TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The quantum dot is compounds comprising elements of Group II and VI, compounds comprising elements of Groups II and V, compounds comprising elements of Groups III and VI, compounds comprising elements of Groups III and V, compounds comprising elements of Groups IV and VI, compounds comprising elements of Groups I, III, and VI, compounds comprising elements of Groups II, IV, and VI, and/or compounds comprising elements of Groups II, IV, and V. It is particularly cadmium-selenium-sulfide (CdSeS), CdSe-telluride (Te), CdSTe, zinc (Zn)-SeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, mercury (Hg)-SeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, gallium-nitride-phosphide (GaNP), GaN-arsenide (As), Ga-phosphide (P)-As, aluminum (Al)-NP, AlNAs, AlNAs, AlPAs, indium (In)-NP, InNAs, InPAs, GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlPAs, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInPAs, InAlNP, InAlNAs, and/or InAlPAs. The quantum dot has a core-shell alloy structure where the core comprises a compound comprising elements of Groups II and VI and the shell comprises a compound comprising elements of Groups II and VI, elements of Groups II and V, elements of Groups III and VI, elements of Groups III and V, elements of Groups IV and VI, elements of Groups I, III, and VI, elements of Groups II, IV, and VI, and/or elements of Groups II, IV, and V. The metal oxide layer is formed of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hole transport layer is made of a solid electrolyte from polypyrrole or derivatives or their copolymers, including hole transport materials of formulae (1) and (2), polythiophene and derivatives or their copolymers, including a hole transport material of formula (3), N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine, triphenylmethane, carbazole, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)- 1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine spiro or heterospiro hole transport materials, or tris(aryl methoxyphenyl amino) benzene derivatives.R=1-20C alkyl group or their derivatives; andn=10-10000.