TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The monomer (I) is coupled to the substrate and the monomer after coupling to surface provides a free reactive group A. The contacting of linker or monomer (I) with monomer (II) and/or contacting of monomer (II) with monomer (III) are repeated one or more times to further extend the oligomeric molecule. The free terminal monomer is contacted with a monomer comprising a single free reactive group B when the free terminal monomer comprises a free reactive group A, or the free terminal monomer is contacted with a monomer comprising a single free reactive group A, when the free terminal monomer comprises a free reactive group B. The free terminal monomer is further contacted with a monomer comprising a single free reactive group B when the free terminal monomer comprises a free reactive group A or the free terminal monomer is contacted with a monomer comprising a single free reactive group A when the free terminal monomer comprises a free reactive group B. A cross-linking reaction is performed after coupling each monomer, and an oligomeric molecule having length of 2-20 monomers is formed. Preferred Monomers: The monomer (II) has the formula: A-M2-A and monomer (III) has the formula: B-M3-B.A,B=free reactive groups selected such that A and B react with each other to form a covalent linkage, and are chosen from 15 combinations where group (A) is aldehyde, group (B) is acyl hydrazide and product linkage is acyl hydrazone, group A is anhydride, group (B) is amine and product linkage is imide;M2,M3=chosen from charge storage moiety, charge separation moiety comprising a redox-active molecule, spacer, electrolyte, and tether, and M2 and M3 are same, and are joined by a linkage;M1-M3=group of formula (I);M=optionally present and chosen from metal or metalloid, preferably zinc, magnesium, cadmium, mercury, copper, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, platinum, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, manganese, boron, aluminum, gallium, lead and tin, preferably zinc, magnesium and nickel;K1-K4=chosen from elements of group IV-VI, and CH, preferably N, O, S, Se, Te, and CH, more preferably nitrogen;S1-S4=substituents chosen from aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthio, perfluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perfluoroaryl, pyridyl, cyano, thiocyanato, nitro, amino, alkylamino, acyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, imido, amido, imidazolyl, and carbamoyl, and S1 and S4 are same and S2 and S3 are same.Preferred Molecules: The substituents provide a redox potential of less than 2 volts. The redox active molecule is selected from porphyrinic macrocycle, sandwich compound of porphyrinic macrocycles, lanthanide triple decker sandwich coordination compound, and a metallocene. The redox-active porphyrinic macrocycles are selected from porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, isobacteriochlorins, oxochlorins, dioxobacteriochlorins, dioxoisobacteriochlorins, pyrophorbines, bacteriopyrophorbines, phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, tetraazaporphyrins, porphyrazines, benzazoloporphyrazines, core modified porphyrinic derivatives, expanded porphyrinic derivatives, and contracted porphyrinic derivatives. The monomers comprising oligomeric molecule are joined by a linkage. The linkage is selected from acyl hydrazone, imine, salicylaldimine, H-bonded acyl hydrazone, vinyl, urea, carbamate, carboxy amide, imide, thiourea, thiocarbamate, amide-alkyl-thiol, ether, ether, phenacyl ether, a-ether-acetamide, a-ester-acetamide, amide, sulfonamide, alkyl boronate, thioether, acetal, and hydroxyalkylamine. Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises an electrode, and substrate and oligomeric molecule form a light harvesting rod. The substrate and oligomeric molecule form an intrinsic rectifier of excited-state energy. The substrate and oligomeric molecule form an intrinsic rectifier of holes. The substrate and oligomeric molecule form light harvesting rods of length 500 nm or less. The oligomeric molecule and substrate forms a molecular memory element. The oligomeric molecule comprises at least two meso-coupled porphyrinic macrocycles, and at least two beta-coupled porphyrinic macrocycles. The substrate is selected from transparent substrate, opaque substrate and reflective substrate. The substrate comprises a material selected from silicon, germanium, silver, gold, copper, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, doped silicon, doped germanium, silicon oxide, germanium oxide, silver oxide, gold oxide, copper oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon nitride, germanium nitride, silver nitride, gold nitride, copper nitride, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, carbon containing substrate, and polymer. The substrate comprises Si(100).