TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electrically conductive layer comprises brass, tinned copper, tinned stainless steel or tinned nickel. The electrically conductive layer is electrically connected to the electrode (102) at two or more locations by an electrically conductive adhesive material disposed in opening of substrate (115), a metal disk, electrically conductive pad or low melting metal or its alloy. The electrically conductive layer is between substrate (115) and another substrate (II). The metal disk comprises titanium, stainless steel, palladium, platinum, copper, tin, aluminum, indium, gold, silver, nickel and/or their alloy. The electrically conductive pad comprises a polymer containing a metal spring or carbon.Preferred Device: The photovoltaic cell further comprises an adhesive layer (106) between substrate (115) and electrode (102), and an adhesive layer (108) between substrate (115) and the electrically conductive layer.Preferred Material: The photoactive material comprises an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material, and a photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material. The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises selenide, sulfide, telluride, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium oxide. The photoactive material comprises amorphous silicon or copper-indium-gallium diselenide. The electrode (102) is a metal foil. The metal foil comprises titanium, stainless steel, palladium, platinum, copper, aluminum, indium, gold, silver, nickel and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrically conductive adhesive material comprises a polymer impregnated with a metal. The polymer comprises rubber, silicone or curable elastomeric polymer. The substrates (115,II) comprise a polymer chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polymeric hydrocarbon, cellulosic polymer, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyether and/or polyether ketone. The adhesive layers (106,108) comprise epoxies, polyurethane, polyurea, polyester, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, polyethylene-based polymer or polypropylene-based polymer. The electron acceptor material comprises fullerene, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazole, discotic liquid crystal, carbon nanorod, inorganic nanorod, polymers containing cyano groups and/or polymer containing trifluoro methyl groups. The electron donor material comprises discotic liquid crystal, polythiophene, polyphenylene, polyphenyl vinylene, polysilane, polythienyl vinylene and/or polyisothia naphthalene.