TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanometer-sized particles have average particle size of 1-100 nm in diameter and 1-500 nm in length. The nanometer-sized particles comprise single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanometer-sized particles comprise nanocrystals of semiconductor materials selected from cadmium-selenium (CdSe), metal nanowires, or metal-filled carbon nanotubes. The thickness of polymerizable film layer is 1 nm to 1 mm. The nanometer-sized particles include titanium oxide (TiO2) nanometer-sized particles. The sol-gel includes absolute alcohol and ultrapure water in a ratio of 1:0.025 and a metal oxide including titanium oxide and/or zinc oxide. The first substrate acts as an electrode and comprises a coating of at least one transparent metal oxide including fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) or indium-doped tin oxide (SnO2:In) (i.e. ITO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Formation of polymerizable layer on the first substrate that forms the charge transport film layer involves spin-coating, dip-coating, spray-coating, flow-coating, doctor blade coating or screen-printing. The imprinting of stamp surface into the surface of polymerizable film layer includes compressing and solidifying the stamp surface into the surface of polymerizable layer. Preferred Components: The photoabsorbing material is selected from thermotropic liquid crystalline materials, polybutylthiophene (pbT)/chlorobenzene or polyelectrolytes. The photoabsorbing conjugated polymer comprises nitrogen containing heterocycle(s) and polyaniline. The transparent polymerizable layer includes a sol-gel or monomer or polymer. EXAMPLE - Substrates (i.e. fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) coated glass) were cleaned by immersion in dilute alconox solution (detergent) at 50degreesC for 1 hour, followed by rinsing with ultrapure water (17.9 Mega Ohm resistivity), isopropanol, chloroform, and absolute ethanol. The sol-gel solution was prepared by mixing ethanol (9.8 ml), ultrapure water (250 mul), and 1 drop of concentrated nitric acid in a vial. The vial was transferred to a glove-box purged with nitrogen gas for 1-2. Under nitrogen in a glove-box, titanium isopropoxide chloride (1 ml) was added to make a conducting oxide (titanium oxide) mixture. The solution was stirred continuously with a magnetic stirrer for at least 1 hour to promote a homogeneous mixture. A conjugated polymer solution was prepared by dissolving a conjugated polymer polybutylthiophene (pbT) (1 mg) in chlorobenzene (3 m). A multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) (average particle size of 12 nm in diameter and 140 nm in length) (1.5 mg) were dispersed into the pbT/chlorobenzene mixture and sonicated for 2 hours. A few drops of titanium isopropoxide sol-gel solution was placed on the clean substrate then spun at 1000 rotations per minute (rpm) for 1 minute. After the sol-gel was spin-coated onto the substrate, the sol-gel film layer was solidified at 500degreesC for 30 minutes. The spin-coating technique was used again to apply the conjugated polymer/MWNT mixture on a separate glass substrate. While the substrate was spinning at 1000 rpm, well-dispersed MWNT in pbT (1 ml) was added dropwise at a rate of 1 drop every 3-5 seconds. The substrate was allowed to continue spinning for an additional 1 minute at 1000 rpm. The conjugated polymer film was dried in a vacuum oven at 60degreesC overnight. After the solutions were spin-coated onto their glass substrates, the stamp surface of the conjugated polymer/MWNT film layer was imprinted into the surface of the metal oxide sol-gel film. The substrate with the sol-gel film was placed on a ceramic plate on the floor of a furnace oven at ambient or room temperature (i.e. 50-100degreesF). Photovoltaic device was prepared using the samples containing the films. The resistance measured through the photovoltaic device was 1.1 kOhms; and area of the effective device was 600 mm2. The photovoltaic device was successfully illuminated with the titanium oxide polymerizable layer facing the light of tungsten lamp.