The temperature of the adsorption material is maintained at a range of -150degreesC to room temperature. The mass flow rate of the to-be-processed gas is 0.1-5 when the mass flow rate of the carrier gas is 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecules: The molecule of gas (I) is 12CH4 and molecule of gas (II) is 13CH4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption agent processes the material made of carrier selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, activated carbon, polystyrene type resin support halogenated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antioxidant contains natural component(s) and synthetic component(s). EXAMPLE - Acid liquid mixture having myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in a ratio of 1:40:4:43:12:0.2, was methyl-esterified using potassium hydroxide, by alkali catalyzing method, to obtain biodiesel fuel. Vitamin C (0.1%) as antioxidant with respect to mass ratio of the obtained biodiesel fuel. A biodiesel fuel composition having favorable quality was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The adiaphorous layer comprises silica, aluminum, copper, and/or alumina. The substrate comprises copper or aluminum. The reaction tube has an anodization layer plated with copper-zinc metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The organic substrates are formic acid and/or formate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst reactor uses catalyst of Ni.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The length of the body is 0.5-2 times the pitch of the spiral. The surface/volume ratio is more than 500 m2/m3. The body comprises more than 70% void volume. The upper surface is more than 1.5 times greater than the surface of the body volume. The body is hollow. The ratio of the inner radius of the body to the outer radius of the flange is less than 1 (0-0.6). A solid body can also be used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass is sea biomass selected from kelp, algae, marine organic materials or their mixtures harvested from the sea. The sea biomass is harvested from the sea by passing sea water from an intake mounted on the exterior of the vessel, through an on-board biomass removal medium. The biomass removal system also includes a protection bar for preventing mammals and large fish from entering the intake. The useful hydrocarbon products are off-loaded from the marine vessel while conveying the carbonaceous waste materials at port-side onto the vessel. The portion of the methanol is off-loaded from the marine vessel. The methanol is combined with water for fuel cells to produce electrical energy used in the power systems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The base solution comprises water and sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The bioreactor is selected from a suspended growth reactor and fixed film reactor. The domestic wastewater stream contains oxidant-reducing bacteria suitable for seeding the bioreactor for perchlorate, nitrate, bromate, selenate and chromate treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pH of the animal-chemical waste product is controlled to 8-12 by varying the amount of chemical reactant added to the feedstock, or adding a base to the waste product. The reactor is pressurized to 40-80 psi with a noble or inert gas from argon (preferably), nitrogen, or helium. The waste product is heated to ca. 200-290degreesC for 1-5 hours after pressurizing the reactor. A multistage distilling process is performed where the gaseous composition passes into or through a series of distilling or condensing devices. The reactor is purged by directing a gas from argon, nitrogen, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical reactant includes a chemical waste from propenoic acid, guaiccol, acetic acid, butyl ester, hexahydrobenzene, cyclopentane, methyl-formamide, N, N-dimethyl oxioane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material in the water-splitting reaction tank for the hydrogen generation is water. The catalysts for the water-splitting chemical reactions include iodine and sulfur dioxide. Preferred Ratio: The ratio between the water, the iodine, and the sulfur dioxide is 2:1:1 by mole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The Raney Nickel assembly is made of Raney Nickel panels and is installed in the water-splitting reaction tank to serve as a heat reducing agent, thus eliminating the heat requirement for the water-splitting process. The iodine, the sulfur dioxide, and a portion of the water to be split are regenerated, retained, and reused in the water-splitting reaction tank for the continuance of the hydrogen generation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture is aged at 50 - 70degreesC for at least about 3 hours, the mixture is dried at 100 - 120degreesC and the mixture is calcined at 350 - 550degreesC for at least about 4 hours. The copper hydroxide is precipitated from copper nitrate. The zinc hydroxide is precipitated from zinc nitrate. The cerium hydroxide is precipitated from cerium nitrate. The mixture is formed by drop-wise addition of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of copper nitrate, zinc nitrate, and cerium nitrate. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises nanoscale particles. The catalyst (preferably copper oxide-zinc oxide-cerium oxide catalyst) includes (wt.%): copper oxide (20 - 80, preferably 30 - 70, more preferably 40 - 60), zinc oxide (20 - 80, preferably 30 - 70, especially 40) and cerium oxide (0 - 40, preferably 10 - 30, more preferably 10 - 20). The copper oxide-zinc oxide catalyst includes (wt.%): copper oxide (20 - 80, preferably 30 - 70, more preferably 40 - 60), zinc oxide (20 - 80, preferably 30 - 70, especially 40). EXAMPLE - Aged copper oxide-zinc oxide catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation of an aqueous solution containing 0.5 M hydrated copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)22.5H2O) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate. A mixture of copper and zinc hydroxides were co-precipitated at a pH of 7 by the drop-wise addition of a sodium hydroxide solution (0.5 M) to the nitrate solution taken in a beaker (600 ml) under vigorous stirring. The mixture was aged in the mother liquor at 60degreesC for 3 hours before cooled to room temperature with stirring. The mixture was then filtered, washed several times with de-ionized water, and dried overnight in an oven at 110degreesC. The dried samples were calcined at 450degreesC for 4 hours at a heating rate of 10degreesC/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid conducting tubes comprises silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen purification system (2) is installed in exit side of gas turbine plant. The hydrogen purification system (3) has several modifiers, several water evaporators and hydrogen compressor provided at upstream side of modifier. The modifier has super heater for producing super heated steam from water vapor of water evaporator. A water vapor is produced from feed water line having feed water pump, hydrogen gas cooler and carbon dioxide cooler. The carbon dioxide separation unit has carbon dioxide separator and regenerator. The gas turbine plant has duct at the exit side. Modifier, water evaporator, diethyl ether evaporator and fuel conservation device of hydrogen purification system (2) is accommodated in the duct. The hydrogen purification system (3) has hydrogen storage tank for storing hydrogen fuel supplied to hydrogen compressor and gas turbine combustor (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The porous support has a thickness of 10-100 microns and a surface roughness of 0.02-2 microns at the resin-film side. The sum total area of an opening of the hole of the resin film side of the porous support occupies 20-70% of the hole formation region. The resin film has a thickness of 1-20 microns. The porous support has an edge for holding on the outer side of the hole formation region. The region corresponding to the hole which forms the surface forming the thin film of the support is a smooth surface, and the other region is roughened. The surface roughness of the smooth surface is 0.1 microns or less, and the surface roughness of the roughened region is 0.02-2 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The selected gas is hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: Additional pH corrector agents, flocculants, coagulants and/or decolorants are used. The mineral product is used at 0.001-50% dry matter per liter of waste water for treating. The mineral is added in solid form or as a liquid suspension.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The clay is sepiolite, smectite, illite and/or paligorskite, present in the following quantities (wt.%): sepiolite and/or paligorskite (5-80), smectite (5-40) and illite (0-30). The smectite is montmorillonite, beidellite, hectorite, nontronite, saponite, sauconite and/or stevensite. The mineral carbonate is calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) and/or iron(II) carbonate. The mineral product further contains feldspars, plagioclases, mica, quartz, kaolinite, talc, chlorite, vermiculite and/or halloysite.Preferred Property: The product is porous and granular with a grain size less than 5 mm (preferably less than 10 microns).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Features: The body has several inlet channels (25) which are open on the inlet side (11) and closed on the outlet side (12). The inlet channels are separated from each other by the porous wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil contains free fatty acid, monoglyceride and/or diglyceride. The fatty acid alkyl ester is fatty acid methyl ester, fatty acid ethyl ester, fatty acid n-propyl ester, fatty acid isopropyl ester, fatty acid n-butyl ester and/or fatty acid isobutyl ester, preferably fatty acid methyl ester. Additive(s) is added to the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The first and/or second phase of the reaction mixture is a solid phase and is subjected to a pyrolysis reaction. The first and second phases are produced by hydrogenating the reaction mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gaseous hydrocarbons obtained in synthesis of motor fuels from synthesis gas are subjected to oligomerization for producing liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a molybdenum-containing catalyst. EXAMPLE - Organic wastes were dewatered to residual humidity of 50-60%, heated up to 500-600degreesC and fed for gasification, where they were treated with a mixture of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide where the ratio of wastes/H2O/CO2/O2 was 20/2/0.5/0.5. The process of gasification took place at temperature of 800degreesC in two stages: at the first stage an action was exerted by modulated high-frequency fields with carrier frequency of 1.76 MHz and modulation frequency 0.5 KHz, and at the second stage an action was exerted by two permanently generated single-electrode high-frequency discharges in the central and upper parts of the reactor. At that, 90% of the organic components of domestic wastes were decomposed to CO, CO2 and H2. The synthesis gas obtained after the gasification was subject to purification in the presence of non-homogeneous variable electromagnetic fields and non-equilibrium plasma, after which it was cooled, purified from mechanical impurities, compressed and directed into the reactor for synthesis of hydrocarbons at temperature of 300degreesC and pressure of 30 atm. The synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons was carried out in the presence of a polyfunctional catalyst containing oxides of iron, zinc and boron in combination with a carrier of aluminum and its oxides. The yield of the motor fuels produced was 190 g/nm3 of synthesis gas for conversion of the carbon oxides of 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The digested sludge (6, 22)withdrawn from the tank is homogenized (23) at low pressure before eing recycled to the digestion tank (1). The degassing device includes a chopper (7) for removing interfering solid components, consisting of a rotating blade with a below a perforated plate (8) and stationary zone (9), in which the accumulated volume of sewer gas released from the sludge (6) is collected and can be extracted via a gas outlet valve (11). The degassing device also includes a transporting pump (13) (preferably a 3-piston pump or an eccentric screw pump) with an upper inlet (14) and a lower outlet (15). A backflow line (16) connecting the outlet with the inlet includes a gas outlet valve (17) for extracting sewer gas (17) released in the backflow line. The degassing device additionally includes a horizontal widened section of tube (19) with a gas outlet valve (21) for extracting sewer gas released in the upper part of the widened section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The boss is a metal boss. The tank assembly has liner layer made of plastic and the outer layer is made of a graphite composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coal ash contains heavy metal, e.g. boron, lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury and/or hexavalent chromium. The neutralizing agent includes phosphatic fertilizers such as calcium super phosphate and double super phosphate of lime.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer is a block copolymer containing a block consisting of structural unit having proton-acid group, and a block consisting of structural unit not having a proton-acid group. Preferred Definitions:    X,W'=-CO-, -SO2-, or -(C(R')2)g-;and    R',g=as mentioned above.    EXAMPLE - 3,3',4,4'-tetraamino diphenyl sulfone hydrochloride (in g) (38), 4,4'-dicarboxy biphenyl (24.8), polyphosphoric acid (210), and phosphorus pentaoxide (170) were heat-stirred at 200degreesC, and polymerized for 3 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature after polymerization. 3,3',4,4'-tetraamino diphenyl sulfone hydrochloride (42.4), 1-(3-sulfobenzoyl)-2,5-dicarboxy benzene monosodium salt (35.4), polyphosphoric acid (260), and phosphorus pentaoxide (210) were added and heat-stirred at 200degreesC, and polymerized for 5 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature after polymerization, and poured into ion-exchange water. A polymer was solidified, ground, washed, and heat-dried at 80degreesC to obtain a copolymer (84) of formula (A) with a yield of 92%. A polybenzimidazole-type compound solution of the copolymer was applied and dried on a glass substrate, to form a film of thickness 50 microns. The film had a proton conductivity of 0.09 S/cm and excellent heat stability.    n:m=10:9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The immobilizing material is 0.5-20 volume% with respect to the volume of the reaction tank. The immobilizing material is in the form of a layer or laminated sheet-like immobilizing material. The flow direction of the to-be-processed water in the reaction tank is arranged, so that the flow direction is parallel to the sheet surface of the immobilizing material. The processing apparatus is an immobilizing material unit with cartridge-type immobilizing material. The anion exchange group is a functional group selected from primary amino group, secondary amino group and tertiary amino group. The apparatus further comprises an activation tank that activates estrogen decompose-removal ability of the immobilizing material and a monitoring mechanism for monitoring estrogen amount that utilizes PCR method.Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism that decomposes estrogen is selected from Novoshingobium genus and/or Sphingomonas genus, preferably Novoshingobium sp. JEM-1 strain (FERM P-19234) and/or Sphingomonas sp. JEM-3 strain (FERM P-19235).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The base material of the support is made of cloth, non-woven fabric and textile material into which a side chain is introduced by graft polymerization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum catalyst powder contains cerium atom supported on platinum component (22). The platinum catalyst powder further contains atom(s) chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. The copper catalyst powder further contains rare earth atoms. The content of platinum atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-20 mg/ml. The content of cerium atom per catalyst unit volume is 50-500 mg/ml. The content of copper atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-80 mg/ml. The content of copper catalyst powder is 0.1-10 mass parts with respect to 1 mass part of the platinum catalyst powder. The inorganic support contains inorganic oxide containing atom(s) chosen from silicon, aluminum, titanium, cerium and zirconium. The inorganic oxide does not contain copper atom. EXAMPLE - Platinum catalyst powder was prepared using dinitro diamine platinum complex salt. Copper catalyst powder was prepared using copper nitrate. The platinum catalyst powder and copper catalyst powder were mixed, and slurry was produced. The slurry was coated on a monolith support, dried, and a shift catalyst was obtained. The shift catalyst had high catalytic activity in low temperature and high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The calibration gas is propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Features: The supporting element is supported on or in a foundation of the fermentation container. The supporting element is connected to and supports the membrane. The fermentation container has only one supporting element which is arranged in the center of the fermentation chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The dosage of oxygen depends on the microbiological status of the substrate and is controlled so that the oxygen content in the fermentation substrate does not exceed 0.1 mg/l. Immediate consumption of introduced oxygen inevitably occurs in the presence of special optional anaerobes in the fermentation substrate, causing desirable cleavage of cellulose and/or hemicellulose into more readily biodegradable intermediates. The aerobic treatment stage increases the gas formation rate and yield. The demonstrably higher rate of decomposition of the biomass causes more favorable flow and hence greatly reduces the tendency to form floating and sinking layers and allows higher energy densities in the reactor without detriment to the biogas yield. The process preferably uses a technological combination with other disintegration processes of mechanical preparation of the substrate (e.g. extrusion, intensive crushing) or enzymatic treatment of the fermentation substrate. EXAMPLE - Anaerobic fermentation was carried out with periodic introduction of air so that the oxygen content was considerably below the limiting content of 0.1 mg/l. This aerobic treatment of the substrate allowed high energy densities, whilst the fermentation chamber charge could be increased to over 7 kg dry organic substance per m3 reactor volume and day without interfering with gas formation of causing a significant reduction in gas yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Combining biomass gasification with fermentation, using varied starting materials. This involves gasification of material such as fresh or old wood, green cuttings and paper slurry to give a product gas (nitrogen plus combustible components, dust, tar and water), which is then fed into an anaerobic biomass fermenter to give energy-rich biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises an electrical generator adapted to receive the hydrocarbon fuel to generate the electricity. It comprises a grinder associated with the fermenter to grind the organic waste. It comprises a separator in communication with the fermenter that receives the organic waste and separate it into high and low moisture content organic wastes. It comprises a dryer associated with a mechanism for communicating the solid portions of the organic waste to the gasifier. It further comprises a second grinder for processing a portion of the organic waste and a heat exchanger for receiving waste heat from the gasifier. It comprises a hydrolysis reaction chamber that receives a portion of the organic waste and provides hydrolyzed organic waste to the fermenter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The producer gas comprises a hydrocarbon fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition may contain aromatic solvent (1-19 wt.%), isopropanol (1-13 wt.%), and/or isobutanol (1-12 wt.%); isopentane (0.5-10 wt.%), corrosion inhibitor (0.05-5 wt.%), and/or biodiesel (0.01-85 wt.%); and octane enhancer methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) (0.1-5 wt.%). It may be used alone or in a mixture with known internal combustion engine fuel. Preferred Components: Ethanol and/or bioethanol may be provided as a mixture with methanol. The aromatic solvent is ethyl benzene, 1-methyl-3-ethyl benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, propyl benzene, cumene, and/or 1-ethyl-2-methyl benzene. The industrial gasoline is benzine, stoddard solvent, canadol, isoparaffinic hydrocarbon, ligroin, mineral spirits, naphtha ligroin, refined solvent naphtha, VM and P naphtha, vanish marker's naphtha, naphtha solvent, naphtha stoddard solvent, White spirits, stoddard solvent naphtha, stoddard solvent organic solvent, enamel thinner, mineral thinner, rubber solvent, or Vasol(RTM: not defined). EXAMPLE - Aromatic-100 (RTM: aromatic solvent) (4 wt.%), toluene (16 wt.%), xylene (10 wt.%), bioethanol (13 wt.%), isopropanol (4 wt.%), isobutanol (2 wt.%), and benzine (51 wt.%) were mixed to obtain a fuel composition for internal combustion engine. The composition had a high octane number of 96. The fuel composition was tested for performance. Results for pollutant emission and fuel economy in JETTA (VOLKSVAGEN) vehicle showed hydrocarbon emission of 0.06 g/km, carbon monoxide emission of 0.68 g/km, nitrous oxides emission of 0.12 g/km and fuel consumption of 8.88 L/100 km compared to hydrocarbon emission of 0.10 g/km, carbon monoxide emission of 0.91 g/km, nitrous oxides emission of 0.35 g/km and fuel consumption of 9.07 L/100 km when using unleaded gasoline having an octane number of 93.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anode off gas inlet supplies anode off gas to a vertically upper position of the divided section of the gas flow passage. The housing further includes a ventilation air inlet to supply ventilation air supplied from the fuel cell to a vertically upper position of the divided section of the gas flow passage. A vertically upper one of the flow paths has an upstream end that is closed. The gas flow passage inside the housing is divided into three of the flow paths that are arranged in accordance with properties of gases to be supplied. The vertically upper one of the flow paths has an obstructing entity that is configured and arranged to selectively close and open the upstream end of the vertically upper one of the flow paths. The catalyst comprises a catalyst carrier having cells, a wash coat on the catalyst carrier and a precious metal dispersed in the catalyst carrier; and the precious metal in the catalyst has a vertically lower portion with a first volumetric density and a vertically upper portion with a second volumetric density that is lower than the first volumetric density of the vertically lower portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heavy hydrocarbon component is chosen from naphtha, kerosene, diesel, light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, de-metalized oil, coker gas oil, resid, fuel oil and aromatics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: When metal M is group IVB transition metal and m is 1, y is 2. When metal M is group VB transition metal and m is 1, y is 2 or 3. When metal M is group VIB transition metal and m is 1, y is 4. When metal M is group VIB transition metal or actinide transition metal and m is 2, y is 2. Preferred Components: The metal M is titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), or uranium (U).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Trans-esterification is performed at greater than 60degreesC. The method includes performing direct esterification by using the oxometallic complex to catalyze free fatty acid in the crude oil to react with a second alcohol to form intermediate oil for oxometallic complex to continue catalyzing the first alcohol or second alcohol to react with the intermediate oil to form the biodiesel. The first alcohol is the same as the second alcohol. EXAMPLE - Ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol in the presence of 5 mol.% TiOCl2 hydrate in the presence of xylene for 52.6 hours to provide 2-ethylhexyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate in 100% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Hydrogen gas is produced at a pressure of 5.5-11.7 MPa, preferably 6.9-11.7 MPa. Liquid SO3 is recovered at a temperature of 20-75degreesC. During operation of the the electrolyzer, the following reactions occur:(1) SO2 (liquid) + H2O (liquid) = 2H+ + 2e- + SO3 (liquid)(2) 2H+ + 2e- = H2O (gas); and optionally(3) SO3 (liquid) + H2O (liquid) = H2SO4 (liquid)In the method, H+ and H2O pass through a microporous or ion exchange membrane separating the electrolyzer into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber, to form H2 at or near the cathode electrode. Liquefaction of SO2 occurs in a scrubber where two phases form; a lighter phase of water with dissolved SO2 and a heavier phase of liquefied SO2 with dissolved water, with the heavier phase being passed to the electrolyzer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The dehydrated fermented compost material is mixed with animal manure or sewage solids to adjust the moisture of material entering the vessel to 40 - 60 %. The average residence time for solids in the vessel is an order of magnitude higher than the calculated detention time of the vessel.Preferred Components: The dehydrated, fermented compost material contains approximately 100 % animal manure or sewage solids, without other additives. The compost material is selected from animal manure, poultry manure or sewage sludge. The recycled, dehydrated compost material replaces a bulking agent to adjust the moisture of material entering the vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises a container for holding the organic feed material. It also treatment mechanism for treating the organic feed material. It also includes an electronic controller having a microprocessor adapted to process signals from devices providing water parameter information. It also includes a pump (28) in combination with a passage (60) to provide a controlled flow of the organic feed material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The organic feed material is inoculated with hydrogen producing microorganisms within the bioreactor. Heat is conveyed from the secondary hydrogen production system to the primary hydrogen production method with a heat exchanger. The organic feed material is heated in containers or passages prior to conveyance into the bioreactor.Preferred Condition: The liquids and gases of elevated temperatures are at 100-1000degreesC. The organic feed material is controlled to a pH of 3.5-6 pH. The organic feed material is heated by the heat at 60-100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquids and gases of elevated temperatures are water, stream, hydrochloric acid, oxygen or sulfur dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Humic acid and fulvic acid, as fermentation adjuvant, and carbon powder are added to the oxidation exothermic agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Condition: Biomass is hydrothermally processed at the saturation temperature of water at a preset pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The non-metallic type catalyst is activated carbon in the form of powder having an average particle diameter of 200 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The porous flow medium is transition alumina having a specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g and an average particle diameter of 20 microns to 2 mm.Preferred Component: The gasification catalyst component is an alkali metal, preferably sodium. The load of sodium with respect to 1 g of the transition alumina is 0.01-0.7 g. EXAMPLE - AC-11 (RTM: transition alumina) (50 g) was heated at 480degreesC for 1 hour. The alumina was cooled to room temperature, heated with sodium hydroxide (10 g) at 290degreesC and mixed for 1 hour to obtain gasification catalyst containing sodium supported by transition alumina. The catalyst had good gasification efficiency of biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal or metallic compound is calcium, lithium, titanium, calcium oxide and/or lithium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive compound particles contain vanadium boride (VB), vanadium carbide (V8C7) and vanadium nitride (VN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The sludge is contacted with humic substance in a reactor (4a). Odor gas or waste water is processed to obtain deodorized gas or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred process: The pre-culturing of (I) are carried out in biosolids to which a quantity of fertilizing rock salt was added. The ambient temperature is 4-32 degreesC, preferably 20-22 degreesC. The establishment of OD1 and OD2 are spaced in time to allow the appearance of a detectable OD2 in established microbial culture media. The OD1 is established as early as the 3rd day post inoculation of the liquid medium and OD2 at the 42nd day post inoculation (preferably 28 days post inoculation).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: A continuously operating regeneration FT is operated in the PC circuit; specifically a PC container for intermediate storage of PC acts as regeneration FT or a solids FT is operable as regeneration PC. The PC is distributed as evenly as possible over the FT cross-section; is heated (specifically in the PC container and/or in the PC tubing system); and serves as energy and/or nutrient source in at least one FT. Distribution of the PC stream is the FT is regulated on the basis of the loading of the PC with acids and microorganisms. At the start of the process a fermentation residue is optionally added as starter culture at up to 30 wt. %, but more preferably is not added. Preferred Apparatus: A PC container (16) or a solids FT serves as regeneration FT. At least one FT fermenter (12a, 12b, 12c) is provided per week of duration of the fermentation. The solids FT's are box or round FT's. The PC container and/or the PC tubing system is heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system further comprises containment walls for the pile.Preferred Components: The aeration system comprises ducts, obtained in the impermeable base, provided with air outlet holes. The ducts are connected on the head side to a blow-in manifold into which air is introduced by a three-phase electric fan (4).The electric fan is provided with inverter to modify the number of revolutions and the flow of air into the system. In the system, on the side opposite to the fan, the ducts are interconnected by a cross pipe to form an air plenum. The breathable impermeable cover is provided with micropores having dimensions of 0.1 - 0.5 (preferably 0.2 - 0.4, especially 0.2) microns.The breathable impermeable cover is made of Gore-Tex (RTM: expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) sheeting and is fixed on the impermeable base. The sensors control the process conditions such as temperature, humidity and oxygen measurement probes and are connected to an automated control unit managed via a computer. The humidity sensors are opposed plates fixed on the containment walls. The breathable impermeable cover is fixed on containment walls.Preferred Process: The internal temperature of the pile is 65 - 75degreesC. The process parameters are automatically adjusted by a control unit, modifying the conditions of the airflow blown by the aeration system. The process (P1) further involves arranging the pile inside containment walls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The stirrer shaft has an extension (12) with one end connected to the flexible wall and the other end connected to a drive shaft (16). The drive shaft moves along a predetermined travel path in a plane transverse to an orthogonal axis to the flexible wall. The travel path is a straight line with a reciprocating motion and imparts a swinging motion to the stirrer, or the path is a circular path and imparts a circular motion to the stirrer. The container is a disposable flexible container and is stabilizer by a supporting container (20). The stirrer shaft can have a channel through which liquids or gases can be supplied to the inner chamber. The channel can have a filter at its mouth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Vessel: The wall stabilizers are lengths of netting, rope, fabric or film. One support of each pair is a pulley and the other is attached to the lid. Each stabilizer is stretched between its supports by an extension (22) that pulls the stabilizer over the pulley and is connected a counterweight (20) acting through another pulley (24) fixed to a pillar (28). There are eight stabilizers. The lid is fitted with struts (30) with terminal wheels (32) running on vertical guide rails (34). The wall is equipped with folding aids (unspecified) for uniformly folding the wall as the gas capacity decreases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials : The biodiesel is a plant methyl ester (PME), a rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), soya methyl ester (SME), sunflower methyl ester, used fat methyl ester (AME) or fat methyl ester (FME) from vegetable and animal materials as per DIN E 51606 and is obtained by treatment with (especially phosphoric acid-) activated carbon of specific surface area 20-2500 (especially 200-1500) m2/g, the activated carbon being used at 0.01-20 (especially 0.2-0.3) wt.% based on the weight of the biodiesel. The biodiesel is passed continuously over the activated carbon and the activated carbon is regenerated and re-used. EXAMPLE - A biodiesel-plasticized silylated polyurethane sealant hardening to a depth of 6 mm in 7 days and with good adhesion to PVC, glass and aluminum, a tensile strength of 1.5 MPa and elongation at break 300% was obtained by    (A) strirring colored biodiesel (Kaernten GmbH; 1 l) with Norit CA 1 (RTM : phosphoric acid activated carbon) (10 g) for 1 hour to give a product of color index APHA 185;    (B) mixing the decolored biodiesel (150 g) and chalk (300 g) with vinyl silane (11.5 g) for 10 minutes at 200 rpm;    (C) mixing with a silane-terminated polyurethane (225 g), vinyl silane (5.75 g), hydrophobicized pyrogenic silica (22.5 g), stabilizer (3.4 g) and titanium dioxide (20 g) for 2 hours;    (D) reducing the pressure to 100 mbar and removing the volatiles within 10 minutes;    (E) stirring with a tin catalyst (0.75 g) and a primary aminosilane (11 g) and again reducing the pressure to 100 mbar; and    (F) removing the mixture after 5 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method comprises transferring a portion(s) of the activated sludge stream in the conditioning tank to the bioreactor processing the activated sludge stream within the bioreactor by converting phosphorus in the activated sludge stream into soluble phosphates in the bioreactor; transferring a portion(s) of the activated sludge stream from the bioreactor to a sidestream reactor; adding a source of multivalent metal ions to the activated sludge stream in the sidestream reactor to precipitate phosphate solids; separating and removing the phosphate solids from the activated sludge stream; and returning a portion(s) of the activated sludge stream to the activated sludge tank.Preferred Material: The multivalent metal ions are magnesium (Mg2+) or calcium (Ca2+).Preferred Component: The phosphate solids comprise struvite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The syngas entry stream provides a constant input of syngas to the assembly of reactors. Preferred Method: The reduction in the production of syngas by the syngas manufacturing facility is at most 5%, preferably at most 1%; where the assembly produces a constant output of hydrocarbon products or where the assembly produces a constant carbon monoxide (CO) conversion level; where any reduction in the output of hydrocarbon products and/or CO-conversion level is at most 5%, preferably at most 1%; where the increase in temperature in the other reactors is at most 20degreesC, preferably 5-10degreesC. The reduction in production capacity in the one or more reactors is at most 35% of the steady state production of the reactor assembly, preferably at most 15%. Preferred Process: The multi-stage process has 2-4 stages, preferably 2 stages, where the first stage has at least 3 reactors, preferably 5-9 reactors, and each subsequent stage has preferably less than or equal to50% of the number of reactors in the previous stage, preferably less than 35%, where each stage has at least two reactors and the syngas is redistributed to the or other reactors within the same stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The second electrode comprises a cermet. It is porous. The oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolyte is rare earth doped zirconia, ceria, hafnia, or thoria-based oxide. The electrolyte comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The carbon feed is in contact with the anode as a consumable current collector. It is introduced into the liquid metal anode as a liquid or as a powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The second reactive material is carbon feed which is conductive. The carbon feed comprises carbon-containing waste material, preferably hydrocarbon waste, agricultural waste, carbonaceous waste, or toxic waste. The waste material may be saw dust, carbon, or coal dust.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The waste material may be plastics or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The waste material may be paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A gasifier (1) with a stirrer (16) in the reaction chamber (2), with both chambers (2 and 3) being thermally insulated from the outside. The heater is a radiant tube heater or a burner. The gas take-off (37) is mounted on the heating chamber (3) and is associated with a catalyst (39) for reforming CO to H2 and a gas cooler (40) (preferably a steam generator (41)). The reactor (3) has a gas inlet (28) for air, steam or a steam/air mixture. The heating window (4) is a device for influencing the heat flow from the heating chamber (3) into the solid fuel, preferably a device with adjustable screens (6, 7). Chamber (2) also has an auxiliary heater (11), a fill level sensor (12) and a rotating, funnel-shaped pan for the pyrolysed material, and there are temperature sensors (13, 36) in both chambers (2, 3). CHEMICAL ENGINEERING u Preferred Method: The temperature in chamber (2) is controlled by adjusting the air and/or steam input and the temperature in chamber (3) is adjusted by regulating the heater (29), preferably so that the temperature in (3) is 1000-1250degreesC and the temperature in the pyrolysis zone is 500-900degreesC. The residence time of pyrolysis gases in chamber (3) is more than 1 second, while the gas flow through the bed (21) and the agitation of the bed by the stirrer (16) is adjusted to prevent any dust whirling up.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material supplied to fuel electrode is chosen from alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid and ether. The alcohol is methanol. The diaphragm is proton electroconductivity solid-electrolyte film such as perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type solid-electrolyte film.Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent supplied to oxidation pole is oxygen or gas containing oxygen. The catalyst of fuel electrode is platinum-ruthenium alloy supported to carbon powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Methods: Patterning of the hard mask layer by using the photoresist pattern having the increased thickness includes using the photoresist pattern with the increased bottom power of 600-800 W under the substantially identical conditions for forming the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: Forming of the hard mask layer includes making use of metal consisting of zinc (Zn), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium (Ti), or titanium nitride (TiN).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: Forming of the polymer includes making use of amorphous hydrogenated carbon and using a main gas comprising hydrogen, methane, or trifluoromethane.The main gas covers greater than or equal to 60% of the entire flow quantity (80-150 standard cubic centimeter) with respect to a diluting gas (argon gas).Forming of the polymer includes using a plasma power with a top power of 500-900 W, and a bottom power of 400-600 W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbes are fiber decomposing microbe, ammonium nitrate chemical forming microbe, starch-sugar forming microbe, protein decomposing microbe, ligninase producing Penicillium genus microbe or Bacillus genus microbe.The Bacillus genus microbe is Bacillus subtilis DB 9011 strain having aflatoxin decomposing ability or B. subtilis FERM BP-3418 strain. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    The soil fertilizing and crop growth improving effect of organic fertilizer containing excrement of cow fed with fermented bagasse feed-I, was evaluated on growth of tomato and straw berry. The result showed that the organic fertilizer effectively increased yield of tomato and strawberry in short time.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Warm water (37degreesC more or less) was poured to rice bran (20 kg), and rice bran liquid having moisture content of 70% was obtained. Microbe mixture (20 g) was inoculated into the rice bran liquid, cultured for 12 hours and sponge yeast was obtained. Shochu-liquor lees (20 kg) were blended with the bagasse (70 kg), the sponge yeast (1 kg) was inoculated, cultured for 24 hours and fermented bagasse feed was obtained. pH was maintained at pH 4-5.5 and inoculation and cultivation were performed at 30-45degreesC. The fermented bagasse feed (5 kg) was supplied to milk cow every day, and saw dust was blended with the excrement of the cow after 7 days, such that the ratio of excrement was 90 wt.% and saw dust was 10 wt.%. Then, stirred, fermented for 14 days in a compost depot and organic fertilizer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbes are fiber decomposing microbe, ammonium nitrate chemical forming microbe, starch-sugar forming microbe, protein decomposing microbe, ligninase producing Penicillium genus microbe or Bacillus genus microbe. The Bacillus genus microbe is Bacillus subtilis DB 9011 strain having aflatoxin decomposing ability or B. subtilis FERM BP-3418 strain. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    The soil fertilizing and crop growth improving effect of excrement collected from cow fed with fermented bagasse feed-I, was evaluated on growth of tomato and straw berry, and compared with a feed-II, which did not contain the fermented bagasse. The result showed that the excrement collected from cow fed with fermented bagasse feed-I effectively improved soil fertility, quality and yield of crop compared to excrement of cow fed with feed-II.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Warm water (37degreesC more or less) was poured to rice bran (20 kg), and rice bran liquid having moisture content of 70% was obtained. Microbe mixture (20 g) was inoculated into the rice bran liquid, cultured for 12 hours and sponge yeast was obtained. Shochu-liquor lees (20 kg) were blended with the bagasse (70 kg), the sponge yeast (1 kg) was inoculated, cultured for 24 hours and fermented bagasse feed was obtained. pH was maintained at pH 4-5.5 and inoculation and cultivation were performed at 30-45degreesC. The fermented bagasse feed (5 kg) was supplied to milk cow every day, and saw dust was blended with the excrement of the cow after 7 days, such that the ratio of excrement was 90 wt.% and saw dust was 10 wt.%. Then, stirred, fermented for 14 days in a compost depot and organic fertilizer was obtained. The organic fertilizer was added to cultivation land and soil was improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microbes are fiber decomposing microbe, ammonium nitrate chemical forming microbe, starch-sugar forming microbe, protein decomposing microbe, ligninase producing Penicillium genus microbe or Bacillus genus microbe. The Bacillus genus microbe is Bacillus subtilis DB 9011 strain having aflatoxin decomposing ability or B.subtilis FERM BP-3418 strain. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    The soil fertilizing and crop growth improving effect of excrement collected from cow fed with fermented bagasse feed-I, was evaluated on growth of tomato and straw berry, and compared with a feed-II, which did not contain the fermented bagasse. The result showed that the excrement collected form cow fed with fermented bagasse feed-I effectively improved soil fertility, quality and yield of crop compared to excrement of cow fed with feed-II.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Warm water (37degreesC more or less) was poured to rice bran (20 kg), and rice bran liquid having moisture content of 70% was obtained. Microbe mixture (20 g) was inoculated into the rice bran liquid, cultures for 12 hours and sponge yeast was obtained. Shochu-liquor lees (20 kg) were blended with the bagasse (70 kg), the sponge yeast (1 kg) was inoculated, cultured for 24 hours and fermented bagasse feed was obtained. pH was maintained at pH 4-5.5 and inoculation and cultivation were performed at 30-45degreesC. The fermented bagasse feed (5 kg) was supplied to milk cow every day, and saw dust was blended with the excrement of the cow after 7 days, such that the ratio of excrement was 90 wt.% and saw dust was 10 wt.%. Then, stirred, fermented for 14 days in a compost depot and organic fertilizer was obtained. The organic fertilizer was added to strawberry field and tomato field, and high quality strawberry and tomato were obtained with high yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electroconductive mesh has thickness of 5-30% of the thickness of the graphite particles molded product. The electroconductive mesh has opening dimension larger than the average particle diameter of the graphite particles of the thermosetting resin composition. The mesh comprises copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The thermosetting resin composition is molded to sheet form. The electroconductive mesh is inserted into the sheet-form molded product and press-formed, to obtain graphite particles molded product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The anion exchange group has ion exchange capacity of more than 0.5 meq/g. The anion exchange group is chosen from primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group and quaternary amino group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The composite fiber base material is a fiber assembly, such as cloth or non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is complex oxide of zirconium, titanium and/or aluminum. The support is preferably lanthanum-zirconium-aluminum complex oxide of formula: La2O3.ZrO2.Al2O3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The active metal is platinum and palladium. The ratio of platinum, palladium and support is 1.5:5:5-5:5:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage metal material is a hydrogen occlusion alloy and is high pressure dissociation type which dissociates hydrogen at high pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The water vapor modification catalyst is copper-alumina catalyst mixed with solid acid catalyst. The carbon dioxide modification catalyst is copper-zinc-alumina catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium, Bacillus Corynebacterium or Lactobacillus. The aerobic microbe includes Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Alcaligenus, Escherichia, Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium or Nocardia. The method involves adding an enzyme such as alpha-amylase, the beta-amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase, hemicellulase, pectinase, lactase, protease, tryptosine, papain, rennet, lipase, phospholipase A2, to at least one process. The carrier is an inorganic porous body. The carrier is a composite body of inorganic porous body, fiber assembly, or synthetic-resin mold. The carrier is a fiber assembly or a synthetic-resin mold. The inorganic porous body is the activated carbon, seolite, aluminum phosphate, silica, activated carbon fiber, carbon aerosil, carbon annotate, carbon nanohorn, sepiolite, calcium carbonate or clay, molded to a defined shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of active ingredient is 5 nm or less. The support has specific surface area of 5-80 m2/g. Preferred Compound: The active ingredient is ruthenium, rhodium and/or nickel. Preferred Support: The support is alumina, zirconia, ceria, neodymium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or praseodymium oxide. The support coexists with basic oxide, such as alkaline earth metal, and is amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture may also be treated with 0.4-0.6% hexamethylene tetramine, 1.0-1.5% lignin and up to 3% other additive to increase the ash softening point, especially borax, sodium metasilicate, trisodium octaborate, zinc borate, trisodium phosphate, ammonium sulfate or similar chemical substances suitable for this purpose. Preferred proportions (wt.%) are a mixture of (a) 50-58% renewable organic raw materials and/or agricultural waste (A) and (b) 22-25% rape cake; and a mixture of (a) 13-21% natural organic oils and/or fats and (b) 2-4% fusel oil, preferably homologues of ethyl alcohol or higher alcohols, e.g. amyl alcohol. The entire mixture is vacuum impregnated before pelletization. Preferred Components: (A) are cereal straw of all types, sugar cane, bamboo, cotton bushes, jute, sisal, hemp, ramie, rice straw, rice husks, Chinese reeds, elephant grass, flax, coco, kenaf or alfa grass. (A) may be fresh or old raw materials, e.g. gray straw. EXAMPLE - A compressed fuel consisted of 75% wheat straw (moisture content about 12%; gray straw stored for about 6 months), 22% palm oil and 3% sodium perborate. Before pressing, the wheat was chopped and impregnated with the oil, preferably in vacuo, then mixed with the sodium perborate and pressed to pellets or briquettes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The partially hydrolyzed saponins are predominantly mono-desmosidic and are obtained by contacting quinoa husk with water in a ratio of 1 parts weight by 1-10 parts weight water at 20-90 degrees C, removing quinoa husk, adding sodium hydroxide or another basic agent to effect partial hydrolyzation to bring the extract to pH 8-12, subjecting the extract to a heating phase at 50-100 degrees C, neutralizing to pH 3-7.5 and optionally concentrating to produce a solid.Preferred Composition: The composition comprises saponins obtained from quinoa husk, in the form of a solid quinoa formulation with a concentration 1-40% partially hydrolyzed quinoa saponins and an excipient. The effective amount is 5-20 ppm saponins in aqueous solution.Preferred Method: The method comprises controlling Pomacea ssp (especially Pomacea canaliculata), Isidorella ssp, Biomphalaria ssp and Lymnaea spp. Quinoa husk removal from the liquid extract is carried out by decantation, filtration (with diatomaceous earth) or centrifugation. A decanted and filtered extract is partially hydrolyzed using hydrolytic enzymes. The enzymes hydrolyze the sugar group located at the saponin 28C carbon. The husk mixture with water is subjected to a heating phase for 0.1-3 hours at 50-100 degrees C. The mixture is dried at 20-80degreesC. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to bring pH to 3-7.5. EXAMPLE - Saponin toxicology in snails was assessed with golden apple snails. Adult snails were collected and maintained in 25 x 20 x 15 cm glass aquaria with lids (7.5 liters capacity) and water was treated with chlorine neutralizing product at 2 drops/l. Partially hydrolyzed quinoa husk had LC100 of 7-10 ppm of saponins for snails. At this concentration, goldfish and tilapia did not die in 96 hours thus making it safe to use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The reaction is performed in the presence of catalyst comprising metal sulfide chosen from cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, copper sulfide and/or ruthenium sulfide, metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, ruthenium oxide and tungsten oxide, and doped transition metal oxide chosen from platinum/titania and platinum/titania-nitride. Alternately, the catalyst contains metal sulfide and noble metal particles chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, silver, gold, rhodium and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dispersion: The inorganic substance dispersion contains carbon, aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The blanket fixed material is a material containing bacteria in gel containing polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The process feed tube (7) carrying process fluid to be converted extends inside common volume of the reactor, enters the reactor through a conduct (6) arranged in the outer wall of the reactor. The process feed tube extends vertically into a transition compartment from which process tube(s) carrying process gas to be converted extends vertically inside the common volume of the reactor. The process tube(s) carrying the process gas is formed as a coil. The common volume containing reforming and boiler sections are surrounded by an insulated housing. The insulated housing is encased by a first annular region carrying flue gas and a second annular region carrying combustion air. The combustion section is provided with a single catalytic burner. The catalytic burner is provided as wire mesh layers arranged in series. The mesh layers are coated with ceramic and impregnated with an oxidation catalyst. The reactor includes fixed bed of catalyst arranged above catalyst tubes, in which fixed bed covers the whole horizontal cross section of the reactor. The fixed bed is adapted to receive the process gas to be converted prior to the passage of gas into catalyst tubes. Preferred Methods: The process fluid is preheated by indirect contact with exiting converted gas from the reforming section of the reactor. The heat generated in the combustion is transferred by a convection mechanism to the self-circulating gas-liquid mixture via the generated flue gas. Preferred Parameters: The gas-liquid mixture circulates at 55-110 bar and 270-320 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process fluid entering the reactor comprises methanol and/or dimethyl ethanol (DME). The process fluid is a mixture of methanol and water. The gas-liquid mixture is a saturated steam-water system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The gas injector is coupled to a bioreactor vessel for aerating the reaction chamber with gas comprising air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred System: The distillation membrane comprises a flat-sheet membrane, tubular membrane or hollow fiber membrane; and is made of material selected from polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The biological oil is prepared from plants. The biological oil is animal oil. The biological oil is replaced by methyl ester.Preferred Component: The catalyst is alkane or alcohol. The amount of catalyst is 30-70 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: At least one process feed tube carrying the process fluid to be converted extends inside the common volume of the reactor, or enters the reactor through a conduct arranged in the outer wall of the reactor and the process fluid is preheated by indirect contact with exiting converted gas from the reforming section of the reactor. It may extend vertically into a transition compartment from which process tube(s) carrying process gas to be converted extends vertically inside the common volume of the reactor and the process tube(s) carrying the process gas is formed as a coil. The common volume containing the reforming section and boiler section are surrounded by an insulated housing encased by a first annular region carrying flue gas and a second annular region carrying combustion air. The combustion section has a single catalytic burner, which is provided as wire mesh layers arranged in series which are coated with ceramic and impregnated with an oxidation catalyst, where the heat generated in the combustion is transferred by a convection mechanism to the self-circulating gas-liquid mixture via the generated flue gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process fluid entering the reactor comprises methanol, and/or dimethyl ether (DME). It may be a mixture of methanol and water and the gas-liquid mixture is a saturated steam-water system circulating at a pressure of 55-110 bar g and at 270-320degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Combining the acid and the amine-borane(s) to form a catalytic initiator comprises combining the acid and the amine-borane(s); and heating the combined acid and the amine-borane(s) to 0-100degreesC. The polymeric (R1R2B-NR3R4)n product is reacted with a metal catalyst or heated to 25-200degreesC to release hydrogen.Preferred Compounds: The acid is a Lewis acid or a Bronsted acid. The Lewis acid is a borane, a trialkylaluminum compound, a trityl species, or a trimethylsilyl species. The Bronsted acid is trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, a water adduct of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, water, a mineral acid, an oxonium borate, or a trifluoroacetic acid. EXAMPLE - Ammonia-borane (H3NBH3) was dissolved in dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) dimethoxyethane to form a 0.2 M solution. A solution of 0.1 equivalent acid was added to the amine-borane solution. The reaction mixture was then heated at 80degreesC for 24 hours. After this time, all of the ammonia-borane had been consumed and both soluble products including borazine and cyclotriborazane and insoluble products had formed. Hydride abstraction from H3NBH3 resulted in the formation of a boronium cation intermediate. This species interacted with an additional equivalent of ammonia-borane, resulting in the proper alignment of the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds of the boronium cation and the boron-hydrogen bonds of additional substrate. The dehydrogenation reaction proceeded with release of hydrogen and propagation of the boronium cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Method: The reduction in heart rate changes is at least 10%. ACTIVITY - Vulnerary; Antibacterial; Virucide; Cytostatic; Respiratory-Gen.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Dosage of physiologically ingestible composition is 500 ml, administered orally, topically, or parenterally before, during, and/or after the stress (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell for generating electricity is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon particulate is carbon black. The recovery mechanism is a membrane gas separation unit. The disintegration mechanism is a grinder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The thermocatalytic reactor with a moving bed of carbon particulates is a fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidic support material comprises alumina or ceria zirconia. The monolithic structure is made from ceramic, metal, open-cell ceramic foam and/or open-cell metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support material is promoted with Group IA, Group IIA, manganese or iron metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: 3-70 wt.% of fatty acid generated at the time of hydrolysis reaction is returned to the reaction system. The glycerin is removed by subjecting the mixture of glycerin and fatty acid to phase-separation process under temperature-pressure condition. The fatty acid generated at the time of hydrolysis reaction, is used as acidic catalyst for manufacture of fatty acid alkylester. The effect of acidic catalyst is enhanced by reducing the volume ratio of alcohol added with respect to the fatty acid. Preferred Composition: The concentration of fatty acid with respect to alcohol is increased relatively by reducing the pressure and vaporizing the alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The super fine bubbles generating apparatus has a pump, an oxygen suction portion and nozzle. The bio-fan water culture apparatus is attached to rotational drive portion. The purifier pumps up the polluted water using a suction pump, and supplies to reaction layer and stirred with stirring pump. The aggregation promoter and activator are supplied by inorganic activator automatic supply apparatus. The water purification system has a floc production layer, a blower, a cylindrical-shaped filter for filtering sing resin mesh, sludge suction pump, a sedimentation tank and sludge dewatering apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coagulant: The non-aluminum group coagulant is Cinderellite S (RTM: coagulant).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous carbon material is carbon nanotube or carbon nanohorn. Preferred Method: The porous carbon material is mixed with compound solution of metal, after treating by oxidation or hydrogen processing. Hydrogen contact processing is carried out at 200-350degreesC after carrying out evaporation. The water vapor modification is carried out at 200-700degreesC. EXAMPLE - Platinum ammine (IV) solution (8 mg) was added to mono-layer carbon nanohorn (96 mg), and stirred for 1 hour. The solution was filtered, and washed with pure water for 3 times. The washed product was dried at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere, and a catalyst was produced. The catalyst enabled production of hydrogen at yield of 30% at 450degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The floating weed cultivation process and/or purification process are carried out on the sea surface (S).Preferred Materials: The floating weed is water hyacinth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The anaerobic digestion of sludge is carried out to produce sewage gas. The sewage gas is burned. The combustion exhaust gas generated during combustion is used as a heat source for carbonization. The carbonization of digested sludge is then carried out, after adding wood-type biomass to the sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The perovskite type oxide is of formula: AB'O3.A=lanthanum, strontium, barium and/or calcium;andB'=aluminum, titanium, zirconium and/or chromium.The oxide is a compound of lanthanum aluminate, strontium titanate, and/or barium titanate, preferably strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst component contains rhodium (0.5-6 mass%), cobalt (2-15 mass%), and/or nickel (1-12 mass%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel includes an alcoholic fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The copper-type catalyst and noble metal catalyst are provided in a copper-type catalyst portion and a noble metal type catalyst portion, which are divided, respectively. The noble metal catalyst portion is arranged in front stage side, and copper-type catalyst portion is arranged in later stage side. The copper-type catalyst is a catalyst obtained by supporting metal copper or copper oxide as active component, on oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide and metal silicate. The copper-type catalyst is perovskite-type complex oxide obtained using copper as active component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The organic waste is fermented, compost temperature begins to rise with fermentation heat, fermentation progresses, the compost temperature rises rapidly, and fermentation is activated. Curing of compost progresses continuously, and raise of compost temperature reaching the peak is discriminated at compost temperature. The controller controls such that detected air flow and air temperature are obtained.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The composting apparatus is provided with an intake-air-temperature detector (14) for detecting the temperature of air taken-in by the air blower, and a heater (15) for heating air supplied from the air blower. The air supplied from the air blower is heated and supplied at a temperature required for fermentation, when a low temperature is detected. The fermentation detector is a compost temperature sensor which detects the fermentation heat emitted when organic waste is fermented and composted. An oxygen-concentration detector detects the change of oxygen concentration according to the oxygen demand which changes continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic carrier material contains a catalyst chosen from nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium and/or osmium. The carrier is a metal chosen from aluminum, titanium, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or iron, or ceramic material chosen from alumina, zirconia, ceria, silica, aluminosilicate, magnesium alumino silicate or mixture of alumino silicate and magnesium alumino silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fresh clean water is free of chlorine and other chemicals harmful to fish or plants. The aquarium wastewater is sold in pre-filled readily-portable containers or by dispensing from a not-readily-portable canister.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The water preconditioning system comprises a filtering system in fluid communication with the water source and configured to filter water received from the water source. It comprises a UV system to irradiate the water with UV light. It includes a circulating tank, and an ozone machine in fluid communication with the circulating tank and configured to add ozone to the water as the water circulates between the circulating tank and the ozone machine. It has a magnetic structuring stage in fluid communication with the ozone machine and the circulating tank, and a bypass line to allow water received from the ozone machine to bypass the magnetic structuring stage and circulate back to the circulating tank. The magnetic structuring stage is configured to create a magnetic flux through which the water passes. It includes a water conduit; and magnets spaced along the water conduit and comprising donut magnets. The diffusion chamber comprises a spray nozzle coupled to an output end of the first conduit and having an output orifice diameter that is smaller than a diameter of the output end of the first conduit; and a chamber positioned so that water and oxygen that pass through the spray nozzle create a vortex in the chamber. Preferred Property: The ozone machine is operated for approximately 5 to approximately 15 seconds for every approximately 100 gallons of water in the circulating tank. The donut magnets extend approximately 7 feet along the water conduit and have central longitudinal axes that are positioned approximately 6.46 inches apart. A magnetic field strength of the donut magnets varies from approximately 350 to approximately 900 Gauss. The output orifice diameter of the spray nozzle is less than 0.1 inches. The water enters the spray nozzle at a pressure of approximately 60 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The outputting step comprises outputting the structured ozone through a tube. The method comprises receiving oxygen from an oxygen source; inputting the oxygen into the ozone machine; and outputting the oxygen/ozone combination in an ozone coupling component through the magnetic flux using the ozone coupling component. It comprises arranging magnets in series along a pipe to yield the magnetic flux, where the directing step comprises directing the ozone through the pipe.Preferred Parameter: The magnetic flux has the flux equivalent of the produced by a donut magnets 200 Gauss and 1000 Gauss and spaced apart 1 inches. The ozone has a flow rate of 1/8 L/minute through the magnetic flux.Preferred Component: The oxygen source comprises a medical grade oxygen source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The ozone coupling component contains a tube. Two donut shaped components are arranged on the tube. The tube passes through the two donut shaped magnets.Preferred Parameter: Each of the donut magnets has strength of less than 1000, preferably less than 200 Gauss. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
ACTIVITY - CNS-Gen; Muscular-Gen; Vulnerary; Antidote; Ophthalmological.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The physiologically ingestible composition of matter (at least approximately 500 ml) is administered before, during, and/or after the stress by oral, topical, and/or parenteral (claimed). It is also for rectal; systemic including subcutaneous injection, intravenous, intramuscular, intraesternal injection, infusion, inhalation, transdermal administration, and intra-operative instillation; subscleral; transscleral; intravitreal delivery; buccal; or sublingual.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The steps are physically connected to each other via continuous flows of material and the exchange of energy and additives (e.g. water and steam). Lignin is dissolved by sulfate cooking, sulfite cooking or soda cooking or modifications thereof using an oxygen-containing gas and anthraquinone. Gasification is carried out at atmospheric pressure or at an overpressure, using water vapor and an oxygen-containing gas. Pyrolysis is carried out in an acidic environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The char is converted to activated carbon before being utilized for the industrial purpose, e.g. absorption of metals; air purification; liquid purification, catalyst support; decolorization of beverages, sugar refining, deodorization, emergency poison treatment, solvent recovery or whiskey manufacturing. It is added to raw materials used in brick manufacturing to form a mixture. The mixture is dried to reduce moisture, and fired in a high temperature device where during the firing the char releases vapors creating stable micropores in the bricks thus improving the insulation properties of the manufactured bricks.Preferred Property: The char comprises a Brunauer Emmett and Teller surface area of 400-600 m2/g. The manufactured bricks comprise a heat transfer coefficient of less than 0.27 W/m2/K. During pyrolysis, the char is exposed to greater than or equal to 550degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous carbon material is carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanohorn. The porous carbon material is treated by oxidation or hydrogen processing before mixing with the solution of metal.Preferred Process: Hydrogen contact processing is carried out at 200-350degreesC after evaporation-to-dryness. The steam modification reaction of methane is carried out at 200-700degreesC. EXAMPLE - Platinum amine (IV) solution (8 mg) was added to monolayer carbon nanohorn (96 mg) and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was filtered thrice with pure water (10 ml), and dried at room temperature. A platinum/monolayer carbon nanohorn catalyst was obtained. The obtained catalyst had excellent hydrogen generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrocracking step uses hydrogen from the tail gas. The tail gas is used for the hydrocracking step without additional processing. The product stream from the hydrocracking reaction is subjected to a separation process, to produce a liquid product fraction, a light hydrocarbon gas fraction, and a waxy product fraction. The hydrocracking reaction is carried out under conditions of good heat transfer utilizing, as a cooling medium in the coolant channels of the reactor, the waxy product fraction produced by the separation process.Preferred Components: The catalyst inserts define parallel flow paths for the reactant gases. They comprise corrugated metal foil coated with a ceramic support containing catalytic material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of mannanase polypeptide involves culturing the transformed host cell (I) under culture conditions that enable expression of mannanase polypeptide.Preferred Polynucleotide: The mannanase polynucleotide consists of bases at position 15-1148 of SEQ ID No. 10, bases at position 69-1145 of SEQ ID No. 10, or bases at position 5-1180 of SEQ ID No. 15. EXAMPLE - Isolation of mannanase from pacific abalone such as Haliotis discus was carried out as follows. The crude-enzyme liquid (40 ml) obtained from 20 medium-sized abalones was subjected to TOYOPEARLCM-650M (RTM: Not defined) column equilibrated with 10 mM sodium-phosphate (pH7.0). The eluted fractions 63-68 exhibiting mannanase activity was once again subjected to chromatography using TOYOPEARLCM-650M (RTM: Not defined) column equilibrated with 10 mM sodium-phosphate (pH7.0), to dialysis using 10 mM sodium-phosphate (pH7.0), and to hydroxyapatite column, where the mannanase was eluted in fraction 57-63. The highly active fraction (fraction 57-63) obtained by chromatography was concentrated, and then the gel filtration of the concentrate was carried out in TOYOPEARLHW-50F (RTM: Not defined) column. As a result, the mannanase was eluted in fraction 76-79. The concentrated fractions were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the mannanase activity was measured at 30degreesC using 10 mM sodium-phosphate (pH7.0) containing 5 mg/ml Locust bean gum (galactomannan). The purified abalone mannanase was found to be 11.5 U/mg, and a yield was 1.59 %. The purified mannanase was found to exhibit molecular weight of 39000 Daltons, and degrade galactomannan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical components are selected from a group including brimstone, fly ash, ferrous sulphate and nitrate of calcium, magnesium and ammonium. The protection layer formed by the chemical components is constituted of aluminum silicate and iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent can be methanol, ethyl alcohol or cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plate-like and/or needle-like filler is inorganic filler and has an average particle size of less than or equal to12 microns. Preferred Composition: The entrapping immobilization pellets comprise plate-like and/or needle-like filler (0.1-20 mass%), and immobilizing material (2-15 mass%). The ratio of the mass of plate-like and/or needle-like filler to the mass of immobilizing material is 0.01-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Degradation of the difficult to degrade components is carried out by simultaneous interplay of adsorption, desorption and aerobic and anerobic microbial metabolization in the pores of the adsorbent, preferably with a long residence time of the waste water in the adsorbent and in the absence of additives. The microbial biomass population on the surface of the adsorbent is supplemented by adding specialized degrading microorganisms.Preferred Apparatus: The adsorbent within the hollow disk consists of activated carbon granules, mineral material (e.g. silica gel, bentonite or zeolite), microporous plastics or microporous plastics-adsorbent composite material. The side surfaces of the hollow disk are perforated plates or gratings, allowing free permeation and flow of the water into and out of the adsorbent filling; and are of metal or plastics. Alternatively a monolithic disk of adsorbent material (without side plates) may be used. The hollow disks are round or polygonal, and are optionally formed from several segments. The disks have closable filling or emptying openings. The depth of immersion in the waste water trough is variable; preferably complete immersion is possible. Water spraying nozzles are located between the disks, for cleaning the continously or when required.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen outlet pipe is connected to a purification unit (8), which has outlets for purified hydrogen and impurities. The reactor can be heated with the impurity stream. The fuel inlet pipe and residual fuel outlet pipe form part of the heat exchanger. The reactor acts in combination with a catalyst. The reactor is mounted in an aircraft and is heated with bleed air or with waste heat from a turbine or fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The first two stages are carried out in parallel using a continuous field. The third stage is carried out using a discontinuous field. The first stage is carried out in a particle separator (21) and the second field is adjusted according to its particle loading. The first field is at right angles to the flow of gas through the separator, while the second field is parallel to it and in the same or the opposite direction. The average particle size is increased above a fixed threshold value in the agglomeration stage. The third stage is carried out using a plasma produced by creeping discharge. The first field is produced using electrode with a potential difference of 12-16 kV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The etching gas is hexafluorosulfur (SF6). Carbon monoxide gas, hydrogen gas, and/or methane (CH4) gas are added to the depositive gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The depositive gas is cyclic perfluorocyclopentene (C5F8) or cyclic hexafluorocyclobutene (C4F6). The fluorocarbon (CF)-based gas does not include CF group. It is cyclic cyclobutane octafluoride (C4F8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: (A) comprises water (less than 15 wt.%). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No relevant examples are given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is sodium chloride aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The anode is made of aluminum (alloy) or magnesium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas cleanup apparatus further has acidic gas neutralizing agent supply apparatus for supplying acidic gas neutralizing agent into temperature-reduced coolant gas. The gas cleanup apparatus has hydrogen cyanide removal packed column filled with hydrogen cyanide removal catalyst, instead of hydrogen cyanide removal agent supply apparatus. The gas cleanup apparatus has desulfurizing packed column filled with desulfurizing catalyst, instead of desulfurizing agent supply apparatus. Preferred Method: The high temperature gas contains at least acidic gas components. The dust collector forms composite deposit of desulfurizing agent, hydrogen cyanide removal agent and acidic gas neutralizing agent on surface of membrane filter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The high-temperature gas further contains carbonyl sulfide component. The gas cleaned by gas cleanup apparatus is reducing gas. The reducing gas is thermal decomposition gas or modified gas. Preferred Component: The sulfur component is sulfide or sulfur oxide. Preferred Agent: The de-sulfuring agent is zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, iron oxide, iron hydroxide, zinc-iron compound, nickel oxide, copper, copper oxide, cobalt oxide, molybdenum oxide and/or activated carbon. The hydrogen cyanide removal agent is chromium, chromium oxide, molybdenum, molybdic acid compound, barium, alumina, titania and/or nickel. Preferred Condition: The reduced temperature of gas obtained by gas-cooling apparatus is 100-400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fuel component is methanol or dimethyl ether. The concentration of fuel component in the liquid mixture is 0.1-99 wt.%. Organic complex material (0.01-25 wt.%) is dissolved in the liquid mixture. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic complex material is specifically exemplified as bisacetyl acetonato lithium salt, bisacetyl acetonato sodium salt, bisacetyl acetonato potassium salt, bisacetyl acetonato calcium salt, bisacetyl acetonato barium salt, bisacetyl acetonato strontium salt and bisacetyl acetonato copper (II) salt.    EXAMPLE - Bisacetyl acetonato lithium salt (0.5 wt.%), methanol (10 wt.%) and water (89.5 wt.%) were mixed to form fuel. The obtained fuel was used in fuel cell. The fuel cell had improved electric power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The anaerobic hydrogen producing microorganism is Clostridium, preferably Cl.acetobutylicum, more preferably Cl.acetobutylicum strain JCM(s) 1419.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: A chemical agent having alkalinity is added to partial or all of natural water (4), and pH is adjusted to alkali side to obtain alkaline aqueous solution. Partial wastewater used as a material for biological treatment is used for natural water of alkaline aqueous solution, or natural water other than wastewater used as material of biological treatment is used for natural water of alkaline aqueous solution. The biological treatment of wastewater is carried out with aqueous solution containing inorganic carbon, after the gas containing carbon dioxide is supplied into alkaline aqueous solution and inorganic carbon is absorbed by the alkaline aqueous solution. Carbon dioxide-containing gas is supplied, when the pH of alkaline aqueous solution is 9 or more.Preferred Components: The chemical agent is sodium hydroxide. The chemical agent is injected such that pH of alkaline aqueous solution is maintained more than a predetermined value. Natural water having calcium level of 50 mg/L or less is used as natural water of alkaline aqueous solution. Biological treatment is nitrification processing by autotrophic bacteria, when wastewater contains ammonia nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amount: The usage amount of chaff is 33-65 wt.% and rice bran is 65-33 wt.%. Further fruit skin of citrus fruit (2-3 wt.%) is added to the raw material. EXAMPLE - Chaff (30 wt.%), rice bran (45 wt.%), wheat bran (15 wt.%) and buckwheat husk (10 wt.%) were mixed, stirred and oxidation reduction material was obtained. Water (10-15 wt.%) was added and stirred, packed in air permeable fermentation bag, covered with sheet, warm air (30degreesC or less) and moisture were retained, aerobic fermentation was performed and bad smell was decomposed. The product was air dried, preserved and material having excellent oxidation reduction potential was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The solution is maintained at temperature (T1) for 4-15 hours. The solution is maintained at temperature (T2) for 1-7 days. The solution is maintained at temperature (T3) for 4-15 hours. The temperature (T1) is 80-110degreesC. The temperature (T2) is 10-40degreesC. The temperature (T3) is 80-110degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The blowing agent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The blowing agent comprises a chemical blowing agent or a physical blowing agent (preferably 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, monochlorodifluoromethane, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 2,2,4,4-tetrafluorobutane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methylpropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3,4-hexafluorobutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane, 1,1,1,4,4-pentafluorobutane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethyl-1,1,1-trifluoroethylether, methyl-1,1,1-trifluoroethylether; n-pentane, isopentane and/or cyclopentane).The catalyst comprises a metal acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active hydrogen-containing component comprises a polyether polyol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: (A) contains dissolved microbubbles. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Virucide.    (A) was tested for its treatment effect, and was administered at 1, 10, and 20 mg/l via spraying to vegetables. 3 Days after spraying, the results showed that (A) had excellent pest and disease treatment effect for all concentration.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - (A) is administered at 1-30 mg/l for flowers, fruits, herbs, fruits trees, and 1-20 mg/l for vegetables via spraying method (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The motor fuel contains ethanol (2-30) and water (0.02-3, preferably 0.05-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactor: The catalytic burner is provided as wire mesh layers arranged in series, which are coated with ceramic and impregnated with an oxidation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dissolved oxygen concentration of aerobic region and anaerobic region is 2 mg/L or more and 0.1 mg/L or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The acetic acid bacteria comprises Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens SIID3696-3b (FERM P-20555) or Acetobacter sp. SIID3696-4b (FERM P-20556). EXAMPLE - Spawn (100 ml) containing Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens SIID3696-3b (FERM P-20555) and Acetobacter sp. SIID3696-4b (FERM P-20556) was mixed with chlorine free fresh water (20 l) containing treacles (800 g) and cultivated at 25-55degreesC for 12-24 hours at pH 3-3.5. The obtained culture solution was diluted and deodorant was obtained. The obtained deodorant had excellent deodorizing effect on compost.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Support: The support is polyvinyl alcohol gel support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell system (1) has a modifier (31), a desulfurizer (23) provided at upstream side of modifier, and liquefied petroleum gas storage tank. Desulfurization of liquefied petroleum gas gasified by vaporization system is carried out in desulfurizer, and modification of desulfurized gas is carried out in modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The capacity of liquefied petroleum gas remained in storage tank is preferably 15-40 volume%, more preferably 15-30 volume% with respect to storage capacity. Preferred Apparatus: A desulfurizing agent containing zeolite and/or a desulfurizing agent containing metallic element, metal oxide and metal component-supported oxide is contained in desulfurizer of fuel cell system. Zeolite has beta structure and/or faujasite structure. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbes: The microorganism to be deactivated in granular sludge is methane fermentation microbe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst (C1) is ruthenium and/or platinum. The catalyst (C2) is nickel, rhodium and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: Amine-borane adduct structure is of formula: -NHR1.BHR2R3 or -NHR1.BH=R4, where R1-R3 is H or 1-10C hydrocarbon group, and R4 is 4-15C hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - 1,4-phenylene diamine (in g) (2.16) and tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) were mixed. 1M borane tetrahydrofuran complex (40 ml) was dropped gradually and the solution was cooled. The solution was reacted at room temperature to form 1,4-phenylene diamine-borane adduct (2.79 g). The obtained adduct was heated at 100degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and dehydrogenation was performed. The obtained foam was evacuated to form porous substance having hydrogen storage ability of 0.1 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of the fuel electrode contains platinum-ruthenium alloy supported to carbon powder.The catalyst of oxidation electrode is platinum supported to carbon powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic substance supplied to the fuel electrode is alcohol preferably methanol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid and/or ether.Preferred Diaphragm: The diaphragm is proton electroconductive solid electrolyte film, preferably perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid group solid electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of liquid fuels e.g. methanol, directly into an electric energy. The fuel compound is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol and formic acid. The organic impurity represents an organic material excluding methanol, formic acid, methyl formate, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, methyl orthoformate and dimethoxy methane.
ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; CNS-Gen.; Muscular-Gen.; Dermatological; Ophthalmological; Vasotropic; Respiratory-Gen.; Antidote. The maintenance of oxygen saturation levels (i.e., decreasing the change in oxygen saturation levels attendant exercise) in response to exercise were demonstrated and the usefulness of the invention for inhibiting and/or delaying onset of fatigue in a human. Oxygen saturation measurements were taken during the exercise periods. The change in oxygen saturation between beginning of the exercise and the end was used for the determination of effect on oxygen saturation. When subjects consumed the oxygen-enriched water product, the change in blood oxygen saturation after a period of exercise was significantly less than the dramatic drop in blood oxygen saturation demonstrated after exercise in subjects that consumed the bottled Santa Fe municipal city Water (placebo). The results show that when the subjects used the oxygen-enriched preparations, the drop in oxygen saturation was less by a factor of 1.5 (150 %), in comparison to the drop in oxygen saturation demonstrated in subjects consuming the Santa Fe Municipal City bottled water preparations (placebo). This effect is statistically significant, (P=0.041).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; CNS-Gen.; Muscular-Gen.; Dermatological; Ophthalmological; Vasotropic; Respiratory-Gen.; Antidote. The maintenance of oxygen saturation levels (i.e., decreasing the change in oxygen saturation levels attendant exercise) in response to exercise were demonstrated and the usefulness of the invention for inhibiting and/or delaying onset of fatigue in a human. Oxygen saturation measurements were taken during the exercise periods. The change in oxygen saturation between beginning of the exercise and the end was used for the determination of effect on oxygen saturation. When subjects consumed the oxygen-enriched water product, the change in blood oxygen saturation after a period of exercise was significantly less than the dramatic drop in blood oxygen saturation demonstrated after exercise in subjects that consumed the bottled Santa Fe municipal city Water (placebo). The results show that when the subjects used the oxygen-enriched preparations, the drop in oxygen saturation was less by a factor of 1.5 (150 %), in comparison to the drop in oxygen saturation demonstrated in subjects consuming the Santa Fe Municipal City bottled water preparations (placebo). This effect is statistically significant, (P=0.041).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; CNS-Gen.; Muscular-Gen.; Dermatological; Ophthalmological; Vasotropic; Respiratory-Gen.; Antidote. The maintenance of oxygen saturation levels (i.e., decreasing the change in oxygen saturation levels attendant exercise) in response to exercise were demonstrated and the usefulness of the invention for inhibiting and/or delaying onset of fatigue in a human. Oxygen saturation measurements were taken during the exercise periods. The change in oxygen saturation between beginning of the exercise and the end was used for the determination of effect on oxygen saturation. When subjects consumed the oxygen-enriched water product, the change in blood oxygen saturation after a period of exercise was significantly less than the dramatic drop in blood oxygen saturation demonstrated after exercise in subjects that consumed the bottled Santa Fe municipal city Water (placebo). The results show that when the subjects used the oxygen-enriched preparations, the drop in oxygen saturation was less by a factor of 1.5 (150 %), in comparison to the drop in oxygen saturation demonstrated in subjects consuming the Santa Fe Municipal City bottled water preparations (placebo). This effect is statistically significant, (P=0.041).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Antifoamer: The antifoamer is acetylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydride is solid form sodium borohydride. The liquid reactant comprises water, catalyst, acid and anti-freezing agent. The catalyst is cobalt chloride. The acid is sulfuric acid.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of metal hydride with respect to liquid reactant is 1:10, preferably 1:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid base catalyst is formed by baking a raw material chosen from calcined lime, calcium carbonate and slaked lime, in an atmosphere of gas which does not contain water and carbon dioxide.Preferred Gas: The gas which does not contain water and carbon dioxide is chosen from helium, neon, argon, nitrogen and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Gas separation/storage is at -195 to +80degreesC, at pressure below 76 m Hg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: M is one or more (preferably up to 4) elements of Groups 1-17 of the Periodic table, each present at 1-99%, particularly nickel, copper or palladium ions in the +2 oxidation state, and the organic ligand is 2- and/or 4-hydroxypyrimidine, optionally substituted at the 5 position by halo, alkyl, amino, nitrosyl or nitro. Optionally a mixture of 2 or 3 such ligands is used. EXAMPLE - A solution of potassium tetrachloropalladate (1.305 g) in water (40 ml) was mixed with a solution of 2-hydroxypyrimidine hydrochloride (1.060 g) in water (20 ml), and the mixture stirred for 1 hour at room temperature to give a 95% yield of (Pd(pyrimidin-2-ol)2.Cl2). This was suspended in water (40 ml); treated dropwise with M NaOH to pH 7, then refluxed for 48 hours and the precipitate of hydrated (Pd(pyrimidin-2-olate)2)n recovered in 98% yield. This was washed with water, ethanol and ether, then dried in air and, before testing, dehydrated at 120degreesC for 12 hours, at 0.0001 mm Hg. The product was able to store 9.7 g hydrogen per kg, at -196degreesC and 900 mm Hg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acid soap (II) produced during transesterification process is decomposed to form fatty acid, which is recycled to degumming process.Preferred Composition: Substituent fuel further contains antioxidant. EXAMPLE - Phosphoric acid aqueous solution (in mass parts) (0.04) and pearlite (0.03) were added to crude palm oil heated at 65degreesC. Stirring was performed for 10 hours, followed by filtration. The gummy material in the solution was removed. Methanol was passed through Diaion SK104 (RTM: Acidic gel type cation exchange resin). The above solution (100) was mixed with methanol (20) and passed through cation exchange resin. Ester mixture was obtained. Sodium hydroxide (0.3), methanol (15) and catalyst (120) were added and processed at 70degreesC to form oil phase containing fatty acid methyl ester and glycerin phase. The oil phase was removed and mixed with sodium hydroxide (0.05), methanol (5) and catalyst. The oil phase was processed and oil phase and glycerin phase was separated. The obtained oil phase was subjected to flash distillation to form fatty acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material further comprises at least one additive formed by a catalytically active material.Preferred Method: The intermetallic compound is formed out of an atomic mixture of magnesium atoms and metal (A1) atoms. The formation of intermetallic compound is realized by system of a substrate on which the intermetallic compound is formed. The formation of intermetallic compound is carried out at 0 - 40degreesC by system of at least one technique selected from electron-beam deposition, melt spraying, melt spinning, splat cooling, vapor quenching, gas atomization, plasma spraying, due casting, ball-milling, and hydrogen induced powder formation.Preferred Components: The alloy comprises magnesium (50 - 99, preferably 70 - 90, especially 75 - 85%) and metal (1 - 50, preferably 10 - 30, especially 15 - 25%). The alloy comprises compound of formula Mg0.8X0.2. The intermetallic compound comprises alloy of magnesium and at least two metals (A1). The catalytically active material is selected from palladium, platinum, or rhodium. The alloy has a polycrystalline structure, and it forms a homogeneous layer or is formed by grains together forming a powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen separator comprises a hydrogen permeable membrane of silicone rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, fluorocarbon polymer or hydrogen-permeable metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Supply mechanisms are provided which are connected on one side to a chemical oxygen demand (COD) source and on the other side to the intermediate compartment. They are connected to the return system to supply COD substance to the intermediate compartment via the return system. The intermediate compartment and the aerobic reactor are separated by a partition having hole(s) going through it, the partition preferably comprising a membrane, such as a perforated plate.Preferred Method: The anoxic treatment is carried out in the presence of a COD substance, such as an external COD substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The COD substance comprises methane. It may originate at least partially from the anaerobic treatment. It may comprise biogas, in particular biogas originating from the anaerobic treatment. It may be a residual product of the anaerobic treatment, the residual product being supplied with the anaerobic effluent to the anoxic treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The adsorption agent used in PSA apparatus contains alumina and/or silica type adsorption agent, and carbon type adsorbent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbon monoxide adsorbent contains cuprous halide and/or cupric halide, carried on a support chosen from alumina, silica, activated carbon, graphite and polystyrene group resin. EXAMPLE - Reformed gas (H2: 71%; CH4: 1%; CO: 14%; CO2: 9%; H2O: 5%) was treated using a PSA absorption apparatus to remove H2O, CH4, and CO2 followed by treatment with a CO adsorption tower. The adsorption agent alumina for PSA was carbon and molecular sieves, zeolite 5A and the CO adsorption agent was copper chloride on alumina. The hydrogen recovery was 78% compared with 69% when only the PSA apparatus was used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkylester having an iodine number of 60 or less is palm fatty-acid 1-2C alkylester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first substrate is made of silicon wafer material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Dimension: The second grooved path of the second substrate has a narrower width than the first grooved path of the first substrate.Preferred Component: The heating mechanism is disposed on opposed peripheries across the second grooved path.It has three surfaces exposed in the space of the micro-channel and a bottom surface adhered to the second substrate.It has heating lines applying heat to the reforming section and the carbon monoxide removing section at different temperatures.It has power pads provided at the respective reforming section and the carbon monoxide removing section to supply power to the heating lines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first substrate can be made of polydimethysiloxane (PDMS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The DBD assembly uses alumina or borosilicate glass as the dielectric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The DBD assembly uses insulating material as Teflon (RTM: poly tetrafluoroethylene), and some ceramic material is polymer concrete.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The storage apparatus has a switching unit for switching storage state in which gas (G) is introduced to the adsorption storage portion, adsorbed to the adsorption material (4a) and stored, and discharge state in which gas (G) is desorbed from the adsorption material (4a) and discharged. The gas storage apparatus has a storage container (3) having an adsorption storage portion, an inflow port (3i) for supplying gas to the storage container in a storage state, an outflow port (3o) for flowing gas in a discharge state, and a moisture content adjustment portion between a side face (3c) at which the storage portion, inflow port and outflow port are formed. The gas storage apparatus has a release opening for directly discharging the gas from the storage portion, formed in the side face of the storage container.Preferred Material: The adsorption material (4a) is an adsorption material having a low moisture content absorption amount at the same temperature and humidity condition with respect to the other adsorption material (4b). The absorption amount of moisture content with respect to the gas adsorption material containing activated carbon at 25degreesC and relative humidity of 40% is 1/4 or less of saturated absorption amount. The adsorption material (4b) is activated alumina, silica gel and/or zeolite. The absorption amount of moisture content of the adsorption material (4b) is 1/3 or less of saturated absorption amount at a relative humidity of 40% and 25degreesC, preferably more than 1/2 of saturated absorption amount.Preferred Gas: The gas adsorbed to adsorption material (4a) is biogas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrolysis modification cell has an anode capable of producing carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electron by electrochemical reaction of 2-propanol and water, an electrolyte film having hydrogen ion conductivity adjoined and provided at anode, and a cathode for producing hydrogen by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen ion and electron moving from anode via external circuit (26). The fuel battery cell has an anode for producing hydrogen ion and electron by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen generated in electrolysis modification portion, an electrolyte film having hydrogen ion conductivity adjoined and provided at anode, and a cathode for producing water by electrochemical reaction of hydrogen ion and electron moving from anode via external circuit (51), and oxygen supplied from exterior. The fuel cell portion is electrically connected to the electrolysis modification portion. At least one portion of electric power produced by fuel cell electric power generation is supplied to electrolysis modification cell, and used for electrolysis reaction. A power supply is connected with fuel cell portion in parallel with respect to electrolysis modification portion.Preferred Method: 2-propanol aqueous solution is supplied to anode of electrolysis modification cell by capillary phenomenon.Preferred Portion: The electrolysis modification portion ejects gas and drainage liquid containing hydrogen. The fuel cell system has vapor liquid separation unit (4,5) for separating gas from drainage liquid, between electrolysis modification portion and fuel cell portion, a hydrogen storage portion (6) for temporarily storing hydrogen before supplying to fuel battery cell from electrolysis modification portion, and hydrogen separation unit (25) for separating hydrogen from gas ejected from electrolysis modification portion, between electrolysis modification portion and fuel cell portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The plasma reaction portion has a discharge electrode (15) having a center electrode (11) and a surface electrode (13) provided at the center electrode via a dielectric (12). The center electrode is in the shape of a line, rod or cylinder, preferably a rod. The surface electrode is a spiral-shaped coil coaxially provided at the center electrode. A photocatalyst component (16) containing photocatalyst is arranged at a region generating non-equilibrium plasma, between the surface and center electrodes. The dielectric is a cylindrical dielectric coaxially provided at the center electrode. The photocatalytic reaction portion has a light irradiation unit for irradiating light used for activating photocatalyst. The plasma reaction portion and/or photocatalytic reaction portion are arranged in several stages.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic oxide nanospheres include silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanospheres having diameters of 50-2000 (preferably 50-200) nm. Preferred Method: The silicon dioxide nanospheres can be removed by adding hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution followed by slightly heating to less than 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metals or metal ions filled in the void spaces of the layered structure include platinum (Pt) and mixtures of Pt with ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), and osmium (Os). The platinum and platinum alloy catalysts with nanonetwork structures comprise 2-5 layers. They may be frames or interconnects of the nanonetworks with frame thickness of less than 1000 (preferably less than 100) nm. Preferred Method: Metal ions filled in the void spaces of the layered structure can be dried using infrared irradiation or other heating methods, followed by hydrogen reduction at high temperatures (e.g. less than 300degreesC) or by addition of reducing agents including hydrazine (N2H4), formaldehyde, formic acid, sodium sulfite, or sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Metals filled in the void spaces of the layered structure can be achieved by vacuum spray and ion-sputtering methods.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymer nanospheres include polystyrene nanospheres and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanospheres having diameters of 50-2000 (preferably 50-200) nm. Preferred Method: The organic polymer nanospheres can be removed by heating to less than 400degreesC with high temperature ovens and air-blowing oxidation ovens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Water is lysed in presence of (I), using light of wavelength 200-900 nm (but other wavelengths or energy sources, e.g. sound, mechanical agitation or magnetic fields, may also be used). In presence of (I), in quinone form, water is converted into protons, electrons and oxygen, and the electrons may be taken up by an inorganic acceptor, which is reduced (e.g. nitrate or sulfate to form ammonia or hydrosulfide; or carbon dioxide to form formaldehyde).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The melanin derivative is e.g. polyhydroxyindole; eumelanin; pheomelanin; allomelanin; neuromelanin; humic acid; fullerenes; graphite; polyindoloquinones; acetylene black; pyrrole black; indole black; benzene black; thiophene black; aniline black; sepiomelanins; dopa black; dopamine black; adrenaline black; catechol black; 4-amino catechol black; also their precursors such as phenols; aminophenols; indolopolyphenols; cyclodopa; DHI and DHICA; quinones, semiquinones or hydroquinones; tyrosine; dopamine; morpholino-o-benzoquinone; dimorpholino-o-benzoquinone; morpholinocatechol; o-benzoquinone; porphyrin black; pterin black; ommochrome black; all of particle size 1 Angstrom to 3-4 cm, as suspensions or solutions, able to absorb ultrasound. EXAMPLE - A 1% aqueous solution of synthetic melanin, in a flask of transparent polyethylene, was exposed, at room temperature, to sunlight (unconcentrated). After 30 minutes, the pH of the solution had fallen, on average, from 7.3 to 7.1. The melanin solution remained stable for at least 3 years, without preservatives or refrigeration, and did not become contaminated by microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas is hydrogen, methane or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The semi-clathrate hydrate forming compound is chosen from ammonium salt, sulfonium salt or phosphonium salt of formula (I), or amine of formula: NR1R2R3, preferably tetrabutyl ammonium bromide or tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride.X = nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur;R1-R4=H, 1-18C hydrocarbon or aryl; andA = anion chosen from bromide, chloride, fluoride, hydrogen sulfate, hydroxide, iodide, methosulfate, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, sulfate or carboxylate.When X is sulfur, R4 is absent.Preferred Composition: The semi-clathrate hydrate Composition contains mixture of semi-clathrate forming compounds. The total concentration of semi-clathrate hydrate forming compound is 50% with respect to water content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) comprises compounds based on metalloids or combinations such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, aluminum, calcium or chromium; and carbide and/or carbonitrides.Preferred Process: The removal of (A) (10-20000 nm) is performed by a thermo chemical, chemical or thermal treatment of the inorganic carbon-containing precursor at 10-1500 (preferably 10-1200)degreesC. (A) is reacted with chlorine gas at 400-800degreesC. The process further comprises post-halogenation treatment with a gas or gas mixture at an elevated temperature. The gas or gas mixture comprises a hydrogen or nitrogen containing gas comprising ammonia, or atomic or molecular hydrogen. The treatment in ammonia containing gas or gas mixture is performed on a high surface area carbon sample having a high concentration of carbon atoms situated at edge positions within graphene fragments. The treatment with the gas or gas mixture functionalizes and further enhances gas storage properties of the high surface area carbon containing material. The inorganic carbon containing precursor powder comprises bulk inorganic carbon containing precursor. The method further comprises a physical or chemical activating technique, which modifies porosity of the produced high surface area carbon containing material. The gas or gas mixture: containing oxygen in its elemental composition is used as an activation agent; to be adsorbed or stored comprises hydrogen, oxygen or carbon it its elemental composition (preferably hydrogen gas, methane gas or carbon dioxide gas); comprises a halogen in its elemental composition; and is greater than 50% halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: One of the adjacent reforming units has a first receiver component (110) having a first hole (114) formed at the center. The other of the adjacent reforming units has a second receiver component (112) having second holes (116) formed in a peripheral portion of the second receiver component. The raw fuel channel goes through the first hole and the second holes alternately to have a serpentine pattern. Each reforming catalyst has a columnar shape. Both end surfaces of each reforming catalyst contact a wall surface (110a) of the first receiver component and a wall surface (112b) of the second receiver component. A central expansion is provided at the center of the first adjacent reforming unit for forming the first hole. The second holes are formed along the same circle concentrically with the first hole. The reforming units are symmetrical with respect to the central axis of the reforming units. The reforming catalysts are provided symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the reforming units. At least one protrusion for positioning the reforming catalysts in the single layer is provided in the reforming units. Protrusions are provided along the same circle concentrically with the first hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The reformer and the heat exchanger are provided near the fuel cell stack.The heat exchanger is provided outside the reformer to form an indirect heating space of the second heating mechanism between the heat exchanger and the reformer.The reformer has an inlet (102) and an outlet (122).The mixed fuel flows into the reformer through the inlet.The reformed gas is supplied to the fuel cell stack through the outlet.The inlet is provided adjacent an exhaust gas outlet of the first heating mechanism.The reforming condition value comprises the temperature of the reformer and the molar ratio of carbon and the water vapor to the raw fuel.An evaporator is provided for evaporating water to produce the mixed fuel.A fluid unit (14) includes the heat exchanger, evaporator and reformer.It is provided on one side of the fuel cell stack and symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the fuel cell stack.The flow direction of the remaining exhaust gas along the heat exchanger is in parallel with the flow direction of the mixed fuel along the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The mixing region includes a tube (36) providing communication between the two chambers. The tube includes a flange (42) mounting the tube between the chambers. The flange deflects the flow of the substance into the mixing region. The tube includes a proximate end near the plasma jet and a distal end extended into the second chamber. The distal end of the tube is immersed in a quenching medium in the second chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The tube comprises a tube formed from stainless steel, Hasteloy, quartz, alumina, or plastic. It comprises plastic, preferably polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxygen reduction catalyst is obtained by heating electroconductive carrier supported with porphyrin complex of formula (I), in inert-gas atmosphere at 400degreesC or more. Preferred Definitions:    M = cobalt; and    R' = 3-thienyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fatty acid ester is of formula R1-O-C(O)-R2 (I), and the acetal ester or ketal ester is of formula (II).R1 = methyl or ethyl;R2 = (un)substituted 11-19C alkyl or alkenyl;R3, R4 = H, (un)substituted 1-13C aliphatic, unsaturated or aromatic group; andR5 = (un)substituted 1-19C alkyl or alkenyl.The total number of carbon atoms in R3 and R4 is 13 or less.The glyceride used for manufacturing fatty acid ester and glycerol is vegetable oil chosen from almond oil, babassu oil, canola oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil, grape seed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, perilla oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, tung oil and/or walnut oil.Preferred Method: The glycerol in step (c) is converted to the acetal ester or the ketal ester by:(i) contacting the glycerol in step (c) with an acidic catalystand an aldehyde or ketone to form a corresponding acetal or ketal; and(ii) contacting the acetal or ketal with a carboxylic acid to convert the acetal or ketal to the corresponding acetal ester or ketal ester. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ketal ester is of formulae (IA) or (IB) and the acetal ester is of formula (IC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises: the first metal (0.05-20 (preferably 1-5) wt.%); and the second metal (0.01-25 (preferably 0.1-2) wt.%). (I) further comprises a support substrate. Preferred Components: The support comprises: a material of activated carbon, coke or charcoal; at least one refractory inorganic oxide; and a metal in the form of a foam, sintered particle, fiber and/or monolith. The support is in the form of a perovskite of formula (AB 1O 3). The first metal is cobalt. The second metal is ruthenium (preferred), manganese, molybdenum or zinc. (I) has a BET surface area of 5-50 (preferably 10) m 2/g, pores and an average pore radius of 5-50 Angstroms; and pores having a volume of 5-100 ml/g. The support comprises a nickel mat and granular carbon.A=a metallic atom with a valence of +2; andB 1=a metallic atom with a valence of +4. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium (0.6 wt.%) and cobalt (2 wt.%) was supported on a nickel metallic mat containing pressed nickel fibers and sintered nickel particles in a ratio of 40:60 to give a supported catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The micro fuel cell further comprises a barrier (70) at an end of the stack opposite of the connector such that hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte membrane of the stack, moving inside or outside of the electrolyte membrane. Preferred Form: The catalyst comprises pellets charged in the tube; a coating on an inner wall of the tube; or a cylinder maintained coaxial with the tube by a support made of porous material. Preferred Material: The outlet of the tube comprises a hydrogen permeable membrane at its end for allowing passage of hydrogen. The connector is made of the same material as the tube of the reformer or a body of the stack. Preferred Condition: The connector is bonded with the reformer and the stack. The reformer and the stack are connected coaxially to overlap each other, forming a dual cylinder. Preferred Component: The electrode of the stack comprises wires wound in a spiral or wires woven in a net supporting and maintaining a shape of the electrolyte membrane. The stack comprises a barrier to control the movement of hydrogen and oxygen in an inner space and an outer space of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The connector is a plate sealing an end of the reformer and an end of the stack to integrally fix the tube of the reformer and the body of the stack. Preferred Source: The stack uses high temperature of heat generated from the reformer as a heat source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The triglyceride base is vegetable oil, the alcohol is methanol, and the alkaline catalyst is potassium hydroxide.The adsorbent material is magnesium silicate.Preferred Method: The recovery of the excess alcohol portion comprises retrieving the excess alcohol through vapor recoveryThe step of retrieving the excess alcohol through vapor recovery includes providing a vacuum pump for recovering the excess alcohol in a gaseous stateThe reaction of the triglyceride base with the solution including the alcohol and the alkaline catalyst involves heating the triglyceride base, the alcohol and the alkaline catalyst to 115-125degreesF.The recovery of the excess alcohol portion includes heating the excess alcohol portion to 95-105degreesF.The filtering of the biodiesel fuel prior to use includes passing the biodiesel fuel through a filter having a pore size of 5-10 microns.The method further comprises filtering the triglyceride base prior to reacting the triglyceride base with the solution including the alcohol and the alkaline catalyst, wherein filtering the triglyceride base includes passing the triglyceride base through a filter having a pore size of 5-10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The at least one hydrocarbon is at least one of n-butane, iso-butane, iso-butylene, at least one butene, and at least one butyne (preferably n-butane). A close watch of the butane content is made when said n-butane content in the recycle stream reaches to 0.10 parts per million (ppm). Post-ignition avoidance remedial action is taken when the n-butane content in the recycle stream reaches to 0.20 ppm.Preferred Method: The remedial action is at least a decrease in the amount of the oxygen fed to the inlet. The hydrocarbon content determination is made at least one of the inlet and outlet. EXAMPLE - An ethylene oxide (EO) plant provides a recycle gas loop stream having volume of 2000000 pounds per hour (pph) and containing 50 wt.% of methane, 36 wt.% of unreacted ethylene, 2.5 wt.% of CO2, not greater than 0.04 parts per million (ppm) of n-butane, and 100 ppm EO. The recycle loop gas was split off from the recycle loop and passed to CO2 absorber. Stream from absorber returns 960000 pph of recycle gas to the loop. Stream had a composition of 36 wt.% of ethylene, 50 wt.% of methane, up to 1 wt.% of CO2, 10 wt.% of elemental oxygen and argon, and a trace of EO. The streams were combined, and the resultant stream had added to ethylene feed and oxygen feed to form feed stream for reactor with a composition of 40 wt.% of ethylene, 8 wt.% of oxygen, 50 wt.% of methane, 1.3 wt.% of CO2, a trace of EO, and not greater than 0.04 ppm n-butane. The butane content of the stream was monitored for its n-butane content on a continuous manner using a standard gas chromatograph. When the n-butane content of the stream reaches a level of 0.10 ppm, a warning alarm was triggered to focus the operator on this process parameter. When the n-butane content of the stream reaches a level of 0.20 ppm second alarm was triggered that signals the operator to take remedial action promptly to avoid a post-ignition event.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The carbonization furnace and soil heating furnace are rotary kiln-type furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Microorganisms are inoculated into the saccharified liquid, and cultivation is performed such that organic acids, ethanol, amino acid, nucleic acid, such as inosine, single cell protein, bioactive substance, such as antibiotics, bioactive protein and peptide, industrial enzyme, probiotic agent and fertilizer are produced. The microorganisms are chosen from microorganism capable of producing organic acids, such as lactic acid and succinic acid, organic acid and ethanol production yeast, amino acid fermentation microorganisms, microorganisms enabling fermentation of nucleotide, such as inosine, single cell protein related microorganisms, microorganisms enabling production of bioactive substance, such as antibiotics, bioactive protein and peptide producing microorganisms, industrial enzyme producing microorganisms, and plant growth promoting microorganisms (e.g. plant growth promoting rhizosphere microorganisms, mycorrhiza fungi and nitrogen fixing microorganisms).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The phosphoric acid titania has phosphoric acid group. The phosphoric acid titania is amorphous or crystalline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains resin, gel and/or polyelectrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal component is sodium. The biomass is black liquor. The transition metal complex is a nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex. The nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex is a phthalocyanine-type complex or porphyrin-type complex.Preferred Condition: The mixture (M) is heat processed at 650-1500degreesC in inert gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The hydrogen generator has a unit for controlling the feed rate of oxygen or air, and fuel. The arrangement of the catalyst is such that the opening cross-section of the cell of the honeycomb-type catalyst installed in the upstream side and downstream side with respect to the gas flow of the space mutually overlap or deviate with respect to the gas flow direction. The component of the catalyst used for combustion and modification is the same. The cell number of the divided honeycomb catalyst in the combustion-catalyst layer is smaller in the upstream side than in the downstream side. The upstream side has lesser active ingredient amount of divided honeycomb catalyst in the combustion-catalyst layer than the downstream side.
Preferred Definitions:    A = lanthanum, calcium, samarium, cerium, strontium, barium and/or praseodymium;    B' = cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and/or gadolinium;    B" = copper, cobalt and iron; and    x = more than 0.01 and 0.3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The titanium structure is formed at 600degreesC or less. The slurry adhesion material is heated at temperature increase rate of less than 1.5degreesC/minute.Preferred Method: Titanium is transformed into beta-phase during joining of titanium powder in titanium structure, after maintaining in alpha-phase for fixed time. The titanium structure is reacted with carbon and carbon absorption component, or oxygen and oxygen absorption component, preferably titanium hydride or sponge titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydride is of formula: MH4-n, M(BH4)4-n or M(AlH4)4-n, where M is boron, aluminum, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and group 1B, group 2B, group 3A, group 4A, group 5A, group 6A or group 7A elements of periodic table, and n is 0-3. The hydride is lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, magnesium hydride (MgH2), calcium hydride (CaH2), titanium hydride (TiH2), zirconium hydride (ZrH2), chromium hydride (CrH3), molybdenum hydride (MoH3), iron hydride (FeH3, FeH2), cobalt hydride (CoH, CoH2), nickel hydride (NiH2), copper hydride, silver hydride, zinc hydride (ZnH2), boron hydride (BH3), aluminum hydride (AlH3), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4)2), barium borohydride (Ba(BH4)2), strontium borohydride (Sr(BH4)2), iron borohydride (Fe(BH4)2), lithium complex (LiAlH4), sodium complex (NaAlH4) and potassium complex (KAlH4). The acidic material is organic solid acid or sulfate, preferably oxalic acid, (+)-L ascorbic acid, citric acid, nickel sulfate, copper sulfate, aluminum phosphate, zinc chloride and/or copper chloride. The inorganic acid is phosphorous acid or chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is nitrogen source chosen from yeast extract, maize infusion, polypeptone or their mixtures. In the method of separating and purifying succinic acid, the alkali used for adjusting the pH of the culture medium is chosen from carbonate, hydroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, ammonium and their mixtures. EXAMPLE - Organic waste obtained from vegetables, fruits, meat, fish etc. was placed in drum type apparatus and glucoamylase was added. Saccharification was performed for 6 hours. The obtained product was filtered and the saccharified liquid was centrifuged to remove the suspended particles. The solution was boiled to remove the protein and was taken as a transparent saccharified liquid. Actinobacillus succinogenes was inoculated to the saccharified liquid. The inoculated liquid was poured into Erlenmeyer flask in which polypeptone was added as nitrogen source in presence of carbondioxide and sodium sulfide. The solution was cultured at 39degreesC for 48 hours. The succinic acid concentration in the liquid was measured by high-speed liquid chromatography. Results showed that production of succinic acid (36 g/l) was significant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains zeolite and/or metallic element, metal oxide, and metal component carrying oxide. The zeolite has (beta) (BEA) and/or faujasite (FAU) structure. The zeolite contains metal component(s) chosen from silver, copper, nickel, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquefied petroleum gas contains a 3C hydrocarbon compound (97 vol.% or more, preferably 98 vol.% or more), a 2C hydrocarbon compound (1 vol.% or less, preferably 0.5 vol.% or less) and a 4C hydrocarbon compound (2 vol.% or less, preferably 1.5 vol.% or less). The content of olefin and di-olefin in the total hydrocarbon compound is 0.7 vol.% or less, preferably 0.3 vol.% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The palm-based biodiesel is palm product or its alkyl ester, preferably palm oil, palm olein, palm stearin, palm kernel oil, palm kernel olein and/or palm kernel stearin. The petroleum-based fuel oil is naphtha or intermediate distillate comprising kerosene and diesel, preferably diesel no.1. The alkyl ester is alkyl ester of caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic and/or oleic acid, preferably caprylic, capric and/or oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The biomass decomposition (4) of the algal biomass or additional a substrate (9) leads to the anaerobic fermentation, which takes place through ultrasonic and/or mechanical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The plant further comprises biomass decomposition and/or substrate container. The biochemical desulfurization equipment comprises at least two reactors, where an oxygen-poor solution and an oxygen-enriched, methane-rich fermentation gas are led in direct current through the first reactor, which is an adsorber, and oxygen-poor, methane-rich fermentation gas leaves the container and the oxygen-rich liquid is led into the second reactor, which is a bioreactor, where the oxygen-rich liquid and raw fermentation gas are led in direct current through the second reactor, the desulfurized fermentation gas leaves the bioreactor and the biochemical desulfurization container, and the resulting oxygen-poor liquid is led back to the first reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biofuel production method further involves processing photosynthesis product (II) to form a product mixture comprising a commercial product. The processing method of photosynthesis products (I,II) is chemical catalysis, biological catalysis, enzymatic catalysis, biological processing, fermentation, anaerobic fermentation, pyrolysis and/or reforming. Preferred Product: The commercial product comprises ethanol, formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, hydrogen and/or butanediol. Preferred Biofuel: The biofuel (I) and biofuel (II) obtained by processing photosynthesis product (II) is ethanol, methane, hydrogen and/or biodiesel. The biofuel (II) comprises ethanol or biodiesel. The biofuels (I,II) comprises ethanol, biofuel (I) comprises methane and biofuel (II) comprises ethanol, or biofuel (I) comprises hydrogen and biofuel (II) comprises ethanol. Preferred Biomass: The grown biomass comprises algal biomass. The photosynthesis product (I) comprises plant material, algal biomass, and their processed or degraded product. The photosynthesis products (I,II) comprise carbohydrate, starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, triglyceride, phospholipid and/or their degradation products. The plant is starchy plants, sugar cane and/or sugar beet. The starchy plant comprises com, wheat, rice and potatoes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The water being separated in the second falling-film evaporator is recycled in the evaporator. The fermentation solution is fed from the reactor into a solid matter separator (8) to remove the solid containing sludge from the solution. The ethanol/water mixture is concentrated to a concentration of 35-65 (preferably 40-50) wt. % ethanol. The ethanol/water mixture is concentrated to be more than 85 wt. % ethanol mixture before being mixed with other fuel constituents to form a fuel mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reactor is fermentation vessel (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic halide comprises sodium chloride, and/or potassium chloride. The chloride content is 0.05-2.5 mass %. The basic copper carbonate is synthetic malachite (CuCO3Cu(OH)2). The copper oxide sorbent is used to remove arsenic, phosphorus and/or sulfur compounds from a gas or liquid stream. The gas or liquid stream is contacted with copper oxide sorbent. The sorbent includes support material, i.e. alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas or liquid stream comprises olefin(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen-element containing gas is hydrocarbon (preferably methane), vaporized water or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material to be purified is a temperature-stable material. The material is non-metallic elements or metals. The material to be purified contains oxygen impurities of greater than or equal to1 (preferably greater than or equal to10) wt.% of oxygen. The oxygen impurities are present as oxides. The hydrogen-based plasma contains greater than or equal to5 (preferably greater than or equal to99 vol.%) of hydrogen. The hydrogen-based plasma consisting of hydrogen and optionally an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, is used. The oxygen content or the water content in the hydrogen-based plasma is less than or equal to 10 ppm.Preferred Process: The oxygen is removed in the presence of an oxygen getter such as titanium. The oxygen is removed from boron (preferably an amorphous boron). The material is purified to an oxygen content of less than or equal to0.5 (preferably less than or equal to0.05) wt.% oxygen. The treatment with hydrogen-based plasma is performed for 0.5-10 hours. The method comprises a microwave-induced plasma. EXAMPLE - Amorphous boron (0.2 g) was put in a cleaned and annealed alumina crucible, then located in a quartz ampoule with an additional crucible, containing an oxygen getter (e.g. titanium) in an argon-filled glove box with controlled atmosphere (less than 0.1 ppm water, 0.1-0.6 ppm oxygen). The ampoule was evacuated, filled by the desired gas to the definite pressure and then sealed. After the treatment, the ampoules were opened and then the probes for the chemical analysis were prepared in the glove box using hydrogen plasma, titanium as a getter at 3-3.5 hours to get a purified material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt comprises sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and/or calcium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacturing process is a biodiesel manufacturing process of forming fatty acid esters from vegetable oils and/or animal fats. The composition is formed by diluting the by-product with 10-400 wt.%.Preferred Compositions: The by-product comprises 45-90 wt.% glycerin, 5-50 wt.% water and 0.01-15 wt.% inorganic salts. The composition is applied to the particulate material at a dosage of 200-1400 g of glycerin per ton of particulate material, or 200-1000 g of glycerin per square yard of road surface.Preferred Properties: The by-product has a freezing point of at least -35degreesC. EXAMPLE - Crude glycerin solution was obtained from a biodiesel synthesis process. The crude glycerin component comprised 80 wt.% glycerin, 10-11 wt.% water, 7 wt.% sodium chloride, and 1-2 wt.% fatty acids and its methyl esters. The product was diluted with 100 wt.% water to provide a 40% solution of the crude glycerin byproduct. The composition was applied to a dusty road in a dosage of one quart per square yard. The diluted, crude glycerin was highly effective in reducing dust generation from passing vehicles. Generation of road dust is further prevented for 4 weeks before a maintenance application is needed. The diluted product retains a freezing point of -28.8degreesC. Thus, the diluted product is highly suitable for use at subzero temperatures, for the suppression of dust and/or for freeze control particulate products such as coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite comprises calcium exchanged zeolite X or LSX which is further exchanged with calcium ion and metal ion chosen from zinc, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, silver, gold, scandium and lithium. Preferred Compound: The hydrated alumina is chosen from boehmite, pseudo-boehmite and gibbsite, or aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3, or AlO(OH)). Preferred Absorbent: The sulfur absorbent comprises zinc oxide, copper oxide or binder, or copper oxide and manganese compound(s), or manganese compound(s) and iron compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound is carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, tetra hydro thiophene, dimethyl sulfide, mercaptan, disulfide, thiophene, sulfoxide, other organic sulfide, and/or high molecular weight organic sulfur compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal porous body is sintered body of stainless steel. The hydrogen permeable membrane is a hydrogen permeable film of metal (preferably palladium or its alloy). The diffusion preventing layer is a ceramic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coexistent gas comprises 0.05-5 vol.% hydrogen, 0.05-10 vol.% carbon dioxide, and/or 0.05-5 vol.% water. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises nickel and iron. It further comprises a second metal comprising palladium and/or cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coexistent gas reacts with excess precursor of a functional nanocarbon produced on the catalyst or an amorphous carbon secondarily produced on the catalyst and removes the functional nanocarbon and the amorphous carbon from the catalyst. The direct decomposition of lower hydrocarbon is carried out at 600-850degreesC and a pressure of 1 MPa or less. Preferred Components: The lower hydrocarbon comprises methane. It comprises methane in biogas. The coexistent gas comprises carbon dioxide as well as water in biogas. It also comprises hydrogen produced by the direct decomposition of the lower hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous fluorine resin layer contains polytetra fluoroethylene. The air permeable fiber layer contains activated carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pressure of mixed gas is increased by pressure-raising unit (14). The resulting gas is stored in pressure accumulation gas holder, and then supplied to gas utilization apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal supported on the support is transition metal.Preferred Property: The poor grade carbon particle has an average particle diameter of 1-5 mm.Preferred Solution: The aqueous solution or suspension liquid containing metal ions is an aqueous solution or suspension liquid containing metal ions extracted from a mineral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: After sulfuric acid saccharification of woody and herbage type biomass, the generated strongly acidic biomass residue is not neutralized, and is used as it is as an alkali soil improvement agent or a neutralizing agent of an alkali waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption material is activated carbon, zeolite, organometallic complex, alumina or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon compound is methane, ethane, propane and butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms contain photosynthesis microbe, yeast, lactic acid bacterial, filamentous fungi and Actinomyces. The porous slag consists of sand-like material, and is further supported with nutrient of the microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The to-be-processed material contains chlorinated organic compound, such as dichloromethane, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ternary catalyst comprises supported with platinum and rhodium, or platinum and iridium.The fireproof inorganic oxide is alumina, ceria and/or zirconia.Preferred Composition: The amount of sulfur with respect to fireproof inorganic oxide is 0.01-5 mass%.Preferred Method: The methane-containing exhaust gas and ternary catalyst are contacted at 400-550degreesC.Carbon monoxide is removed with respect to methane, when methane-containing exhaust gas is gas containing carbon monoxide.The sulfur-containing gas used for pre-processing catalyst is sulfur dioxide gas or hydrogen sulfide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further involves processing the solid content after solid-liquid separation with yeast extract in activation tank, an active compound is recovered from the activation tank, and finally the inflammable liquid is distilled from the separated liquid to obtain inflammable liquid. The solid content after solid-liquid separation is returned back to the activation tank, and the inflammable liquid distilled from the separated liquid is returned back to the liquefying tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microbe: The Mycobacterium bacteria is preferably Mycobacterium sp. JK30 strain, Mycobacterium sp. SGM01 strain, Mycobacterium sp. SGM02 strain, Mycobacterium sp. SGM07 strain or Mycobacterium sp. SGM016 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nanocarbon particle has particle size of 10-100 nm. The nanocarbon particle of amorphous structure is exposed to discharge plasma, and carbon atom is rearranged. The particle size of nanocarbon particle of amorphous structure is 10-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The co-catalyst atom preferably contains zirconium, titanium and/or molybdenum. The content of platinum atom in catalyst is 0.1-10 mass%. Preferred Property: The concentration index (I) of co-catalyst atom in shift catalyst is 0.1-50, preferably 5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Raw Materials: The fishery waste material is a marine product including viscera of fish waste and scallop, ground squid and broth of bonito.Preferred Properties: The fishery waste (fish waste) has a moisture content of 0.5-15%, preferably 5-10%.Preferred Process: The fishery waste is added to biomass, and ground. Ion exchange water or tap water is added to the ground fishery waste material and diluted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron particles contain 30 mass ppm or more and 5 mass% or less of silica. The iron particles are formed by reducing ground iron oxide raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the composition comprises either trans-esterifying a blend of rapeseed oil and sunflower oil or transesterifying the oils successively.Preferred Process: The trans-esterification step comprises methanolyse step comprising of a base catalyzed or a direct acid catalyzed methanolyze of the oil. The methanolyse step comprises converting oil in to its fatty acids and converting the fatty acids to methyl esters. The process comprises degumming the crude oil, refining the resulting oil and bleaching the refined oil (all prior to transesterification step). Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises: monoalkyl ester of oleic acid of more than 7 (preferably more than 89) wt.%; mono-alkyl ester of linolenic acid of less than 4 (preferably 0.5)%; and mono-alkyl ester of linoleic acid of less than 15 (preferably 3) wt.% or mono-alkyl ester of poly-unsaturated fatty acids of less than 20 (preferably 4) wt.%.Preferred Components: The mono-alkyl esters of saturated fatty acids comprise less than 4.5% or 3.5% of alkyl-ester of palmitic acid. The mono-alkyl esters are methyl or ethyl esters. The rapeseed oil is extracted from Caracas variety, Contact variety, Cabriolet variety, Calida variety, Spiral variety, MSP05 variety, MSP11 variety or MSP13 variety. The sunflower oil is extracted from Elansol variety and/or Aurasol variety. EXAMPLE - Oil extract ( approximately 2000 g) of rapeseed and sunflower was degummed and refined. A mixture of methanol (300 g) and sodium hydroxide (5-10 g) was added to the refined oil to give a mixture. The mixture was methanolyzed for 2 hours at approximately 40-60degreesC under atmospheric pressure to give fatty acids methyl esters. The fatty acids methyl esters were washed and dried to give the composition (98% purity).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The content of the methane in the biogas stream is measured, which is based on the size of the partial stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbes comprise a microbially populated biofilm with aggregations of the microbes. The microbes are a type that occurs naturally in an oxidized contaminant containing matrix. The microbes are introduced to the bioreactor as an inoculation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method includes attaining and maintaining anaerobic conditions in a portion of the bioreactor where sulfur is oxidized, providing a support material for growth of the microbial population in the bioreactor, providing the bioreactor with inorganic nutrients and trace elements needed for growth by the microbial population.Preferred Components: The oxidized contaminant is reduced by the microbial population of the bioreactor. The support material upon which the microbes can grow comprises elemental sulfur. The inorganic nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon dioxide, or trace materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The bioreactor is provided in situ, within a natural container, an excavation, impoundment, or a surface-water body; or ex situ in a containment vessel; or ex situ as part of a closed pressurized system. The bioreactor includes inorganic nutrients and trace materials needed for growth by the microbes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal is a stable metal that is selected from magnesium, aluminum, boron and/or zinc, and their metal alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Each of the exits is configured to direct the fuel to a corresponding different portion of the surface. The fuel distributing passageways comprise cross sections which are proportional to length, in which a quantity and speed of the flow in all of the channels is substantially equal, and the time of the arrival of a fuel front at the surface is substantially the same at all of the different portions of the surface. They are configured having substantially the same length and substantially the same flow cross section in which the fuel is simultaneously and uniformly deliverable to all of the fuel cell fuel inlets. They comprise channels formed in a relatively thin plate. The plate further comprises an inlet manifold, and each channel comprises a first exit and a second exit into the inlet manifold. The first and/or second exit is configured to mix the flow of fluid in the manifold. The channel is configured to prevent the accumulation of liquid. The fuel distributing passageway comprises liquid drain hole and/or liquid flow channel configured to prevent obstruction of fuel flow by liquid. The inlet fuel of the fuel cell stack is evenly distributed to the fuel flow fields of all of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cation is selected from imidazoliums and pyridiniums, preferably from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium (hmim). The anion is selected from acetate, propionate, substituted acetate, and substituted propionate, preferably acetate. The carbon dioxide containing gaseous stream is natural gas. The absorbent comprises bmim acetate and 8-18% of water.