TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device is a dye-sensitized solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises sensitizing the titanium oxide films by immersing into the organic or organometallic dye solution. The process produces titanium oxide particles onto the surfaces modified with a dye at precursor state, where the dye comprises of anchoring group of carboxylate or hydroxyl. Preferred Components: The organic titanate precursor is a titanium alkoxide (e.g. titanium isopropoxide) or titanium chloride. The precursor is modified with dye comprising anchoring group, preferably carboxylate or hydroxyl. The modification is made directly with titanium precursor. The modification is made in diluted solution of alcohol, preferably isopropyl alcohol. The film is produced from a dye-modified precursor. The titanium alkoxide is modified with some chelating agents, preferably acetyl acetone, acetic acid or titanium salt. EXAMPLE - Tetra isopropyl orthotitanate (TTIP) was used as a precursor for titanium oxide particles. TTIP (0.1 mol) was mixed with acetic acid (0.1 mol) to achieve a single side modification of TTIP. The precursor solution was added drop wise to water (10 mol) and acetic acid mixture (1 mol) to form white precipitates immediately. After complete hydrolysis, the suspension was stirred for an additional 30 minutes to give the sol. The sol was refluxed at 80degreesC for 4 hours for peptization. After peptization, completely clear titanium oxide sol was obtained. The peptized sol was placed in Teflon (RTM: Polytetrafluoroethylene), baker equipped autoclave for hydrothermal crystallization and crystal growth. The sample was heated at 100-200degreesC for 12 hours. The sol was concentrated to titanium oxide 20 wt.%. The obtained final paste was centrifuged for solvent exchange, water and acetic acid mixture was separated. The final titanium oxide concentration was adjusted to 15 wt.%. The obtained paste was coated onto the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) coated glass substrates. The films were dried first at room temperature and later in the oven at 200degreesC for 12 hours. Two films with two different thicknesses 2microns and 6microns were prepared. When the films were still at 100degreesC, they were immersed in N719 (RTM: Bis(2-2'-bipyridyl(4-4'-dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II)bis-tetrabutylam)) dye solution in ethanol at room temperature from 1 to 12 hours to give colored titanium oxide film, which was washed with pure ethanol.