TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode active material is lithium titanate spinel oxide (Li4Ti5O12). The cathode active material is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell electrolyte material further contains structural unit having saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon, of formula (2).R3=H or methyl;andk=0 or positive integer.The fuel cell electrolyte material is a block copolymer having octahydro-4,7-methano-indene structural unit of formula (1), and structural unit having saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon, of formula (2). Preferred Process: A raw material compound of formula (4) is further used in production of fuel cell electrolyte material, and structural unit of formula (5) is formed.R1-R3,m,n,k=as defined above;andx,y=positive integer.The polymerization process is carried out using Grubbs catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactant material further comprises a water-soluble salt catalyst that causes progressive pitting of the aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodegradable organic substrate is biodegradable plastic, chitin and/or cellulose. The material is carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon felt, carbon wool, carbon foam, graphite, porous graphite, graphite powder, graphite granules, graphite fiber, a conductive polymer and a conductive metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises low temperature co-fired ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holder comprises mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and silica material. The substrate comprises plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compositions: The Re-Ch comprises 25-60 atom% of Re and 75-40 atom% of Ch, and is supported in an amount of 5-85 wt.% based on the total weight of the catalyst. The Re-Ch comprises crystalline and amorphous Re-Ch.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon-based material comprises graphite, denka black, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, and/or carbon nanowire. EXAMPLE - About 0.8 g of rhenium (Re) carbonyl, 0.03 g of selenium (Se), and 1 g of ketjen black were mixed and filtered in 150 ml of toluene at 140degreesC for 24 hours. Then, the filtration product was dried at 80degreesC, and heated at 250degreesC for 3 hours with inflowing hydrogen to provide a cathode catalyst for a fuel cell in which Re Se is supported in ketjen black. The Re amount and the Se amount in Re Se were 50 atom% and 50 atom%, respectively, and the supported amount of Re Se was 45 wt.% based on the total weight of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The mixture of the polymer as a liquid and the nanoparticles have been coated on a surface and then precipitated onto or adjacent to one of the sides or segregated at an opposite of the sides to provide the first layer of the polymer with the second layer of the nanoparticles (preferably mixture of the polymer as a liquid and the nanoparticles have been coated on a surface and then precipitated onto or adjacent to the one of the sides or segregated at an opposite of the sides to provide the first layer of the polymer with the second layer of the nanoparticles on one or both of the sides). The first layer with the nanoparticles is spin-coated onto the surface. The nanoparticles are precipitated or segregated by heating and then cooling the first layer with the nanoparticles; or by solubilizing the polymer layer with a solvent vapor without solubilizing the nanoparticles. Preferred Components: The thickness of each of the first layers is less than 200 nanometers thick. The nanoparticles are comprised of a polymer; or an inorganic composition. One side of one of the multiple layers is on a substrate. The polymer and the spherical nanoparticles are comprised of the same or similar chemical composition as the polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphate-containing compound is powdered compound and has olivine and/or NASICON structure. Preferred Compositions: The cathode material contains less than 5 wt.% coating compound, and less than 5 wt.% carbonaceous component. It further comprises carbon particles adhered to surface of crystalline nanometer sized primary particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cathode material further comprises an aqueous binder (e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber), a non-aqueous binder (e.g., polyvinylidene fluoride), and a thickener (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose). Preferred Definition:    A=Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, B or Al; and    M, M'=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Al, Sn, Ga, In, Si or Ge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film substrate is fluorocarbon-based polymer film substrate, fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon-based polymer film substrate, or hydrocarbon-based polymer film substrate. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) membrane was cut to 3x3 cm and deaerated in a glass container, followed by purging the container interior with argon gas. The ETFE membrane was irradiated with gamma-rays at a radiation dose of 30 kGy (dose rate 10 kGy/hour) at room temperature. A deaerated monomer solution (15 ml) containing 50:50 methylstyrene:t-butylstyrene (40 wt.%), tetramethoxysilane (20 wt.%) and 50:50 2-propanol:toluene (40 wt.%) was placed in container to immerse the ETFE membrane. The container was purged with argon gas, hermetically sealed, and subjected to graft polymerization for 5 hours, with its temperature being raised from room temperature to 50degreesC. The resulting graft-polymerized membrane was dried and immersed in an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (1 M) at room temperature to hydrolyze tetramethoxysilane (Si(OCH3)4) into Si(OH)4. The hydrolysate was dried in vacuum at 1100 for conversion into silicon dioxide nanoparticles (particle diameter: 30-50 nm). The nano-inorganic particle composite graft membrane was irradiated with gamma-rays at radiation dose of 200 kGy (dose rate 10 kGy/hour) at room temperature in argon atmosphere to impart a crosslinked structure. The resulting nano-inorganic particle composite crosslinked graft membrane was immersed in chlorosulfonic acid (0.2 M) diluted with 1,2-dichloroethane, and reacted for 6 hours at 80degreesC for sulfonation. The sulfonated membrane was washed with water to hydrolyze -SO2Cl into -SO3H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pegylated fullerene is 60C(N(CH2CH2O)nCH3)m, or 60C(CH2C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nCH3)m. EXAMPLE - Fullerene was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene in a pressure vessel, then 8 equivalents of poly(ethylene oxide)-benzylbromide and 2,2'-bipyridine were added and the solution was degassed. After the desired equivalents (8 equivalents) in copper bromide were added, the vessel was sealed and heated until a green precipitate formed. Air was bubbled through the reaction mixture to precipitate un-reacted copper (I) complex. Upon filtration, the solution was concentrated and precipitated into ether. The product was collected by filtration as a brown oil or solid (final yield was approximately 90%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin substrate consists of polyester resin, norbornene resin, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin, or an acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: At least one portion of yeast contains cell wall of yeast. The carbide material further comprises beer cake. The platinum fine particles are supported on carbide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is a silane modified resin which polymerizes ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerizable polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diisocyanate compound has isocyanate group which is bonded with two carbons by mutually differed aliphatic carbon chains. The number of carbons located between each isocyanate group is 4-12. The additional amount of diisocyanate compound is 0.5-5 wt.% with respect to electrolyte liquid. The aliphatic carbon chain of diisocyanate compound is linear. A portion of aliphatic carbon chain is substituted by functional groups other than hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and amino group. The cathode contains carbon material which occludes and eliminates lithium. Preferred Arrangement: The anode, cathode and electrolyte are laminated to form laminate film, and arranged inside the exterior component (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The titanium oxide polymer composite material is network of fiber-like structure of sphere-shaped particle. Preferred Composition: The ratio of the linear polyethylene imine structure in the polymer (A) is 25-100 mol%. The content of titanium oxide (B) in titanium oxide/polymer composite material is 20-90 mass%. The titanium oxide (B) comprises anatase-type crystal having struggle nanometers. The thickness of the fiber composite material is 10-1000 nm. Preferred Method: The metal ion (B) (1/20-1/200 equivalent) is added into aqueous solvent with respect to ethylene imine unit of polymer (A). The crystalline aggregate which is crosslinked by crosslinkable agent is contacted with water-soluble titanium compound in the range of 2-1000 fold equivalents with respect to ethylene imine unit polymer (A). Thus, titanium oxide/polymer composite material is manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic foil is a copper foil or an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent contains thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The concentrator has pentagon shaped reflectors e.g. reflective plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The electric deionization apparatus has a mixed bed-type demineralizer of anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin. Water is poured in order from cathode chamber to anode chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate in card-type edge material uses resin as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The pitch in the roll-axis direction of the application roll is 300-1500 microns. The application roll comprises an elastic component having a hardness of 30-70 as measured by JIS-A. The surface roughness of the catalyst layer after formation is 2 or less. The rotation direction of the application roll is considered as the advancing direction of the base material with a reverse direction, and the paste is applied while adding a shear between the base materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The boiling point of the low-boiling-point solvent is 100degreesC or less, and the dielectric constant of the high-boiling-point solvent is 31 or more at 20degreesC. The high-boiling-point solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, cyclohexanone, 1,2-ethane diol, 1,2-propane diol, diethylene glycol, gamma-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, N-methyl pyrrolidone, formamide, N-methyl formamide, glycerin, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, succinonitrile, and/or sulfolane. The low-boiling-point solvent is water, alcohol and/or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The non-supported-catalyst containing catalyst layer contains an electrolyte resin (11). A second catalyst layer contains an electrolyte resin and a supported catalyst particle formed by supporting a catalyst on a carbon particle whose surface area is 5-200 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The electron-conductive materials can be conductive ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electron-conductive materials are also conductive carbon materials, conductive carbon yarns or conductive oxides. The anode material is lithiated carbonaceous materials, lithium intercalating metal oxide based materials, or metal alloys. The cathode material is lithium intercalating metal oxide materials, and/or capacitor cathode materials. The electrolyte contains lithium mobile ions. Preferred Composition: The lithium concentration of the electrolyte is 0.01-2 mol/kg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electron-conductive materials are metals or metal alloys. The anode material is lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The ionic liquid electrolyte is a salt of a pyrrolidinium- or a piperidinium-based cation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The anode material can be conducting polymers. The cathode material is lithium intercalating conducting polymers and/or redox conducting polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The current collector comprises fibers which are coated by the electron-conductive material, prior to formation of the coated fibers into the fabric, or an array of threads of electron-conductive materials extending through the fabric. The current collector for each of the anode and the cathode are regions of a continuous sheet of fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst contains a catalyst-activity substance such as platinum and/or palladium alloy. The platinum alloy consists of metal chosen from nickel, iron, cobalt, iridium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from group (IV)-group (XII) of 4-6th periodic table, preferably group (VI)-group (XI). Preferred Catalyst: The metal catalyst is chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic heterocyclic compound is pyridine derivative chosen from bipyridine, terpyridine, and phenanthroline. The bipyridine derivative is 2,2'-bipyridine. The heteroatom contained in the aromatic heterocyclic compound is nitrogen atom. Preferred Composition: The content of aromatic heterocyclic compound exposed to surface of metal catalyst, is 20-70 mass%, preferably 30-60 mass%. The adsorption-coordination of the aromatic heterocyclic compound is performed in the ratio of 0.1-1.5 nmol/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye (II) consists of dye having high quantum yield in visible light region or dye having low quantum yield in visible light region. The dye (II) consists of inorganic complex dye having metal to ligand charge transfer and/or organic-molecule dye having charge transfer molecule. The inorganic complex dye is polypyridine complex. The dye has functional groups bonded with semiconductor layer functional group consists of functional group strongly bonded semiconductor layer and functional group weakly bonded with semiconductor layer. The functional group strongly bonded with semiconductor layer is carboxyl group or phosphono group. The functional group weakly bonded with semiconductor layer is cyano, amino, thiol or thione.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium salts are selected from lithium borofluoride and lithium bis(oxalato) borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pellet: The fuel pellet further comprises several compartmentalized fuel pellets each comprising a separate chemical solution, heating element and chemical catalyst covered by protective layer. The fuel pellet is independently operable by selectively activating heating elements. The heating elements further comprise resistive heating elements. Preferred Solution: The chemical solution comprises a metal borohydride. The metal borohydride is sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer comprises a heat-removable layer. The heat-removable layer comprises wax, polymer, or copolymer of olefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoactive layers are formed from a thin film photovoltaic layer which includes cadmium telluride (CdTe) layer or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel delivery layer is made hydrophilic by providing hydrophilicity increasing material such as tin oxide. The fuel permeable polymer in the fuel delivery layer is perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises ring compound (in wt.pts) (0.001-5) and oxidation-reduction derivative ring compound (100). The oxidation-reduction derivative comprises an iodide salt and iodine (I2). The iodide salt is present in an amount of 100-3000 wt.pts based on 100 wt.pts of iodine (I2). The iodide salt comprises, in addition to the metal salt, a compound(s) chosen from ammonium iodide, methyl iodide, methylene iodide, ethyl iodide, ethylene iodide, isopropyl iodide, isobutyl iodide, benzyl iodide, benzoyl iodide, aryl iodide and imidazolium iodide. The electrolyte further comprises an organic solvent. Preferred Compounds: The ring compound is 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5 and 12-crown-4. The iodide salt is a metal salt chosen from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, copper iodide, silicon iodide, manganese iodides, barium iodide, molybdenum iodides, calcium iodide, iron iodides, cesium iodide, zinc iodide and mercury iodide. The organic solvent is acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, butanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, isobutyl ketone, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or 3-methoxypropionitrile. Preferred Definitions:    X=-O-, -S- or -NR'-;and    R'=H or CH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic acid compound is either aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base film consists of polytrimethylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The proton dissociative monomer is polymerized within the hydrophobic porous base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate of solar cell module is made of flexible resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from an organic solvent, water, weak alkali and group that consist of acid, preferably water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The porous film has ionic conductivity of 10-2 Scm-1. The difference of highest division and lowest division of porosity is 10% or less, when porosity of porous film is computed to 1/500-1/1000. Preferred Composition: The porous film consists of hydrocarbon-type polymer. The porous film and electrolyte form a co-continuous structure. Preferred Film: The electrolyte film (100) has at least one layer of electrolyte film (I) and at least one layer of electrolyte film (II) containing membranous electrolyte. The electrolyte film (I) is arranged between pair of electrolyte film (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low oxygen concentration gas is nitrogen gas, argon gas and gas selected from a group containing waste gas discharged from fuel cell electric power generation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The base plates are formed from a transparent plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles or nanostructures are made of a noble metal, an oxide of metallic conductivity, a bronze, a metal nitride, sulfide, selenide, boride, silicide, a compound or alloy of metallic elements with elements of main groups III through VII, and copper, silver, gold, or a corresponding alloy. The p-doped charge transport layer comprises a material of p-type amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide, microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide or carbon-containing microcrystalline silicon, a multilayer film of amorphous silicon carbides having different carbon contents and a multilayer film of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon. The n-doped charge transport layer comprises a material of n-type microcrystalline silicon, crystalline silicon, carbon-containing microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide, amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide and amorphous silicon germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is given by formula: M(OR8)(OR9)OH, of which -OH group is substituted by -OSi(R5)(R6)(R7).R8=(CH2CH2O)nR4;R9=H or (CH2CH2O)nR4;andR4,n=same as defined above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of organic compound of formula (1) and electrolyte salt compound is 10-400 wt.pts and 5-70 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of ionic conductive polymer, respectively. The electrolyte composition further contains 3-50 wt.pts of fumed silica, 2-80 wt.pts of triester compound of formula (1): M(OR1)(OR2)(OR3), 5-100 wt.pts of silicone compound of formula: R4(OCH2CH2)n-Si(R5)(R6)(R7), 0.1-10 wt.pts of cross linking agent with respect to 100 wt.pts of ionic conductive polymer.R1-R3=-(CH2CH2O)nR4;andM,R4-R7,n=same as defined above.A composition for anode contains the electrolyte composition, anode active material and electroconductivity providing agent. The electroconductivity providing agent is carbon particles. Preferred Polymer: The ionic conductive polymer is organic polymer having an alkylene oxide structure or carbonate structure in principal chain or side chain. The ionic conductive polymer is a polymer having repeating units (50-100 mol%) of ethylene oxide and repeating unit (0-50 mol%) of other oxirane monomer copolymerizable with ethylene oxide. The other oxirane monomer copolymerizable with ethylene oxide is 3-20C alkylene oxide, 4-10C glycidyl ether and/or oxide of aromatic vinyl compound and cross linkable oxirane monomer having cross-linkable functional group. The weight average molecular weight of the ionic conductive polymer is 5000-5000000. Preferred Definitions:    M=boron or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor junction layer has an absorber layer, e.g. copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, and a junction partner layer, e.g. zinc sulfide (ZnS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of reflective material is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel, or steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent tubular casing is of plastics or glass, preferably a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluorocarbon polymer, a silicone, a silicone gel, an epoxy, a polyamide, or a polyolefin, especially polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PEA), nylon, crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). the rigid substrate comprises plastic or glass, preferably a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, a glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The solar cell unit further comprises a filler layer circumferentially disposed on the transparent conductive layer, where the transparent tubular casing is circumferentially disposed on the filler layer thereby circumferentially sealing the cylindrical shaped solar cell. Preferably, the filler layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), RTV silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a polycarbonate, an acrylic, a fluoropolymer, or a urethane polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric transducer consists of a titanium (Ti) base board and a film consisting of an alloy containing a soldering metal as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is synthesized from monomer salt chosen from onium cation having polymerizable functional group and organic anion having polymerizable functional group. Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt comprises quaternary ammonium cation of formula: N+R1R2R3R4, as cation component, and an anion chosen from N(R1SO2)(R2SO2)-, N(R3SO3)- and C(R5SO2)(R6SO2)-.R1-R6=alkyl, alkoxy alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl or aralkenyl, however a pair of R1-R4 combines to form a ring and contains a heteroatom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive polymer is polythiophene. The detector of gas sensor is made of tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The reflection plate is made of one of a plastic material with reflective coating, stainless steel, and a mirror.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel supply comprises a hydrogen storage material selected from the group consisting of: a metal hydride, a composite metal hydride, carbon-graphite nanofibers, compressed gas, a chemical hydride. The ion-conductive electrolyte comprises a polymeric perfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The immobilization system comprises polymer. The immobilization system comprises bumper(s) made of polymer foam or spray. CERAMICS ANG GLASS - Preferred Material: The immobilization system may comprise glass and/or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The current collection sheets are made of stainless steel, titanium, gold, graphite, carbon-metal compound, or chemical-resistant metal. They are made of conductive material, and a surface of the current collection sheet is treated to be anticorrosive and/or acid-proof.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: A combination of the current collection sheets and the conductive sheets is compressed and sealed to the substrate using an adhesive. The adhesive is a prepreg resin film, an anticorrosive and/or acid-proof adhesive, epoxy adhesive (AB) glue. The substrate is chemical-resistant and non-conductive engineering plastic substrate, a plastic carbon substrate, epoxy resin substrate, polymeric plastic substrate, flame resistant-4 (FR4) substrate, FR5 substrate, or a composite substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode substrate comprises a material selected from the carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon felt and/or metal cloth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cross-section of the oxidant supply path perpendicular to a propagation direction of the oxidant supply path has an area of 1-20 (preferably 2-5) mm2. The oxidant supply path occupies a volume of the membrane-electrode assembly of 0.1-0.3 (preferably 0.15-0.2)%. The fuel is supplies the fuel to the membrane-electrode assembly in a direction substantially perpendicular to a propagation direction of the oxidant supply path.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer electrolyte membrane, the anode catalyst layer, and the cathode catalyst layer are porous. The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a polymer resin having at its side chain a cation exchange group selected from sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group, and its derivatives. The polymer resin comprises at least one proton conductive polymer selected from fluoro-based polymers, benzimidazole-based polymers, polyimide-based polymers, polyetherimide-based polymers, polyphenylenesulfide-based polymers, polysulfone-based polymers, polyethersulfone-based polymers, polyetherketone-based polymers, polyether-etherketone-based polymers and/or polyphenylquinoxaline-based polymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The synthetic-resin molding contains silicone-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electroconductive wax contains solvent and nanocarbon (1-90 mass%). The nanocarbon and wax are mixed for a time of 0.3-0.9 to enable uniform mixing. EXAMPLE - Carnauba wax (in g) (500) was heat-dissolved at 90degreesC, and carbon nano fiber (50) was injected over 30 minutes to obtain an electroconductive wax. Subsequently, the electroconductive wax (0.5 mass parts), graphite powder (90 mass parts), and BRM-4705 (RTM: resol phenol resin) (9.5 mass parts) were mixed to obtain electroconductive thermosetting-resin molding material. The obtained molding material had surface resistivity of 2.8 mOmega.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The absorbed quantity of carbon block is more than 100 cubic centimeters per 100 grams under JIS K6217. The oil absorption amount of expanded graphite is 100 milliliters per 100 grams or more under JIS K6221.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The heat resistant resin film may be formed of 50 to 100 weight parts fluororesin e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, and heat resistant resin e.g. polyimide resin, polyamidoimide resin, polyester imide, polyesteramide imide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises a transparent indium tin oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or tin (IV) oxide electrode layer (16) on a side remote from the supercapacitor. The supercapacitor comprises an aluminum electrode layer on a side remote from the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The supercapacitor comprises an electrolyte layer (24) containing viscous mixture of salt and polymer and/or solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The raised surfaces are made of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporting film is preferably of a polyvinyl fluoride e.g. Tedlar (RTM) or epoxy resin; the sandwiching film layers are e.g. of ethyl vinyl acetate, and one of the outer layers can be of Tedlar (RTM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer inclusive adhesive layer comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrates are made of glass fiber reinforced polymeric material that are derived from American National Standards Institute (ANSI) FR-1 , ANSI FR-2 , ANSI FR-3 , ANSI FR-4 , ANSI FR-5 , ANSI CEM-1 or ANSI CEM-3 .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The slipping agent layer of the cladding material consists of a polydimethysiloxane type block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The reinforced film is polytetra fluoroethylene film. Preferred Resin: The electrolyte resin is fluorine-type electrolyte resin which provides ion exchangeability, after extending the film. Preferred Method: The reinforced film is extended at temperature more than melting point of electrolyte resin and less than melting point of reinforced film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene has a hydroxyl group or a sulfonic acid group on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel impregnation material consist of perfluoro type-polymer material having carboxyl group or sulfone group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The hydrosilylation-curable silicone composition comprises silicon resin, organosilicon compound having greater than or equal to2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule in amount enough to cure the silicone resin, and catalytic amount of a photoactivated hydrosilylation catalyst, and optionally silicon rubber. The composition may contain rubber-modified silicon resin, the organosilicon compound, and the catalyst, where the rubber-modified silicon resin is prepared by reacting silicon resin and silicon rubber in the presence of hydrosilylation catalyst and optionally an organic solvent. Preferred Components: The silicone resin has a formula of (R1R22SiO1/2)w(R22SiO2/2)x(R1SiO3/2)y(SiO4/2)z or (R1R52SiO1/2)w(R52SiO2/2)x(R5SiO3/2)y(SiO4/2)z. The silicon rubber has a formula of R1R22SiO(R22SiO)aSiR22R1 or R5R12SiO(R1R5SiO)bSiR12R5. The silicon resin has average of greater than or equal to2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms/molecule.R1=1-10C hydrocarbyl or 1-10C halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl, both free of aliphatic unsaturation;R2=R1 or alkenyl;R5=R1 or -H;a and b=1-4;w=0-0.8;x=0-0.6;y=0-0.99;z=0-0.35;w+x+y+z=1;y+z/(w+x+y+z)=0.2-0.99; andw+x/(w+x+y+z)=0.01-0.8.Provided that the silicone resin has average of greater than or equal to2 silicon-bonded alkenyl groups per molecule; each of silicon resin and silicon rubber has average of greater than or equal to2 silicon-bonded alkenyl group per molecule; the silicon rubber has average of greater than or equal to2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule; and mole ratio of silicon-bonded alkenyl groups or bonded hydrogen atoms in the silicon rubber to silicon-bonded alkenyl groups in the silicone resin is 0.01-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The method conforms to RS 232 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mold is formed by resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte composition contains unsaturated cyclic carbonic ester and high molecular compound. The unsaturated cyclic carbonic ester is vinylene carbonate and/or vinylethylene carbonate. The amount of unsaturated cyclic carbonic ester is 0.1-2 mass%. A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising sheathing material (30) is a laminate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound is chosen from polyvinyl formal, polyacrylate and/or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The modification container is made of austenitic stainless steel raw material conforming to JISSUS304 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propylcellulose. The fuel is alcohol such as methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Cellulose derivative, polyethylene glycol and/or partially saponified type polyvinyl alcohol is further added to fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The release layer has film thickness of 0.1-5 microns and critical surface tension of 5-20 dyne/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The base material sheet is a polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The material of insulating particle is ceramic material or organic macromolecular material. The insulating particle comprises two or more types of different heat resistant material. The insulating particle is mixture of two or more types of particles comprising different heat-resistant material. The insulating particle consists of core portion comprising high heat-resistant material, and shell portion comprising low heat-resistant material. The shell portion has layered structure having two or more layers containing different material. The heat resistance of material of shell portion outermost layer is less than heat resistance of material in other layers. The high heat-resistant material is ceramic material. The low heat-resistant material is organic macromolecular material. Preferred Material: The anode active material is lithium transition metal oxide, lithium transition metal phosphoric acid compound or lithium transition metal sulfuric acid compound. The cathode active material is carbon material, lithium transition metal compound, metal material or lithium metal alloy material. The anode active material layer or cathode active material layer further contains conductive support agent containing carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer contains binder such as thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin or rubber-type material. The electrolyte layer has thickness of 100 nm to 30 microns and porosity of 20-90%. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is liquid electrolyte, authentic polymer electrolyte or gel polymer electrolyte. The electrolyte further contains insulating particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has electrodes (2,3) which consist of catalyst layers (2a,3a) and gaseous-diffusion layers (2b,3b) on both surfaces of an electrolyte film (1). The catalyst layer contains electrolyte resin and catalyst holder. The electrolyte resin in electrolyte film and/or catalyst layer contains polyelectrolyte material and carboxylate ester(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyelectrolyte material is perfluoro sulfonic-acid type polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The carboxylate ester is chosen from ethyl benzoate, phenyl benzoate, 4-hydroxy ethyl benzoate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diphenyl phthalate, gamma-butyrolactone, diethyl succinate, 2-ethoxy ethyl acetate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, ethylhexyl adipate, phthalide and/or trimethyl-1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate.    EXAMPLE - Ethanol (7 g), and phenyl benzoate (30 mg) were added to 5 mass% perfluoro sulfonic-acid polymer solution (5 g) and stirred using wave rotor, to obtain homogeneous solution. The resulting solution was dried overnight at room temperature, to obtain solid polymer electrolyte in form of film having thickness of 30 microns. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte (0.3 g) was added to 0.6% hydrogen peroxide solution (20 mL) and heated at 80degreesC for 24 hours. The fluorine ion concentration in hydrogen-peroxide solution of solid polymer electrolyte after 24 hours was tested using ion chromatography, and found to be 0.05 mg/L. The result showed that decomposition of solid polymer electrolyte by hydrogen peroxide was not produced easily. The membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) formed using the obtained solid polymer electrolyte had stable battery characteristics for long period of time.
EXAMPLE - Dimethyl terephthalate (in weight parts) (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were reacted at 150degreesC to obtain polyester (A) having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62. The obtained polyester (A) was polymerized under vacuum at 220degreesC to obtain polyester (C) having terminal carboxyl radical weight of 0.74. The obtained polyester (C) had intrinsic viscosity of 8 eq/tons. Dimethyl terephthalate (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were reacted at 150degreesC in the presence of magnesium-acetate-tetrahydrate to obtain polyester (B). The obtained polyester (B) had intrinsic viscosity of 0.65. A silica particles (1) having average particle diameter of 3.6 microns and ethylene glycol (60) were dispersed in dimethyl terephthalate (100) to obtain polyester. The obtained polyester was then polymerized at 220degreesC under vacuum to obtain polyester (I) having intrinsic viscosity of 0.75. Polyester (C) (90) and Cyasorb 3638 (RTM: ultraviolet absorber) (10) were reacted and extruded to obtain polyester (J). The obtained polyester (C), (B), (I) and (J) were blended at 290degreesC in the ratio of 60:5:130:5. The obtained mixture was extruded and cooled to obtain a sheet. The obtained sheet was extended, heat-processed at 225degreesC or more to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The content of titanium, germanium and phosphorous in the polyester film were 5 ppm, 3 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively. The obtained film had haze of 50% and optical density of 0.14, and had excellent hydrolysis resistance and weather resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The isolation film is porous membrane containing heat-resistant resin containing chlorine, or laminated film of heat-resistant resin and porous polyolefin, or laminated film of layer containing heat-resistant resin, filler and porous polyolefin. The heat-resistant resin is aramid or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-conducting layer is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Ionomer: The ionomer is perfluorinated resin such as conducting polymer having hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises glass, soda-lime glass, ceramic, or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The film contains a group IB element, a group IIIA element, a group VIA element, a group IA element, a binary and/or multinary alloy of elements, a solid solution of elements, copper (Cu), indium (In), gallium (Ga), selenium (Se), copper indium, copper gallium, indium gallium, sodium (Na), a sodium compound, sodium fluoride, sodium indium sulfide, copper selenide, copper sulfide, indium selenide, indium sulfide, gallium selenide, gallium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper gallium selenide, copper gallium sulfide, indium gallium selenide, indium gallium sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, and/or copper indium gallium sulfide. The microflakes contains copper sodium, indium sodium, gallium sodium, copper indium sodium, copper gallium sodium, indium gallium sodium, sodium selenide, Cu-Se-Na, In-Se-Na, Ga-Se-Na, Cu-In-Se-Na, Cu-Ga-Se-Na, In-Ga-Se-Na, Cu-In-Ga-Se-Na, Na-S, Cu-S-Na, In-S-Na, Ga-S-Na, Cu-In-S-Na, Cu-Ga-S-Na, In-Ga-S-Na, and/or Cu-In-Ga-S-Na.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner most layer of battery contains polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte liquid supporter is formed of inorganic acid compound containing atoms selected from any one of silicon, aluminum and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The packing is covered with an aluminum laminate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface production sheet has transmittance of 1.5% or less, at a wavelength of 370 nm. The sheet has average transmittance of 82% or more, at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm after ultraviolet irradiation for 15 days in the indigo super tester having ultraviolet ray illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2, and before ultraviolet radiation the sheet has average transmittance of 3% or less at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer electrolyte membrane obtained by contacting polymer film with proton conductive group inducing agent, is alternately immersed in an organic compound solution at temperature less than boiling point of organic compound solution, and polymer electrolyte membrane is obtained. The polymer film is contacted with proton conductive group inducing agent in presence of an organic solvent. The polymer electrolyte membrane is immersed in water at temperature less than boiling point of water. The polymer electrolyte membrane is dried before immersing in water. Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound having aromatic unit is polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, their copolymers and/or their derivatives, preferably polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide and/or polyethylene-polystyrene graft copolymer. The high molecular compound without aromatic unit is a molecular compound having chemical structure of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene and/or their derivatives.X1-X4=H, methyl, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 and/or OC4H9.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and/or 1-chlorobutane. Preferred Agent: The proton conductive group inducing agent is sulfonation agent, preferably chlorosulfonic acid. Preferred Solution: The organic compound solution is an aqueous solution of organic compound chosen from methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate is made of stainless steel and coated with a metal e.g. nickel, titanium and gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plates are made of electrical conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat bonding layer is made of polypropylene, and protective sheet is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The mobile phone transmission module is a Bluetooth receiver or a terminal connection-peg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy storage element is a lithium battery, lithium ion battery, nickel hydrogen battery and nickel cadmium battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy storage element is polymer lithium battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface-side sealing resin and back-side sealing resin are ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA). The solar cell element has a resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The maximum magnetic flux density of permanent magnet or magnetic field generator forming the magnetic field with magnetic flux-density distribution is 0.1 teslas or more. The temperature of base material is 20-120degreesC. Preferred Method: Magnetic field is applied to base material having substances differing in magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic force is focused in substance having highest magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic field having desired magnetic flux-density distribution is used. Substance(s) having magnetization rate differing from carbon particles is dissolved in catalyst ink. The magnetization rate difference of carbon particles and dispersion solvent is increased. The substance raising magnetic susceptibility difference of carbon particles and solvent is removed with dispersion solvent, after forming electrode catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The current-voltage electrodes are metals such as gold, platinum, platinum black, copper, carbon, etc.
EXAMPLE - Imidazole (100 mg) and bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (413 mg) were dissolved in dimethyl formamide (5 mL). Dimethyl formamide solution of the salt of an imidazole and the bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide was prepared. Proton conductivity of this solution was 3.35 mS/cm. DPPE (550 mg) was added to this dimethyl formamide solution as a gelatinizer, and heat-dissolved at 80degreesC. After dissolution, when it cooled to room temperature, it became solid state. Even if it inclines a container, a liquid does not effuse, and it did not fluidize. Gelatinization was thus confirmed. Proton conductivity measured without humidifying this gel, was 3.28 mS/cm at 25degreesC. Proton-conductivity was equivalent to the solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The tan-(delta) of polyimide film at 100-400degreesC does not exceeds 3 times of tan-(delta) at 100degreesC at viscoelasticity at 1 Hz. Preferred Process: The laminated material containing photoelectric-converting layer which consists of an electrode layer and a semi-conductor is formed on the polyimide film, to obtain solar-cell. EXAMPLE - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (21 kg), 1,4-phenylenediamine (in g) (340), pyromellitic dianhydride (1371) and 3,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (629.3) were added and heated at 20-40degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain polyamic-acid N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution. The obtained polyamic acid solution was applied on polyethylene terephthalate film to a thickness of 400 microns and immersed in dehydration bath which consists of acetic anhydride (1050 ml), pyridine (450) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (1500 ml) at 30degreesC for 8 minutes. The film was separated from the glass plate, to obtain gel film. The gel film was washed for 20 minutes and biaxially stretched. The stretched gel film was dried 160degreesC for 20 minutes. Thus, aromatic polyimide film was obtained. The aromatic polyimide film had linear expansion coefficient of 2 ppm and Young's modulus of 9 GPa. The value of tan-(delta) of polyimide film was 0.036 at 400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A noble metal catalyst layer (12,22) of fuel cell consists of electroconductive substance (which is silica or carbon) supported with noble metal catalyst (which consists of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and/or iridium), and proton conductive substance (which is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide). The electrolyte film is sulfone group-containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Mold: The thickness of the release material of the region of assembly casting mold where the board comprising the casting mold is attached and assembles with thickness of the release material of region of which the upper surface contacts the molten silicon is 1 mm or more and thickness of release material of other region is less than 1 mm. Each surface of the casting mold after application of release material is made even by combining casting mold inner surface of the region having release material coated to a thickness of 1 mm or more and hollowing along thickness of the release material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The release material consists of powder (100 mass parts) having melting point of more than the melting point (1414degreesC) of silicon and resin (1-200 mass parts) which generates carbon at a temperature of 100degreesC or more lesser than the melting point of silicon. The resin is primarily heat-hardened at 30-500degreesC or heat-carbonized at 200-1000degreesC in the casting mold. The resin is a phenol resin. The powder is quartz sand, silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide. The average particle diameter of quartz sand, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide is 0.1 mm or less, 50 microns or less and 1 mm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support device for the flexible conduit is coated with high lubricity material e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The module is sealed with a light transmitting sealant e.g. ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temporary tensioning device is made of a plastic material such as polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The second thickness of material comprises amorphous silicon layer. The optical coupling material comprises tin oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, or titanium dioxide. The first thickness of semiconductor material comprises single crystal silicon material. The optically transparent material comprises glass, quartz, or plastic substrate. The silane species comprises tri-silane, di-silane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, or monosilane. The germane species comprises germane or digermane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The thermal insulation sheet has a heat barrier consisting of the resin composition, and a metal thin film layer formed on one or both surfaces of the heat barrier. The thermal insulation sheet has inorganic acid compound surface-treated layer surface treated by silica or alumina and formed by gaseous phase method, and organic material surface-treated layer surface treated by organic compound chosen from siloxane compound, silane coupling agent, polyhydric alcohol, titanium coupling agent, alkanol amine or its derivative, and higher fatty acid or its metal salt. Preferred Resin: The resin is aliphatic polyester-type resin, acrylic resin, fluorine resin and/or polyolefin-type resin. The aliphatic polyester-type resin is lactic acidic polymer. Preferred Compound: The particle-like filler is titanium oxide. Preferred Composition: The content of titanium oxide in inorganic acid compound surface-treated layer and organic material surface-treated layer is 1-5 mass% and 0.01-5 mass%, respectively. The content of niobium and vanadium in titanium oxide is 10 ppm or less and 5 ppm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Construction: The melting temperature is 100-250degreesC. The metal is bismuth or preferably a bismuth alloy, specifically a lead-free alloy, especially a eutectic bismuth-tin alloy. The tubes (2) of the bundle are of polymer (specifically with a polymer membrane) and/or of ceramic and/or metal (specifically with a zeolite membrane). The tubes are bundled in random, contacting form and are spaced in a predetermined pattern. The axial length of the casting (5) is greater than the diameter of the bounding curve (3) of the tube bumdle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microfibers are constituted by polyolefin-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Polyvinyl alcohol is used as the binder of the negative electrode active material layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The truss is formed of an extruded metal e.g. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A truss is mounted to the frame and is pivotally connected to the base, where the truss is formed of glass reinforced thermoplastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The decal substrate comprises one of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The device for measuring open circuit voltages comprises voltmeter, multimeter, potentiometer or galvanometer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The composition controller is an electrochemical cell charger for charging electrochemical cell and/or an electrochemical cell discharger for discharging the electrochemical cell. The temperature controller comprises a heater or a cooler, selected from thermoelectric cooler (e.g. Peltier plate thermoelectric cooler), thermoelectric heater, resistive heater, temperature bath, heat pump or radiative cooler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte board is made of material selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The resin film of the copper-ion elution suppression unit consists of polyimide or polyimidoamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The chain-shaped inorganic compound fine particles and acicular inorganic compound fine particles has average chain length of 50-300 nm. Preferred Compounds: The inorganic compound fine particles are chosen from silica fine particles and alumina fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin base material consists of a polymethylmethacrylate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains acrylamide containing proton conductive group (in mol.%) (10-90) and unsaturated hydrocarbon-type monomer (10-90). The unsaturated-hydrocarbon type-monomer is styrene and proton-conductive group contains sulfonic acid group. The acrylamide is of formula (1).R1=hydrogen or alkyl group;R2=alkyl;andP=proton conductive group.Preferred Structure: A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly has the catalyst layer containing the catalyst layer formation material, arranged on both surfaces of polymer electrolyte membrane and a diffused layer arranged on both surface of the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer is contained in the anode side of polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. EXAMPLE - 5 wt.% acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid-co-styrene polymer solution (ATBS-co-st) (in g) (4.123) SA27-13RC (RTM: catalyst powder) (0.463) and pure water (4.630) was stirred for 30 minutes, to obtain catalyst layer formation material. Then, the material was sprayed on polytetrafluoroethylene sheet and dried at 5degreesC, to obtain anode catalyst layer having length of 22 microns and breadth of 22 microns. A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly was obtained from the catalyst layer. A fuel cell was obtained using the obtained polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. The obtained fuel cell had high electric power generation characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The impact-absorbing member is made of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or synthetic resin in an elastic porous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver particles are included at greater than or equal to 80 mass% based on the total amount of silver particles contained in the paste. EXAMPLE - A mixture containing silver particles (specific surface: 0.25 m2/g, 83.4 wt.%), glass frit (1.6 wt.%), and sintering auxiliary material (3.5 wt.%) was prepared. Terpineol solution (10 wt.%, containing 20% ethyl cellulose) was added to the mixture. Terpineol (0.9 wt.%) was added to adjust the viscosity. This mixture was pre-mixed in a mixer and kneaded, so that an electrode paste was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The oxide contained in negative electrode is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, Li2Ti3O7) or niobium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The micro graphite particles are separated from the mixture of micro graphite particles and graphite material. Preferred Conditions: The metal and metallic compound are in the form of powder. The temperature at which the metallic element and/or metal evaporate is 1500-3300degreesC. The mechanical energy is provided by a mechano-chemical processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic electrolyte contains phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The semiconductor device further has a temperature sensor and a sensor output circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive has hot-melt adhesive of ethylene vinyl acetate, polyamide, polyolefin and/or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, indium phosphide, cadmium telluride, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer further comprises a surfactant having hydrophobic moiety and a hydrophilic moiety at the same time. The hydrophobic moiety is alkyl group, perfluoro group or aromatic group, and the hydrophilic moiety is amine group, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, or sulfate group. The amount of the surfactant is 0.1-100 weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the total amount of the supporting material and the catalyst. The electrode further comprises an electrode material to support the catalyst layer. Slurry used for manufacturing catalyst layer contains supporting material, supported catalyst, dispersing medium, binder, and isopropyl alcohol (5-20) based on total amount (100) of catalyst and supporting material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder preferably comprises fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (20-50) based on the total amount (100) of the supporting material and the catalyst. The amount of fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer is 0.5-40 weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the total amount of the supporting material and the catalyst, when the electrode is used as an anode. The amount of fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer is 10-50 weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the total amount of the supporting material and the catalyst, when the electrode is used as cathode. The binder further comprises polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The constituent element of middle layer contains palladium. The middle layer contains lanthanum-iron-cobalt-palladium-oxide complex (LaFe0.57Co0.38Pd0.05O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent resin of low heat shrinkage percentage comprises polyimide resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin or polyethylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier and the ridges are made of plastic e.g. polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foaming agent includes foamed urethane and expanded polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The acrylic polymer further contains a structural unit (10-50) derived from (meth)acrylonitrile such that the sum total of all structural units is 100 mass%. Preferred Method: The acrylic polymer is obtained by solution-polymerizing (meth)acrylate monomer and (meth)acrylate monomer having a hydroxyl group or epoxy group, and reacting the obtained polymer with (meth)acrylate having isocyanate group or (meth)acrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphate metal-containing composition contains phosphate metal of composition: M1xM21-xP2O7, HaPbOc and/or crystalline phosphate hydrate of composition: M1(HPO4)2.nH2O.M1,M2,x=same as defined above;a=0 or less;b,c=less than 0;andn=1 or 2.The atomic ratio of phosphorus with respect to the metals in the composite material is larger than 2. The phosphate metal-containing composition is obtained by heat processing phosphoric acid raw material, metal (M1)-containing compound raw material and metal (M2)-containing compound raw material, at predetermined temperature. The phosphate metal composition (HaPbOc) is chosen from orthophosphoric acid, diphosphate, triphosphoric acid, cyclotriphosphoric acid, peroxy diphosphate, phosphorus pentoxide and peroxy phosphoric acid. Preferred Property: The composite material has electroconductivity of 0.01 S/cm or more at 100-250degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    y=2-5 (including 5);and    M2=indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The tape that is used as the heat conductor is made of aluminum. The pipe is made of steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elongated tube is made of rubber or plastic. The protective layer is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The front electrode comprises amorphous indium zinc oxide. The back electrode may also comprise indium zinc oxide. The amorphous silicon is hydrogenated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: A ratio indium/zinc in the front electrode comprising indium zinc oxide is 7/1-13/1 (preferably 8/1-10/1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mirrors are comprised of thermoformed plastic coated with a reflective film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of water absorbing repelling unit consists of fluorine-type polymer having functional group having hydrophilicity, preferably sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group and/or hydroxyl group, antimicrobial agent, fibrous acrylic-type polymer and fluorine-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The scale-like material is scale-like graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) further contains a binder which does not dissolve in alcohol or water. The binder is fluorine-containing polymeric-material, preferably cellulose polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkylene-oxide chain is ethylene-oxide chain, and the addition number-of-moles is 1-30. The reactive compound has two or more reactive functional groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The functional group in the copolymer is a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group derived from (meth)acrylic acid. Preferred Composition: The content of reactive compound (B) is 0.001-20 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of copolymer. The reactive compound and derivative having a reactive functional group are included in an amount of 0.01-20 wt.% with respect to 100 weight% of alpha,beta-unsaturated compound of the copolymer. The resin composition is a pressure-sensitive adhesive-agent composition. The content of organic fused salt is 0.1-1000 weight parts and content of iodine is 0-500 weight parts, with respect to 100 weight parts of resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid proton dissociative vinyl monomer is vinyl sulfonic acid. The liquid crosslinking agent is triaryl isocyanurate and has N-C=O bonding. EXAMPLE - The homogeneous mixing liquid containing vinyl sulfonic acid (in wt.pts) (50) as liquid proton dissociative monomer, triaryl isocyanurate (50) as liquid crosslinking agent and photoinitiator (0.1) was bubbled using nitrogen and immersed into hydrophobic porous base material having polyethylene porous membrane of thickness 38 microns, porosity of 43% and air-permeability of 610 seconds/100 cc. The porous membrane was pulled up from homogeneous mixing liquid and sealed to a polyethylene bag. The homogeneous mixing liquid was irradiated for 15 minutes. The vinyl sulfonic acid and triaryl isocyanurate were impregnated into porous film and polymerized. The film was stored at 50degreesC for 24 hours. After completion of polymerization, the film was removed, water washed and acid washed using hydrochloric acid, to form crosslinked electrolyte film. The crosslinked electrolyte film had moisture content of 23%, equivalence of 510, methanol permeability of 4 kg/m2 and proton conductivity of 11 S/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon-type polymer electrolyte is a compound having a benzene-ring structure in a principal chain. Preferred Method: The molecular weight of polymer electrolyte is reduced by controlling the concentration of hydrogen-peroxide solution to 0.1-35 mass%, the temperature of hydrogen-peroxide solution to 10-100degreesC, before contacting, and the immersion time of the electrolyte in the hydrogen-peroxide solution to 1-30 hours. Preferred Property: The peak top molecular weight in the molecular weight distribution of the molecular-weight-reduced polymer electrolyte is 5000-200000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The tris (perfluoroalkyl) trifluoro phosphate is preferably of formula (2): (P(C2F5)3F3)-. The drive electrolyte is alkali metal salt of tetraphenyl boric acid, or bis (perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl) imide salt. The drive electrolyte liquid further contains alkali metal, tetra alkyl ammonium, alkyl imidozolium, alkyl pyrrolidinium, alkyl pyridinium, water, and organic solvent which is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone and acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic complex is cis-bis (thiocyanate) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) complex, bis (tetrabutyl ammonium) cis-bis (thiocyanate) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-4'-carboxylate) ruthenium (II) complex, and/or tri (thiocyanate) (2,2',6',2"-terpyridyl-4,4',4"-tri carboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ionic conductive polymer is polyether sulfone-type polymer having at least one structural unit of formulae (I,II).n=0-6, preferably 1;x-z=0-4, however all of x-z are not 0;andAr=aromatic residue.Preferred Compound: The polyfunctional isocyanate compound is at least one bifunctional isocyanate group of formulae ((III-1)-(III-5)) or at least one trifunctional isocyanate group of formulae ((IV-1)-(IV-3)).p-r=1-6;andR,R',R"=aliphatic residue.Preferred Method: The heat cross-linkable polymeric composition is formed into film, heat processed, molded and dried to obtain cross-linked polymer solid electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - N,N-dimethyl acetamide solution (in g) (0.8), CORONATE L (RTM: sulfo methylated polyether sulfone) (5.3) were mixed, dissolved and heat cross-linkable polymeric composition was obtained. The polymeric composition was coated on a glass substrate to thickness of 300 microns. The coated substrate was dried at 140degreesC under reduced pressure for 1 hour, and cross-linked polymer electrolyte film having film thickness of 61.6 microns, proton conductivity of 0.0081 S/cm and methanol swelling rate of 2% was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The frame consists of steel and/or galvanized steel and/or high grade steel and/or aluminum and/or other metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Sealing compositions and/or adhesive compositions has butyl cord and elastic silicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The frame consists of plexiglass and/or PMMA and/or acryl glass and/or other plastics and/or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst has a compound comprising a material A chosen from a group consisting of strontium, calcium, magnesium, and beryllium, and a material B chosen from a group consisting of platinum, ruthenium, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, rhenium, technetium, titanium, iron, vanadium, chromium, manganese, copper, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery substrate comprises mica. The battery substrate comprises silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium, stainless steel, or polymer. The battery substrate is less than 25microns thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst includes platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealant composition comprises an alkenyl terminated polyisobutylene oligomer, a polyfunctional alkenyl monomer, a silyl hardener having greater than or equal to2 silicon hydride functional groups, and a hydrosilylation catalyst. It may comprise a radiation-curable acrylate, urethane, polyether, polyolefin, polyester, or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material is selected from Lithium Manganate and Lithium Cobaltate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder comprises polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin sheet is polypropylene, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or a thermoplastic polymer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) less than about 150degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is made from a constant coolant material, particularly polypropylene or a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer has boronic acid moiety is aromatic boronic acid, i.e. boronic acid substituted aniline, pyrrole, or thiophene. The boronic acid substituted aniline is 3-aminophenyl boronic acid. The fluoride is sodium fluoride, lithium fluoride, or potassium fluoride. The oxidizing agent is ammonium persulfate, ferric chloride, potassium iodide, potassium dichromate, or potassium permanganate. The aqueous acid solution is 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The polymer has morphology tunable by changing the solvent. The morphology is nanoparticle, nanofilm, nanofiber, or globular agglomerate network made of globules and fibers. The morphology is preferably nanoparticle with particle size tunable by varying rate of polymerization, preferably 2-100 nm, globular agglomerate network with particulate size of 50-500 nm, or nanofiber with diameter tunable by varying the reaction time, preferably at 15-200 nm. The nanofiber is 400 nm -5microns long.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, or octanol. The aliphatic alcohol is methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, or octanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: The method includes purification of polymer by centrifugation with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, dispersing polymer in solvent. Preferred Parameters: The reaction time is 5-24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive filler comprises a conductive material selected from graphite powder, carbon/graphite fibers, metal fibers, carbon nano-tubes, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, carbon blacks and/or metal particles. The carrier fluid comprises water, or compressed air.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoset resin binder and polymer matrix material are selected from unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl esters, epoxies, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, bismaleimide resins and/or polyurethane resins. The polymer matrix material comprises a material selected from a thermoset resin, an interpenetrating network, a semi-interpenetrating network and/or elastomer. The polymer binder comprises water soluble polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell is provided with catalyst support powder. EXAMPLE - Carbon powder (in g) (15), cation exchange resin solution (200), fluororesin (28) and methanol (600) were mixed. The resulting mixture was dried and granulated to obtain a mixed powder. The obtained mixed powder was impregnated into aqueous solution of tetra amine platinum chloride ((Pt(NH3)4)Cl2) and (Pt(NH3)4)2+ was adsorbed to cluster portion of cation exchange resin, then the mixed powder was washed and dried, and reduced at 180degreesC in hydrogen atmosphere to obtain catalyst support powder containing platinum (2.15 mass%) with good water-repellent property. A catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cell formed using the obtained catalyst support powder had excellent electroconductivity and water repellent property without fall in cell voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide. The cathode active material is carbon material, lithium metal or lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The matrix polymer contains polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile and/or metharylonitrile, and further contains polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene-monochloro trifluoro ethylene copolymer and/or polyvinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene-monomethyl maleate copolymer. Preferred Property: The surface thickness between anode and separator is more than zero to 20 microns. EXAMPLE - Cathode was obtained by using polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methyl pyrrolidone. Anode was obtained by using polyvinylidene fluoride, N-methyl pyrrolidone, lithium cobaltate and carbon black as electroconductivity agent. Ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate was mixed in the weight ratio of 4:6, and further mixed with hexafluoride phosphoric-acid, to form a matrix polymer containing 6.9% hexafluoropropylene. Dimethyl carbonate was further mixed to obtain sol-form electrolyte, and then solvent was volatilized to form gel-form electrolyte layer. The lithium ion polymer battery obtained using obtained cathode, anode and gel-form electrolyte had favorable energy density, circuit voltage defect, load characteristics and temperature characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The diacyl peroxide is of formula: (XO2S-(CF2CF2O)p-(CF(CF3)CF2O)q-CF(CF3)-C(=O)-O)2- or (XO2S-(CF2)r-C(=O)-O)2-, where X is halogen atom, p is 0 or 1, q is 0-4, p+q is 1 or more and r is 1-8. The nanocarbon is chosen from fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn and carbon nanocone. Preferred Process: Hydrolysis processing and acid-type processing are performed to obtained nanocarbon derivative, such that nanocarbon derivative having perfluoro alkylene-containing group of formula (4): -Rf-SO3H, where Rf is perfluoro alkylene group having ether property oxygen atom, is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous carbon fiber sheet has bulk density (Da) of region of thickness from surface of both surfaces to 50 microns of 0.4-0.6 g/cm3. The ratio of bulk density (Da) and bulk density (Db) of region of 20 microns of thickness direction center section of porous carbon fiber sheet is more than 1 and less than 6. The porous carbon fiber sheet has electrical resistance of 1-8 mOmegacm2 along thickness direction, bending strength of 10-100 MPa and thickness of 120-400 microns. The porous carbon fiber sheet has porous structure of two layers or more having different bulk density along thickness direction. The density of porous structure of both surfaces is higher than bulk density of internal porous structure. The porous carbon fiber sheet has symmetrical structure as center of thickness direction. Preferred Sheet: The porous carbon fiber sheet contains carbon short fiber and resin carbide which are dispersed, such that at least one portion of carbon short fiber is bonded with the resin carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover-plate comprises a rigid molding of a plastics material e.g. polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective material of the assembly is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel or steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal spring provided in nozzle head for maintaining liquid-fuel path in closed state, comprises gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel further comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fuel comprises an organic or hydrocarbon fuel material comprising methanol, ethanol, propanol, formic acid, isopropanol, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, dimethyl ether, trioxane, and/or formaldehyde. The organic fuel is methanol and the second ratio is approximately one-to-one on a molecular basis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The controlled-release material comprises a polymer gel. The controlled-release material comprises a first material composition that retains and releases water, and a second material composition that retains and releases the organic fuel. The controlled-release material comprises a water-absorbing material, and an organic fuel-absorbing material. The controlled-release material comprises a pervaporation material, vapor-permeating material, micro-filtration or ultra-filtration material, polymer containing an amorphous phase, lightly cross-linked polymer or polymer gel, ceramic- supported polymer material, and/or composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The micro-lenses are formed by coating a micro-lens layer with fat-soluble polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material layer of negative electrode contains silicon, tin, alloy or compound. The active material of positive electrode contains lithium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst contains nitrogen (0.01-0.2 atomic%) in edge surface of carbon net surface of carbon particles with respect to carbon on surface of carbon particles, and boron (0.01-0.7 atomic%) with respect to carbon on surface of carbon particles. Preferred Structure: The ratio of total area of acute component area and substantially flat component area in X-ray diffraction diagram corresponding to surface (002) reflection of carbon particles is 0.1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tolerance for the heights of the projections is set conforming to JISZ8103 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing gas is air supplied to modifier. The catalyst of layer (A) contains ruthenium supported by alumina, and the catalyst of layer (B) contains platinum supported by alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The ruthenium particles diffuse-joins and anchors to the outer surface of porous titanium. The ruthenium particles are subjected to surface oxidation. The porous titanium alternately comprises palladium particles dispersed and anchored to the outer surface of structure of porous titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The temperature responsive material comprises a polymer having a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion, and lower critical solution temperature. The polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer chosen from isopropyl acrylamide, vinyl methyl ether, pentafluoroacrylate, butyl acrylate, hydroxy ethyl acrylic acid, monomethyl ether acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinyl isobutyl amide, vinyl pyrrolidone, 2-carboxy isopropyl acrylamide, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose and/or hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. The temperature responsive material has discontinuous water absorptivity or drainage changes based on response temperature. Preferred Conditions: The response temperature of electrolyte in electrolyte film is temperature which generates electric power immediately from atmospheric temperature and is 0-80degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastics: The plastic is cross-linked polyacetal resin, polybutylene terephthalate resin containing comonomer component (5-20 mol%) or polybutylene terephthalate resin containing polyethylene terephthalate resin (5-30 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The base material is substance having linear molecule, or is a sheet material consisting of polymer or carbon material. EXAMPLE - Single wall carbon nanotube (1 mg) were dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide to form addition solution. 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1.2 g) and zinc nitrate tetrahydrate (11 g) were added to the addition solution. Complex particles (Zn4O(2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate anion)3.(dimethyl formamide)6) were precipitated on carbon nanotube surface. The complex binding group material were separated from solvent and again mixed with dimethyl formamide. Bulky complex bonding group material was immersed in chloroform for 24 hours. The guest molecule (dimethyl formamide) in the complex was substituted by chloroform. The chloroform was removed to form hydrogen absorption material. The obtained material had excellent hydrogen absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral filler is a metallic oxide e.g. titanium dioxide, silica, quartz, alumina or carbonate e.g. calcium carbonate, talc, mica, dolominte, montmorillonite, barium sulfate, zirconium silicate, ferrous ferric oxide, antimony oxide (e.g. antimony trioxide or antimony pentoxide), aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, huntite, hydromagnesite or electricity conducting filler e.g. carbon black or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV absorber is benzotriazole, benzophenone, benzylidene malonate or quinazoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The PVDF comprises a fluorinated comonomer at 5-20, preferably 7-13 wt.% and vinylidene 80-95, preferably 87-93 wt.%. The PVDF of (III) is a PVDF homopolymer. The fluorinated comonomer is vinyl fluoride, trifluoroethylene (VF3), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), 1,2-difluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), perfluoro(alkyl vinyl) ethers e.g. perfluoro (methyl vinyl)ether, perfluoro (ethyl vinyl)ether or perfluoro (propyl vinyl)ether, perfluoro(1,3-dioxole) or perfluoro (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole), preferably VF3, CTFE, TFE or HFP. The PMMA comprises (meth)(1-8 carbon alkyl)acrylate at 0-20, preferably 5-15 wt.%. The (meth)(1-8 carbon alkyl)acrylate is methyl acrylate and/or ethyl acrylate. The adhesive layer comprises a urethane-, epoxy-, acrylic resin- or polyester adhesive. The polyalkylene glycol is a polyethylene glycol has a number average molecular weight of 1000-10000 g/mol. EXAMPLE - A polyurethane adhesive and a polyethylene terephthalate substrate were deposited on a monolayer film (15 microns) (having polyvinylidene fluoride (60 wt.%), titanium oxide (15 wt.%) and polymethyl methacrylate (25 wt.%)) successively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation layer is made of a photocuring resin, and a polymer e.g. sclerosing paint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective circuit board and the bare cell are coupled with molding resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal component comprises aluminum, aluminum alloy and their mixture. The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide. The insulating layer has thickness of 10-60 microns, preferably 20-50 microns, more preferably 30-45 microns. The anodized layer is formed by performing electrolysis in an electrolytic bath containing an acid electrolyte solution. The insulating layer has inorganic oxide layer and resin layer. Preferred Solution: The acid electrolyte solution is chosen from a sulfuric acid solution and an oxalic acid solution. Preferred Component: A rechargeable battery module (100) has several unit cells electrically coupled to each other with a predetermined interval, and cell barrier interposed between the unit cells to electrically insulate each unit cell. The each unit cell comprises an electrode assembly comprising an anode, a cathode, and an insulating separator interposed between the electrodes, a case (14) having a space for housing the electrode assembly, a cap plate (17) connected to the case, to close and seal the electrode assembly within the case, a positive terminal (21) electrically connected to the anode and outwardly protruding from the cap plate, and a negative terminal (22) electrically connected to the cathode and outwardly protruding from the cap plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin layer is chosen from a fluorinated resin, an epoxy resin and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: An electrode is connected to the photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticles: The nanoparticles layer contains nanoparticles of different size, chosen from silicon, germanium, indium phosphorus, gallium arsenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc telluride, zinc cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper selenide and indium gallium arsenide. The nanoparticles are in the shape of rods, tubes, wires or spheres. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is made of ceramics, glass, polymer or semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of conductive material assembly comprises aluminum, molybdenum, copper, steel, nickel, silver, gold, or alloy. The conductive tape comprises a silver, copper, nickel, graphite, or aluminum deposit. The inner coaxial layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS), while the outer coaxial layer comprises CdS, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, or doped ZnO. The transparent conductive oxide layer is made of tin oxide SnO, with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide (ZnO) or combination.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of the assembly is made of polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly tetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: At least a portion of the nanostructures comprises Group II-VI, Group III-V, or Group I-V semiconductors or their alloys. The population of nanostructures comprises nanorods, comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury telluride, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, indium antimonide, silicon, germanium, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimonide, lead selenide, and/or lead telluride. The population of nanorods comprises a core of first inorganic material and a shell of a second inorganic material. The core comprises CdSe and the shell comprises CdTe. The core comprises InP and the shell comprises GaAs. At least one of the first and second electrodes comprises a reflective metal comprising aluminum, calcium, nickel, or copper. The high resistivity transparent film comprises aluminum oxide deposited by an atomic layer deposition process. The inorganic photoactive layer is a sintered layer. Preferred Method: The sintered layer is sintered to undergo crystal grain growth, or recrystallization and crystal grain growth. The sintered layer is formed by exposing the inorganic photoactive layer to cadmium chloride and then heating the cadmium chloride-exposed layer in air at an 400degreesC for approximately 15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Layers: The high molecular compound is used for forming light emitting layer of polymeric light emitting element. The light emitting layer is formed between anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred (Disclosed): High molecular compound is obtained by polymerization of compound having aldehyde group and compound having phosphonium salt by Wittig reaction. EXAMPLE - Monomer (in g) (0.7) of formula (3) and bis(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)phenyl phosphine (0.11 g) were dissolved in 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.56). Then, bis(1,5-cyclo-octadiene)nickel (0) (1) was added to the solution and reacted at room temperature for 24 hours. Further, methanol (40 ml) and ion exchange water (40 ml) were added and reprecipitated. The solution was maintained over night at room temperature and filtered. The precipitate was dried to form high molecular compound (0.17) of formula (5) having number average molecular weight of 2x104 and weight average molecular weight of 6.3x104. The high molecular compound showed excellent fluorescent characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive and negative electrode active materials are lithium-manganese group complex oxide and crystalline carbon material or amorphous carbon material respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator contains polyester type resin, aramid type resin, or polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectrochemical particles comprise a powder such as titanium oxide, strontium-titanium oxide, tantalum oxynitride, tantalum nitride, strontium-tantalum oxygen nitride, calcium-tantalum oxygen nitride, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, or lutetium-tantalum oxygen nitride. The photoelectrochemical particles may comprise an n-type semiconductor powder such that oxygen is formed within an anterior compartment and hydrogen is formed within the posterior compartment or p-type semiconductor powder such that hydrogen is formed within the anterior compartment and oxygen is formed within the posterior compartment. The catalyst comprises platinum, nitrogen, hydrogenase, or oxygenase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the block copolymer sub-cells further comprises conjugated donor blocks and conjugated acceptor blocks which are alternately joined by non-conjugated and flexible bridge chains and are further formed into a tertiary bicontinuous nano-morphology layer in the form of columns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic laminate film is formed of layers of acryl and polyester. It has a multi-layer structure having layers of acryl and layers of polyester stacked in 400-500 layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The solid polymer electrolyte is further coated on the surface of porous holder, after supporting metal catalyst, and the electrode (E) is obtained. A solid polymer electrolyte membrane is interposed between electrode (E) and another electrode to obtain a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. EXAMPLE - Vulcan XC-72R (RTM: carbon particles) and polytetrafluoroethylene particles dispersion were mixed to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was applied on water-repellent carbon paper (electroconductive porous component), and baked at 360degreesC for 1 hour in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a porous holder. The obtained porous holder was immersed into Nafion (RTM: alcoholic solution) (5 wt.%) and chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6) solution. Chloroplatinic ion ((PtCl6)2-) was adsorbed to interface of carbon and proton conduction path. Reduction was carried out in hydrogen/nitrogen atmosphere at 150degreesC after washing by pure water. Platinum was selectively supported to the interface, after drying. The resulting product was immersed into hydrochloric acid solution (1 mol/l), and unnecessary residue (H2PtCl6) was removed to obtain an electrode. Load of platinum was approximately 0.1 mg/cm2. The ratio of formation of three-phase interface was improved. A fuel cell was economically formed using the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery cover has an insulation packing (9) interposed between lid (8) and terminal (10). The lid and/or terminal have electric potential of the cathode. The armored can has electric potential of cathode, and insulation film is also provided to the inner surface of armored can.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The insulation film is formed using polyvinylidene fluoride, water glass or rubber-type material. The rubber-type material is butyl rubber and/or polyisobutylene rubber. EXAMPLE - Carbon black (in mass%) (3) and manganese dioxide (92), were mixed for 5 minutes. The obtained mixture having solid content of 20 mass% was mixed with water for 5 minutes. The resulting solution was added to polyvinylidene fluoride dispersion, and diluted with water to obtain an anode mix. The obtained anode mix was used for forming anode mix sheet. An anode collector made from SUS316 (RTM: stainless steel) was interposed between anode mix sheets to obtain strip-shaped anode having width of 37 mm. A cathode lead made from nickel was bonded to metal lithium foil having length of 50 mm, width of 37 mm and thickness of 0.3 mm. Then, metal lithium foil was arranged on copper foil to obtain strip-shaped cathode. A solution obtained by dissolving KF polymer #1120 (RTM: polyvinylidene fluoride) (12) to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used, and an insulation film was formed at metal exposure portion. A non-aqueous solution obtained by dissolving lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) (0.5 mol/l) in mixed solvent containing propylene carbonate and dimethoxy ethane in volume ratio of 1:2, was injected into armored can. The anode, cathode and separator were combined to obtain an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly and armored can were welded to obtain a cylindrical non-aqueous electrolyte primary battery. The cylindrical non-aqueous electrolyte primary battery had excellent reliability for a long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass composition of homogenizer contains 67-75 % silicon dioxide, 4-7 % sodium oxide, 9-15 % boric oxide, 0.5-4 % aluminum oxide, 1-12 % potassium oxide, 0-4 % barium oxide, 0-3 % magnesium oxide, 0-2 % calcium oxide, 0-3 % zirconium oxide and 0.02-0.4 % antimony oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The silicon compound film comprises silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spacer consists of materials such as glass, quartz, alumina and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spacer also consists of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide and polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent consists of substance such as acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyisobutylene resin, urethane resin, silicone resin, ionomer resin, polyolefin resin, glass frit, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode active material is a lithium transition metal oxide, a lithium transition metal phosphoric acid compound or a lithium transition metal sulfuric acid compound. The cathode active material is a carbon material, a lithium transition metal compound or a lithium metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal separator has surface layer and base-material layer containing metal material. The surface layer is laminated at the electrolyte electrode joint-conjugant side of base material. The outermost surface of surface layer contains titanium heminitride. Preferred Property: The area ratio of titanium heminitride is 50% or more. Preferred Condition: The nitridation temperature is 700-1050degreesC. EXAMPLE - Titanium board having thickness of 0.3 mm was press-formed, to form gas passageway. Then, press-formed material was exposed to nitrogen atmosphere, to form nitride of titanium, which was electrolyte electrode joint-conjugant side. The pure titanium board was heated at 800degreesC for 2 hours. Thus, separator was obtained. X-ray diffraction pattern showed the presence of titanium nitride on the outermost surface. The separator had excellent corrosion resistance and variation in contact-resistance value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of silica and alumina in the zeolite is 2-10. The reaction temperature is 100degreesC or less. The concentration of methanol in hydrocarbon-type fuel is 1 mass ppm or more. The hydrocarbon-type fuel contains water (1 mass ppm or more).Preferred Components: Zeolite is faujasite-type zeolite. The zeolite-type desulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion-exchange of zeolite with silver and copper. EXAMPLE - Alumina binder (in kg) (5) was mixed with a NaX type zeolite powder ion-exchanged with silver and copper (30), and extrusion molding was carried out to obtain desulfurizing agent. A liquefied petroleum gas was desulfurized using the obtained desulfurizing agent. The sulfur content of the outlet gas after 170 hours was found to be 20 mass ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The organic thin film is covalently bonded on the silicone fine particle surface through silicon molecule containing functional group, by one end to another end. The functional group is a reactive functional group. The reactive functional group is functional group having reactivity, photoreactivity, radical reactivity or ionic reaction property, preferably epoxy group, amino group or chalcone group. Preferred Film: The organic thin film covalently bonded to the surface is a monolayer. Preferred Catalyst: The silanol condensation catalyst used in the manufacture of the silicone fine particles, is ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound.
EXAMPLE - A dispersion liquid was obtained by dispersing rayon pulp and bleached soft wood pulp in water, and the dispersion liquid was paper-made into a sheet. The sheet was dried and a resin solution obtained by dissolving phenol resin in ethanol was impregnated into the sheet. The sheet was dried at normal temperature, semi-hardened at 100degreesC, and several sheets were laminated. The laminate was hot-pressure molded at 150degreesC and bake-carbonized at 1000degreesC. The obtained porous carbon material was subjected to ozone oxidation treatment, to obtain a hydrophilic porous carbon material. The carbon material had excellent hydrophilicity and material strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte component is water-soluble resin having photosensitive group obtained by carrying out pendant of azide, stilbene or chalcone photosensitive group to polyvinyl alcohol acetate saponified material or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The resin fiber is biodegradable resin fiber chosen from polylactic acid fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyethylene fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyurethane fiber, polyester fiber, nylon fiber and acrylic fiber. The resin fiber has length of 2 mm or more and diameter of 2 microns or more. The content of resin fiber in 100 mass% of the liquid is 2-40 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The basic molecular structure is pyridylene group. The cross linked matrix polymer contains molecular structure of formula (1): -(R1-NH-C(=O)-NH-R2-NH-C(=O)-NH)-, contains urea bond (1-100 mol%) in a molecule. The matrix polymer contains molecular structure of formula (2) which contains parabanic acid structure (1-100 mol%) in a molecule. The parabanic acid structure is formed by converting the urea bond. The matrix polymer contains poly parabanic acid resin.R1,R3=-C6H4-CH2-C6H4-, or -C6H4-O-C6H4-;andR2,R4=pryidylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains molecular structure of formula (2-4).R1=same as defined above;R2=group chosen from group of formula (d,e);r,m=1-100000;o=2-50000;R3=group of formula (f);andp=1-30000.The molecular structure (1-4) is formed by converting urethane bond in parabanic acid structure ((CO)3N2 group). The electrolyte contains polyparabanic acid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer case includes steel, stainless steel, aluminum, copper, and metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery pack is made of polymer. The polymer battery pack comprises polymer battery e.g. rechargeable lithium polymer battery, and molding resin. The outer case includes plastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material capable of absorbing an electrolyte and swelling when absorbing the electrolyte is a polymer material e.g. an ester group or a carboxylic group, polyvinyliden fluoride, polybutadiene, and polyisoprene. The material layer is made up of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mold resin part is located between the cap plate and the protection circuit board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte thin film is selected from cerium oxide:gadolinium oxide (CeO2:Gd2O3) (CGO), yttrium stabilized zirconia (ZrO2:Y2O3) (YSZ), and doped or undoped oxide ion conductors that exhibit the crystal structure of fluorites, corundum, perovskite, tungsten bronzes, pyrochlores or Aurivilius phases. The porous anode film is selected from nickel oxides (NiOx) and Ni-(electrolyte) composite. The porous cathode film is selected from a porous mixed conductor such as lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxides (LaSr)(CoFe)O3 (LSCF) or La1xSrxCoO3 (LSCO); and composites of an electronically conductive oxide and an ionically conductive oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic grid is made from at least one metal selected from nickel, copper, platinum, chromium, molybdenum, silver, cobalt, and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic: The film strip is made of plastic film, conductive plastic film or conductive rubber film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is non-polar hydrocarbon group organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hardenable fluororesin is hardenable fluororesin soluble in organic solvent. The hardenable fluororesin is hydroxyl-containing fluorine- containing copolymer having hydroxyl value of more than 5 mgKOH/g, and total of hydroxyl value and acid value of more than 30 mgKOH/g. Preferred Hardener: The hardener is isocyanate group hardener or amino resin hardener. Preferred Layer: The top coat layer of fluororesin cured material is directly provided on transparent resin layer. The transparent resin layer has light transmittance of 80% or more. The transparent resin layer is polycarbonate layer, polyethylene terephthalate layer or acrylic resin layer. EXAMPLE - Veova 9 (RTM: vinyl monomer) (in mass parts) (554.5), vinylbenzoate (69.1), butyl acetate (2500) and 4-hydroxy butyl vinylether (83.5) were added to autoclave and pressure was reduced. Tetrafluoro ethylene (280) was added and heated. Perbutyl PV (RTM: peroxide group polymerization initiator) (28.38) was added and polymerized. Fluorine-containing copolymer having number average molecular weight of 9000 and glass transition temperature of 30degreesC was obtained. The obtained copolymer (100) was dissolved in coal tar naphtha (100) to obtain solution having solid content of 50 mass%. Duranate TSA-100 (RTM: isocyanate group hardener) (15.3), ultraviolet absorber (4), gamma-glycidoxy propyl triethoxy silane (10) and coal tar naphtha (50) were mixed to obtain coating material composition. A laminated film having transparent resin layer and top coat layer formed using the coating material composition was manufactured. The laminated film had favorable transparency, workability, solvent resistance, weather resistance and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tile and the track system are made of polymer or thermoplastic elastomer materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The antimony doped glass exhibits a minimum of 90 percent transmittance when measured over the spectral range from 350 nm to 2500 nm under Method A of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-E424 and spectral distribution of ASTM-E892. The glass may be tempered, preferably in compliance with ASTM C-1048.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive particles comprise carbon particles selected from graphite, amorphous carbon, active carbon, or carbon black; and a metal oxide selected from titanium, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, or cobalt. The layer additionally comprises nanotubes containing carbon or an oxide of manganese, titanium, or tungsten. The weight of the nanotubes is at least 0.1% of the weight of the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylformamide. The second solvent is water. The mixture has a viscosity of at least 3000 (preferably at least 200000) centipoise.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride or a polysulfone. The weight ratio of the polymer and the electrically conductive particles is at most 2:1 or at least 1:2. The porous layer has an air permeability of at least 0.5 cfm; and has a through-plane resistivity of at most 4 ohm-cm. The weight of the polymer is at most 7 (preferably at least 3) wt.% of the first solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte is an alkaline hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The gas diffusion layer comprises carbon black and a binder. The catalyst layer comprises a metal oxide catalyst and/or a perovskite catalyst. The conductive particulate of catalyst layer is carbon-based. The metal hydride of metal hydride anode is a LaNi5 hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high-pressure container/vessel comprises steel. The catalyst layer comprises a metal catalyst such as silver or manganese. The conductive additive of metal hydride anode comprises nickel powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen storage material of gas diffusion layer, include metal-organic framework materials or ceria-based ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder of metal hydride anode comprises polytetrafluoroethylene and/or carboxymethylcellulose. The insulator plates and the high-pressure container/vessel comprise plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate is nickel plate, copper plate or copper alloy plate including phosphor bronze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The panel comprises an optically transparent glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorescent dye comprises anthranones, anthraquinones, croconines, monoazos, diazos, trisazos, benzimidazolones, diketo pyrrole pyrroles, dioxazines, diarylides, indanthrones, isoindolines, isoindolinones, naphthols, perinones, ansanthrones, dibenzpyrenequinones, pyranthrones, bioranthorones, isobioranthorone, phthalocyanines, pryanthrones, quinacidones, quinophthalones, squaraines, squarilyiums, leuco dyes, deuterated leuco dyes and their derivatives; 3,3'-diethyloxycarbocyanine iodide, cresyl violet 670 perchlorate, perylenes, perylenic acid anhydride or perylenic acid imide; diphenylmethane, and triphenylmethane, type pigments; cyanine and azomethine type pigments; indigoid type pigments; bisbenzoimidazole type pigments; azulenium salts; pyrylium salts; thiapyrylium salts; benzopyrylium salts; leuco-azine dyes; acridines; di-and tri-arylmethane, dyes; quinoneamines; o-nitro-substituted arylidene dyes and/or aryl nitrone dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The panel comprises an optically transparent organic polymer (preferably polycarbonate, polyester, polystyrene, and/or polymethylmethacrylate; or is a blend of a polycarbonate with polyester). The polyester is polyarylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, poly(1,4-cyclohexane-dimethanol-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), poly(cyclohexanedimethanol-co-ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate) and/or poly(butylene naphthalate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises at least one of glass, ceramic, or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoactive material comprises titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and/or copper oxide (CuO). The self-cleaning coating comprises at least one of an oxide of aluminum, titanium, zirconium, silicon, tin, iron, magnesium, calcium, or tungsten. It comprises the nanocrystals of a photoactive material. The coating composition comprises calcium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating composition comprises at least one of Al(OPr)3, Ti(OPr)4, Zr(OPr)4, Si(OEt)4, Sn(OBu)4, SnCl4, SnBu2O/acetate, Fe(OEt)2, or Mg(OEt)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises plastic. EXAMPLE - Photoactive nanocrystals were added to the vapor stream of a chemical vapor deposition process. A carrier gas containing titanium dioxide nanocrystals was contacted with a gas stream containing tin chloride and a fluorinated ester. The gas/vapor mixture was contacted with a heated glass substrate. A dot of dye decreased in intensity of illumination, while a film of tin oxide:fluorine formed under similar conditions (but without the photoactive nanocrystals) did not show self-cleaning properties. On sputter deposition, film was obtained having embedded photoactive nanocrystals, and possessed self-cleaning properties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid in the solar cell module consists of organic solvent, d-limonene, xylene and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium oxide solid content of particles (A) is 100 mass% and that of particles (B) is 1-90 mass%.Preferred Property: Particles (B) have an anatase structure.Preferred Process: An aqueous solution of water-soluble titanium salt having a titania concentration of 0.5-10 mass% is maintained at 40-75degreesC. An aqueous slurry of precipitated titanium hydroxide having a pH of 4.5-6.5 is formed by adding a water-soluble alkali at 0.033-2 equivalent ratio in 1 minute, into the aqueous solution w.r.t 1 equivalent of acid radical contained in titanium salt. The precipitated titanium hydroxide is recovered by removing impurities and water contained in the slurry. A water-soluble acid of 0.05-0.5 equivalent w.r.t aqueous medium is mixed with 1 mol. of precipitated titanium hydroxide, to obtain a reaction mixture of precipitated titanium hydroxide (1-45 mass% by titania conversion). The hydroxide and water-soluble acid are reacted until hydrosol of amorphous titanium oxide (1-45 mass%) is formed, by maintaining the reaction temperature at freezing point-boiling point. Thus, fine particles (B) are obtained. The aqueous medium in the hydrosol is substituted with an organic solvent (dispersion medium) having a boiling point of 100-210degreesC. Alternately, water is contained as dispersion medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersion liquid further contains a macromolecule having affinity w.r.t water, and a silane-coupling agent (1-30 mass%). The macromolecule is a solid at 25degreesC, and is preferably polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol. The solid content of macromolecule is 0.01-30 mass% w.r.t 100 mass% of fine particles.Preferred Properties: A porous membrane formed using the dispersion liquid has a film thickness of 5-50 microns and contains a visible-light absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A translucent adhesive agent of solar cell module contains an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The circuit board is a glass substrate or polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is lithium salt. Preferred Composition: The ratio of electrolyte salt with respect to total amount of electrolyte salt and swelling polymer is 0.1-90 wt.%. The ratio of lithium salt with respect to total amount of lithium salt and swelling polymer is 10-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: An electrolyte is obtained by impregnating solvent into porous film, and swelling polymer. An electrode is bonded with porous film by pressure. A porous film/electrode laminate is obtained. The solvent is impregnated into laminate and polymer is swollen, and electrode/electrolyte element is manufactured. Preferred Polymer: The swelling polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene) copolymer or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The metal salt is lithium-di-oxalic-acid boroxide and/or difluoro (oxolato-O,O') lithium borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carboxylate ester is gamma-butyrolactone and/or gamma-valerolactone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte further contains polymer of vinylidene fluoride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile or methyl-methacrylate.
EXAMPLE - Vinyl trimethoxysilane (in wt.pts) (2.5) and dicumylperoxide (0.1), were mixed with metallocene linear low density polyethylene (100) having density of 0.898 g/cm3, were heat-mixed at 200degreesC, to obtain silane modified resin. Metallocene linear low density polyethylene powder (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, metallocene low density polyethylene pellets (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorbers (3.75), hindered amine light stabilizer (5) and phosphorus-type heat stabilizing agent (0.5), were heat-mixed, to obtain master batch. The obtained silane modified resin (20), master batch (5) and metallocene linear low density polyethylene (80) having density of 0.905 g/cm3, were mixed to obtain filler. The obtained filler had favorable haze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a compound comprising water or a weak acid and a photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water upon receiving light or heat. The solar battery includes a positive electrode substrate that is a compound formed by mixing particles and fibers of a conductor to desired ratio that can emit electromagnetic waves with at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions and active carbon, or their compound. The positive electrode substrate is made from active carbon or active carbon fibers. The photo catalyst is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, cadmium sulfide, or zinc sulfide formed at a nanometer scale. The solar battery includes a non-photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water in no light or heat condition. The non-photo catalyst is at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions, active carbon, or an acid root. The solar battery has an absorbent located between the positive electrode substrate and the film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar battery includes a negative electrode substrate from aluminum, zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium, alloys of aluminum and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium and magnesium, alloys of zinc and lithium, alloys of zinc and magnesium, or alloys of zinc and lithium and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film is made from polymers or a conversion coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wiring element is a copper wire or a copper foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fillers and filler sheet are formed of a material selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, silicone and polyvinylbutyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foil consists of polyvinyl acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current-collecting plates are made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas supplied to the anode of the fuel cell, contains hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The compatible adhesive polymer is functional acrylic polymer or amine functional acrylic polymer. The coating composition comprises pigment. The fluoropolymer is in the form of dispersion particles in the solvent from dimethylacetamide, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone, or dimethylsulfoxide. The polymeric substrate is film and comprises a primer layer on its surface providing the functional groups that interact with the compatible adhesive polymer to promote bonding of the fluoropolymer coating to the substrate. The functional groups on the surface of the polymeric substrate are carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, aziridine, amine, isocyanate, melamine, epoxy, hydroxy, and/or anhydride. The compatible adhesive polymer is functional acrylic polymer. Preferred Composition: The fluoropolymer is homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl fluoride comprising at least 60 or at least 80 mol.% vinyl fluoride or homopolymers and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride comprising at least 60 or at least 80 mol.% vinylidene fluoride. The coating composition comprises 1-40 wt.% of the compatible adhesive polymer based on fluoropolymer solids content, and 1-35 wt.% pigment based on fluoropolymer solids content. EXAMPLE - Bonding polyvinylidene fluoride based coatings containing an amine functional acrylic adhesive (2.8 wt.%) were used to coat polyethylene terephthalate films previously primed with polyethyleneimine or ethylene acrylic acid copolymer. Results show that more adhesive polymer was better. Results indicated that no significant bonding was achieved in the absence of the adhesive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The conductive filler comprises carbon black, a carbon fiber, graphite or metallic filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The disulfide compound comprises benzothiazole disulfide, tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, isopropylthiuram disulfide, phenylethylthiuram disulfide and 2, 2' -benzothiazolyl disulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The reflective material comprises glass that is a metallic reflective coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The reflective material comprises a metallic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric layer comprises a fiber reinforced material. A first section of the polymeric core is composed of first polymeric material and a second section of polymeric core is composed of second polymeric material. The hood is formed from a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenated compound comprises calcium hydride, magnesium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride and magnesium borohydride. The fatty substance comprises silicone oil, a mineral oil, a vegetable oil or petroleum oil.Preferred Process: The hydrogenated compound is in the form of solid block on which one or more drops of the fatty substance are deposited.The water is maintained at a pH value of less than 7, and mixed with a catalyst.The catalyst comprises a cobalt salt such as cobalt(II) chloride, or a ruthenium salt, preferably potassium-ruthenium chloride and ruthenium chloride.The water comprises an antifreeze liquid (15%).Hydride compound is obtained by mixing a hydrogenated powder compound with one or more drops of the fatty substances to form the solid block.The hydrogenated compound is in the form of solid and a pastille comprising a cavity to contain one or more drops of the fatty substance.The hydrogenated compound is surrounded by a layer of the fatty substance.The hydrogenated compound and the fatty substance are separated before the production of hydrogen, and contacted at the beginning of the hydrogen production.The hydrogenated compound and fatty substance are carried out by a relative movement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antifreeze liquid comprises an alcohol/polyalcohol such as ethanol, methanol or 1,2-ethanediol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is a-sapphire, c-sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon, scandium-aluminum-oxide and zinc oxide in the form of foils or sheets or metal foils or sheets. The conductive layer is formed of a compound of indium, tin oxide, zinc oxide, optionally doped with tin, elementary metal, gold, silver, nickel, and/or composites and their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is glass, quartz glass, organic polymers, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The binder is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nickel-containing lithium composite metal oxide is represented by a formula LiNixMyLzO2.M=at least one of Co and Mn;L=Al, Mg, Ca, Si, and/or Ti;x=0.3-0.9;y=0.1-0.5; andz=0.005-0.1. EXAMPLE - A lithium nickel composite oxide was used as the active material. A positive electrode material mixture paste was applied onto both surfaces of a current collector made of aluminum foil, which was then dried and rolled to form positive electrode material mixture layers integrally with the current collector. A positive electrode was produced. A negative electrode material mixture paste was prepared by mixing 100 pbw spherical natural graphite powder with 1 pbw BM-400B(RTM: core-shell rubber particles containing an acrylonitrile group in the core and having a styrene group incorporated in the shell), 1 pbw carboxymethyl cellulose, and water. The negative electrode material mixture paste was applied onto both surfaces of current collector. A negative electrode was produced. The positive electrode and the negative electrode were spirally wound with separator made of polypropylene interposed in between. A cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery having an outer diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65 mm was produced (nominal capacity, 2800 mAh).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The protective tape is made of polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate is composed of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, stainless steel, gold and mono-metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The foodstuffs waste material contains beer lees and Japanese-apricot species residue. Preferred Process: The carbide is supported with platinum fine particles. Preferred Cell: The fuel cell (100) contains fuel electrode (10) and air electrode (20) containing carbide of foodstuffs waste material, and electrolyte substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The haze value of the transparent non-electroconductive resin layer as measured by the method in accordance with JISK 7105 is 10% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid crystal layer contains mixture of 1-70 wt.% of transparent polymeric solid, and chiral nematic liquid crystal containing 1-80 wt.% of chiral dopant in liquid crystal component. The chiral dopant is mixture of cholesteric liquid crystal and dielectric liquid crystal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent non-electroconductive resin layer contains transparent thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal is an alkali metal, an alkaline-earth metal, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, ruthenium, palladium, silver and/or gold or their ions. The metal oxide and carbon-type compound are an electroconductive material.Preferred Process: During production of the catalyst, the cyanuric chloride melamine polymer dissolves cyanuric chloride and melamine polymer in an organic solvent and mixed with tertiary amine. Then the solution is heat processed at 200degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The s-triazine ring derivative is a cyanuric chloride melamine polymer. EXAMPLE - Cyanuric chloride (g) (2.2) was dissolved in a mixture containing (50 ml) toluene and dimethylsulfoxide into which melamine (1.51) was added polymer and refluxed at 120degreesC for 2 hours. Then, to the reaction mixture pyridine (4.3) was added and refluxed at 150degreesC for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered and washed, to obtain yellow-white color cyanuric chloride melamine polymer. The obtained cyanuric chloride melamine polymer (0.3), cobalt chloride (0.39) and ethanol (30 ml) were added, dispersed and baked at 700degreesC for 2 hours in presence of nitrogen. Then, the obtained powder was stirred with 0.5M sulfuric acid at 80degreesC for 1 hour, filtered and surplus cobalt was washed, to obtain composite material of carbon-nitrogen component and metal. The content of cobalt was 14%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of aluminum, silver, tin and/or lead in the lithium-aluminum, silver, tin and/or lead alloy is 1-30%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nitroxide radical polymerized material contains structural unit having any one of formulae (1-8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ion exchange capacity of the aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte film is 0.5-1.6 meq/g. Preferred Condition: The hot press temperature is -20degreesC to 20degreesC with respect to initial softening temperature of the aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte film. Preferred Electrode: The electrode of the assembly contains aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in mol) (0.014), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (0.36), SPECIANOL DPE-PL (RTM: terminal hydroxyl group-containing phenylene ether oligomer) (0.05), potassium carbonate (0.065) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (100 ml) were heat-stirred at 195-200degreesC and reacted for 11 hours. The polymerization liquid was cooled and filtered. The filtrate was washed and dried to obtain aromatic hydrocarbon group polyelectrolyte. The obtained polymer (10 g) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (40 g), and cast uniformly on a glass plate. The glass plate was heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour, 120degreesC for 0.5 hour and 150degreesC for 0.5 hour, and dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 150degreesC for 2 hours. The film was peeled from the glass plate, immersed in water and subsequently in sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The film was water-washed and dried in air, to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane. The thickness, initial softening temperature, and ion exchange capacity of the obtained electrolyte membrane was 33 microns, 148degreesC and 0.96 meq/g, respectively. An assembly of the polymer electrolyte membrane and electrode was formed. The assembly had favorable bondability. A fuel cell using the assembly had favorable electric power generating efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing compound is photocurable sealing compound. The (B) component contains cationic initiator (B1) and radical polymerization initiator (B2). The sealing compound further contains polyfunctional epoxy resin (C) having glycidyl group in side chain. Preferred Process: The sealing compound is obtained by blending (B) component (in weight parts) (0.5-10) and (C) component (10-90) with respect to (A) component (100). EXAMPLE - YX8034 (RTM: hydrogenated bisphenol-A epoxy resin) (in weight parts) (100), Darocur 1173 (RTM: optical radical polymerization supporting agent) (1) and SP-170 (RTM: photo cationic polymerization initiated) (1) were stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour to obtained a composition. Glass fiber (3 wt.%) having particle size of 15 mm was added to the obtained composition and stirred to obtain a sealing compound. A dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained using the obtained sealing compound. The dye-sensitized solar cell had excellent electrolyte liquid proof characteristics and high yield electric power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel bag is formed on material selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene-ternary type rubber (EPDM), polyvinyl-acetate-ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (PVAc-EVA), polyvinyl chloride, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: 20-70 wt.% of the catalyst metal support nano materials is contained in a catalyst layer. EXAMPLE - Polyarylene having sulfonic acid group, ion exchange capacity of 2 meq/g and weight average molecular weight of 116000, was prepared using 3-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)benzene sulfonic acid neopentyl, 2,5-dichloro benzophenone, 4-chloro benzophenone, bis(triphenyl phosphine) nickel dichloride, triphenyl phosphine, sodium iodide and zinc. Platinum supported carbon nano fiber was prepared using carbon nano fiber (obtained using copper-nickel alloy), chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution and aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate. A catalyst paste composition was prepared using YTZ ball (RTM: zirconia ball), platinum-supported carbon nano fiber, distilled water, 20% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of sulfonated polyarylene, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and DA234 (RTM: dispersant). The electrode paste was applied on one surface of water repellent processed carbon paper, dried at 120degreesC for 60 minutes, and catalyst electrode layer was obtained so that the platinum application quantity was 0.5 mg/cm2. A fuel cell formed using the obtained catalyst layer had high voltage at initial stage, and favorable durability. Utilization efficiency of the catalyst was increased.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The indium oxide layer includes tungsten (W) and tin (Sn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A hindered amine optical stabilizer is bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate. The monohydroxy alkoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber is 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy benzophenone. The dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber is 2,2-dihydroxy 4,4-dimethoxy benzophenone. The contents of dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber, organic peroxide and crosslinking support agent are 0.01.1 mass parts, 0.1-5.0 mass parts and 0.1-5.0 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. The content of vinyl acetate unit of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-36 mass% with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Another sealing film comprises an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, an organic peroxide which is dialkyl peroxide of formula (2): R5-O-O-C(R3)2-CH2-CH2-C(R3)2-O-O-R4, a dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber for yellowing prevention and contains substantially no monohydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber.R3=1-3C alkyl, preferably methyl;andR4,R5=3-5C alkyl, preferably t-butyl. Preferred Definitions:    R1=t-butyl;and    R2=2-ethylhexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liquid absorptive material comprises agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, gellan gum, guar gum, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate-based thickener, polyethylene oxide and water-soluble celluloses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is chosen from fiber glass (FR4 substrate), fiber glass (FR5 substrate), glass fiber substrate, ceramic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for current correction sheet is chosen from stainless steel, titanium, gold, graphite, carbon metal compound, and anti-chemical metal. The material for the metal layer is chosen from gold, copper, silver, carbon, high conductivity metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is chosen from epoxy resin substrate, polymer plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction product is formed by the reaction of a multi-aldehyde, and phenolic compound (preferably phenol) that has more than one phenolic group. The reaction product is formed in an aqueous medium at a pH of approximately 3.5-8 while heating at approximately 50-80degreesC over a period of 4-12 (preferably 3-12) hours. Preferred Components: The multi-aldehyde is selected from glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, 1,6-hexanedial, 1,4-terephthalic dialdehyde and/or polyacrolein. The multi-ketone is selected form butanedione, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,4-pentanedione and/or cyclohexanedione. The phenolic compound is selected from hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, 1,6-dihydroxy naphthalene, 2,6-dihydroxy naphthalene and/or bisphenol A. The molar ratio of the multi-aldehyde or multi-ketone to the phenolic compound when forming the reaction product is approximately 1:1-3:1. Preferred Process: The curing is carried out at approximately 100-250 (preferably 120-160)degreesC for approximately 5-40 (preferably 10-30) minutes. EXAMPLE - To hydroquinone (11 g) in water (50 g) at a pH of 8, 40% aqueous solution glyoxal (14.5 g) was added dropwise. The pH was adjusted by the use of sodium bicarbonate and the molar ratio of glyoxal to hydroquinone was approximately 1:1. A flowable intermediate reaction product was formed while the reactants were stirred at 70degreesC over a 12 hour period. This liquid next was coated on a thin glass plate and was heated at 140degreesC for approximately 20 minutes. During such heating at 140degreesC, curing took place to form a cured benzohydro-benzofurane amber coating that was water insoluble and displayed excellent adhesions to glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The molten insulation material is a polyolefin resin being the same polymer resin as a material for the separators.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The lower insulating plate is polyethylene or polypropylene. A surface of the lower insulating plate is coated with polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF) material comprising PVDF 761 and/or PVDF 2801.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dialkyl compound (1) is dialkyl amino hydroxyl alkylene. The quaternization agent is used for forming an ion exchange group of an anion exchange resin of a solid electrolyte film (6) or a gas diffusion electrode film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water absorption material is polyelectrolyte of high ion exchange capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The graphite material is granulated scale-like graphite, scale-like graphite particles (12C) or spheroidized granulated graphite. The meso phase graphite pellets have compression fracture strength of 50 MPa or more. The cathode active material layer has volume density of more than 1.65 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder contains synthetic rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The graphite material is a nodular graphite or scale-like graphite.Preferred Properties: The compression fracture strength of mesophase graphite pellet and graphite material is 80 MPa or more and 8 MPa or less, respectively. The cathode active material layer has volume density of 1.8 g/cm3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder contains fluorine-type polymeric binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The central metal (M) is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or ruthenium, and has 2 or more types of oxidation number.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine is tertiary amine.Preferred Process: The salt central metal is added after dispersing carbon particles in salt of dithiooxamide derivative. Preferred Definitions:    R = H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate is 30:70-50:50. The content of polymer in the electrolyte is 5-15 mass%, and the content of aromatic compound in the electrolyte liquid is 0.5-4 mass%. Preferred Compounds: The aromatic compound is biphenyl (derivative), cyclohexyl benzene (derivative), terphenyl (derivative), ether, and/or carbonate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic compound is 4-methyl biphenyl, 4-ethyl biphenyl, 4-propyl biphenyl, 4-isopropyl biphenyl, 4-butyl biphenyl, 4-isobutyl biphenyl, 4-t-butyl biphenyl, 4-pentyl biphenyl, 4-t-pentyl biphenyl, 4-(1-ethyl-1-methyl propyl) biphenyl, 1-cyclohexyl-4-methyl benzene, 1-cyclohexyl-4-methoxy benzene, benzene, 1-cyclohexyl-2-fluorobenzene, (4-methyl cyclohexyl)-1-cyclohexyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-3-fluorobenzene, 1-cyclohexyl-4-fluorobenzene, 1-(4-methyl cyclohexyl)-2-fluorobenzene, 1-(4-methyl cyclohexyl)-3-fluorobenzene, 1-(4-methyl cyclohexyl)-4-fluorobenzene, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, para-terphenyl, 2-methyl-o-terphenyl, 2,2'-dimethyl-o-terphenyl, diphenyl ether, 4-bromo diphenyl ether, 4,4-dibromo diphenyl ether, 4-fluoro diphenyl ether, cyclohexyl diphenyl ether, diphenyl carbonate, bis (2-fluoro-6-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (2-fluoro-4-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (2-fluoro-3-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (4-fluoro-3-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (4-fluoro-2-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (3-fluoro-4-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, bis (3-fluoro-5-methoxy phenyl) carbonate, and/or bis (3-fluoro-6-methoxy phenyl) carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The antistatic agent is polyether modified silicone oil of formulae (1)-(5).l=0-3;k=1-9;m=0-1;n=1-2;R=CH3 or C6H5;andZ=CH3 or C2H5.Preferred Separator: The separator is supported with the antistatic agent by dipping antistatic agent in separator. The separator consists of polymeric porous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton conduction path has a proton conductor in hole of carbon powder. The proton conductor is glassy proton conductor. The functional group in proton conduction path in the hole of carbon powder is modified. The catalyst is magnetic catalyst having catalytic action and magnetic action. The porous carbon has mesoporous hole in which a proton conductive polymer does not penetrate. The proton conduction path is formed in mesoporous hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of metal such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electric insulation is made of plastic foil and thermally conductive silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The oxo-acid group comprises sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, carbonic acid group and tungstic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer in the rigid covering material is formed of a hard metal, preferably hard aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, copper, or iron plated with tin, zinc, or nickel. The hard aluminum is 3003H18, 3004H18, or 1N30H18. The stainless steel is austenite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The outer packaging layer in the rigid covering material includes a material consisting of polyolefin resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, or polyester. The inner packaging layer in the rigid covering material is a cast polyolefin resin or an ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material can be carbon fibers, metal fibers, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, carbon blacks, and/or metal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a catalyst, inhibitor and/or mold release agent. Preferred Components: The conductive filler comprises conductive material such as carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bottom sheet may comprise thermoplastic film that is removed before the flow field plate is incorporated as a fuel cell component. The thermoset resin is unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl esters, epoxies, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, bismaleimide resins, and/or polyurethane resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The inorganic cap comprises silica and glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inorganic cap comprises polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor composition further comprises metal oxide particles or glass particles. The conductive feature comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide, or a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal is silver, copper, nickel, gold, platinum and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cap or coating comprises sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide, and/or alkane thiolates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a polymer or a ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aqueous solution containing potassium ruthenate, and chloroplatinic acid are used to obtain the catalyst. Preferred Property: The content of chlorine in the catalyst is 200 mass ppm or less. Preferred Method: Carbon monoxide in a source gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is selectively oxidized by contacting with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of the catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in the source gas is 0.5-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of ruthenium is 0.05-2 mass% and the content of platinum is 0.0002-0.5 mass%, in the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas is obtained in hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether by de-sulfurization reaction, modification reaction, and water-gas shift reaction. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is 0.1-2 vol.%. The carbon monoxide concentration in the gas produced after oxidation is 100 volume ppm or less. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium ruthenate (in g) (0.194) and chloroplatinic acid (0.194) in water (100 ml) was prepared. Alumina support (25) having a specific surface area of 320 m2/g was supplied to the liquid, impregnated, stirred for 3 hours, and filter-separated. Hydrogen processing was then carried out at 120degreesC for 15 hours and at 500degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain a catalyst. The load of ruthenium was 0.3 mass%, load of platinum was 0.03 mass%, potassium content was 90 mass ppm, and chlorine content of 75 mass ppm. The catalyst had excellent capability to selectively oxidize carbon monoxide in source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte material contains ceramic material (2-50 wt.%) and proton-conductive material (50-98 wt.%). The proton-conductive material is a fluorine-type proton-conductive polymeric material, hydrocarbon-type proton-conductive material, inorganic proton-conductive material and/or organic-inorganic hybrid proton-conductive material. The ceramic material is a scale-like silica having average particle diameter of 0.1-10 microns. Preferred Method: The ceramic material is covered with the proton-conductive material by thickness of 0.01-1 microns. An electrolyte film catalyst layer joint component is obtained by forming a catalyst layer consisting of catalyst particles and an electrolyte binder, on both surfaces of the electrolyte material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Dihalogen monomer such as 3,3'-disulfo-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone, hydroxyl-containing monomer such as ethyl resorcinol, benzonitrile or benzophenyl monomer and biphenyl monomer such as mercapto biphenol are polymerized by aromatic nucleophilic substitution in presence of a basic compound to obtain the sulfonic acid group-containing polymer. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the repeating units in the polymer satisfy the relations: (n1+n2+n3+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5)=0.9-1, (n1+n2)/(n1+n2+n3+n4)=0.1-0.7 and (n2+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4)=0.01-0.95, where n1-n4 are the mol% of the repeating units of formulae (1-4) and n5 is the mol% of another repeating unit. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=aromatic group of formulae (5-8, preferably 5 or 6);    R1=4-20C linear alkyl group;    Ar2=aromatic group of formulae (9-12, preferably 11 or 12);    Z1,Z2=oxygen atom;and    X=-S(=O)2-.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium-4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (in g) (60), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (26.74), 4,4'-biphenol (41.35), 4-hexyl resorcinol (10.79), potassium carbonate (42.2) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (360 ml) were heated at 195-200degreesC. Water was added to the reaction mixture and the obtained precipitate was washed with boiling water for 1 hour and dried to obtain polymer with logarithmic viscosity of 0.91 dl/g. The polymer (7) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (28) and coated on a hot glass plate, and heated at 80degreesC and 150degreesC. The coating was dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 150degreesC for 1 hour and the film was peeled from the glass plate. The obtained film was immersed in pure water, sulfuric acid aqueous solution and washed with water to obtain ion exchange membrane. The ion exchange membrane had improved durability, bondability and reduced methanol permeability. The fuel cell formed using the ion exchange membrane had high output.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The pores of the porous silica have cubical array structure. The pores have hole diameter of 2-50 nm. The porous silica is granular or film-form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Units: The structural unit (a) having metal-oxygen bond has structure of formula: Si(R1)4, Si(R1)n(R2)4-n, or R1n-Si(-R33-n)-R4-Si(-R33-n)-R1n.R1=chlorine, OCH3, OC2H5, OC3H7, OC4H9, OC6H5, OH, OCOCH3 or cross-linking -O- bond;R2=20C or less alkyl or phenyl;n=1-3;R3=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or phenyl;andR4=30C or less hydrocarbon.The structural unit (b) is of formula: R1n-Si(-R33-n)-R5, R1n-Si(-R33-n)-(CH2)m-SH or formula (6): (R1)3-Si-Sn-Si-(R1)3.R1,R3,n=same as defined above;R5=organic group having mercapto group;m=1-20;andn(in formula (6))=2-4.The molar ratio of structural unit (a) and structural unit (b) is 1:1-19:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The aluminum alloy is an alloy 8079, 1N30, 8021, 3003, 3004, 3005, 3104, or 3105.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The outer coating layer is made of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and/or a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer being coated at the outer surface of the outer coating layer. The polymer film of the outer coating layer is made of PEN, or oriented nylon film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, solar cell sealing agent contains polypropylene (i) (1-40) having propylene unit content of 90 mol% or more, and propylene copolymer (ii) (60-99) comprising propylene unit content of 45-90 mol%, ethylene unit content of 10-25 mol%, and unit (a) derived from 4-20C alpha-olefin content of 0-30 mol%, and further contains ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer (B) (5-95) with respect to total of the components (i,ii) (95-5). The copolymer (B) contains ethylene structural unit (80-90 mol%). The sealing agent further contains silane coupling agent (C), and petroleum-resin (D1), terpene resin (D2) and their hydrogenated derivative (D3) (1-30). A polymer composition contains the sealing agent, and radical initiator. Preferred Properties: The copolymer (ii) does not show melting point in heat-absorption curve measured with differential scanning calorimeter, and heat-of-fusion of 30 J/g or less. Propylene content and heat-of-fusion (DeltaH) of the copolymer (ii) satisfied relation: DeltaH (J/g) less than 345xLn(propylene content (in mol%))-1492. The density of the copolymer (B) is 0.86-0.89 g/cm3. Preferred Compound: The structural unit (a) of the copolymer (ii) is structural unit derived from 1-butene and/or structural unit derived from 1-octene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The platinum precursor is chloroplatinic acid, bis(acetylacetonato) platinum (II), dinitrodiaminoplatinum (II), or tetra-aminoplatinum (II), and product of reduction reaction is chloride ions. The liquid portion contains less than 300 ppm of chloride ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The co-solvent is acetone, 3-12C aliphatic alkane such as pentane, or toluene. Ethylene glycol is used as solvent, reducing agent and stabilizer. Alternately, the solvent is a mixed solution of water and ethanol, reducing agent is ethanol, and stabilizer is polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The reducing agent is alternately ethanol, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride, hydrazines or formaldehyde. The stabilizer is polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyol, polyvinyl alcohol, or sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The sheet is also a metal foil    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sheet can be an organic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate can be polyethylene naphthalate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, or polybutylene naphthalate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The sheet is paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor composition consists of metallic particles where the metal is selected from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel. The conductive feature comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises polyamide and polymer. The cap or coating comprises intrinsically conductive polymer, sulfonated perflurohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, and tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or alkane thiolate. The flexible substrate is selected from the group of polyfluoronated compounds, polyimides, epoxies, polycarbonates, paper, acetate, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, butadiene, flexible fiber board, non woven polymeric fabric, cloth, metallic foil, thin glass etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor composition consists of metallic particles where the metal is selected from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel. The cap or coating comprises silica. The conductive feature comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises polymer. The cap or coating comprises intrinsically conductive polymer, sulfonated perflurohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, and tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or alkane thiolate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrodes comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, or zinc oxide. The transparent electrode is made of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, or zinc oxide-alumina. The catalyst electrode comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Pd), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os), carbon (C), tungsten oxide (WO3), or titanium oxide (TiO2). The electrolyte comprises tetrapropyl ammonium iodide or iodine (I2) in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The two substrates are made of transparent glass or a plastic, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), or triacetyl cellulose (TAC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalytic layer comprises platinum, gold, silver, titanium, and/or palladium. The substrate is an inorganic substrate, a metal plate, or a polymeric substrate. The conductive material is indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, zinc oxide, alumina, tin oxide, antimony oxide, or conductive polymers. The metal of the metal nucleation sites is nickel, iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon containing gas is methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electromagnetic energy absorbing material is selected from quantum dots, biologically derived light harvesting composition, dye, film, metal nanoparticle embedded in a solid-state semiconductor matrix, a composition comprising at least two conjugated aromatic rings and/or a J-aggregate. Each of the first and second electrodes is selected from carbon, platinum, gold, copper, a heavily doped semiconductor, a heavily doped transparent semiconductor, a carbon nanotube and/or a semiconducting nanowire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction center is selected from silicon, gallium arsenate, gallium nitride and/or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction center is selected from perylene or perylene derivative, a fullerene or fullerene derivative, a phthalocyanine, biological reaction center and/or phthalocyanine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reaction center is selected from a semiconducting conjugated polymer and/or semiconducting conjugated polymer derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or its derivative(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The olefin type thermoplastic resin contains propylene type resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The membrane electrode laminate is immersed for 30 seconds or more. A gaseous diffusion layer (130) is provided on both sides of membrane electrode assembly at relative humidity of 50% or more. The membrane electrode assembly is clamped with a separator (140) on both sides at relative humidity of 50% or more.Preferred Layer: The gaseous diffusion layer contains hydrophilic-processed electroconductive porous base material. The electrode catalyst layer contains electrode catalyst containing catalyst component supported with an electroconductive support, and polyelectrolyte. The electroconductive support is mesophase pitch group graphite and/or phosphorus artificial graphite.Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has membrane electrode assembly clamped with separator. The time required for absorbing ion exchange water (0.1 cc) dripped at the surface of electrode catalyst layer is 70 seconds or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cathode contains graphite as cathode active material. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains polymerized product of disulfide derivative having acryl group. EXAMPLE - Anode was obtained using complex oxide of lithium-cobalt (LiCoO2), polyvinylidene fluoride, acetylene black and N-methyl pyrrolidone. Cathode was obtained using styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose and graphite. Nonaqueous electrolyte is obtained using complex oxides of lithium, phosphorus and fluoride (LiPF6) (in weight parts) (15), propylene carbonate (20), dimethyl carbonate (30), ethylmethyl carbonate (30) and disulfide derivative having acryl group of formula (I) (1). The obtained anode and cathode were laminated with polyethylene nonwoven fabric of separator using obtained nonaqueous electrolyte, to obtain nonaqueous electrolyte battery. The obtained battery has excellent discharge capacitance, and high temperature storing characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The volume average particle diameter of hollow shaped particles is 20 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic matrix is composed of a photoconductive polymer semiconductor. The shell around each quantum dot is composed of an organic material consisting of polymers, thiols, dendrimers, alkane chains, and organic oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a polymer or ceramic.Preferred Component: The conductive component comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide or metal-glass composition.Preferred Composition: The precursor composition further comprises metal oxide particles or glass particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel. The silver particles comprise a cap or coating comprising silica, glass, polymer or intrinsically conductive polymer, sulfonated perfluoro hydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene-methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethyl hexyl) sulfo succinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or alkane thiolate, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The pre-attaching of the insulating mechanism to the electrode lead includes attaching tape around a portion of the electrode lead. The dropping of composition of the insulating mechanism into the electrode lead comprises dropping composition via an extruder onto the electrode lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The tape is made of polypropylene, amorphous polyamide, or polyethylene. The composition contains polypropylenes, polyethylenes, or amorphous polyamide. The composition for the insulating mechanism contains acrylic acid at 1-5 wt. % to enhance adhesion of the insulating mechanism to the electrode lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inside porous electrode layer consists of siliconized titanium of electroconductive ceramic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen blocking-property material contains aromatic polyamide, and is laminated at outermost surface. EXAMPLE - 2-chloro p-phenylene diamine (in mol%) (80) and 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (20) were dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. 2-chloro terephthalic acid chloride (100) was added, and polymerization was carried out to obtain film-forming stock solution. The obtained stock solution was filtered, applied on a belt, extended and dried to obtain aromatic polyamide film having thickness of 5 microns and hydrogen permeation rate of 20 ccx0.1 mm/(m2x24 hoursxatm). Carbon fiber into which epoxy resin was impregnated, was wound around circumference of high-density polyethylene liner, and epoxy resin was cured to form a resin layer. The obtained resin layer was provided on the aromatic polyamide film using adhesive agent composition containing epoxy resin (90 wt.pts) and cresol novolak resin (10 wt.pts) to obtain container main portion or container outer wall of hydrogen tank. The hydrogen tank was lightweight and had high rigidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The antioxidant is phenol type compound and has 2 or more functional groups having antioxidant function. 90% or more of the antioxidant is concentrated to less than 10% in the inner wall side of the thickness of the hollow fiber. The antioxidant is cross-linked by the base material using organic peroxide type cross-linking agent. The mass ratio of the antioxidant with respect to polysulfone is 0.5-1.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with respect to polysulfone is 5-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The inorganic base materials (I,II) have specific surface area of 10-400 m2/g. The carbon monoxide selective oxidation catalyst has average specific surface area of 50-220 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The inorganic base material is chosen from alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, ceria, magnesia, silicon carbide and/or silica-alumina-magnesia. The alumina is chosen from gamma-alumina, theta-alumina and/or alpha-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Acid modification of at least one portion of compound (B) is carried out. Compound (A) contains a polymeric copolymer having an aromatic unit. Compound (A) is a block copolymer of polystyrene and/or graft copolymer of polystyrene. The compound (A) is preferably polyethylene-polystyrene graft copolymer, polypropylene-polystyrene graft copolymer, glycidyl modified polyethylene-polystyrene graft copolymer, polymethylmethacrylate-polystyrene graft copolymer and/or their derivatives. The compound (A) is alternately polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide and/or their derivatives. The compound (B) consists of ethylene repeating unit of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-.X1-X4=H, CH3, Cl, F, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or OC4H9.The compound (B) is polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene and/or their derivatives. The compound (B) is preferably acid modified polyethylene or polypropylene. The content of compound (B) in the polymer film is 30-90 wt.%. A polymeric electrolyte film (1) contains the high polymer film. The polymeric electrolyte film contains a proton-conductive group containing a sulfonic acid group. The high polymer film is contacted with a proton-conducive group-inducing agent in presence of organic solvent. The proton-conducive group-inducing agent contains a sulfonated agent containing chloro sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid contains as a carrier gas of the antioxidant a fuel or an oxidizer is supplied to the fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises one of a hydrogenic type, a direct methanol type, and direct hydrocarbon type fuel cells. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 13.3 - 13332.2 Pa in the fluid. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 6.65 - 6666.1 Pa in the fluid. The fluid supply comprises a bubbler configured to bubble a liquid containing the antioxidant and humidifying water by the carrier gas to supply the fluid. The antioxidant comprises a hydrocarbon system compound composed simply of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The oxidant of the antioxidant is changed to a chemically stable hydrolysate. The antioxidant has a reversible redox-ability, and an oxidant of the antioxidant is chemically stable. The antioxidant or an oxidant is changed by oxidation by a catalyst in an air electrode of the fuel cell to carbon dioxide, water or nitrogen are discharged. The antioxidant has a standard oxidation-reduction potential of greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1.77 (NHE) (preferably greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1 (NHE)) V. The antioxidant comprises 5 compounds as given in the specifications e.g. a compound of formulae (i) - (v).X=O or hydroxyl group;Y1 and Y2=methyl groups or ethyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The resistance coil is responsive to heat and/or electricity such that the application of heat and/or electricity unbinds or releases carbon dioxide from the active material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous material can be porous carbon material comprising a molecular sieve. The porous material comprises active carbon, carbon fiber, carbon tube, charcoal, or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The active material is capable of binding carbon dioxide. It can be amine, amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, amidine, amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer. The amine comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolamine. The amidine comprises 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene (DBU), tetrahydropyrimidine (THP), N-methyltetrahydropyrimidine (MTHP), or polystyrene or poly(meth)acrylate (each being modified by DBU, THP, or MTHP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The active material can be a polymer produced by modification of pre-made polymer structure using active molecules. The porous material comprises porous polymer material. The substrates comprise porous plastic plate, silica wafer, and/or nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (m1) additionally involves stirring the colloid solution while adding the aqueous base solution. In the method (m1), the adding the aqueous solution to the colloid solution involves adding the aqueous solution to the colloid solution in a weight ratio of approximately 0.1:1 - 10:1. The method (m2) additionally involves immerging the first conductivity type substrate in a TiCl4 solution and then drying the first conductivity type substrate at room temperature to approximately 200degreesC. In the method (m2), the coating the composition for the semiconductor electrode on the first conductivity type substrate is performed using a doctor blade method. Preferred Components: The nanocrystalline oxide material is a compound selected from TiO2, ZnO, or Nb2O5. The aqueous base solution is an aqueous ammonia solution. The colloid solution and the aqueous base solution are mixed in a weight ratio of approximately 1:0.1 - 1:10. The conductive substrate is a conductive plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner porous electrode layer comprises porous ceramic layer made of titanium silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is hexane, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, and/or methyl ethyl ketone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The silicon compound is of formula: -(-Si(-R1)(-R2)-O-)n- or -(-Si(-R3)2-O-)n-(-Si(-R4)2-O-)n-.R1,R2=-H, -OH, -COOH, -CH3COOH, -NH2, -SCO3H, -CH3, or -C6H5;R3=--OH, -COOH, -CH3COOH, or -SCO3H;R4=-H, -CH3, -C6H5, or -NH2;andn=10-1000 (degree of polymerization).50-60 wt.% of silicon compound is mixed with the resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rubber-elastic layer is made of silicone rubber or isobutylene-isoprene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium ion secondary cell has cathode active material layer (15) comprising fibrous conductive support agent having branched structure, and cathode active material. The ratio of surface area of conductive support agent with respect to total surface area of cathode active material is 0.5-2.7. The ratio of conductive support agent with respect to anode active material is preferably 1.8-3. The length of principle chain of conductive support agent is more than the particle size of active material. The average particle diameter of anode active material is 5 microns or less, preferably 1 microns or less. The average particle diameter of cathode active material is 10 microns or less, preferably 5 microns or less. Preferred Material: The conductive support agent is carbon type material manufactured by vapor growth method. The anode active material contains lithium-transition metal oxide, lithium-transition metal phosphoric acid compound and/or lithium-transition metal sulfate compound. The cathode active material contains carbon material, lithium-transition metal compound, metal material and/or lithium-metal alloy material. The lithium ion secondary cell has electrolyte selected from liquid electrolyte, polymer electrolyte, gel electrolyte, preferably polymer electrolyte or gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An electrode has laminate of porous semiconductor layer on transparent conductive layer of laminated film. The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and/or stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains ultraviolet absorber (0.05-30 wt.%). The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic iminoester of formula (I and/or II). The surface tension of transparent conductive layer is 40 mN/m or more.A=group of formula (a or b);R1,R2=monovalent hydrocarbon residue;X1=bivalent aromatic residue;X2=1-3 valent aromatic residue;n=1-3;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.The laminated film has a reflection prevention layer on the surface of transparent conductive layer in reverse direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The jointing comprises copolymer of polyolefin compound and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of cross-linked structure in the film precursor is 10-50 mol%. The electrolyte film precursor is obtained by polymerizing porous membrane impregnated with polymer of sulfonated styrene-divinyl benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous electroconductive polymeric layer consists of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene). The thiophene derivative has an isocyanate group and functional group which forms chemical bond. Preferred Property: The real surface area and projected area ratio of base is 10 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Sulfonated polyimide is obtained by polycondensation of non-sulfonated diamine, dinaphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and sulfonated diamine, in the presence of alkali or acid catalyst. Preferred Polymer: Sulfonated polyimide has repeating units of formulae (3) and (4), which are coupled randomly or sequentially.X,Ar1,Ar2=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-bis(4-amino phenoxy)biphenyl 3,3'-disulfonic acid (2.112 g) and triethylene amine (1.4 ml) were added and dissolved in m-cresol (32 ml). Subsequently, 4,4'-ketone dinaphthalene-1,1',8,8'-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (1.688 g) and benzoic acid (0.68 g) were added and stirred at 180degreesC for 4 hours. The solution was cooled to 80degreesC and m-cresol (10 ml) was added. The polymerization solution was thrown into acetone. The solid was filtered and dried. The dried solid was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and the solution was flow spread on a glass panel. The solution was dried to form triethyl amine salt type sulfonated polyimide film. The film was immersed in 1M sulfuric acid for 3 days and proton exchange was performed. The film was removed, water washed and vacuum dried. Sulfonated polyimide film was obtained. The obtained film had water absorption property of 63 wt.%, proton conductivity of 20 mS/cm at 70% relative humidity and desired methanol transmittance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler is artificial graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The molded product contains resin (3) having melting or softening point of 150degreesC or more, or a thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous material has inner reinforcement layer made of a fibrous fabric such as silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous material has the outer layer made of a polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic monomer is compound containing phosphorus element, compound containing sulfur element, carboxylic acid, boric acid, and/or inorganic solid acid. The electronic conductor is a carbon material. The electronic conductor has a continuous coupling of carbon including a double bond. A noble metal catalyst is carried by the carrier. The water repellent consists of electronic conductor or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The organic monomer is acetylene, resorcinol, phenol, 2-phenylphenol, aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, phenyl phosphonic acid, phenyl silane alkoxides, pyrogallol and dihydroxy biphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The perfluorocarbon polymers (which have sulfonic acid groups) mixed accounts for 5-70 wt.% carbon carriers. Preferred Component: The polymerization initiator is a living radical polymerization initiator or a living anion polymerization initiator. The living radical polymerization initiator is 2-bromoisobutyric acid bromide. Preferred Method: A polymer is subjected to hydrolysis or ion exchange groups are introduced into the polymer after the polymer is obtained by polymerization of the monomer electrolyte precursor, e.g. styrenesulfonic acid ethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The collector electrode is chosen from the gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, chromium and zinc. POLYMER- The translucent condensing layer is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, fluororesin, polyester resin, polypropylene resin, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyallylate resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, silicone resin, polyphenylene-sulfide resin and polyolefin resin. The light reflection layer consists of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The bonding agent further comprises 33-100 vol.% (preferably 90 vol.%) particulate filler material which is substantially chemically inert during operation of the solid oxide electrochemical device. The particulate filler material comprises a ceramic material. The ceramic material is yttria-stabilized zirconia or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Applying the bonding agent comprises screen printing or pneumatic paste dispensing the bonding agent. The vehicle, before the step of heating the anode, the bonding agent, and the anode interconnect in a gaseous environment containing an oxidizing agent, comprises an organic material, and heating the anode, the bonding agent, and the anode interconnect in a gaseous environment containing an oxidizing agent carbonizes all of the organic material. Preferred Parameter: The third temperature is 700-1000degreesC, preferably 800-900degreesC. The first temperature is less than 500degreesC. The second temperature is greater than 500degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The particulate metal comprises nickel or cobalt. The oxidizing agent is oxygen. The reducing agent is hydrogen. The gaseous environment containing a reducing agent contains 3-100 vol.% hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material comprises a polymeric material. The polymeric material is polyvinylbutyral or an ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conjugated polymer is polythiophene, polyquinoline, or polyphenylene vinylene. The card is formed from paper, plastic or laminated material. The hole transport material comprises polythiophene (e.g. poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)) or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The inner surface layer can be glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer comprises crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and/or copper-indium-gallium-diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The integrated reflector is on an inner surface of plastic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The closed type battery uses lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode active material of the negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second functional group is acrylate, methacrylate, hydroxyl, chloride, amine, epoxy, thiol, vinyl, di- and polysulfides, carbamate, ammonium, sulfonic, sulfinic, sulfonium, phosphonium, phosphinic, isocyanate, mercapto, hydroxyphenyl, hydride, acetoxy or anhydride. The modified layered double hydroxide comprises a further organic anion as charge-balancing ion, where the organic anion is only physically linked to the rubber. The rubber is natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, halogenated butyl rubber, butadiene rubber or silicone rubbers. EXAMPLE - Modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) was milled well. Masterbatch comprising the powdered modified LDH (50 wt.%) and Vistalon 2504N (RTM: Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber precursor) (50 wt.%) was prepared. The ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber precursor was fed to an open two-roll mill and then the powdered modified LDH was added for 10 minutes. The two-roll mill was operated at 50-70 degrees C with a friction factor of 1.2. The resulting masterbatch was diluted with the same rubber precursor in an internal batch mixer at 60 degrees C and 50 rpm for 30 minutes. The resulting masterbatch were then mixed with Perkadox BC-ff (RTM: Dicumyl peroxide) (1.35 g) in the two-roll at 50-70 degrees C with a friction factor of 1.2. The resulting mixture was finally compression molded into sheets of 2 mm thickness at 170 degrees C and 400 kilonewton for 15 minutes to give a nanocomposite material of EPDM rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The semiconductor fine particles are titanium oxide particles.Preferred Layer: The charge-transferring layer contains iodine and iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin having a hydroxyl group is ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol and/or completely saponified polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The flat panel display conductive feature comprises an electrode, bus line, transparent conductive feature, and indium-tin oxide or antimony tin oxide. Preferred Properties: The flat panel display conductive feature has a width less than 200, preferably less than 100microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum or nickel. The cap or coating comprises silica or glass. The substrate comprises glass, or polymer. The flat panel display conductive feature comprises a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cap or coating comprises an organic cap or coating, e.g. polymer, i.e. intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/ methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate. The cap or coating comprises polyvinyl propylene (PVP). Preferred Properties: At least 80 vol.% of the silver nanoparticles are less than or equal to 2 times the average particle size. The heating comprises heating in air at 450-600degreesC to less than or equal to 300degreesC. Preferred Methods: The method includes high shear mixing the precursor composition, and surface modifying the substrate with a laser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The precursor composition comprises glass particles. The cap or coating comprises glass. The conductor comprises a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor composition comprises metal oxide particles and a metal precursor compound to a metal from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum or nickel. It also comprises metallic particles comprising cap or coating containing silica. The conductor comprises an indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cap or coating comprises a polymer from an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate. It may also comprise polyvinyl pyrrolidone. EXAMPLE - A silver precursor composition was formulated containing 51 g silver-trifluoroacetate, 16 g N,N-dimethylacetamide and 32 g alpha-terpineol. The silver was 25 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal oxide comprises silica, copper oxide, aluminum oxide or titania, and the first metal is selected from the group consisting of silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The first metallic nanoparticles comprise a cap or coating consisting of an intrinsically conductive polymer, a perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene! methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plates comprise graphite and/or carbon-filled composite.Preferred Parameter: The titanium nitride layer has a resistivity of less than 100 ohm-cm, and an etch rate of less than 0.03 Angstrom/minute in the presence of 10 ppm of hydrofluoric acid in water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plates may also comprise a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid contains cross-linking agent and/or polymerization initiator, and does not contain an electrical-conductivity auxiliary material. The coating liquid contains an organic solvent in which the radical compound is dissolved. The active material layer is insoluble in the organic solvent. Preferred Compound: The radical compound is of formula (1).R1-R8=(un)substituted alkyl;andn=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode component is a winding electrode component having anode and cathode wound around separator. The width of separator is more than width of cathode which is more than width of anode. The ratio of mix area density of cathode and anode is 1.67-2.01.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode has cathode active material layer containing cathode active material (I) of formula: LiaCo1-bM1bO2-c, and cathode active material (II) of formula: LiwNixCoyMnzM21-x-y-zO2-v.M1,M2=vanadium, copper, zirconium, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium and iron;a,w=0.9-1.1;b,=0-0.3;c,v=-0.1-0.1;x,y=greater than 0 and less than 1;z= greater than 0 and less than 0.5;and1-x-y-z=less than or equal to0.The anode and/or cathode consists of polyvinylidene fluoride and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-based copolymer contains polyfunctional monomer (0.05-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The anode fuel used for fuel cell is an organic acid having carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The layer (B) contains 10-30 wt.% of incompatible resin with respect to whole layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulation foil is formed by laminating a plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: A contact angle of a water droplet (201) on an inner wall of the channel is less than or equal to90degrees. A width (C) of a rib (207) for the gas passage is greater than or equal to(A/2) but less than or equal to(2A). The channel width (A) of the separator is 0.5-2 mm and the channel depth (B) is 0.25-2 mm. The width (C) of the rib for the gas passage is 0.5-2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The matrix material comprises an electrically conductive material from an intrinsically conductive polymer; a doped polymer; a filled polymer comprising conductive filler from a carbon black, expanded graphite plate, graphite particle, nano-scaled graphene plate, graphitic nano-fiber, and/or metal particle; a polymeric carbon; a petroleum pitch; and/or a coal tar pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The components connect to Miniature Single Board Computer (MSBC) via standard network connections e.g. RJ-45 Ethernet connectors. The computer conforms to IEEE standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The subfluorinated graphite fluoride comprises a particulate material; and has an average particle size of 1 - 10 (preferably 4 - 7.5, especially 4) microns. The subfluorinated graphite fluoride is in a composition additionally comprising a conductive diluent and a binder. The conductive diluent is selected from acetylene black, carbon black, powdered graphite, cokes, carbon fibers, and/or metallic powders (preferably acetylene black). The anode comprises a source of ions of a metal selected from Groups 1, 2, and 3 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (preferably lithium ions). The source of lithium ions is selected from lithium metal, lithium alloy, and carbon-lithium material (preferably lithium metal). The ion-transporting material physically separates the anode and the cathode and prevents their direct electrical contact. Preferred Method: The contacting step is carried out for 15 - 35 hours. Preferred Device: When the device is a primary lithium battery, then the anode comprises a source of lithium ions, and the cathode comprises a subfluorinated graphite fluoride of formula CFx (in which x is 0.06 - 0.52, preferably 0.10 - 0.52, 0.10 - 0.46, 0.33 - 0.46), where the subfluorinated graphite fluoride comprises a particulate material having an average particle size of 4 - 7.5 microns; and the ion-transporting material physically separates the anode and the cathode and prevents their direct electrical contact, where the material comprises a nonaqueous electrolyte. In the rechargeable battery, the metal is lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polymeric (preferably fluorinated hydrocarbon polymer). The ion-transporting material comprises a polymeric material and a nonaqueous electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.06 - 0.52 (preferably 0.10 - 0.52, 0.10 - 0.46 and 0.33 - 0.46);    x'=0.10 - 0.52 (preferably 0.10 - 0.46, and 0.33 - 0.46.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The humidity-sensitive material comprises a cellulose acetate butyrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The humidity-sensitive material comprises a perfluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron accepting inorganic substance and the basic dye of N-type semiconductor layer are zinc-oxide compound and rhodamine compound respectively. The electron donating organic matter and the electron accepting compound of P-type semiconductor layer are phthalocyanine compound and fluorenone type compound respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid ester compound is chosen from tri(2,2-difluoro ethyl)phosphate and/or tri(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl)phosphate. The amount of phosphoric-acid ester compound is 5 wt.% or more. Preferred Process: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains cyclic carbonate having carbon-carbon pi-bond and cyclic organic compound having sulfur-oxygen (S=O) bond. EXAMPLE - An anode was formed using lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), acetylene black and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride. A cathode was formed using the graphite and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride. The polyethylene microporous film of 25 microns thickness was used as separator. Tri(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propyl)phosphate (in wt.%) (3), 1,3-propane sultone (2) and vinylene carbonate (2) were added to mixed solvent (1 L) of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1. Then, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) (1 mol) was added and dissolved, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery was formed using the anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte. The battery had initial-stage discharge capacitance of 9.9 mAh and high-discharge capacitance of 7.8 mAh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The platinum group element is ruthenium, rhodium, yttrium, osmium and palladium. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of support fine particles is 0.5-100 num. The porosity of catalyst is 35-95%. Preferred Composition: The ratio of support fine particles is 10-85% with respect to sum total of number of catalyst fine particles and number of support fine particles. The support fine particles consist of metallic element chosen from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, neodymium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, gold, silver and/or silicon, or metallic compound. The metallic compound consists of oxide, nitride, and/or carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxides: The metal oxides other than platinum are metal oxides of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. The metal oxides other than noble metals are metal oxides of aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. Preferred Property: The porous thin film has a porosity of 30% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloys: The platinum alloy is an alloy of platinum, and aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tin, indium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium and/or neodymium. The platinum-noble-metal alloy is an alloy of platinum, and palladium, silver and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic titanium compound is titanium alkoxide. The electrolyte salt contains lithium hexafluoro phosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoro borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polyfunctional carboxylic acid derivative is polyfunctional carboxylic anhydride and/or polyfunctional carboxylate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonating agent is 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene-3-sulfonic acid and/or 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl benzene-6-sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The proton conductive group is sulfonic acid group. The vinyl type monomer has aryl group. The sulfonation of graft film is performed for 1.5 times with respect to time equivalent to the inflexion point, where the rate of increase of weight by reaction is saturated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The vinyl polymer (P1) contained in base material has cross-linked structure. Preferred Method: Proton conductive group is introduced to at least one of polymer of vinyl monomer. The vinyl monomer filled in base material is graft polymerized to obtain graft chain, and proton conductive group is introduced to graft chain. A cross-linking agent of vinyl monomer is used for manufacturing electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - KFW#1000 (RTM: polyvinylidene fluoride) (in wt.pts) (20) were dissolved in N-methyl pyrrolidone (80). Vinyl sulfonic acid and methylene bis acrylamide were added to solution and stirred. The resulting solution was casted and dried to obtain porous base material having permeability of 150 seconds/100 cc and thickness of 48 microns. Monomer aqueous solution obtained using vinyl sulfonic acid, methylene bis acrylamide and V-50 (RTM: azo initiator) was made to impregnate base material, irradiated with visible light for 6 minutes, and heated at 80degreesC for 1 hour. The formed film was washed and dried at 50degreesC, and at room temperature for 8 hours to form electrolyte film having thickness of 50 microns.
Preferred Definitions:    W'=coupling group chosen from -CO-, -O-, -S-, -SO2- and -C(CF3)2-;    k=1-2;    n=2;and    f=1.    EXAMPLE - Victrex PEEK450PF (RTM: polyether ether ketone) (in g) (20) was taken in a reaction container, and 96% sulfuric acid (0.25 l) was added and stirred. Ion exchange water (5 l) was poured, and the obtained polymer was washed with water and dried, to obtain sulfonated polyether ether ketone (23.7) of formula (16). The obtained sulfonated polyether ether ketone (4.5) and thionyl chloride (50 ml) were reacted at 70degreesC for 3 hours. Sulfolane (200 ml), triphenyl phosphine oxide (13.9) and aluminum chloride (2.67) were added and stirred at 90degreesC for 30 hours. The reaction solution was added to diluted hydrochloric acid, and the solid was washed by water and ethanol and dried. Polyether ether ketone (5.25) having phenyl phosphine oxide as side chain was obtained. The obtained polymer (5) and 96% sulfuric acid (100 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 20 hours and washed with water. Sulfonated polyether ether ketone (4.5) (of formula (17)) having phenyl phosphine oxide as side chain was obtained. A polymeric electrolyte film formed using the obtained polymer had high proton conductivity and oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Antioxidant: The antioxidant is chosen from phenolic antioxidant, amine antioxidant, phosphorus type antioxidant and/or sulfur type antioxidant. Preferred Group: The proton conductive functional group is sulfonic acid group. Preferred Solvent: Halogenated hydrocarbon chosen from dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and/or 1-chlorobutane is used in the manufacture of polymeric electrolyte film. Sulfonated agent chosen from chlorosulfonic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide is used in the manufacture of polymeric electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film further contains a thermoplastic polymer compound (C) which does not have an aromatic unit. The thermoplastic polymer compound (A) is chosen from polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polybenzimidazole, polybenzoxazole, poly benzthiazole, polyphenylene sulfide, and their copolymers and their derivatives. Preferably the thermoplastic polymer compound contains polyphenylene sulfide. The thermoplastic polymer compound (C) contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene and their derivatives. Preferably, the polymer compound (C) consists of polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polymethyl pentene. Preferred Film: The additional amount of antioxidant in the film is 0.01-10 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of sum total of components (A and C). The polymeric electrolyte film has ion exchange capacity of 0.5-3.0 mEq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The graft chain is obtained by graft polymerizing vinyl-type monomer having aromatic group to which sulfonic acid group is introduced. EXAMPLE - P20 (RTM: polyvinylidene fluoride film having thickness of 50 microns) was cut and irradiated. Liquid mixture of styrene (50 volume%) and toluene (50 volume%) was supplied to film in argon atmosphere. The film was heated at 60degreesC and grafting reaction was carried out. The formed film was washed and dried to obtained graft film having thickness of 55 microns. The graft film was immersed in 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid solution diluted with o-dichlorobenzene, heated, washed and dried at 60degreesC for 12 hours to obtain sulfonated grafted film as electrolyte film having thickness of 63 microns and favorable proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte composition further comprises an epoxy group-containing compound (E), and an epoxy modified polyphenylene ether (H) formed by reacting polyphenylene ether resin (C) and an epoxy resin (G). Preferred Compound: The epoxy group-containing compound (E) is homopolymer or copolymer (F) of unsaturated monomer having an epoxy group, or epoxy resin (G). The high molecular compound (A) is perfluorocarbon high molecular compound having ion exchange group. The perfluorocarbon high molecular compound has a structural unit of formula: -(CF2CX1X2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-(CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4))g.X1-X3=halogen element or 1-3C perfluoro alkyl group;a=greater than or equal to0 and less than 1;g=greater than 0 and less than or equal to1;a+g=1;b=0-8;c=0 or 1;d-f=0-6;d+e+f=not equal to 0;R1,R2=halogen element, 1-10C perfluoro alkyl or fluorochloroalkyl;X4=COOZ, SO3Z, PO3Z2, or PO3HZ;Z=H, alkyl metal, alkaline earth metal or amine chosen from NH4, NH3R, NH2R2, NHR3 or NR4;andR=alkyl or arene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (a2) is chosen from polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid, polymerizable unsaturated multivalent carboxylic acid anhydride, polymerizable unsaturated compound optionally having acetal structure, carboxyl group, anhydrous carboxylic acid group, ketal structure or tertiary alkoxy carbonyl structure. The composition further contains hardener. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The radiation absorbent is bis-(2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-methanone (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Cerium atom and/or manganese atom is contained as ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The high molecular compound having acidic group is perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group (containing ethereal oxygen atom). The perfluorocarbon polymer is a copolymer having polymer unit based on perfluorovinyl compound of formula: CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H, where n is 1-12, m is 0-3, p is 0 or 1 and X is fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The reinforcement material is preferably cloth comprising fiber having diameter of 0.01-20 microns, non-woven fabric comprising fiber having diameter of 0.01-20 microns, porous film or porous sheet. The thickness of the cloth is 1-50 microns. More preferably the reinforcement material is non-woven fabric containing continuous fiber of fluororesin. The total film thickness of electrolyte film is 5-80 microns. The electrolyte film is laminate film containing non-reinforced layer comprising high molecular compounds having same or different acidic groups, and reinforced material. The non-reinforced layer is arranged as outermost layer on at least one surface of electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: The electronic mediator is immobilized by one or more of the positive electrode and negative electrode, in addition to the enzyme. The enzyme is an oxidase enzyme that promotes oxidation and degradation of monosaccharide, which is immobilized by the negative electrode. The enzyme comprises coenzyme oxidase, which passes an electron to the negative electrode through an electronic mediator, and coenzyme is reduced with the oxidation of monosaccharide to an oxidant. The oxidant of the coenzyme is NAD+, and the coenzyme is diaphorase. The oxidase is NAD+-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The enzyme oxidase promotes oxidation of degradation enzyme for producing monosaccharide and promotes degradation of polysaccharide, where the produced monosaccharide and degrade polysaccharide are immobilized on a negative electrode. The degradation enzyme is glucoamylase and the oxidase is NAD+-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The oxidase enzyme is immobilized by, the positive electrode. The oxidase is bilirubin oxidase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cell: The concentration of the buffer substance is 0.4-2M, preferably 0.8-1.2M. The pKa of the buffer substance is 6-9. The buffer substance is phosphoric acid dihydrogen ion (H2PO4-) or 2-amino-2-hydroxmethyl 1,3-propanediol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer has oxygen reduction catalyst of manganese sulfate, and bifunctional catalyst of lanthanum oxide. The pore former is ammonium bicarbonate, high surface area carbon and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic binder is poly tetra fluoro ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon-based foam is consisting of cryogel, aerogel, and xerogel. The solid state hydrogen storage material comprises metal hydride, preferably magnesium hydride; or chemical hydride, preferably ammonia borane. The composite further comprises a catalyst and a sulfur-modified surface. Preferred Properties: A surface area of the carbon-based foam is 20-3000 m2/g. Preferred Methods: Gelling the sol comprises heating at 90degreesC for 1-7 days. The carbon-based foam is heated at 900degreesC under carbon dioxide to provide an activated carbon-based foam. Drying the gel comprises freeze drying, supercritically drying, or evaporative drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The components capable of forming a sol-gel comprise resorcinol and formaldehyde. Preferred Compositions: A molar ratio of resorcinol to catalyst is 10-2000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: Pyrolyzing the polymer foam comprises heating at 1050degreesC for 4 hours in a substantially oxygen-free environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The hydrogen generating substance is metal chosen from aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The active lead-based mass is lead, lead dioxide, and/or lead sulfate. The acid electrolyte is sulfuric acid. The sheet of highly conductive material is comprised of a sheet of highly conductive metal from copper or copper alloys. The conductive shield material comprises expanded graphite flakes containing materials from carbon, graphite powder, and/or highly conductive carbon fibers having a high aspect ratio. The sheets of electrically conductive shield material are sealed around the periphery of the highly conductive material and porous carbon, and the highly porous carbon in electrical contact with the highly conductive material, where each carbon-based electrode is an encapsulated electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sheet of highly conductive material comprises a conductive composite from thermoplastic materials filled with conductive fillers, and/or thermoset plastic materials filled with conductive fillers. The conductive fillers are metallic fibers, conductive non-metallic fibers, highly conductive carbon particles, and/or highly conductive carbon fibers. The conductive shield material comprises a sheet of expanded graphite foil impregnated with paraffin, other waxes, thermoplastic materials, and/or furfural. The highly porous carbon contains inert binder material added to highly porous carbon particles. The inert binder material is polyethylene powder, thermoplastic powder, and/or thermoplastic granules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber has fiber diameter of 5-10 microns, average particle diameter of 5-15 microns, apparent density of 0.02-0.1 g/cm3, and ash content of less than 0.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polypropylene resin has melt flow rate of 5-70 g/10 minutes. The resin composition has electric conductivity of 2 muS/cm or less. The cured material of resin composition has bending strength of 80 MPa or more based on JIS K7171, bending elastic modulus of 3800 MPa or more, and combustion residue of carbon fiber and graphite powder of 3% or less in combustion residue measurement test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises a transition metal other than platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and ruthenium. The transition metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, or copper. The base metal catalyst further includes at least one ligand bonded to the base metal. The multidentate ligand comprises oxygen, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, and/or sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The base metal catalyst and amine-borane are combined to form a catalytic initiator by forming a solution or a slurry of the amine-borane in a solvent, combining the base metal catalyst with the solution or slurry, and heating the catalyst combined with solution or slurry to up to 80degreesC (up to 60degreesC). At least one of a (R1HN- BHR2)m oligomer and a (R1N-BR2)n oligomer is heated to 80-200degreesC. Preferred Component: The solvent is toluene, chlorinated solvents, or ethereal solvents. The chlorinated solvent is methylene chloride and/or 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The ethereal solvent is tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and/or diglyme. The base metal catalyst is tetrakis(trimethylphosphine) nickel, bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) nickel, bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane iron dichloride, or N-heterocyclic carbene copper chloride. At least one of a (R1HN- BHR2)m oligomer and a (R1N-BR2)n oligomer comprises acyclic oligomer and/or cyclic oligomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethereal solvent is polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - A solution of 8 mg Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene)2 and 18 mg N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene in 0.5 ml C6D6 was added to a solution of 18 mg ammonia-borane in 1 ml of 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The solution was heated at 60degreesC and monitored to determine kinetics of consumption of ammonia-borane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous polymer substrate comprises polysulfones and/or polyether imides, or a sulfonated porous polymer. The first ionomer and the second ionomer each comprise a sulfonated fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface active agent is CoatOSil (RTM: surface active agent), surfactant, EnviroGem AD01 (RTM: surfactant), Photomer 8127 (RTM: propoxylated neopentylglycol monomethyl ether acrylate), Flexitane CA 6000 (RTM: specialty coating additive), alcohol ethoxylate, Lauryl dimethylbetaine, alkyl phosphate ester, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate and alkyl dimethyl betaine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contained in the adhesion improving layer is crosslinked by alkylated melamine and/or polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Preferred Composition: The sheet further has transparent inorganic gas barrier layer and white reflection layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conductive binder contains the compound having mass mean molecular weight of 1500-80000. Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfur dioxide;and    Y1,Y2=single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - The surfactant peptide is selected from 42 peptide sequences as given in the specification, e.g. Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 1), Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 2), Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 3), Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 4) and Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The support is a glass slide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material is selected from indium-tin oxide (ITO), tris(8-quinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3), alumina (Al2O3), and C60. The cathode and anode comprises gold and silver, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron donor layer comprises an organic conjugated polymer. The peroxide compound is peroxopolytitanic acid or peroxotitanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The anode and the electrolyte are contained in a film-shaped package member. The electrolyte includes an electrolyte solution; and a polymer containing vinylidene fluoride, having a structure in which polymerizable compound having an acrylate group or a methacrylate group is polymerized; or a structure in which at least one kind selected from polyvinylacetal and its derivatives is polymerized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The metal salts are dissolved in an organic solvent, stirred for 0.5-10 hours at approximately 0degreesC during the addition of a reducing metal powder, and then stirred at room temperature for another 2-24 hours. The solid intermetallic product is annealed in an inert atmosphere or in a reducing atmosphere at 150-400degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Metal salts are used. The metal salts are chlorides of aluminum (Al), indium (In), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and/or zinc (Zn). The reducing metal is Zn or magnesium (Mg).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic solvent is ethylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol or xylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The ionic species are lithium ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Units: The structural unit has oxyethylene structure of formula: -(-CH2CH2O-)n-, and oxypropylene structure of formula: -(-CH2(-CH3)-CH2O-)m-.n=3-100;andm=1-90.The terminal of the side chain is H or CH3. The structural unit is of formula (1), and the polyfunctional monomer is of formula: R4-CH2-C(-R3)(-R4)-CH2-R4.R1-R3=H or methyl;o=3-100;R4=H or CH2=C(-R5)-C(=O)-O-;andR5=R3.At least two of R4 are CH2=C(-R5)-C(=O)-O-. Preferred Component: The polyelectrolyte further contains a polar polymer having compatibility with the side chain. The polar polymer is ethylene-oxide polymer and/or ethylene-oxide propylene-oxide copolymer. The polar polymer has a structural unit of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The fuel cell base material is plated with metals such as gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal atom of the nitrated case is selected from ferrous, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material having an affinity for the electrolyte comprises a polymer material or the sealing tape comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). The material is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) is selected from the group consisting of PVdF 761, PVdF 2801. The first and second insulating plates comprise a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active materials include lead compounds, and that the electrolyte includes sulfuric acid. Separators are supplied with electrolyte containing additives of inorganic salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrochemical cell is used for generating hydrogen gas or oxygen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carrier material used in the porous electrode is selected from a group of graphite, nickel, cobalt, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, wolfram, iron, platinum and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery comprises electrolyte containing polyethylene oxide type polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holding frame is made from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stripe-shaped hydrophilic strips comprise a mixed solution of ordered mesoporous silica and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). Preferred Method: Forming the hydrophilic strips comprises mixing ordered mesoporous silica and PVdF to form a hydrophilic solution; applying the mixed hydrophilic solution to the electrode; and annealing the applied hydrophilic solution at 170degreesC for 30 minutes. Mixing comprises adding ordered mesoporous silica and PVdF in a 1:1 weight ratio to acetone; and stirring for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive catalytic electrode is made of nickel screen mesh coated with palladium (Pd), titanium (Ti) or zirconium (Zr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The fuel and oxidant supply conduits are perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid-based ionomer tubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material comprises oxide, carbide, boride, silicide and/or olefin resin. The porous material has continuous porosity, average pore diameter of 10-250 microns and thickness of 0.001-1000 microns. The porous material comprises zeolite, metal oxide, hydroxyapatite and/or tricalcium phosphate. The porous material has diameter of 5 nm or less. The porous material has cylindrical or mesh shape. The porous material is arranged in direction which does not protect movement of proton ion between electrolyte film and catalyst layer. The concentration of catalyst is 10-6 mol/L or more when supported catalyst elutes. The catalyst is supported in porous material such that average pore diameter of porous material and catalyst amount satisfies a preset relation.Preferred Layer: The thickness ratio of catalyst elution suppression layer and catalyst elution prevention layer is 2000:30-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature is 100degreesC or less. Preferred Fuel: The concentration of methanol in the hydrocarbon group fuel is 1 mass ppm or more, and the fuel contains water (1 mass ppm or more). The hydrocarbon group fuel is liquefied petroleum gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is faujasite type zeolite. The zeolite group de-sulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion-exchange supporting of silver on zeolite, or by molding zeolite and supporting silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Titanium oxide is rutile-type titanium oxide. The average particle diameter of titanium oxide is 0.1-0.24 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film further contains glycidyl ether or two or more types of epoxy compound of glycidyl ether, two kinds of surface treating agents, hydrated alumina or hydrated silicic acid, and benzotriazole type compound or benzophenone type compound. Alternately, surface treating agents, hydrated alumina and hydrated silicic acid, glycidyl ether or two or more types of epoxy compound of glycidyl ether, and benzotriazole type compound or benzophenone type compound, are contained in different films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electroconductive substrate formed with peeling prevention layer has ratio of real surface area and projected area of 10 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The peeling prevention layer contains a porous conductive polymer having polymer of aniline and/or aniline derivative. The porous conductive polymer contains a copolymer having monomer component chosen from aniline and aniline derivative. The peeling prevention layer contains isocyanate group contained in gel electrolyte or solid electrolyte, and functional group which forms chemical bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The exfoliation prevention layer formed on a substrate consists of porous conductive polymer selected from the group consisting of aniline and aniline derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pH of solution containing noble metal ion is adjusted to value less than value at which transition metal and/or noble metal does not precipitate. The pH of solution (C) is adjusted using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The electroconductive support carrying the compound alloy fine particle is baked in atmosphere containing water vapor. Preferred Component: The precipitant is chosen from tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, ammonia, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Preferred Ion: The noble metal ion is derived from dinitro diamine platinum, platinum chloride, nitric acid rhodium, palladium chloride, nitric acid iridium and iridium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat seal is made of resin material selected from polyolefin, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of component (B1) and component (C1) are 10-90 wt.% and 90-10 wt.%, respectively. The silane coupling agent (C1) has functional group reactive with the thermoplastic resin (A1). Preferred Method: The resin composition is provided in degreased aluminum foil layer, aluminum foil layer processed with hot-water modification processing and anodizing processing after degreasing, aluminum foil layer processed by dipping type chemical conversion treatment which essential consists of a phosphate type compound after degreasing, or coating type chemical conversion treatment by coating composition formed by blending water soluble inorganic compound (A1), water soluble or water dispersible acryl resin, polyester resin and/or polyurethane resin (B1) and cross-linking agent for forming cross-linked structure of resin (B1). After degreasing, hot-water modification process, anodizing process, dipping former chemical conversion treatment, and coating type chemical conversion treatment, is performed. An overcoat layer which consists of a cationic polymer is provided on the processed aluminum foil layer. Then the resin composition is provided on the processed aluminum foil layer. Preferred Property: The resin composition layer is provided in 0.1-10 microns on the aluminum foil layer. Preferred Polymer: The cationic polymer consists of an ion polymeric complex, which consists of a polymer which has polyethylene imine and carboxylic acid, primary amine graft acrylic resin formed by grafting a primary amine on acrylic main structure, polyallyl amines or these derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyarylene contains sulfonic acid group containing aromatic structural unit of formula (A) and aromatic group containing structural unit of formula (B).Y=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i- (i=1-10), -C(CF3)2-;Z=direct bond such as -(CH2)j- (j=1-10), -C(CH3)2-, -O- or -S-;Ar= -SO3H, -O(CH2)pSO3H or -O(CF2)pSO3H (p=1-12);m,n=0-10;k=1-4;A,B=direct bond such as -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i- (i=1-10), -(CH2)j (j=1-10), -CR'2 (R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon), cyclo hexylidene, fluorenylidene, -O- or -S-;B=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;R1-R16=hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitrile or nitro, and partial or all is halogenated;s,t=0-4;andr=0 or 1 or more.Preferred Substrate: The substrate is polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Properties: The central line average roughness of the surface of substrate is 0.02 microns or less. The substrate has thermal contraction rate of 0.9% or less in unwinding direction of the substrate and 0.2% or less in width direction of the substrate. Preferred Method: The coated film obtained after reducing the organic solvent content, is dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte holding layer is film-form ion conductor or film-form porous component having mean pore diameter of 0.01-5 microns. The film-form porous component has water-repellent property, by providing hydrophilic functional group at its surface. The electrolyte-holding layer has aggregation layer consisting of fine particles having average particle diameter of 10-1000 nm. The fine particles layer has water repellent property.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: A unit structure meets the fibrous aggregate, which forms the three-dimensional network structure component. The unit structure is low-molecular weight gelatinization material having molecular weight of 1000 or less. The unit structure is preferably cyclic dipeptide derivative.Preferred Components: The cation and anion components are molecular cation and molecular anion. The electrolyte is normal temperature fused salt. The carrier ion of electrolyte is proton. The sol-gel phase transition temperature of the gel-form ion conductor is 80-200degreesC, preferably 150-180degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The roof tile is formed of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Part of the rear surface of the tile is not covered by the photo voltaic cell and a coating (13) of paint or resin is applied to the rear surface of the tile so that the solar panel device appears to be of uniform color when viewed from the front.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The cover forms the stabilizing part of the collector. The cover protrudes over the periphery of the collector frame (20). The transparent cover is made from a glass pane or plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst comprises platinum or ruthenium alloy. The metal layer comprises gold, platinum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic polymer film is polyimide, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) or Teflon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal mesh layer has a multilayer structure comprising greater than or equal to2 layers made of different metals. It comprises a first metal mesh layer formed of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr) or its alloy; and a second metal mesh layer formed of cupper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au) or its alloy. The electrically conductive material of the conductive layer is indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide (Ga2O3), ZnO-aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and/or tin oxide (SnO2)-antimony oxide (Sb2O3). The exposed substrate is treated with a metal salt solution of palladium salt solution and/or silver salt solution to obtain a pattern having the metal deposited on a potential pattern.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photocatalytic compound is a titanium (Ti)-containing organometallic compound of tetraisopropyltitanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexyl)titanate, and/or polybutyltitanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water-soluble polymer compound is polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, and/or gelatin. The water-soluble polymer layer comprises a photosensitizer of tar pigment, a potassium or sodium salt of chlorophylline, riboflavine and its derivatives, cupper sulfate, water-soluble annatto, caramel, curcumine, cochinal, citric acid, ammonium citrate, sodium citrate, oxalic acid, potassium (K)-tartrate, sodium (Na)-tartrate, ascorbic acid, formic acid, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and/or malic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The diaphragm consists of a plate formed of metal such as copper, beryllium-copper, stainless-steel, aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises photopolymer material. The sensor is made from a polymer by a rapid micro product development (RTM: Not defined) process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing agent further contains silane-coupling agent (C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-(alpha)-olefin copolymer (B) contains structural unit of ethylene (30-70 mol%) and 4 C or more alpha olefin (70-30 mol%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The partial ion exchange of ion exchange group of cation exchange membrane is carried out using cerium ion or manganese ion. The polymer which has ion exchange group is perfluorocarbon polymer which has sulfonic acid group. The cation exchange membrane unit contains 0.3-20% of cerium ions, and 0.5-30% of manganese ions with respect to sulfite groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An oxygen monitor substance has color development material containing blackening titanium. The oxygen monitor substance has light emission luminescence material containing metalloporphyrin or metalloporphyrin complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The spacers are of synthetic plastics material or meshes of synthetic plastics material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The material further comprises dielectric screen or glass beads. The dielectric screen is consisting of nylon screen or glass fiber screen. The material additionally comprises aluminum nitride, aluminum, aluminum oxide, beryllium oxide, boron nitride, silicon carbide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, magnesium oxide, stannic oxide, zinc oxide, cupric oxide, or yttria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material further comprises an elastomer, and polyimide dots or thin glass dots.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The flow-in port is provided with an orifice to reduce a pressure of the fluid flowing through the flow-in port. The filter further comprises a seal in the gap defined between the housing and the cartridge to seal a portion between an inner peripheral surface of the casing and an outer peripheral surface of the cartridge. A vibration isolation rubber is between the cartridge and the housing to support the cartridge w.r.t an inner surface of the housing. The cartridge is formed with a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, either one of which is covered with a stainless mesh. The cartridge is provided with a cartridge body having a cylindrical structure having opened ends and two plates fitted inside the cartridge body to close the opened ends, respectively. The cartridge inside the housing has a portion tapered downward toward the bottom portion of the housing so that the gap formed in-between is widened toward the bottom portion of the housing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The housing and the cartridge are formed of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cylindrical type alkaline storage battery comprises an innermost turn protective component having electrical insulating property and covering a radially outward surface of an innermost turn of the positive electrode plate, inclusive of the roll starting end; and a boundary protective component having electrical insulating property, and interposed between the positive electrode plate and the separator covering a radially outward surface of the positive electrode plate and covering a boundary between the small-thickness portion and the electrode body. The innermost turn protective component and boundary protective component comprises a tape made of resin or a nonwoven fabric made of resin. T comprises one of a tape made of resin or a nonwoven fabric. Preferred Material: The resin out of which the boundary protective component is made is polyolefin, preferably polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The hydrophobic binder is chosen from 2-4C polyolefin, 4-5C polydiene, styrene-(4-5C) diene copolymer, hydrogenated compound of styrene-(4-5C) diene copolymer, thermoplastic polyolefin, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer, hydrogenated compound of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer, and maleic acid or acrylic acid modified substance of the copolymer. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of anion fine particle and hydrophobic binder is 5-95:95-5. The sulfonic acid group amount is 0.06-5.3 mmol/g. Preferred Group: The carboxylic acid group of anion fine particle is derived from (meth)acrylic acid unit. Preferred Particle: The anion fine particle is obtained by polymerizing monomer mixture containing (meth)acrylic acid, in the presence of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer or its hydrogenated compound, maleic acid modified substance of the hydrogenated compound, hydrogenated compound of styrene-isoprene copolymer, hydrogenated compound of maleic acid modified styrene-butadiene copolymer, hydrogenated compound of maleic acid modified styrene-isoprene copolymer and/or thermoplastic polyolefin. The anion fine particle is obtained by sulfonating fine particle chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Units: Repeating unit (B) is chosen from carbonyl-containing repeating units of formulae (2-4).R410a,R410b=R400a;s=1-100;R410c=1-6C alkylene, 6-10C bivalent aromatic hydrocarbon, 3-10C bivalent alicyclic hydrocarbon, or bivalent organic group;R410d=H or 1-4C alkyl;R410e=H or -R510-COOH;andR510=R410c.The arm portion consists of a polymer chain including an alkyl repeating structure (D) of formula: -(-C(-R600)(-R700)-C(-R800)(-R900)-)h-.R600-R800=R100;R900=aryl or heteroaryl, preferably phenyl, more preferably p-(1-ethoxy ethoxy) phenyl or p-t-butoxyphenyl;andh=20-300.The arm portion consists of a polymer chain of formula (5, 6 or 7).C'=random repeating structure (C);D=repeating structure (D);X1=halogen;Z1=group having carbon atom(s);Ra,Rb=R100;andk=1 or more.The core portion has a benzene-ring structure of formula (8 or 9).F'=(CH2)q or p-phenylene;andq=0-3.Repeating unit (A) contains 40-80 wt.% of oxo-containing repeating structure (E) of formula: -(-CH(-R400b)-CH(-R400a)-O-)s-. The polymer chain comprises 40-70 wt.% repeating unit (A), 5-15 wt.% of repeating unit (B), and 20-50 wt.% of repeating unit (D). Preferred Polymer: The star polymer is of formula (10 or 11).G=arm portion;R=H or 1-4C alkyl;e=2-6;F'=as mentioned above;anda-d=1-5.The star polymer has a number average molecular weight of 50000-1 million. Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent further contains a metal salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyelectrolyte is sulfonic acid group-containing polyarylene containing phenyl group-containing structural unit of formula (A) and phenyl group-containing structural unit of formula (B).Y=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)l-, or -C(CF3)2-;l=1-10;Z=direct bond, or -(CH2)l-, -C(CH3)2-, -O- or -S-;Ar=-SO3H-, -O(CH2)pSO3H- or aromatic group of formula: -O(CF2)pSO3H-;p=1-12;m,n=0-10;k=1-4;A',D'=direct bond, or -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)l, -(CH2)l, -CR'2-, cyclo hexylidene, fluorenylidene, -O- or -S-;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon;B'=oxygen or sulfur;R1-R16=H, fluorine, partially halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitro or nitrile;s,t=0-4;andr=0, or 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulating layer comprises heat-resistant polymers such as polyimide type resin, polyamidoimide type resin, polyether imide type resin, fluorine resin such as fluorine-containing copolymer containing hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: Sulfonation of the graft film is carried out at 100-160degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkyl benzenesulfonic acid is 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene-3-sulfonic acid and/or 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl benzene-6-sulfonic acid.    EXAMPLE - A polyvinylidene fluoride base film was irradiated by electron beam. The film was immersed into the liquid mixture (100 g) containing styrene (50 volume%) and toluene (50 volume%), heated at 60degreesC and graft reaction was carried out. The resulting film was washed with toluene and dried, to obtain a graft film. The polyvinylidene fluoride graft film was immersed in 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic-acid solution (0.1 M) diluted by o-dichlorobenzene. The film was then heated at 147degreesC for 15 minutes, water-washed and dried to obtain a sulfonated graft film (proton-conductive film). The proton conductive film had graft ratio of 23%, ion exchange capacity of 1 meq/g and proton conductivity of 0.095 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric impregnating resin is phenolic, epoxy, acrylic, melamine, polyamide, polyamide imide, and/or phenoxy resin. The low viscosity coating resin impregnates a portion of the resin-depleted surface. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of the low viscosity coating resin is less than 400, preferably less than 100 cp. The polymeric impregnating resin is removed to 2-20microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The secondary battery, which is a pouch-shaped battery has an electrode assembly mounted in a pouch-shaped sheet case including a high-polymer resin layer and a metal layer in a sealed state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst material comprises platinum; platinum-containing multi- metal element; a mixture of platinum and platinum oxynitride; a mixture of platinum and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum-containing multi- metal element and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum-containing metal element and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, oxide of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum-containing multi-metal element, oxide of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum- containing metal element, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; or a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide. The metal element other than platinum is aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium. The catalyst material having the entangled structure is disposed on a catalyst carrier comprising carbon, carbon-supported platinum, carbon-supported platinum alloy, platinum black, platinum fine particles, platinum alloy fine particles, or gold fine particles.Preferred Property: The catalyst material having the entangled structure has a porosity of 30-95%. The entangled structure comprises a filiform tissue (10) having a width of 3-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rechargeable battery is a lithium-polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The mixed solvent of the block copolymer contains good solvent of segment (II) precursor or segment (I) precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The reduced viscosity measured at 40degreesC by setting the polyelectrolyte as 1 mass% solution using solvent(s) chosen from N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide, is 160 ml/g or more. The polyelectrolyte is soluble in organic solvent.Preferred Polyelectrolyte: The polyelectrolyte contains the block copolymer having segment (I) which has ion exchange group and segment (II) which does not have the ion exchange group as ionic conduction component. The weight average molecular weight of segment (II) measured by gel permeation chromatography is 40,000 or more. The ion exchange capacity of segment (I) is 3.6 meq or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plastic material of the plastic frames includes filler chosen from talc, alumina, silica, glass, kaolin, kaolinite, calcite, carbon and/or ceramic fillers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ballast material support surface is made from bitumen, preferably APP, SBS or SEBS-modified bitumen. The friction-increasing layer is a rubber material, e.g. EPDM. The container is made from plastic, preferably polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrates have a plastic film which covered a transparent electrical conductive film made of zinc oxide. The counter electrode consists of metal containing titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrates have a plastic film made of polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The general grade polyester-film layer and/or hydrolysis-proof grade polyester film layer consist of a white film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymeric electrolyte film has thickness of 200 microns or less. The film has a self-support with film thickness of 20-200 microns. The specific conductivity of the film is more than 0.001 S/cm at 80-200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conductive functional group is sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyelectrolyte is sulfonic acid group containing polyphenylene sulfide. The polyelectrolyte is filled in the pores of the porous support. The porous support contains polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyethylene, polyimide or polybenzoxazole. Preferred Properties: The porous support has porosity of 5-98% and weight of 10-90 wt.%. The electrolyte film has ion exchange capacity of 0.2-3 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer containing reactive functional group is ternary polymer of polynorbornene rubber, ethylene, propylene and diene monomer. The polymerizable hydrophilic monomer with proton conductivity is sulfonic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid. The polymerizable hydrophilic monomer without proton conductivity is aromatic vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The filler is inorganic filler having hydrophobization-treated surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition further contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate (10 or less) and filler (40 or less). Preferred Compound: The saturated thermoplastic elastomer (B) is hydrogenated substance of styrene-conjugated diene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer and/or polyacrylate containing 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate unit (50 wt.% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The positive and negative side strands conform to JIS C 1602 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas-liquid separation layer is formed of one selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, silicon resin, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating sealing material comprises electrically insulating polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises an alkali metal, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride (preferably), lithium borohydride, and/or sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material comprises water vapor permeable liquid water impermeable oil. The fuel is in the form of a pellet (10), granules, or powder. The fuel releases hydrogen gas when contacted by water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material comprises a fluoropolymer containing material, PTFE, a multilayer coating comprising a fluoropolymer containing material, a water vapor permeable liquid water impermeable rubber.Preferred Property: The material has a thickness of 0.1-100 (1-5) microns. EXAMPLE - Fine lithium aluminum hydride powder (50 g) was mixed in 100 ml hexane and ca. 0.1 g curable rubber solution including a curing agent. The mixture was warmed to 500degreesC and stirred. The mixture was stirred continuously as it was warmed, until the entire mixtures had a soft, rubbery consistency. The soft mass was removed from the hood and granulated over a 400 mesh sieve. The granules were collected and dried at ca. 600degreesC for ca. 8 hours. The dried granules were pelletized in a press and ready for use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of borosilicate glass, or glass. The adhesive layer comprises alumina, and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of silicon wafer, or aluminum. The catalyst layer comprises a catalyst comprising platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), copper/zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and/or Cu-ZnO/aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The catalyst layer comprises cerium oxide, Al2O3, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, or titanium (IV) oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is a compound having benzene ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring, preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or its derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The oxidation polymerization is electrolytic oxidation polymerization. The baking is performed in non-oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The silver paste contains phosphorus oxide or silver phosphate, and silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Flux: the flux consists of polyethylene glycol type compound of formula: RO-(CH2CH2O)n-H, where R is hydrogen or 1-10C linear alkyl group and n is 6-23, organic solvent and activator containing carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The trialkyl imidazolium salt is 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide and/or 1-isopropyl-2,3-dimethyl imidazolium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact layer contains nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current-collection layer consists of palladium (Pd) or palladium-nickel (Ni) alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermoplastic resin is a mixture of polycarbonate resin and acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal layer has thickness of 80-150 microns. Preferred Foil: The metallic foil is aluminum foil (21,22) in which at least one surface is chemical-conversion treated. The metallic foil is adhered with a metal-bondable thermoplastic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The battery packing sheet has sequential lamination of base material layer (1), metal layer and heat-bondable resin layer (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The chemical conversion treatment layer is formed by phosphoric acid chromate treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating layer contains a heat resistant polymer having glass transition temperature of 200degreesC or more. The heat resistant polymer is polyimide type resin, polyamidoimide type resin and/or polyether imide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer is formed using fluorine-type polyol and isocyanate type hardener which is nurate component of an isophorone diisocyanate and optionally isophorone diisocyanate. EXAMPLE - An aluminum foil having thickness of 40 microns and bi-axially stretched nylon film having thickness of 25 microns were laminated using liquid curable polyurethane adhesive. The surface of the aluminum foil was treated using the liquid containing an aminated phenol polymer, chromic compound, phosphorus compound and carbodiimide resin, to form a chemical-conversion-treatment layer, and thus an intermediate laminated material (A) was obtained. An adhesive agent solution containing isophorone diisocyanate nurate component, isophorone diisocyanate and 1 equivalent of fluorine-type polyol was coated to the chemical conversion treatment layer surface of obtained laminated material (A), such that the amount of adhesive agent after drying was 3 g/m2. Then, a non-expanded polypropylene film having thickness of 50 microns was thermocompression-bonded to the surface of the adhesive layer, and a laminated material was obtained. The obtained laminated material had electrical resistance of 85 at initial stage, electrical resistance after preservation at 60degreesC for 24 hours of 59, and water permeability of 21 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulating separator element is made of thermoplastic polymer material such as a fluorocarbon resin chosen among tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene modified copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride-propylene hexafluoride copolymer. The solid electrolyte is made of perfluorinated polymer such as nafion(RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The alloy catalyst has a composition comprising palladium, cobalt and gold in an amount in the inside, which exists on the boundary curve of 3-component system phased diagram, or surrounded by boundary curve and palladium-cobalt axis. The alloy catalyst is support on a support containing carbon to obtain cathode catalyst. Preferred Process: Palladium holder obtained by dripping reducing agent and supporting palladium on carbon powder is dispersed in cobalt solution. Solvent is removed, and cobalt solution dispersed with palladium-cobalt holder is obtained. A reducing agent or pH adjuster is further dripped, and palladium-cobalt holder obtained by filtering is baked in hydrogen or hydrogen gas-containing inert gas atmosphere. Further, the palladium-cobalt holder is baked in inert gas atmosphere, and palladium-cobalt alloy holder is manufactured by supporting palladium-cobalt alloy on carbon powder. The obtained palladium-cobalt alloy holder is dispersed in gold solution, and reducing agent is dripped. The obtained solution is filtered, and the resulting product is baked in inert gas atmosphere to obtain palladium-cobalt-gold holder. The palladium-cobalt-gold alloy is supported on carbon powder, and palladium-cobalt-gold alloy holder is obtained. Thus, cathode catalyst containing palladium-cobalt-gold alloy holder is manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The two diffusion regions provided adjacent to the electrodes comprise a layer of diffusion media, such as graphite paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active material that has been made conductive, is formed into a sheet, which is bonded to the current collector having a conductive adhesive layer, which contains a conductive agent and a binder, and has been formed on the collector by a coating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active metals of the core are silicon and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode comprises carbon material, or lithium metal or alloy. The positive electrode comprises a lithium transition metal oxide capable of reversibly intercalating lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The matrix polymer comprises the polyvinylidene fluoride further copolymerized with monochlorotrifluoroethylene in an amount of 3-7.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic oxide particles of the first porous film comprise titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and/or strontium titanium oxide (preferably titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide or zinc oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The flexible base member is formed of thermoplastic urethane or a polymer fabric. The flexible solar cells are formed of pentacene, an organic polymer or plastic. At least one retainer is formed of an elastomeric material or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The heat shrink film is formed from polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - composition: An inorganic pigment (B) is an oxide containing the element chosen from iron, Chromium, manganese, copper, Cobalt and nickel. The back sheet further contains inorganic pigment (C) (0.01-10) with respect to thermoplastic-resin (A) (100). An organic pigment (C) is chosen from white-colored inorganic pigment, red-type inorganic pigment, green type inorganic pigment, yellowish inorganic pigment, brown type inorganic pigment, blue type inorganic pigment, purple type inorganic pigment, silver type inorganic pigment, and pearl color system inorganic pigment, preferably green type pigment, white and blue colored inorganic pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinylic-monomer component (b) contains aromatic vinyl compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred resin: The thermoplastic resin is obtained polymerizing vinylic-monomer component (b) and rubbery polymer (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Property: The thickness of the base film is 6-200 microns. The base film is high polymer film, art paper, coated paper, lightweight coat paper or copy paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layers are formed of titanium nitride, chromium nitride or aluminum-titanium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cations are Ce3+ or Ce4+ cations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The amount of cerium cations present is 0.001-0.5 (0.01-0.1) charge equivalents based on the molar amount of anionic functional groups present in the polymer. The polymer has an equivalent weight of less than or equal to1000 or less than or equal to800. Preferred Component: The distribution of the cerium cations across the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane is uniform. The polymer is highly fluorinated or perfluorinated. It includes pendent groups of formula -O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO3H or -O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO3H. The polymer can be crosslinked. EXAMPLE - An aliquot of casting dispersion was combined with ammonium cerium nitrate at a cerium content of 0.02 mmols cerium per gram of polymer. A 0.036 g ammonium cerium nitrate was combined with 14.64 g ionomer solution and stirred for 24 hours. The salt initially dissolved to give regions of clear yellow solution. The mixture grew slightly turbid and colorless. A membrane was cast. The addition of ammonium cerium nitrate reduced the weight loss of the perfluorinated ionomer indicating a higher level of oxidative stability. The sample showed -4.6 wt.% change peroxide soak test, and 0.9 meq/g acid content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cerium oxide compound is present in an amount of 0.1-1 (preferably 0.2-0.3) wt.%, or in an amount of less than 1 vol.%. The cerium oxide compound is CeO2 or Ce2O3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The distribution of the highly fluorinated polymer electrolyte across the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane is uniform and the distribution of the cerium oxide compound across the thickness of the polymer electrolyte membrane is uniform. The highly fluorinated polymer electrolyte is perfluorinated. The polymer electrolyte has an equivalent weight of less than or equal to1000 (preferably less than or equal to800). The polymer electrolyte comprises pendent groups of formula: -O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO3H, or -O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO3H. The polymer is crosslinked. The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly optionally includes a porous support. EXAMPLE - Ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3 . 9H2O) (0.08 1 g) was added to 22.7 wt.% ionomer casting dispersion (99 g) with stirring for 24 hours. Aliquot (10 g) of casting dispersion was further combined with Polishing Opaline (RTM: cerium oxide) (0.0114 g) having a particle size of 0.5-1.0 microns, and stirred for 24 hours. A membrane was cast. This membrane showed peroxide soak test of -3.7% and acid content of 0.99 meq/g. A comparative membrane prepared from casting dispersion having no cerium oxide showed peroxide soak test of -14.5% and acid content of 1.02 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The first gasket comprises base layer, elastomeric layer, and adhesive layer. The base layer is consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cation component of normal temperature fused salt is quaternary ammonium cation of formula: N+R1R2R3R4, where R1-R4 are alkyl, alkoxy alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, alkenyl or aralkenyl group or optionally one pair or more of R1-R4 combined to form a ring system including hetero atom. The cation component of the fused salt is chosen from N(R1SO2)(R2SO2)-, N(R3SO3)- or C(R4SO2)(R5SO2)(R6SO2)-, where R1-R4 are same as defined above and R5 and R6 are same as R1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-water soluble polymer contains copolymer containing acrylic ester, methacrylic ester, aromatic olefin, conjugated diene and/or olefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal ion is bivalent of ion of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, palladium or cadmium. The coordination polymer is used for supporting free ion such as lithium ion of solid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): A compound containing metal ion, principal chain organic compound and a compound containing free ion are mixed and reacted to form coordination polymer.Preferred Property: The organic compound having two or more anionic ligands has coordination force with respect to metal ion of the substituent weaker than coordination force with respect to metal ion of the anionic ligand.Preferred Polymer: The coordination polymer is of formula: (-L1(power j)--R1(L)-L2(power k)--M(power q)+-)n.R1=alkyl or aryl, optionally substituted, preferably group having at least one aromatic ring of formula (2-5);M=metal ion, preferably transition metal ion of valence 2 or more;L=ion which becomes conduction species without forming conduction bond or ionic bond, preferably -SO3H or its salt;L1,L2=group which forms coordination bond with metal atom, preferably -COO-;n=integer;j,k=1-3, preferably 1;andq=sum of j and k, preferably 2.The coordination polymer further has a cross-linking ligand having two or more portions forming coordination bond with metal ion. The cross-linking ligand is preferably bipyridyl. EXAMPLE - 5-Sulfo isophthalic acid monolithium salt (20 mM), 4,4'-bipyridyl (20 mM), lithium hydroxide (40 mM) and ethanol solution (50 ml) of cobalt nitride tetrahydrate were mixed. Further, methanol solution (50 ml) of lithium hydroxide was dropped under room temperature. White powder of coordination polymer was obtained with 90% yield. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the coordination polymer showed the presence of lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hydrophilic resin is selected from polyether, polyalcohol, polyamide, polysulfonic acid, polycarboxylic acid and cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasticizer is selected from phthalic acid ester, adipate type, phosphoric acid ester type, trimellitic acid ester, citric acid ester, epoxy type and polyester type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer comprising metal, metal oxide and/or inorganic compound has gas barrier property. The layer has water vapor permeability of 2.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less. The layer has water vapor permeability of 5.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less after aging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film having intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-1.2 and containing polyimide resin. Alternately, the polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film. The sealing film further has weather resistant resin sheet layer (5) laminated on the surface. The resin layer is chosen from fluorine resin sheet, poly carbonate resin sheet and/or acrylic resin sheet. The sealing film has total visible light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Resin: The acrylic resin is benzotriazole group monomer copolymerized acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The olivine-type lithium-manganese phosphate compound is of formula: LixMnyM1zM2wPO4.x,y=as mentioned above;z,w=y, preferably greater than 0 and less than 0.2;M1=bivalent metallic element chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc and copper, preferably cobalt, nickel and/or iron;andM2=trivalent metallic element chosen from titanium, tin, zirconium, vanadium and aluminum, preferably titanium.Carbon (20 wt.% or less) is included on the particle surface of phosphate compound. Preferred Properties: The anode active material has a particle diameter of 50-200 nm and a BET specific surface area of 1-200 m2/g. Preferred Definitions:    y=greater than 0.8 and less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The fiber core may comprise metal, metal oxide, and/or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The photoconversion material comprises conjugated polymer, e.g. polyacetylene, polyaniline, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polythienylvinylene, polythiophene, polyquinoline, polyporphyrin, porphyrinic macrocycle, polymetallocene, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphthalocyanine, and/or derivatives of these polymers; discotic liquid crystal polymer or non-polymer; or composite of conjugated polymer in conjunction with non-polymeric material. The fiber core comprises flexible polymeric material; polyethylene terephthalate; flax, cotton, wool, silk, and/or nylon; conductive polymer; or filled polymer. The fiber core is electrically insulative or conductive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material further contains silver as essential component. The cathode active material contains a component (A1) (0.1-9.9 mass%) chosen from aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, niobium and tantalum, and another component (A2) (0.5-14.9 mass%) chosen from cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode further contains carboxymethyl cellulose and/or its mineral salt. The cathode active material and binder are mixed using dispersion medium whose swelling degree with respect to binder is 10% or less. The dispersion medium contains water. The average particle diameter of binder is 30 microns or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel component is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition contains a molecular compound and the liquid fuel component. The fuel composition comprises fatty acid ester of polyhydric alcohol and fuel. The molecular compound is a clathrate compound formed from fuel and host composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: A groove is formed in one surface of the porous carbon molding, and the other surfaces are smooth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive substance is silicon dioxide or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst consists of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and/or iridium. The catalyst has an average particle diameter of 1-5 nm. The catalyst-supporting rate of the electroconductive substance is 1-80%.Preferred Board: The current collection board comprises copper, stainless steel, nickel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte film contains a sulfone group containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon. The catalyst layer comprises a proton-conductive substance, an electroconductive substance, and a catalyst. The proton conductive substance is perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, or sulfonated polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The fixing members are constituted by a hat shaped steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The zipper gasket is formed by an elastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The catalyst carrier is an electroconductive carbon material having pores (3) with a diameter of 2.5 nm or less and a pore volume of 60% or more. The electroconductive carbon material has a specific surface area of 2000 m2/g or more. The electroconductive carbon material contains activated carbon or carbon black.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter after an endurance test of 1000 hours is suppressed by 5 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of functional groups bonded with the catalyst metal is 2 or less per molecule. Preferred Group: The functional group is mercapto group. The mercapto group exists in molecule terminal of the compound (A). The proton conductive function group is sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The compound (A) is polymer which is obtained by polymerizing by reversible addition-elimination chain-transfer polymerization and is further processed with processing agent (which is hydrogen-nitrogen bond-containing compound, basic compound and/or reducing agent). The compound (A) is same as the compound (B). Preferred composition: The weight ratio of compounds (A and B) is 1:99-99:1. The electrolyte composition further contains catalyst metal supporting carbon (C). The weight ratio of compound (C) and sum of compounds (A,B) is 1:9-9:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The differential voltage of porous carbon sheet when permeating air (14 cm3/cm2/second) in thickness direction is 1-10 mmaq/mm. The porous carbon sheet has volume resistivity of 30-300 mOmega.cm in thickness direction, residual deformation amount of 3-15 microns by compression in thickness direction, density of 0.15-0.35 g/cm3 and thickness of 100-250 microns. Preferred Sheet: The porous carbon sheet contains carbonaceous powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module is in accordance with IEC 61646 and IEC 61730 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The total concentration of the salts is greater than 1 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mono (bidentate)borate salt includes a dihalo mono(bidentate) borate, lithium dihalo mono(bidentate)borate, and lithium difluoro oxalatoborate (LiDfOB). The lactones include gamma-butyrolactone. The low viscosity solvents include a linear ester, methyl acetate, nitrile, acetonitrile, ether, dimethyl ether, linear carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, or tetrahydrofuran.Preferred Structure: The mono (bidentate)borate salt is of formula (1).M+ = metal ion from Group I or II elements;Y3 = -CX(CR2)aCX-, -CZZ'(CR2)aCZZ'-, -CX(CR2)aCZZ'-, -SO2(CR2)bSO2-, or -CO(CR2)bSO2-;X = =O or =NR';Z = alkyl, halogenated alkyl, -C=NR', CR'3, or R';Z' = alkyl, halogenated alkyl, -C=NR', CR'3 or R';R'' = halo;R' = halo or H;R = H, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, CN, or halo;a = 0-4; andb = 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The low viscosity solvents include propyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder (A) is acrylic type rubbery copolymer. The binder (B) is fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The principal chain of the polymer is aromatic polymer. The polymer is a block copolymer containing block having ion exchange property group and block which does not have ion exchange property group, in the weight ratio of 3:97-70:30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The oxetane ring-containing polymer is a block copolymer having a polymer chain containing oxetanyl group in both terminals, as a block. The epoxy compound is alicyclic epoxy compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition layer of the gas barrier vapor deposition film consists of inorganic oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the surface of the vapor deposition layer side of gas barrier vapor deposition film. The gas barrier vapor deposition film is laminated on the unprocessed surface of a plastic base material processed by corona treatment or adhesion processing. The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the processed surface of base material. The base material surface of the gas barrier vapor deposition film is colored or transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gaseous phase process is sputtering.Preferred Composition: The electroconductive porous material contains an aggregate of electroconductive fiber. The metallic film contains alloy containing titanium, platinum and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layers: The metal layer has a thickness of 80-150 microns. The metallic foil is aluminum foil whose surface(s) is treated by chemical conversion treatment to form chemical conversion treatment layers (24, 25). The laminate material comprises a base material layer (1) laminated with the metal layer and heat bondable resin layer (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the metal layer is 80-150 microns. Preferred Foil: The metallic foil is an aluminum foil by which at least one surface is chemical conversion treated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The reinforcement resin layer is formed with fluorine containing copolymer having hydroxyl group and a hardener. The fluorine containing copolymer is copolymer obtained by copolymerization of monomers chosen from fluorine olefin monomer of formula: CF2=CFX, beta-methyl substituted alpha-olefin monomer of formula: CH2=CR(CH3), hydroxyl group containing monomer of formula: CH2=CHR1, and other monomer, which do not have a cross-likable functional group.X=fluorine atom, hydrogen atom or trifluoromethyl group;R=1-8C alkyl group;R1=OR2 or CH2OR2;andR2=alkyl group having hydroxyl group.Preferred Hardener: The hardener is an organic polyisocyanate compound. Preferred Laminate: The laminate consists of a base material layer (1), metal layer and heat bondable resin layer (3), laminated orderly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amphoteric-ion compound is an amidated oxo-acid compound obtained by substituting hydroxyl group or oxo-acid by amino group. The amphoteric-ion compound is amidosulfuric acid, amide phosphoric acid, diamide phosphoric acid, diphosphate tetra amide, thiophosphoric acid triamide, and/or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The matrix resin comprises polyamic acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyamidoimide, and/or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The solid medium is a polymer chosen from polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, poly (methoxy oligo ethylene glycoxy) methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate polyvinylidene fluoride polyethylene-oxide, vinylidene-fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and ethylene oxide-propylene-oxide copolymer. The solid medium further contains plasticizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The unextended thermoplastic resin film consists of polypropylene resin, polyethylene resin and/or ionomer resin. The extended thermoplastic resin film consists of nylon, polyethylene terephthalate resin and/or polypropylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic polymer is a derivative of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and carboxy methyl cellulose compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred alcohol: The alcohol is ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of resin (A) is 50-90 wt.%. Preferred Material: The resin material is applied for fuel cell, which generates electric power using fuel containing alcohol. EXAMPLE - Linear copolymer resin (in g) (3.75) having vinylidene-fluoride unit (40%), tetrafluoroethylene unit (11) and hexafluoride isopropylene unit (11%), and acid phosphoxy chloropropyl methacrylate (3.75) were added to methyl ethyl ketone to obtain uniform monomer solution. Azobisisobutyronitrile (75 mg) was added to the obtained solution. Then, stirred at 80degreesC for 1 hour and cooled to obtain ionic conductive liquid. The obtained ionic conductive liquid was applied on plastic, heated to remove solvent, and washed. Then, heated and preserved to obtain ionic-conductive film. The ionic-conductive film was homogenous and had ionic conductivity of 0.011 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The cation and anion components contained in the electrolyte are molecular cation and molecular anion, respectively. The electrolyte contains normal-temperature fused salt of molecular cation and molecular anion. The molecular cation contained in the electrolyte contains a heteroatom with a lone pair. The basic functional group of the polymer is equivalent to the derivative derived from molecular cation. The carrier ion is proton. Preferred Property: The molar fraction shown by formula: molar fraction=(number of functional group contained in the polymer+number of moles of molecular cation)/(number of functional group contained in polymer+total number of moles of molecular anion and molecular cation), is more than 0.5 and 0.9 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: At least one basic functional group is contained in the repeating unit of the polymer. The basic functional group is a structure containing heteroatom with -NR2, where R is H or alkyl, and/or a lone pair. The polymer functions as a support of the electrolyte, and forms a film or a porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the annular seals is manufactured from tetrafluoroethylene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The conditioning takes place at 80-300degreesC for 15 minutes to 24 hours. During the conditioning process the membrane electrode unit is washed with a gaseous medium such as air, oxygen, nitrogen or inert gas, excluding hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte matrix is at least a polymer with at least a heteroatom of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, preferably basic polymer containing at least a nitrogen atom such as polyphosphazene, polyimine, polyisocyanide, polyetherimine, polyaniline, polyamide, polyhydrazide, polyurethane, polyimide, polyazine or polyazole compounds of formula (I)-(XXII). The polymer is a copolymer or a blend containing at least two units of (I) to (XXII), and as block copolymer (di- or tri- block), statistical copolymer, periodical copolymer and/or alternating polymer. The polymer electrolyte matrix further contains a polymer such as polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyarylketone, polyetherketone, polyetherdiketone, polydietherketone, poly-diether-diketone and/or aromatic polymer with sulfonic acid.Ar = tetra bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;Ar1, Ar6, Ar7, Ar11 = di-bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;Ar2, Ar10 = di- or tri- bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;Ar3, Ar4, Ar8 = tri-bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;Ar5 = tetra- bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;Ar9 = di-, tri- or tetra bonded (hetero)aromatic mono- or poly- nuclear;X = O, S, amino, H, 1-20C- alkyl, alkoxy or aryl;R = H, alkyl or aromatic groups; andn, m = greater than 10, preferably 100.Where in formula (XX), R is not hydrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The positive active material is positive active materials comprising hydroxides, ferrates, manganates, chromates, cerates, oxalates, or oxides. It may be nickel hydroxide (preferably), manganese hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or strontium hydroxide. The ferrate can be barium ferrate, potassium ferrate, lithium ferrate, or sodium ferrate. The manganate is sodium manganate, lithium manganate, or potassium manganate. The chromate is potassium chromate, lithium chromate, or sodium chromate. The cerate is potassium cerate, lithium cerate, or sodium cerate. The negative active material is a metal hydride active material from electrochemical hydrogen storage alloys or gas phase hydrogen storage alloys. The electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy is AB, AB2, AB5, A2B7, magnesium-nickel, or calcium-nickel alloys. The metal hydride active material is thermal gas phase hydrogen storage alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydroxide-ion exchange membrane is a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-polyvinylchloride polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate has iron (Fe)-nickel (Ni) alloy, Fe-Ni-Cr alloy, copper alloy or aluminum alloy as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A raw material compound of metal (M) and carbon particles are mixed, and composite particles (A) containing metal (M) and carbon are obtained. The composite particles (A) are oxidized, and composite particles (B) containing metal oxide and carbon are obtained. The obtained composite particles (B) are supported on a catalyst, and an electrode catalyst is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel of a fuel cell using the solid electrolyte is ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The alkyl (meth) acrylate is trifluoro ethyl (meth)acrylate. The asymmetrical di(meth)acrylate is allyl (meth)acrylate.Preferred Composition: The amount of allyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(meth)acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid or its salt and trifluoro ethyl (meth)acrylate is 5-30 wt.%, 38-57 wt.% and 33-58 wt.% with respect to total monomers.Preferred Method: Trifluoro ethyl (meth)acrylate is re-added during reaction of the other acrylate group. EXAMPLE - 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) (in g) (0.56), 2,2,2-trifluoro ethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) (0.7) and allyl methacrylate (AMA) (0.14) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) (12.6). Further, 2% of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (28 mg) was added. After sufficient bubbling of nitrogen gas in a solution, the solution was heated at 48degreesC for 16 hours, to obtain transparent colorless solution of ionic conductive liquid. Subsequently, TFEMA (0.7) was added to the obtained ionic conductive liquid and the obtained solution was applied on a glass substrate and continuously heated at 70degreesC and 120degreesC each for 15 minutes. A film was formed on the glass and film was heated in 1N aqueous solution of sulfuric acid for 1 hour. The film was taken out, heated and washed with ion-exchange water for 1 hour to obtain homogeneous solid electrolyte film. The obtained solid electrolyte had ionic conductivity of 5x10-2 S/cm, moisture content of 67.73%, and ion exchange capacity of 0.965 mmol/g. The fuel cell was formed using the obtained solid electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The shape memory resin has cross-linked polyolefin, and the inside resin layer contains polyolefin. EXAMPLE - An anode formed using lithium cobalt oxide powder (in wt.%) (90), acetylene black (3), graphite (3), polyvinylidene fluoride (4) and N-methyl pyrrolidone, a cathode formed using polyvinylidene fluoride (7) and mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber (93), a polyethylene porous film (separator) and a non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium tetrafluoroborate dissolved in mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone, were used to obtain an electrode group. The obtained electrode group was arranged between laminated cladding material having polyethylene terephthalate layer, aluminum layer and polyethylene layer. Further, cross-linked polyethylene (shape memory resin) was arranged at the outer periphery of electrode group, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte battery. The obtained non-aqueous electrolyte battery had favorable deformability and sealing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The structure is heated at temperature lower than production temperature of optical absorption layer in heating furnace at atmospheric pressure, or quickly heated for several minutes or less, such that composition change of optical absorption layer does not occur, at temperature more than production temperature of optical absorption layer. The structure is preferably heated at 400-500degreesC in heating furnace installed in waste gas processing facility. The cover glass is separated from structure having solar cell device portion and cover glass, which are adhered via adhesive agent. The burned adhesive agent, window layer, buffer layer and optical absorption layer are mechanically shaved off by scraping. The glass substrate having electrode layer is recovered by processing substrate with sand blaster or belt sander. The peripheral components, such as frame, sealing material, connection box with cable, and back sheet are removed from solar cell module by preprocessing. Preferred Properties: The plastic resin-made adhesive agent has thickness of 200-800 microns, preferably 400-600 microns before cross-linking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The salt monomer is nitrogen-containing compound of formula (1).P1,P2=substituent containing polymerizable functional group;X=anion atom;andR1-R5=(un)substituted alkyl, (un)substituted alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or heterocyclic residue, where R1 and R2 are 5-20C linear or branched alkyl group.At least one of R1-R5 are combined with each other to form cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The step of calculating the internal resistance of a lithium-based battery that has been used at a first temperature for a first period of time utilizes a formula representative of the relationship between the initial internal resistance of the battery, the temperature of the battery, and the time that the battery is used at the temperature; or a graph illustrating the relationship between internal resistance and time at multiple constant temperatures. The step of using the determined expected age of the battery to calculate a new internal resistance of the battery after the battery has been used at the second temperature for a second period of time utilizes the equation R = R0 + (A x exp(B/T))x(t0 + ti)0.5, where A and B are constants, R0 is the initial internal resistance of the battery, T is the second temperature, t0 is the expected age of the battery if the battery had been held at the second temperature for its entire life, ti is the duration of the second period of time, and R is the resistance after the second period of time. The method further comprises predicting the status of the battery through correlation to the internal resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The packaging foil comprises multi-layered laminates, which include a metallic layer(s) and a polymer layer(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel vaporization film is made of resin comprising perfluoro sulfonic acid group, perfluoro carbon group including carboxyl, polysulfone, polyimide, polyetheretherketone or polyamide, or a polymer material including silicon. An adhesion layer (51) between the control plate and the liquid fuel vaporization film and between the other control plate and the liquid fuel vaporization film is made of an adhesive comprising a silicon group, an epoxy group, a cyanoacrylate group, or urethane group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The first electrode may include a transparent substrate, e.g. glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst layer comprises platinum, palladium, gold, and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first electrode includes metal foil formed of stainless steel, transition metal (including aluminum, zinc, titanium, gold and silver), and/or alloy of these metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalytic layer comprises photocatalytic compound that is electron-excitable when exposed to light (UV light) to exhibit activity. The photocatalytic compound may be titanium-containing organometallic compound capable of forming titanium dioxide after annealing, e.g. tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexyl) titanate, and/or polybutyl titanate. The photocatalytic layer has a thickness of 10-100 nm. Photosensitizer, e.g. colorant, organic acid, organic acid salt and/or organic amine, may be added to the aqueous water-soluble polymer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate may be a plastic substrate. A water-soluble polymeric compound, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, gelatin, and/or their copolymers, may be disposed on the photocatalytic layer to form a water-soluble polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery pack enclosure is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Platinum particle and/or platinum alloy particle is supported by acetylene black to obtain a catalyst. EXAMPLE - Moisture content in acetylene gas was dehydrated and dehydrated gas was sprayed from nozzle installed in furnace top of carbon black manufacture furnace, with oxygen gas. Thermal decomposition and combustion reaction of acetylene were carried out. Acetylene black was collected and treated by oxidation. Acetylene black had specific surface area of 563 m2/g, dibutyl phthalate absorption amount of 295 ml/100 g, crystal bed depth of 32 Angstrom, and thermal oxidation temperature of 431degreesC. A catalyst for fuel cell was manufactured using the acetylene black. A fuel cell using the catalyst has high output voltage characteristics and long term stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elongate resistor is made of nickel-chrome alloy.
EXAMPLE - A precursor solution containing sodium silicate aqueous solution, zirconium sulfate aqueous solution, disodium hydrogen phosphate aqueous solution and 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution having average degree of polymerization of 1000 and saponification degree of 88-89% was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film having thickness of 175 microns, and laminate of layers was formed. The laminate was dried at 65degreesC, and heat processed at 120degreesC for 3 hours, dehydrated and peeled using hot water at 80degreesC. Then, the laminate was water washed for 15 minutes, immersed in 8.5% of aqueous phosphorous acid at 25degreesC, and water washed for 1 hour to obtain polymeric electrolyte film having average film thickness of 140plus minus10 microns. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were added to the precursor solution such that pH was adjusted to 10.8. The application quantity of precursor solution per layer was 40 g/m2 and the total count of precursor solution applied was 16. The obtained polymeric electrolyte film had proton conductivity of 5.8x10-2 S/cm, excellent mechanical strength and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The ionic monomer is given by formula: P1-X1-+Y1-Z-Y2+-X2-P2.P1,P2=substituents;Z=(un)substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl and acyloxy alkyl;X1,X2=polymerizable functional group having anion;andY1,Y2=organic group having cation, and X1,X2,Y1,Y2,Z optionally form ring system optionally having hetero atom.Y1,Y2,Z does not contain polymerizable functional group. EXAMPLE - 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (in g) (10.36) was dissolved in water (500 ml). Silver carbonate (8.28) was added, stirred for 8 hours and filtered, to obtain colorless and transparent liquid. The obtained solution was concentrated, filtered and washed with acetone. The obtained compound (6.28) was dissolved in solution (30 ml) containing methanol and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of 1:1. Then, solution (50 ml) of N,N,N,N',N',N'-hexamethyl 1,6-hexane diaminium dichloride (2.73) in methanol and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of 1:1 was dropped. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hours, filtered and concentrated, to obtain liquid ionic monomer. The obtained dried ionic monomer (4.4), lithium perchlorate (0.9) and benzoyl peroxide (0.015) were dissolved in methanol (10 ml). The obtained solution was cast on a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet and heated at 80degreesC for 4 hours, to obtain ionic conductive electrolyte film. The obtained ionic conductive electrolyte film had ionic conductivity of 2.9x10-4 S/cm at 20degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flotation separator has dense fluid for separation of a set of polymeric portions having different densities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosetting binder contained in the anode support comprises thermosetting resin selected from phenolic resin, polyester and polyamide, and thermoplastic resin selected from polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and/or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The metal containing layer comprises an organometallic or metal containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic micro gel in the liquid fuel is 0.1-5 wt.%. The liquid fuel contains 10-99.9 wt.% of fuel component chosen from methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl ether.Preferred Monomers: The ionic monomer is an anionic monomer chosen from carboxylic acid, carboxylate salt, sulfonic acid and sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gel: The ionic micro gel is in the form of a dispersed phase containing ionic monomer and non-ionic monomer dispersed in a dispersion medium using a surfactant. The ionic micro gel is obtained by radically polymerizing the monomers. The dispersed phase further contains a cross-linking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is activated carbon, carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nano tube, carbon nano horn, graphite, graphite nano fiber, fullerene, fullerene nano whisker, fullerene nano fiber, graphitized fullerene nano whisker and their composite material. Ruthenium dioxide is dispersed on the carbon material by contacting the ruthenium tetraoxide with carbon material. The noble metal is platinum or a platinum-ruthenium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light guide unit is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer includes a polymer including vinylidene fluoride as a component. Preferred Property: The thickness of the polymer electrolyte is greater than or equal to1 microns. The peel strength when the exposed region and the separator are peeled from each other is greater than or equal to5 mN/mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy conversion device is protected against stationary or moving objects on the floor by a transparent layer comprising glass or a polymer such as perspex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is strong Lewis' acid or halogenated boron. The ratio of additive with respect to one mol of lithium salt is 0.1-5 mol. The ionic conductive composition is liquefied at 25degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    X=OC6F5, OCOCF3 or OB(OY)2;    Y=N(SO2CF3)2 and N(SO2C2F5)2, or oligo alkylene oxide group of formula: (R1O)mR2, when n is 2;    m=1-20;    R1=2-4C alkylene;and    R2=1-8C alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The saccharide is biomass resource containing cellulose as main component.Preferred Method: The formic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide or carbonate of cellulose and alkali metal at 0-100degreesC. The acetic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of saccharide and alkali metal at 250-450degreesC. The glycolic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of polysaccharide and alkali metal at 220-300degreesC. The lactic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide or carbonate of monosaccharide and alkali metal at 100-250degreesC. The dicarboxylic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of saccharide and alkali metal at 140-380degreesC. The organic acid or its alkali salt is produced by reacting hydroxide of alkali metal and lignin at 140-360degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The anode active material comprises cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese and the silicon compound comprises an alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin material of insulation layer comprises polypropylene, polyethylene, acryl, vinyl acetate, polyphenylene sulfide and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fluid material consists of silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the oxide film and/or nitride film is 0.003-0.1 microns. The color brightness and chroma-saturation of the separator measured by color specification by three attributes prescribed by JIS Z8729 is more than 8 and less than 3, respectively. The plate material is pressed at temperature ranging between more than glass transition temperature and temperature less than glass transition temperature by 20 K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stain-resistance film at the light-receiving surface side of the transparent guard plate is made of fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of hole blocking layer of photovoltaic cell is selected from group consisting of lithium fluoride (LiF) and metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electron acceptor material is selected from group consisting of polymers containing cyanide (CN) groups and polymers containing chlorofluoride (CF3) groups. The electron donor material is selected from group consisting of polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylvinylenes and polyisothianaphthalenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas diffusion layers comprise a microporous layer having 100-500 nm carbon or graphite particles mixed with a polymeric binder, preferably PTFE or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen fuel cell comprises an acidic polymer membrane electrolyte (24).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst nanoparticles comprise chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), tin (Sn), or preferably platinum (Pt). The carbon nanorings have graphitic carbon layers.Preferred Dimension: The catalyst nanoparticles have an average size less than 50 (preferably less than 10) nm in diameter. The surface area of the carbon nanorings is 80-200 m2/g. The carbon nanorings have an average inside diameter of 0.5-90 (preferably 1-50) nm, a surface area greater than 100 (preferably greater than 120) m2/g. The distance between graphite layers is 0.343 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst nanoparticles in the fuel electrode comprise a Pt-Ru alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electrolyte layer comprises a polymer of polyethylene oxide, poly(ethylene succinate), poly (beta-propiolactone), and/or sulfonated fluoropolymers. It is a solid polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyoxyalkylene-modified silane is present in an amount of at least 0.001 vol.% of the entire non-aqueous electrolytic solution. The electrolyte salt is a lithium salt. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-6C (fluoro)alkyl; and    R2 = -(CH2)3-, -CH2CH(CH3)CH2- or -(CH2)3-O-CH2-.    EXAMPLE - A non-aqueous electrolytic solution was prepared by dissolving a polyoxyethylene-modified silane of formula (C3H7)3Si-C3H6O-(C2H4O)2CH3 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (45 vol.%) and diethyl carbonate (45 vol.%) and further LiPF6 (1 mole/liter) was dissolved. For comparison purposes, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution was similarly prepared without using the polyoxyethylene-modified silane. The positive electrode material used was a single layer sheet using LiCoO2 as the active material and Pioxcel C-100 (RTM: an aluminum foil). The cathode material used was a single layer sheet using graphite as the active material and Pioxcel A-100 (RTM: a copper foil). The separator used was a GC-50 (RTM: glass fiber filter). A battery of 2032 coin type was assembled in a dry box blanketed with argon, using the battery materials, a stainless steel was housing also serving as an anode conductor, a stainless steel sealing plate also serving as a cathode conductor, and an insulating gasket. The test/control battery was tested for low temperature characteristics and high-output characteristics. The results of test/control battery for low temperature and high-output were found to be 188/92 and 216/101 respectively. Thus the results showed that the test battery had good temperature and high-output characteristics as compared to the control battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The layered sulfide particles are molybdenum disulfide particles. The mass ratio of molybdenum disulfide particles with respect to conductive material is less than 5%, preferably 0.15% or more and less than 4%. The spheroidal particles are fullerene particles. The mass ratio of fullerene particle to conductive material is 0.5% or more and less than 5.5%. The conductive material contains silver particles. The silver particles are flat silver particles and granular silver particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst component is selected from platinum, gold, silver, copper, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, tungsten, lead, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, gallium, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The solid acid is inorganic solid acid and/or acidic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of silicone compound is 0.1-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of thermoplastic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is (meth)acrylic type polymer. The glass transition temperature of thermoplastic resin is 50degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is made of fluorinated resin of type ethylene tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat transfer fluid used in supercritical thermal collector is ionic liquid or ionic liquid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The titanium oxide hole-blocking layer is formed by applying titanium dioxide alkoxide solution obtained by dissolving titanium dioxide alkoxide in ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric-converting layer is formed using a solution obtained by dissolving n-type organic semiconductor component such as (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester and p-type organic semiconductor component such as poly-3-hexyl thiophene, in high solubility solvent such as chlorobenzene, and low solubility solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, benzonitrile and anisole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compositions: The glass substrate comprises (in wt.%) (i) silicon dioxide (67-75), sodium oxide (10-20), calcium oxide (5-15), total iron (expressed as iron oxide) (0.001-0.06), and cerium oxide (0-0.30); or (ii) silicon dioxide (67-75), sodium oxide (10-20), calcium oxide (5-15), total iron (expressed as iron oxide) (0.001-0.06), cerium oxide (0-0.07), and antimony oxide (0.01-1). The glass substrate has a visible transmission of greater than or equal to90%, a transmissive aasterisk color value of -1-+1, and a transmissive basterisk color value of 0-+1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The colloidal silica solution contains 1-50 wt.% silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric solution contains 25-90 wt.% solvent, and 5-50 wt.% silane (e.g. trimethoxysilane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive material is indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide, ZnO-aluminum oxide, or tin (II) oxide-antimony (III) oxide. The semiconductor layer includes a porous metal oxide, and the metal oxide is compound(s) from titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin (IV) oxide, and/or ZnO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The collector of metal foil is composed of aluminum or its alloy. Preferred Layer: The active material compound layer contains metal oxide. Preferred Electrode: The electrode of opposite polarity has active material compound layer containing carbon, and collector composed of copper or its alloy, nickel or it alloy or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The protective layer consists of electroconductive carbon, semiconductor material and/or electroconductive oxide and filler material dispersed in high molecular substance. The high molecular substance is polyimide, polyamidoimide and/or polyvinylidene fluoride. The filler material is polyimide powder or alumina powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer has moisture-proof layer consisting of silicon oxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dam member includes any one of a potting member and an epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery comprises the lithium-ion polymer battery that has the anode electrode with the substrate made from a metal selected from the group comprising nickel, nickel alloys and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio (B/(A+B)) of the thickness of layers (A and B) is 0.1-0.2. The layer B has plane orientation coefficient of less than 0.095.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The vinyl-type monomer is styrene-type monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer film is a graft film obtained by introducing a graft chain into a polymeric base material. The graft film is formed by polymerizing a vinyl-type monomer. Preferred Composition: The polymeric base material is fluorine-type polymeric base material. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The sulfonated agent is chlorosulfonic acid. The subcritical fluid or supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film having thickness of 50 microns was added into the deaerated container which was then filled with an argon gas. The film was irradiated with 60cobalt-(gamma) ray. Subsequently, the deaerated liquid mixture (100g) containing styrene and toluene in the volume ratio of 50:50 were added to the container such that the film was fully immersed in the liquid mixture, and heated at 60degreesC. The graft reaction was carried out and the film after the reaction was washed with toluene and dried to obtain graft film. The graft polymerized ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film was added into a pressure container. Further, chlorosulfonic acid (3.50g) was added and the container was sealed. Then carbon dioxide was added and stirred at 60degreesC for 1 hour and sulfonated. Then the resultant sulfonated film was water washed and dried to obtain sulfonated polymeric electrolyte film. The obtained sulfonated polymeric electrolyte film had graft ratio of 25%, ion exchange capacity of 1.4 meq/g and electrical conductivity of 0.10 Omega-1 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The surface layer has multi-layered structure having surface protection function for protecting surface of reverse side protective layer, reaction prevention function for preventing reaction between materials of insulating sealing agent and protective layer, insulation enhancing function for reinforcing insulation between photovoltaic cell or solar cell submodule, and protective layer, and adhesive enhancing function for enhancing adhesivity between surface layer and sealing agent. The multi-layered structure has surface protective layer, reaction prevention layer, insulation reinforcing layer and adhesion reinforcing layer in order. The surface protective layer is formed using laminate of coating film containing polyester resin, acrylic resin, acrylic resin containing silicon, oxide film or fluororesin. The reaction prevention layer is formed using laminate of coating film having acrylic resin containing silicon, or oxide film. The insulation reinforcing layer is formed using coating film laminate of coating film containing silicon resin, acrylic resin or polyethylene resin. The adhesion reinforcing layer is formed using coating film containing silane coupling material having methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, isocyanate group or mercapto group, or silicon resin. The reverse side protective layer is laminate of predetermined metal plate, predetermined plastic plate and fluorine resin film. Preferred Material: The surface protection material is translucent flexible material. Preferred Method: Corrugation processing of insulating sealing agent adhesive surface side of protective layer, surface of protective layer, or surface of surface layer is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantity of sulfur in the depolarizer and the volume of electrolyte are selected so that, after complete discharge of the cathode, the concentration of soluble lithium polysulfide in the electrolyte is 70-90% of a saturation concentration of polysulfide in the electrolyte. The depolarizer comprises sulfur, carbon black and polyethylene oxide. The electrolyte comprises a solution of lithium salt(s), e.g. lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, or lithium iodide, in solvent(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt may be lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide, or tetraalkylammonium salt. The solvent is dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, dialkyl carbonate, sulfolane, or butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the electrode catalyst layer is 5-30 microns. A release layer is formed between the base material and the electrode catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The storage elastic modulus of the glass cloth conjugated transparent resin sheet at 35degreesC and at 290degreesC is 1.5 or less. Preferred Resin: The silicone resin has epoxy group and the hardening resin is an epoxy resin. A polyfunctional amine hardener is further used as a hardener during the manufacture of the sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: The partially substituted nickel disulfide further contains transition-metal element. The partially substituted nickel disulphide of formula (1): (Ni)1-a(X)b(Y)cS2, where X contains one or more transition-metal element containing manganese, iron, cobalt, copper and/or zinc, Y contains one or more noble-metal element containing rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, Silver, iridium and platinum, a is 0.05-0.5 (atomic ratio of nickel), b is 0-0.5 (atomic ratio of X) and c is 0.05-0.5 (atomic ratio of Y). Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst is catalyst component supported by electroconductive material containing acetylene black, Balkan, Ketchen Black, black pearl, graphitization acetylene black, graphitization Balkan, graphitization Ketchen Black, graphitization black pearl, carbon nanotube, carbon-nano fiber, carbon nanohorn, and/or carbon fibril group. Preferred Material: The electroconductive material supports noble-metal particles and/or noble-metal alloy particles. Preferred Layer: The electrode catalyst layer contains electrode catalyst or electrode catalyst composition and polyelectrolyte. Preferred Compounds: The nickel compound is nickel chloride. The noble-metal compound contains ruthenium chloride, rhodium chloride, palladium chloride, silver nitrate, iridium chloride and/or group containing chloroplatinic-acid ammonium. The transition-metal compound contains manganese chloride, iron chloride, cobalt chloride, copper chloride and/or zinc chloride. The sulfide is ammonium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer has a porous structure made of metal oxide and preferably stannic oxide. The carbon black contains carboxyl group. EXAMPLE - REGAL 330 (RTM: carbon black powder) (in g) (3) having average particle diameter of 25 nm, and 60% nitric acid (50 ml), was refluxed at 120degreesC for 50 hours to form carbon black carboxylic acid. The obtained acid was centrifuged and the resultant precipitate (carbon black) contained carboxylic acid group. Stannic oxide (1.35) having particle diameter of 18.3 nm, and specific surface area of 47.2 m2/g, was suspended in pure water (4 ml). Then, 30%Triton (RTM: nonionic surfactant) (1 ml), acetylacetone (0.1 ml) and polyethylene (0.135) having number average molecular weight of 20000 was mixed for 2 hours to form stannic oxide paste. The obtained stannic oxide paste was applied on indium-tianium oxide glass substrate and was heated at 450degreesC for 30 minutes to form stannic oxide semiconductor layer. Carbon black carboxylic acid was dispersed in pure water (10 ml) and carbon black dispersion liquid was prepared. The stannic oxide semiconductor layer was immersed in carbon black dispersion liquid for 12 hours and pigment absorption layer was formed. Glass substrate, transparent electrode layer, semiconductor layer and pigment absorption layer was sequentially laminated to form photoelectric transducer. The obtained photoelectric transducer was processed to form dye-sensitizing solar cell with high optical conversion efficiency
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The separator comprises alloys of metals such as chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (A) is hydrocarbon-type compound containing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen, preferably benzene or its derivative, biphenyl, acenaphthene, naphthalene or its derivative, pyridine or its derivative, cyclohexane or its derivative, 3-10C linear olefin, cyclohexene or its derivative, cyclic ether, styrene, alkylamine, acetamide, amide derivative, aniline or its derivative, 2-8C tertiary alcohol or its derivative, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, and/or 2-8C ether.
Preferred Definitions:    X=1-5C alkyl substituted by 5-8C cycloalkyl having epoxy group or 1-3C alkyl group substituted with glycidoxy group;and    R3=1-6C alkyl or 6-14C aryl optionally substituted by (meth)acryloxy group.    EXAMPLE - Methyl isobutyl ketone (in wt.pts) (94.4) and gamma-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (94.4) were added to a reaction container, and heated at 80degreesC. Potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (10.8) was added, and reacted for 5 hours. The reaction product was washed, and epoxy resin (66) was obtained after removing solvent. The resin had epoxy equivalent of 171 g/equivalent and weight average molecular weight of 2200. The obtained resin (50), triphenyl sulfonium hexafluoro antimonate (2) and CI-2855 (RTM: organic sulfonium hexafluoro phosphate salt) (5) were mixed to obtain epoxy resin composition. The composition provided cured film having transmittance of 91% and water absorption of 1.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The perfluoro type polymer film base material is crosslinked structure polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Crosslinked structure polytetrafluoroethylene sheet having thickness of 50 microns was immersed into 50 mass% ethanol solution of 4-vinyl pyridine and divinyl benzene (5 mass%) and graft copolymerized, and then immersed into ethanol for 1 hour. A polymer film having graft copolymer of 4-vinyl pyridine (50 mass parts) and divinyl benzene (2.5 mass parts) with respect to crosslinked structure polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (100) was produced. The obtained polymer film had excellent oxidation resistance. The polymer film was immersed into orthophosphoric acid having purity of 85% at room temperature for 2 hours, and a polymeric electrolyte film was produced. The obtained polymeric electrolyte film had excellent fuel cell electric power generation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conductive functional group is sulfonic acid group. The atom of the portion(s) of aromatic unit is substituted with fluorine atom (95-wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The aromatic high molecular compound has aromatic repeating unit(s) of formulae: -Ar1-X-, -Ar2- and of formulae (3-6). The high molecular compound(s) is high molecular compound of formula (17): -(CY1Y2-CY3Y4)-, their derivatives and copolymers, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, poly methyl pentene, polyvinyl fluoride, poly vinylidene fluoride, polychloro trifluoroethylene resin, and tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and polytetrafluoroethylene.Ar1,Ar2=any one of bivalent aromatic unit of formulae (7-16);Ar3-Ar6=tetravalent aromatic unit;X=-O-, -CO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -S-, -SO- or -SO2;R1-R12=H, halogen, 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl or phenyl;Y1-Y4=H, CH3, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or OC4H9.The aromatic high molecular compound is poly benzooxazole (PBO), polybenzothiazole (PBT), poly benzimidazole (PBI), polysulfone (PSU), polyether sulfone (PES), polyether ether sulfone (PEES), poly aryl ether sulfone (PAS), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polyphenylene ether (PPE), modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfoxide (PPSO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene sulfide sulfone (PPS/SO2), poly para-phenylene (PPP), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK), polyimide (PI), polystyrene (PSt), syndiotactic polystyrene (second-PSt) and their derivatives, and copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rectification circuit contains organic semiconductor layer consisting of any one of acene group, thiophene group, phenylene group, vinylene group, metal-replacement phthalocyanine, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), silver-7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-dianhydride (PTCDA), naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), Perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide (PTCDI), naphthalenetetracarboxylic di-imide (NTCDI) group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas barrier layer contains aluminum oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The weather-resistant film comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution includes platinum in an electrolyte. An amount of the functional groups is 1-5 times a desired loading of the metal particles. The metal particles are a noble metal or an alloy containing a noble metal. The noble metal is platinum. Preferred Methods: The step of subjecting the functional groups to ion-exchange with metal complex cations includes immersing the porous membranous structure in a solution of a metal complex. The step of reducing the metal complex cations to the metal particles includes chemical or hydrogen reduction, and heating in an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature above a decomposition temperature of the complex cations. The step of bonding the functional groups includes oxidation with an acid solvent, treatment with hydrogen peroxide, and/or high temperature treatment in air in the presence of steam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional groups are a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, or a ketone group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first fullerene is an unsubstituted fullerene comprising fullerene from C60, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, or C92. The second fullerene is a substituted fullerene including an ester group. The substituted fullerene is PCBM (not defined) or PCBG (not defined).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The active layer comprises an electron donor material comprising polyacetylene, polyaniline, polyphenylene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polythienylvinylene, polythiophene, polyporphyrin, porphyrinic macrocycle, polymetallocene, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphthalocyanine, a discotic liquid crystal polymer, or their derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic carbonate-modified siloxane is of formula (4) or Ax-SiO(R1)3-x-(SiO(R1)2)c-(SiO(A)(R1))d-Si(R1)3-y-Ay.c=0-200;d=4-200;x,y=0 or 1;e=0-100;f=1-100;e+f=7-200.Preferred Concentration: The cyclic-modified siloxane is present in an amount of greater than or equal to0.001 vol.%. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-6C alkyl or fluoroalkyl;    R3=1-6C alkoxy.    EXAMPLE - A reactor was charged with cyclic carbonate-modified methyldimethoxysilane of formula (6) (110 g), trimethylmethoxysilane (10.4 g), and methanol (96 g) and cooled to -10degreesC. To the reactor was added concentrated sulfuric acid (2.5 g). While cooling at -10degreesC, deionized water (12 g) was slowly added to the mixture for hydrolysis. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, after which it was allowed to resume to room temperature, combined with toluene, and washed with water. The toluene layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and distilled in vacuum for 2 hours, collecting a fraction of 120degreesC/50 Pa. In this way, a carbonate-modified siloxane of formula (8) was obtained. It had a viscosity of 66000 mPa-s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte salt is lithium salt. The non-aqueous electrolyte, an anode and a cathode are combined to form a secondary battery. The electrodes contain active material capable of occlude-discharging lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having branched polyether structure comprises an ether bond of formula (1): -(R-O)m-R'R = 1-10C alkylene optionally having fluorine group;R' = 1-10C alkyl optionally having fluorine group; andm = 1-10.The compound having branched polyether structure is oligo ethylene oxide derivative of formula (2), or carbonate compound of formula (3 or 4).R1=1-5C hydrocarbon;R2=1-10C alkyl optionally having ester bond;n=greater than or equal to2;o-t=greater than or equal to1;andR3-R14=alkyl, preferably at least one or all of R3-R6 is methyl.Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains cyclic carbonate and/or linear carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate and/or vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cured material of epoxy resin composition seals an optical semiconductor device. EXAMPLE - gamma-Glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (in wt.pts) (94.4) and methyl isobutyl ketone (94.4) were heated at 80degreesC. Then, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (10.8) was continuously added for 30 minutes, and reacted at 80degreesC under reflux conditions for 5 hours. The reaction product was water washed and neutralized to obtain epoxy resin (A-1) (66) having epoxy equivalent of 171 g/eq and weight average molecular weight of 2200. NC-3000 (RTM: epoxy resin of novolak-type biphenyl phenol having epoxy equivalent of 276 g/eq) (50), tetrahydrofuran (50) and ruthenium/carbon catalyst (6) were mixed in a reactor. Hydrogen gas was supplied and reacted at 110degreesC and hydrogen pressure of 8 MPa for 12 hours. Tetrahydrofuran (50) was added, and suction filtration was carried out. The filtrate was dried under reduced pressure, and epoxy resin (B-1) having epoxy equivalent of 388 g/eq and nuclear hydrogenation rate of 89% was obtained. The epoxy resin (A-1) (50), epoxy resin (B-1) (50), MH-700G (RTM: 4-methyl hexa hydrophthalic anhydride) (69) and U-CAT 5003 (RTM: quaternary phosphonium bromide) (3) were mixed and epoxy resin composition was obtained. The cured material of resin composition had excellent moisture resistance, and sealed optical semiconductor device efficiently with minimum deterioration of brightness by ultraviolet light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester film preferably has intrinsic viscosity of 0.8-1.8 and anisotropic index of 0.80-1.30. The polyester film is laminated with a film having relative reflectance of 80% or more. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in weight parts) (64) was mixed with dimethyl terephthalate (100). Further antimony trioxide (0.1) and zinc acetate (0.03) were added as catalyst. The ester interchange was performed at reflux temperature of ethylene glycol. Then, trimethyl phosphate (0.08) was added and polymerized at 271degreesC for 5 hours to obtain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) of intrinsic viscosity 0.55. Solid state polymerization of the obtained chip was performed using a rotary vacuum dryer at 220degreesC and pressure of 0.5 mmHg for 50 hours to obtain PET of intrinsic viscosity 0.82. The PET chip was extruded at 295degreesC, and cooled to obtain an unstretched film. The obtained film was heat processed and extended along longitudinal and width directions, to obtain film of thickness 50 microns. The obtained PET film had intrinsic viscosity of 0.72, plane-orientation coefficient (fn) of 0.169, anisotropic index of 0.95, favorable hydrolysis resistance and curl-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The heat-resistant resin oriented film layer comprises biaxially stretched polyamide film, biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film or biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shield is made of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A cathode solution comprises potassium ferricyanide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode solution comprises fuel consisting of glucose, lactate, or acetate; bacteria; and electron mediator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The proton exchange membrane comprises perfluorosulfonic acid-polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer. The anode comprises titanium foam, carbon foam, titanium foil, carbon paper, graphite felt, titanium microparticles, and/or carbon microparticles, preferably conductive polymer coating comprising polyaniline, fluorinated polyaniline, and/or poly(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous gaseous diffusion layer comprises fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support has a hollow plate-shape. Two or more gas passageways are provided in the support. Several battery cells are electrically connected through the current collection component to obtain a fuel cell stack. The fuel cell stack is accommodated in a storage container to obtain a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The chain-shaped connection structured powder-form silica particles have a three dimensional chain-shaped connection structure and form a three-dimensional network structure in the microporous film.Preferred Process: A raw material composition containing thermoplastic resin, inorganic fine particles and plasticizer is heat-melted and extruded to sheet type. After molding, the plasticizer is removed to obtain the separator. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene resin (in mass parts) (40) having a weight average molecular weight of 1500000, Zeopol 8755 (RTM: three-dimensional chain-shaped connection structured powder-form silica) (60), and mineral oil (plasticizer) (140) were stir-mixed. The reaction mixture was heat-melted, mixed and molded to obtain a sheet having a fixed thickness and predetermined shape. The sheet was immersed in n-hexane and a predetermined amount of mineral oil in the sheet was extract-removed and the sheet was dried to form a microporous film. The film had three-dimensional network structure formed by three-dimensional network structure of polyethylene resin (35 mass%), three-dimensional chain connection structure powder-form silica particles (52 mass%) which were in uniform dispersion state and mineral oil (13 mass%). The obtained microporous film had a base thickness of 0.25 mm, a rib height of 0.65 mm and a total thickness of 0.90 mm. The obtained microporous film was used as a separator for storage batteries. A storage battery having the microporous film had a tensile strength of 20.4 MPa and 8.5 MPa in the machine direction and cross-machine direction respectively, an elongation of 180% in the machine direction and 820% in the cross-machine direction, an oxidation resistance of 159%, and good permeability, durability and reduced electrical resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is selected from a polypropylene,a polyethylene, a polyamidoimide, and a fluroresin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin material contains styrene-isobutylene-styrene tri block copolymer (5-50 phr), polyphenylene oxide resin (35 wt.%) and olefin resin (65 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal is an alloy containing gold and/or platinum.Preferred Property: The ratio of the surface area of a noble metals is 5% or more, w.r.t the total surface area of the metal or alloy, and noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The carbon layer is divided into center portion, at which catalyst layer is arranged, and outer edge portion, at which the catalyst layer is not arranged and provided outside center portion. The outer edge portion contains polyelectrolyte. A layer containing polyelectrolyte and electroconductive carbon is arranged at outer edge portion. Portion(s) of side of catalyst layer is coated on outer edge portion. The area of main surface of side contacting base material of carbon layer, and area of main surface of side contacting carbon layer of base material are same. The mass per unit area of water-repellent material contained in outer edge portion is 5-40% more than mass per unit area of water-repellent material contained in center portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silica having lithium ion point is silica having lithium sulfonyl group. The lithium ionic conductive composite support further contains low molecular lithium salt. The oxygen-containing segment is a polyether segment. The polymer containing polyether segment is poly (tetramethylene oxide) or poly (tetramethylene oxide) ionene. The poly (tetramethylene oxide) ionene is an aliphatic type poly (tetramethylene oxide) ionene. EXAMPLE - Sodium bisulfite, Sodium sulfite, 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane, and water were reacted at 75degreesC. Then, cooled, stirred, and acetone was dripped to obtain sodium type salt. The precipitated deposit was collected, dried at 50degreesC and ground to powder form. Then, 2-(2-ethoxy ethoxy) ethanol and lithium bromide (LiBr) were added, dehydrated, dried and ground to obtain silica having lithium ion point (Si-Li). Then KA1 (RTM: aliphatic type poly (tetramethylene oxide) ionene) (in g) (0.074) was added into crucible and heated at 40degreesC. The, silica having lithium ion point (Si-Li) (0.111), and TFSI (RTM: lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonamide) (0.055) were added, and mixed. The sample was then packed in the spacer having internal diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 0.4 mm, and interposed with SUS electrode to obtain cell structure. The electric-conductivity of cell was found to be 2.5x10-4 S/cm at 80degreesC, and 6.1x10-5 S/cm at 25degreesC. The lithium cation transport number in 60degreesC of KA1-Si-Li0.41-TFS10.20 (80degreesC) was found to be 0.53.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The battery element produced by bending or winding, is covered with an exterior which consists of laminate film (6). The battery element is sheet type or coin type battery maintained in coin shaped metal casing. The battery element is cylindrical cell or square shaped battery maintained in a metal can of cylindrical shape or square shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode uses graphite fluoride, manganese dioxide and iron sulfide as an anode active material. The cathode uses lithium metal or lithium metal alloy as cathode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A gel form electrolyte formed by gelatinizing electrolyte liquid in matrix polymer, is used. EXAMPLE - Lithium boron compound of formula (1) (1 mol/l) as electrolyte was dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone as organic solvent, and electrolyte liquid was produced. Battery element was prepared using an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and microporous film as a separator. The battery element was inserted into aluminum laminated film formed by laminating polyethylene terephthalate and metal layer to aluminum, and heat welded. Subsequently, the electrolyte liquid was injected, sealed and battery was produced. The obtained battery had closed circuit voltage of 3.5 at 0 hour, 3.08 at 130 hours and 2.92 at 240 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid contains cyclic carbonate ester derivative (1-60 mass%) having a halogen atom. The high molecular compound is formed by polymerizing the monomers containing sulfonic acid ion group. The amount of monomer in the electrolyte liquid is 0.1-2 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of an aromatic thiol compound and aromatic halide is carried out, to obtain an aromatic polysulfide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic sulfide is 1,3,5-tris(phenyl thio)benzene or hexakis (phenyl thio)-benzene (disclosed).    EXAMPLE - Thiophenol (in g) (9.9), potassium hydroxide (4.5), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (25 ml) and toluene (25 ml) were mixed and stirred. The mixture was heated to 150degreesC, and the produced water was removed. Subsequently, 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (6.3) was added to the mixture and reacted at 160degreesC for 4 hours. The organic matter was separated from the mixed solution, purified by recrystallization using ethanol, and 1,3,5-tris(phenyl thio)-benzene (7.6) was obtained in 95% yield. Subsequently, the obtained 1,3,5-tris(phenyl thio)-benzene (50) and sulfolane (120 ml) were mixed in a flask. The mixture was maintained at 70degreesC, and chlorosulfuric acid (47.8) was added slowly and stirred for 1.5 hours, and a mixture of 1,3,5-tris(phenyl thio)-benzene and sulfolane was obtained. Subsequently, a polyether sulfone was produced using the obtained mixture in yield of 2.33 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic storage portion includes insulating material comprising tungstic trioxide. The charge separation material contains fine particle and/or dye which shows plasmon absorption. The fine particle which shows plasmon absorption is gold and/or silver. The dye which shows plasmon absorption is chosen from porphyrin compound, its metal complex, phthalocyanine compound and its metal complex. Electric conductive material and/or electric-conduction material is chosen from electroconductive carbon particles, an electroconductive carbon porous material and an electroconductive carbon cloth. Proton conductive material is a proton conduction film containing polymer and/or an oxide. Metal material is platinum. The proton storage portion consists of proton storage material and proton escape prevention material chosen from solid polymer, proton conduction glass and metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge separation material contains fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Material: The alkyne and catalyst are dispersed in a matrix, optionally together with a promoter. The alkyne is a compound with an aromatic substituent at the triple bond, e.g. diphenylacetylene or phenylacetylene, or a polyacetylene oligomer or polymer. The support comprises activated carbon, graphitized activated carbon, silica or alumina. The group VIII metal is platinum, palladium, nickel or a platinum-palladium alloy and is present in an amount of 0.05-50% by weight of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - A mixture of a 5% platinum/carbon catalyst (0.6 g) and phenylacetylene (10 g) was stirred and heated to 160degreesC in an autoclave at 50 atmospheres. The product was capable of absorbing 11 liters of hydrogen in 60-80 minutes, corresponding to a storage capacity of about 9.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating layer formed in the container is poly paraxylene type resin such as parylene N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The porous body is obtained by compression molding carbon particles or by kneading and mixing carbon particles together with a binder, and sintering the resultant; and is formed by forming a pattern of channel portions and protruding portions on a side of sheet-like preform; attaching a mask having patterned openings corresponding to the channel portions to the preform to cover a side of the preform; and forming the sealing film on the channel portions of the preform through the mask. Preferred Properties: A porosity of the porous body is 10-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealing film contains material consisting of PTFE, polyimide resin, or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The support layer comprises parylene; silicon nitride, silicon oxide; nano particles of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, antimony oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, cerium oxide, metal powder, cyanoacrylate; a carbon film; perfluoropolyether; hexamethyldisilazane; perfluorodecanoic carboxylic acid; silicon dioxide; silicate glass; acrylic; epoxy; silicone; urethane; and/or a phenolic-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacer is formed of a moisture-proof material such as butyl rubber. The low-resilience resin section contains an acrylic-based resin as a principal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, or alkali fuel cell. The hydrogen storage system comprises a hydride material (magnesium hydride and/or lithium borohydride) having reversible storage capacity of greater than 5 wt.%. The catalytic combustor comprises a combustion catalyst (platinum/aluminum oxide, platinum-palladium/aluminum oxide, platinum-ruthenium/aluminum oxide, or platinum-iridium/aluminum oxide).Preferred Properties: The anode exhaust comprises less than 15 vol.% of hydrogen. A temperature of the anode exhaust is 60-150degreesC. A temperature of the offgas is greater than 150, preferably 150-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The cylindrical porous silica is formed in capillary. The acidic catalyst contains catalyst metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst elution suppression layer comprises particle selected from group of palladium (Pd), carbon (C) and gold (Au).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particle of catalyst elution suppression layer comprises single molecule particle material that carries out chemical bond with particle selected from group of thiol and group containing ion electroconductivity function group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anode active material is a compound which essentially consists of iron, preferably olivine type lithium iron phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte is gamma-butyrolactone or gamma-valerolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The electrical resistance in 1-atmosphere pressure condition is 20 Omega.cm2 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The carbon cloth is provided in the curved portion in the center of the gas passageway of the separator, the exit side of the gas passageway, or a predetermined region at the exit side of the gas passageway in the separator of an air electrode. The carbon paper is provided in the linear portion of the gas passageway.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Thirteen carbonate derivatives are disclosed such as tetrakis(methyl pentyl ether) carbonate and perfluoro tetrakis(methyl pentyl ether) carbonate of formula (VI).    EXAMPLE - 1H,1H,5H-octafluoro pentanol (in g) (20.9) and potassium hydroxide (0.685) were added to tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) and stirred at 60degreesC for 10 minutes. 3-(1H,1H,5H-octafluoro pentyloxy)-1,2-epoxy propane (19.8) was added to obtained mixture under ice bath and reflux stirring was carried out for 48 hours. The obtained liquid mixture was neutralized with 3N hydrochloric acid, extracted and ether layer was dried by anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Then, desiccant was filtered and separated. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure to obtain fluoro compound of formula (7a) (30.5) with 85% yield. Compound (7a) (1.84) was added to potassium hydroxide (0.038) and tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) in nitrogen atmosphere, stirred at 60degreesC for 10 minutes and cooled to room temperature to obtain mixture (A). N,N'-carbonyl diimidazole (0.489) was added to mixture (A) and reflux stirring was carried out for 3 hours. Then, the reaction liquid was concentrated and separated by column chromatography to obtain compound of formula (7) (1.25) with 66% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Fine particles of electro conductive material (16) having electro conductivity is further added with anode active material to form anode sheet. The fine particles of electro conductive material is electroconductive carbon raw material such as acetylene black, Ketchen black and carbon nanotube, metal materials such as metal micro particles and metal fiber, and/or electroconductive ceramic raw material. The inorganic oxide is lithium aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains anode material (A) (50-100 mass%) having compositional formula: LiaCo1-bM1bO2-cFd, and anode material (B) (50 mass% or less) of formula: LipMn(1-q-r)NiqM2rO2-sFt.M1=manganese, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium and/or tungsten;a,p=0.8-1.2b=0-0.2;c,s=-0.1 to 0.2;d=0-0.1;M2=cobalt, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium and/or tungsten;q=0.1-0.8;r=0-0.5;q+r=1 or more;andt=0-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains polymer containing vinylidene fluoride, or vinylene carbonate. The anode, cathode and electrolyte are accommodated in an exterior component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is mixture of good solvent and poor solvent of solid electrolyte. The weight proportion of poor solvent in organic solvent is 10-100%. The good solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The solution is concentrated and content of solid electrolyte in the solution is increased. The solid electrolyte is dried by heating at 100degreesC or more. The moisture content in the solvent is removed and moisture content is reduced to 2 wt.% or less, before purifying the solvent. The solution is filtered by a filtration unit having whole diameter of less than 20 microns. Preferred Composition: The moisture content in the solution is less than 2 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The solid electrolyte is a hydrocarbon group polymer, preferably an aromatic polymer having sulfonic acid group. The aromatic polymer is a copolymer containing structural units of formulae (I or II), or unit of formula: -(O-Z-O)-.X=H;Y=SO2;Z=group of formula (a or b);andn/(m+n)=0.1-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The doped metal is at least one of niobium, tantalum, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, copper, tin, lead, bismuth, antimony, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, and other lanthanoids. Preferred Condition: The temperature of the metal-doped titanium oxide thin film during plasma irradiation is 70degreesC or less. Preferred Method: The metal-doped titanium oxide thin film is formed on the base plate, by sputtering method, chemical vapor deposition method, vapor deposition method, sol gel process, spin coat method, photogravure coating or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film is a polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, acryl, polycarbonate, polystyrene, triacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, metal ion cross-linked ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, polyurethane and/or cellophane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metalloporphyrin is cobalt porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The heat compression of flexible polyurethane foam is carried out for 2-20 times using a hot press, before immersing into water containing surfactant and binder. EXAMPLE - The flexible polyurethane foam was manufactured by one shot process using a foam raw material which consists of V3030 (RTM: polyol) (in mass parts) (100), TDI80 (RTM: toluene diisocyanate) (50), water (4), DABCO-33LV (RTM: amine catalyst) (0.3), stannous octoate (0.3) and L-520 (RTM: silicone foam regulating agent) (1). The obtained flexible polyurethane foam had density of 0.020g/cm3 based on JIS-K6400 and cell number of 50/25 mm. The obtained flexible polyurethane foam was immersed in water containing polyethylene glycol alkyl ether and urethane resin. The foam was then dried after wringing water, to obtain liquid-fuel supporter. The adhesion amount of polyethylene glycol alkyl ether and urethane resin in the supporter was 10000 g/m3 and 5000 g/m3, respectively. The liquid-fuel supporter had excellent methanol absorptivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as copper, stainless steel or alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a chemically resistant, non-conductively formed plastic substrate. The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic foam is polyurethane (PUR) hard integral foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst-bearing current collector layer sections are disposed on the inner wall of the first groove and the inner wall of the second groove, respectively, and the fuel liquid and the oxidant liquid come in direct contact with the electrolyte membrane. The first and second grooves have a width of up to 1000 microns and a depth of up to 1000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution has a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.01-5 mol/L. The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution flows through the second channel at a flow rate of 0.1-50 ml/min per square millimeter of the channel cross-sectional area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a metal catalyst. The metal is platinum or platinum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel liquid is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol, mixtures comprising at least one of the alcohols, or aqueous solutions of at least one of the alcohols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a silicon or resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is polyolefins, nylons, polyethylene oxide, or poly(phenylene sulfide) (preferably from polyethylene, polypropylene, or nylon 6,6).Preferred Composition: The polymeric material is present at 0.01-1 wt.%, based on a total weight of a solution employed in the solution crystallization step. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene (PE)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nano hybrid shish-kebab structure was produced by crystallization of PE on MWNTs at 103degreesC, in p-xylene for 0.5 hour. MWNTs were modified by disc-shaped PE single crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell has a cooling fin comprising a convex shaped protrusion on the surface of the moisture maintaining layer side of the cover material and reverse side surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The open area ratio of the through hole in the surface of the moisture maintaining layer side of the cover material is 10-30%. The cross-section of the through hole of the surface of the moisture maintaining layer side of the cover material is circular having a diameter of 0.05-5 mm or a tetragon of 0.05-5 mm.Preferred Material: The cover material has electroconductivity and cathode collector such that the moisture maintaining layer side surface of the cover material and reverse side surface contact. The cover material functions as a cathode collector and comprises an insulating material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: A polymer composite is obtained by removing the solvent from carbon nanotube-containing paste produced using the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode catalyst layer contains a catalyst poisoning promotion material chosen from aluminum, silicon, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, gold and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The catalyst poisoning agent contains carbon monoxide, methanol, formic acid, acetaldehyde, and/or formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is chosen from sulfone group, carboxyl group and hydroxyl group. preferred Compound: The quinone substance is naphthoquinone or naphthoquinone derivative. The naphthoquinone derivative is chosen from menaquinone, its derivative(s), phylloquinone or its derivative(s). Preferred Composition: The amount of naphthoquinone and naphthoquinone derivative to a lead powder contained in cathode is 0.01-0.04 mass% and 0.05-0.5 mass%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carbon in electroconductive porous film is 30% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The asymmetric molecular structure is multilayer nanotube-like. The carbon is carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The irradiation is performed in neutral atmosphere for 1-30 minutes. The reaction material is acid halidized and amidated. Preferred Compound: The oxidizing agent is hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, their salts and/or hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The carbonyl-containing functional group derived from carboxyl group is haloformyl group or alkyl amide group. EXAMPLE - 20 wt.% aqueous solution or concentrated nitric acid of sodium hypochloride was mixed with multi-layered carbon nanotube (50 mg) and irradiated with microwave for 45 minutes in presence of oxidizing agent to obtain surface modified carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-insulating material is made of e.g. urethane, rubber, expanded polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Coupling agent containing glycidyl, amino and isocyanate groups is contained in the adhesive coat layer. The adhesive coat layer is mixture of polyester type resin or epoxy resin, and acrylic resin, at least one having cross-linked structure. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on at least one layer of the polyester base material of multi-layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive coat layer is formed using water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 100degreesC or more. The adhesive coat layer contains polyfunctional isocyanate type compound, polyfunctional epoxy type compound, melamine type compound or silane compound (R1-Si(R2)(R4)-R3), preferably silane compound.R1-R4=H, halogen, optionally substituted (alkyl, alkoxy (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto or amine) group.The adhesive coat layer is formed on polyester base material. The sheet has a multi-layer structure comprising one or more polyester base material layer. EXAMPLE - Urethane type adhesive comprising polyester, isophorone diisocyanate/xylylene diisocyanate group hardener is vapor deposited on dry laminate of multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film. Water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 180degreesC was provided on multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film to form a sheet. The sheet was adhered on tempered glass and preheated at 40degreesC for 3 minutes to form solar cell module. The sheet had excellent adhesivity with polyethylene terephthalate film, and electric insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol liquid, ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution and/or sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Composition: The fuel occlusion structure is made of 1-15 denier synthetic resin fiber containing polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyacetal and/or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin-film is made of material selected from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether-sulfone (PES), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyallylate (PAR), polyamide-imide (PAI), or poly benzimidazole (PBI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel consuming agent comprises a hydrogen consuming agent, or a hydrogen getter. The hydrogen consuming agent comprises a hydrogen recombining agent. The hydrogen recombining agent comprises a hydrogen oxidizing material and an activating material. The activating material includes a first activating component and a second activating component, the first and second activating components each being capable of cleaving hydrogen. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises copper oxide. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises manganese oxide, manganese oxyhydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, copper oxide, barium oxide, silver oxide, mercury oxide, potassium permanganate, silver permanganate, manganese phosphate, or bismuth oxide. The first and second activating components include a transition metal, or its salt or oxide. The transition metal is palladium, platinum, or ruthenium. Preferred Method: The coating step comprises painting, spraying, dipping, or printing the external surface with the fuel consuming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol, ethanol, methane, propane, butane, formic acid, hydrazine, or ammonia. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises m-dinitrobenzene, or quinone. A coating is provided over the hydrogen consuming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-permeable matrix comprises a silicone polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compression pad comprises a random mat of carbon fibers bound together using at least one binder including at least one thermoplastic binder; a stack of carbon fiber papers. The electrochemical cell is a fuel cell. The compression pad further comprises a waterproofing coating applied to at least one side of the random mat. The compression pad has a density of 0.2-1.5 (preferably 0.35-0.77, especially 0.55-0.77) g/cm 3. The at least one thermoplastic binder is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and/or polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE). The waterproofing coating comprises PTFE and electron-conducting carbon particles; or electron-conducting carbon particles functionalized with hydrophobic organic groups. The carbon fiber papers comprise several carbon fibers bound together with a first thermosetting binder, where each of the carbon fiber papers bound to an adjacent carbon fiber paper in the stack with a second thermosetting binder. The compression pad has an uncompressed thickness of at least 70% of its original, pre-compressed thickness when compressed to pressures of up to 12000 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrated case has a cubic crystal structure formed in the depth direction from the surface of the base material by nitriding the surface of the base material, comprising an alloy containing a transition metal element chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The cubic crystal structure is an M4N-type crystal structure in which a nitrogen atom is positioned in an octahedron space based on the face-centered cubic lattice of unit cells formed with a transition metal atom chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen generator consists of an inner container and an outer container. The inner container consists of acryl, epoxy, glass or phenol, and the outer container consists of polyethylene terephthalate or polyvinyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Base Material: The base material is paper, cloth, or porous component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin having point of inflexion (a2) is polyether imide. The content of polyether imide in the resin layer (B) is 40-80 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The total thickness of resin layer (B) is 1.5-10 microns, and thickness of polyester film is 5-200 microns. The ratio of total thickness of resin layer (B) and thickness of polyester film is 10-40%. The non-combustible gas incidence rate of the resin layer (B) at 180-450degreesC is 0.01-3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound has a tree-like branched structure by which alkylene oxide is added to 2 or more hydroxyl groups of one calixarene derivative of formula (1). The polymer compound contains polyether by which alkylene oxide is added to hydroxyl group of calixresorcinol arene derivative of formula (2).R1,R2=H, electron withdrawing group, low substituent more electron-donating than hydroxyl group, or halogen group;X1,X2=group which substituted hydrogen of methylene group, oxy group, thio group, sulfinyl group, sulfonyl group, carbonyl group, imino group or substituted imino group;andn,m=4-12.The polymer compound has calixarene structure of formula (3 or 4).R1,R2,X1,X2,n,m=same as defined above;R3-R8=H or hydrocarbon;andl,o,p=integer greater than 0. EXAMPLE - Polymer compound of formula (3) and mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate in mass ratio of 1:1, were mixed, and an electrolyte was produced. The electrolyte had excellent ionic conductivity. A battery using the electrolyte had excellent charging-and-discharging characteristics, mechanical strength and safety.    X1=CH2;    R1=C(CH3)3;    R3,R4=H;    n=4;and    l=100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sheet like thin film is a metallic foil having surface roughness of 0.1-3 microns. Preferred Foil: The metallic foil is copper foil or copper alloy foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer contains at least one type chosen from organic monomer having melting point of 0-200degreesC, oligomers and their polymers, preferably contains at least one type chosen from carbonate monomer having melting point of 0-200degreesC, carbonate oligomers and their polymers. EXAMPLE - Silicon oxide (SiOx, x=0.1-1) thin film was formed one surface of roughened copper foil of two sheets by electron beam vapor deposition method using silicon ingot as vapor deposition target. Crucible of graphite was used and silicon was oxidized using oxygen gas in a flow rate of 50-100 sccm and film forming rate of 20-40 nm/second, and 6-18 microns thick silicon oxide thin film was formed. An ethylene carbonate (EC) layer of 1 microns was formed in the reverse side of roughened copper foil, and intermediate layer of 7 microns thickness was formed, and a negative plate having EC intermediate layer between two roughened copper foils was formed. An anode plate was formed using acetylene black and lithium cobaltate as active material and polyvinylidene fluoride as organic binder, on collector of rolling aluminum foil of 15 microns thickness. The anode plate and cathode plate were placed in opposite direction via a separator made from Cellguard (RTM: polypropylene), and electrode group was obtained with improved yield. The electrode group do not drop off even if cracks appeared during handling. Since the intermediate layer was not contact with the separator, the separator was not damaged. Handling and manufacture of the electrode were easily performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Agents (A,B) are applied on either side of pair of adherend. The solvent is volatilized and two adherends are adhered. The degree of plasticity of agents (A,B) after volatilizing the solvent is each 30-500, measured with Williams plastometer. The thickness of the surface of agents (A,B) after volatilization is 1 mm or less. The ball number in agents (A,B) after volatilization of solvent is 4-21, when the adhesiveness of surface is measured by JISZ 0237. EXAMPLE - Polymethyl vinyl siloxane (in wt.pts) (100) having dimethyl vinyl siloxy group at both terminal and viscosity of 1000000 mPa.second or more, hexamethyl disilazane (1.5), water (1) and fumed silica (10) were mixed and heated at 170degreesC to form base composition. Subsequently, 1,3-divinyl hexamethyl disilazane complex, vinyl trimethoxysilane and toluene (100) were mixed with formed base compound to form composition (A). Polydimethyl siloxane having dimethyl hydrogen siloxy group at both terminals and viscosity of 10 mPa.second, dimethyl siloxane-methyl hydrogen siloxane copolymer, vinyl triethoxy silane (1) and toluene (100) were mixed with base composition (100) to form composition (B). Compositions (A,B) were coated on polyethylene terephthalate film and dried to form a sample. Both the compositions had excellent adhesive strength even after storage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of ruthenium used for ruthenium fine particle with respect to platinum used for platinum fine particle is 0.15-0.8, preferably 0.2-0.6, more preferably 0.3-0.45. The noble metal fine particle is contained colloidal solution in a state not enclosed by protective colloid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is butyl cellosolve and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The silica precursor is formed using silane selected from tetramethoxy silane, tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutoxy silane and tetrapropoxy silane, preferably siloxane and polysiloxane. The titanium precursor is formed using titanium compound of formula: R'nTi(OR)4-n (where R is methyl, ethyl or phenyl, R' is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl and n is 0-2), preferably tetraisopropoxy titanium, titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrafluoride and/or titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thickener is ethyl cellulose and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic strip comprises a silicon bearing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate member is made of copper material or alloy 42 material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conduction group is sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the heterojunction layer is 50-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The p-type conjugated polymer is polyphenylene vinylene or poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Preferred Definitions:    Fu=C60;    R=methyl or ethyl;and    X=dimer-tetramer of thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The coumarin group pigment has a substituent of formula: -COOR1 or -CH=C(-CN)-COOR1. The coumarin group pigment has molecular structure of formula (3 or 4). The coumarin group pigment is adsorbed to zinc oxide particle.R1-R9=H or alkyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The transparent base material (11) of an electrode (10) having a semiconductor film (13) formed from the coating material, consists of a plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The peeling layer comprises carbon particles and polymeric resin. Water repellent property and hydrophilicity of the carbon particles which comprise the peeling layer is higher than that of the carbon particles which comprise the catalyst layer. The peeling layer has electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hydroscopic agent is calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, or diphosphorus pentaoxide. The hydroscopic agent is supported by the air holes of the porous component in a ratio of 20-95%. The porous component has a porosity of 5-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is polymer containing monomer containing acid phosphoxy group and/or 2-(meta) acryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine. Preferred Composition: The content rate of the phosphoric acid portion in the phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is 10-6 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The compound catalyst particles are manufactured by vacuum-depositing carbon component to the surface of composite particles formed by supporting catalyst activity particles to surface of inorganic particles having particle diameter of 10 nm or more.Preferred Component: The inorganic component of core portion is chosen from carbon component, molybdenum oxide component, tungsten oxide component, indium oxide component, aluminum oxide component, titanium oxide component, stannic oxide component and lead oxide component. The inorganic particles are chosen from carbon particles, molybdenum oxide particles, tungsten oxide particles, indium oxide particles, aluminum oxide particles, titanium oxide particles, stannic oxide particles and lead oxide particles. The catalyst activity particles contain platinum, nickel, copper, tin and/or cobalt particles, preferably platinum particles.Preferred Properties: The particle diameter of inorganic particles and the path of core portion is preferably 10-100 nm. The particle diameter of catalyst activity particles is 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphoric acid group-containing unsaturated monomer is given by formula (1).R1=H or alkyl, preferably H or -CH3;R2=(un)substituted alkylene, preferably -(CH2)-, -CH2CH2(CH3)-, -CH2CH2(CH2Cl)- or -(CH2)4-;andx=1-6. EXAMPLE - Concentrated sulfuric acid was added to poly(4-phenoxy benzoyl-1,4-phenylene), and stirred at room temperature for 75 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was water washed and dried, and sulfonic acid group-containing poly(4-phenoxy benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) having weight average molecular weight of 168000, molecular weight distribution of 1.99, ion exchange capacity of 2.78 meq/g and sulfonated rate of 98.4 mol% was obtained. Dimethyl sulfoxide was added to Phosmer PP (RTM: phosphoxy hexa(oxy propylene) monomethacrylate) and polymerized in presence of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile at 78degreesC for 24 hours. A phosphoric acid group-containing polymer having weight average molecular weight of 98000 and molecular weight distribution of 1.31 was obtained. 0.5 mass% dimethyl sulfoxide solution of sulfonic acid group-containing poly(4-phenoxy benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) and 0.1 mass% dimethyl sulfoxide solution of phosphoric acid group-containing polymer, were mixed in a mass ratio of 1/1. The obtained liquid mixture was cast on a Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene) sheet and heat-dried at 40-80degreesC for 7 days and then dried at 120degreesC or more for 24 hours. A solid polymer electrolyte film having thickness of 123 microns was produced. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte film had excellent proton conductivity and methanol-proof permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte material is ionic liquid. The multivalent anion is chosen from sulfate anion, phosphate anion and hydrogen phosphate anion. The inorganic porous material is formed with metal oxide chosen from alumina, silica, titania or zirconia. The inorganic porous material has spherical holes of uniform internal diameter, and porosity of 70-90%. The adjacent spherical holes are interconnected. The inorganic porous material is formed with material which forms inorganic sol. The inorganic sol forming material is inorganic colloid. Alternately, the inorganic porous material is formed from suspension liquid having polymer fine particles and inorganic material. Preferred Property: The electrolyte material has activated energy of 5-15 kJ/mol. EXAMPLE - Colloidal silica with diameter of 70-100 nm and spherical polystyrene particles were mixed to obtain a suspension. The suspension was filtered and a film containing colloidal silica and spherical polystyrene particles was formed. The film was heat processed at 400-500degreesC for 30 minutes or more. The spherical particles were removed and the film was further heat processed at 800degreesC for 60 minutes. Colloidal silica was sintered and a silica porous film was obtained. An ionic liquid containing ethyl imidazolium and hydrogen sulfate was impregnated into the porous film. The porous film impregnated with the ionic liquid was clamped between electrode material, and a conductive material was obtained. The conductive material had reduced activated energy and the fuel cell using the conductive material had improved performance at the time of low temperature driving.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal oxide semiconductor particles contain titanium oxide, zinc oxide, stannic oxide and/or niobium oxide, preferably brookite-type titanium oxide.Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide semiconductor particles is 0.01-40 wt.%. The content of metal atom complex is 0.01-100 wt.%.Preferred Method: Heating, pressurization, ultrasonic welding processing, microwave irradiation processing, ultraviolet irradiating processing, and ozone treatment are carried out during manufacture of metal oxide semiconductor electrode.Preferred Properties: The particle size distribution of secondary particle structure is less than standard deviation plus minus 70 nm by weight conversion. The thickness of metal oxide semiconductor particle dispersion formed into film on base material is 2-50 microns. The heat processing is carried out 250degreesC or less. The ratio of length and breadth of primary semiconductor particles is 5 or more. The semiconductor particles have breadth of 100-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is 1C or more linear alkyl alcohol.Preferred Complex: The metal atom complex has particle structure of formula (2).M = same as defined above; andR1-R3 = H or monovalent substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of transparent electrode base material is a resin. Preferred Definitions:    M = magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, scandium, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, barium, lanthanum and/or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Element: The electrochromic display element has white reflection layer containing titanium oxide white microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The silane coupling agent has reactive terminal chosen from -Br, -F, -CH(=O), -C(=O)OH, -CH=CH2, -S(=O)(=O)OH, -Cl, -I, -OH, -NH2, -C?=CH, -NCO and epoxy group of formula (1). The silane coupling agent is trichloro silane compound, trialkoxy silane compound or monochloro silane compound.Preferred Properties: The functional organic material has electrochromic property or photoelectric conversion function. The electrode is a transparent electrode. EXAMPLE - A titanium oxide minute particle dispersion was coated on glass substrate having tin oxide transparent electrode film and dried to form titanium oxide layer of 2 microns thickness. The substrate was immersed in toluene solution (100 ml) of 3-bromopropyltriethoxysilane and triethane amine (5 g) for 24 hours, removed, washed and dried. The substrate was further immersed in 5 wt.% aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-4-(4-pyridyl)pyridinium chloride at 80degreesC for 100 hours, washed and dried to obtain a display electrode. The display electrode and the counter electrode were bonded via a spacer of 50 microns to form a cell. An electrolytic solution containing lithium perchlorate dissolved in propylene carbonate was sealed in the cell, to form an electrochromic display element. The display element had favorable time-dependent color development characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The combustor comprises platinum group element and palladium as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The element includes PTFE as fluoropolymer, which can be surface modified to make one or more surfaces strongly oxidized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - ethylene glycol polymer 400 can be used as dielectric. EXAMPLE - In an example, the acceptor was Zn sheet (casing for a Zn-C battery), normal potential -0.76 V, the electron donor grade SIGEAFLX graphite (product designation F 020112 Z), normal potential 0.74 V, mean potential -0.01 V, dielectric ethylene glycol polymer 400, redox pair Fe(0)-Fe(III), normal potential -0.04 V, 0.2 g Fe(III)-hexahydrate and 0.2 g ethylene glycol polymer 400.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The first phase is saturated with the second phase. The borazane-borazine system comprises a polymeric structure. The second phase additionally comprises a catalyst for enhanced dehydrogenation of the second phase.Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises at least one catalyst selected from RhCl(PPh3)3, Ir(CO)ClL2, IrClL2-3, HRuClL3, Rh(BH4)(Cl)2(DMF)(Py2), RuCl(H)(CO)L3, RhH(DBP)3, PtH(SnCl3)(PPh3)2, (Rh(Phen)(1,5-hexadiene)+, (Ir+(COD)L2)ClO4-, and (Ir+(COD)(PCy3)(Py))PF6-.Preferred System: The containment vessel comprises a removable cartridge (40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The anode further comprises an organic binder comprising a polyimide, and a lithium metal. Preferred Methods: Providing the alloy composition comprises melt processing or sputtering tin, the second element, and the third element; and forming particles having a maximum dimension of 1-60 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The third element comprises cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, and/or neodymium; and alkaline earth element comprising magnesium, calcium, strontium, and/or barium. Preferred Compositions: The alloy composition comprises particles having a maximum dimension of 1-60 microns; alkaline metal; and less than 1 mol.% of transition metal. It is of formula SnaSibAlcMdAeTfLig (I).a=1-50, preferably 15-25;b=0-95, preferably 1-15;c=0-95, preferably 0-5;b+c=20-95;M=Y, lanthanide, and/or actinide element;d=3-50, preferably 5-15;A=alkaline earth element;e=0-20;d+e=3-50;T=transition metal;f=0-1;g=0-(4.4(a+b)+c); anda+b+c+d+e+f=100. EXAMPLE - About 7.715 g of aluminum shot, 11.314 g of tin shot, 2.075 g calcium shot, and 7.254 g mischmetal (MM) chunks were melted together on a carbon hearth in an argon filled arc furnace. The resulting ingot, which had an alloy composition, was broken into pieces having dimensions of 1 cm in all directions. The ingots were then further processed by melt spinning in an apparatus. After placing 15 g of the ingots in a crucible, the melt spinning apparatus was evacuated and then filled with helium gas. The ingot was melted using radio frequency induction. As the temperature reached 1300degreesC, 400 T helium pressure was applied to the surface of the molten alloy composition and the alloy composition was extruded through a nozzle. Ribbon strips were formed that had a width of 1 mm and a thickness of 10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Tungstic acid and ammonia are reacted under water, a water-soluble organic solvent is added and the reaction material is deposited. A thickener is added to the reaction material, and formed into a film. The film is then sintered. EXAMPLE - Tungstic acid (H2WO4) (0.25 g) was dissolved in an ammonia aqueous solution and stirred. Ethanol (1 ml) was added and a white deposit was precipitated. Polyethylene glycol (thickener) (0.78 g) was added and stirred, and the viscous liquid was left undisturbed. The supernatant liquid was removed. The viscous liquid containing white precipitate was applied to an indium tin oxide electrode substrate, dried at room temperature for 1.5 hours and sintered at 550degreesC. A tungsten oxide film having a nanoporous structure on the surface was formed. The tungsten oxide film had high photocatalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent has 4 or more carbon atoms and hydroxyl group. The organic solvent is preferably terpineol. The amount of organic solvent is 1-200 wt.pts with respect to 1 weight part of carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent is butyl cellosolve and/or N-methyl-2-pyrolidone. The silica precursor is formed from silicon compound of formula (I), tetramethoxy silane, tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutoxy silane, tetrapropoxy silane and tetramethoxy silane, or siloxane and polysiloxane. The titania precursor is formed from titanium compound of formula (II): R'nTi(OR)4-n (where R, R' and n are defined above), and tetraiso propoxy titanium, and/or titanium chloride, titanium fluoride and titanial sulphate. Preferred Composition: The contents of silica precursor and/or titania precursor, and thickener, in the masking paste, are 5-15 mass% and 5-15 mass%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thickener is ethyl cellulose and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer contains electroconductive material chosen from inorganic electroconductive material and organic electroconductive material. The inorganic electroconductive material is metal oxide chosen from carbon material, metal material and metal oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from indium-tin oxide and titanium oxide. The inorganic electroconductive material is inorganic electroconductive particle chosen from particle-form metal material and carbon material. The conductive layer contains inorganic electroconductive particle and a binder. The inorganic electroconductive particle is chosen from carbon black, silver powder, gold powder and platinum powder, preferably carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic electroconductive material is conductive polymer chosen from polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and polyindole. Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from epoxy resin, acrylic resin, modified urethane resin, cellulosic resin, fluororesin and wax, preferably fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nonionic hydrophilic inorganic compound contains metal-oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous base material contains polyolefin or cross-linked polyolefin. The polyelectrolyte is a polymer having a structure containing monomer (a) having polymerizable double bond, sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group and carboxyl group, and cross-linkable monomer (b) having polymerizable double bond(s). EXAMPLE - Monomer mixture containing 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (in g) (40) and N,N'-ethylene bis acrylamide (10), surface active agent (0.005), ultraviolet ray radical polymerization initiator (0.005) and water (50), were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. A porous base material was immersed in the aqueous solution. The porous base material was irradiated with ultraviolet-ray. The obtained electrolyte film had thickness of 80 microns, porosity of 44%, proton conductivity of 4.2 S/cm2 and methanol permeability of 11 kg/cm2.hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is preferably given by a formula: (PH2xCH2x(t+tan)-2xPO2xCO2xtca)greater than 0, where PH2 is hydrogen partial pressure (in kPa) of fuel electrode, PO2 is oxygen partial pressure (in kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, t is thickness (in cm) of electrolyte film, tan is thickness (in cm) of fuel electrode catalyst layer, tca is thickness (in cm) of oxidizing-agent electrode catalyst layer, CO2 is oxygen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, and CH2 is hydrogen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of fuel electrode. The gas pressure of fuel-gas supply unit and oxidizing-agent gas supply unit is controlled such that the relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is given by a formula: (1.25xPH2x(t+tan)-PO2xtca)greater than 0. Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a circulation compressor (216), which recycles and supplies fuel gas to fuel electrode. The gas supply control unit controls fuel electrode hydrogen partial pressure by the circulation compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The electrolyte film is fluorine-type electrolyte film containing perfluoro-sulfonic-acid polymer and basic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The anode and cathode are insulated electrically. A gel-form electrolyte comprising a polymer and an electrolyte liquid (1a) is provided between the anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance which stores electricity in the anode non-Faraday layer is activated carbon. The supply source of movable ion contains a lithium salt or compound. The energy storage device contains a quaternary onium cation salt of formula: (R4-X(-R1)(-R3)-R2)Y'Fn.R1-R4 = H or 1-3C alkyl;X = N or P;Y' = B, P or As; andn = 4 or 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal portion is titanium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The coating is made from polytetrafluoroethylene, a fluoropolymer or silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner surface is made of ethylene vinyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner surface is made of polyethylene tetraphthalate, polybutylene tetraphthalate, polyamide, polyacetal, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethersulfon and polysulfone. The fiber of the outer surface is selected from the group of Aramids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material is gamma-alumina. The rod-shaped current collector is formed of a metal material or a carbon material.Preferred Property: The pore size of the pores in the porous material is 1-100 nm and the porosity of the porous material is 40-90%. The secondary particle size of the particles in a catalyst paste to be used in fabricating the MEA is greater than or equal to 100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The electrochemical potential of the anode is within 1.2 (preferably 0.5) V of lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The lithium salt can be lithium tetrafluoroborate. The cathode comprises Li(Ni,Co)O2, LiMn2O4, Li(Mn0.5Ni0.5)O2, Li1+x(Mn,Ni,Co)1-xO2, V2O5, or preferably LiFePO4 or LiCoO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The lithium (Li)-containing material comprises lithium metal, lithium intercalated into hard or soft carbon, lithium intercalated into an oxide, nitride or phosphide, lithium inserted into a compound or composite by displacement, and/or a lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ionic salt comprises a lithium salt, preferably lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide and/or lithium bis-perfluoroethylsulfonylimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The neutral organic plastic crystal matrix comprises succinonitrile. EXAMPLE - Succinonitrile (NC-CH2-CH2-CN) (2.3066 g) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) (0.1125 g) were mixed, heated until melting and then cooled to make a solid solution of composition 96%SCN-4%LiPF4 (based on mol.%). This compound had a melting point of 51degreesC and exhibited crystal plastic phase behavior of -35-51degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium ion conductive crystalline is of formula: Li1+x+y(Al,Ga)x(Ti,Ge)2-xSiyP3-yO12, where x,y are 0-1. The thickest layer of the laminate comprises lithium ion conductive glass ceramics. The solid electrolyte further comprises organic polymer. The solid electrolyte comprises lithium oxide (in mol%) (12-18), alumina and gallium oxide (5-10), titanium oxide and germanium oxide (35-45), silica (1-10) and phosphorus pentoxide (30-40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode comprises nickel oxyhydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Collector: The current collector comprises metal (alloy) or brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flexible substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamides polymethacrylate, polycarbonate and polyurethance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The protection substance is a resin chosen from silicone resin or polytetra fluoroethylene, or an electrolyte. The porous sheet consists of polytetra fluoroethylene. The isolation substance used in manufacture of the catalyst layer is paraffin or octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol.
Preferred Definitions:    P=coupling group chosen from -CO-, -O-, -S-, -SO2-, or -C(CF3)2-;    k=1-2; and    f=0-2, preferably 0,1 or 2.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl sulfonyl)phenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (in g) (25.17), 2,5-dichloro- 4'-(4-thiophenoxy)thiophenoxy benzophenone (16.3), bis (triphenyl phosphine) nickel dichloride (1.43), sodium iodide (1.37), triphenyl phosphine (7.73) and zinc dust (11.3) were stirred in nitrogen atmosphere. Then, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (0.2 l) was added and polymerized at 80degreesC for 4 hours. The resulting solution was diluted with tetrahydrofuran, and polymer was recovered. The polymer was washed with methanol, vacuum dried and 95% yield of polyelectrolyte (34.7) having number average molecular weight of 40000 and weight average molecular weight of 145000 was obtained. The polyelectrolyte was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 100degreesC, and polymeric solution was produced. A porous polytetrafluoro ethylene support having thickness of 30 microns and porosity of 89% was impregnated in the polymeric electrolyte solution for 15 minutes. The support was remove from the solution, dried at 110degreesC, and ion-cluster exchange film having thickness of 50 microns was obtained. The film had excellent oxidation resistance, mechanical property, durability, high temperature proton conductivity and high stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The coefficient of cubical expansion of the charge state with respect to the discharge state of the cathode active material is 150-300%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The element (a1) is silicon, tin and/or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorinated ethylene carbonate (b1) is 5-50 wt.% of the non-aqueous-electrolyte whole quantity. The fluorinated ethylene carbonated (b1) is fluoro ethylene carbonate. EXAMPLE - Amorphous silicon thin film was deposited on cathode collector having zirconium copper alloy foil, and silicon cathode was produced. HLC-22 (RTM: lithium carbonate) (in wt.pts) (82), graphite (electroconductive agent) (7), acetylene black (electroconductive agent) (3) and polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) (8), were dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone (80). The resulting slurry was apply-dried on aluminum foil of 20microns thickness. The resulting product was pierced to 13 mm diameter, and coin-shaped anode was produced. Ethylene carbonate (in wt.%) (46), diethyl carbonate (40), vinylene carbonate (2) and lithium salt (LiPF6) (12), were mixed to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. A lithium secondary battery was obtained using the anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte. The obtained battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics and high energy density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic film is produced by hardening acrylic lacquer by irradiating electron beam. EXAMPLE - Acrylic film with thickness of 50 microns and transparent inorganic compound vapor deposited plastic film with thickness of 12 microns were bonded through polyurethane resin adhesive agent, to obtain a surface protection sheet. The sheet had reduced weight, excellent weather resistance, damp proofing property measured according to JIS K 7129, bendability and produced solar cell module with high power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The cation and anion components contained in the electrolyte are each molecular anion and molecular cation. The electrolyte contains normal temperature fused salt of molecular anion and molecular cation. The molecular cation in the electrolyte contains hetero atom with lone pair. The structure region of the polymer which has hetero atom forms a hetero cyclic ring. The molecular cation in the electrolyte has structure region which forms a heterocyclic ring. The structure of both the heterocyclic ring is same. Preferred Atom: The hetero atom is oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, selenium atom, tin atom, indium atom, and/or antimony atom. The ion conductor contains proton as an ion carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains hetero atom with lone pair in repeating unit of polymer. The polymer functions as a support material of electrolyte, and forms porous or film form. EXAMPLE - 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetra fluoroborate was mixed with N-vinyl imidazole monomer in a molar ratio of 2:1 and dissolved in acetone. 2, 2-azobisisobutyrontitrile was added to the obtained solution. The resulting mixture was polymerized at 60degreesC for 12 hours to obtain an ion conductor film. The film was washed with hexane/ethyl acetate mixed solvent (1/1) and dried under reduced pressure. The obtained ion conductor film had excellent ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid contains 0.005-0.2 mol/l of lithium salt. The anode has an anode active material layer (21B) provided on an anode collector (21A). The anode active material layer contains 0.5 mass% or less of lithium carbonate. The cathode has a cathode active material layer (22B) provided on a cathode collector (22A). The cathode active material layer contains a carbon material (I) and a carbon material (II). The specific surface area of carbon material (II) is higher than specific surface area of carbon material (I). The amount of carbon material (II) is 2-40 mass%. Preferred Property: The carbon material (II) has specific surface area of 2-8 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid further contains 1,3-dioxole-2-one and/or 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. EXAMPLE - Vinylidene fluoride having weight average molecular weight of 700000 and hexafluoropropylene having weight average molecular weight of 310000, in a mass ratio of 9:1, were used as a polymer compound. Lithium compound (LiB(C2O4)2) (0.05 mol/l) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (0.65 mol/l) were mixed to obtain an electrolyte liquid. Then, polymer compound, electrolyte liquid and dimethyl carbonate were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:8:13 and dissolved at 70degreesC. A precursor solution of sol-form was obtained. The obtained precursor solution was applied on cathode and anode, and solvent was volatilized at 70degreesC. A gel-form electrolyte was obtained. A battery was formed using the obtained electrolyte. The obtained battery had excellent cycle characteristics, and suppressed swelling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The distribution plate has a highly conductive metal layer (4.1) connected to electrical connection terminal(s) or to an electrical test terminal. The connection terminals have central hole(s) and metal-coated holes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The distribution plate is made of an electrically insulating material coated with platinum, gold or other conductive metal. The serpentine plate is made of a sheet metal or other heat-conducting material (approximately a few tenths of a millimeter thick).Preferred Condition: The connection terminal is coated with conductive metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame plate is made of vetronite, bakelite, or other like material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive film is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyethylene (PE). The organic material comprises an electron transporting material e.g. polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is titanium or scandium. The titanium or scandium substituted for the hydrogen atom of the trans-polyacetylene structure is present in a form of TiH or ScH due to chemical bonding with hydrogen atoms, thus realizing a structure capable of maintaining chemical stability. When the transition metal applied on the two sites of the carbon chain of the cis-polyacetylene structure is titanium, hydrogen molecules are directly adsorbed on the titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is polyphenol, polyaniline and/or polyparaphenylene. The hydrogen storage material comprises a hexagonal polymer structure composed of carbons, with some of the carbons being substituted with boron or nitrogen. The hydrogen storage material comprises a trans-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is substituted for a hydrogen atom of the structure. The trans-polyacetylene structure includes hydrogen atoms comprising two adjacent hydrogen atoms, each of which is replaced with titanium hydride (TiH) or scandium hydride (ScH), and next two adjacent hydrogen atoms neighboring the former two adjacent hydrogen atoms, which remain unsubstituted to provide a space where hydrogen molecules are adsorbed, thus increasing hydrogen storage density. The hydrogen storage material comprises a cis-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is applied on both sites of a carbon chain of the structure, or a trans-polyacetylene structure in which a light transition metal is applied on two sites of a carbon chain of the structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel supply is used for storing fuels such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The duel supply is used for storing fuels such as ethanol and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal-containing complex oxide of the anode active material is of formula: LixNi1-(y+z)CoyMzO2, where x is 0.95-1.12, y is 0.01-0.35, z is 0.01-0.50, M is element(s) chosen from aluminum, manganese, titanium, magnesium, molybdenum, yttrium, zirconium and calcium. The transition metal-containing complex oxide has specific surface area of 0.15-1.50 m2/g. The anode further contains lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) as active material. The cathode contains carbon material. The cathode contains silicon simple substance and/or compound of silicon and oxygen as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains 0.1-10 mass% of total amount of additive agents (A,B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin comprises polyethylene naphthalate, a polyethylene terephthalate, a cyclic-olefin copolymer, a cyclo-olefin polymer, polymethyl pentene, and polyphenyl sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin film is a polymer thin film e.g. polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The precious metal comprises a precious metal containing compound chosen from precious metals, alloys of precious metals, and mixtures of precious metals. The precious metal comprises platinum or an alloy of platinum and ruthenium. The atomic ratio of platinum to ruthenium in the alloy is 1:1. The support is Shawinigan acetylene black. The support comprises a graphitic carbon characterized by a d002 spacing less than or equal to 3.50 Angstrom . The support comprises a graphitic carbon characterized by a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area less than or equal to 80 m2/g. The catalyst composition (II) is chosen from precious metal oxides, mixtures of precious metal oxides and solid solutions of precious metal oxides. The precious metal oxide is a solid solution of RuOx and IrOx, wherein x is greater than 1, preferably about 2. The precious metal oxide comprises a solid solution of RuO2 and IrO2. The atomic ratio of ruthenium to iridium is 90:10. The ratio of the catalyst composition (I) to the catalyst composition (II) by weight is 1.8 to 1. EXAMPLE - Catalyst composition (I) containing platinum/ruthenium alloy supported on Shawinigan acetylene black was produced. Catalyst composition (II) containing unsupported ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide was produced. Anode was obtained using the composition (I,II). The obtained anode provided fuel cell having high tolerance to voltage reversal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The filling of the cavity with a metal hydride material is accomplished by using thin/thick film materials synthesis techniques.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The coating may comprise silicon dioxide, polymers (e.g., polyimide, poly methylmethacralate (PMMA)) and metals (e.g., copper or cobalt). The hydrogen permaselective membrane material comprises a high strength polymer (e.g., PMMA, Polyimide) and/or metal alloy, such as palladium and titanium, which enables selective gas permeation through the membrane as a function of temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The boss is made of metal such as stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layer of liner is made of high density polypropylene and poly ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The surfaces of the bottom insulator plate may also be coated with a material containing an ester group or a carboxylic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The bottom insulator plate is made of polyethylene or polypropylene. Preferred Condition: The surfaces of the bottom insulator plate are coated with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF), particularly PVdF 761 and/or PVdF 2801.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The bottom insulator plate may also be a compressed nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first conductive section contacts a portion of a flat upper surface of the PTC body. The second conductive section contacts a portion of a lower surface of the PTC body arranged opposite to the first conductive section. The cover covers the entire upper surface of the PTC body and the entire lower surface of the PTC body. It comprises a movable damping member, and an internal space section. The damping member comprises an adhesive tape or a double-sided tape. The PTC device further includes an anti-oxidation coating layer arranged on the surface of the PTC body. The PTC body comprises conductive particles distributed into crystalline polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductive particles comprise metallic particles or carbon particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The crystalline polymer comprises polyethylene resin or polyolefin-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Gaseous-diffusion layer consists of a porous component made of carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, the water-repellent layer is formed by gaseous phase method, which involves vaporizing solution containing sulfur and/or its compound. A metallic film is formed on portion(s) of surface of porous material, before forming water-repellent layer.Preferred Layer: The water-repellent layer is formed using organosulfur compound of formula: R1SR2.R1 = alkyl or aryl;R2 = H, halogen or -OR3; andR3 = alkyl, alkenyl or aryl, each optionally having substituent.Preferred Material: The porous material contains aggregate of electroconductive fiber.Preferred Property: The water-repellent layer has contact angle of 70-170degrees with respect to water. EXAMPLE - A gilding film was formed on surface of carbon paper by sputtering gold and a metallic layer was formed. The gilding film was immersed in octane thiol solution obtained by diluting octane thiol in ethanol at room temperature for 12 hours. A water-repellent layer was formed to produce an electrode. The layer had contact angle of 135degrees with respect to water and surface roughness of 2 nm. The electrode provided single cell battery having favorable power density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The copper oxide thin film is doped with dissimilar material and/or nitrogen. The dissimilar metal is chosen from niobium, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, silver, gold, zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium and/or lanthanoid.Preferred Method: The plasma irradiation of copper oxide thin film is carried out at 70degreesC or less. The copper oxide thin film is formed on base plate by sputtering method, chemical vapor deposition method, vapor deposition method, sol gel process, spin coat method, photogravure coating method and/or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film contains polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, acryl, polycarbonate, polystyrene, triacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidine chloride, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, metal ion cross-linked ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, polyurethane and/or cellophane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ionic group is sulfonic acid group. The ion exchange capacity of sulfonic acid group is 0.3-3.5 meq/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer containing ionic group consists of polyarylene ether type compound having structural unit of formula (1) and (2).Ar,Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y=sulfone or ketone group;andX=H or monovalent cation. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in g) (724), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (588), 4,4'-biphenol (893), potassium carbonate (762) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5509) were mixed at 150degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 200degreesC. The obtained polymer solution was extruded into water and washed with water until the chloride ion concentration in the washing liquid became 0.9 ml/g. The amount of water soluble inorganic salt in the polymer was 0.001 wt.%. The solution was subjected to flow spread on polyethylene terephthalate film and dried to form gel film. The gel film was immersed in sulfuric acid and dried at 70degreesC after water wash to form ion exchange membrane. The ion exchange capacity of sulfonic acid group in the membrane was 1.15 meq/g. The porosity of the membrane was 0/cm2. The methanol penetration rate in the ion exchange membrane was 1287 micronsol/m/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition contains polyelectrolyte material of formula (2).BP,R1-R3,q=same as defined above;n1-n4=positive integer;m,p,p1=0 or integer more than 0;andring L=benzene ring which does not have sulfo group.Preferred Method: The base material is replaced with hydrocarbon type material optionally containing fluorine. The vinyl derivative of formula (a) and/or (b) is polymerized on the basis of the graft starting point to obtain the grafted base material and to obtain polyelectrolyte material containing divinyl benzene.R1,R2=same as defined above;Y=-O-(CH2)m-, -S-(CH2)m- or -(CH2)m-;p=positive integer;X=hydrogen or 1-3C alkyl;andm=integer greater than 0. Preferred Definitions:    m=3.    EXAMPLE - A polypropylene film (base material of 20 microns thickness) was acetone-washed and irradiated with 20 kGy of gamma-ray. The film was reacted with 4-vinyl phenyl methyl sulfonic acid-methyl ester divinyl benzene mixture in a ratio of 95:5, at 60degreesC for 14 hours. The film was washed with methanol and dried. Subsequently, the dried film (200 mg) was reacted with 1N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 80degreesC for 15 hours and washed with ion exchange water and hydrochloric acid. The film had excellent oxidation resistance, ion exchange capacity and ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cathode contains a carbon material, preferably graphite, graphitizing carbon and/or non-graphitizing carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte further contains a polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The diaphorase and the electronic mediator are immobilized on the negative electrode. The cell further comprises two or more enzymes which degrade another fuel, where the enzyme is NADH+ dependent glucose dehydrogenase and the other fuel is glucose or a polysaccharide degraded by the NADH+ dependent glucose dehydrogenase and converted into glucose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deforming agent is polyvinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The semiconductive metal oxide is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, copper oxide, chromium oxide, silver oxide, nickel oxide and/or gold oxide. The metal capable of forming the semiconductive metal oxide is titanium, zinc, tin, tungsten, copper, chromium, silver, nickel and/or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electron acceptor material is fullerene, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazole, dicotic liquid crystal, carbon nano rod, inorganic nano rod, polymer containing CN group and/or polymer containing CF3 group. The electron donor material comprises dicotic liquid crystal, polythiophene, polyphenylene, polyphenyl vinylene, polysilane, polythienyl vinylene and/or polyisothia naphthalene, or poly(3-hexyl thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate in which channels are formed using negative mold, is made of carbon-containing material or metal. The negative mold is released from the substrate, using sodium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate used for creating negative mold, is made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell comprises anode; cathode; PEM between the anode and cathode; inlet for hydrogen adjacent the anode; and inlet for oxygen adjacent the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The halosulfonating agent comprises chlorosulfonic acid. Preferred Methods: Drying comprises air drying. Casting comprises draw bar coating, gravure coating, or solution casting.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The solid polymer electrolyte comprises crosslinks having structure -(O)S(O)-O-(O)S(O)0-. The perfluorosulfonic acid comprises a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and F2C=(F)C(OC2F4-SO3H) or F2C=(F)C(O-CF2-(OCF2CF2SO3H)C(F)-CF3). Preferred Properties: The solid polymer electrolyte has equivalent weight of 800-1200, preferably 900-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The primary molds are made of a transparent synthetic resin, and the secondary mold is made of an opaque synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus in catalyst particles is 1-50 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive paste contains silver powder as main electrical conductivity agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The blanket is made of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The proton electroconductive metal oxide is perovskite having compositional formula: ABO3, where A is strontium or barium and B is zirconium or cerium. Metal (I) is B site element of the perovskite. The metal (II) is a metal having valence of less than 3. The electrolyte is complex oxide of formula: SrZr(1-x)InxO3, BaZr(1-x)InxO3 or BaCe(1-x)YxO3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of difference between electric current value (I02) in oxygen environment measured in 0.4 V by reversible hydrogen electrode electric potential reference and electric current value (IN2) in nitrogen environment, and electric current value (IN2), is 0.5 or more, when electric potential scan is carried out with scanning speed of 5 mV/s at 30degreesC in 0.1-mol/L sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The electric potential of the oxygen reduction electrode, when oxygen reduced current starts to flow, is 0.5 V or more based on reversible hydrogen electrode electric potential reference. The oxygen reduction electrode is supported with nitride microparticles. EXAMPLE - Tantalum nitride thin film was formed on cylinder-shaped glassy carbon (base material) having diameter of 5.2 mm. The base material provided with the thin film was heated at 580degreesC, and crystallinity of the thin film was increased. Thus, oxygen reduction electrode was produced. The obtained electrode had excellent oxygen reduction ability and stability. The electrode provided fuel cell with excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The structural unit is of formula (2). The sulfonated polyarylene further contains structural unit of formula (3).Z=sulfur, oxygen or -NH- group;R,R1-R16=H, fluorine, (halo)alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitro or nitrile group;j,k=1-4;A,D=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)l-, -(CH2)l-, -CR'2-, halogenated hydrocarbon, cyclohexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, -O- or -S-;B'=oxygen or sulfur;R'=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon;s,t=0-4;andr=0,1 or more. EXAMPLE - 2,6-Dichloro benzonitrile (44.5), 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) fluorene (102), potassium carbonate (52.3), sulfolane (366 ml) and toluene (183 ml) were heat-refluxed at 150degreesC. The temperature was raised to 200degreesC and 2,6-dichlorobenzo nitrile (16.7) was added and reacted for 5 hours. Toluene was added and the insoluble mineral salt was separated. The filtrate was poured into methanol and the precipitated product was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (250 ml) after filtration and drying. The precipitated product was re-precipitated with methanol and polymerized to obtain polymer having number average molecular weight of 41000, weight average molecular weight of 123000 and ion exchange capacity of 2.27 meq/g. The obtained sulfonated polymer was dissolved in mixture of methanol/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and casted on a film. The obtained film had specific resistance of 3.3 ohm/cm, fracture strength of 142 MPa, elongation of 41% and elasticity modulus of 3.8 GPa, measured according to JIS K7113. The polymeric electrolyte film produced using the polymer had excellent heat resistance. The fuel cell using the polymeric electrolyte film had excellent long term electric power generation capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The surface of the gasket is chemically processed or plasma processed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal-insulator transition thin film is formed of material selected from the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), W/gold (Au), Mo/Au, chromium (Cr)/Au, titanium (Ti)/W, Ti/aluminum (Al)/N, Ni/Cr, Al/Au, platinum (Pt), Cr/Mo/Au, YB2Cu3O7-d , nickel (Ni)/Au, Ni/Mo, Mo/Au, Ni/Mo/silver (Ag), Ni/Mo/Al, Ni/W, Ni/W/Au, Ni/W/Ag, and Ni/W/Al. The substrate comprises silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO), gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), plastic, glass, vanadium oxide (V2O5), PrBa2Cu3O7, YBa2Cu3O7, copper oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), SrTiO3, Nb-doped SrTiO3, and silicon-on-insulator (SOI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass or quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The linking layer comprises 60C, and having a linking agent from polyethylene imine, GOP-trimethyl silyl (TMS), triethyl silyl (TES)-PCN, CP-TMS or BTESB (not defined). The channels contain a linear arrangement of luminescent dye molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The layer in contact with the current collector comprises an olivine-type lithium phosphate compound of formula LiMPO4 as its main active material.M=Fe, Ni or Mn.The layer nearer the electrode outer surface comprises lithium cobalt oxide as its active material.Preferred Method: The active material slurries are applied in layers onto the current collector surface in a wet state by multilayer simultaneous die coating. The true densities of the active materials contained in the active material slurries are controlled so that the true densities of the active materials in the active material layers are in descending order from the current collector. The thickness of the active material layer in contact with the current collector is controlled to be less than or equal toone half of the total thickness of the two active material layers. The total mass of the lithium cobalt oxide is controlled to be greater than the total mass of the olivine-type lithium phosphate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The p-type semiconductor layer is formed of (poly 3-hexyl thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hollow component consists of carbon, copper, silver, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel and/or cobalt. The hollow component has insulation property, and is supported by electroconductive particles (6). The hollow component consists of an oxide of element(s) chosen from silicon, titanium, zirconium, vanadium and tantalum. Electroconductive particles consists of carbon, copper, silver, niobium, zirconium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel and/or cobalt. The catalyst component comprises platinum, palladium, rhodium and/or ruthenium. The hollow component space is spiral. The hollow component outer wall and/or inner wall is of uneven shape. The inorganic structure is coated by a resin, and graphitization is carried out. The inorganic structure is removed after carbonizing. The inorganic structure is a gelatinizer having mean molecular weight of 100-2000.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is polyimide and/or acrylonitrile. Perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin is used for electrolyte. Alternately, normal temperature fused salt is used for electrolyte. EXAMPLE - Silica hollow fiber (in g) (5) with outer diameter of 300 nm, internal diameter of 200 nm and length of 1000 nm was prepared as template. The outer surface of the fiber was coated with polyimide (3). The coated polyimide was baked at 2000degreesC and carbonized, and silica hollow fiber was removed. The hollow fiber was supported with platinum catalyst, and set as electrode. Subsequently, Nafion (RTM: perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid-type resin) (electrolyte film) was clamped with the electrode, and an electric power generation element was produced. The electrode had improved gaseous diffusion in three-phase surface and reduced diffusion polarization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-gas-shift-reaction catalyst contains platinum (in wt.%) (0.05-5), rhenium (0.01-5) and sulfur (0.01-2). The weight ratio of platinum, rhenium and sulfur in the catalyst is 1:0.2-2.5:0.05-0.5. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetrachloride (in g) (250) and ion exchange water (750) were mixed to obtain titanium tetrachloride aqueous solution. Aqueous ammonia was dropped and pH was adjusted to 7 to precipitate titanium hydroxide. The precipitate was filtered and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours. Ammonium sulfate aqueous solution was added to obtain a slurry. The slurry was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours to obtain titania support containing sulfur. Ammonium perrhenate aqueous solution was added and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours. Subsequently, chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution was added and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours. The baked product was shaped and ground. The obtained particles were reduced at 500degreesC under hydrogen atmosphere for 1 hour to obtain a water-gas-shift-reaction catalyst. The titania support of the catalyst contained platinum (1.0 wt.%), rhenium (0.7 wt.%) and sulfur (0.10 wt.%). The catalyst had high shift reaction activity, carbon monoxide removal capability and did not contain hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The sulfonic acid group-containing structural unit of formula (1), is of formula (1a).Z=oxygen or direct bond;andp=1 or 2. EXAMPLE - Chloro compound of formula (III) (in g) (47.7), (2,6-dichloro benzonitrile-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro propane) polycondensate (30.5) having number average molecular weight of 7500, bis (triphenylphosphine) nickel dichloride (1.6), sodium iodide (0.36), triphenylphosphine (8.4) and zinc (12.6), were stirred under nitrogen atmosphere. N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) (180 ml) was added to the resulting mixture, and stirred for 3 hours at 80degreesC. The reaction solution was diluted with DMAc (200 ml). The resulting solution was filtered. The obtained filtrate was heat-stirred at 115degreesC. Lithium bromide (15.8) was added to the reaction solution. The reaction solution was pored into acetone (4 l). The reaction product was washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid and pure water and dried, to obtain sulfonated polymer (electrolyte) of formula (VI) (60). The sulfonated polymer had weight average molecular weight of 156000 and ion exchange capacity of 2.3 meq/g. An electrode film was obtained from the electrode paste containing the electrolyte. The obtained electrode film had ion exchange capacity of 2.2 meq/g, proton conductivity of 0.27 S/cm, tensile strength of 145 Mpa and tensile elongation of 45%, and favorable hot water resistance. The electrode provided fuel cell with excellent electric power generation capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition ratio of carbon material and binder of coating film in battery can side is 85-95 wt.% and 15-5 wt.%, respectively. The composition ratio of carbon material and binder of coating film in battery surface side is 75-90 wt.% and 25-10 wt.%, respectively. Preferred Method: After applying conductive paint, the coating film is dry-cured at 150-300degreesC by in electromagnetic induction heating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound has siloxane structure in the principal chain and quinone structure of formula (2) in the side chain. The compound is preferably of formula (3).R1=hydroxyl group;R3=methyl;n=1 or more;m=1-20;andasterisk=methylene group, ether group, ethylene oxide group and/or carbonyl group. EXAMPLE - 1,8-Bis(triethoxy silyl) octane (in g) (0.8) was dissolved in methanol (1.5) and tetrahydroxy quinone (2.2) dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (1.5) was added. The obtained mixture was film-formed to obtain a transparent brown film with proton conductivity of 0.112 S/cm at 60degreesC and 0.056 S/cm at 140degreesC. The film had favorable heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The fuel cell uses a polymeric electrolyte film through which fuel gas and oxidation gas react.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: If a is greater than 1, the electron-withdrawing group is nitro, cyano, ketone, sulfone, sulfoxide, halo(1-6C alkyl), or halo(6-14C aryl). If b is greater than 1, the electron-donating group is 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, amino, 1-10C alkylamino, or di(1-10C alkyl)amino, in which the 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxy and 1-10C alkyl moieties of 1-10C alkylamino and di(1-10C alkyl)amino are optionally substituted by 1-3 of 1-4C alkyl and/or 1-4C alkoxy. If m is greater than 1, each spacer group L is 6-14C arylene, (6-14C arylene)-vinylene, or (6-14C arylene)-acetylene, in which the 6-14C arylene and 6-14C arylene moieties of (6-14C arylene)-vinylene and (6-14C arylene)-acetylene are optionally substituted with 1 or 2 of 1-10C alkyl. If n is greater than 1, each spacer group L' is 6-14C arylene, (6-14C arylene)-vinylene, or (6-14C arylene)-acetylene, in which the 6-14C arylene and the 6-14C arylene moieties of (6-14C arylene)-vinylene and (6-14C arylene)-acetylene are optionally substituted with 1 or 2 of 1-10C alkyl or 1-10C alkoxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer may comprise monomer units of formulae (IIA)-(IIC) or monomer units of formulae (IIIA)-(IIIC).x, y =0 or 1At least one A group and at least one B group are present. Either x is 1 and y is zero, or x is zero and y is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The partition wall (4) comprises an ion permeable material, cation permeable material, proton permeable material such as Nafion (RTM: Perfluorosulfonate ionomer). A single enclosing compartment encloses enclosed compartments connected by electrically conductive plastic. EXAMPLE - A biological fuel cell is prepared from a carrier of a polypropylene hollow fibre membrane (Accurel (RTM)). The outer side of this fibre is coated with a solution comprising platinum particles, carbon and sulfonated polymer (SPEEK,sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)) and a solvent (NMP, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). This coating, acting as cathode, is dried to evaporate the NMP solvent. Subsequently this cathode layer is coated 3 times with a SPEEK methanol solution (10 weight percent SPEEK). These coatings on the cathode layer act as cation selective partition wall. The degree of sulfonation of this sulfonated material is 75%. Thus, a defect free coating is obtained with a thickness of 0.1 mm. This membrane is fixed with the aid of polyurethane resin in a plastic module housing, where graphite felt is placed as anode. The electrical circuits of the anode and cathode are connected with the aid of copper wires, which are in connection with the graphite felt and the carbon layer on the membrane. The anodes, manufactures from graphite felt are placed around the membrane in a anode compartment which encloses the membranes. This biological fuel cell is inoculated with bacteria from an existing biological fuel cell. The anode compartment is completely filled with an aqueous fluid. The anode is fed with an acetate and glucose solution and anaerobic conditions are created by flushing the anode compartment with nitrogen. The cathode compartment is flushed with air. The biological fuel cell is capable of delivering electrical power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: MEA comprises a hydrogen electrode and an oxygen electrode (215), and the compressible layers are disposed proximate the hydrogen electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electrochemical cell comprises layer(s) of electrically conductive and porous stiffening material disposed between the cell separator plate and the compressible layers, where stiffening material comprises metal screen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The compressible layers comprise carbon paper, cloth of random carbon fiber, woven cloth of carbon strands, and/or woven cloth of multi-strand carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid and/or cathode contains sulfate of soda and granule lignin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer is selected from derivative of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate and/or carboxy methyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The volatile fuel organic substance is a liquid, solid containing the liquid or gel-form material containing the liquid.Preferred Composition: The coating substance consists of insoluble or slightly soluble substance with respect to volatile fuel organic substance.Preferred Method: The method to cover the volatile fuel organic substance by coating substance is a dry technique in a liquid, coacervation method, spray-drying method or dry-mixing method. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in g) (25) and Godball SF-16C (RTM: silica porous material) (10) were mixed and stirred. Subsequently, aqueous solution (5) of amylose was sprayed on silica porous material, and solid-state fuel structure (27.1) coated with saccharide was obtained. Subsequently, pure water (45) was added with respect to the obtained fuel structure (5), stirred for 30 minutes and methanol was eluted. The methanol concentration in the fuel structure was 52 mass%. The flash point of the fuel structure was 43degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The granular particles contain two or more types of oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains plasticizer (in mass parts) (1-20) and binder (5-30) with respect to granular particles (100). The plasticizer is of formula: R(A-G)n-A-R.A = dibasic acid residue;R = terminal terminator residue;G = glycol residue; andn = degree of polymerization.The mixture further contains lubricant chosen from hydrocarbon type wax, higher fatty acid, lower alcohol fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, partial ester of fatty acid and polyhydric alcohol, and polyhydric alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyvinyl acetal resin with acetalization degree of 65 mol% or more. EXAMPLE - OZC-8YB (RTM: zirconia particles with specific surface of 20 m2/g and average particle diameter of 52 microns) (in mass parts) (100), polyvinyl acetal resin (15) with acetalization degree of 77%, Polycizer W-320 (RTM: plasticizer) (8) and paraffin wax (4) were heat-mixed at 120degreesC for 1 hour. The mixture was extrusion molded to obtain a green sheet. The green sheet had favorable strength, flexibility and uniform thickness. The generation of streaks or crack in the sheet was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The external member is the laminate film comprising a metal foil e.g. aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external member is a laminate film comprising a synthetic resin e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polycarbonate, membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The zirconia particles consist of a stabilized zirconia containing 3-6 mol % of oxides of scandium, yttrium and/or ytterbium as a stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer is made of polymer compound such as polyacrylate, polyphenol, melamine resin or polyester resin. The temperature sensitive plastic body is made of Acrylonitrile, Butadiene, Styrene (ABS) polymer, polycarbonate or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrode is an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises 0.5-10 wt.% lactide-like compound (1). The electrolyte salt is a salt of formula A+B-. The solvent comprises halogen-substituted or non-substituted cyclic carbonate solvents, linear carbonate solvents, ester solvents, nitrile solvents, or phosphate solvents.A+=alkali metal cation comprising Li+, Na+, and/or K+; andB-=anion comprising PF6-, BF4 -, Cl-, Br-, I-, ClO4-, AsF6-, CH3CO3-, N(CF3SO2)3-, and/or C(CF2SO2)3-. EXAMPLE - 1M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixed solvent of EC:PC:DEC (2:1:7) was used as an electrolyte, and 2 wt.% compound of formula (I) was added. After the test, a battery having a lower number of non-hydrogen substituents in the compound used as an additive for electrolytes showed a higher initial charge/discharge efficiency. It showed that as the number of nonhydrogen substituents in the compound used as an additive for electrolytes, decreases, cycle life characteristics of the battery were improved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The set of laser parameters is selected so that the laser simultaneously locally modifies the electric conductivity of the electrode layers. The first transparent electrode layer is provided on a transparent substrate and the laser irradiation is applied through the substrate. The electric conductivity of the second electrode layer is locally modified through ablation and melting/dewetting. The laser is pulsed. Preferred Component: The organic functional device is an organic light emitting panel or an organic solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The positive electrode active material of the layer containing as its main active material the positive electrode active material having the highest resistance increase rate comprises an olivine-type lithium phosphate compound of formula LiMPO4.M=Fe, Ni and/or Mn.A layer nearer an electrode surface than the layer containing the positive electrode active material having the highest resistance increase rate contains lithium cobalt oxide as a positive electrode active material. The total mass of the lithium cobalt oxide is greater than the total mass of the olivine-type lithium phosphate compound. Lithium cobalt oxide is present in the outermost positive electrode layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The layer containing as its main active material the positive electrode active material having the highest resistance increase rate is a layer in contact with the positive electrode current collector. A flexible battery case accommodates a power-generating component containing the positive and negative electrodes and the separator. Preferred Dimensions: The layer in contact with the positive electrode current collector has a thickness of less than or equal to5 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains a complex oxide of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese. The negative electrode active material contains titan- ium-containing metal composite oxide including lithium-titanium oxide, and contains phosphorus, vanadium, tin, copper, nickel and iron. The negative electrode comprises a current collector formed of aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. The film forming the case comprises an aluminum layer or aluminum alloy layer provided between a thermoplastic resin layer and a resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises at least two types of non-aqueous solvents chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises before step (E), dipping the flipchip bumps of the photo-sensing die into an uncured epoxy resin based material of no-flow underfill type, and curing the no-flow underfill type material at step (F) during the formation of the interconnection joints. Dipping includes providing the no-flow underfill type on a multi-part table assembly having an outer part and inner parts; displacing the inner part of the multi-part table assembly downward relative to the outer part; and lowering the photo-sensing die over the multi-part table assembly to dip the flipchip bumps into the no-low underfill material at the outer parts, the photo-sensing area remaining suspended over and spaced from the no-low underfill material at the inner part. The method comprises before step (E), the step of applying an uncured epoxy resin based material of no-flow underfill type on the substrate front surface, the no-flow underfill material being applied in an intermittent pattern about a central area portion of the substrate front surface, and curing the no-flow underfill type material at step (F) during the formation of the interconnection joints to form a sealing layer (140) for the sealing structure. The uncured no-flow underfill material is applied in a series of spaced drops, each being shaped as a dot or an elongate strip, adjacent ones of the drops being integrally joined upon curing at step (F). The method comprises in step (F), the step of forming a dam structure to protrude from the passivation layer and extend contiguously about the internal cavity. Preferred Material: The dam structure is formed by a photo-definable polymer material disposed on the passivation layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The high temperature heat process is performed at 1500degreesC or more.Preferred Property: The BET specific surface area of the porous material is 350-1450 m2/g, preferably 350-1300 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is an aromatic organic solvent. EXAMPLE - Fullerene-containing soot was heated to 950degreesC in a nitrogen atmosphere and maintained at the temperature for 15 minutes in a nitrogen/water vapor atmosphere for gas activation. The material was cooled to obtain a porous material having a BET specific surface area of 1030 m2/g. The porous material has good oxidation resistance and activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains metalloxane polymer (0.5-60 wt.%), with respect to the total amount of metalloxane polymer and polyarylene.Preferred Property: The ratio ((V1/V0)x100%) of the pore volume (V1) of the organic-inorganic hybrid catalyst layer after carrying out compression processing at 160degreesC and a pressure of 50 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes and the pore volume (V0) before carrying out compression processing is 60% or more. EXAMPLE - Neopentyl 3-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl) benzene sulfonic acid (in g) (135.5), hydrophobic unit (44.5) of formula (I) having number average molecular weight of 10500, bis(triphenyl phosphine) nickel dichloride (6.71), sodium iodide (1.54), triphenyl phosphine (35.9) and zinc (53.7), were mixed, and N,N-dimethylacetamide (430 ml) was added. Dimethyl acetamide (730 ml) was added and stirred for 3 hours at 80degreesC. Insoluble contents were filtered, and the obtained solution was heat-stirred at 115degreesC. Lithium bromide (44) was added and stirred for 7 hours. Acetone (5 l) was added, and washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid and water. The reaction mixture was filtered and a sulfonated polymer of formula (II) was obtained. The obtained polymer had weight average molecular weight of 170000 and ion exchange capacity of 2.3 meq/g. YTZ ball (RTM: zirconia ball) (25), platinum carrying carbon particles (1.53), distilled water (0.86) and 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (7.7), the sulfonated polymer (II) (0.69), VGCF (RTM: gaseous phase carbon fiber) (0.7), DA23 (RTM: dispersant) (0.028) and 1-propanol (8.6) were mixed and stirred for 60 hours. Tetraethoxy silane was added and stirred for 30 minutes, and a paste (A) was obtained. The obtained paste was applied on a carbon paper and dried at 140degreesC for 30 minutes. An electrode catalyst layer having platinum content of 0.5 mg/cm2 was formed. The obtained catalyst layer had pore volume of 95% after carrying out compression processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials : The active-material layer containing gas-adsorption agent further contains carbon material. The carbon material is chosen from activated carbon, carbon nanotube, and carbon sheet. The anode active material contains trace amount of lithium-transition metal oxide. The cathode active material contains carbon material or lithium transition metal compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer : The electrolyte layer contains polymer electrolyte and/or gel electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sulfonated rate of the compound is controlled by initial stage preparation amount of the carbonyl sulfate. The sulfonated rate of the compound is controlled to 30-70 mol%. The preparation process of carbonyl sulfate is performed using acetic anhydride as anhydrous carboxylic acid. The synthetic precursor has solubility of 0.1 or more with respect to organic solvent. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon and/or aprotic polar solvent. The aprotic polar solvent is at least one type chosen from dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound to-be-sulfonated is a polymer having solubility of less than 0.1 with respect to organic solvent. The polymer is an aromatic polyketone-type polymer or aromatic polysulfone-type polymer. The aromatic polyketone-type polymer is polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, polyether ketone-ketone and/or polyether-ether ketone-ketone. EXAMPLE - Sulfonated polyether ether ketone precursor (in g) (2) and dimethyl sulfoxide (100 ml) were mixed in a flask and stirred at 80degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, acetyl sulfate was added slowly after dissolving the precursor completely. Stirring was continued for 3 hours, and reaction was stopped by adding 1-propanol (10 ml). The obtained product was filter-separated and the filtrate was dried under reduced pressure at 80degreesC for 24 hours, and sulfonated polyether ether ketone was obtained. The obtained compound had ion exchange capacity of 1.5 meq/g and sulfonated rate of 55 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The opposite surface of the surface (A) of film does not have corrugated structure. The polyamic acid is obtained by reacting aromatic diamine having benzoxazole structure and aromatic tetracarboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)benzoxazole (in mass parts) (500), pyromellitic dianhydride (485) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5000) were stirred at 25degreesC for 53 hours to obtain viscous brown polyamic acid solution having reduced viscosity of 5.1 dl/g. The obtained polyamic acid solution was applied on a stainless steel belt, and dried to form polyimide precursor film having thickness of 25 microns. The obtained precursor film was heated and subjected to imidation reaction to obtain polyimide benzoxazole film. The obtained film had excellent heat resistance, toughness, adhesivity and flexible property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The anode, cathode and electrolyte of accommodated in a film-form exterior packing. The battery further has a separator (23) provided between anode and cathode. The separator is a base material layer consisting of porous membrane having electric insulation and a polymeric compound layer containing vinylidene fluoride, provided on at least one surface of base material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of sultone in electrolyte liquid is 0.05-1 mass%. Preferred Compound: The sultone is a compound having secondary carbon atom or tertiary carbon atom bonded with oxygen atom and/or a compound having multiple bonds between carbon atoms, preferably 1,3-butane sultone, propene sultone, toluene sultone and/or 1,8-naphtho sultone. Preferred Liquid: The electrolyte liquid contains a low viscosity solvent. Preferred Layer: The polymeric compound layer contains copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene. EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate (electrolyte salt) was mixed with ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonic acid and diethyl carbonate (solvent) in the mass ratio of 16:17:17:25:25. Then, propene sultone of formula (1) (additive) (0.5) was added to above mixture and electrolyte liquid was produced. Polyvinyl formal and electrolyte liquid were mixed and dissolved in the mass ratio of 1:99, and electrolyte composition was produced. The battery comprising the electrolyte composition had excellent charging-and-discharging characteristics and cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, hydrogen containing gas is supplied to anode pole and oxygen containing gas is supplied to cathode pole, when anode pole and cathode pole are not electrically connected. Preferred Properties: The maximum diffraction full width of tungsten carbide at half minimum at a area (diffraction angle of 2thetaplus minus0.3degrees of 40-60degrees), is 0.8degrees or more, as determined by X-ray diffraction method using Cu-K alpha ray. Tungsten carbide is obtained by the conversion of tungsten boride, tungsten nitride, tungsten sulfide, tungsten phosphide and tungsten silicide. The average particle diameter of tungsten carbide is 0.1-1000 nm. The anode pole contains transition metal and/or transition metal compound other than tungsten carbide. EXAMPLE - Tungsten carbide having alpha structure was manufactured using tungsten oxide. The maximum diffraction full width at half maximum at diffraction angle (2theta) of 48.251degrees, was 1.888degrees. Tungsten carbide (20 mg) and carbon black (80 mg) having specific surface area of 254 m2/g were mixed with Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) (24.14 mg), glycerol (298 mg) and water (74.72) to form a paste. The obtained paste was applied on fluorine resin sheet and dried to form anode catalyst layer. A cathode catalyst layer containing platinum supporting carbon particles was formed. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell having anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer was formed. Hydrogen gas was supplied to the cathode pole and nitrogen gas was supplied to the anode pole. The fuel cell was processed by maintaining electric potential between -1 V and -50 V by normal hydrogen electrode reference. The catalyst in the fuel cell had excellent activity even after processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises removing a flash portion of the separator plate with the laser; and providing a gas diffusion media proximate the fuel cell separator plate, the surface being a surface of the gas diffusion media. Activating the surface with the laser comprises removing a portion of a coating of the gas diffusion media, the removal of the portion of the coating reducing a contact resistance of the fuel cell.Preferred Materials: The coating comprises electrically conductive particles or hydrophobic material. The gas diffusion media comprises a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The die is heated to greater than or equal to550degreesC (preferably greater than or equal to650degreesC). Contacting comprises applying a pressure of greater than or equal to100 psi (preferably greater than or equal to5000 psi) to the die. A release layer (120) is disposed between the first material and the first layer. The first material is attached to the second layer through an adhesive layer (140) on the second layer. The first material is disposed on the first layer by vacuum coating or solution coating.Preferred Material: The release layer comprises a metal with a melting point of greater than or equal to550degreesC. The metal comprises molybdenum, titanium, or stainless steel. The transparent electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive layer comprises epoxies, polyurethanes, polyureas, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, polyethylene-based polymers, or polypropylene-based polymers. The first or second layer comprises polyethylene terephthalates, polyimides, polyethylene naphthalates, polymeric hydrocarbons, cellulosic polymers, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyethers, and/or polyether ketones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The passivity film is a film modified by immersion process using non-oxidizing acid liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a thermoplastic polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide is ultrafine particles. The catalyst (C1) supports the ultrafine particles of tin oxide or titanium oxide, palladium and carbon to a carbon carrier. The catalyst (C2) supports alloy containing platinum and ruthenium, to carbon carrier. The weight ratio of catalyst (C1) and catalyst (C2) is 1:0.5-1:2. The weight ratio of oxide and carbon is 1:3-1:8. The weight ratio of palladium and carbon is 1:3-1:8. The weight ratio of alloy containing platinum and ruthenium and carbon is 1:0.5-1:2.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of tin oxide is 2-5 nm. The average particle diameter of titanium oxide is 3-15 nm. EXAMPLE - Anode catalyst having weight ratio of tin oxide, platinum and carbon of 1:1:6 and weight ratio of catalyst (C1) and catalyst (C2) of 1:1 was prepared using tin oxide ultrafine particles having average particle diameter of 4 nm, dinitro diamine palladium nitric acid solution, platinum-ruthenium/carbon and Vulcan XC-72R (RTM: carbon support). N-butyl acetate, Nafion (RTM: 5 wt.% solution of fluorine resin), the obtained catalyst, and Vulcan XC-72R (RTM: carbon support), were mixed in a weight ratio of 5:10:1:1:0.4, and a catalyst coating paste was prepared. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell was prepared using the obtained catalyst paste. The fuel cell had high carbon monoxide poisoning proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material further comprises hydrophilic oxide, carbon and/or water-absorbing polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably toluene or cyclohexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the optically functional composition contains fluorine-containing monomer, inorganic fluorescent substance microparticles, and polymerization initiator. The mass ratio of monomer and microparticles is 1/99-99.99/0.01. The fluorine-containing monomer is fluorine-containing acrylic acid or its derivative(s). EXAMPLE - A fluorinated compound (1 g) of formula (A) was dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone (5 ml) in a flask. A dispersion solution (10 ml) of zinc sulfide-manganese microparticles (35 mg) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was cast at room temperature, to obtain a self-supporting film having a thickness of 50 microns. The film had a fluorine-containing rate of 55 mass %, a thermal decomposition temperature of 260 degreesC, and excellent light-emitting intensity and external appearance.    n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred polymer: The plastic is chosen from a group of selectively soluble fluoropolymers, acrylates, polyurethanes, silicones and mixtures of these. The carrier is of polyethylene terephthalate or naphthenate or of ethylenetetrafluorethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The graphite composite particles have average circularity of 0.8-0.95 and tap density of 0.7-1.5 g/cm3.Preferred Particles: The composite particles have structure comprising baked carbonaceous particles bonded with baked binder. The carbonaceous particles are spheroidized graphite. The active material contains carbonaceous active material particles chosen from natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous coated graphite, resin coated graphite and/or amorphous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyclopentadithiophene and silole moieties are substituted with substituent from 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2 or SO2R.R=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalky or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl.The substituent is hexyl, ethylhexyl, or 1-20C alkoxy optionally further substituted with 1-20C alkoxy or halo or (OCH2CH2)2OCH3 or OCH2CF2OCF2CF2OCF3. The first comonomer repeat unit comprises a cyclopentadithiophene moiety of structure (I).R1, R2=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably hexyl, ethylhexyl, (OCH2CH2)2OCH3 or OCH2CF2OCF2CF2OCF3R=1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl; andR3, R4=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R.The second monomer repeat unit comprises a silole moiety of structure (XXI).R5, R6=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably aryl substituted with 1-20C alkyl; andR7, R8=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, halo, CN, NO2, or SO2R, preferably 1-20C alkyl optionally substituted with halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tin-based nanopowder comprises SnxM1-x. The particle size of the tin-based nanopowder is 10-300 nm. The tin-based nanopowder has a crystalline structure or an amorphous structure.M=Ge, Co, Te, Se, Ni, Co, and/or Si;x=0.1-1.0.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The triazine-based monomer is a compound of formula (1) or (2).R1-R3=H, halogens, carboxyl group, amino group, nitro group, hydroxy group, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl groups, optionally substituted 1-20C heteroalkyl groups, optionally substituted 2-20C alkenyl groups, optionally substituted 2-20C heteroalkenyl groups, optionally substituted 6-30C aryl groups, or optionally substituted 3-30C heteroaryl groups. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The triazine-based monomer is 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine-based monomer of formula (3) or 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-based monomer of formula (4). 46 triazine-based monomers are also specifically disclosed, e.g. 2,4,6-tri(3-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine.    EXAMPLE - Tin-based nanopowder capped with 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (1 g), polyvinylidene fluoride (0.3 g) as a binder, and super P carbon black (0.3 g) were added to a N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution and coated on a copper foil to prepare a plate. Lithium metal was used as the cathode to prepare a 2016-type coin cell using this plate and a charge/discharge cycle was performed 30 times between 1.2 and 0 V. The current density was 0.3 mA/cm2. The initial discharge capacity was 1150 mAh/g, initial charge capacity was 1000 mAh/g, irreversible capacity was 115 mAh/g, and charged capacity after 30 cycles was 950 mAh/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Metal sheet plate material is selected from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and a polymer-carbon composite based material. The doped metal oxide is niobium (Nb) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2), tantalum (Ta) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) or fluorine (F) doped tin dioxide (SnO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cell has gas permeability in a thickness direction of the layer at 100 micrometer per Pascal second according to ISO standards.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder material is made of a fluorine resin material e.g. polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluroethylene-hexafluoroporpylene copolymer (FEP), perfluorosulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The electroconductive paste further contains glass powder. The paste is screen-stenciled on a silicon substrate and baked to form the solar cell component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The organic binder contains cellulose type resin and/or acrylic type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of the area of anode non-Faraday layer with respect to the area of anode Faraday layer of the portion exposed to the cathode side is 15-50%. The anode and cathode are insulated electrically. An insulating layer which allows only a movable ion to pass, is provided. A gel-form electrolyte consisting of a polymer and an electrolyte liquid (1a) is provided between the anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance which stores electricity in the anode non-Faraday layer, is activated carbon. The supply source of movable ion contains lithium salt or compound. The energy storage device contains a quaternary onium cation salt of formula: (R4-X(-R1)(-R3)-R2)Y'Fn.R1-R4=H or 1-3C alkyl;X=N or P;Y'=B, P or As;andn=4 or 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor of inorganic component is made to permeate the polymer film. The inorganic component is chosen from silica, titania, zirconium oxide, phosphorus pentoxide and/or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption agent processes the material made of carrier selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, activated carbon, polystyrene type resin support halogenated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The water impermeable sheet is silicon vapor deposition sheet or metal sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The cured coating film is formed on both surfaces of water impermeable sheet. The back sheet has cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint formed on one surface of water impermeable sheet, and coating film of fluorine-containing polymer paint does not having hardenable functional group, fluorine-containing polymer sheet, polyester sheet or coating film of polyester coating material on other surface. The cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint is formed on water impermeable sheet of sealing agent bending side of solar cell module. A pigment is dispersed in the cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint. Preferred Polymer: The hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer is tetrafluoroethylene group polymer. EXAMPLE - Zeffle GK570 (RTM: hardenable tetrafluoroethylene group copolymer having solid content of 65 mass% and hydroxyl value of 60 mgKOH/g) (in mass parts) (223.2), black pigment (250) and butyl acetate (126.8) were mixed and dispersed with glass beads (780) having diameter of 1.2 mm. Glass bead was separated, and hardenable tetrafluoroethylene group copolymer (269.2) was added to the solution to obtain black coating material. Butyl acetate (100), Coronate HX (RTM: hardener) (7), silane coupling agent (NCO-C3H6-Si(OCH3)3) (3) and black coating material (100) were mixed to obtain hardenable coating material. The obtained coating material was applied on one surface of silicon vapor deposited polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 80degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain back sheet. The back sheet had favorable adhesion and bendability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material is comprised of material selected from the group consisting of selenides, sulfides, tellurides, titanium oxides, tungsten oxides, zinc oxides, zirconium oxides, and combinations thereof.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive material is comprised of epoxies, polyurethanes, polyureas, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, polyethylene-based polymers, or polypropylene-based polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic-film sheet e.g. as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polycarbonate (PC) are used as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is carbonate ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer has a network structure comprised of linear polymer formed of monofunctional monomer and polyfunctional monomer. EXAMPLE - Copolymer of ethylene dimethacrylate and vinyl acetate, electrolyte liquid containing mixture of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1:1, and lithium hexafluoro phosphate were mixed, and an electrolyte was obtained. The electrolyte had high swelling degree, reduced exudation and excellent storage stability. The secondary battery produced using the electrolyte, had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The catalyst layer contains platinum alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The electrically conductive surface is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The interconnection support comprises an insulating substrate made of polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The III/V compound is indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphide, aluminum antimonide, indium-gallium arsenide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, and/or indium-arsenic phosphide, preferably indium arsenide, indium phosphide, or gallium arsenide. The II/VI compound is cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury sulfide, mercury selenide, mercury telluride, cadmium-zinc selenide, cadmium-sulfur selenide, and/or zinc-sulfur selenide. The III/VI compound is indium sulfide, indium selenide, indium telluride, gallium sulfide, gallium selenide, gallium telluride, indium-selenium telluride, and/or gallium-tellurium selenide. The semiconductor nanocrystal is indium arsenide/cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide, indium arsenide/cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide, indium arsenide/indium phosphide/zinc selenide, indium phosphide/zinc selenide/zinc sulfide, indium phosphide/cadmium sulfide/zinc selenide, gallium arsenide/cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide, and/or gallium arsenide/cadmium sulfide/zinc sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The host material is a polymer chosen from fluorinated polymer, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyaniline, polybenzophenone, poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone polymer, aluminum polymer, polybisphenol, polybutadiene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, polyisobutylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl polymer. The polymer is preferably polyvinyl butyral or perfluorocyclobutyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The first and second thin metal layers are made of copper metal or aluminum metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Moieties: The cyclopentadithiophene moiety is substituted with 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, and/or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, preferably with hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or 3,7-dimethyloctyl. The cyclopentadithiophene moiety is substituted at 4-position. The cyclopentadithiophene moiety is of formula (I).R1,R2=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl, preferably hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, or 3,7-dimethyloctyl.Co-monomer repeating unit (B) comprises 3,4-benzo-1,2,5-thiadiazole moiety, preferably benzothiadiazole moiety of formula (II), thiadiazoloquinoxaline moiety of formula (III), cyclopentadithiophene dioxide moiety of formula (IV), cyclopentadithiophene monoxide moiety of formula (V), benzoisothiazole moiety of formula (VI), benzothiazole moiety of formula (VII), thiophene dioxide moiety of formula (VIII), cyclopentadithiophene dioxide moiety of formula (IX), or cyclopentadithiophene tetraoxide moiety of formula (X).R1,R2=as mentioned above, preferably H in formula (II);andR3=R1.Co-monomer repeating unit (B) comprises a moiety containing 3 or more thiophene moieties, at least one of the thiophene moieties being substituted with 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, and/or 3-20C heterocycloalkyl. Co-monomer repeating unit (B) comprises a moiety containing 5 thiophene moieties. The polymer further comprises co-monomer repeating unit (C) comprising a thiophene moiety or a fluorene moiety substituted with the substituent(s). Preferred Material: The photoactive material further comprises an electron acceptor material containing a fullerene, preferably (6,6)-phenyl-61C butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The polymer has a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of at least about 0.2 eV less negative than the LUMO energy level of the electron acceptor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material that has a water vapor transmission rate that is less than about grams/meters2/day at 37.8degreesC as measured by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E96 procedure. The polyester material has a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than 12,000 V measured by the ASTM D149 procedure for a 0.002 inch thick layer. The polyester material has a tensile strength of at least 18,000 psi as measured by the ASTM D882 procedure. The photovoltaic module passed Impulse Voltage Testing at a voltage of 8,000 V as measured by the procedure in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61730-2. The photovoltaic module also passed the Wet Leakage Current Test at a voltage of 1000 V as measured by the IEC 61215 procedure after an ultraviolet radiation exposure simulation test.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic module has an organo-reactive silane-type of primer added to the encapsulant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material. The photovoltaic module junction box is attached to the back sheet by an adhesive selected from oxime-cured adhesive, and amine-cured adhesive, an enoxy-cured adhesive or an alkoxy-cured adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat radiation film is formed of film from composition made of liquid consisting of partial hydrolysate, alkoxy titanium and organic solvent of alkoxysilane compound containing specific metallic compound, or specific alkali-metal silicate, silicone resin emulsion and liquid consisting of any one of the silane compounds containing specific metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous organic solvent consists of linear carbonate or cyclic ester, cyclic carbonate and fluorine-containing sulfonate compound, and further consists of unsaturated carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    z=2.    EXAMPLE - An electrolyte liquid was prepared by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate in a mixed solvent (1:2) of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate to a content of 1 mol/l. 1,4-Butanediol bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) was added to a concentration of 0.2 mass%. When used in a lithium secondary battery, the electrolyte demonstrated good cycle characteristics
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer is obtained by copolymerizing monomer (A) (2-50 mass%), monomer (B) (50-98 mass%), and another copolymerizable monomer (C) (0-50 mass%). The polymer composition further contains carbon black (10-1000 mass parts) with respect to total of 100 mass parts of polyorganosiloxane-containing polymer. Preferred Monomer: The monomer (A) is tris(trimethylsiloxy) silyl propyl methacrylate. The monomer (B) further has an amide group and acrylamide-t-butyl sulfonic acid group. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in mass parts) (1500), water (35), acrylamide-t-butyl sulfonic acid (60), and X-22-2404 (RTM: tris (trimethoxysiloxy) silylpropyl methacrylate) (40) were supplied to reactor and stirred. Asobisisobutyronitrile (0.4) was added and reaction was continued at 60degreesC for 4 hours. The reactor was cooled and reaction was terminated. The obtained polymer solution having non-volatile substance content of 6%, and water were supplied to flask and vacuum-distilled. Water dispersion of polymer was obtained. The polymer had weight average molecular weight of 36500 and sulfonic acid group content of 2.8 mmol/g. The obtained water dispersion of polymer (15) and aqueous dispersion of polyorganosiloxane-containing polymer (15) were mixed to obtain a polymer composition. The polymer composition had film persistence of 94% and volume resistivity of 50 Omega.cm, and favorable carbon dispersibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric support element is made of flexible polymeric material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic particle is particle containing silica, or particle containing glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tactifier contains polypropylene resin, a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyurathene-type resin, rosin type-resin, a terpene type resin, a phenol-type resin, an aliphatic type petroleum resin, acrylic acid ester resin, the xylene type-resin, a coumarone indene type-resin, a styrene resin, a dicyclopentadiene type-resin, the polybutene type-resin, a polyether type-resin, a urea type-resin, a melamine type-resin ,a vinyl-acetate type-resin, a poly isobutyl type-resin, a isoprene rubber, butyl type-rubber, styrene-butadiene type-rubber and nitrile type-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The composite electrolyte structure may comprise a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) layer deposited on the positive electrode before deposition of hard electrolyte layer, and a lithium metal layer plated on the negative electrode through the hard electrolyte layer after deposition of hard electrolyte layer and before assembly of the battery cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The hard electrolyte layer comprises lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The soft electrolyte layer comprises a gel containing polyvinylidene difluoride, propylene carbonate and lithium salt; polyphosphazene and lithium salt; or poly(bis(2-(2'-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The sublayers comprise metal, semi metal, alloy, boride, carbide, diamond, diamond-like carbon, silicide, nitride, phosphide, oxide, fluoride, chloride, bromide and/or iodide; compound comprising boride, carbide, silicide, nitride, phosphide, oxide, fluoride, chloride, bromide and/or iodide; and/or high temperature stable organic polymer and/or high temperature stable silicone. The sublayers comprise single phase of crystalline, nanocrystalline, amorphous or glossy material, or polyphase mixture or its composite. The active cell comprises thin film cathode containing lithium metal, lithium ion anode and/or metal does not forming intermetallic compound with lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous component is obtained using a metal. The metal is chosen from nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, iron, chromium, aluminum, gold, platinum, their alloy and their composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The conductive resin is obtained by electrolytic polymerization. The conductive resin is chosen from polyacetylene-type resin, polyacene-type resin, polyaromatic vinylene-type resin, polypyrrole-type resin, polyaniline-type resin, polythiophene-type resin and their derivative. The conductive resin has water-repellent property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metalloxane monomer is added to the catalyst solution, such that the content rate of the metalloxane polymer obtained by polycondensing the metalloxane monomer, is 0.04-1.8 wt.%. Preferred Component: The metalloxane monomer is siloxane monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The sample solution flows continuously through a receptacle in contact with the electrolyte.The potential is measured in a currentless manner.The temperature is measured and taken into account in determining the methanol concentration.The electrolyte is a sulfonated polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The electrodes are in direct contact with the electrolyte.The electrodes comprise platinum/ruthenium mesh.The measuring electrode is the anode of a direct methanol fuel cell and the sample solution is a methanol-containing medium supplied to the anode.The sample is circulated in an anode-side circuit of a direct methanol fuel cell system.At least two reference solutions are used simultaneously or alternately.The reference solution is continuously replaced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The nozzles are connected to a same under-fill resin supplier. Preferred Component: Each of the nozzles has a taper-shaped front end with a thin end portion. Each of the electronic parts covered by the sealing resin is enclosed by the taper-shaped structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the lithium salt is 0.5-2.0 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon-containing compound of formula (1) is preferably of formula (2 or 3).R1-R6=same as defined above.The amount of the compound of formula (1) is 0.1-10 wt.%, preferably 1-5 wt.% with respect to the total weight of the organic solvent. The high dielectric constant solvent is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone. The low boiling point solvent is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, and fatty acid ester derivatives. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The silicon-containing compound is preferably methyl-3-trimethyl silyloxy crotonate of formula (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film is monolayer or multilayer film consisting of another layer of polyester with melting point of more than 5degreesC or more of the polyester in the film. Preferred Composition: The polyester film contains polyalkylene terephthalate. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) obtained by copolymerizing 5 mol% of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and aggregated silica particles (20 ppm) were melt-extruded and laminated to form three layers of copolymerized PET (C)/ copolymerized PET (D)/ copolymerized PET (C). The unstretched film was extended longitudinally and coating agent containing lauryl sodium sulfonate (in weight parts) (3), ion exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5), sodium hydrogen nitrite (0.2), methyl methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (21.9) and polyethylene oxide methacrylate (39.4) was applied on the surfaces. Subsequently, the film was dried at 100degreesC and extended to obtain polyester film for solar cell reverse side protective film. The obtained film had excellent durability and adhesivity with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell further has electronic electroconductive path formed inside or at exterior of the selective transmissive separation membrane. The fuel electrode and electrolyte layer are formed as an assembly by hot press. Alternately, the electronic electroconductive path is formed between the surface of an electrode and an electrolyte, and the collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The selective transmissive separation membrane is a minute carbon film. The minute carbon film is a carbon film obtained by thermally decomposing a minute carbon film precursor organic polymer film in oxygen-free atmosphere at 400-1200degreesC, or minute carbon film of dispersed nano noble metal microparticles of 8 group metal or 1B group metal, which is a microparticle dispersed minute carbon film obtained by decomposing the minute carbon film precursor organic polymer film with dispersed nano-microparticle precursor in oxygen-free atmosphere at 400-1200degreesC. A catalyst layer is formed at the surface of nano noble metal microparticles of the minute carbon film with dispersed nanometal microparticles. Alternately, an electrode catalyst is applied and formed at the surface of the selective transmissive separation membrane.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst added to the fuel electrode is platinum microparticle catalyst or platinum-ruthenium microparticle catalyst. Hydrogen gas containing trace amount carbon monoxide gas is supplied to the fuel gas path.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: A structure is further formed on the dry-film-resist cured-material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive resin composition for layers other than the shroud layer is liquid photosensitive resin composition or dry-film-resist. The photosensitive resin composition of each layer is photocurable resin composition. The cross-linking components of the photocurable resin composition are epoxy resin, amino compound, acrylic resin, or polyimide precursor. Preferably, the photosensitive resin composition of each layer contains epoxy resin and photocationic-polymerization initiator. The sacrificial layer is formed using an alkali-soluble resin composition, and is removed using alkaline aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of active ingredient is 5 nm or less. The support has specific surface area of 5-80 m2/g. Preferred Compound: The active ingredient is ruthenium, rhodium and/or nickel. Preferred Support: The support is alumina, zirconia, ceria, neodymium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or praseodymium oxide. The support coexists with basic oxide, such as alkaline earth metal, and is amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The cation exchange group is sulfonic acid group.Preferred Composition: The amount of cerium ion in cerium carbonate is 0.5-80 equivalent with respect to 100 equivalent of sulfonic acid group of polymer compound. The amount of phosphate ion in cerium phosphate is 0.5-4 equivalent with respect to 1 equivalent of cerium ion. The amount of cerium phosphate is 0.3-20 mass% with respect to total amount of electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer compound having sulfonic acid group is dispersed in liquid containing water.Preferred Compound: The polymer compound consists of perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group (including ether property oxygen atom). The polymer compound is a copolymer containing repeating unit based on tetrafluoroethylene, and repeating unit based on perfluoro compound. The perfluoro compound is of formula:CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H.X = fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group;m = 0-3;n = 1-12; andp = 0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elongated solar cells as fluorescent material such as copper activate zinc sulfide, silver activated zinc sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, strontium aluminate activated by europium, strontium titanium activated by praseodymium and aluminum, calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth, copper, magnesium activated zinc sulfide etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Support structure comprises at least one of carbon, activated carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, ionomers, conductive oxides, conductive polymers, and their combinations. The platinum catalyst particles are annealed in the presence of an inert gas, reducing gas, hydrogen and mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Combining the acid and the amine-borane(s) to form a catalytic initiator comprises combining the acid and the amine-borane(s); and heating the combined acid and the amine-borane(s) to 0-100degreesC. The polymeric (R1R2B-NR3R4)n product is reacted with a metal catalyst or heated to 25-200degreesC to release hydrogen.Preferred Compounds: The acid is a Lewis acid or a Bronsted acid. The Lewis acid is a borane, a trialkylaluminum compound, a trityl species, or a trimethylsilyl species. The Bronsted acid is trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, a water adduct of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, water, a mineral acid, an oxonium borate, or a trifluoroacetic acid. EXAMPLE - Ammonia-borane (H3NBH3) was dissolved in dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) dimethoxyethane to form a 0.2 M solution. A solution of 0.1 equivalent acid was added to the amine-borane solution. The reaction mixture was then heated at 80degreesC for 24 hours. After this time, all of the ammonia-borane had been consumed and both soluble products including borazine and cyclotriborazane and insoluble products had formed. Hydride abstraction from H3NBH3 resulted in the formation of a boronium cation intermediate. This species interacted with an additional equivalent of ammonia-borane, resulting in the proper alignment of the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds of the boronium cation and the boron-hydrogen bonds of additional substrate. The dehydrogenation reaction proceeded with release of hydrogen and propagation of the boronium cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell for generating electricity is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon particulate is carbon black. The recovery mechanism is a membrane gas separation unit. The disintegration mechanism is a grinder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The thermocatalytic reactor with a moving bed of carbon particulates is a fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: An element selected from silicon, titanium and boron is contained in the electroconductive polymeric layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyimide type resin is acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, dimer acid, polyester or polyamidoimide resin copolymerized with polyalkylene glycol. The polyimide resin is cross-linked by polyfunctional isocyanate, epoxy group and/or melamine compound. The polymer containing ionic group contains sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or phosphonic acid group. EXAMPLE - Polyamidoimide resin was synthesized using trimellitic acid anhydride, CTBN1400.13 (RTM: carboxyl group terminal acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), diphenyl methane-4,4'-diisocyanate and potassium fluoride. The obtained resin solution (in mass parts) (100) and Epicoat 152 (RTM: epoxy resin) (1) were mixed and casted on porous membrane. The casted solution was processed at 80degreesC, 100degreesC and 130degreesC, respectively for 30 minutes each to form ion-cluster exchange film with ionic group-containing polymer filling factor of 73%. The obtained film had methanol permeability of 0.18x10-6/m.second, ion conductivity of 33 S/cm2, hydrogen gas permeability of 1.0x10-9 cc.cm/cm2.second.cmHg, and favorable durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glass laminated fabric is made of glass fiber fabric and resin which may be in the form of epoxy, melamine, silicon, phenol, polyimide, and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Fuel Cell: The heating device is arranged in the fuel and/or between two neighboring fuel cells in a fuel cell stack. The heating device has one or more fluid-guiding channels (4) arranged in and/or on a component (5) for guiding fuel in the fuel cell. The channels are arranged in and/or on a component (7) for guiding oxidant in the fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Product: The coating contains one or more of aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, gold and platinum. The graphite film is optionally impregnated with resin. The metal coating is optionally present only on selected regions of the graphite film surface. A metal-coated surface and/or a non-metal coated surface of the film is optionally provided with an adhesive layer of thickness up to 10 microns, covered by a removable film. Preferred Process: In stage (a) the graphite film is laminated with a polyethylene terephthalate film. Selected areas of the film surface (to remain uncoated) are optionally covered with a mask.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: In the production of the coated graphite film, the film is temporarily laminated on one side with a film of plastics (specifically polyethylene terephthalate). The graphite film is optionally impregnated with resin. EXAMPLE - A sheet of graphite film (thickness 0.4 mm; density 1.2 cm3/g; length 50 m; width 1 m) was laminated on one side with a polyethylene terephthalate film (thickness 12 microns), to increase the tensile strength of the graphite film. The free graphite surface of the obtained laminate was vapor-coated with aluminum in a continuously operating high vacuum coating plant, at a film speed of 5 m/s. A 30 x 70 mm sample was stamped from the coated composite film, the polymer film was mechanically removed and the aluminum content of the graphite-aluminum composite was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy. The aluminum content was 260 microns, corresponding to an aluminum coating of area weight 0.12 g/m2 and thickness ca. 45 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode active material contains silicon, tin, silicon oxide of formula: SiOx, and/or tin oxide of formula: SnOx, where x is more than 0 and 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous inorganic filler is chosen from diatomaceous earth, zeolite, silica gel, alumina, lime, allophane, kaolin and activated carbon. The electrolyte component contains molecular cation component and/or anion component. The molecular cation has heteroatom in its structure. The electrolyte is normal temperature fused salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The moisture absorption material is super absorbent polymer and/or porous inorganic filler. The super absorbent polymer is copolymer, terpolymer and/or polysaccharide polymer of monomer chosen from vinyl alcohol acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, potassium acrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, potassium methacrylate and acrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent electrode layer is formed from fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium-tin oxide (ITO). The other electrode layers are formed of platinum, gold, silver, aluminum, calcium, graphite, gold-alumi- num bilayer, silver-aluminum bilayer, platinum-aluminum bilayer, graphite aluminum bilayer, calcium-silver bilayer and tin oxide- antimony bilayer. The metal oxide is selected from zinc oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide, ferrous oxide, indium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, copper oxide, strontium oxide and titanium oxide-cerium oxide, preferably tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye is ruthenium or osmium complex of formula: M(dcbH2)2X2 or M(dcbH2)2Y, where M is ruthenium or osmium, X is monodentate ligand, Y is bidentate ligand based on 2,2'-bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthroline moiety, dcbH2 is 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine or 5,5'-dicarboxy-2,2'- bipyridine. The dye is cis-bis(thiocyano)ruthenium (II) bis-2,2'- bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The light transmittance altering layer is made of polypyrroles, polythiophene and polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The filter layers are joined together in a firmly bonded manner along the edges or are welded together. They may be formed as stampings. The further filter arrangement comprises a chemical filter or an activated carbon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The first filter layer and/or second filter layer are made from non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): 7 Methods for the preparation of the polymers are given in the specification, e.g. Preparation of the polymer (I) (where v is 2) involves reacting an aliphatic chain compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-CH2-CH2-Z2R1 (ia) with acyl compound of formula R2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (ib) to prepare macromonomer compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (IIa) in the presence of an enzyme (e.g. Candida antarctica lipase B); and reacting the macromonomer (IIa) with a main chain polymer of formula Ra-(C(O)-J(Z1H)-C(O)-Y-CH2-CH2(Z'-Q-CH2)n1-Y)n2-H (ib).X=halide or sulfonate.Preferred Components: The polymeric mixture is a physical blend of the polymers.Preferred Compound: The macromonomer is a compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (IIa). Preferred Definitions:    v and m=1;    R=H;    J=phenylen-1,3,5-triyl;    Ra=OH;    Y, Z', Z1 and Z2=O;    Q=alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer is made of tin oxide with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide or zinc oxide. The outer coaxial layer of semiconductor junction is made of cadmium sulfide, tin dioxide, zirconia, zinc oxide or doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of conductive core is made of polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, poletheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The microwave absorption exothermic layer is layer of titanium oxide (TiO2-x) or titanium oxynitride (TiOxNy). The inorganic semiconductor layer is formed with titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacers are rectangular flat teeth of Teflon (RTM: polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE)), or soft spacers, made of Teflon (RTM: PTFE) or EVA (RTM: Ethylene vinyl acetate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecules: The oxy carbon molecule of non-dissociating state having hydrogen ion in the form of free acid is of formula (1).The oxycarbon molecule having hydrogen ion with lowest energy of dissociation is of formula (2).X1, X2 = -O-, -S- or -NR, preferably -O-;Z = -CO-, -C(S)-, -C(NR')-, alkylene group optionally having substituent or arylene group optionally having substituent, preferably -CO-, -C(S)- or -C(NH)-, more preferably -CO-;R, R' = H, 6-10C aryl optionally having substituent or 1-6C alkyl optionally having substituent;n = 0-10, preferably 0-2;andA = monovalent group.Preferred Property: The difference of heat of formation is preferably less than -75 kcal/mol. EXAMPLE - Copper iodide (in g) (92 mg), parafluoroiodobenzene (1.17) and triphenyl phosphine palladium ((C6H5CH2)ClPd(PPh3)) (20.22) were added to a flask. Dimethyl formamide (6 ml) and 4-(1-methylethoxy)-3-(tri-n-butyl stannyl) cyclobutene-3-en-1,2-dione (2) were added. The reaction liquid was diluted with diethyl ether, and sequentially washed with potassium fluoride aqueous solution and saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution. Ether and dimethyl formamide were distilled, and reaction liquid was purified.    The obtained compound (0.37) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.1 ml), and 12 N hydrochloric acid (7 ml) was added. Water (10 ml) was added, and aqueous layer distilled. 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxycyclobuten-3-en-1,2-dione was obtained.    A film was formed using obtained compound. The film had proton conductivity of 2.1 x 10-3 S/cm and heat difference of -78.6 kcal/mol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymer is preferably of formula (I) Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 - Ar4 = phenyl, aryl nitrile (both optionally substituted), naphthyl, or terphenyl; and    T, U, V and W = bond, -C(O), -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -S-, -CH2-, fluoren-9,9-diyl, -O-, fluoroene-9,9-bis(1,4-phenylene)-, -O-(1,4-phenylene)-O-, -C(CH3)2-(1,4-phenylene)-C(CH3)2-, -C(CH3)2-(1,3-phenylene)-C(CH3)2-, -1,4-phenylene-C(O)-(1,4-phenylene)-C(O)-(1,4-phenylene)-, or cyclohexane-1,1-diyl.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone (19.09 g), 3,3'-disulfonated-4,4'-difiuorobenzophenone (15.84 g), 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane (33.54 g), 4-fluorobenzophenone (0.25 g), anhydrous potassium carbonate (22.46 g), dimethylsulfoxide (225 ml) and toluene (112 ml) was slowly stirred under slow nitrogen stream. After heating at approximately 85degreesC for 1 hour and at approximately 120degreesC for 1.5 hours. The reaction temperature was raised to 140degreesC for 1.5 hours, and at 155degreesC for 1 hour, finally to 170degreesC for 2 hours. After work-up, polymer having inherent viscosity of 0.98 dl/g in dimethylacetamide (0.25 g/dl) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating is made of resin film selected from a group of polyamid resin, a polyolefin resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous compound comprises one of C02, CH3OH, CHOOH, H2CO, H2, O2, H20 and H202.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium-containing complex oxide has specific surface area of 1.0 m2/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substances: The lithium containing complex oxide is mixed with cellulosic material chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose and/or carboxymethylethyl cellulose during fabrication of the active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The area of grooves or holes is 11-90% of total area of surface. Several grooves or holes are formed in insulator and are filled with cross-linking resin. The area of grooves or holes of insulator is more than 10% and less than 90% with respect to total area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of phenol-type low molecular weight compound is 0.05-2 wt.% with respect to fluorine-type ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiBF4, LiClO4 and LiN(SO2F2CF3). The molar ratio of lithium and oxygen is 5-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The highly branched polymer is acrylated highly branched polymer of formula (2), preferably acrylated poly(bis(triethylene glycol) benzonate).x=2,3 or 5.Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of acrylated poly(bis(triethylene glycol) benzonate) and oligo ethylene oxide chain-containing methacrylic ester in solid polymer electrolyte is 1-10. The weight ratio of polyethylene oxide with respect to total amount of oligo ethylene oxide chain-containing methacrylic ester and acrylated poly(bis(triethylene glycol) benzonate) is 2-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The polycondensation agent is concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid further contains hydrocarbons other than polycondensed hydrocarbon sulfonic acid, and hydrocarbon sulfonic acid as main component. The molar quantity of sulfur with respect to carbon in elemental analysis is 15-100 mol%. The solid acid has acid value of 1-10 meq/g. The solid acid shows peaks at 163 eV and 168 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum. The ratio of peak area (A) in 163 eV with respect to the sum total of the peak areas in 163 eV and 168 eV, is 20-100%. The heating process is carried out at 160-300degreesC. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The hydrocarbon sulfonic acid is chosen from 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid and 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (in g) (20) was added to concentrated sulfuric acid (97 mass%) (100 ml) and heated at 250degreesC for 10 hours and vacuum distillation was performed at 250degreesC to remove concentrated sulfuric acid. Ion exchange water (600 ml) was added to the obtained black solid powder and mixed for 1 hour, decantation was carried out for overnight to obtain a deposit. The obtained deposit was dried at 80degreesC to obtain solid powder. The obtained solid powder was washed with ethyl alcohol to remove sulfuric acid and solid acid (19.6) was obtained. The solid acid had acid value of 2 meq/g, sulfur content of 19 mol% with respect to 100 mol% of carbon, proton conductivity of 0.15 S/cm and favorable solid acid catalyst activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The carbon support is graphite support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is compound containing trioxane and/or polyacetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The anode contains a compound of formula: LiMnxNi1-x-yCoyO2, where x greater than or equal to 0.001 and y less than or equal to 0.5. The cathode contains amorphous carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The gel electrolyte further comprises a compound of formula (II): B((O(CcH2cO)d)R)3.c and d = 1-6; andR = 1-6C alkyl.The gel electrolyte contains a polymer of formula (I) and a compound of formula (II) in a molar ratio of 1:1-1:3. The content of polymer of formula (I) in the electrolyte is 5-20 wt.%.Preferred Separator: The separator comprises polyethylene, and has permeability of 100-600/100 ml of electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles are silicon oxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, single wall carbon nanotube, multiwall carbon nanotube and carbon black. The semiconductor particles in the semiconductor layer consist of titanium dioxide which contains columnar crystals. The pigment is ruthenium metal complex pigment. The liquid electrolyte includes an oxidation reduction substance which consists of an iodine and an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte in the layer (4,5) contains a fused salt with a polymer compound. The polymer compound is a reaction material of compound which has an isocyanate group and a compound which has an active hydrogen group. The electrolyte layer (5) is a solid electrolyte in which liquid electrolyte containing fused salt is maintained by microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The inner resin layer comprises low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene group polymer, cyclic polyolefin copolymer, polyamide, olefin resin, polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The high density polyethylene is obtained by Phillips method using chromium oxide type catalyst. Linear low density polyethylene is obtained using metallocene catalyst during polymerization. The cartridge has a main layer comprising polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-based copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having melt flow rate of 150-450 g/10 minutes. Preferred Properties: The thermal contraction rate of heat- shrink film along main extending direction is 10% or more and 30% or more, after immersing in 110degreesC glycerin bath and 140degreesC glycerin bath for 5 seconds, respectively. The activation temperature of adhesive layer is lower than shrinkage start temperature of heat-shrink film by 10degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The photovoltaic device has a hole/exciton blocking layer (112) formed on the layer of light responsive material. The hole/exciton blocking layer contains 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The layer of light responsive material comprises materials (I,II) having triplet exciton state. Materials (I,II) are donor and acceptor materials, respectively. The acceptor material comprises C60, and the donor material comprises 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine platinum (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer of light responsive material comprises a polymer blend of poly 3-hexylthiophene and methano fullerene (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polybenzimidazole type compound contains structural units of formulae (1,2) having sulfonic acid group and/or phosphonic acid group-containing component, and structural unit of formula (3). The structural unit of formula (3), is given by structural unit of formula (4) and/or structural unit of formula (5). In formula (1),n=1-4;R1=tetravalent aromatic bond unit which form imidazole ring;R2=bivalent aromatic bond unit;andZ=sulfonic acid group and/or phosphonic acid group.In formula (2),X=coupling groups such as -O-, -SO2-, -S-, -CO-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-Ph-O- and direct bond;Ar=coupling group chosen from aromatic unit;Ph=aromatic bond unit;Y=functional group chosen from sulfonic acid group and phosphonic acid group;andn=1-4.In formulae (3-5),X=coupling groups such as -O-, -SO2-, -S-, -CO-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -O-Ph-O- and direct bond;andPh=orthophenylene, metaphenylene and/or paraphenylene.The polybenzimidazole type compound contains 10-1000 mass% of vinyl phosphonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic semiconductor material has structure of formula (2).R1,R2=4-20C alkyl. Preferred Definitions:    B1,B2=4-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyarylene type copolymer further contains structural unit of formula (4-1 or 4-2).R31-R38=hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, allyl or aryl;andJ=alkylene, fluorine substituted alkylene, aryl substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, arylene, fluorenylidene, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -SO- or -SO2-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The polyarylene type copolymer contains 0.5-3 meq/g of sulfonic acid groups and 6 wt.% or more of fluorine atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The spray drying temperature for obtaining mixtures (X,Y) is 100-200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains hydrophilic normal temperature fused salt containing cation component and anion component. The cation component is molecular cation having one or more hetero atom chosen from imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation and ammonium derivative cation. The anion component is molecular anion chosen from boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride anion, sulfuric acid mono-hydrogen anion and phosphoric acid dihydrogen anion. The polar substance has polar value of 30 or more, and is chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, alpha-picoline, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. EXAMPLE - Normal temperature fused salt containing 1,2-diethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion of imidazolium trisubstituted derivative cation and/or boron tetrafluoride anion and water as polar substance were mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1 at normal temperature to obtain an ion conductor. The ion conductor had improved proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The the compound of formula (1) is obtained by reacting the sultone compound of formula (3) and perfluoro compound of formula: RfCOO-Y+.The compound of formula (1) is obtained by reacting the alcohol compound of formula (4) and perfluoro compound of formula RfCOZ.m, Rf, Y+ = same as defined above;andZ = fluorine, chlorine or RfCOO.Preferred Method: The substituent (X) is chlorine, when the compound of formula (1) is converted into the compound of formula (2) using chlorinating agent.The substituent (X) is fluorine, when the compound of formula (1) is converted into the compound of formula (2) using fluorine ion-containing compound.The sulfonyl fluoride (5) is converted into the compound of formula (6) using fluorine ion-containing compound. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Butane sultone (in g) (13.6), the compound of formula CF3CF2CF2COOK (5.2) and diglyme (250 ml) were added to flask and stirred at 100degreesC for 5 hours. Solvent was distilled off and the compound of formula CF3CF2CF2COO(CH2)4SO3K (I) in the form of milky white solid was obtained after drying at 130degreesC. The obtained compound (I) and 1,4-butane sultone were reacted, and thionyl chloride (100 ml) was added to the reaction product and heat-refluxed for 16 hours. Excess amount of thionyl chloride was distilled off, and remaining reaction mixture was poured into ice water and stirred for 2 hours. The compound of formula CF3CF2CF2COO(CH2)4SO2Cl (II) (28) was obtained with yield of 76%. Potassium fluoride (9) and acetonitrile (200 ml) were added to flask. The obtained compound (II) (28) was added and stirred at 50degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 4 hours. The reaction liquid was vacuum-distilled, and the compound of formula CF3CF2CF2COO(CH2)4SO2F was obtained with yield of 75%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made from polyethyleneterephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The roof covering plate is manufactured from a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive consists of a butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer is at least one monomer chosen from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-amyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, n-amyl methacrylate, isoamyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate and lauryl methacrylate. The vinyl monomer is at least one monomer chosen from styrene, alpha-methylstyrene, beta-methylstyrene, p-t-butylstyrene, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. The unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is at least one monomer chosen from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid fumaric acid, citraconic acid, methaconic acid, glutaconic acid, crotonic acid and isocrotonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal and its oxide is chosen from sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhenium, platinum, rubidium, lead and/or lanthanum. The metal oxide is preferably manganese oxide, cobalt oxide (Co3O4, NiCo2O4),rubidium oxide (Rb2Ru2Pb1-mO1-n), lead-ruthenium oxide (Pb2Ru2O6.5), sodium oxide (Na0.8Pt3O4) and/or lanthanum, oxide (La0.6Ca0.4CoO3). The membrane-electrode assembly has cathode comprising a conductive agent chosen from carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, carbon nanohorns and conductive polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The catalyst is supported on an electro-conductive supporter chosen from carbon and/or conductive polymers. The anion exchange resin layer comprises amine-based functional group covalently bonded to the terminal end of a side chain of a polymer. The amine-based functional group is chosen from -NH2, -NR2, -NHR, -NR3+OH-, -NHR2+OH-, -NH2R+OH- and/or -NH3+OH-, where R is CkH2k+1, CkF2k+1, and CkCl2k+1, and k is 1-5. The polymer is polyolefin, perfluoro-based polymer, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone and/or polyether imide. The cation exchange resin layer comprises a cation exchange resin comprising a functional group covalently bonded to the terminal end of a side chain of a polymer. The functional group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group and/or phosphoric acid group. The polymer electrolyte membrane of the membrane-electrode assembly comprises proton conductive polymer chosen from perfluoro-based polymer, benzimidazole-based polymer, polyimide-based polymer, polyetherimide-based polymer, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymer, polysulfone-based polymer, polyether sulfone-based polymer, polyether ketone-based polymer, polyether ether ketone-based polymer and/or polyphenyl quinoxaline-based polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Electrode composition is selected from nickel, yttria-stabilized zirconia and the catalyst material is selected from platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The protective film contains 40-90 wt.% of filler. The filler is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, metal aluminum and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total content of acetylacetone indium and organic tin compound is preferably 5-20 wt.%. The weight ratio of acetylacetone indium and organic tin compound is 99/1-70/30. Preferred Component: The organic tin compound is acetylacetone tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles contain platinum particles and platinum alloy particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The acidic radical is sulfonic acid group or phosphoric acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of moles of the repeating unit of formula (2) with respect to the total number of moles of the repeating units of formulae (1, 2) is 0.01-1. The acidic radical-containing polymer compound contains monomer (A) having functional group which can undergo substitution reactions. The polymer compound is obtained by condensing the monomer (A) and monomer having reactive functional groups. Preferred Property: The acidic radical-containing polymer compound is 1000-1000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductor composition contains water-soluble fullerene derivative (in mass parts) (0.01-50) and polyarylene (100). Preferred Compound: The polyarylene contains a bivalent electron attractive group-containing repeating unit of formula (1) and repeating unit(s) of formulae (2,3).Y=bivalent electron attractive group;Z=bivalent electron donating group or bivalent direct bond;Ar=aromatic group having -SO3H group as substitutent;k,l=0-10;j=1-4;R1-R8=H, fluorine atom, alkyl, fluorine substituted alkyl, allyl, aryl or nitrile group;W=bivalent electron attractive group or bivalent single bond;T=single bond or divalent organic group;p=0 or positive integer;B=oxygen or sulfur atom;R9-R11=H, fluorine atom, nitrile or alkyl;n=2 or more;Q=group of formula (q);A=bivalent atom, divalent organic group or direct bond;andR12-R19=R9 or aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The easily-adhering coat layer consists of acrylic-type, epoxy-type, phenol-type, polyester-type, urethane-type or styrene-type resin, and/or their modified substances, and/or resin obtained by introducing a silane compound of formula: R1-Si(-R2)(-R4)-R3 to the resins or their modified substances.R1-R4=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxyl, (meth)acryloyl, aryl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto, or amine.A silane compound of formula: R5-Si(-R6)(-R8)-R7, is blended with the resin(s).R5-R8=R1.Preferred Base Material: The sheet base-material consists of polyester base material, and the coat layer is provided on the base material. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on the polyester base material. The base material consists of white polyester layer and polyester layer (B-2) not containing a coloring agent, and the coat layer is provided at the side of polyester layer not containing coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having phosphoric acid group is a polymer obtained by polymerizing phosphoric acid compound of formula: CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2CH(-R2)O)n-P(=O)(OH)2, CH2=C(-R3)-C(=O)-O-CH2CH2O-P(=O)(OH)2 or CH2=C(-R4)-C(=O)-O-CH2CH(-CH2Cl)O-P(=O)(OH)2.R1, R3 and R4 = H or methyl;R2 = R1 or chloro methyl; andn = 1-6.The fuel cell generates electric power using fuel containing alcohol. The alcohol is ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: At least one of the electrolyte film, catalyst layer and diffused layer further contains non-ionic copolymer. The non-ionic copolymer is graft copolymer having chemical structure and structural units of formulae: -CF2CH2-, -CF2CFCl- and -CH2CH(CH2OCOOR5)-.R5 = -CF2CH2- or -CH2CH2-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The sulfonated polyimide film has imide structural unit of formula (1).Ar1=bivalent aromatic group having sulfonic acid group, preferably structure of formula (2), structure in which sulfonic acid group is introduced to structure of formula (3), or structure of formula (4);D1=direct bond, O, CH2 or C(CH2)3;Ar2=bivalent aromatic group having sulfonic acid group;D2=O, CH2, C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2 or S;R1=alkoxy chain shown by -O-R2- or 1-12C alkyl chain;R2=1-12C alkyl chain;andm=0 or 1.The sulfonated polyimide film is a cross-linked sulfonated polyimide film having cross-linked structure. The convergence time of the fuel cell is less than 15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hole extraction layer also contains an amphiphilic material, preferably non-ionic surfactant or fluorochemical surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glass microspheres are hollow or solid. The microspheres are dispersed in fluoropolymer in an amount of 0.05 - 2 wt.% based on the weight of the fluoropolymer. The glass microspheres have volume average diameter of 10 - 50 microns and strength of at least 5000 psi. The fluoropolymer is semi-crystalline fluoropolymer having melting point of 120 - 230degreesC; or is copolymer derived from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. EXAMPLE - A fluoropolymer film (test) of FC-1 (i.e. fluoroplastic containing 60% tetrafluoroethylene, 22% vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and 18% hexafluoroethylene) comprising Scotchlite S60HS (RTM: high strength glass microspheres having density of 0.6 kg/l and strength of 1800 psi) (0.1%) was extruded at a thickness of 150 microns. A film made of pure FC-1 was used as control. The test/control films were evaluated for light transmittance at wavelengths of 250, 350, 450, 700, 1000 and 1100 respectively. The results for test/control films were: light transmittance at wavelength 250 = 92/93; at wavelength 350 = 102/97; at wavelength 450 = 95/96; at wavelength 700 = 97/98; at wavelength 1000 = 97/98 and at wavelength 1100 = 95/98 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive rails, tabs or busbars comprise strips of conductive metal such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), copper and tin, gold (Au).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film layer comprises fluoropolymer film (ETFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF and PVDF), polycarbonate (PC), fiberglass, polyester, polyethylene terephtalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The battery enclosure is made of aluminum or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal is supported to the carbon fiber by plating or sputter-film deposition method. The carbon nanotube is produced by heat chemical vapor deposition method or plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Preferred Metal: The metal is cobalt and/or iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is aromatic amino compound and/or heterocyclic compound, preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The aromatic compound is polymerized by electrolytic oxidizing polymerization, on a substrate. Baking of fibril-like polymer is carried out in non-oxidizing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The open-circuit voltage of the battery during full charge is 4.25-6 V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode material contains tin and/or silicon, carbon material, and lithium metal as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid further contains vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The reverse-side protection sheet has resin films such as polyethylene terephthalate film, acryl film or polycarbonate film, laminated on inner surface of liquid crystal polyester (LCP) film, via an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hardening die material comprises hardening resin such as polyisobutylene type resin, phenol resin, urea resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetal, polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic ester and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Silicon oxide contains 5-30 wt.% of silicon. Silicon oxide is silicon dioxide molded product (1) obtained by carrying out compression molding and sintering of silicon dioxide powder.Preferred Property: The silicon dioxide molded product has porosity of 30-80%. Silicon dioxide is an amorphous material, and is derived from diatomaceous earth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The fused salt is calcium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride.Preferred Condition: Electrolytic reduction is carried out at temperature of 500-1000degreesC and cathode potential of 0.6-1.2 V (vs. M+/M) (M+ is n valent cation of metal chosen from alkali metal and alkaline earth metal).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective sheet also comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyester film has lubricating agent content of 20-500 ppm. The lubricating agent is aggregated-form inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the polyester film does not contain lubricating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer is processed with alkali and/or acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler (E) is hydrophilic silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic liquid is imidazolium salt having alkyl substituent in second position. The lithium ion electroconductive composition (L) further contains ethylenically unsaturated monomer (D), inorganic filler (E) and electrolyte liquid (F).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hardenable oligomer (A) is urethane (meth)acrylate group compound (A1) having terminal (meth)acryloyl groups and/or polyisocyanate group derivative (A2) having hydrocarbon group and (meth)acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer compound has sulfonic acid group-containing coupling group of formula: -L1-(SO3M)n.L1=coupling group of n+1 valence, preferably alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, alkenylene group, halogenated alkynylene group, alkynylene group, amide group, ester group, sulfonic acid amide group, sulfonic acid ester group, ureido group, sulfonyl group, sulfinyl group, thioether group, ether group, carbonyl group and/or heterylene group;M=ionic group;andn=integer greater than or equal to2.The coupling group is formed by bonding 0-100 carbon atoms to hydrogen atom. The solid electrolyte is in membrane form. The sulfonic acid group is introduced via alkyl halide reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyurethane is used as additive, and is polyether urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The two vinyl monomers are combined with polyfunctional monomer(s) which serves as a crosslinking agent. The polymer base film has a crosslinking structure introduced by preliminary exposure to an ionizing radiation. The introduction of a crosslinking structure among the graft chains is followed by another exposure to an ionizing radiation so that the polymer base film is crosslinked with the crosslinked graft chains. A fluorine-containing polymer film, fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon containing polymer film, and/or a hydrocarbon-containing polymer film is used as the polymer base film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The shrinkage rate of the multilayer film is less than 1% at 150degreesC when held for 15 minutes measured in accordance with ASTM 2305-02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride; or interpolymerized units of tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene. The intermediate layer is polyethylene terephthalate. The second outer layer comprises interpolymerized units of ethylene vinyl acetate. Preferred Method: The method further comprises applying a tie layer between the first layer and the intermediate layer, and/or the second layer and intermediate layer. The first outer layer and the second outer layer are applied by extrusion. Preferred Condition: The thickness of the second outer layer is greater than or about twice the combined thickness of the first outer layer and the intermediate layer. The thickness of the multilayer film is greater than 15 mils. Preferred Property: The fluoropolymer has a tensile modulus of less than 80000 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first substrate is made of silicon wafer material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Dimension: The second grooved path of the second substrate has a narrower width than the first grooved path of the first substrate.Preferred Component: The heating mechanism is disposed on opposed peripheries across the second grooved path.It has three surfaces exposed in the space of the micro-channel and a bottom surface adhered to the second substrate.It has heating lines applying heat to the reforming section and the carbon monoxide removing section at different temperatures.It has power pads provided at the respective reforming section and the carbon monoxide removing section to supply power to the heating lines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first substrate can be made of polydimethysiloxane (PDMS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery further includes a separator (5) comprising a resin and is disposed between the positive and negative electrodes. The porous heat-resistant layer is attached to the positive and negative electrode active material layer. It includes a nonconductive filler and a binder.Preferred Property: A ratio of a thickness B of the porous heat-resistant layer to a thickness A of the separator, B/A, is 0.35-2. A ratio of a thickness Y of the end plate to a thickness alpha of the battery case of the battery, Y/alpha, is 0.4-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-conductive filler includes alumina, silica, magnesia, titania, or zirconia.Preferred Property: The non-conductive filler has a median size of 0.3-4 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder includes polyvinylidene fluoride or acrylic rubber.Preferred Composition: An amount of the binder is 0.3-8.5 pbw/100 pbw nonconductive filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wrapping element has non-flammable element made of magnesium hydroxide-based material, aluminum hydroxide-based material, halogen-based material, antinomy trioxide-based material, melamine-based material and phosphate-based material. The wrapping element has inorganic filler consisting of silica nano-powder and alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gasification element is made of cyclo hexyl benzene (CHB) and biphenyl (BP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wrapping element is made of high molecular resin such as polyethylene and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The polymeric material of the aerogel composite is a fluorinated polymer, a polyimide, a silicone based material, a polyamide-imide, a polyester-imide, a polyesteramide-imide, a polyphenylene oxide, polypyro-mellitimide of 4,4'-oxydianiline, polyamide-acid made from trimellitic anhydride and 4,4'-methylenedianiline, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide, a polyarylate, a polyetheretherketone, a polyetherimide a cyanate ester, or combinations. The fiber reinforcement comprises a fiber based on polyester, oxidized polyacrylonitrile, carbon, silica, polyaramid, polycarbonate, polyolefin, rayon, nylon, fiber glass, high density polyolefin, acrylic polymer, fluorocarbon polymer, polyurethane, polyamide, polyimide or any combination. CERAMICS - The fiber reinforcement is also made of fiber based on fiber glass and ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode slurry comprises cathode active material, a conductive material, a binder and a diluent. The conductive material is chosen from activated carbon, carbon cokes, natural graphite and artificial graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from alcohol, aldehyde, ketone and/or ether, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol, methyl aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, dimethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, dimethyl ether and/or diethyl ether. The organic solvent is contained in an amount of 50-200 wt.pts based on 100 wt.pts of the cathode active material.Preferred Acid: The acid is chosen from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, phenol, boronic acid, oxalic acid, mixed acids, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, hydrogen sulfide, phosphoric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid and/or malonic acid. The acid is contained in an amount of 1-30 wt.pts based on 100 wt.pts of the cathode active material.Preferred Diluent: The diluent contained in the cathode slurry is chosen from acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetyl acetone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, hexamethyl phosphoramide, diethylene triamine, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride and copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material is carbon black, activated carbon, carbon nano tube and/or carbon nano horn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 0.01-4 mass parts of carbon material with respect to 100 mass parts of polyarylene. The polyarylene has repeating unit of formula (1), and repeating unit of formula (2 or 3).Y'=bivalent electron attractive group;Z=bivalent electron donating group or bivalent direct bond;Ar=aromatic group having sulfonic acid group;k,l=0-10;j=1-4;R1-R8=H, fluorine, (fluoro)alkyl, allyl, aryl or nitrile;W=bivalent electron attractive group or bivalent single bond;T=single bond or divalent organic group;p=0 or more;B'=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;R9,R11=H, fluorine, alkyl, aryl or nitrile;n=2 or more;Q=group of formula (q);A=bivalent atom, divalent organic group or direct bond;andR12-R19=H, fluorine, nitrile, alkyl or aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent which contains a halogen element, preferably fluorine or chlorine, or perfluoro compound of benzene derivative is used for dispersion process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Precursor: The electrolyte resin precursor has structure of formula (2) and is obtained by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (CF2CF2) and fluorinated compound of formula (1).(x/(x+y))x100=5-50, preferably 10-20.Preferred Method: The perfluoro electrolyte resin precursor (20 mass% or less) containing SO2F group (10-20 mol%) is dispersed, by grinding, to a perfluorohexane solvent. The obtained electrolyte precursor dispersion is applied to a porous polytetrafluoroethylene porous membrane material having mean pore diameter of 3 microns, dried and baked at 200-250degreesC, to form a composite film. Alkali hydrolysis of the composite film is carried out after acid neutralization, to form a hydrophilic electrolyte film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation element is made of fluoro-hydrocarbon type-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is carbon nanotube or graphite. The particles are oxide semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Additive: The additive is non-viscous microparticles having a polymer or a carbon material. The polymer is polystyrene microparticles, polyethylene microparticles, polyester microparticles, polyurethane microparticles, polypropylene microparticles and/or polymethyl methacrylate microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal-deposited layer is formed by vapor depositing aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electroconductive polymer film layer is formed precisely on the metal layer, and a porous electroconductive polymer film layer is formed as effective portion of electrode on the electroconductive polymeric layer. The conductive polymer, which forms electroconductive polymer film layer is a polymer of aromatic compound, preferably pyrrole compound of formula (1). The pyrrole compound is preferably pyrrole, 3-methyl pyrrole, 3-butyl pyrrole and/or octyl pyrrole. Alternately, the aromatic compound is thiophene compound of formula (2), preferably, thiophene, 3-methyl thiophene, 3-butyl thiophene, 3-octyl thiophene and/or 3,4-ethylene dioxy thiophene. Alternately, aromatic compound is benzyl amine derivative of formula (3) or (4), preferably aniline, anisidine, phenetidine, toluidine, phenylene diamine, hydroxy aniline and/or N-methyl aniline, or at least one of trifluoro methane aniline, nitroaniline, cyano aniline and halogenated aniline. A catalyst compound is contained in the electroconductive polymeric layer.R1-R4=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, carboxyl, sulfo or phosphine group, and R1 and R2 combined to form a ring;R9,R14=H or 1-4C alkyl group;R5-R8 and R10-R13=H, alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl, sulfo or phosphonium group, and R5 and R6 or R7 and R8, or R11 and R12 or R12 and R13 combined to form a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal layer consists of metals of at least 1 type selected from iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, these alloys or stainless steel. The corrosion-resistance conductive layer consists of metal oxide, metal nitride, metal boride, metal carbide. The metal oxide contains tin oxide, indium oxide, mixture of tin oxide and indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, iridium oxide and/or ruthenium oxide. The metal nitride is nitride of metal chosen from chromium, zirconium, vanadium and niobium. The metal boride is boride of metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten. The metal carbide is chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum or tungsten. The catalyst compound consists of at least one chosen from transition metal, electroconductive carbon material, conductive polymer or organometallic complex. The transition metal is platinum. Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex is at least one type selected from porphyrin complex, phthalocyanine complex and their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymers are at least one type of polymer chosen from pyrrole, thiophene, aniline and their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The collectors of positive and negative electrodes, comprise aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive material is selected from nickel, carbon, graphite, carbon black, gold, cobalt, platinum, graphite or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The acidic functional group is sulfonic acid group and basic functional group is nitrogen-containing functional group. The acidic functional monomer used for forming polymer (III) is vinyl sulfonic acid and the basic functional monomer used for forming polymer (III) is vinyl pyridine and/or vinyl pyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The back sheet further has a high polymer film, a vapor deposited high polymer film (30) containing inorganic oxide, silane coupling agent having organic functional group or its hydrolyzed substance, primer layer containing composite of polyol and isocyanate compound, and inorganic oxide thin film layer. The high polymer film is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate film, polyacryl film or polycarbonate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrical wires are attached to a rechargeable Li ion battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical wires are attached to a rechargeable Li-polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallized regions comprise a compound containing a noble metal selected from a group consisting of ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), and tin (Sn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microporous distribution media comprises carbonized expanded-polytetrafluroethylene (ePTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ultracapacitor is made of metal-ceramic ruthenium-oxide and the battery is lithium-ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Sheet: The solar cell reverse side sealing sheet has region (R1) does not containing easily adhesive coating layer, region (R2) having easily adhesive coating layer, and continuous pattern to end face of solar cell module. The region (R1) is vaporization path of gas component produced from filler. The gas component is vaporized from end face of solar cell module.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The area ratio of coating layer is 30-99%. The easily adhesive coating layer consists of resin (A) chosen from acrylic type, epoxy type, phenol type, polyester type, urethane type and styrene type resin. The easily adhesive coating layer contains resin (B) formed by introducing silicon compound of formula (1) to resin structure of resin (A). The easily adhesive coating layer consists of resin mixture (C) containing resins (A,B). The easily adhesive coating layer is obtained by mixing silicon compound of formula (2) with resin (A), resin (B) or resin mixture (C).R1-R3,R5-R8=hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxyl, (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto, and amine group optionally having substituent;andR4=epoxy, phenol, polyester, urethane and/or styrene group resin.Preferred Sheet: The solar cell reverse side sealing sheet consists of polyester base material having layer(s), and easily adhesive coating layer provided on the base material. The base material is colored by adding a coloring agent, and is a white polyester base material. The base material is a multi-layer polyester base material containing white polyester layer (B-2) and coloring agent layer, and easily adhesive coating layer is provided at polyester layer side does not containing coloring agent. The sheet further has an inorganic compound vapor deposition layer provided on at least one layer of base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating porous membrane consists of insulating material. The insulating material is a transparent polymeric material chosen from polyolefin type polymer compound, polyester type polymer compound, acrylic type polymer compound, nylon type polymer compound and/or fluorine type polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred System: The fuel cell system has a fuel storage portion provided in middle of path connecting fuel cell apparatus and inclusion portion. The fuel storage portion stores liquid fuel containing molecular compound of liquid fuel component and host compound, supplied to fuel cell apparatus. The host compound carries out inclusion of harmful substance contained in product (P), after discharging liquid fuel component from molecular compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liquid fuel component is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal. The host compound is organic compound, inorganic compound, and/or organic and inorganic complex compound. The host compound is single molecule group, polymolecule group and polymeric group host compound. The liquid fuel is a fuel composition containing fatty acid ester of polyhydric alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal component is sodium. The biomass is black liquor. The transition metal complex is a nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex. The nitrogen-containing macrocyclic complex is a phthalocyanine-type complex or porphyrin-type complex.Preferred Condition: The mixture (M) is heat processed at 650-1500degreesC in inert gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (II) contains a sulfonic acid group (10-80 mol%) in a molecule.The polymer (I) contains at least 70 wt.% of acrylonitrile units.The content of polymer (I) in the liquid mixture is 20 wt.% or more with respect to total weight of polymers (I) and (II).Preferred Properties: The polymer (II) has weight average molecular weight of 2000-1000000.The polymer (I) has weight average molecular weight of 10000-1500000.The porous polymer film has thickness of 0.1-1000 microns.Preferred Method: The manufacturing method of porous polymer film is implemented by etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Layer (2) is provided in 0.02-0.4 g/cm2. Layer (3) is provided in 0.1-0.4 g/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal-oxide particles contain zinc oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, tungstic trioxide titanium, and/or strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: An optical stabilizer is dispersed in light-resistant layer (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The base-material resin film is a laminated film of layer (A) containing resin (A), and 10 or more layers of layer (B) consisting of resin (B). Preferably, the base-material resin film is a laminated film comprising alternately laminated layer consisting of crystalline resin, and layer consisting of non-crystalline polymer. The weather-resistant resin film has a haze of 10% or less, a reflectance of 30% or more with respect to light of wavelength 250-2500 nm, and a reflectance of 40% or more with respect to light of wavelength 420-780 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further contains vanadium (in mass%) (0.1-1.0) and/or boron (0.0002-0.0030).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The inorganic particle is silica particle with primary average particle diameter of 10-100 nm. The mean core diameter of organic porous membrane is 10-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: Compound (C) is compound having one or more sulfonic acid group and ethylenically unsaturated bond, or a compound having phosphoric acid group and ethylenically unsaturated bond, or haloalkylated and sulfonated polymer compound. The polymer compound is chosen from polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene oxide, polyimide and polybenzimidazole. The proton conductive polymer has cross-linked structure. Preferred Definitions:    R2=epoxy, styryl, methacryloxy, acryloxy, aminoalkyl or vinyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polymer does not have a position of HOMO by quantum chemistry algorithm. The absolute value of HOMO value of the calculation oligomer is 1.1 times or more of the absolute value of comparative HOMO value. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) by quantum chemistry algorithm does not locate to the calculation oligomer. The polymer has proton conductivity. Preferred Polymer: The polymer has sulfonic acid group-containing repeating unit of formula (II or III).A,A',B,B'=0-4 substituents;andX=divalent group or single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cooling unit is made of plastic support plate that consists of a polymer e.g. polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A zinc gel serves as anode and cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Both end portions of the cathode membrane face each other with a gap in-between, and the gap is filled with a resin. Preferred Method: Fusion-bonding includes the step of filling the resin and fusion-bonding through an injection molding process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the functional areas is made from a polyvinylalcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The connecting unit is integrated in or attached to the fabric made of rubber, Mylar, polyurethane, polypyrrole/nylon, polypyrrole/lycra and polypyrrole/polyester. The conductive contacts and conductive fibers are fashioned using flexible metal coated materials including lycra, spandex, neoprene, polyester, rubber extruded material, polypyrrole/lycra materials, polypyrrole/nylon materials, polypyrrole/polyester materials and ion-implanted polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light-harvesting rod contains several photon absorbing particles comprising phorphyrin molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The light harvesting rods are made by depositing a first porphorynic molecule having a phosphonic acid group and a polymerizable handle in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the electrode; contacting the electrode layer with a solution comprising a second porphyrinic molecule having at least two polymerizable groups, a ligand for a quantum dot, and a quantum dot; polymerizing the first and second porphyrinic molecules; coupling the quantum dot and the second porphyrinic molecule with the ligand to form the light-harvesting rods.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The aliphatic hydrocarbon is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group and/or an alkoxy group. The alkyl group is substituted with a halogen atom. Preferred Composition: The halogen atom is fluorine. The amount of phosphoric acid substituted with aliphatic hydrocarbon is 0.1-40 wt.%, preferably 5-25 wt.% based on the weight of all of the phosphoric acid, including ortho-phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal comprises a noble metal or an alloy of a noble metal with one or more transition group metals chosen from chromium, cobalt, nickel and titanium. The conductive material comprises carbon. The catalyst particles consist essentially of platinum, and the electrically conductive material consists essentially of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane has pendant sulfonate groups on the polymer molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plate material comprises a metallic surface. The plate material comprises high quality stainless steel containing molybdenum, chromium and nickel (more than 40 wt.%) with respect to total weight of stainless steel. The plate material comprises a composite polymeric surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode contains at least one lithium complex oxide of formulae: LifMn(1-g-h)NigM1hO(2-j)Fk, LimNi(1-n)M2nO(2-p)Fq and LirCo(1-s)M3sO(2-t)Fu, where M1 is cobalt, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium and/or tungsten, and f=0.8-1.2, g=0-0.5, h=0-0.5, g+h is less than 1, j=-0.1 to 0.2 and k is 0-0.1, M2 is cobalt, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium and/or tungsten, m is 0.8-1.2, n is 0.005-0.5, p is -0.1 to 0.2, and q is 0-0.1, and M3 is nickel, manganese, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, calcium, strontium, and/or tungsten, r is 0.8-1.2, s is greater than or equal to0 and less than 0.5, t is -0.1 to 0.2 and u is 0-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer contains a copolymer containing vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The porous fluorine resin layer contains polytetra fluoroethylene. The air permeable fiber layer contains activated carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenation-catalyst (B) contains VIII-X group transition metal such as nickel, palladium or platinum, and is preferably Raney nickel catalyst. The transition-metal compound (c) is organic-acid salt of VI-IX group transition metal such as manganese or cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon (A) having ethylene-double bond is polybutadiene or polyisoprene. EXAMPLE - (In g) B-2000 (RTM: liquid polybutadiene having molecular weight of 2000) (1), B111W (RTM: Raney-nickel catalyst) (0.25) and cobalt stearate (85 mg) were uniformly added and dispersed to obtain a hydrogen absorptive composition. The obtained hydrogen absorptive composition (1) and aqueous solution (4 ml) containing potassium hydroxide, zinc oxide and ion exchange water in weight ratio of 40:2:58 were added to a test tube, and maintained at room temperature for a week. The test tube was put into an autoclave, sealed with mixed gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen, and stirred for 14 hours. The amount of hydrogen absorbed was found to be 22 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A Lewis acid compound is further added to the composite material. The Lewis acid compound is boron trifluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anion-type polymer lithium salt is a lithium salt of poly sorbic acid or poly muconic acid, lithium salt of sorbic acid or muconic acid. The ether-type polymer material has a basic structure containing polyethylene oxide or polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The benzene ring to which sulfonic acid group is introduced via hydrocarbon chain, is grafted. Preferred Definitions:    X=chlorine atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The manganese oxide is MnOx, where x is 1/1-2/1. The electroconductive support is electroconductive carbon material. The noble metals are platinum and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor material comprises doped silicon, doped gallium arsenide, doped germanium and/or doped gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic charge transfer material comprises ruthenium complex, phthalocyanine derivative, copper phthalocyanine and discotic liquid crystal copper phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The battery sheath further contains another insulation layer (213) provided on the surface (b) of ferrite stainless steel layer. The ferrite stainless steel layer contains alloy of iron (84-88.2%), carbon (0.5% or less), chromium (11-18%) and manganese (0.3-0.5%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The insulation layer (212) is cast polypropylene layer. The insulation layer (213) is nylon layer or polyethylene terephthalate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film is fluorine resin film.Preferred Monomer: The polymerizable monomer having alkoxy silyl group is monomer having vinyl phenyl group in the molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: Monomer (b) is triaryl isocyanurate, trimethallyl isocyanurate, N,N,N',N'-tetra allyl-1,4-diamino butane or N,N,N',N'-tetramethallyl-1,4-diamino butane. Monomer (a) is 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonate and/or 2-methacrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonate or their salts. Preferred Composition: The ratio of monomers (a) and (b) with respect to all monomers comprising the cross-linked electrolyte polymer is 20-99.9 mass% and 0.1-20 mass%, respectively. Preferred Process: The cross-linked electrolyte polymer is filled in the pore of porous base material. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=carbon chain containing allyl and/or methallyl, or partial ring system.    EXAMPLE - A cross-linked polyethylene film having thickness of 16 microns and porosity of 38% was used as a porous base material. The porous base material was immersed in a monomer solution consisting of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonate (in mass parts) (45), triaryl isocyanurate (5), nonionic surfactant (0.5), 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane-1-one (0.05), water (15) and N, N-dimethylformamide (35), and the porous base material was filled with the monomer solution. Subsequently, the porous base material was removed from the monomer solution, and irradiated with ultraviolet ray for 2 minutes. The monomer inside the pore was polymerized, and an electrolyte film was obtained. The electrolyte film had proton conductivity of 50 mS/cm, methanol permeability coefficient of 16.5 microns.kg/m2.hour and favorable durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (c) is attached to surface of cathode active material through polar side branches present in the compound. The compound (c) reduces calorific value of a battery and controls side reactions between the cathode active material and the electrolyte, or structural collapse of the cathode. The electrolyte contains compound (c) (0.01-95 wt.%) based on 100 wt.% of total weight of the electrolyte.Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is a salt of formula: A+B-, where A+ is alkali metal cation, and B- is anion selected from PF6-, BF4-, Cl-, Br-, I-, ClO4-, AsF6-, CH3CO2-, CF3SO3-, N(CF3SO2)2- and C(CF2SO2)3-. Preferred Solvent: Organic solvent is propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethoxy ethane, diethoxy ethane, tetrahydrofuran, N-methyl-2-pyrolidone, ethyl methyl carbonate and gamma-butyrolactone. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The compound (c) is given by formula (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The coating layer of cross-linked polymer is contained as an independent phase on the surface of electrode active material particles and on the surface of a binder for interconnecting and fixing the electrode active material particles. Preferred Method: The electrode is obtained by dipping a preliminarily formed electrode into a solution, in which monomers forming the cross-linked polymer are dissolved, to form a coating layer of the monomers forming the cross-linked polymer on the surface of the electrode active material particles interconnected to each other, and by cross-linking the monomers via curing. The cross-linked polymer is made to swell with an electrolyte for a battery. The amount of cross-linked polymer is 0.01-50 wt.% based on 100 wt.% of the electrode active material. The coating layer of the polymer has thickness of 0.001-10 microns. The electrode has porosity of 1-50%. Preferred Monomer: The monomer forming the cross-linked polymer is at least 1 of siloxane monomers of formulae (1,2).R1-R3=H or 1-6C lower alkyl;R4=single bond or carbonyl group of formula (3);X=-O- or -OC(=O)O-;n,m=0-1000;p,q=0-20, with the proviso that p,q are not 0 simultaneously;r=1-6;i,j=1-1000;ands=1-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent part is formed of the transparent resin e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, Teflon and polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water-repellent particles include fluorocarbon resin. The polymer electrolyte comprises ion-conductive functional groups chosen from phosphonyl group, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, carboxyl, sulfo, mercapto, ether binding, hydroxyl, quaternary ammonium, amino and phosphate group. Fuel supplied to anode includes organic compound chosen from methanol and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The water repellent material is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The binding material is also made of fluororesin material having larger molecular weight than PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic coating defines a contact angle of l0degrees along the first or second major face of the diffusion media. The outer surface includes an inner surface portion extending between the first and second major faces. The coating is disposed on the inner surface portion. It extends between the first and second major faces. The hydrophilic polymeric coating comprises regions of hydrophilic polymeric coating and the diffusion media comprises uncoated regions (28). The regions of the hydrophilic polymeric coating and the uncoated regions alternate across first and/or second major faces of the diffusion media. The alternating regions have a periodicity of less than 5 cm. Preferred Dimensions: The porous matrix defines a thickness of 20-1000 microns. The hydrophilic coating has a thickness of 1 nm to 1 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including metallic screens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The hydrophilic monomer comprises a glycol (meth)acrylate, preferably polyethylene glycol acrylate. It is UV-curable. Preferred Materials: The porous matrix may comprise an electrically conductive material including carbon paper, graphite paper, cloth, felt, foam, carbon or graphite wovens or non-wovens, or foams. The formulation comprises polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, photoinitiator, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Alternately, the composition contains polymer of salt monomer and salt monomer derivative. The salt monomer derivative is chosen from derivative obtained by reaction of chain growth terminal of at least two salt monomers, or reaction of chain growth terminal of salt monomer and polymerization initiator, or reaction of chain propagation of salt monomer and polymerization initiator, and reaction of chain propagation terminal of salt monomer and chain transfer agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The spiro ring has at least one oxygen atom. The composition contains monomer of at least one type chosen from salt monomer which has at least one polymerizable functional groups in one molecule, monomer which has at least one polymerizable functional groups in one molecule, and monomer which has two or more polymerizable functional groups in one molecule. The monomer which has two or more polymerizable functional groups in one molecule, is an ammonium cation containing compound of formula (1). The salt monomer which has at least one polymerizable functional groups in one molecule, is an ammonium cation containing compound of formula (2).P1-P4= polymerizable functional group;X-= organic anion, preferably chosen from RSO3-, RCO2-, (RO2S)2N- and (RO2S)3C-;R= optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, alkoxy alkyl, acyloxyalkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group, and these group optionally have cyclic structure, and does not have polymerizable functional group;R1-R8= group having ring system, and is chosen from optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or heterocyclic group, and one pair of more optionally forms cyclic structure;Y-= group which has ionic functional group for an ion interaction.The monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group and a spiro ring system in one molecules, is a spiro compound of formula (3), preferably spiro compound of formula (4).R9-R20= H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or heterocyclic group and at least one of R9-R20 has a radical polymerizable functional group, and 1 pair or more of R9-R14 and/or R15-R20 form a cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron conductor material is polyacetyl, resorcinol, phenol, 2-phenyl phenol, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, phenyl phosphonic acid and/or phenyl silane alkoxide. The proton conduction material is substance containing proton dissociation group, derivative of phosphoric acid and/or derivative of sulfuric acid.Preferred Process: The resorcinol and trimethyl phosphate are bonded by dehydrate-polymerization, to obtain gel. The gel is freeze-dried or supercritical dried, to obtain precursor. The precursor is heated in inert gas atmosphere, to obtain mixed conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fabric: The nonwoven fabric is impregnated with thermoplastic resin chosen from acrylic resin, such as methyl methacrylate or butyl acrylate/methyl acrylate copolymer resin, styrene-butadiene resin, phenolic resin and their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium intercalable oxides and phosphates are suspended with a particle size of less than 500 nm, where 80-90% of the particle diameter is 400 nm. The aprotic solvent is alkyl carbonate, which is used alone or with other mixtures and the lithium salt is lithium phosphate hexafluoride, which is present in one molar solution. Preferred Method: The coating is carried out in the presence of a suspending agent and/or the aprotic solvents, where their water content does not exceeds 500 ppm. The coating is carried out at ambient temperature to 50degreesC and in the presence of organic solvents, preferably aprotic solvents and conducting salts, preferably lithium phosphate hexafluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polymer coating consists of pyrrole, thiophene and aniline units. The monomers are pyrrole, dipyrrole, thiophene, bithiophene and oligomers of aniline and their derivatives, which are used at 10-20 wt.%, related to the lithium-intercalable oxides and phosphates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal sheet comprises aluminum foil. Preferred Property: The aluminum foil has a thickness of greater than or equal to17 gm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The inner polymer layer comprises a polymeric binder layer laminated to the metal sheet, and a heat sealable layer on the binder layer. The outer polymer layer comprises an adhesive layer on the metal sheet, and a polymeric binder layer laminated to the adhesive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The rare-earth element of the rare-earth complex is europium or samarium. The rare-earth complex contains carboxylic acid in a ligand. The carboxylic acid is aromatic carboxylic acid and its derivative(s) and/or fatty acid. Alternately, the rare-earth complex contains beta-diketone of formula: R1COCHR2-COR3, in a ligand.R1 = aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl or aralkyl group all optionally substituted;R2 = H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl or aryl group;andR3 = optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl alkyl, or optionally substituted aralkyl group.Preferably, the beta-diketone is chosen from 20 diketone compounds such as 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone and 2-methyl-1,3-butane dione. The rare-earth complex contains neutral ligand which absorbs light of 450 nm or less, preferably nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic compound, more preferably 1,10-phenanthroline or bipyridyl. The rare-earth complex has structure of formula (1,2 or 3).Ln = rare-earth element;R = carboxylic acid of 1 or more type chosen from 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, its derivative and fatty acid as RCOOH;andR1-R3 = 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propane dione, acetyl acetone or benzoyl acetone as R1COCHR2COR3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cover: The front cover is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent contains the rare-earth complex (0.05-1 mass%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (50 mass% or more) containing vinyl acetate unit (10-50 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cerium atom and/or manganese atom are contained as ions. The ion exchange membrane contains 0.3-20 mol% of cerium ions and 0.5-30 mol% of manganese ions. Cerium carbonate and/or manganese carbonate are used for manufacturing the electrolyte film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The acidic group is sulfonic acid group. The fluoropolymer is perfluoro carbon polymer containing oxygen atom with ether bond property and having sulfonic acid group. The polymer has repeating unit based on tetrafluoroethylene, and repeating unit of formula: CF2=CF(CF2)aSO3H, CF2=CFO(CF2)bSO3H, CF2=CFCF2O(CF2)cSO3H or CF2=CF(OCF2CFX)dO(CF2)eSO3H. The perfluoro carbon polymer is a copolymer having repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene, and repeating unit derived from monomer of formula (1), or copolymer having repeating unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene and repeating unit derived from monomer of formula (3) and monomer of formula (4). The monomer of formula (1) is preferably of formula (2) and the monomer of formula (3) is preferably of formula (5).R1-R3 = 1-6C perfluoroalkyl containing ether-bond property oxygen atom, or fluorine atom;R4 = 1-6C perfluoroalkyl containing ether-bond property oxygen atom;X = fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl group;a = 0-6;b,c = 1-6;e = 1-5; andR5-R11 = 1-5C perfluoroalkyl containing ether-bond property oxygen atom, or fluorine atom.R6 and R7, and two of R8-R11 may combine to form 3-5C perfluoro alkylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The crystalline particles (A) are polycrystalline particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The crystalline particles are polycrystalline particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cell is formed of an electrolyte film that is made of a solid polymer material, e.g. fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support material is lithium-aluminum complex oxide (LiAlO2). The carbonate electrolyte material is lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate and/or sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The carbonate electrolyte is dispersed with a dispersant chosen from fish oil and Hypermer KD-series (RTM: polymeric dispersant), before pre-milling. An additive component is further mixed with the pre-milled carbonate electrolyte and support material. The additive component includes at least one of binder and plasticizer. The binder comprises acryloid binder and the plasticizer comprises Santicizer 160 (RTM: plasticizer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The porosity of the coating is obtained by disposing a solid pore-forming agent in a conductive coating and exposing the pore-forming agent to an acid sufficient to dissolve the foaming agent. The porous conductive layer is provided on the body by providing a conductive polymeric coating having an embedded pore-forming agent over the body, and exposing the pore-forming agent to a removal media to cause the pore-forming agent to produce pores in the conductive polymeric coating to provide a porous conductive coating on the plate body. The plate body comprises a conductive composite material, and the porosity is created by molding pores into the composite plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The removal media comprises acid, and the pore-forming agent comprises sodium carbonate and graphite. The removal media comprises non-chemical treating media, and the pore-forming agent comprises foaming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The porous conductive layer is a porous conductive coating (130) adhered to the plate body. The plate body comprises a metallic sheet and a composite polymeric conductive coating (125) different from the porous conductive coating. The plate may be a bipolar plate. Preferred Properties: The porous conductive coating has a porosity of greater than or equal to 10% (preferably 10-50%) and a pore density of greater than or equal to 50 pores/cm surface area of the coating. The pores have an average size of 0.05-1 microns. The water contact angle is less than 25degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plate body may comprise composite comprising electrically conductive filler disposed throughout a polymeric matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The plate body comprises a metallic sheet, or a metallic sheet and a composite polymeric conductive coating (125) different from the composite conductive coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particulate carbon layer comprises carbon black particles dispersed on the exterior surface of polymeric conductive layer, or acidic graphite. The carbon black comprises acetylene black, Ravan black(RTM: not defined), Vulcan black(RTM: not defined), furnace black, Ketjen black(RTM: not defined), Black pearl(RTM: not defined), Regal(RTM: not defined), and/or AX-21. Preferred Composition: The composite conductive coating comprises 5-70 wt.% carbon black. Preferred Dimensions: The carbon black layer has a thickness of 0.5-10 microns. Preferred Properties: The carbon black is acidic and has a pH of less than 4. It has a particle size of 0.05-0.2 microns and a mesopore to micropore ratio of 5:1 - 40:1. The water contact angle is less than 10degrees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The plate body may comprise a composite material comprising electrically conductive filler disposed throughout a polymeric matrix. Preferred Dimensions: The polymeric conductive layer has a thickness of 10-40 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin sheet contains ethylene-based copolymer (100 wt.pts) and organic peroxide (0.3-3 wt.pts). A coupling agent is added to both the outermost layers. The inner layer contains 80 wt.% or more of the organic peroxide having 1-hour half-life temperature of 100-160degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor particles in the semiconductor layer, consist of titanium dioxide which contains columnar crystals. The pigment is a ruthenium metal complex pigment. The liquid electrolyte includes an oxidation reduction substance which consists of an iodine and an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte is solid electrolyte in which liquid electrolyte is maintained with a polymer compound. The polymer compound is formed by polymerizing a monomer unit of formula (I). The solid electrolyte is formed by polymerizing a polymer compound forming material containing a liquid electrolyte or electrolyte permeating a gelled material. The polymer compound forming material is the monomer unit (I).R1=H or methyl group;X=group bonded with ester and carbon atom;andn=2-4.The polymer compound and gelled material, each is a reaction material of compound which has an isocyanate group and a compound which has an active hydrogen group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The insulating tape is made of propy- lene, polyphenylene sulfide or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The hydrophilic group is sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, boronic acid group and/or carboxylic acid group. The hydrophobic group is hydrocarbon group in which at least one portion is fluorinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound contains repeating unit in which hydrophilic group and hydrophobic group are bonded with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of resin (I) in resin material is 35-95 wt.%.Preferred Compound: The monomer having sulfonic acid group is at least one compound of formula: CH2=CHCH2SO3X2 and CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3X3, and/or compound of formula (1).X1-X3=H or alkali metal.Preferred Fuel: The fuel used for generating electric power is fuel containing alcohol, preferably ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Panel: In the solar panel, the thermodynamic panel comprises an aluminum plate or other material which is mechanically and thermally joined by a coil of the same or other suitable material, which circulate the liquid-gas coolant. The photovoltaic solar panel coupled with the thermodynamics, both physically and heat across its surface to increase the thermal efficiency of the block based on thermodynamic heat generation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ionic polymer further has a mesitylene-containing structural unit of formula (2). Preferred Property: The molar ratio of borate anion-containing structural unit (1) and mesitylene-containing structural unit (2) is 5:95-10:90. EXAMPLE - Tetraethylene-glycol diacrylate (in g) (0.510), mesityl borane (0.318) and tetrahydrofuran (2 ml) were added and stirred at 20 degrees C for 6 hours. Then, tert-butylphenol (0.45) was added to the resulting mixture, and re-precipitated using n-hexane and purified, to obtain a polymer (0.913) having molecular weight of 2900. The obtained polymer (0.19), 1N phenyl lithium/cyclohexane solution (0.1 ml) and tetrahydrofuran were added and stirred at 0 degrees C for 12 hours. The resulting mixture was washed using diethyl ether, to obtain an ionic polymer having borate anion-containing structural unit (1) and mesitylene-containing structural unit (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material comprises polyacrylic acid and/or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The casing is made of molded plastics material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The structural support contains one or more of silicon material, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) material, magnesium oxide material, ferrochromic material and ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodegradable organic substrate is biodegradable plastic, chitin and/or cellulose. The material is carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon felt, carbon wool, carbon foam, graphite, porous graphite, graphite powder, graphite granules, graphite fiber, a conductive polymer and a conductive metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises low temperature co-fired ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holder comprises mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and silica material. The substrate comprises plastic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film includes copper, indium and gallium. The conductive surface comprises ruthenium, iridium, osmium, copper, indium and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The mixture of the polymer as a liquid and the nanoparticles have been coated on a surface and then precipitated onto or adjacent to one of the sides or segregated at an opposite of the sides to provide the first layer of the polymer with the second layer of the nanoparticles (preferably mixture of the polymer as a liquid and the nanoparticles have been coated on a surface and then precipitated onto or adjacent to the one of the sides or segregated at an opposite of the sides to provide the first layer of the polymer with the second layer of the nanoparticles on one or both of the sides). The first layer with the nanoparticles is spin-coated onto the surface. The nanoparticles are precipitated or segregated by heating and then cooling the first layer with the nanoparticles; or by solubilizing the polymer layer with a solvent vapor without solubilizing the nanoparticles. Preferred Components: The thickness of each of the first layers is less than 200 nanometers thick. The nanoparticles are comprised of a polymer; or an inorganic composition. One side of one of the multiple layers is on a substrate. The polymer and the spherical nanoparticles are comprised of the same or similar chemical composition as the polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a transparent conductive substrate selected from indium tin oxide (ITO) glass or fluorine tin oxide (FTO) glass. The titanium oxide (TiO2) film has a nanoparticle structure and a thickness of 100-100000 nm, where the nanoparticle has a diameter of 7-50 nm. The indium nitride (InN) photosensitive layer has a thickness of 1-10000 nm, and absorbs light having a wavelength of 390-600 nm. Preferred Method: The photosensitized electrode is fabricated by placing substrate coated with TiO2 film in a reaction chamber; introducing a hydrazoic acid (HN3) and a compound containing indium into the reaction chamber; illuminating the TiO2 film with UV light; and obtaining InN photosensitive layer coated on the TiO2 film. A period of time for processing all steps is 1-8 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The UV light is obtained from a light source selected from a continuous UV lamp, an excimer laser, a semiconductor laser, a gas laser, a solid-state laser, a liquid laser, a chemical laser or a free-electron laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound containing indium is trimethylindium, triethylindium, indium-containing metallo-organic precursor or combination of indium-containing metallo-organic precursors. A ratio of the HN3 to the compound containing indium is 1-10. The TiO2 film bears a temperature of 600-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin substrate consists of polyester resin, norbornene resin, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin, or an acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet material contains polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin is a silane modified resin which polymerizes ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polymerizable polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material is selected from amorphous silicon, silicon-germanium, and Group III-V compound semiconductors (preferably amorphous silicon). The acceptor doped amorphous silicon is boron doped. The donor doped amorphous silicon is phosphorus doped. The semiconductor body comprises silicon and the tunnel oxide comprises silicon oxide. The first and second conductive patterns are selected from aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal nanoparticles are silver and/or silver alloy nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent contains polyhydric alcohol and/or amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic foil is a copper foil or an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent contains thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elements of precursor layer are selected from the group of group IB materials, group IIIA materials, group VIA materials and group IBIIIAVIA materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The elements are selected from the group of selenium (Se), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), tellurium (Te), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga) and indium (In). The precursor layer is selected from the group of Cu, In, Ga, Se, S and Te.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The carrier can be made of stainless steel in accordance with SUS standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric conversion unit has silicon and zinc oxide as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The electric deionization apparatus has a mixed bed-type demineralizer of anion exchange resin and cation exchange resin. Water is poured in order from cathode chamber to anode chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dye: The dye (II) consists of dye having high quantum yield in visible light region or dye having low quantum yield in visible light region. The dye (II) consists of inorganic complex dye having metal to ligand charge transfer and/or organic-molecule dye having charge transfer molecule. The inorganic complex dye is polypyridine complex. The dye has functional groups bonded with semiconductor layer functional group consists of functional group strongly bonded semiconductor layer and functional group weakly bonded with semiconductor layer. The functional group strongly bonded with semiconductor layer is carboxyl group or phosphono group. The functional group weakly bonded with semiconductor layer is cyano, amino, thiol or thione.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoactive layers are formed from a thin film photovoltaic layer which includes cadmium telluride (CdTe) layer or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel delivery layer is made hydrophilic by providing hydrophilicity increasing material such as tin oxide. The fuel permeable polymer in the fuel delivery layer is perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte comprises ring compound (in wt.pts) (0.001-5) and oxidation-reduction derivative ring compound (100). The oxidation-reduction derivative comprises an iodide salt and iodine (I2). The iodide salt is present in an amount of 100-3000 wt.pts based on 100 wt.pts of iodine (I2). The iodide salt comprises, in addition to the metal salt, a compound(s) chosen from ammonium iodide, methyl iodide, methylene iodide, ethyl iodide, ethylene iodide, isopropyl iodide, isobutyl iodide, benzyl iodide, benzoyl iodide, aryl iodide and imidazolium iodide. The electrolyte further comprises an organic solvent. Preferred Compounds: The ring compound is 18-crown-6, 15-crown-5 and 12-crown-4. The iodide salt is a metal salt chosen from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, copper iodide, silicon iodide, manganese iodides, barium iodide, molybdenum iodides, calcium iodide, iron iodides, cesium iodide, zinc iodide and mercury iodide. The organic solvent is acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, butanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, isobutyl ketone, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or 3-methoxypropionitrile. Preferred Definitions:    X=-O-, -S- or -NR'-;and    R'=H or CH3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic acid compound is either aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base film consists of polytrimethylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the substance containing carbon or its mixture is added on molten silicone. Preferred Composition: The substance containing carbon as base material is granular or powdered. The diameter of the substance is 2 mm or less. The amount of carbon in the substance is 0.1-10 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of the slag material. The substance containing carbon is graphite powder or silicon carbide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles or nanostructures are made of a noble metal, an oxide of metallic conductivity, a bronze, a metal nitride, sulfide, selenide, boride, silicide, a compound or alloy of metallic elements with elements of main groups III through VII, and copper, silver, gold, or a corresponding alloy. The p-doped charge transport layer comprises a material of p-type amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide, microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide or carbon-containing microcrystalline silicon, a multilayer film of amorphous silicon carbides having different carbon contents and a multilayer film of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon. The n-doped charge transport layer comprises a material of n-type microcrystalline silicon, crystalline silicon, carbon-containing microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide, amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon carbide and amorphous silicon germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric transducer consists of a titanium (Ti) base board and a film consisting of an alloy containing a soldering metal as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material gas is made up of silane (SiH4) and hydrogen (H2) gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The reflection plate is made of one of a plastic material with reflective coating, stainless steel, and a mirror.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The binary metal oxide is zinc oxide (ZnO), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), tungsten oxide (WO3), nickel oxide (NiO), and/or cobalt oxide (CoO). The ceria-based oxide composition is from undoped cerium oxide and/or doped cerium oxide. Preferred Composition: The H2S sensor comprises alumina (1-50 wt.%); a promoter (0.1-10 wt.%) from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, gold, and/or silver. The sulfide-sensitive composite material comprises (wt.%): a composition from MoO3 (5), alumina (10), or gadolinium (Gd)-doped ceria (GDC); and NiWO4 (5), alumina (10), and GDC. Preferred Method: The sensor is pretreated by exposure to a hydrogen gas stream that contains hydrogen sulfide gas at 450-600, preferably 600degreesC. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate is tin oxide-coated glass or molybdenum-coated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction product is produced by silane, hydrogen, methane, diborane, trimethylborone, and/or phosphine gases from reactants containing copper, indium, gallium, and/or selenium. The reactants may be in the form of gas, vapor, aerosol, small particle, or powder. The plasma forming gas is argon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The photoelectrode (P1) is of formula M((VI)xO1-x)y. The bandgap of the ternary metal oxide alloy is less than the bandgap of the unsubstituted binary metal oxide (preferably smaller by at least 10 %). The Group VI element is selected from sulfur, selenium and tellurium. The ternary metal oxide alloy is selected from W((VI)xO1-x)3 and Ti((VI)xO1-x)2. The mole percent of the Group VI element replacing oxygen in the ternary metal oxide alloy is less than or equal to10 percent.M = metallic element of group (VI) element;x = 0-1;y greater than or equal to 1.Preferred Method: The method further includes the step of annealing the binary metal oxide in an oxygen environment prior to alloying the binary metal oxide with the Group VI element. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive adhesive binder is selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, carbon, copper, tin and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electric conducting paste contains glass frit (0.5-5 weight part) with respect to the electroconductive material (100 weight part). Preferred Compound: The electroconductive material contains silver as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The soldering material is selected from the group consisting of tin (Sn), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and bismuth (Bi).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer material is a shape memory polymer composition. Preferred Layers: The shape memory foam forms a shape memory foam-containing layer. The polymer material-containing layer becomes outer surface and covers both surface of shape memory foam-containing layer. Preferred Process: The polymer material-containing layer is formed and positioned in the mold to form shape memory foam molding. The obtained shape memory foam molding is processed to form shape memory composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises a transparent indium tin oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or tin (IV) oxide electrode layer (16) on a side remote from the supercapacitor. The supercapacitor comprises an aluminum electrode layer on a side remote from the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The supercapacitor comprises an electrolyte layer (24) containing viscous mixture of salt and polymer and/or solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate I-beam is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The noble metal electrocatalyst includes platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The optical gain medium can be erbium doped glass, ytterbium doped glass material, aluminum doped glass material, boron doped glass material and germanium doped glass material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicon, metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst contains metal chosen from the group which consists of ruthenium, gold, iridium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iron, cobalt, osmium, nickel, copper, and zinc as second metal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gases contain hydrogen fluoride. A source gas (IV) containing silane is further used.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The aqueous solution is baked at 250-550degreesC.Preferred Solution: The aqueous solution is peroxotitanic acid aqueous solution, peroxotitanic acid modified anatase type titanium oxide aqueous sol or their mixture. The solid content of peroxotitanic acid group aqueous solution is 0.1-3 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel impregnation material consist of perfluoro type-polymer material having carboxyl group or sulfone group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The micro- and/or nanoparticles are micro and/or nanoparticles of indium titanium oxide, aluminum titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, silica, silicon, and/or micro- and nanoparticles to provide coating for photovoltaic panels. The liquid suspension is water. The ionizable gas is air. Preferred Parameters: The magnetic fields have intensity of 200-300 J/cm3.10-3. The electrical fields comprises first electrical field generated by potential different of greater than or equal to15 kV in modulus and second electrical field generated by potential difference of greater than or equal to40 kV in modulus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-containing compound has a compound of silane, tetrafluoro silane and/or disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The heterogeneous system platinum group metal catalyst is palladium supported on carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The heteroaryl compound having NH group is optionally substituted pyrrole, indole, pyrazole, indazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole or benzotriazole, preferably optionally substituted indole. The (hetero)aryl compound having leaving group is optionally substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, oxazole, benzoxazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, furan and/or benzofuran, preferably optionally substituted benzene or pyridine. The ligand is phosphine ligand, chosen from 1,1'-bis(diphenyl phosphino)ferrocene, 2,2'-bis(diphenyl phosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl and 2,2'-bis(diphenyl phosphino) biphenyl ether. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 specific N-(hetero)aryl-substituted nitrogen-containing heteroaryl compounds such as 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole of formula (1), 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole, 4-(3-methyl-pyrrol-1-yl)-pyrimidine, 1-benzofuran-6-yl-5-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid amide and 1-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-1H-indole, are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 4-Chloro pyridine hydrochloride (in g) (30), sodium t-butoxide (53.8), palladium-carbon (19.6), indole (23.4) and 2,2'-bis(diphenyl phosphino) biphenyl ether (5.39) were dissolved in toluene (600 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 hours and cooled to room temperature. Palladium-carbon was filtered and the reaction mixture was concentrated. Ethyl acetate (300 ml) and 2M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (200 ml) were added to the aqueous layer. The organic layer was washed with water (200 ml) and dried. The organic layer was filtered and concentrated to obtain 1-pyridin-4-yl indole (33.3) with yield of 86%. The obtained compound had purity of 99.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cellulose derivative is hydroxy propylcellulose. The fuel is alcohol such as methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Cellulose derivative, polyethylene glycol and/or partially saponified type polyvinyl alcohol is further added to fuel.
EXAMPLE - Dimethyl terephthalate (in weight parts) (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were reacted at 150degreesC to obtain polyester (A) having intrinsic viscosity of 0.62. The obtained polyester (A) was polymerized under vacuum at 220degreesC to obtain polyester (C) having terminal carboxyl radical weight of 0.74. The obtained polyester (C) had intrinsic viscosity of 8 eq/tons. Dimethyl terephthalate (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were reacted at 150degreesC in the presence of magnesium-acetate-tetrahydrate to obtain polyester (B). The obtained polyester (B) had intrinsic viscosity of 0.65. A silica particles (1) having average particle diameter of 3.6 microns and ethylene glycol (60) were dispersed in dimethyl terephthalate (100) to obtain polyester. The obtained polyester was then polymerized at 220degreesC under vacuum to obtain polyester (I) having intrinsic viscosity of 0.75. Polyester (C) (90) and Cyasorb 3638 (RTM: ultraviolet absorber) (10) were reacted and extruded to obtain polyester (J). The obtained polyester (C), (B), (I) and (J) were blended at 290degreesC in the ratio of 60:5:130:5. The obtained mixture was extruded and cooled to obtain a sheet. The obtained sheet was extended, heat-processed at 225degreesC or more to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The content of titanium, germanium and phosphorous in the polyester film were 5 ppm, 3 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively. The obtained film had haze of 50% and optical density of 0.14, and had excellent hydrolysis resistance and weather resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive oxide fine particles contain tin-containing indium oxide, antimony-containing stannic oxide, or aluminum-containing zinc oxide as main phase. The ratio of noble-metal-containing electroconductive oxide fine particles in the fine-particles-supporting carbon particles is 5-50 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The micro crystal size of the noble-metal-containing electroconductive oxide fine particles is 1-20 nm. The average particle diameter of the carbon particles is 20-70 nm. The average particle diameter of the fine-particles-supporting carbon particles is 20-90 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Elements: The noble-metal element is platinum, ruthenium, palladium and/or gold. The total content of noble-metal elements is 1-20 atm.% with respect to all metallic elements in the electroconductive oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electroconductive carrier holding metal hydroxide is filtered, washed and dried, before heat reduction. The heat reduction process is carried out at 700-900degreesC in inert atmosphere containing nitrogen, argon and/or helium, preferably argon. The metal catalyst supporting electroconductive carrier after heat reduction process, is processed with reducible acid, and surface treated with oxidizing acid. Preferred Material: The electroconductive carrier is carbon. The base metal of base metal solution is titanium, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or zinc, preferably cobalt. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of platinum element in platinum salt solution, base metal element in base metal salt solution and iridium element in iridium salt solution is 1:0.07-1:0.01-0.3. The molar ratio of platinum and carbon is 0.6-1.7. Preferred Property: The reduction type catalyst particle is obtained by heat reduction process has particle size of 3-6 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The reducible acid is formic acid and/or oxalic acid, preferably formic acid. The oxidizing acid is hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid, preferably nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion-inhibiting layer is formed of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide layer and transition metal oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amorphous carbon has volume mean diameter of less than 500 nm, measured using particle size distribution, preferably 500 nm or more. The catalyst layer is loaded with less than 0.2 mg/cm2 of platinum such that the output by single pole at 90degreesC and 1 A, is 0.7 W/cm2 or more. Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains amorphous carbon in the weight ratio of 0.1-20%, before removal process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface modification metal particle is silver particle and forms colloidal solution in water-soluble alcohol. The electrolyte layer contains iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional group is mercapto group or amino group, and surface modification compound is carboxyl group or hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive board of photoelectrode is formed from titanium. The electroconductive board is anodized and a tubular titania layer is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface production sheet has transmittance of 1.5% or less, at a wavelength of 370 nm. The sheet has average transmittance of 82% or more, at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm after ultraviolet irradiation for 15 days in the indigo super tester having ultraviolet ray illumination intensity of 100 mW/cm2, and before ultraviolet radiation the sheet has average transmittance of 3% or less at a wavelength of 600-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The inorganic acid is concentrated hydrochloric acid. Preferred Process: The heating is performed at 60-100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The evaluation of the solar cell conforms to JISC8934 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoelectric converting layer contains crystalline silicon, crystalline silicon germanium and amorphous silicon germanium. The transparent conductive layer contains zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2) of 1% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The two phenyl groups are coupled with silicon atom comprising the polysilane compound. Preferred Property: The light has wavelength of 200-600 nm, preferably 200-350 nm, most preferably 350-600 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Excimer-lamp processing of porous layer is performed using dielectric barrier discharge excimer-lamp at irradiation intensity of 0.1-1000 mW/cm2 at 250degreesC or less. Excimer-lamp processing of porous layer is performed using light source capable of emitting light with maximum wavelength of 172 nm and half value width of less than 30 nm, maximum wavelength of 222 nm and half value width of less than 20 nm, and maximum wavelength of 146 nm and half value width of less than 30 nm. Preferred Layer: The porous layer is formed using metal oxide semiconductor particle dispersion obtained by reacting metal oxide semiconductor particle and metal atom complex having partial structure of formula (1), preferably of formula (2).M=1-6 valent metal atom;A,B'=oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur atom;X=bivalent organic residue;arrow=coordinate bond or ionic bond from A or B to M;R1-R3=hydrogen atom or monovalent substituent;andbroken line=non-localizing coupling in diketonate compound structure.Preferred Particle: The metal oxide semiconductor particle is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, stannic oxide and niobium oxide. Preferred Component: The metal oxide semiconductor electrode has sensitizing dye layer, electrolyte layer and semiconductor cell having electroconductive counter electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Hydrofluoric acid is used for dissolving the silicate, and ammonium/hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloride/hydrogen peroxide are used for etching the silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The current-collection wire is made of metal such as gold, germanium or iridium, nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhenium, selenium, silicon or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric film is made of silicon dioxide, niobium pentaoxide or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic electron donor of organic electron-donor layer is metal phthalocyanine. The electron acceptor of electron-acceptor layer is fullerene or perylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Nanoparticles of evaporation material are discharged into a vacuum chamber, in an atmosphere of helium gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surface-side sealing resin and back-side sealing resin are ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA). The solar cell element has a resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The tan-(delta) of polyimide film at 100-400degreesC does not exceeds 3 times of tan-(delta) at 100degreesC at viscoelasticity at 1 Hz. Preferred Process: The laminated material containing photoelectric-converting layer which consists of an electrode layer and a semi-conductor is formed on the polyimide film, to obtain solar-cell. EXAMPLE - N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (21 kg), 1,4-phenylenediamine (in g) (340), pyromellitic dianhydride (1371) and 3,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (629.3) were added and heated at 20-40degreesC for 1 hour, to obtain polyamic-acid N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution. The obtained polyamic acid solution was applied on polyethylene terephthalate film to a thickness of 400 microns and immersed in dehydration bath which consists of acetic anhydride (1050 ml), pyridine (450) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (1500 ml) at 30degreesC for 8 minutes. The film was separated from the glass plate, to obtain gel film. The gel film was washed for 20 minutes and biaxially stretched. The stretched gel film was dried 160degreesC for 20 minutes. Thus, aromatic polyimide film was obtained. The aromatic polyimide film had linear expansion coefficient of 2 ppm and Young's modulus of 9 GPa. The value of tan-(delta) of polyimide film was 0.036 at 400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Mold: The thickness of the release material of the region of assembly casting mold where the board comprising the casting mold is attached and assembles with thickness of the release material of region of which the upper surface contacts the molten silicon is 1 mm or more and thickness of release material of other region is less than 1 mm. Each surface of the casting mold after application of release material is made even by combining casting mold inner surface of the region having release material coated to a thickness of 1 mm or more and hollowing along thickness of the release material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The release material consists of powder (100 mass parts) having melting point of more than the melting point (1414degreesC) of silicon and resin (1-200 mass parts) which generates carbon at a temperature of 100degreesC or more lesser than the melting point of silicon. The resin is primarily heat-hardened at 30-500degreesC or heat-carbonized at 200-1000degreesC in the casting mold. The resin is a phenol resin. The powder is quartz sand, silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide. The average particle diameter of quartz sand, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide is 0.1 mm or less, 50 microns or less and 1 mm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The nth molten slag is formed from boron capturing material (A) which traps boron in silicon moved into molten slag, from the molten silicon, and (n+1)th molten slag is formed from mixture of boron capturing material (A) with boron acid processed agent (B) which easily oxidize and moves boron in silicon into molten slag. Alternately, nth molten slag and (n+1)th molten slag are formed from mixture of material (A) and agent (B). Agent (B) of nth molten slag and (n+1)th molten slag consists of same component. The ratio of mass of agent (B) with respect to material (A) in (n+1)th molten slag is higher than nth molten slag. Each refined stage is performed using the separate smelter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The boron capturing material (A) is alumina, silica, calcium oxide and/or halogenated calcium. The boric acid processed agent (B) is carbonate, carbonate hydrate and/or hydroxide of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The module is sealed with a light transmitting sealant e.g. ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chalcopyrite semiconductor is made from CuInS or CuInSe. The conductive layer comprises a vanadium oxide based compound such as vanadium pentoxide or vanadium phosphorus oxide compound. The diffusion barrier layer comprises a molybdenum oxide e.g. MoO3. The diffusion barrier layer comprises at least one vanadium oxide having insulating properties.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate comprises carbon steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass frit contains aluminum trioxide, titanium dioxide, and cupric oxide in predetermined ratio, and metals, such as zinc, bismuth, and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Construction: The melting temperature is 100-250degreesC. The metal is bismuth or preferably a bismuth alloy, specifically a lead-free alloy, especially a eutectic bismuth-tin alloy. The tubes (2) of the bundle are of polymer (specifically with a polymer membrane) and/or of ceramic and/or metal (specifically with a zeolite membrane). The tubes are bundled in random, contacting form and are spaced in a predetermined pattern. The axial length of the casting (5) is greater than the diameter of the bounding curve (3) of the tube bumdle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction of fuel cell exhaust gas e.g. hydrocarbon is catalyzed using noble metal or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound contains 35-55 atomic% of component (A), 25-35 atomic% of component (B') and 10-40 atomic% of component (X). The compound is a metal cluster compound. The active material has average particle diameter of 1-3 nm, and is supported in a ratio of 5-70 wt.% in the carrier. The carrier is chosen from activated carbon, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black and/or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass composition comprises cerium oxide (0-0.01%), a glass redox of (not greater than 0.08, and %FeO of not greater than 0.0015%. Preferred Substrate: The glass substrate comprises FeO (less than or equal to 0.003, preferably 0.0015%), glass redox (less than or equal to 0.09, preferably 0.08), total iron (0.01-0.045%), antimony oxide (0-0.005), and cerium oxide (0-0.1) and infrared (IR) transmission (%IR) greater than or equal to 90%; has %TS of at least 90.5%, and a UV transmission of at least 84%. The glass substrate comprises MgO (0.15-7%); and not greater than 2 ppm of at least two (preferably at least four, especially at least five) of erbium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium. The substrate comprises SO3 (at least 0.25, preferably at least 0.29%). EXAMPLE - A glass composition was prepared comprising (wt.%) silica (SiO2) (73.49), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (0.47), ferric oxide (Fe2O3) (0.017), sodium oxide (Na2O) (13.88), calcium oxide (CaO) (10.11), magnesium oxide (0.15), potassium oxide (0.32), sulfur trioxide (0.34), and titanium dioxide (0.0). The composition had %UV of 85.99, visible transmission of 91.66%, a transmissive a color value of -0.08, transmissive b color value of 0.47, % total solar (TS) of 91.66, and %iron(II) oxide of 0.0002.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum source is selected from a group consisting of aluminum metal powder, an alloy of aluminum, an aluminum salt, organometallic aluminum, an oxide of aluminum, and an aluminum-containing glass. The alloy of aluminum includes metal selected from a group consisting of boron, silicon, gallium, indium, antimony, tin, zinc, and magnesium. The boron source is selected from a group consisting of boron metal powder, an alloy of boron, a salt of boron, boric acid, organometallic boron, an oxide of boron, and boron-containing glass. The glass component comprises about 5 to 85 mole percent bismuth oxide and about 5 to 75 mole percent of silicon oxide and bismuth oxide. The glass component is also comprised of zinc oxide having content not exceeding about 55 mole percent, and further comprises a trivalent oxide having an element selected from a group consisting of, or combinations of, an element having an atomic number of from 57 to 71, aluminum, gallium, indium, selenium, and yttrium. The glass component may comprise an oxide of an element selected from or formed by combinations of lithium, sodium, potassium, and antimony. The mixture further comprises an additive selected from a group consisting of, or combinations of, silicon oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, boron oxide, sodium-magnesium-lithium-silicon-oxide-hydroxide, and boric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bulk semiconductor material in the photovoltaic cell is selected from a group containing selenium (Se), silicon (Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), titania (TiO2), ruthenium (Ru), gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), tellurium (Te), cadmium (Cd), sulfur (S), carbon (C), indium (In), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), boron (B), antimony (Sb), beryllium (Be), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), iodine (I), iridium (Ir), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), tantalum (Ta), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaNi), cadmium sulphide (CdS), cadmium selenium (CdSe) and cadmium tellurium (CdTe). The bulk light transmitting material for use during manufacturing of photovoltaic cell is selected from a group containing optical calcite, clear ulexite, danburite, calcite, dolomite, scolecite, crystallite, tumbled clear quartz, colored quartz, clear Herkimer diamond, diamond, kunzite, glass and man-made crystal materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The thick film comprises amorphous silicon. A further film comprising silicon nitride film is included. Preferred Condition: The thermal treatment includes greater than or equal to400degreesC and greater than or equal to3 minutes. Preferred Method: The depositing comprises chemical vapor deposition (CVD), low pressure CVD, or plasma enhanced CVD.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophilic ion conductive material is formed of one selected from phosphate doped by SnP2O7, a H4PO3/TiP2O7 composite, phosphate derived-hydrogel, phosphosilicate gel-polyimide composite, zirconium tricarboxybutyl-phosphate/polyimide composite, phosphosilicate gel-polyimide composite, solid acid Cs5H3(SO4)4, hetero-acid H3PW12O40/poly styrene sulfonic acids (PSS), and NAFIONM (RTM: perfluorosulfonic acid polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises greater than or equal to0.05 (preferably greater than or equal to0.2) vol.% metal nanorods dispersed in the carrier. The nanorods comprise an electrically insulating coating. The composition further comprises non-nanorod nanostructures. The metal nanorod comprises greater than or equal to30 wt.% metal, preferably gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron, or aluminum. The composition may further comprise a surfactant, a colloidal stabilizer, a nanoparticle aggregation inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent, an anti-corrosive agent, a viscosity modifier, or a degradation stabilizer. Preferred Properties: The axial length along the first axis divided by the axial length of the second axis is greater than 5. The shortest axial length of the metal nanorods is less than 200 nm. The metal nanorods may be crystalline and may comprise a non-circular cross-section. The viscosity of the composition is greater than or equal to100 cP or less than 100 cP. EXAMPLE - Crystalline silver nanorods were formed by heating ethylene glycol (5 mL) to 160degreesC in an oil bath and adding platinum chloride (PtCl2; 0.02 mg) dissolved into ethylene glycol (0.5 mL). After 4 minutes, a solution (2.5 mL) of silver nitrate in ethylene glycol at a concentration of 20 mg/mL was added dropwise for 5 minutes. One minute after the addition of the silver nitrate solution, a solution (5 mL) of polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethylene glycol prepared at a concentration of 40 mg/mL was added dropwise for 5 minutes. The solution was maintained at 160degreesC for 1-2 hours. The fabricated silver nanorods had high aspect ratio and were not aggregated. The silver concentration of the fabricated nanorods was 2.44 mg/mL equivalent to a mass concentration of 0.24% and a volume concentration of 0.023%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The resin film of the copper-ion elution suppression unit consists of polyimide or polyimidoamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The chain-shaped inorganic compound fine particles and acicular inorganic compound fine particles has average chain length of 50-300 nm. Preferred Compounds: The inorganic compound fine particles are chosen from silica fine particles and alumina fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin base material consists of a polymethylmethacrylate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains acrylamide containing proton conductive group (in mol.%) (10-90) and unsaturated hydrocarbon-type monomer (10-90). The unsaturated-hydrocarbon type-monomer is styrene and proton-conductive group contains sulfonic acid group. The acrylamide is of formula (1).R1=hydrogen or alkyl group;R2=alkyl;andP=proton conductive group.Preferred Structure: A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly has the catalyst layer containing the catalyst layer formation material, arranged on both surfaces of polymer electrolyte membrane and a diffused layer arranged on both surface of the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer is contained in the anode side of polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. EXAMPLE - 5 wt.% acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid-co-styrene polymer solution (ATBS-co-st) (in g) (4.123) SA27-13RC (RTM: catalyst powder) (0.463) and pure water (4.630) was stirred for 30 minutes, to obtain catalyst layer formation material. Then, the material was sprayed on polytetrafluoroethylene sheet and dried at 5degreesC, to obtain anode catalyst layer having length of 22 microns and breadth of 22 microns. A polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly was obtained from the catalyst layer. A fuel cell was obtained using the obtained polymer electrolyte membrane/electrode assembly. The obtained fuel cell had high electric power generation characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic ionic conductive material is in the form of copper thiophosphate. The absorber layer is in the form of titanium oxide and zinc oxide, iodine and phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electronic ionic conductive material is in the form of copper and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is in the form of ethanol, isopropanol, acetone or methoxypropionnitril.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metalliferrous paste consists of silver, nickel, palladium, molybdenum, chromium, aluminum and/or alloys. The metallization on the diffusion barrier is formed by galvanic separation or electroless separation of metal or alloys of metal such as silver or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver particles are included at greater than or equal to 80 mass% based on the total amount of silver particles contained in the paste. EXAMPLE - A mixture containing silver particles (specific surface: 0.25 m2/g, 83.4 wt.%), glass frit (1.6 wt.%), and sintering auxiliary material (3.5 wt.%) was prepared. Terpineol solution (10 wt.%, containing 20% ethyl cellulose) was added to the mixture. Terpineol (0.9 wt.%) was added to adjust the viscosity. This mixture was pre-mixed in a mixer and kneaded, so that an electrode paste was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zeolite material is a metal exchanged zeolite-Y. The metal is copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Detector: The detector further comprises an optical detector capable of measuring the change in color of zeolite material. The zeolite material is disposed in a side flow of gaseous flow. The side flow is used to calibrate the sensitivity of sulfur detector. The optical detector is calibrated to approximate a concentration of sulfur in gaseous flow by the degree of color change to zeolite material. The zeolite material changes color when the concentration of sulfur in gaseous flow is at least 1 mg/m3. The zeolite material is regenerated by heating to 300degreesC and exposing zeolite material to a gas flow. The regeneration is performed after removing zeolite material from gaseous flow. The zeolite material is monitored after removing zeolite material form gaseous flow. The gaseous flow is a fuel. The gas flow carries away desorbed sulfur compounds. The substrate is an integral part of a system for gaseous flow. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The baffle is made of zirconium-based material derived from paste, metallic material derived from mixture of nickel metallic powder and binder, zirconia felt material, and ceramic material. The paste comprises alumina cement, zirconium oxide, zirconia felt, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Condition: The batch redox is +27 to +35, preferably +28 to +33. The glass has a glass redox of greater than or equal to0.06, preferably greater than or equal to0.04 and an infrared transmission of less than or equal to90%. The glass substrate has a %TS of greater than or equal to90, preferably greater than or equal to91%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass comprises ferrous oxide (greater than or equal to0.004, preferably greater than or equal to0.002%); sulfur trioxide (greater than or equal to0.27, preferably greater than or equal to0.30-0.50%); greater than or equal to2, preferably greater than or equal to5 of erbium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium (less than or equal to2 parts per million); cerium oxide (0-0.07, preferably less than or equal to0.01%); and antimony oxide (0-0.01%) .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is amine borane compound and/or boron-hydride compound. EXAMPLE - A glass substrate was immersed into an aqueous solution having pH of 12.5 and containing lactic acid (in mol/l) (3) and copper sulfate (0.4), and electrolyzed at 45degreesC with cathode-current-density of 1 mA/cm2 and electric charge of 1 C/cm2 to form cuprous oxide film of thickness of 1.3 microns. The glass substrate having cuprous-oxide film was immersed in aqueous solution containing dimethylamine borane (0.01) at 30degreesC for 5 seconds to obtain copper layer having film thickness of 100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film solar cell, i.e. a film, contains zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A chelating species of the chelating agent in the chemical solution is amino carboxylic acid and/or phosphonic acid type chelating agent. Water or 1-5C alcohol is used as oxygen source. The transparent conductive layer uses diethyl zinc or dimethyl zinc as zinc source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell is silicon-crystal type photovoltaic cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: Element (E) other than aluminum contained in the aluminum-containing alloy is titanium, vanadium, zirconium, antimony, chromium or boron. The content of element (E) contained in the aluminum-containing alloy is 0.01-10 wt.%. Preferred Composition: A photoelectric transducer has an electrode layer containing the electroconductive paste, formed on whole surface of semiconductor substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main component of material of container is refractory material having oxide. Preferred Process: After performing boron removal process, molten silicon is discharged from the container. Metallic silicon melted by another heat melting unit is inserted to the container, or the container is heated by a heating unit, such that temperature fall of the container is prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture is added by moving the insertion unit in arbitrary directions to substantially horizontal surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The insertion unit has divisions, and openings in the bottom end surface. The insertion unit preferably has a periphery-like opening in the bottom end surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electrode comprises a hydrophilic porous substrate consisting of plastics materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The layer contains conductive transparent material selected from indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide, conductive non-transparent material selected from aluminum or copper and semiconducting material selected from silicon, germanium indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The layer of antireflective coating is made of silicon nitride or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent electrically conductive film has zinc oxide (002) rocking-curve half value width of 13.5degrees or more. The conductive film contains zinc oxide as a main component, and III group element oxide (7-40 wt.%). The conductive film is formed on the substrate through silicon nitride (SiNx) thin film. The base contains glass, quartz crystal, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, cycloolefin-type polymer and/or polycarbonate as a main component. The III group element is chosen from gallium, aluminum and indium.Preferred Process: The conductive film is formed by carrying out thin film formation, by applying bias voltage to the base. The thin film formation is based on sputtering method, vapor deposition method, vapor deposition ion-plating method, laser ablation method, or arc-plasma vapor deposition method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film includes at least one of Cu, In, and Ga.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic coating comprises aluminum oxide and/or titanium dioxide and/or zirconium dioxide and/or magnesium oxide. The housing section or the distributor element is formed from a metallic alloy containing aluminum and/or zirconium as the oxidisable constituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a transparent conductive substrate from indium tin oxide glass or fluorine tin oxide glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The titanium oxide (TiO2) film has a nanoparticle structure of 7-50 nm diameter. The TiO2 film has a thickness of 100-100000 nm. The indium phosphide (InP) photosensitive layer has a thickness of 1-10000 nm. The indium nitride (InN) photosensitive layer has a thickness of 1-10000 nm. Preferred Method: The photosensitized electrode is fabricated by:(A) placing a substrate coated with TiO2 in a reaction chamber;(B) pasting the TiO2 film with an InP solution having nanoparticles to obtain an InP photosensitive layer;(C) introducing hydrazoic acid (HN3) and a compound containing indium into the reaction chamber;(D) illuminating the InP photosensitive layer with UV light from a continuous UV lamp, excimer laser, semiconductor laser, gas laser, solid-state laser, liquid laser, chemical laser, or free-electron laser; and(E) obtaining an IN photosensitive layer coated on the InP photosensitive layer.Preferred Condition: The TiO2 film bears 600-900degreesC. The above specified steps are performed for 1-8 hours. Preferred Compound: The HN3 is a compound containing indium. Preferred Composition: A ratio of the HN3 to the compound containing indium is 1-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound containing indium is trimethylindium, triethylindium, indium-containing metallo-organic precursor, and a combination of indium-containing metallo-organic precursors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, indium phosphide, cadmium telluride, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate and the nanometer-scaled rods are made of indium gallium arsenide or mercury cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The metal microparticle contains metal chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, gold and silver. Support particle is dispersed into reaction material of liquid phase, and metal microparticle supported with support particles at the surface is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The density of nitrogen oxide of the bleed-air and sulfur oxide is 1 ppm or less. The density of the fluoride of the bleed-air and bromide is 1 ppm or less. The anode catalyst is made of ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent resin of low heat shrinkage percentage comprises polyimide resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin or polyethylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive gas is elected from the group consisting of ammonia, nitrogen or hydrogen with monosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A porous semiconductor layer of photoelectric transducer and solar cell having the gel electrolyte, contains metal oxide or metal sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The ratio of smectite in the electrolyte is 1-30 mass%. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte contains imidazolium or its salt as an electrolytic structural component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The basic functional group is quaternary ammonium group (-NR3+OH-), amino group (-NH2, NHR or -NR2), and/or their derivatives. Preferred Component: The electronic mediator is obtained by introducing basic functional group to substance chosen from anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid, anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, anthraquinone disulfonic acid, 2-ethyl anthraquinone, 2-methyl-1,4,-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, lapachol, 1,2-naphthaquinone-4-sulfonic acid, 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone and their derivatives. The electronic mediator is chosen from 1-aminoanthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone disulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-bromo-3-methyl-5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2,3-dimethyl-5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone.Preferred Property: The normal electrode potential of electronic mediator at pH of 7 is -0.13 V to -0.28 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous layer is formed of silicon, titanium oxide, silicon oxide and silicon nitride. The emitter layer is formed of doped silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carrier and the ridges are made of plastic e.g. polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-leading micro-crystalline silicon oxide layer is formed on the glass substrate. The upper thin section cell exhibits a zinc oxide coating on the glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomer is selected from peroxide cross linking ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer, dynamic cross linking olefin type thermoplastic elastomer, olefin crystallization pseudo crosslinking type olefin type thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid fuel is diesel oil, gasoline kerosene, methanol, ethanol and/or golden triangle energy fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additional film includes a sulfide (S), a selenide and/or an oxide of ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium. The Group VIA material film is a selenium (Se) film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The bottom and intermediate films comprise zinc, nickel, cobalt and/or copper (Cu). The surface of the substrate comprises iron and/or aluminum. At least one Group IB material film is a Cu film and at least one Group IIIA material film comprises an indium film (In) and a gallium (Ga) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The precursor material is selected from cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, nickel oxide, oxides of lanthanum, samarium, gadolinium, yttrium, scandium, strontium, barium, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas is reformed by passing gas through a conveyance pipe whose inner wall is coated with ceramic particles, or passing gas through the gaseous flow path provided with reforming net formed by coating mesh shaped net (12) with ceramic particles. Preferred gas: The gas is air. Preferred Particles: The ceramic particles are obtained by electrolyzing mixture of rutile-type titanium oxide particles and metal particles with solvent, and baking and substance precipitated on cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of water absorbing repelling unit consists of fluorine-type polymer having functional group having hydrophilicity, preferably sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group and/or hydroxyl group, antimicrobial agent, fibrous acrylic-type polymer and fluorine-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The wettability improvement agent has insulation, and is a silicone-type compound such as polydimethyl siloxane. The condensation polycyclic aromatic compound is polyacene compound or its derivative, preferably pentacene or its derivative.Preferred Properties: The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 100-100000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 2-400 ppm, preferably 2-50 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 100-500 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 2-200 ppm, preferably 2-30 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 500-100000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 2-400 ppm, preferably 20-50 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 100000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 20-400 ppm, preferably 20-50 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 500-10000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 2-450 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 500-1000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 35-45 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 1000-10000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 20-45 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 10000-30000 cSt, when the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 20-50 ppm. The viscosity of polydimethyl siloxane at 25degreesC is 30000-100000 cSt, then the content of polydimethyl siloxane in the mixture is 30-50 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic metal is selected from the group containing copper acetate and copper formate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent of the solution is selected from the group containing methanol, water, ethanol and propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organometallic complex is cis-bis (thiocyanate) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) complex, bis (tetrabutyl ammonium) cis-bis (thiocyanate) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-4'-carboxylate) ruthenium (II) complex, and/or tri (thiocyanate) (2,2',6',2"-terpyridyl-4,4',4"-tri carboxylic acid) ruthenium (II) complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The semiconductor contains at least one kind of metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: At least one or more indole compound (1 or 2) is used as pigment for the semiconductor electrode. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 48 indole compounds are disclosed, such as 3,7-bis-(1-(4-acetic carboxyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-nonane-2,4,6,8-tetraone of formula (1), 3,7-bis-(1-(4-proponic carboxyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-nonane-2,4,6,8-tetraone, 3,7-bis-(1-(4-cyclohexane carboxyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-nonane-2,4,6,8-tetraone, 3,7-bis-(1-(4-pentanoic carboxyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-meth-(Z)-ylidene)-nonane-2,4,6,8-tetraone, and (1Z,6Z)-1,7-bis-(4-(3-methyl benzoic carboxyl)-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)-2,6-di-p-nitro benzyl-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An antireflection coating (14) is located on the front surface. Preferred Material: The antireflection coating is made from plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, hydrogenated amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous carbon, titanium dioxide, silicon nitride, or intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The antireflection coating is also made of alloys. The electrical contact electrodes and current buses are made from aluminum, silver, copper or metal/alloys. The silicon-containing transition-passivating layer and p- and n-doped layers are made from intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon, ion implantation of a silicon containing material, doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon, silicon or hydrogenated silicon alloyed amorphous, micro/nano-crystalline or epitaxial structure, or equivalent alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst includes platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrode comprises aluminum, indium, tin, and/or zinc. Each crystalline semiconductor particle comprises silicon, germanium, or silicon-germanium and has a grain diameter of 1-99 microns or 1-999 nm. The semiconductor layer comprises polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or amorphous silicon. The second electrode comprises indium oxide, indium tin oxide, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Composition obtained by mixing composition (B) with water is used as composition (A). The volumetric fraction of solid in composition (B) is more than 0 volume% and 90 volume% or less. The composition (B) in liquid state and water are mixed. Heat is exchanged between surface of composition (B) and water. Preferred Salt: The mineral salt is magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride or calcium bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealant composition comprises an alkenyl terminated polyisobutylene oligomer, a polyfunctional alkenyl monomer, a silyl hardener having greater than or equal to2 silicon hydride functional groups, and a hydrosilylation catalyst. It may comprise a radiation-curable acrylate, urethane, polyether, polyolefin, polyester, or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A ratio of gold (Au) to the less noble metal(s) in the starting alloy is 50:50 (atom%) to 10:90 (atom%). The catalyst comprises Au-silver(Ag)-starting alloy, the ratio of gold to silver in the starting alloy is 45:55 (atom%) to 20:80 (atom%). After the dealloying step, the ratio of gold to the less noble metal in the porous structure is 100:0 (atom%) to 95:5 (atom%), determined using atom absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Preferred Process: The process further comprises a homogenization step, in which the starting alloy is held for an adequate time at a temperature just below the melting point; shaping starting alloy by pressing, stamping, rolling, bending, boring, hammering, cutting and/or milling; and annealing the shaped starting alloy. The dealloying step and the creation of the porous structure occur with the use of at least one wet chemical and/or one electrochemical process. The process further comprises activation of the material obtained after the partial dealloying at +40 to +80degreesC in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, optionally in the presence of carbon monoxide. The temperature of the carbon monoxide-containing medium is -50 to +150degreesC. Preferred Properties: The catalyst comprises a pore structure with diameters of 30-100 nm determined with scanning electron microscopy and a surface of 2-8 m2/g determined with the BET process. The catalyst comprises a powder, pellets, or a membrane-type structure, with the membrane-type structure having a thickness of as little as 100 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: At least one of the first part and the second part contains at least one light absorber that absorbs a light and generates a carrier. A third part is connected to a surface of the first electrode interposing between the first part and the first electrode, and the first part is supported on the first electrode by interposing the third part. At least one of the first part and the second part is formed by a polymerization of a monomer. The method involves forming of the second part including carrying out a living polymerization of the monomer, a growth end to react with the monomer being regenerated during the living polymerization, and the growth end is bonded to a substituent group included in the first part.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer contains the light absorber (preferably a coumarin skeleton) on a side chain branching from a main chain; at least one carrier mediating part, where the carrier mediating part mediating a transfer of a carrier generated in the light absorber to the first electrode, and the carrier mediating part is located at a position closer to the first electrode compared to the light absorber. A part of the main chain of the polymer working as the carrier mediating part, where the carrier mediating part contains a fullerene skeleton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) or a thermoplastic polymer with a glass transition temperature (Tg) less than about 150degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst has water electrolysis activity formed from iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, iridum, or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: Catalyst particles are electrode catalysts formed from the alloy of two or more metals from metal or platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, cobalt, nickel, iron, chromium, or manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material is acetylene black, Ketchen Black, talker black, activated carbon, graphite, carbon-nano fiber, or carbon nanotube. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive material is 0.01-0.4 mass part. EXAMPLE - 1000 g Dinitro di-amine platinum nitrate aqueous solution with 0.1 wt.% platinum (Pt) was injected to multi-branch carbon-fiber containing 50 ml ethanol and a catalyst particle raw material. The mixture was stirred and mixed at 25degreesC for 30 minutes. Then, it was disperse-mixed for 30 more minutes. A dispersion solution was heated in a water bath at 85-90degreesC for 2 hours, and carbon monoxide gas was bubbled for 30 minutes at 200 ml/minute in 10% dispersion solution. After the liquid coloring advanced the reductive reaction to become colorless and transparent, the obtained reaction liquid was filtered. Solid content was isolated. The mixture was washed with pure water, and dried at 80degreesC for 8 hours. 45 wt.% Pt was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Same or different solid acid catalyst is used for processes (I,II). The naphtha fraction, and low octane number compound (I) and/or low octane number compound (II) are contacted with the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Low octane number compound (II) is processed by isomerization process (II) with low octane number compound (I). Low octane number compound (II) containing linear saturated-fat group hydrocarbon is processed with naphtha fraction at isomerization process (I). The separation process is carried out using an adsorption agent containing silicon, aluminum and/or carbon, a separation membrane, and/or super-fractionation. Preferred Composition: A gasoline composition obtained using the base material has a research octane number of 90 or more, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, and a linear saturated fat group hydrocarbon compound content of 9 vol.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst includes group VIII element chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The vapor deposition material is platinum, gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt, manganese and/or alloy. The superconductive support consists of carbonaceous material, preferably graphite carbon, carbon fiber, carbon cloth, carbon paper, activated carbon, carbon nano horn, carbon nanotube, carbon nano coil and/or fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The container is made from a constant coolant material, particularly polypropylene or a polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film is selected from polyester terephthalate (PET), polyester naphthalate (PEN), and corresponding copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The deposited polycrystalline silicon is further purified. The metal is chosen from potassium, cesium, strontium, rubidium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and aluminum, preferably aluminum having purity of 99.9 wt.% or more. The purity (in wt.%) is shown by a relation: purity=100-(Fe+Cu+Ga+Ti+Ni+Na+Mg+Zn). The gas flow rate in the section having temperature (T2) is 0.62-1000 m/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Chlorosilane: The chlorosilane is chosen from tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane, and monochlorosilane. The raw material is independent chlorosilane or mixed gas of chlorosilane and inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The most frequent diameter of indium oxide powder having size range of 0.2-1 microns, 1-4 microns and 4-50 microns, is 0.3-0.8 microns, 1-3 microns and 5-20 microns, respectively. At least three peaks exists in size range of 0.2-50 microns. The frequency of most frequent diameter of particles having size range of 0.2-1 microns and 1-4 microns are 1.5% or more. Preferred Composition: Indium oxide powder and stannic oxide powder are mixed to obtain premix fine particles used as precursor of indium tin oxide sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complex agent is a compound which carries out complexing of silver ion and forms water-soluble silver compound into aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is cauterized, with a solution containing 1-30 wt.% of sodium cyanate and 0.1-5 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide in water, after the processing of (I) and before the application of a further layer. The cauterizing is carried out by immersing the substrate into the solution or by moistening the substrate. The substrate is rinsed after cauterizing. The substrate is coated with a buffer layer, after depositing (I) by means of chemical treatment phase. The bath contains approximately 0.01-5 wt.% of sodium hydroxide and/or sodium chloride, based on the portion of water. The substrate was rinsed after the bath deposition. Preferred Components: The buffer layer comprises cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc-selenium, indium sulfide, zinc oxide, lead-selenium or magnesium oxide. EXAMPLE - A back contact layer and copper-indium-(selenium)2-absorber layer were applied on a glass substrate. The undesirable copper sulfide was removed with a sodium free etching solution. After etching the absorber layer, it was provided with a cadmium sulfide buffer layer. A solution of cadmium-actinium in ammonia was dissolved in warm water at 60degreesC. Then thiourea and sodium hydroxide (0.06 wt.%, based on the quantity of water) were added. The substrate was immersed for 7 minutes into the solution and subsequently immediately washed and dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrical connection provides electrons to the glassy sugar matrix under reducing condition, i.e. exposure to sunlight. The electrical transfer composition further comprises another electrical connection for receiving electrons from the glassy sugar matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The surface comprises a surface monolayer of less than or equal to5.6x106 (preferably less than or equal to2.8x106) gold atoms per microns2. Preferred Component: The catalyst composition further comprises nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass substrate, sapphire substrate, plastic substrate or silicon substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-metal compound is material selected from Ni(C5H5)2, Ni(CH3C5H4), Ni(C5H7O2)2, Ni(C11H19O2)2, Ni(C7H16NO) and Ni(C7H17NO2). The organic-metal compound is provided as solution comprising n-heptane as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modified free acid type heteropolyacid is of formula (1): Hm(X(Y'OH)aOb).nH2O.X=heteropolyacid salt obtained after eliminating structure atoms;Y'=silicon, titanium, aluminum or zirconium;m,n=1 or more;anda=1 or 2.When a is 1, b is 0 and when a is 2, b is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tolerance for the heights of the projections is set conforming to JISZ8103 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An amorphous silicon or crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer is formed on substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The zeolite is of sodalite (SOD) structure or AST structure. The crystal shape of the zeolite is needle-like or columnar. Preferred Compound: The zeolite further contains silicon. EXAMPLE - Pseudo-boehmite (in g) (8.63), phosphoric acid (14.4), cyclohexyl amine (6.2) and water (37.2) were mixed and left still at 200degreesC for 168 hours to obtain solid substance. The obtained solid substance was filtered, water washed and baked at 550degreesC or more for 4 hours to remove cyclohexyl amine. Thus, synthesis of ALPO-17 (RTM: zeolite) was carried out. The obtained zeolite was subjected to adsorption at 40degreesC and 38% relative humidity, and to desorption at 90degreesC and 2% relative humidity. The zeolite having sodalite structure and erionite structure was obtained. The zeolite was a 3-dimensional structure containing 6-membered oxygen ring and needle-shaped crystals, and having pore diameter of 2.2 Angstrom based on X-ray diffraction evaluation. Zeolite had initial difference in adsorption amount of 20 g/100g, when measured at 5% relative humidity and 25% relative humidity. Adsorption and desorption were repeated for 300 and 500 cycles. Zeolite had difference in adsorption amount of 20 g/100g, when measured at 5% relative humidity and 25% relative humidity, after 300 cycles. Zeolite had difference in adsorption amount of 21.7 g/100g, when measured at 5% relative humidity and 25% relative humidity, after 500 cycles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal phthalocyanine complex is cobalt phthalocyanine, iron phthalocyanine and/or manganese phthalocyanine. The weakly alkaline metal salt is sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium citrate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate and/or potassium citrate. The metal zeolite is copper zeolite, silver zeolite, zinc zeolite and/or platinum zeolite. Preferred Composition: The content of metal phthalocyanine complex and weakly alkaline metal salt supported by activated carbon mixed paper is 200-20000 micrograms/g and 5-50 mg/g, respectively. The content of activated carbon in activated carbon mixed paper is 40-80 wt.%. The content of metal zeolite supported on fiber is 50-200 mg/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The filter (I) is honeycomb or corrugated filter. The filter (II) is pleat filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The modified carbon material is an azo radical polymerization initiator which has a structure of formula (I): HOOC-(R2)n-C(R1)(CN)-N=N-C(R1)(CN)-(R2)n-COOH.R1=1-4C alkyl;R2=1-6C alkylene; andn=1-6.The azo radical polymerization initiator is 4,4-azobis 4-cyano valeric acid. The carbon material is vapor-phase-epitaxy carbon fiber or carbon nanotube.Preferred Properties: The carbon material is fibrous hollow material or non-hollow material having fiber diameter of 10-300 nm and fiber length of 10 nm-1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The base material is substance having linear molecule, or is a sheet material consisting of polymer or carbon material. EXAMPLE - Single wall carbon nanotube (1 mg) were dissolved in N,N'-dimethyl formamide to form addition solution. 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1.2 g) and zinc nitrate tetrahydrate (11 g) were added to the addition solution. Complex particles (Zn4O(2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate anion)3.(dimethyl formamide)6) were precipitated on carbon nanotube surface. The complex binding group material were separated from solvent and again mixed with dimethyl formamide. Bulky complex bonding group material was immersed in chloroform for 24 hours. The guest molecule (dimethyl formamide) in the complex was substituted by chloroform. The chloroform was removed to form hydrogen absorption material. The obtained material had excellent hydrogen absorption property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical compound comprises phosphorus pentoxide and phosphorus chloride oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Group IIIA material comprises Ga and In.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inorganic matrix comprises inorganic matrix material obtained by subjecting fine particles of metal oxide (preferably titanium oxide) to hydrothermal reaction treatment under strong alkali having a pH of greater than or equal to10. The hydrothermal reaction treatment is conducted in an aqueous solution containing at least one type of base, e.g. lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may be designed as a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion apparatus, in which a photosensitizing dye is retained in the semiconductor layer, an electron of photosensitizing dye excited by absorbing light is drawn out into the semiconductor layer, and the photosensitizing dye which has lost the electron is reduced by a reducing agent in the electrolyte layer. Preferred Components: The inorganic matrix material is crystalline nanomaterial having a diameter of 2-80 nm, a length of greater than or equal to100 nm and a composition of (M,H)xTiyOz.M=alkali metal element(s), e.g. Li, Na, or K; andx-z=positive number.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conducting transparent material comprises indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: At least a portion of the nanostructures comprises Group II-VI, Group III-V, or Group I-V semiconductors or their alloys. The population of nanostructures comprises nanorods, comprising cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury telluride, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, indium antimonide, silicon, germanium, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimonide, lead selenide, and/or lead telluride. The population of nanorods comprises a core of first inorganic material and a shell of a second inorganic material. The core comprises CdSe and the shell comprises CdTe. The core comprises InP and the shell comprises GaAs. At least one of the first and second electrodes comprises a reflective metal comprising aluminum, calcium, nickel, or copper. The high resistivity transparent film comprises aluminum oxide deposited by an atomic layer deposition process. The inorganic photoactive layer is a sintered layer. Preferred Method: The sintered layer is sintered to undergo crystal grain growth, or recrystallization and crystal grain growth. The sintered layer is formed by exposing the inorganic photoactive layer to cadmium chloride and then heating the cadmium chloride-exposed layer in air at an 400degreesC for approximately 15 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant precursor can be diluted with the carrier including argon, hydrogen and helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride comprises sodium tetrahydroborate, magnesium tetrahydroborate, lithium tetrahydroborate, aluminum tetrahydroborate, beryllium tetrahydroborate, zirconium tetrahydroborate, calcium tetrahydroborate, potassium tetrahydroborate, lithium hydride, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride, calcium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride and lithium aluminum hydride. The catalyst comprises cobalt, ruthenium, and platinum, palladium, nickel, iron, gold, silver, manganese, rhenium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium and cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic material comprises polyamides, polycarbonates, polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters, polyvinylidene fluoride and polybutyl terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The non-gas transmitting layer comprises an aromatic polyimide or aluminum. Each belt has a second thermoplastic resin layer on an opposite surface of the non-gas transmitting layer to the first thermoplastic resin layer. The first thermoplastic resin layer comprises a fluorine-containing thermoplastic resin, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene resin; and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The second thermoplastic resin layer comprises a fluorine-containing thermoplastic resin or a fluorine-containing rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: At least one of the block copolymer sub-cells further comprises conjugated donor blocks and conjugated acceptor blocks which are alternately joined by non-conjugated and flexible bridge chains and are further formed into a tertiary bicontinuous nano-morphology layer in the form of columns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrodes comprise titanium dioxide/platinum or tungsten oxide/platinum. The dye sensitized electrodes comprise ruthenium. The electrolyte comprises iodide and/or iodine ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass composition of homogenizer contains 67-75 % silicon dioxide, 4-7 % sodium oxide, 9-15 % boric oxide, 0.5-4 % aluminum oxide, 1-12 % potassium oxide, 0-4 % barium oxide, 0-3 % magnesium oxide, 0-2 % calcium oxide, 0-3 % zirconium oxide and 0.02-0.4 % antimony oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The silicon compound film comprises silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spacer consists of materials such as glass, quartz, alumina and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The spacer also consists of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide and polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent consists of substance such as acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyisobutylene resin, urethane resin, silicone resin, ionomer resin, polyolefin resin, glass frit, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The organic thin film is covalently bonded on the silicone fine particle surface through silicon molecule containing functional group, by one end to another end. The functional group is a reactive functional group. The reactive functional group is functional group having reactivity, photoreactivity, radical reactivity or ionic reaction property, preferably epoxy group, amino group or chalcone group. Preferred Film: The organic thin film covalently bonded to the surface is a monolayer. Preferred Catalyst: The silanol condensation catalyst used in the manufacture of the silicone fine particles, is ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound.
EXAMPLE - A dispersion liquid was obtained by dispersing rayon pulp and bleached soft wood pulp in water, and the dispersion liquid was paper-made into a sheet. The sheet was dried and a resin solution obtained by dissolving phenol resin in ethanol was impregnated into the sheet. The sheet was dried at normal temperature, semi-hardened at 100degreesC, and several sheets were laminated. The laminate was hot-pressure molded at 150degreesC and bake-carbonized at 1000degreesC. The obtained porous carbon material was subjected to ozone oxidation treatment, to obtain a hydrophilic porous carbon material. The carbon material had excellent hydrophilicity and material strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte component is water-soluble resin having photosensitive group obtained by carrying out pendant of azide, stilbene or chalcone photosensitive group to polyvinyl alcohol acetate saponified material or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio (Lax100/(Ti+La)) of lanthanum with respect to titanium and lanthanum is 0.5-90 mass%. The titania-type material further contains phosphorus. The lanthanum compound is lanthanum nitride and/or lanthanum chlorinated salt. The titanium compound is titanium chloride and/or titanium sulfate. An aqueous acid or an aqueous alkali solution is added to the solution, and titania-type material is settled. Preferably, phosphoric acid compound or its aqueous solution is added, and titania-type material is settled. The phosphoric acid compound is phosphoric acid. Preferred Property: The peak area ratio of titania-type material in 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum is 70% or more. The number of phosphorus-oxygen-titanium bondings is determined from an equation: number of phosphorus-oxygen-titanium bondings=S1x100/S0+S1+S2+S3+S4, where S0-S4 are peak area corresponding to 0-4 phosphorus atoms, respectively. The wire-crystal is radially orientated. The concentration of titanium compound in the solution is 5 mmol/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is chosen from porphyrin pigment, phthalocyanine pigment, cyanine dye, merocyanine pigment and coumarin pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composite electrode is formed by electrolytic polymerization in mixed solution containing precursor of conductive polymer (a) and pigment. The electrolytic polymerization is performed by flowing the mixed solution relatively with respect to the conductive layer. The conductive layer is formed by casting method. The conductive polymers (a,b) are chosen from polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene and their derivatives. The conductive polymers have thiophene as repeating unit. Preferred Property: The conductive layer has thickness of 0.01-10 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lightweight heat-insulating compact contains zirconium oxide and/or silicon carbide (c) (30-40), and fiber reinforcing material (d) (10-20). Preferred Process: The drying solidification of water is carried out by adding water (200-300) with respect to mixture (100). EXAMPLE - N-20 (RTM: fumed silica having particle diameter of 12 nm) (in weight parts) (100), TISMOD (RTM: potassium titanate fiber having fiber length of 10-20 microns and fiber diameter of 0.3-0.6 microns) (29), UEP zirconium oxide (RTM: zirconium oxide having particle size of 1 microns distributed in 50 +/- 10% and specific surface area of 20-35 m2/g) (36) and glass fiber (14) were stirred uniformly in a container. Then, water (430) was added gradually to the resulting mixture, to form gel-form mixture. The obtained gel-form mixture was poured into a predetermined formwork, to obtain a form. The form was heat processed at 750degreesC for 7 hours, moisture content was removed and dried, to obtain a heat insulating compact having bulk density of 0.29 g/cm3 and heat conductivity of 0.025 W/mK. The back temperature of compact was maintained at 50degreesC or less when the surface of heat insulating compact was heated at 550degreesC, and found that the heat insulating compact had high heat insulation effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The temperature of to-be-rolled sheet is measured with a non-contact thermometer. The temperature control is performed by changing the rotation speed of the kneading roll and/or calendering roll, or by cooling the kneading roll and/or calendering roll with water. A warning is emitted, and temperature control is automatically performed, when temperature of the to-be-rolled sheet on kneading roll and/or calendering roll is greater than predetermined temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The polycrystalline silicon is subjected to direct solidification to obtain polycrystalline silicon of high purity. The low temperature portion is maintained at a temperature more than the melting point of the molten metal, preferably 1100degreesC or less, while introducing the chlorosilane gas into molten metal. The temperature difference between the hot section and low temperature portion is 50degreesC or more. The chlorosilane gas is introduced as chlorosilane gas alone or as mixed gas with inert gas. The concentration of chlorosilane in the mixed gas is 10 volume% or more. Preferred Gas: The chlorosilane is tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane and/or monochlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and/or aluminum, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for the low band gap is one or any color combination of GaAs, GaInAs, GaInAsN, GaInAsNSb, GaInP, GaInP, GaPN, GaInPN, InPN, InN, InNAs, GaInPAsN, InP, AlGaInP, GaAsP, AlGaAs, GaInAsP, GaSb, InSb, InAs, Ge, SiGe, SiGeC, siGeSn, ZnGeAs, ZnGeSiAs, CuAlGaInS, CuAlGaInSe, as long as the alloy of lower band gap than the host surrounding barrier layers and/or base/emitter material(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The converting device converts the metallic precursor with sulfur and/or selenium to chalcopyrite layers of Copper lanthanide Gallium Selenium Sulfur (CIGSS) solar cells in the reaction chamber of the rapid thermal processing (RTP) furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction time is less than 30 mm.The temperature is 100-150degreesC, preferably 110-130degreesC.The by-product is dissolved in surplus solvent, filtrated, re-crystallized and converted into magnesium halide and solvent. It is decomposed thermally into magnesium halide and solvent.The degree of recycling of the liquid is more than 95%, preferably more than 99%.The magnesium chloride is converted to magnesium and chlorine. Magnesium is recycled to magnesium hydride.Chlorine is recycled with silicon and optionally hydrogen to halosilanes.Preferred Component: The liquid reaction medium comprises a solvent for magnesium halide.The by-product comprises magnesium chloride, preferably in a dissolved state, and/or magnesium chloride as a complexed compound.The halosilanes are trichlorosilane and tetrachlorosilane.The halide is chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is tetrahydrofuran or an ether. It may be dioxane, diethylether, dimethoxy ethane, or dibutyl ether. EXAMPLE - Under inert conditions 5.68 mmol magnesium hydride was mixed with 22.72 mmol tetrahydrofuran and 1.42 mmol silicon tetrachloride in a reactor. The reactor was sealed in argon atmosphere and immersed in a glycerol bath held at 20degreesC. The content of the reactor was stirred. The reaction time was 30 minutes, including heating up the reactor system. Analysis (GC) disclosed silane production of 1.41 mmol corresponding to a yield of 99% with respect to silicon tetrachloride and hydrogen production of 0.149 mmol corresponding to a yield of 3% with respect to magnesium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The buffered aqueous solution containing copper, indium and selenium comprises copper (II) chloride, indium (III) chloride and selenious acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conductor: The ion conductor further contains an organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=H;    X3=H or methyl, when M1 is non-fluorine type carbonate group containing structural unit or F or trifluoromethyl when M1 is fluorine containing type carbonate group containing structural unit;    Rf1=structural unit of formula: -Ra-Rf3-X;    Rf3=fluorine containing ether unit of formula: -(OCF2CF2CF2)n-, -(CF2CF2CF2O)n-, -(OCFZ1CF2)n-, -(CFZ1CF2O)n-, -(OCF2CFZ1)n-, -(CF2CFZ1O)n-, -(OCFZ2)n, -(CFZ2O)n-, -(OCH2CF2CF2)n-, -(CH2CF2CF2O)n-, (OCF2CF2CH2)n-, -(CF2CF2CH2O)n-, -(OCH2CH2CF2)n-, -(CH2CH2CF2O)n-, -(OCF2CH2CH2)n-, -(CF2CH2CH2O)n-, -(OCF2CF2CF2CF2)n-, -(CF2CF2CF2CF2O)n, -(OCFZ2CH2)n-, -(CH2CFZ2O)n-, -(OCH(CH3)CF2CF2)n-, -(CH(CH3)CF2CF2O)n-, -(OCF2CF2CH(CH3))n-, -(CF2CF2CH(CH3)O)n-, -(OCZ32)n-, and -(CZ32O)n-;    Z1 and Z2=H, F, or CF3;    Z3=CF3;    n=1-3;    X=fluorine containing alkyl group optionally containing halogen atom or 1-20C cross-linkable functional group;and    Ra=alkylene group optionally containing bond or fluorine atom, and -O-O-bond is not included in -Ra-Rf3-X.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic: The film strip is made of plastic film, conductive plastic film or conductive rubber film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is non-polar hydrocarbon group organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The hardenable fluororesin is hardenable fluororesin soluble in organic solvent. The hardenable fluororesin is hydroxyl-containing fluorine- containing copolymer having hydroxyl value of more than 5 mgKOH/g, and total of hydroxyl value and acid value of more than 30 mgKOH/g. Preferred Hardener: The hardener is isocyanate group hardener or amino resin hardener. Preferred Layer: The top coat layer of fluororesin cured material is directly provided on transparent resin layer. The transparent resin layer has light transmittance of 80% or more. The transparent resin layer is polycarbonate layer, polyethylene terephthalate layer or acrylic resin layer. EXAMPLE - Veova 9 (RTM: vinyl monomer) (in mass parts) (554.5), vinylbenzoate (69.1), butyl acetate (2500) and 4-hydroxy butyl vinylether (83.5) were added to autoclave and pressure was reduced. Tetrafluoro ethylene (280) was added and heated. Perbutyl PV (RTM: peroxide group polymerization initiator) (28.38) was added and polymerized. Fluorine-containing copolymer having number average molecular weight of 9000 and glass transition temperature of 30degreesC was obtained. The obtained copolymer (100) was dissolved in coal tar naphtha (100) to obtain solution having solid content of 50 mass%. Duranate TSA-100 (RTM: isocyanate group hardener) (15.3), ultraviolet absorber (4), gamma-glycidoxy propyl triethoxy silane (10) and coal tar naphtha (50) were mixed to obtain coating material composition. A laminated film having transparent resin layer and top coat layer formed using the coating material composition was manufactured. The laminated film had favorable transparency, workability, solvent resistance, weather resistance and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal such as gold, platinum, silver, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, copper, titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and chromium, interconnects are formed between the substrate and the inner sections for interconnecting the inner sections.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is iron base alloys, stainless steels, and/or nickel base alloys. The silicon is present at 1.5-3 wt.%. The bi-polar plate includes titanium (0.01-3 wt.%). Preferred Methods: A natural melt process is used to integrate the silicon into the metal to form the high-energy surface on flow channel(s). Preferred Properties: The surface has a wettability contact angle of less than 40, preferably less than 20degrees.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A surface of the collection region of the sheet support platen contains silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron nitride, graphite, or boron carbide. The feed material is a granular solid silicon containing material that is 1-3 mm in size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first material is nickel, titanium, molybdenum, and/or their alloys. The second material comprises copper, silver, aluminum and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive particles comprise carbon particles selected from graphite, amorphous carbon, active carbon, or carbon black; and a metal oxide selected from titanium, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, or cobalt. The layer additionally comprises nanotubes containing carbon or an oxide of manganese, titanium, or tungsten. The weight of the nanotubes is at least 0.1% of the weight of the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylformamide. The second solvent is water. The mixture has a viscosity of at least 3000 (preferably at least 200000) centipoise.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride or a polysulfone. The weight ratio of the polymer and the electrically conductive particles is at most 2:1 or at least 1:2. The porous layer has an air permeability of at least 0.5 cfm; and has a through-plane resistivity of at most 4 ohm-cm. The weight of the polymer is at most 7 (preferably at least 3) wt.% of the first solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor bulk matrix material comprises III-IV compound semiconductors, II-VI compound semiconductors, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, SiC and ternary and quaternary alloys. The electric insulator comprises oxides, nitrides, and oxynitrides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The catalyst is consisting of nano-platinum, nano-gold, nano-ruthenium, nano-silver, nano-cobalt, nano-platinum ruthenium alloys, nano-platinum-cobalt alloy, nano-platinum supported on carbon, nano-gold supported on carbon, nano-ruthenium supported on carbon, nano-silver supported on carbon, nano-cobalt supported on carbon, nano-platinum ruthenium alloys supported on carbon, and nano-platinum cobalt alloy supported on carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The resin dispersing solution comprises 0.01-3 wt.% resins and solvent. The micro-porous membrane is supported by a support consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) felts, polypropylene felts, polyethylene nets, or PET non-woven fabrics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion macromolecule secondary battery, and/or a lithium metal macromolecule secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The TCC layers are made of material selected from zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, indium molybdenum oxide, indium titanium oxide, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide (AlGaAsSb), aluminum indium arsenide (AlInAs), aluminum gallium indium antimonide (AlGaInSb), aluminum gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN), silicon carbide (SiC), and zinc selenide telluride (ZnSeTe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The naphtha fraction is contacted with the solid acid catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Preferred Composition: A gasoline composition obtained using the base material has a research octane number of 90 or more, a sulfur content of 10 mass ppm or less, preferably 1 mass ppm or less, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, and a linear saturated-fat group hydrocarbon content of 9 vol.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst is same for both stages, and contains elements of group IV (zirconium, titanium, hafnium and/or tin), group VI (tungsten, sulfur and/or molybdenum), and VIII (platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt and/or nickel). The solid acid catalyst is zirconia platinum sulfate, zirconia platinum tungstate, and/or stannic oxide platinum sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Same or different solid acid catalyst is used for processes (I,II). The naphtha fraction, and low octane number compound (I) and/or low octane number compound (II) are contacted with the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Low octane number compound (I) is processed by isomerization process (II). Low octane number compound (II) is processed by isomerization process (II) with product (I), or with naphtha fraction, or with low octane number compound (I). Low octane number compound (II) containing linear saturated-fat group hydrocarbon is separated into saturated-fat group hydrocarbon having branch(es) and saturated-fat group hydrocarbon having 2 or more branches. The separation process is carried out using an adsorption agent containing silicon, aluminum and/or carbon, a separation membrane, and/or super-fractionation. Preferred Composition: A gasoline composition obtained using the base material has a research octane number of 90 or more, a sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, 50 vol.% distillation temperature of 100degreesC or less, a vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less, and a linear saturated fat group hydrocarbon compound content of 9 vol.% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst includes group IV element chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and tin, group VI element chosen from tungsten, sulfur and molybdenum, and VIII element chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst is hydrogen, group IV element, group VI element and group VIII element. The group IV element is titanium, zirconium, hafnium and/or tin. The group VI element is tungsten, sulfur and/or molybdenum. The group VIII element is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, iron, cobalt, and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The low octane number compound contains saturated fat group hydrocarbon having one or less branches. The high octane number compound contains saturated fat group hydrocarbon having two or more branches. The separation factor of low octane number compound with respect to high octane number compound is 10 or more. Preferred Method: The separation process is carried out using an adsorption agent chosen from silicon, aluminum and/or carbon, and a separation membrane by super fractionation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is silver or platinum.Preferred Property: The metal fine particles have particle diameter of 20 nm or less, and density of 5x1016 pieces per 1 m2 of photocatalyst substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The separated metal microparticle fixed photocatalyst substance is further dried.Preferred Compound: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The liquid in the solar cell module consists of organic solvent, d-limonene, xylene and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium oxide solid content of particles (A) is 100 mass% and that of particles (B) is 1-90 mass%.Preferred Property: Particles (B) have an anatase structure.Preferred Process: An aqueous solution of water-soluble titanium salt having a titania concentration of 0.5-10 mass% is maintained at 40-75degreesC. An aqueous slurry of precipitated titanium hydroxide having a pH of 4.5-6.5 is formed by adding a water-soluble alkali at 0.033-2 equivalent ratio in 1 minute, into the aqueous solution w.r.t 1 equivalent of acid radical contained in titanium salt. The precipitated titanium hydroxide is recovered by removing impurities and water contained in the slurry. A water-soluble acid of 0.05-0.5 equivalent w.r.t aqueous medium is mixed with 1 mol. of precipitated titanium hydroxide, to obtain a reaction mixture of precipitated titanium hydroxide (1-45 mass% by titania conversion). The hydroxide and water-soluble acid are reacted until hydrosol of amorphous titanium oxide (1-45 mass%) is formed, by maintaining the reaction temperature at freezing point-boiling point. Thus, fine particles (B) are obtained. The aqueous medium in the hydrosol is substituted with an organic solvent (dispersion medium) having a boiling point of 100-210degreesC. Alternately, water is contained as dispersion medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersion liquid further contains a macromolecule having affinity w.r.t water, and a silane-coupling agent (1-30 mass%). The macromolecule is a solid at 25degreesC, and is preferably polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol. The solid content of macromolecule is 0.01-30 mass% w.r.t 100 mass% of fine particles.Preferred Properties: A porous membrane formed using the dispersion liquid has a film thickness of 5-50 microns and contains a visible-light absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A translucent adhesive agent of solar cell module contains an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The circuit board is a glass substrate or polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material for metal mesh is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, copper, titanium, nickel, iron, zinc or molybdenum.
EXAMPLE - Vinyl trimethoxysilane (in wt.pts) (2.5) and dicumylperoxide (0.1), were mixed with metallocene linear low density polyethylene (100) having density of 0.898 g/cm3, were heat-mixed at 200degreesC, to obtain silane modified resin. Metallocene linear low density polyethylene powder (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, metallocene low density polyethylene pellets (50) having density of 0.9 g/cm3, benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorbers (3.75), hindered amine light stabilizer (5) and phosphorus-type heat stabilizing agent (0.5), were heat-mixed, to obtain master batch. The obtained silane modified resin (20), master batch (5) and metallocene linear low density polyethylene (80) having density of 0.905 g/cm3, were mixed to obtain filler. The obtained filler had favorable haze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The new halogenated imidazolium is obtained by reacting N-substituted imidazole and alkyl halide using acid-contacted instrument.Preferred Condition: The instrument is contacted with pure water after contacting with acid. EXAMPLE - Hydrochloric acid was diluted with pure water to 10%. A flask was immersed in the hydrochloric acid overnight for 18 hours. The flask was then washed with pure water, and dried under argon airflow. 1-methyl imidazole (100 g) and ethyl bromide (160 g) were reacted in the flask at 30degreesC for 10 hours. Excess ethyl bromide was distilled off after reaction completion, to obtain 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide (233). The obtained imidazolium bromide had iron content of 0.5 ppm or less and calcium content of 0.5 ppm or less. The compound had excellent electrochemical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is a compound comprising water or a weak acid and a photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water upon receiving light or heat. The solar battery includes a positive electrode substrate that is a compound formed by mixing particles and fibers of a conductor to desired ratio that can emit electromagnetic waves with at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions and active carbon, or their compound. The positive electrode substrate is made from active carbon or active carbon fibers. The photo catalyst is titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, cadmium sulfide, or zinc sulfide formed at a nanometer scale. The solar battery includes a non-photo catalyst that activates or ionizes water in no light or heat condition. The non-photo catalyst is at least infrared nano ceramics, nano anion material, nano carbon, nano carbon tubes, nano silver ions, nano gold ions, active carbon, or an acid root. The solar battery has an absorbent located between the positive electrode substrate and the film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar battery includes a negative electrode substrate from aluminum, zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and zinc and lithium and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium, alloys of aluminum and magnesium, alloys of aluminum and lithium and magnesium, alloys of zinc and lithium, alloys of zinc and magnesium, or alloys of zinc and lithium and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film is made from polymers or a conversion coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wiring element is a copper wire or a copper foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fillers and filler sheet are formed of a material selected from the group consisting of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, silicone and polyvinylbutyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current-collecting plates are made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealings comprise fluoroelastomer, ethylene propylene diene monomer, polyisobutylene, and thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The fuel gas supplied to the anode of the fuel cell, contains hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is a-sapphire, c-sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon, scandium-aluminum-oxide and zinc oxide in the form of foils or sheets or metal foils or sheets. The conductive layer is formed of a compound of indium, tin oxide, zinc oxide, optionally doped with tin, elementary metal, gold, silver, nickel, and/or composites and their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is glass, quartz glass, organic polymers, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second chamber is filled with ion exchange beads having diameters 0.1-1 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The liquid extracting membrane comprises hydrophilic foam. The gas extracting membrane comprises PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum is 0.5-10 pbw. The cerium is 1-20 pbw. Preferred Material: The oxide carrier is formed of alumina (Al2O3), titanium oxide, zirconia (ZrO2), stabilized zirconia, and/or cerium oxide. Preferred Component: The dispersing medium is water. Preferred Dimension: The specific surface area of the oxide carrier is 10-1000 m2/g. The platinum is in the form of platinum particles having an average particle size of 1-10 nm. Preferred Property: The platinum dispersion is 60-99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersing medium is alcohol. EXAMPLE - 0.22 g of platinum ammonia nitrate, 2.42 g of cerium nitrate hexahydrate and 10 g of gamma-alumina were added to 50 ml water, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours. The mixture was vacuum dried at 60degreesC to remove the solvent, then dried in an oven at 110degreesC for 16 hours and then calcined at 500degreesC for 2 hours in air. Subsequently, the resultant was reduced in the oven at 300degreesC for 2 hours in hydrogen atmosphere to prepare platinum-cerium/gamma-aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal substrate is composed of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, aluminum alloy, copper alloy, stainless steel, gold and mono-metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An oxide is formed at the surface of semiconductor-silicon material at heating. Phosphorus is isolated from semiconductor-silicon material with oxide, by etching or grinding. Evaporation removal of phosphorus contained in semiconductor-silicon material is carried out, or isolation of phosphorus moved to surface of semiconductor-silicon material is carried out by heat processing. Further, boron contained in semiconductor-silicon material is removed by oxidation treatment. Boron is inactivated with thermal donor, after heating semiconductor-silicon material at 300-500degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealing compound is photocurable sealing compound. The (B) component contains cationic initiator (B1) and radical polymerization initiator (B2). The sealing compound further contains polyfunctional epoxy resin (C) having glycidyl group in side chain. Preferred Process: The sealing compound is obtained by blending (B) component (in weight parts) (0.5-10) and (C) component (10-90) with respect to (A) component (100). EXAMPLE - YX8034 (RTM: hydrogenated bisphenol-A epoxy resin) (in weight parts) (100), Darocur 1173 (RTM: optical radical polymerization supporting agent) (1) and SP-170 (RTM: photo cationic polymerization initiated) (1) were stirred at 50degreesC for 1 hour to obtained a composition. Glass fiber (3 wt.%) having particle size of 15 mm was added to the obtained composition and stirred to obtain a sealing compound. A dye-sensitized solar cell was obtained using the obtained sealing compound. The dye-sensitized solar cell had excellent electrolyte liquid proof characteristics and high yield electric power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel bag is formed on material selected from the group consisting of silicone rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene-ternary type rubber (EPDM), polyvinyl-acetate-ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (PVAc-EVA), polyvinyl chloride, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The terminal electron acceptor is oxygen. The iron (Fe) (II) oxidizing catalyst comprises a Fe (II) oxidizing biocatalyst, such as a Fe (II) oxidizing organism, e.g. Fe (II) oxidizing microorganism, such as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans or Gallionella ferruginea, or a microorganism from Genus solfolobus or Genus chlorobium. The cathode fluidum comprises reagents for the catalysis of the Fe (I) oxidizing catalyst, such as nutrients for a Fe(II) oxidizing organism. Preferred Composition: The Fe (III) ions and Fe (II) ions in soluble form are 0.05-0.2, preferably 0.05-0.1 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A hindered amine optical stabilizer is bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate. The monohydroxy alkoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber is 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy benzophenone. The dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber is 2,2-dihydroxy 4,4-dimethoxy benzophenone. The contents of dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber, organic peroxide and crosslinking support agent are 0.01.1 mass parts, 0.1-5.0 mass parts and 0.1-5.0 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. The content of vinyl acetate unit of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-36 mass% with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Another sealing film comprises an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, an organic peroxide which is dialkyl peroxide of formula (2): R5-O-O-C(R3)2-CH2-CH2-C(R3)2-O-O-R4, a dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber for yellowing prevention and contains substantially no monohydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone ultraviolet absorber.R3=1-3C alkyl, preferably methyl;andR4,R5=3-5C alkyl, preferably t-butyl. Preferred Definitions:    R1=t-butyl;and    R2=2-ethylhexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The surface of the polymer containing layer is partially oxidised, preferably using an oxygen containing plasma. Preferred layer contains silicon preferably comprising a SiOxHy containing polymer or a polymer blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vapor cell anode exhaust stream comprises carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vaporizable liquid fuel comprises an organic composition, which is formic acid and, where vaporous formic acid in the fuel cell anode is converted in the vapor cell to protons, carbon dioxide and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The super lattice structure includes a gallium arsenic nitride (GaAsN)/gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), GaAsN/gallium antimony arsenide, or GaAsN/gallium indium antimony arsenide. The triple junction solar cell includes gallium indium phosphate (GaInP)/gallium arsenide (GaAs)/germanium (Ge), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)/GaAs/Ge, aluminum gallium indium phosphate (AlGaInP)/GaAs/Ge, GaInP/GaInAs/Ge, AlGaAs/GaInAs/Ge, or AlGaInP/GaInAs/Ge. The bottom cell includes Ge. Each of the back surface field, window, and top cell includes GaInP, AlGaAs, or AlGaInP. Each of the base and emitter comprises GaAs or GaInAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The anode and cathode are made of nickel powder, the anode current and cathode current collection boards are made of stainless steel, and the electrolyte board is made of alkali carbonate or lithium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal complex is metal-salt compound, metal sulfide, or metallocyanide. The metal complex is of chloride of gold, platinum, ruthenium, iron or zinc. The solute contains platinum chloride and ruthenium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Liquid (I) having solute (I) and solvent (I), and liquid (II) having solute (II) and solvent (II) are prepared. The liquids (8) are then discharged from the small hole, the combination of liquid drop (80) number of the liquids is changed to a receiving surface, and each precursor solution obtained by mixing the liquids is adhered to several different locations. A reagent is supplied to the mixed precursor solution adhering to the receiving surface, and the quantity of reagent is detected. Preferred Solvent: The solvent of the mixed precursor solution contains water, polyhydric alcohol, and monohydric alcohol. The polyhydric alcohol has 2-5 hydroxyl groups in one molecule, and is chosen from ethylene glycol, glycerin, diethylene glycol, and diethanolamine. The monohydric alcohol has 1-6 carbon atoms in one molecule, and is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, allyl alcohol, furfuryl alcohol, and ethylene glycol monoacetate. The content of polyhydric alcohol is 5-50 wt.% and content of monohydric alcohol is 15-70 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of liquid (I or II) at normal temperature is 3-10 cps. Preferred Composition: The mixed precursor solution is a functional material containing organic material, metal complex, or fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorocarbon compound is saturated fluorocarbon. EXAMPLE - Carbon black was subjected to plasma processing in the presence of hexafluoroethane and optionally oxygen. The treated carbon black had contact angle of 138degrees with respect to water. Platinum was supported to treated carbon black. The true dynamic electric current of treated carbon black was 0.185 A/Pt cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic thin film layer consists of film(s) chosen from inorganic vapor deposition film, inorganic coating film formed by sol-gel method and inorganic coating film formed by liquid phase deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alkoxide or its hydrolysis substance is an alkoxysilane or its hydrolysis substance. The coating liquid (C) further contains silane coupling agent or its hydrolysis substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: A thermoplastic resin layer is formed between the base material metal and the inorganic thin film layer. The composite polymer layer has structure containing polyvinyl alcohol and/or ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer subjected to spin-drying coupling with polysiloxane formed by polycondensing hydrolysis substance of alkoxysilane and/or silane coupling agent. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer was dissolved in mixed solvent of n-propyl alcohol and ion exchange water. Subsequently, ethyl silicate, ethanol, aluminum acetyl acetone, ion exchange water and N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine were added to the dissolved mixture and stirred. Further, polyvinyl alcohol liquid mixture containing polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution, silane coupling agent, ethanol and ion exchange water was added to the mixture and stirred to obtain a composite polymer layer coating liquid. The coating liquid had viscosity of 20-50 mPa.second. The coating liquid was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate film with thickness of 12 microns, heat-processed for 30 seconds at 100degreesC, and a colorless and transparent barrier film with thickness of 0.5 microns was formed. The formed film had excellent hydrogen barrier property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support plate is made of silicon, and the protection layer is a silicon oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The housing is made of metal such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electric insulation is made of plastic foil and thermally conductive silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is chosen from a group comprising a platinum, platinoid alloy e.g. ruthenium-platinum, molybdenum-platinum and tin-platinum, non platinoid metal e.g. nickel, cobalt and iron, and alloys of nickel, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is chosen from a group comprising a platinum, platinoid alloy e.g. ruthenium-platinum, molybdenum-platinum and tin-platinum, non platinoid metal e.g. nickel, cobalt and iron, and alloys of nickel, cobalt and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ionomer layer comprises an ion-exchange material comprising carboxylic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, sulfuric acid groups, sulfinic acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, or boronic acid groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane comprises material(s) from fluorinated olefins, chlorinated olefins, brominated olefins, iodinated olefins, perfluoroalkylvinyl ethers, or polyperfluoro-oxyalkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive material can be carbon fibers, metal fibers, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, carbon blacks, and/or metal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises a catalyst, inhibitor and/or mold release agent. Preferred Components: The conductive filler comprises conductive material such as carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bottom sheet may comprise thermoplastic film that is removed before the flow field plate is incorporated as a fuel cell component. The thermoset resin is unsaturated polyester resins, vinyl esters, epoxies, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, bismaleimide resins, and/or polyurethane resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation method is given. Preferred Method: The method of using the compound involves mixing together the compound (III) and the compound (IV); and mixing together a compound (IIIa) with the compound (IVa). Preferred Definitions:    X-=(CF3SO2)2N-;    R6=2C-alkenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 17 Compounds are specifically claimed as (IVa); e.g. triphenylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (Ia); triphenylphosphonium iodide; triphenylphosphonium dicyanoamide; triphenylphosphonium trifluoromethyl acetate; and triphenylphosphonium trifluoromethyl sulfonate.    EXAMPLE - HCl (0.1 N) was added to triphenylphosphine (0.1 mole) under stirring until total solubility of the product was obtained. Then a solution of potassium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfinimide) (KTFSI) in distilled water (30 ml). A precipitate obtained was filtered, washed and dried to obtain triphenylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfinimide) (Ph3P(+)H(TFSI-)). The compound was used in the redox couple in a cell with Ag wire and platinum electrode as the reference and the counter electrodes, respectively. The electrodes were immersed in acetonitrile solution comprising Ph3P (60 mM) and Ph3(+)PH(TFSI-) (20 mM), and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) (20 mM). The scanning speed was 100 mV/second. The electrochemical properties of the cell were determined. It was observed that the redox couple generated from the composition showed a good electrochemical behavior, and showed redox potential of +0.13 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The first substrate comprises glass or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The first substrate is prepared by depositing a layer of a catalytic metal on a substrate; coating the layer of the catalytic metal with the semiconductor layer; heating the semiconductor layer; and forming the release layer at an interface between the substrate and the semiconductor layer. The carbon nanotubes are formed using chemical vapor deposition. The pressing step is conducted at 0.1-1 MPa and 100-300degreesC for 10-180 seconds.Preferred Materials: The first substrate comprises metal. The layer of the catalytic metal comprises nickel, iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, or their alloys. The semiconductor layer comprises a metal oxide selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, or magnesium oxide. A thickness of the semiconductor layer is 1-30 microns. The semiconductor layer comprises particles having an average longest grain dimension of 1-200 nm. The release layer comprises carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires, silicon carbide nanowires, metal nanowires, or silicon nanowires. The adhesive layer comprises a gold metal foil, or a silver metal foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The second substrate comprises a polymer selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimides, polymeric hydrocarbons, celluloses, plastics, polycarbonates, and/or polystyrenes. The adhesive layer comprises a polymeric adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor composition further comprises metal oxide particles or glass particles. The conductive feature comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide, or a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal is silver, copper, nickel, gold, platinum and/or palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cap or coating comprises sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide, and/or alkane thiolates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a polymer or a ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst used for the reaction is tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Tetra halo terphenyl derivative of formula (2) is lithiated and/or reacted with Grignard reagent, and the obtained compound is reacted with dihalo silicon compound to obtain dibenzosilole derivative.X1-X4,R1-R10=same as defined above. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3,R7,R8=fluorine, 6-30C aryl, 2-20C heterocyclic group, 8-30C diaryl amino, 2-20C alkynyl, 2-30C alkenyl, 1-20C (halo)alkyl, or may combine to form unsaturated ring;    R1,R4,R5,R6,R9,R10=H or fluorine;    n=0;and    M=zinc chloride or boron hydroxide.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 86 Specific dibenzosilole derivative such as 9,9-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl dibenzosilole of formula (A), 9,9-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetra-trifluoromethyl pheny 9H-dibenzosilole, 9,9-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrakis(penta fluoro phenyl) dibenzosilole, 1,4,5,8-tetrafluoro-9,9-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl-9H-dibenzosilole, and 9,9-dimethyl-3,6-phenyl-2,7-difluoro phenyl-9H-dibenzosilole are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1,2-dibromo-4,5-diphenyl benzene (717 mg) and tetrahydrofuran (14 ml) were cooled to -78degreesC. Hexane solution of n-butyl lithium was added to the cooled solution and heated to room temperature. The obtained solid was separated and recrystallized from toluene to obtain 4,5,4',5'-tetraphenyl-2,2'-dibromo-1,1'-biphenyl (481 mg). The obtained compound (164 mg), diethyl ether (4 ml), hexane solution (0.4 ml) of n-butyl lithium and dichloro dimethyl silane (48.2 mg) were reacted under reflux. A saturated salt solution was added and the organic phase was separated, washed with water, dried and recrystallized from toluene to obtain 9,9-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl dibenzosilole (79 mg) with yield of 58%. The organic thin film formed using the obtained compound had excellent oxidation resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The cupric ion is reduced to cuprous ion in presence of hydrogen at supercritical conditions. Hydrogen is produced with formic acid. pH of the solution is controlled from weakly acidic to alkaline state by adding an alkali regulator. Preferred Composition: The ratio of cuprous salt and aluminum salt is 2-5. Preferred Condition: The supercritical condition has temperature of 300-500degreesC and pressure of 20-100 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aqueous solution containing potassium ruthenate, and chloroplatinic acid are used to obtain the catalyst. Preferred Property: The content of chlorine in the catalyst is 200 mass ppm or less. Preferred Method: Carbon monoxide in a source gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is selectively oxidized by contacting with an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of the catalyst. The molar ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in the source gas is 0.5-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The content of ruthenium is 0.05-2 mass% and the content of platinum is 0.0002-0.5 mass%, in the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The source gas is obtained in hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether by de-sulfurization reaction, modification reaction, and water-gas shift reaction. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is 0.1-2 vol.%. The carbon monoxide concentration in the gas produced after oxidation is 100 volume ppm or less. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution obtained by dissolving potassium ruthenate (in g) (0.194) and chloroplatinic acid (0.194) in water (100 ml) was prepared. Alumina support (25) having a specific surface area of 320 m2/g was supplied to the liquid, impregnated, stirred for 3 hours, and filter-separated. Hydrogen processing was then carried out at 120degreesC for 15 hours and at 500degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain a catalyst. The load of ruthenium was 0.3 mass%, load of platinum was 0.03 mass%, potassium content was 90 mass ppm, and chlorine content of 75 mass ppm. The catalyst had excellent capability to selectively oxidize carbon monoxide in source gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material of crystalline semiconductor particles is silicon. The hydrogen concentration in crystalline semiconductor particles is 1x1016-1x1020 atoms/cm3. Preferred Process: The solidified crystalline semiconductor particles is heat-processed, melted and crystallized in atmosphere containing hydride to obtained target crystalline semiconductor particles. Several crystalline semiconductor particles of a conductivity-type in which the semiconductor portion has another conductivity-type are joined to an electroconductive substrate in hydrogen atmosphere. An insulator is formed between crystalline semiconductor particles such that upper portion of crystalline semiconductor particles is optionally exposed. A translucent conductor layer is formed on the crystalline semiconductor particles, and photoelectric-conversion apparatus is manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average diameter of the micropore of mother micro-component (1) is 1-10 nm. The micropore adjoins to the surface of mother micro-component (1) mutually, and is uniformly distributed. The mother micro-component (1) consists of silica-gel particles, and has substantially uniform size. The mother micro-component (1) is in substantially globular shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, solar cell sealing agent contains polypropylene (i) (1-40) having propylene unit content of 90 mol% or more, and propylene copolymer (ii) (60-99) comprising propylene unit content of 45-90 mol%, ethylene unit content of 10-25 mol%, and unit (a) derived from 4-20C alpha-olefin content of 0-30 mol%, and further contains ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer (B) (5-95) with respect to total of the components (i,ii) (95-5). The copolymer (B) contains ethylene structural unit (80-90 mol%). The sealing agent further contains silane coupling agent (C), and petroleum-resin (D1), terpene resin (D2) and their hydrogenated derivative (D3) (1-30). A polymer composition contains the sealing agent, and radical initiator. Preferred Properties: The copolymer (ii) does not show melting point in heat-absorption curve measured with differential scanning calorimeter, and heat-of-fusion of 30 J/g or less. Propylene content and heat-of-fusion (DeltaH) of the copolymer (ii) satisfied relation: DeltaH (J/g) less than 345xLn(propylene content (in mol%))-1492. The density of the copolymer (B) is 0.86-0.89 g/cm3. Preferred Compound: The structural unit (a) of the copolymer (ii) is structural unit derived from 1-butene and/or structural unit derived from 1-octene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methanol comprises greater than 90 (preferably approximately 99) vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The sheet is also a metal foil    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The sheet can be an organic film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate can be polyethylene naphthalate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, or polybutylene naphthalate film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The sheet is paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrodes comprises indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, or zinc oxide. The transparent electrode is made of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), zinc oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide-gallium oxide, or zinc oxide-alumina. The catalyst electrode comprises platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Pd), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os), carbon (C), tungsten oxide (WO3), or titanium oxide (TiO2). The electrolyte comprises tetrapropyl ammonium iodide or iodine (I2) in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate and acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The two substrates are made of transparent glass or a plastic, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), or triacetyl cellulose (TAC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalytic layer comprises platinum, gold, silver, titanium, and/or palladium. The substrate is an inorganic substrate, a metal plate, or a polymeric substrate. The conductive material is indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, zinc oxide, alumina, tin oxide, antimony oxide, or conductive polymers. The metal of the metal nucleation sites is nickel, iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon containing gas is methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic filler is glass fiber, preferably textile made from glass fiber (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The transparent resin further contains epoxy resin. The mass ratio of transparent resin and inorganic in the optical sheet is 20:80-80:20. Preferred Sheet: The optical sheet has smoothing layer formed on optical layer (1) containing transparent resin and inorganic filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor does not contain amine salt. A polyimide precursor varnish contains the polyimide precursor and organic solvent. Preferred Property: The polyimide precursor has intrinsic viscosity of 0.4 dL/g or more. Preferred Process: A polyimide having structural unit of formula (3) is obtained by carrying out imitation reaction of the polyimide precursor.R1-R4,X,Z=same as define above. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H, 1-12C alkyl, 2-12C alkenyl or 6-12C cyclcoalkyl;    X=sulfonyl or ether;and    Z=group of formula (2).    R5-R8=H, methyl or ethyl;    A1,A2=direct bond or 1-6C alkylidene, where configuration of A1,A2 is trans configuration, or two A2 is trans configuration;and    m=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The organic matrix is composed of a photoconductive polymer semiconductor. The shell around each quantum dot is composed of an organic material consisting of polymers, thiols, dendrimers, alkane chains, and organic oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The intermediate comprises a single crystal, polycrystal, or amorphous body of a metal containing gold, silver, copper, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and/or their alloy; or a single crystal, polycrystal or amorphous body of oxides, nitrides, sulfides, borides, or silicides containing titanium, tungsten, niobium, and/or tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The carbon material has no or less pores on its surface. It has a pore diameter on the surface of 5-100 nm. Preferred Method: The intermediate is formed by electrochemical reaction in a liquid phase. The platinum or platinum-containing alloy is supported by electrochemical reaction in a liquid phase. Preferred Component: The fuel is hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a polymer or ceramic.Preferred Component: The conductive component comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide or metal-glass composition.Preferred Composition: The precursor composition further comprises metal oxide particles or glass particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel. The silver particles comprise a cap or coating comprising silica, glass, polymer or intrinsically conductive polymer, sulfonated perfluoro hydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene-methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethyl hexyl) sulfo succinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or alkane thiolate, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is low grade stainless steel. The carbide layer is chromium carbide layer, a titanium carbide layer, a tantalum carbide layer, a niobium carbide layer, and/or a zirconium carbide layer.Preferred Properties: The carbide layer is 1-10 microns thick.Preferred Process: The carbide layer is deposited on a flow field plate by electron beam evaporation, magnetron sputtering, a pulse plasma process, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, spin coating, dip coating, thermal spraying and/or a sol-gel process. The carbide layer is roughened by texturing by either chemical etching or laser etching.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The antioxidant is phenol type compound and has 2 or more functional groups having antioxidant function. 90% or more of the antioxidant is concentrated to less than 10% in the inner wall side of the thickness of the hollow fiber. The antioxidant is cross-linked by the base material using organic peroxide type cross-linking agent. The mass ratio of the antioxidant with respect to polysulfone is 0.5-1.5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with respect to polysulfone is 5-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrocatalytic layer is platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium or osmium. The cell includes two insulating substrates made of glass or plastic. The metal oxide layer is a semiconductor. The metal oxide particle dispersion liquid comprises titanium dioxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator is a polymer or polyimide pattern. A first insulating substrate (glass or plastic) is formed on a side of the first conductive layer opposite to the metal oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of glass, clear or extra clear glass, tempered glass or textured glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The high refractive index layers are made of zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc and tin mixed oxide, silicon nitride or aluminum nitride. The low refractive index layers are made of silicon dioxide, silicon oxynitride and/or oxycarbide or silicon and aluminum mixed oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid contains as a carrier gas of the antioxidant a fuel or an oxidizer is supplied to the fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises one of a hydrogenic type, a direct methanol type, and direct hydrocarbon type fuel cells. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 13.3 - 13332.2 Pa in the fluid. The antioxidant has a partial pressure of 6.65 - 6666.1 Pa in the fluid. The fluid supply comprises a bubbler configured to bubble a liquid containing the antioxidant and humidifying water by the carrier gas to supply the fluid. The antioxidant comprises a hydrocarbon system compound composed simply of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The oxidant of the antioxidant is changed to a chemically stable hydrolysate. The antioxidant has a reversible redox-ability, and an oxidant of the antioxidant is chemically stable. The antioxidant or an oxidant is changed by oxidation by a catalyst in an air electrode of the fuel cell to carbon dioxide, water or nitrogen are discharged. The antioxidant has a standard oxidation-reduction potential of greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1.77 (NHE) (preferably greater than 0.68 (NHE) - smaller than 1 (NHE)) V. The antioxidant comprises 5 compounds as given in the specifications e.g. a compound of formulae (i) - (v).X=O or hydroxyl group;Y1 and Y2=methyl groups or ethyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material is a plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Amine compound of formula (IV): NR23 and cyclic phosphazene compound of formula (III): (NPR32)n, are mixed, to obtain the ionic compound (I).R2,n=as defined above;andR3=halogen or monovalent substituent.Preferred Compound: The ionic compound is liquid or solid at 25degreesC. Preferred Definitions:    n=3 or 4;    R1=ionic substituent of formula (II): -N+R23X- or fluorine;and    R2=as defined above.    EXAMPLE - Water (5 g) and chloroform (5 g) were mixed, and triethyl amine (5 ml) was added. Cyclic phosphazene compound (5 ml) of formula: (NPR32)n (where R3=chlorine and fluorine and n=3) was dropped and stirred. Water was evaporated from the water phase, and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain ionic compound (0.2 g) of formula: (NPR12)n, (where R1=fluorine and -N+(CH2CH2)3Cl- and n=3), with a yield of 53%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The sealing agent comprises polyisobutylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The resistance coil is responsive to heat and/or electricity such that the application of heat and/or electricity unbinds or releases carbon dioxide from the active material layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous material can be porous carbon material comprising a molecular sieve. The porous material comprises active carbon, carbon fiber, carbon tube, charcoal, or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The active material is capable of binding carbon dioxide. It can be amine, amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, amidine, amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer, or blends of amidine-functionalized polymer or its copolymer. The amine comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolamine. The amidine comprises 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)-undec-7-ene (DBU), tetrahydropyrimidine (THP), N-methyltetrahydropyrimidine (MTHP), or polystyrene or poly(meth)acrylate (each being modified by DBU, THP, or MTHP).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The active material can be a polymer produced by modification of pre-made polymer structure using active molecules. The porous material comprises porous polymer material. The substrates comprise porous plastic plate, silica wafer, and/or nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The graded layer is made up of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (m1) additionally involves stirring the colloid solution while adding the aqueous base solution. In the method (m1), the adding the aqueous solution to the colloid solution involves adding the aqueous solution to the colloid solution in a weight ratio of approximately 0.1:1 - 10:1. The method (m2) additionally involves immerging the first conductivity type substrate in a TiCl4 solution and then drying the first conductivity type substrate at room temperature to approximately 200degreesC. In the method (m2), the coating the composition for the semiconductor electrode on the first conductivity type substrate is performed using a doctor blade method. Preferred Components: The nanocrystalline oxide material is a compound selected from TiO2, ZnO, or Nb2O5. The aqueous base solution is an aqueous ammonia solution. The colloid solution and the aqueous base solution are mixed in a weight ratio of approximately 1:0.1 - 1:10. The conductive substrate is a conductive plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The AR coating comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2). It also comprises a graded layer including a mixture of silicon oxide and titanium oxide. It may also comprise a graded layer including a mixture of silicon oxide and a metal (M) oxide with more metal (M) oxide provided in a far portion of the graded layer farther from the glass substrate than in a near portion of the graded layer closer to the glass substrate, where M is titanium, zirconium, or aluminum. The flame pyrolysis comprises causing a silane, liquid and/or gas, to be fed into burner(s) and/or flame. Preferred Composition: The near portion of the graded layer is made up of 40-100%, preferably 70-100 silicon oxide. The far portion of the graded layer is made up of 50-100%, preferably 70-100% titanium oxide. Preferred Property: The near portion of the graded layer has a refractive index of 1.46-1.9, preferably 1.46-1.7. The far portion of the graded layer has a refractive index of 2-2.55, preferably 2.3-2.55. Preferred Dimension: The layer comprising silicon oxide is 80-140 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane comprises tetraethyl ortho silicate and/or HMDSO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Detector: The detector detects the concentration of the liquid fuel such as methanol solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The fixing step involves heating the contacted membrane to 25-35degreesC for 70-80 hours. Preferred Method: The method includes hydrolyzing the indicator fixed ion-exchange membrane. It includes stirring the membrane in a solution of aqueous sodium hydroxide and dimethylsulfoxide; adding additional dimethylsulfoxide to the solution and membrane; washing the membrane with distilled water to create a washed membrane; drying the washed membrane at room temperature to create a hydrolyzed indicator fixed ion-exchange membrane. It may involve dissolving a membrane polymer into a solvent to create a membrane polymer solution; mixing the indicator with the membrane polymer solution to create an indicator and membrane polymer solution; and casting the indicator and membrane polymer solution to form the indicator fixed ion-exchange membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The indicator fixed ion-exchange membrane is an indicator attached ion-exchange membrane, an indicator absorbed ion-exchange membrane, or a perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid-based ionomer membrane. The indicator fixed membrane includes an indication of a concentration gradient, e.g. colorimetric or luminescent. The concentration gradient comprises a graduated difference in the concentration of ions in the membrane. The fuel cell component is a flow field plate, a gas diffusion layer, an electrode, a membrane electrode assembly, and/or a membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The indicator is 3-(2-pyridyl)-(1,2,3)-triazolo (1,5-a)pyridine, or quinine. The solvent is methylene chloride, 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, or 1,3-dichloro-l,l,l,2,3-pentrfluoropropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel substance comprises a solid material consisting of alkali metals, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, and/or sodium borohydride. The power generator further comprises a hydrogen generation catalyst combined with the fuel substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The oxygen permeable, water vapor impermeable membrane comprises a fluorinated ethylene propylene polymer or a perfluoroalkoxy polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The anode catalyst contains platinum and carbon and oxygen. The atomic ratio of carbon with respect to platinum is 0.05-0.95. The anode catalyst contains platinum and metal oxide, or platinum and carbon or platinum and ruthenium and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particle (P) have surface oxidizing layer. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the surface oxidizing layer is 50 nm or less. The average particle diameter of the catalyst support is 0.1-10 microns. Preferred Compound: The catalyst is fine particles with size of 2-5 nm. The catalyst has nano structure. The catalyst consist of platinum, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, radium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium, and/or niobium. The catalyst further contains platinic acid compound or its complex oxide and oxide of metal other than platinum, compound of oxide of metal other than platinum formed by reduction processing of platinic acid compound and platinum-containing complex oxide, and platinum containing metals, or its compound and oxide of metal other than platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An electrode has laminate of porous semiconductor layer on transparent conductive layer of laminated film. The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and/or stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The polyester film contains ultraviolet absorber (0.05-30 wt.%). The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic iminoester of formula (I and/or II). The surface tension of transparent conductive layer is 40 mN/m or more.A=group of formula (a or b);R1,R2=monovalent hydrocarbon residue;X1=bivalent aromatic residue;X2=1-3 valent aromatic residue;n=1-3;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.The laminated film has a reflection prevention layer on the surface of transparent conductive layer in reverse direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains carboxylic acid and an amine compound. Preferred Polymer: The polymer has a number average molecular weight of 3000-100000, and triorgano siloxy group(s) of formula: -(SiR12-bZbO)lSiR23-aZa.R1,R2=optionally substituted 1-20C hydrocarbon or R'3SiO;R'=optionally substituted 1-20C hydrocarbon;Z=hydroxyl or hydrolysable group, preferably alkoxy, more preferably methoxy;a=0, 1, 2 or 3;b=0, 1 or 2;andl=0, or 1-19.a and b are not simultaneously 0. The polymer is an organic polymer having a principal chain structure chosen from polyoxyalkylene group polymer, saturated hydrocarbon group polymer, and (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film contains 5x1016 cm-3-5x1019 cm-3 of hydrogen or fluorine. The second peak intensity ratio of the film is 10:1. The film has P-type or N-type electroconductivity. Preferred Element: The metallic element is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper, and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The jointing comprises copolymer of polyolefin compound and ethylenic unsaturated silane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The back sheet contains 0.05-20 g/m2 of perylene type pigment. Preferred Properties: The back sheet has average reflectance of 30% or more in the wavelength of 800-1100 nm and 20% or less in the wavelength of 1500-2000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous electroconductive polymeric layer consists of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene). The thiophene derivative has an isocyanate group and functional group which forms chemical bond. Preferred Property: The real surface area and projected area ratio of base is 10 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The multivalent compound is multivalent compound having 3 or more hydroxyl group, preferably polyhydric phenol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of the adamantane polyester is 1x104-1x107.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst supported on the porous support is metal(s) chosen from iron, nickel and cobalt. Preferred Method: The catalyst is supported by electroplating method or sputtering method. The carbon-containing compound is contacted with porous support in non-oxidizing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is chosen from aromatic amine compound and/or heterocyclic compound. The aromatic compound is preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: An aromatic compound on the porous support is polymerized to produce a fibril-like polymer on the porous support. Subsequently, the fibril-like polymer is baked to produce carbon fiber of three-dimensional continuous form. The catalyst is supported to the carbon fiber. Carbon-containing compound is contacted with the carbon fiber under high temperature to produce carbon nano fiber on carbon fiber. The polymerization process is an electrolytic oxidizing polymerization process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Support: The porous support is a carbon paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer substrate may comprise polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethersulfone, or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fourth layer comprises a cadmium free metal such as zinc, and oxygen and/or sulphur compounds (preferably zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, indium sulfide (In2S3), zinc selenide, tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic monomer is compound containing phosphorus element, compound containing sulfur element, carboxylic acid, boric acid, and/or inorganic solid acid. The electronic conductor is a carbon material. The electronic conductor has a continuous coupling of carbon including a double bond. A noble metal catalyst is carried by the carrier. The water repellent consists of electronic conductor or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The organic monomer is acetylene, resorcinol, phenol, 2-phenylphenol, aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, phenyl phosphonic acid, phenyl silane alkoxides, pyrogallol and dihydroxy biphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material carbon nanotube is pre-heated at 800-1700degreesC, preferably 1400-1600degreesC and degree of vacuum of 1.3x10-2 Pa.The diameter increasing treatment is performed at temperature of 1700-2000degreesC.The diameter increasing treatment is performed without reducing temperature to 1200degreesC or less.Preferred Compound: The raw material carbon nanotube is single wall carbon nanotube synthesized by high pressure carbon monoxide (HiPCO) method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The collector electrode is chosen from the gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, tin, iron, nickel, chromium and zinc. POLYMER- The translucent condensing layer is chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate resin, fluororesin, polyester resin, polypropylene resin, polyimide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyallylate resin, polyphenylene-ether resin, silicone resin, polyphenylene-sulfide resin and polyolefin resin. The light reflection layer consists of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conjugated polymer is polythiophene, polyquinoline, or polyphenylene vinylene. The card is formed from paper, plastic or laminated material. The hole transport material comprises polythiophene (e.g. poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)) or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The inner surface layer can be glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer comprises crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and/or copper-indium-gallium-diselenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The integrated reflector is on an inner surface of plastic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas is selected from group including nitrogen, helium and argon. The catalyst layer includes platinum, palladium, gold, alumina, carbon or iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: Liposome is dispersed as the particulate material. The particulate material is used as a tablet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The particulate material is a capsule consisting of a nuclear material and an outer-shell substance. The outer-shell substance contains a nuclear-material affinity substance rather than resin affinity substance. The particulate material contains a functional material. The particulate material contains redox property polymer and/or metalloporphyrin complex. The nuclear material contains redox property polymer and/or metalloporphyrin complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal oxide grown on the inner surface of micro channel is converted into metal or its derivative by a chemical reaction, and micro channel having inner surface coated with metal oxide, its derivative and composite structure is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide particle dispersion liquid comprises a titanium dioxide colloidal suspension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The volume flow adjusting units are connected to the fuel cell stack either before or after the stack. The fuel cell stack has a feed line and a removal line for a fluid for deviating or introducing heat to the stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The composition comprises platinum (60-80, preferably 60-70 at.%); titanium (5-30, preferably 10-20 at.% ); and nickel, vanadium, or molybdenum (1-25, preferably 10-20 at.%). Alternatively, an electrocatalyst composition comprises (i) platinum (55-95 at.%); titanium (1-30 at.%); and third metal, e.g. copper, manganese and/or iron (1-30 at.%); (ii) platinum (50-85 at.%); titanium (5-30 at.%); and third metal, e.g. cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, indium and/or gold, (1-30 wt.%); (iii) platinum (30-85 at.%); titanium (5-30 at.%); third metal, e.g. nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium and/or gold (1-30 at.%); fourth metal, e.g. scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and/or rhenium (1-30 at.%); and fifth metal, e.g. scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium; niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and/or rhenium (1-30 at.%); or (iv) platinum (30-60 at.%); titanium (5-20 at.%); cobalt (4-20 at.%); and palladium (15-30 at.%). EXAMPLE - An electrocatalyst composition comprising platinum (0.79 at.%), titanium (0.09 at.%) and nickel (0.11 at.%) was prepared. The composition had a shift of half wave potential of 36.1 mV, and platinum mass-fraction-based activity relative to pure platinum thin film (R-Act) of 2.2 at 0.7 V and 2.3 at 0.8 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The precursor composition comprises glass particles. The cap or coating comprises glass. The conductor comprises a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor composition comprises metal oxide particles and a metal precursor compound to a metal from silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum or nickel. It also comprises metallic particles comprising cap or coating containing silica. The conductor comprises an indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cap or coating comprises a polymer from an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate. It may also comprise polyvinyl pyrrolidone. EXAMPLE - A silver precursor composition was formulated containing 51 g silver-trifluoroacetate, 16 g N,N-dimethylacetamide and 32 g alpha-terpineol. The silver was 25 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plates comprise graphite and/or carbon-filled composite.Preferred Parameter: The titanium nitride layer has a resistivity of less than 100 ohm-cm, and an etch rate of less than 0.03 Angstrom/minute in the presence of 10 ppm of hydrofluoric acid in water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The plates may also comprise a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-based copolymer contains polyfunctional monomer (0.05-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The layer (B) contains 10-30 wt.% of incompatible resin with respect to whole layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The target is comprised of silicon, germanium, carbon, silicon carbide, tin, gallium, boron, phosphorus, antimony, or arsenic as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first powder comprises copper, copper oxide, cobalt and cobalt oxide. The second powder comprises an oxidation catalyst. The second powder comprises a ceramic, cerium oxide, samarium dopant, gadolinium dopant and Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrocatalyst composition comprises platinum (60-80, preferably 60-70 at.%), titanium (5-30, preferably 10-20 at.%), and third metal (1-25, preferably 10-20). EXAMPLE - A thin film sample of metal composition comprising platinum (0.79 at.%), titanium (0.09 at.%), and nickel (0.11 at.%) was prepared. The thin film sample was coated onto 5-mm diameter glassy carbon electrode. Following electrochemical cleaning, the sample was as working electrode in oxygen reduction reaction cell. The shift of half wave potential was 36.1 mV, and the platinum mass-fraction-based activity relative to pure platinum thin film was 2.2 at 0.7 V and 2.3 at 0.8 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid-solution semiconductor materials comprises at least two materials selected from AlSb, gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium antimonide (InSb), indium arsenide (InAs), zinc telluride (ZnTe), and cadmium telluride (CdTe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monolithic preform further defines a portion(s) of a coolant channel (36). The precursor material comprises carbon fibers, metal fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, expanded graphite plates, carbon blacks, and/or metal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The porous region and hermetic region are planar. The precursor material is aqueous slurry comprising a mixture of carbon fibers having lengths of 0.1-100 mm and a resin binder of 0.1-10 or 20-50%. The matrix material comprises an electrically conductive material from an intrinsically conductive polymer, a doped polymer, a filled polymer comprising conductive filler (i.e. carbon black, expanded graphite plate, graphite particle, nano-scaled graphene plate, graphitic nano-fiber, and/or metal particle), a petroleum pitch, and/or a coal tar pitch. Preferred Method: After the third step but before the fourth step, the method comprises thermally converting the resin binder to a polymeric carbon. Thermal conversion comprises pyrolyzing or carbonizing the resin binder in an inert atmosphere to 700-1300degreesC, resulting in a total porosity of 40-60%, and a pore size of 10-100 microns. The molding step is slurry molding. The precursor material is directed to impinge upon a surface of the molding tool at a perpendicular angle, or to flow from a first zone of a flow channel to a second zone with a narrower opening before impinging upon a surface of the molding tool to facilitate a preferential orientation of fibers in the preform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solder layer (7) comprises tin-silver-copper. The solder layer (8) comprises tin-zinc-bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particle contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide or stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An organic dye having structure other than the methine group pigment, methine group pigment and metal complex are supported in the thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particle. The oxide semiconductor fine particle is sensitized with the methine group pigment in the presence of an inclusion compound. Preferred Definitions:    X=carboxyl group;    Y'=cyano, carboxyl or acyl group;    R1,R2=optionally substituted aromatic residue;    R3=optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, hydroxyl group, halogen, alkoxyl group or acetamide group;and    n=0-4.    X and Y' may form ring having carboxyl group as substituent.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Approximately 808 specific methine group pigment such as (2E)-2-cyano-3-(8-methyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-pyrido(3,2,1-ij) quinolin-9-yl)acrylic acid of formula (226), (2E)-2-cyano-3-(7-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acrylic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(7-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acrylic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(7-methoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)acrylic acid and (2E)-3-(7-chloro-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)-2-cyano acrylic acid, are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains boron as dopant. The transparent electrode is formed from indium-tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium-zinc oxide (InZnO2), copper-yttrium oxide (CuYO2), copper-aluminum oxide (CuAlO2), copper-gadolinium oxide (CuGaO2), copper-scandium oxide (CuScO2), copper-chromium oxide (CuCrO2), copper-indium oxide (CuInO2) or silver-indium oxide (AgInO2) of electroconductive materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A compound having formyl group in the aromatic ring is reduced to hydroxy methyl group by Meerwein-Ponudorf-Verley reaction. The obtained compound is reacted with hydrohalide to obtain organic compound having polymerizable halogenated methyl group in the aromatic ring. Preferred Compound: The organic compound is of formula (1 or 2).R1,R2=polymerizable group, preferably -CH2CN or -CH2PO(OR4)4, -CHO or -CH2X';R3=1-20C hydrocarbon optionally substituted by halogen;X,X'=halogen, preferably fluorine;a,b=1-3;anda+b=4. EXAMPLE - 1,3-Dicyano-4-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-2,5,6-trifluorobenzene (in g) (45) was stirred in toluene (310 ml) at 30-40degreesC. Toluene solution of diisobutyl aluminum hydride was added and the contents were stirred at room temperature to obtain black red color liquid. The liquid was added into sulfuric acid aqueous solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate phase and water phase were separated. The ethyl acetate phase was filtered and concentrated to obtain 1,3-diformyl-4-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)-2,5,6-trifluorobenzene (4.5). The obtained compound (1) and 1,3-bis-(methylene diethyl phosphate)-2,4,5,6- tetrafluoro benzene (1.424) were heated to 110degreesC. Potassium t-butoxide (1) was added and the contents were refluxed to obtain dark brown muddy liquid. The muddy liquid was concentrated and the concentrate was dissolved in chloroform, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated, dissolved in chloroform and re-precipitated with methanol to obtain a copolymer with weight average molecular weight of 432000, band gap of 3.39 eV and high energy level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The strip conductors are pressed onto the contact foil. The contact foil has clips (8) on at least one side with a strip conductor partially arranged on each clip. The clips have different lengths.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The element-containing material comprises sulfur, selenium, tellurium, indium, gallium, and/or sodium. The treatment gas comprises forming gas, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulfide, argon, and/or helium. The work piece comprises a photovoltaic precursor comprising copper, indium, or gallium. Preferred Parameter: The work piece is heated to greater than or equal to100degreesC at a rate of greater than or equal to5degreesC/minute (preferably 20degreesC/minute). The element-containing material is heated to greater than or equal to100degreesC at a rate of greater than or equal to5degreesC/minute (preferably 20degreesC/minute). Reaction of the element-containing vapor and work piece comprises exposing the work piece to the element-containing vapor for greater than or equal to5 s. The active cooling is practiced at a rate of greater than or equal to5degreesC/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber has fiber diameter of 5-10 microns, average particle diameter of 5-15 microns, apparent density of 0.02-0.1 g/cm3, and ash content of less than 0.5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polypropylene resin has melt flow rate of 5-70 g/10 minutes. The resin composition has electric conductivity of 2 muS/cm or less. The cured material of resin composition has bending strength of 80 MPa or more based on JIS K7171, bending elastic modulus of 3800 MPa or more, and combustion residue of carbon fiber and graphite powder of 3% or less in combustion residue measurement test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound (B) is an ethane compound with o-oxylene of formula (2).R2-R4=same as defined above;andY1=functional group (Y), monovalent organic group having functional group (Y) or monovalent group having group which is optionally converted into functional group (Y), preferably alkenyl, monovalent organic group having alkenyl, monovalent organic group having hydrogen atom coupled with silicon atom or monovalent organic group of formula (3); andR5-R7=H, monovalent hydrocarbon containing (un)substituted oxygen atom, or (un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon having alkenyl group.Preferred Group: The functional group (Z) is a group of formula: -C(=O)-X1 or -CN. The functional group (Y) is of formula (5).X1=chlorine atom, fluorine atom, -OH or OR1;R1=oxygen atom or 1-10C organic group containing halogen atom;X2=-NH-, -NR11-, -O-, or -S-;R11=monovalent organic group; andY2=Y1, preferably at least one group of formulae (4a,4b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface active agent is CoatOSil (RTM: surface active agent), surfactant, EnviroGem AD01 (RTM: surfactant), Photomer 8127 (RTM: propoxylated neopentylglycol monomethyl ether acrylate), Flexitane CA 6000 (RTM: specialty coating additive), alcohol ethoxylate, Lauryl dimethylbetaine, alkyl phosphate ester, disodium laureth sulfosuccinate and alkyl dimethyl betaine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The colloidal solution having mono-dispersed zirconia particles is obtained by carrying out hydrolysis of zirconium oxide dichloride, zirconium nitrate, zirconium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrabromide or zirconium sulfate. The zirconia fiber is manufactured by mounting flat substrate into the colloidal solution and evaporating dispersion medium of the colloidal solution. Preferred Composition: The additive is colloidal solution of calcium ion, magnesium ion, yttrium ion or cerium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photosensitizer is a compound of formula (1).X=H or ammonium cation.Preferred Properties: The semiconductor layer has unit volume of 2-3x10-4 mol/cm3 and unit area of 1x10-8 mol/cm2-1x10-6 mol/cm2. Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer is formed from a metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin contained in the adhesion improving layer is crosslinked by alkylated melamine and/or polyisocyanate crosslinking agent. Preferred Composition: The sheet further has transparent inorganic gas barrier layer and white reflection layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The whitening preventing agent is acetylene black, Ketchen black and graphite with average particle diameter of 1-300 microns. The resin composition further contains 1-50 wt.pts of fibrous filler with respect to 100 wt.pts of polycarbonate resin and polyethylene terephthalate resin. The resin composition used for forming rubbery buffer layer contains 1-50 wt.% of inorganic filler and curable rubbery polyurethane resin. Preferred Arrangement: Further, a metal frame is stuck on the buffer layer. The metal frame is aluminum frame.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The light transmittance of sheet article is 40% or more. The rubbery buffer layer has Young's modulus of 0.5-50 MPa, stacking shear strength of 1-7 MPa and thickness of 2-10 nm. The sheet article has thickness of 1-10 mm. The rubbery buffer layer has thickness of 2-8 mm/maximum length (1 m). The frame component and buffer layer are stuck through a primer layer. The sheet article and frame component are integral molded or two-colored molded. Preferred Material: The fibrous filler is glass fiber, which is subjected to focusing process using epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc complex is of formula (I).X=group of formula (II);Y=group of formula (II) or 1-8C alkyl;Z=H or 1-4C alkyl;andRa,Rb=1-5C alkyl.Preferred Process: The solution containing zinc complex and solvent is used as zinc supply source for chemical vapor deposition of zinc oxide thin film. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or ether. EXAMPLE - 2-methoxy-6-methyl-3,5-heptane dione (in g) (6) was dripped gently into flask containing 28% methanol solution of sodium methoxide (6.56), and stirred for 5 minutes. Subsequently, the solution obtained by dissolving zinc chloride (II) (2.26) in methanol (20 ml) was dripped gently into the obtained reaction liquid, cooled and reacted for 30 minutes. The methanol was distilled from resulting liquid. Hexane (20 ml) and water (20 ml) were added to the resulting mixture, to separate an organic layer. The separated organic layer was dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then, the filtrate was concentrated after filtration, and the concentrate was vacuum distilled at 160degreesC and 27 Pa, to obtain bis(2-methoxy-6-methyl-3,5-heptane dionate)zinc (II) (zinc complex) (4.91) in yield of 73%. The obtained bis(2-methoxy-6-methyl-3,5-heptane dionate)zinc (II) complex and helium gas were introduced into the reactor substituted with alcohol vapor. Zinc complex was thermally decomposed on the surface of heated substrate at 400degreesC and 7.98 KPa for 60 minutes, to form zinc-oxide film of 120 nm thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - The surfactant peptide is selected from 42 peptide sequences as given in the specification, e.g. Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 1), Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 2), Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 3), Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Val-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 4) and Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-Asp (SEQ ID NO. 5).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The support is a glass slide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material is selected from indium-tin oxide (ITO), tris(8-quinolinato)aluminum(III) (Alq3), alumina (Al2O3), and C60. The cathode and anode comprises gold and silver, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer (B) contains structural unit (45-92 mol%) derived from propylene, structural unit (5-25 mol%) derived from ethylene and structural unit (3-30 mol%) derived from 4-20C alpha-olefin. Preferred Method: The base material sheet is biaxially stretched, and has a metal or inorganic compound layer on surface. The sealing sheet and base material sheet are laminated directly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precipitation rate is controlled using a solvent comprising denatured ethanol. A solution comprising deionized water and denatured ethanol is used in the formation of the hydrophilic article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The body is infrared dried or infrared dried extrudate formed from a dough comprising catalyst powder and binder including carrier vehicle. The catalyst powder comprises nickel, nickel oxide, alumina, zirconia, and/or mixture of ceramic carriers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The doped film is silicon or gallium arsenide. The silicon comprises p-doped silicon and the junction is an n on p junction. It comprises n-doped silicon and the junction is p on n junction. Preferred Method: 3-Dimensional macroscopic features and structures are etched using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, nitric acid, or xenon fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst includes platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) or support metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: One of the current collection layers (60) contains chromium-molybdedum-iron-aluminum-nickel (19Cr3Mo19Fe0.5AlNi) or nickel-cobalt-aluminum-titanium-niobium-tantalum-iron (38Ni15Co0.7Al1.4Ti3NbTaFe or 38Ni15Co0.7Al1.4Ti3(Nb+Ta)Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy moving beds uses pentacene or pentacene derivatives as main components.
EXAMPLE - A resin composition containing ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer (in weight parts) (100) having vinyl acetate content of 28 wt.% and melt flow rate of 20 g/10 minutes, dicumyl peroxide (0.5) having 1 hour half-life temperature of 136degreesC, 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane (0.4), hindered amine optical stabilizer (0.2), triaryl isocyanurate (0.3) and ultraviolet absorber (0.2) was supplied to 3 sets of extruders, melt-kneaded at 120degreesC, and extruded from T-die, to obtain adhesive sheet of thickness 0.5 mm. The outermost sheet layers contained dicumyl peroxide (0.5) and 3-glycidoxy propyl trimethoxysilane (0.4). The intermediate sheet layers contained dicumyl peroxide (0.5). The thickness ratio of outermost sheet layer, intermediate sheet layer, and outermost sheet layer of adhesive sheet was adjusted to 1:10:1. Adhesive sheet in molten state was supplied between the embossing rolls and pressed, and emboss pattern of 0.2 mm depth was formed on the surface of the adhesive sheet. The adhesive sheet had gel fraction of 79%, and excellent adhesiveness. The solar cell module formed using adhesive sheet had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The cubic crystal structure is M4N type crystal structure which has nitrogen atom arranged at the octahedron space of unit cell of face centered cubic lattice formed of transition metal atom chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvents are 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidizone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone. The electrocatalytic layer comprises platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium or osmium. The metal oxide layer is a titanium dioxide layer (TiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first polymer is polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The first housing comprises a halogenated polymer, a glass, a ceramic and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The holding frame is made from plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive catalytic electrode is made of nickel screen mesh coated with palladium (Pd), titanium (Ti) or zirconium (Zr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is rhenium, ruthenium, osmium (Os), rhodium, iridium (Ir), palladium, platinum (Pt), copper or gold (preferably Ir).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second ring is further substituted by one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or electron withdrawing groups. The second ring is substituted by a triphenylene group or carbazole group. The substituents at the ortho positions of the second ring are diarylaminoaryl groups. The second ring is attached to a nitrogen atom of the first ring. The first ring is substituted by a second aryl or heteroaryl ring which is not directly bonded to the metal and which is substituted at both ortho positions by groups other than II or halide. The first ring is an imidazole, benzene, naphthalene, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, furan, or thiophene ring. The first ring is an imidazole coordinated via a first nitrogen atom to the metal. Preferred Properties: The compound has a highest energy peak in a phosphorescence emission spectrum at a wavelength less than 480 nm. EXAMPLE - A 50 mL flask was charged with N-(2,6-dimethyl phenyl)-2-phenylimidazole (5.30 g) and tris(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) (1.96 g). The reaction mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated at 240degreesC for 48 hours. After cooling, the solidified mixture was washed first with absolute ethanol followed by hexane. The residue was further purified by a silica gel column to give fac-mc3 (3.10 g). The product was further purified by vacuum sublimation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Titanium oxide is rutile-type titanium oxide. The average particle diameter of titanium oxide is 0.1-0.24 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film further contains glycidyl ether or two or more types of epoxy compound of glycidyl ether, two kinds of surface treating agents, hydrated alumina or hydrated silicic acid, and benzotriazole type compound or benzophenone type compound. Alternately, surface treating agents, hydrated alumina and hydrated silicic acid, glycidyl ether or two or more types of epoxy compound of glycidyl ether, and benzotriazole type compound or benzophenone type compound, are contained in different films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electroconductive substrate formed with peeling prevention layer has ratio of real surface area and projected area of 10 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The peeling prevention layer contains a porous conductive polymer having polymer of aniline and/or aniline derivative. The porous conductive polymer contains a copolymer having monomer component chosen from aniline and aniline derivative. The peeling prevention layer contains isocyanate group contained in gel electrolyte or solid electrolyte, and functional group which forms chemical bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The exfoliation prevention layer formed on a substrate consists of porous conductive polymer selected from the group consisting of aniline and aniline derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Zinc gas is a mixed gas of zinc gas and zinc chloride gas.Preferred Method: The zinc chloride gas is further supplied, while manufacturing silicon.The zinc gas supplied to the reactor is progressed into the reactor by rotational flow within the tower.The silicon tetrachloride is vaporized by heating, and fed to the reactor in pressurized state.The silicon melt portion (6) heats the furnace wall from the exterior to more than melting temperature of silicon, and a heat generating material in the reactor from exterior by induction heating.The remaining reactive gas after separating silicon is cooled to temperature less than zinc boiling point, zinc is separated and recovered from reactive gas in cyclone-type zinc separator.The residual zinc is recovered and supplied to zinc gas evolution tank, while cooling and liquefying zinc chloride.The zinc chloride recovered gasified in controlled atmosphere, and supplied as zinc gas to the reactor.Preferred Conditions: The reactor and silicon melt wall are maintained at 1100-1350degreesC and 1450-1600degreesC, respectively.The cyclone-type zinc separator is maintained at 750-650degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The silicon production apparatus further has an obstacle plate provided between the reaction portion in the reactor and silicon melt wall.The silicon holding tank has a heat-tracking unit, and connected to exterior through the obstacle plate which continuously removes the silicon from the tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The suspension liquid of carbon contains platinum ion or gold ion (3-100 wt.pts) with respect to carbon solid content (100 wt.pts). Platinum colloid (10-180 wt.pts) is added with respect to carbon solid content (100 wt.pts), in the ion-containing suspension liquid.Preferred Compound: The platinum ion is obtained from platinum compound which is chloroplatinic acid, platinum chloride (IV) acid potassium, platinum chloride (IV) acid sodium, tetranitroplatinum (II) potassium, hexahydroxoplatinum (IV) acid sodium hydrate, dinitrodiamineplatinum nitric acid, dinitrodiamine platinum ammonia and tetraaminedichloroplatinum hydrate. The gold ion is obtained from gold compound which is chloroauric acid, sodium auric sulfate, potassium auric cyanide and sodium auric cyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The roof tile is formed of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: Part of the rear surface of the tile is not covered by the photo voltaic cell and a coating (13) of paint or resin is applied to the rear surface of the tile so that the solar panel device appears to be of uniform color when viewed from the front.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal is platinum, ruthenium, iridium, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, iron, osmium, rhodium and/or rhenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-based support is formed of graphite, carbon powder, acetylene black, carbon black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanorings, carbon nanowires, and fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrically conductive polymer is polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polythienylenevinylene, and/or poly(p-phenylenesulfide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste composition comprises hydroxide selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The embedded nanostructures are made from metallic electron conductive materials, non-metallic electron conductive materials, non-metallic semiconductive materials, non-metallic dielectric materials, ion conductive materials, silicates, carbon nanotubes (107), and/or luminescent probe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Forming the first and second semiconductor layers includes depositing a material consisting of conductive polymer, conjugated polymer with a fullerene derivative, and inorganic materials consisting of cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, titania, and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor body includes a germanium (Ge) substrate. Subcell(s) is fabricated at least in part with gallium arsenide (GaAs).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal mesh layer has a multilayer structure comprising greater than or equal to2 layers made of different metals. It comprises a first metal mesh layer formed of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), tin (Sn), chromium (Cr) or its alloy; and a second metal mesh layer formed of cupper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au) or its alloy. The electrically conductive material of the conductive layer is indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide (Ga2O3), ZnO-aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and/or tin oxide (SnO2)-antimony oxide (Sb2O3). The exposed substrate is treated with a metal salt solution of palladium salt solution and/or silver salt solution to obtain a pattern having the metal deposited on a potential pattern.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photocatalytic compound is a titanium (Ti)-containing organometallic compound of tetraisopropyltitanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexyl)titanate, and/or polybutyltitanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water-soluble polymer compound is polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, and/or gelatin. The water-soluble polymer layer comprises a photosensitizer of tar pigment, a potassium or sodium salt of chlorophylline, riboflavine and its derivatives, cupper sulfate, water-soluble annatto, caramel, curcumine, cochinal, citric acid, ammonium citrate, sodium citrate, oxalic acid, potassium (K)-tartrate, sodium (Na)-tartrate, ascorbic acid, formic acid, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and/or malic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell further has a light emitting element (20) which introduces a light into the anode portion. The fuel cell is a stack type fuel cell which has the light emitting element integrally provided in the exterior of the stack. The light emitting element and anode portion of the cell are connected by an optical waveguide. The fuel cell has a reflecting plate which turns the light introduced by the optical waveguide to anode portion and reflects, and which is provided between the separator and anode portion. A fuel cell system has the fuel cell and light-guide ON apparatus which introduces a light into anode portion of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of anode portion is platinum, ruthenium, iron, nickel, cobalt and/or its metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel supplied to the anode portion is a water-soluble oxygen-containing organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfide inorganic semiconductor which forms optical pumping structure is copper indium sulfide. The sulfide is potassium sulfide, lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide or ammonium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zinc complex is of formula (1).X=group of formula (2);R1,R2=1-5C linear or branched alkyl;Y'=group of formula (2) or 1-8C linear or branched alkyl;andZ=hydrogen atom or 1-4C alkyl.Preferred Method: Solvent solution of zinc complex is used as zinc supply source, and zinc oxide thin film is formed. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing agent further contains silane-coupling agent (C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylene-(alpha)-olefin copolymer (B) contains structural unit of ethylene (30-70 mol%) and 4 C or more alpha olefin (70-30 mol%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidation-resistant material is selected from the group consisting of magnesia, mullite, alumina, silicon nitride and silicon carbide. The impurity collection component is made of alumina, silica, calcium oxide or halogenated calcium. The impurity oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of carbonate of alkali metal, carbon hydrate, carbonate of alkaline-earth metal and oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of crystalline silicon. The upper partial layer consists of titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent electroconductive board is acrylic resin transparent board.Preferred Process: The acrylic resin transparent board is heat resistant resin obtained by copolymerizing methyl methacrylate, maleic acid anhydride and aromatic vinyl compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas is an inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The CO remover has a catalyst (46, 66) of any one of platinum (Pt), Pt/ruthenium (Ru), or copper (Cu)/cerium oxide (CeO)/aluminum oxide (Al2O3) deposited on the partitioning walls. The passage of the CO remover is filled with catalyst particles formed of any one of Pt, Pt/Ru, or Cu/CeO/Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The first oxygen getter includes metallic nickel in a form of nickel metal foam, nickel wire, or nickel mesh; or nickel alloy in the form of nickel alloy foam, nickel alloy wire, or nickel alloy mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of total of nitrogen atom in 5-membered ring and 6-membered ring with respect to total nitrogen atom is 0.3-1. Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, titanium, zinc, and vanadium. Preferred Method: The metal is supported by the porous material, and electrode catalyst is heat processed at temperature more than decomposition temperature of salt of metal ion in inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastics sintering porous material is selected from polypropylene, acryl, polyurethane and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The alkali metal dope agent exists at concentration of 1-20 atomic%. The host material is chosen from indirect transition form semiconductor, insulator and tricycloalkane. The alkali metal dope agent is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and/or francium. 10% or more of optical functional nano material are particles having particle diameter of 100 nm or less.Preferred Property: The host material has optical spectrum with band gap energy larger than 3.1 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction container is formed of Kovar. The insulation plate is formed of mullite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The `A' expressed in the general formula of perovskite-type complex oxide as AB(1-x)M(x)O3, is selected from one or more types of element selected from lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), cerium (Ce), calcium (Ca), yttrium (Y), erbium (Er), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), magnesium (Mg) and barium (Ba). The `B' includes one or more types of transition metal element chosen from iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) and molybdenum (Mo). The noble metal element `M' is selected from platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aqueous liquid used for forming resin layer further contains ammonia or alkali metal hydroxide. The inorganic thin film layer is formed using aqueous dispersion of silica. The thickness of the resin layer is 0.0005-1 microns. The inorganic thin film is formed using silicon oxide. The laminate film has 2 or more structure units consisting of inorganic thin film and resin layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer contains partially neutralized material of ethylene-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer. The neutralization degree of neutralized material is 20-100 mol%. The mass ratio of polyvinyl alcohol and copolymer is 95:5-5:95. The saponification degree of polyvinyl alcohol is 90% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The measurement of molar ratio of silicon-oxide particles is performed according to the gravimetric-analyses method based on JISZ2613 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst element is selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric impregnating resin is phenolic, epoxy, acrylic, melamine, polyamide, polyamide imide, and/or phenoxy resin. The low viscosity coating resin impregnates a portion of the resin-depleted surface. Preferred Properties: The viscosity of the low viscosity coating resin is less than 400, preferably less than 100 cp. The polymeric impregnating resin is removed to 2-20microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The catalyst material comprises platinum; platinum-containing multi- metal element; a mixture of platinum and platinum oxynitride; a mixture of platinum and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum-containing multi- metal element and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, and oxynitride of metal element other than platinum; a mixture of platinum and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum-containing metal element and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, oxide of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum-containing multi-metal element, oxide of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; a mixture of platinum- containing metal element, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide; or a mixture of platinum, platinum oxynitride, oxynitride of metal element other than platinum, and boron oxide. The metal element other than platinum is aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, osmium, rhenium, iridium, gold, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium. The catalyst material having the entangled structure is disposed on a catalyst carrier comprising carbon, carbon-supported platinum, carbon-supported platinum alloy, platinum black, platinum fine particles, platinum alloy fine particles, or gold fine particles.Preferred Property: The catalyst material having the entangled structure has a porosity of 30-95%. The entangled structure comprises a filiform tissue (10) having a width of 3-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is titanium oxide, tungstic acid compound, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide or zincic-acid compound. The metal oxide is in the form of quantum dot, nano dot, nano tube, nano wire, nano belt or nano particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material having 4-30C aromatic ring or hetero aromatic ring, is a compound having a functional group, which forms primary or secondary bonding, or one or more metal oxides. The functional group is carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), oxyalkyl (OR, where R is 1-10C alkyl) or thiol (SH). The organic material is of formula (1 or 2).A=COOH, OH, OR or SH;D=H, OH, R, OR, SH, NRR' or halogen element;andR,R'=1-10C alkyl.Preferred Process: The organic material is formed on the surface of metal oxide layer by immersing the metal oxide layer in a solution obtained by dispersing the organic material in a solvent. The solvent is pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane or chloroform. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Organic material is benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-ethoxy benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, 4-octyl benzoic acid, 4-(octyl oxy) benzoic acid, 4-ethoxy salicylic acid, or 5-(4-methoxy phenyl)-1,3-oxadiazole-2-thiol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor electrode obtained using the photoelectric conversion material contains metal chalcogenide(s) of titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 specific pigments having an indoline group and a thioxo bithiazolidine dione group linked by a bivalent coupling group, are disclosed. E.g. compounds of formulae (A-E).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The housings of the valve and the valve plate are made of SUS 304 steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode of the direct methanol type fuel cell contains a platinum catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: A conductive polymer is used for a capacitor using the electrolyte liquid. The conductive polymer is polythiophene or its derivative(s), polypyrrole or its derivative(s), polyaniline or its derivative(s), or polyparaphenylene or its derivative(s), preferably poly-3-(4-fluorophenyl) thiophene, poly-3-(4-t-butyl phenyl) thiophene, poly-3-(4-trifluoro methyl phenyl) thiophene, poly-3-(2,4-difluorophenyl) thiophene or poly-3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl) thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sulfonated polyaryletherketone further comprises structural units of formulae (II), (III), and (V).Z=a direct bond or O, S, (CH2)y, (CF2)y, C(CH3)2 and/or C(CF3)2 (preferably);andy=1-5.Preferred Process: The sulfonation process further comprises reacting the monomer of formula (VIII) as above and the monomer of formula (IX) as above with a monomer of formula (X). Preferred Definitions:    a, m=0.    EXAMPLE - Sulfonation was carried out by dissolving a prepared polyaryletherketone polymer (1.5 g) in concentrated sulfuric acid (20 ml), and stirring for the desired time at room temperature. After the reaction, the mixture was poured into ice water. The sulfonated polymer was collected by filtration, and washed with deionized water until the rinse water was at pH 6-7, and dried at room temperature for 2 days before drying in a vacuum oven at 80degreesC for 24 hours, thus obtaining a sulfonated polyaryletherketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid phase desulfurizer includes a zeolite-based sorbent or alumina guard bed. The zeolite-based sorbent material is selected from copper-ion, silver-ion and cerium-ion exchanged zeolite. The gas phase desulfurizer includes a coarse gas phase desulfurizer and a polishing gas phase desulfurizer in flow sequence. The coarse gas phase desulfurizer includes a sorbent material selected from zinc oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, zinc titanate and calcium carbonate. The polishing gas phase desulfurizer includes a sorbent material comprised of a morphologically altered oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The powder catalyst is laminated on the surface of honeycomb support or molding support to thickness of 5-200 microns. Preferred Compound: The zeolite is mordenite-group zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrates have a plastic film which covered a transparent electrical conductive film made of zinc oxide. The counter electrode consists of metal containing titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrates have a plastic film made of polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The general grade polyester-film layer and/or hydrolysis-proof grade polyester film layer consist of a white film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The peak of the diameter of the porosity of anatase type titanium oxide is 10-100 Angstrom . The anatase type titanium oxide has density of 0.5-3 g/cm3. The crystalline diameter of (101) surface and (004) surface of the anatase type titanium oxide is 13-40 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The filler is inorganic filler having hydrophobization-treated surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition further contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate (10 or less) and filler (40 or less). Preferred Compound: The saturated thermoplastic elastomer (B) is hydrogenated substance of styrene-conjugated diene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer and/or polyacrylate containing 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate unit (50 wt.% or more).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal alkoxide contains at least titanium alkoxide, and silane alkoxide of formula (1): R1-Si-(OR2)3, or of formula (2): R32-Si-(OR4)2R1=alicyclic epoxy group or oxetane group;R2,R4=methyl of ethyl;andR3=methyl or phenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thermosetting resin precursor is cycloaliphatic epoxy resin precursor of formula (3). The transparent composite material is sheet-like molding having thickness of 50 microns to 5 mm.X=O, SO2, CH2, C(CH3)2, CH(CH3), COO-CH2, or COO-CH2C6H10CH2-COO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Compound: The glass fiber is E glass or glass cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas-liquid separation layer is formed of one selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, silicon resin, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The suction element is made of ceramic, foaming sponge, or metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filter element is made of fluorinated resin, preferably polyvinylidene fluoride, fluoroethylene propylene, PTFE, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, or fluoroethylene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of borosilicate glass, or glass. The adhesive layer comprises alumina, and/or silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of silicon wafer, or aluminum. The catalyst layer comprises a catalyst comprising platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), copper/zinc oxide (Cu/ZnO), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and/or Cu-ZnO/aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The catalyst layer comprises cerium oxide, Al2O3, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, or titanium (IV) oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrates are formed of polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The silver paste contains phosphorus oxide or silver phosphate, and silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Flux: the flux consists of polyethylene glycol type compound of formula: RO-(CH2CH2O)n-H, where R is hydrogen or 1-10C linear alkyl group and n is 6-23, organic solvent and activator containing carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The infrared reflecting film is a heat mirror of triple-layer structure of a titanium oxide/titanium nitride/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The accepting surface for the molten metal consists of quartz or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The flexible substrate has a multi-layer structure containing mica substrate and an intermediate layer containing ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact electrode is made of molybdenum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The two diffusion regions provided adjacent to the electrodes comprise a layer of diffusion media, such as graphite paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises a noble metal or its alloys. The noble metal is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium or gold. The non-metallic compound comprises a chalcogenide. The catalyst support is at least one oxide of titanium and zirconium. The at least one transition metal oxide is doped with at least one trivalent transition metal (preferably chromium), pentavalent transition metal or hexavalent transition metal (preferably chromium or tungsten) at a level of 1019 - 1022 atoms/cm3. The at least one pentavalent transition metal is niobium, tantalum, manganese, vanadium or molybdenum. The surface area of the catalyst support is at least about 30 (preferably at least 100) m2/g. The particle size of the catalyst support material is at least one magnitude of order greater than the at least one of a metal and a non-metallic compound. The catalyst support has an electrical resistivity of 10-6 - 103 (preferably 10-6 - 1) Ohm-cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture absorption layer is made of phosphoric oxide (P2O5) or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic oxide particles of the first porous film comprise titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, iridium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and/or strontium titanium oxide (preferably titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide or zinc oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first and second organic light active diode materials are provided in a solvent or in different solvent streams that are mixed in the non-solvent liquid. Nanoparticles are formed from the multilayered particles using a microfluidizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The charge transport material comprises ionic transport material, conjugated polymer charge transport material and/or semiconductor charge transport material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises carbon fiber paper. POLYMER - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic fluorocarbon polymer comprises PTFE. The second coating comprises a moisture cured silicone. The diffusion medium has first and second side. The first side comprises the first and second coating. The second side comprises a microporous layer having carbon and a sintered mass of fluorocarbon polymer particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The igniter is an electrode extending from the inside to the outside of the fuel reforming reactor, which is connected to an electric accumulation device in the outside of the fuel reforming reactor and an end of the electrode inserted into the through-hole is provided with an electric spark-generating part. The electrode is surrounded by an insulator, so that electric spark is generated in the through-hole. The gas supply line consists of a fuel supply line, and a supply line for supplying air alone or mixed gas of air and fuel that is different from the fuel supply line; or the gas supply line consists of only a supply line for supplying mixed gas of air and fuel without the fuel supply line. The fuel supply line is formed inside of the insulator, and the supply line for supplying air alone or mixed gas of air and fuel is formed outside of the insulator. The fuel reforming reactor further comprises: a metal fiber mat in an upstream part of the fuel reforming reactor to prevent a reverse progress of the spark or flame; a metal screen inserted between the respective catalyst in the stack of the catalyst; and a heat exchanger carrying out heat exchange between produced gas discharged and reforming gas supplied into the fuel reforming reactor, and preheating the reforming gas before supplying into the fuel reforming reactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The released energy drives a land vehicle or powers a spacecraft or powers an aerial vehicle or drives a maritime vessel comprising an undersea delivery vehicle. Hydrogen peroxide product is stored in a tank prior to committing the product into fuel cell container area. The product is directed to power a fuel cell. The performed work replaces work performed by an internal combustion engine or by a diesel engine. The molecular stimulator or device with similar capabilities producing vibration energy, cleans the oxides from anode and/or cathode. The molecular stimulator or device with similar capabilities tunable vibration stirs the hydrogen peroxide at variable rates to accelerate or decelerate the reaction rate of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hydrogen peroxide is obtained by electrolytic conversion of water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The method uses a water-soluble coating remover composition comprising (in wt.%) gamma-butyrolactone (25-94), organic acid (1-40), and water (5 or more). The acid is of formula: RCOOH, where R is H, 1-10C alkyl, halogen-substituted 1-10C alkyl, hydroxy-substituted 4-6C alkyl, or 4-6C cycloalkyl. An alkali metal salt of the organic acid is used instead of or in addition to acids. The organic acid is formic acid, acetic acid, chloroacetic acid, glycolic acid, and/or citric acid, preferably formic acid. The acid is designed specifically for its end use strength and chemistry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Precursor: The precursor of catalytic active substance is a mixture of metal salt containing noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water-soluble electrolyte is water-soluble phosphoric acid or water-soluble solid oxide. The water-soluble electrolyte is supported by porous layer comprising silica or silica gel. The surface of hydrogen permeability layer is made of palladium or palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The moisture content of biomass and/or waste material is 5-60%. Preferred Gas: The carrier gas of superheated steam is inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support layer or catalyst layer contains 0.01-10 wt.% of fibrous titanium oxide and 1-30 wt.% of binder component. The support layer or catalyst layer contains 50-95 wt.% of support component other than fibrous titanium oxide or catalyst component. Preferred Properties: The support component or catalyst component are particles having average particle diameter of 5 nm-30 microns. The support layer or catalyst layer has thickness of 0.5 microns-5 mm. The honey-comb base material has outer diameter of 20-200 mm, opening of 1-30 mm, wall thickness of 0.01-5 mm and length of 30-1000 mm, along cross-section.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: A dispersion medium chosen from water, alcohol, ketone, glycol and organic acid, is used in manufacture of the honey-comb compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactor is formed using negative resistant component, such as tungsten, tantalum, or molybdenum and positive resistor, such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride. Preferred Method: Highly purified silicon tetrachloride liquid is injected into reactor containing highly purified zinc gas and having space, reacted at bulb temperature of 950degreesC and acicular or dendritic silicon crystal is manufactured. The precipitated silicon is formed on reaction tube (1) surface, and sealing is provided for preventing mixing of impurity, such as nickel or iron, and crystal growth from tube surface. The silicon deposited on heat component is removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - composition: An inorganic pigment (B) is an oxide containing the element chosen from iron, Chromium, manganese, copper, Cobalt and nickel. The back sheet further contains inorganic pigment (C) (0.01-10) with respect to thermoplastic-resin (A) (100). An organic pigment (C) is chosen from white-colored inorganic pigment, red-type inorganic pigment, green type inorganic pigment, yellowish inorganic pigment, brown type inorganic pigment, blue type inorganic pigment, purple type inorganic pigment, silver type inorganic pigment, and pearl color system inorganic pigment, preferably green type pigment, white and blue colored inorganic pigment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The vinylic-monomer component (b) contains aromatic vinyl compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred resin: The thermoplastic resin is obtained polymerizing vinylic-monomer component (b) and rubbery polymer (a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: Another electrode isolated from the other two electrodes through the organic matter, contacts the organic matter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having cyclic conjugated systems is catenane of formula (1).A,B'=cyclic pi-conjugated molecule which carryout interlock, and may connect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The load distribution profile unit is made up of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process takes place continuously. The amount of hydrogen and gaseous silicon compound is 97-99 mol.% and 1-3 mol.%, respectively. The surface temperature of the reactor is 800-1100degreesC.Preferred Components: The fluidizing gas is hydrogen. The reaction gas contains gaseous silicon compound such as a monosilane, preferably a chlorosilane such as trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conducting particle is transparent conducting oxides from indium tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnOx) or titanium (IV) oxide. The conductive ink includes copper, gold, titanium, tungsten, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, lead, palladium, or platinum. It also includes n-type elements from Group V or Group VI.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanoparticles comprise cadmium sulfide (CdS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tetrozole compound decomposes at 100-350 (preferably 150-280)degreesC. The nanoparticles comprise 5-aminotetrazole. Preferred Method: The nanoparticles preparation includes adding the tetrazole after synthesis of the nanoparticles, removing the tetrazole from surface of the nanoparticles, and sintering the nanoparticles after removing the molecules containing the tetrazole moiety. Preferred Dimension: The nanoparticles have a particle size of less than or equal to20 (preferably less than or equal to10) nm. EXAMPLE - Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles stabilized with 5-aminotetrazole (5-ATz) were synthesized by adding equimolar amounts of dimethylcadmium and bis-(trimethylsilyl)sulfide to a solution of 5-ATz in acetonitrile at room temperature. A mixture of the 5-ATz (0.2 g) and anhydrous acetonitrile (4 ml) was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 30 minutes to form a saturated solution of 5-ATz. Dimethylcadmium (0.05 ml) was added to the mixture with stirring. Formation of the CdS nanoparticles was initiated by injection of bis-(trimethylsilyl)sulfide (0.132 ml) under vigorous stirring. The reaction was accompanied by gas evolution. The solution was left stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtrated through 0.2 micron polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter to remove non-dissolved 5-ATz. The formed CdS nanoparticles formed a stable yellow colloidal solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that small, 3 nm size CdS nanoparticles assemble into polycrystalline wire-like aggregates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: An alcohol solution containing the sensitizing dye (1-3) is impregnated into zinc-oxide porous component, and photoelectrode layer (1) of dye sensitized-type photoelectric transducer (10) is formed by deoxycholic acid copresence. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 examples for sensitizing dye, such as sensitizing dye of formulae (I-V) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1-(carboxymethyl)-2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium (formula (A)) (in g) (0.049), 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-3,4-dioxocyclobut-1-en-1-olate (formula (D)) (0.059) and mixture solvent (3 ml) containing toluene and n-butanol in volume ratio of 1:1, were reacted for 2 hours. The obtained reaction solution was concentrated and purified to obtain squarylium dye (formula (I)) (0.016). The maximum absorption wavelength of obtained squarylium dye was 620 nm. A solar cell containing the obtained squarylium dye had excellent external appearance and electric power generating capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The binding agent is dimethyl silicone oil, methyl phenyl silicone oil, and/or amino-modified silicone oil, and is a water emulsion of oil having viscosity of 1-10000 cst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ammonium compound is ammonium carbonate or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasticizer is selected from phthalic acid ester, adipate type, phosphoric acid ester type, trimellitic acid ester, citric acid ester, epoxy type and polyester type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The layer comprising metal, metal oxide and/or inorganic compound has gas barrier property. The layer has water vapor permeability of 2.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less. The layer has water vapor permeability of 5.0 g/m2/24 hours/0.1 mm or less after aging.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film having intrinsic viscosity of 0.6-1.2 and containing polyimide resin. Alternately, the polyester film layer is layer which consists of biaxially stretched polyethylene naphthalate film. The sealing film further has weather resistant resin sheet layer (5) laminated on the surface. The resin layer is chosen from fluorine resin sheet, poly carbonate resin sheet and/or acrylic resin sheet. The sealing film has total visible light transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Resin: The acrylic resin is benzotriazole group monomer copolymerized acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An aluminum oxide is formed on magnesium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: Metal particles provided with acid-proof surface treatment are added to the topcoat layer. Preferred Layers: A plating layer consisting of nickel and a plating layer consisting of aluminum are formed between the magnesium alloy and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intermediate fluid and reformate comprise hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The input fluid comprises hydrocarbon(s) or alcohol(s), preferably methane, ethane, propane, butane, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, diesel fuel and/or biodiesel fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cooling fluid is a water and glycol mixture having a concentration of water and glycol in a predetermined range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The selectively permeable wall portion includes a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol on a polyethersulfone support; or includes a cross-linked Chitosan membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The fiber core may comprise metal, metal oxide, and/or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The photoconversion material comprises conjugated polymer, e.g. polyacetylene, polyaniline, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polythienylvinylene, polythiophene, polyquinoline, polyporphyrin, porphyrinic macrocycle, polymetallocene, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphthalocyanine, and/or derivatives of these polymers; discotic liquid crystal polymer or non-polymer; or composite of conjugated polymer in conjunction with non-polymeric material. The fiber core comprises flexible polymeric material; polyethylene terephthalate; flax, cotton, wool, silk, and/or nylon; conductive polymer; or filled polymer. The fiber core is electrically insulative or conductive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel component is alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon and/or acetal. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition contains a molecular compound and the liquid fuel component. The fuel composition comprises fatty acid ester of polyhydric alcohol and fuel. The molecular compound is a clathrate compound formed from fuel and host composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The spinel-type composite metal oxide further consists of nickel. The sulfur-compound removal agent is supported by a porous base material such as molecular sieve and/or activated carbon fiber. The alkali is added to the mixed aqueous solution of metal salt in the presence of the porous base material, and then the metal hydroxide is settled to the porous base material surface. Preferred Properties: The particle size of the nanoparticles is preferably 10 nm or less. The sulfur-compound removal agent has Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area of more than 90 m2/g. The metal salt concentration in the mixed aqueous solution of metal salt is 10 wt.% or less. The dripping amount of 1-30 wt.% concentrated hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution is 85 ml or more. The calcination temperature is 400-600degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The fixing members are constituted by a hat shaped steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The zipper gasket is formed by an elastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst metal particles have secondary particle structure in which metal microparticles are adhered on the core, or core-shell structure in which metal shell is adhered on core. A portion or whole of bi-layered particles are alloyed by heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hexaluminate is M13O19, M16O22, M16O23, and/or M19O27. It includes formula LaMAl11O19 or LaMgAl11O19. The mixture comprises alumina delta phase alumina, theta phase alumina, and/or gamma phase alumina (preferably).M=Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and/or Zn.Preferred Composition: The mixture comprises 1-10 wt.% of the divalent cation component, and 4-12.0 wt.% of the trivalent cation component, based on the total weight of the mixture. Preferred Property: The catalyst is capable of producing greater than or equal to20 vol.% hydrogen after treatment at greater than or equal to1200degreesC or greater than or equal to1370degreesC. The alumina comprises a surface area of 20-50 m2/g. EXAMPLE - An aqueous mixture of magnesium nitrate and gamma alumina powder containing lanthanum was prepared. The mixture was heat treated at 950degreesC in air to vaporize the water and the nitrates and to stabilize the alumina. The result of the heat treatment was a catalyst support comprising a powdered mixture of oxides. Aqueous slurry of the catalyst support and rhodium nitrate was prepared. The slurry was applied on a monolithic substrate that was then heat treated in air at 538degreesC for 1 hour. The finished catalyst was placed in static air at 1200degreesC for 10 hours to form a stabilized mixture of hexaluminate and alumina. The effectiveness of the oxidation catalysts for partial oxidation of gasoline was tested. The results showed 22.1 and 21.5 vol.% hydrogen after 1200degreesC and 1300degreesC heat treatments, and 92% and 90% maximum hydrogen after 1200degreesC and 1300degreesC heat treatments.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: A volume proportion occupied by the active material cores in the mixture layer is 19-44%, and a weight proportion of the carbon nanofibers in the composite negative electrode active material is 6-35%. Preferred Property: A tap density of the composite negative electrode active material is 0.42-0.91 g/cm3. The average particle diameter of the active material cores is 1-14 microns. Preferred Material: The active material cores are silicon oxide particles expressed by SiOx.x=0.05-1.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves washing a substrate containing the organic material with the solvent. In the method (M1), the treating a surface of the metal oxide layer is conducted by immersing the semiconductor electrode having a light-absorbing layer in a dispersion of the aromatic or heteroaromatic organic material has an electron-donating group in a solvent. The treating a surface of the metal oxide layer is conducted by spraying a dispersion of the aromatic or heteroaromatic organic material having an electron-donating group in a solvent onto the semiconductor electrode having a light-absorbing layer. The dispersion of the organic material in the solvent is prepared via ultrasonic treatment or heat treatment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal Oxide: The metal oxide comprises at least one titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide. The metal oxide is a nanomaterial containing quantum dots, nanodots, nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts or nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material is selected from a compound of formula (I) or 5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-(1,3,4)oxadiazole-2-thiol. The organic material is selected from the benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 4-octylbenzoic acid, 4-(octyloxy)benzoic acid, 4-ethoxysalicylic acid and 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)1,3-oxadiazole-2-thiol. The solvent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of pentane, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane and chloroform.A1=H, COOH, OH, OR or SH;D1=H, OH, R, OR, SH, NRR' or halogen elements;R and R'=1-10C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The linear fluoro polyether compound is of formula (I). The organopolysiloxane is of formula (II).X=-CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2- or -Y"-NR-CO-;Y"=-CH2- or structure of formula (Z);R=hydrogen atom, methyl, phenyl or allyl;X'=-CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR'-Y'-;Y'=-CH2- or structure of formula (Z');R'=hydrogen atom, methyl, phenyl or allyl;p=0 or 1;r=2-6;m,n=0-200;R1-R4=homogeneous or heterogeneous hydrogen atom or (un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group;R5,R6=homogeneous or heterogeneous (un)substituted bivalent hydrocarbon group optionally containing oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom in the middle of chain;Rf=3C or more monovalent perfluoro alkyl group or monovalent perfluoro alkyl ether group;s=1-100;t=0-500; andu=2-100. EXAMPLE - Fluorine-containing mercapto siloxane (in mass parts) (49.2) of formula (III) having viscosity of 143 centistokes and mercapto group amount of 0.061 mol/100 g and diethoxy acetophenone (1) were mixed and added to polymer (100) of formula (IV) having viscosity of 2100 centistokes, weight average molecular weight of 6200, vinyl radical weight of 0.03 mol/100 g, to obtain photocurable fluoro polyether rubber composition having excellent solvent resistance measured as volume change of 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, 5%, 1%, 18%, 15%, 21%, 8% and 12% with respect to gasoline, methanol, chloroform, acetone, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, n-hexane and carbon tetrachloride, respectively. A rubber elastic component having hardness of 25, elongation of 100% and tensile strength of 1.3 MPa was obtained using the rubber composition.    m,n=35;    s=10;    t=20;    u=5;    Rf=C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3); and    X=group of formula (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The vapor deposition layer of the gas barrier vapor deposition film consists of inorganic oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the surface of the vapor deposition layer side of gas barrier vapor deposition film. The gas barrier vapor deposition film is laminated on the unprocessed surface of a plastic base material processed by corona treatment or adhesion processing. The radiation cured resin layer is laminated on the processed surface of base material. The base material surface of the gas barrier vapor deposition film is colored or transparent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive thin film comprises silver pattern, copper or aluminum film and nickel film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Platinum ion or gold ion (in wt.pts) (5-90) is added to the suspension liquid of zeolite having solid content of 100 wt.pts by metallic element conversion, and mixed at 15-40degreesC. The platinum colloid (10-120 wt.pts) of average particle diameter 1-100 nm is then added and mixed at 15-40degreesC, to manufacture the platinum colloid carrying zeolite. Preferred Substances: The platinum ion is derived from platinum compound(s) chosen from chloroplatinic acid, potassium salt of platinum chloride (IV) acid, sodium salt of platinum chloride (IV) acid, tetranitro platinum (II) potassium, hexahydroxo platinum (IV) acid sodium hydrate, dinitro diamine platinum nitrate, ammonium salt of dinitro diamine platinum or tetramine dichloro platinum hydrate. The gold ion is derived from gold compound(s) chosen from chloroauric acid, sodium salt of aurosulfurous acid, gold cyanide potassium or gold cyanide sodium. 3-60 wt.% of platinum colloid is supported with respect to zeolite support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The growth of linear carbon material is performed at more than 300degreesC and 600degreesC or less, preferably 400-600degreesC, or at 500-800degreesC. Plasma of each source gas and reducing gas is generated during the growth of linear carbon material, preferably carbon nanotube. The liner carbon material is provided as a functional portion in contact with a catalyst arranged at a predetermined portion, to manufacture a functional device. The linear carbon material is made to grow in a state at which the catalyst is arranged on a substrate. The catalyst is arranged at a predetermined pattern at 2 or more places opposing each other. An electrode is formed on the catalyst after the growth of the carbon material such that connected between the catalysts. The linear carbon material is a channel portion of field effect transistor which uses the electrode as a source or drain electrode. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is iron, cobalt, nickel or its alloy. Preferred Gas: The source gas is hydrocarbon group gas. The reducing gas is hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: After providing phosphorus diffusion layer, dielectric film comprising hydrogen is deposited onto the phosphorus diffusion layer by annealing. The dielectric film comprises silicon nitride (SiN). Preferred Parameter: The p-type silicon thin-film is deposited under 250degreesC. The annealing step is carried out at more than 50degreesC higher than the deposition temperature. Preferred Concentration: A hydrogen content of the dielectric film is 0.5-15 at.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen-supplying material contains magnesium, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tin, tungsten, or iridium. The oxygen-supplying material contains magnesium, aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, tin, tungsten, or iridium. The second catalyst material has a function of reducing activation energy for conversion of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The oxygen-supplying material supplies oxygen. The second catalyst material contains gold and a 3-11 group transition metal. The first region contacts the reaction fluid having a lower carbon monoxide concentration. The second region contacts the reaction fluid having a higher carbon monoxide concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises sugar alcohol (0.1-20 wt.%).Preferred Components: The base component is water, alcohol (preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol or octanol), glycol or glycol ether. The glycols are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol or hexylene glycol. The glycol ethers are ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether or tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether. EXAMPLE - A coolant composition (test) comprising (in wt.%) ethylene glycol (50), ion-exchange water (50) and sorbitol (5) was prepared. A comparative composition without sorbitol was also prepared. Oxidation deterioration testing (100degreesC; 168 hs) was performed on both test and comparative and their post-testing electric conductivities were measured. The initial conductivity/post test conductivity for test was 0.4/3.3 muS/cm and for the comparative it was 0.2/42.6 muS/cm respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The positive active material is positive active materials comprising hydroxides, ferrates, manganates, chromates, cerates, oxalates, or oxides. It may be nickel hydroxide (preferably), manganese hydroxide, cobalt hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, barium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or strontium hydroxide. The ferrate can be barium ferrate, potassium ferrate, lithium ferrate, or sodium ferrate. The manganate is sodium manganate, lithium manganate, or potassium manganate. The chromate is potassium chromate, lithium chromate, or sodium chromate. The cerate is potassium cerate, lithium cerate, or sodium cerate. The negative active material is a metal hydride active material from electrochemical hydrogen storage alloys or gas phase hydrogen storage alloys. The electrochemical hydrogen storage alloy is AB, AB2, AB5, A2B7, magnesium-nickel, or calcium-nickel alloys. The metal hydride active material is thermal gas phase hydrogen storage alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydroxide-ion exchange membrane is a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-polyvinylchloride polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel in the fuel cartridge contains methanol, methanol aqueous solution, chemical halide, gasoline, cyclohexanone or sodium tetrahydroborate and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: A transfer sheet is formed by applying the paste composition on a release layer of a base material, drying coated material and forming a catalyst layer on the release layer. The release layer consists of wax having melting point of 60-100degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of copper oxide and aluminum hydroxide is 10-300 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the dispersion medium.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of copper oxide and aluminum hydroxide is 10 ~ mm or less.Preferred Method: The raw material composition is baked in air to obtain copper aluminum oxide. EXAMPLE - Water (in g) (30) was added as dispersion medium into glass beaker containing cuprous oxide (average particle diameter of 3 microns) (7.2), and aluminum hydroxide (average particle diameter of 2 microns) (7.8). Then, the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and a raw material composition was prepared. The obtained raw material composition (20 ml) was immediately supplied into a crucible made of alumina, dried at 100degreesC for 2 hours and the temperature was raised to 1100degreesC, and baked in atmospheric pressure for 4 hours to obtain copper aluminum oxide. A thin film form baked product of the raw material composition had surface electric resistance of 2.3x104 ohm/square unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The structure is heated at temperature lower than production temperature of optical absorption layer in heating furnace at atmospheric pressure, or quickly heated for several minutes or less, such that composition change of optical absorption layer does not occur, at temperature more than production temperature of optical absorption layer. The structure is preferably heated at 400-500degreesC in heating furnace installed in waste gas processing facility. The cover glass is separated from structure having solar cell device portion and cover glass, which are adhered via adhesive agent. The burned adhesive agent, window layer, buffer layer and optical absorption layer are mechanically shaved off by scraping. The glass substrate having electrode layer is recovered by processing substrate with sand blaster or belt sander. The peripheral components, such as frame, sealing material, connection box with cable, and back sheet are removed from solar cell module by preprocessing. Preferred Properties: The plastic resin-made adhesive agent has thickness of 200-800 microns, preferably 400-600 microns before cross-linking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thermal conduction structure with a plate arranged in such a way that air gaps and leakage paths to live components as specified conforms to international electrotechincal commission (IEC) standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The step of supporting the precursor compound for the titanium or silver on the platinum catalyst includes heating the organic titanium compound in a nitrogenous atmosphere, absorbing the heated titanium onto the platinum catalyst, and reducing the platinum catalyst onto which the titanium is absorbed in the hydrogenous atmosphere. Preferred Parameter: The temperature for the heating is 150-200degreesC. A temperature for performing the reduction process is 400-500degreesC. Preferred Property: The nitrogenous atmosphere is implemented under a state in which a ratio of hydrogenous gas to nitrogen gas is 5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: Upon supporting the titanium on the platinum catalyst, a weight ratio of platinum to titanium is 1:0.001-0.1. Upon supporting the silver on the platinum catalyst, a weight ratio of platinum to silver is 1:0.01-0.1. EXAMPLE - An organic titanium precursor compound was heated at 150-200degreesC in a condition that a mixing ratio of nitrogen gas to hydrogen gas was 5:1 to chemically deposit the titanium precursor onto the platinum catalyst. The amount of the titanium was adjusted so that a weight ratio of platinum to titanium in a finally obtained catalyst was 1:0.001. The catalyst on which the titanium had been deposited was reduced for 2 hours at 250-350degreesC in a hydrogenous atmosphere to obtain the catalyst for the water gas shift reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel vaporization film is made of resin comprising perfluoro sulfonic acid group, perfluoro carbon group including carboxyl, polysulfone, polyimide, polyetheretherketone or polyamide, or a polymer material including silicon. An adhesion layer (51) between the control plate and the liquid fuel vaporization film and between the other control plate and the liquid fuel vaporization film is made of an adhesive comprising a silicon group, an epoxy group, a cyanoacrylate group, or urethane group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The first electrode may include a transparent substrate, e.g. glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst layer comprises platinum, palladium, gold, and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first electrode includes metal foil formed of stainless steel, transition metal (including aluminum, zinc, titanium, gold and silver), and/or alloy of these metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalytic layer comprises photocatalytic compound that is electron-excitable when exposed to light (UV light) to exhibit activity. The photocatalytic compound may be titanium-containing organometallic compound capable of forming titanium dioxide after annealing, e.g. tetraisopropyl titanate, tetra-n-butyl titanate, tetrakis(2-ethyl-hexyl) titanate, and/or polybutyl titanate. The photocatalytic layer has a thickness of 10-100 nm. Photosensitizer, e.g. colorant, organic acid, organic acid salt and/or organic amine, may be added to the aqueous water-soluble polymer layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent substrate may be a plastic substrate. A water-soluble polymeric compound, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl phenol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, gelatin, and/or their copolymers, may be disposed on the photocatalytic layer to form a water-soluble polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The copolymer is a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer with one of iodine and/or bromine group as introduced into the copolymer.Preferred Composition: The fluoroelastomer composition further comprises (wt.parts): organic peroxide (0.5 - 5), a polyfunctional unsaturated compound (0.5 - 10), and polyol-based vulcanizing agent (0.5 - 10). EXAMPLE - A test fluoroelastomer composition (t1) comprising (wt.parts): Daiel G801 (RTM: vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropene copolymer) (100), Viton LM (RTM: liquid fluoroelastomer, viscosity 2000 cps) (50), MT carbon black (1), calcium hydroxide (1.5), aliphatic wax (VPA No. 3) (1), Perhexane 25B-40 (RTM: 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-t-butylperoxyhexane) (2), and Tyke M-60 (RTM: triallyl isocyanurate) (2) was prepared. A comparative fluoroelastomer composition (c1) was also prepared without liquid fluoroelastomer. The test and control compositions were tested for hardness (Durometer A), tensile strength (megapascal), and low temperature characteristics TR10 (degreesC). The hardness (Durometer A), tensile strength (megapascal), and low temperature characteristics TR10 (degreesC) for test/control composition was 30/55, 3.4/8.5, and -15/-16, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A light scattering layer between the upper and lower photovoltaic layers, consists of material selected from group consisting of powders of titanium dioxide (TiO2), indium oxide (In2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), vanadium oxide (VO), vanadium dioxide (VO2), vanadium trioxide (V2O3) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The plate-shaped oxide particles contain cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, or silicon oxide. The load of the plate-shaped oxide particles is 5-50 wt.% w.r.t the carbon particles. The average particle diameter of the oxide particles is 1-50 nm. The average particle diameter of the carbon particles is 20-90 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The noble-metal particles contain platinum, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, rhodium and/or gold.Preferred Properties: The load (noble-metal load) of the noble metal particles is 3-50 wt.% w.r.t the metallic element of the oxide particles. The average particle diameter of the noble metal particles is 1-5 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Platinum particle and/or platinum alloy particle is supported by acetylene black to obtain a catalyst. EXAMPLE - Moisture content in acetylene gas was dehydrated and dehydrated gas was sprayed from nozzle installed in furnace top of carbon black manufacture furnace, with oxygen gas. Thermal decomposition and combustion reaction of acetylene were carried out. Acetylene black was collected and treated by oxidation. Acetylene black had specific surface area of 563 m2/g, dibutyl phthalate absorption amount of 295 ml/100 g, crystal bed depth of 32 Angstrom, and thermal oxidation temperature of 431degreesC. A catalyst for fuel cell was manufactured using the acetylene black. A fuel cell using the catalyst has high output voltage characteristics and long term stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Ester hydrolysis reaction is performed in presence of base which is alkali metal hydroxide. The ruthenium complex of formula (1) is obtained by reacting ruthenium chloride and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine with alcohol of formula (2): R-OH (where R is defined above). The cis-dichloro-bis (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) is reacted with thiocyanate, to obtain cis-di(isothiocyanate)-bis (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II). Preferred Definitions:    R=propyl or butyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 82 specific ruthenium complexes, such as cis-dicholoro-(4-carboxy-4'-methyl oxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II), cis-dicholoro-(4-carboxy-4'-ehtyloxy carbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II), cis-dicholoro-(4-carboxy-4'-propyloxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II), cis-dicholoro-(4-carboxy-4'-isopropyloxy carbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) and cis-dicholoro-(4-carboxy-4'-butyl oxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II), are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin molded product has glass transition temperature of 150degreesC or more, linear expansion coefficient of 60 ppm/degreesC or less at 50-100degreesC, and thickness precision of less than plus minus20%, retardation of 1 nm or less, and deflection of less than 5%. The reaction rate of (meth)acryloyl group is 80% or more. Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable composition contains alicyclic structure bifunctional (meth)acrylate type compound (A) of formula (1), tetrafunctional aliphatic (meth)acrylate type compound of formula (2): R2-(O-C(=O)-C(-X)=CH2)4, one or more types of compound (C) and photoinitiator (D). The compound (C) is chosen from polyfunctional alicyclic structure urethane (meth)acrylate type compound (C1) having molecular weight of 200-2000, and alicyclic structure monofunctional (meth)acrylate type compound (C2). The compound (C1) is polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate type compound having alicyclic structures of formulae (3-8). The compound (C2) is alicyclic structure monofunctional urethane (meth)acrylate type compounds of formulae (9,10).R1=alkylene;X=H or methyl;a=1 or 2;b=0 or 1;andR2=hydrocarbon optionally containing ether oxygen.The photopolymerizable composition contains component (A) (50-80 wt.%), component (B) (10-40 wt.%) and component (C) (10-40 wt.%). A hard coat film containing urethane (meth)acrylate type compound is further formed on the gas barrier film. A coating film of fluorine resin is further formed on the gas barrier film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin molding has thickness of 50-400 microns, light transmittance of 90% or more in wavelength of 400-700 nm and retardation of 1 nm or less. Preferred Film: The gas barrier film further has a hard coat film containing urethane (meth)acrylate compound and a coating film containing fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Layer: The organic layer contains conjugated molecular layer of n- and p-type. The organic layer also contains a molecule with a heterocyclic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic micro gel in the liquid fuel is 0.1-5 wt.%. The liquid fuel contains 10-99.9 wt.% of fuel component chosen from methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl ether.Preferred Monomers: The ionic monomer is an anionic monomer chosen from carboxylic acid, carboxylate salt, sulfonic acid and sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Gel: The ionic micro gel is in the form of a dispersed phase containing ionic monomer and non-ionic monomer dispersed in a dispersion medium using a surfactant. The ionic micro gel is obtained by radically polymerizing the monomers. The dispersed phase further contains a cross-linking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The perovskite-type composite metal oxide fine particles are of formula: ABO3.A = lanthanum, strontium, cerium, calcium, yttrium, erbium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, magnesium or barium; andB = iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, titanium, chromium, nickel, niobium, lead, bismuth, antimony or molybdenum.Preferred Composition: The total content of noble metal element(s) (which is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium and gold) contained in B site of perovskite-type composite metal oxide fine particles is 4-100 atomic%. The content of perovskite-type composite metal oxide fine particles in the fine particles-supporting particulate carbon is 5-50 wt.%.Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of particulate carbon supported with the perovskite-type composite metal oxide fine particles is 20-70 nm. The average particle diameter of fine particles-supporting particulate carbon is 20-90 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalyst layer comprises palladium zinc catalyst. The second catalyst layer may comprise a zinc oxide layer formed of the surface of second walls, and platinum, palladium and/or copper carried on the zinc oxide layer. The alumina layer comprises gamma-alumina having an average pore size of 5-10 nm. The heteropolyacid is phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, and/or silicotungstic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second catalyst layer may comprise methanol reforming catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises gold, copper, platinum, rhodium, palladium, chromium, iridium, or their alloys. It is supported on a metal oxide comprising titanium, cerium, lanthanum, zinc or tin. The active coating further comprises an active material which is titania, ceria, lanthana, silicon carbide, or ferrites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The core material comprises palladium alloy containing 5-8 atomic% of gadolinium and yttrium. The difference in content rate of silver in core material and surface layer material is 10 atom% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of metal microparticles is 1.1 nm or less. The BET specific surface area of carbon black is 500-1500 m2/g. The amount of metal microparticles is 15-60 wt.%. Preferred Particles: The metal microparticles are chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, chromium, molybdenum and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mediator: The electronic mediator is anthraquinone carboxylic acid, aminoanthraquinone, diamino anthraquinone, anthraquinone sulfonic acid, diamino anthraquinone sulfonic acid, anthraquinone disulfonic acid, diamino anthraquinone disulfonic acid, ethyl anthraquinone, methyl naphthoquinone, methyl-amino naphthoquinone, bromo methyl-amino naphthoquinone, dimethyl naphthoquinone, dimethylamino naphthoquinone, lapachol, hydroxy (methyl butenyl) amino naphthoquinone, naphthoquinone sulfonic acid, trimethyl amino benzoquinone, flavin mononucleotide, their derivatives, ubiquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, cytochrome a, cytochrome b, cytochrome c, nontronite, and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-permeable membrane comprises a synthetic resin, preferably polyfluorene, polyalkylene, cellulosics, polyvinyls, polysulfones, and/or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support comprises a metal (alloy), preferably comprising one or more materials chosen from tungsten, molybdenum, stainless steel or other types of steel, Invar, Constantan, nickel-chromium alloys, titanium or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The substrate (I) has electrode (I), and substrate (II) has electrode (II), arranged opposing each other. The electrode (I) is a semiconductor electrode consisting of semiconductor fine particle joining material, and the electrode (II) is a counter electrode (6). Preferred Property: The thickness of adhesive layer formed from two component type non-mixed adhesive agents is 500 microns or less. Preferred Method: The curing reaction of two component type non-mixed adhesive agents is carried out by addition reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition of the photoelectric transducer contains alkali-metal iodide, imidazolium iodide or quaternary ammonium iodide and iodine dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent. The total number-of-moles of additional amount of alkali-metal iodide is 1-50 times the number-of-moles of additional amount of iodine, imidazolium iodide or quaternary ammonium iodide. The additional amount of imidazolium iodide or quaternary ammonium iodide is 30 times the equivalent amount of iodine. The additional amount of alkali-metal iodide is 0.1-10 times the additional amount of iodine. The total mole content of alkali-metal iodide and imidazolium iodide or quaternary ammonium iodide is 0.5-3 mol/l. Preferred Compound: The alkali-metal iodide is lithium iodide, sodium iodide and/or potassium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is nitrile-type solvent, lactone group solvent and/or carbonate-type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The indole derivative (I) is of formula (Ia).R1-R5, R9, X, Y1, Z1, m, p = same as defined above. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Eighty-two indole derivatives are disclosed such as compounds of formula (3)-(6).    EXAMPLE - (In g) Distributed processing was performed for titanium oxide (2) (product P-25 from Nippon Aerosil), acetylacetone (0.2), surface active agent (0.3) (Aldrich Triton X-100), paint conditioner and water (6.5) for 6 hours. Concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol (#20,000) (1.2) were added to 4.0 g of the dispersion liquid to produce a paste. The paste was applied on a glass substrate to give a film having a thickness of 12 microns. A pigment of formula (15) was dissolved in a mixed solution of t-butanol/acetonitrile (1/1), to produce a pigment solution having a concentration of 0.3 mM. The semiconductor electrode was immersed in the pigment solution at room temperature for 15 hours, and adsorption treatment was performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal is selected from platinum, ruthenium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, iridium and gold. The weight (X) of carbon black in the carbon material, and the weight (W) of carbon fiber are given by: 0 less than W/(X+W) less than 50. The carbon material is a mixture of carbon fiber in which the graphite carbon surface edge portion is exposed to its surface, and carbon fiber in which the graphite carbon surface is exposed to its surface. The weight (Y) of carbon fiber in which the graphite carbon surface edge portion is exposed to its surface and the weight (W) of carbon fiber in which the crystal carbon surface is exposed to its surface are given by: 0 less than W/(Y+W) less than 50. The weight (W) of carbon fiber in which the graphite carbon surface is exposed to its surface and the weight (Z) of carbon containing nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and/or sulfur are given by: 0 less than W/(Z+W) less than 50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The intermediate layer is formed from a metal oxide, which is selected from indium-tin-oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, chromium oxide, copper oxide, lanthanum copper oxide and aluminum oxide. The coating is selected from silver, aluminum, platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, zinc and iridium. The substrate is formed from silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An oxide film comprising nitrogen is formed on surface of the amorphous alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The titanium oxide hole-blocking layer is formed by applying titanium dioxide alkoxide solution obtained by dissolving titanium dioxide alkoxide in ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The photoelectric-converting layer is formed using a solution obtained by dissolving n-type organic semiconductor component such as (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester and p-type organic semiconductor component such as poly-3-hexyl thiophene, in high solubility solvent such as chlorobenzene, and low solubility solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, benzonitrile and anisole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The average thickness at the center portion is less than about 50 nm. The nanoparticles comprise an intermetallic compound; titania; and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The nanoparticles are milled. The nanoparticles have an anisotropic crystal structure. The average particle size is less than 50 nm. In (I), greater than 75% of the nanoparticles have the same crystallographic orientation. The nanoparticles have a stepped surface. The nanoparticles comprises a catalytic material, which is consumed, in part, when catalyzing a desired reaction. The catalytic material catalyzes a desired reaction without being consumed. The nanoparticles include one or more steps having a height of less than about 5 nm. The nanoparticles are substantially free of carbon-based surface contamination. The nanoparticles are formed of a metal.Preferred Process: The method comprises milling feed particles to form a milled nanoparticle composition including nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 150 nm to produce surface features on the nanoparticles; and recovering the nanoparticles including surface features having an average particle size within about 10% of the average particle size of the feed particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises an active metal present in 0.5-20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal foam supports the active metal from aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), their alloys, and/or stainless steel. Preferred Properties: The metal foam has a porosity of 40-98%, and a pore density of 400-1200 ppi. Preferred Method: The surface of the metal foam is treated with a metal oxide. EXAMPLE - Nickel chloride (100 g) was dissolved into water (1 L) to provide catalyst slurry. Then, stainless steel metal foam (porosity of 55%, pore density of 400 ppi) was treated with 1M hydrochloric acid to activate a surface of the metal foam, and then immersed into the catalyst slurry and agitated for 5 hours at room temperature. The metal foam was removed from the catalyst slurry and dried for 15 hours at room temperature, then fired at 500degreesC to provide a catalyst for reforming a fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Compositions: The glass substrate comprises (in wt.%) (i) silicon dioxide (67-75), sodium oxide (10-20), calcium oxide (5-15), total iron (expressed as iron oxide) (0.001-0.06), and cerium oxide (0-0.30); or (ii) silicon dioxide (67-75), sodium oxide (10-20), calcium oxide (5-15), total iron (expressed as iron oxide) (0.001-0.06), cerium oxide (0-0.07), and antimony oxide (0.01-1). The glass substrate has a visible transmission of greater than or equal to90%, a transmissive aasterisk color value of -1-+1, and a transmissive basterisk color value of 0-+1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The colloidal silica solution contains 1-50 wt.% silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymeric solution contains 25-90 wt.% solvent, and 5-50 wt.% silane (e.g. trimethoxysilane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal is platinum or platinum-rubidium. The transition metal ions are platinum ions, and are supplied to aqueous solution as potassium hexaiodo platinate (K2PtI6) or H2Pt(OH)6. The transition metal ions also include rubidium ions, and are supplied to aqueous solution as rubidium iodide (RuI3), Ru(NO)(OAc)3 or Ru(CO)12. The small anion is hydroxide, halide, preferably iodide, triflate or is derived from phosphorus acid. The transition metal ions are reduced with hydrogen, hydrazine or borohydride reducing agent. The nanoparticles are cubic, tetrahedral, cubo-octahedral, octahedral, tetragonal and/or podal. Preferred Process: The method further involves isolating nanoparticles on a carbon surface by ultrafiltration. The carbon is particulate carbon. Preferred Property: The aqueous solution has pH of more than 7, preferably 10 during reduction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zwitterion is organic acid or organic acid containing one or more heteroatomic functional groups. The organic acid is amino acid, preferably glycine, sarcosine, N,N-dimethyl glycine, betaine or beta-alanine, proline, serine, phosphono acetic acid, N,N,N',N'-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid or pyroglutamic acid. EXAMPLE - Aqueous solution (100 ml) of 0.1 mM potassium hexaiodo platinate (IV) and 0.6 mM N,N-dimethyl glycine, was sealed in a round bottom flask, and hydrogen gas was bubbled for several minutes. Colloid containing tetrahedral platinum nanocrystals having improved catalytic activity were obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive material is indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide, ZnO-aluminum oxide, or tin (II) oxide-antimony (III) oxide. The semiconductor layer includes a porous metal oxide, and the metal oxide is compound(s) from titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin (IV) oxide, and/or ZnO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aldehyde or acetal is coupled to the phosphono group by a linking group consisting of aryl, alkyl, alkylaryl, or alkylarylalkyl; and has 3 phosphono groups substituted on it. The phosphono is coupled to the dipyrromethane by the linking group. The 1-acyl group is a 1-phosphonoacyl group. The halo is consisting of chloro, bromo, or iodo. The halo-substituted porphyrin comprises a porphyrin having a halo group coupled to it by an intermediate linking group. The porphyrin comprises a member of a double-decker or triple-decker sandwich coordination compound. The trialkylsilylhalide consists of trimethylsilyl chloride and trimethylsilyl bromide. The base is a tertiary amine or a trialkylamine.Preferred Methods: The porphyrin having phosphono group is metalated. EXAMPLE - A solution of diethylphosphite (1.16 ml) in TIF (20 ml) was treated with sodium hydride (206 mg) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon for 1 hour. A 1.9 mL aliquot of this solution was then added to a solution of 5-(4-(Bromomethyl)phenyl)-10,15,20-trimesilylporphyrin (240 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (20 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred under argon for 24 hours. Water and dichloromethane were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, dried, and concentrated. Column chromatography afforded a purple solid (187 mg, 73%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polycrystalline silicon layer comprises hydrogenated amorphous silicon. One of the electrodes includes a layer composed of zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The surface layer has multi-layered structure having surface protection function for protecting surface of reverse side protective layer, reaction prevention function for preventing reaction between materials of insulating sealing agent and protective layer, insulation enhancing function for reinforcing insulation between photovoltaic cell or solar cell submodule, and protective layer, and adhesive enhancing function for enhancing adhesivity between surface layer and sealing agent. The multi-layered structure has surface protective layer, reaction prevention layer, insulation reinforcing layer and adhesion reinforcing layer in order. The surface protective layer is formed using laminate of coating film containing polyester resin, acrylic resin, acrylic resin containing silicon, oxide film or fluororesin. The reaction prevention layer is formed using laminate of coating film having acrylic resin containing silicon, or oxide film. The insulation reinforcing layer is formed using coating film laminate of coating film containing silicon resin, acrylic resin or polyethylene resin. The adhesion reinforcing layer is formed using coating film containing silane coupling material having methacryloxy group, acryloxy group, isocyanate group or mercapto group, or silicon resin. The reverse side protective layer is laminate of predetermined metal plate, predetermined plastic plate and fluorine resin film. Preferred Material: The surface protection material is translucent flexible material. Preferred Method: Corrugation processing of insulating sealing agent adhesive surface side of protective layer, surface of protective layer, or surface of surface layer is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A branched line (27) branches from the waste gas line on the cathode side at a branch (22) and feeds cathode waste gas to the burner. The branch from the waste gas line on the cathode side is arranged upstream of a mixing site (18). The cathode waste gas is partially fed unmixed to the burner and/or to catalytically active regions of the burner arrangement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The distance between two vertices in the single crystal anatase type titania is 1 microns or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer has a porous structure made of metal oxide and preferably stannic oxide. The carbon black contains carboxyl group. EXAMPLE - REGAL 330 (RTM: carbon black powder) (in g) (3) having average particle diameter of 25 nm, and 60% nitric acid (50 ml), was refluxed at 120degreesC for 50 hours to form carbon black carboxylic acid. The obtained acid was centrifuged and the resultant precipitate (carbon black) contained carboxylic acid group. Stannic oxide (1.35) having particle diameter of 18.3 nm, and specific surface area of 47.2 m2/g, was suspended in pure water (4 ml). Then, 30%Triton (RTM: nonionic surfactant) (1 ml), acetylacetone (0.1 ml) and polyethylene (0.135) having number average molecular weight of 20000 was mixed for 2 hours to form stannic oxide paste. The obtained stannic oxide paste was applied on indium-tianium oxide glass substrate and was heated at 450degreesC for 30 minutes to form stannic oxide semiconductor layer. Carbon black carboxylic acid was dispersed in pure water (10 ml) and carbon black dispersion liquid was prepared. The stannic oxide semiconductor layer was immersed in carbon black dispersion liquid for 12 hours and pigment absorption layer was formed. Glass substrate, transparent electrode layer, semiconductor layer and pigment absorption layer was sequentially laminated to form photoelectric transducer. The obtained photoelectric transducer was processed to form dye-sensitizing solar cell with high optical conversion efficiency
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer contains platinum, silver, palladium or titanium. The impurity material included in the metal layer is zinc or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The weight proportion of palladium with respect to whole catalyst is 8-22%. The catalyst is provided in flow path of a reactor. An oxidizing agent is supplied to the flow path. Preferred Process: A solution containing the precipitant is dripped at the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, and a deposit is generated. The pH and temperature of mixed solution, when adding precipitant to the aqueous solution containing palladium and zinc, are maintained at 6.5-8.5 and 20-60degreesC, respectively. EXAMPLE - Mixed solution formed by mixing palladium nitrate aqueous solution whose palladium content was 50 g/l, and nitric acid zinc-hexahydrate with distilled water (100 ml) was adjusted such that content rate of palladium during catalyst manufacture was 15 wt.%. Sodium carbonate aqueous solution (0.76 mol/L) was added to the mixed solution, and maintained at 40degreesC to obtain deposit. The pH of the mixed solution was maintained at 6.5-8.5, and then the solution was stirred for 1 hour, maintained for 12 hours, and filtered. The obtained filtrate was stirred with distilled water at 40degreesC for 20 minutes, washed, and baked at 500degreesC for one hour in nitrogen airflow to obtain palladium/zinc oxide catalyst. The obtained catalyst had improved catalytic activity even if used for oxidative reforming or high-temperature reforming-type system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flammable component (II) is hydrogen.Preferred Fuel Cell: The fuel cell comprises a reformer to supply the reformed gas, containing hydrogen produced from hydrocarbon fuel, to the fuel cell anode, a combuster to heat the reformer by burning the flammable component (I) and/or the flammable component (II), a supply means to select the flammable component (I) and/or the flammable component (II) for supply to the combuster, and a controller to control the supply means based on the amount of heat required by the reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flammable component (I) is hydrocarbon, preferably methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, the titania paste is obtained by mixing a dispersion containing titania powder and organic solvent, titanium alkoxide and water, or by mixing titania powder, titanium alkoxide, organic solvent and water. Mixing is carried out for 10-20 minutes.Preferred Condition: The titania porous layer is heat-processed at 120-280degreesC.Preferred Composition: The ratio of number of moles of titanium element contained in titanium alkoxide to number of moles of titanium element contained in titania powder is 0.030-0.75.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The medium is an organic solvent. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetra iso-propoxide (in g) (14.2) was supplied to glassware, and was immersed in ice bath. Ethanol (11.5) and acetyl acetone (4) were further added for 1 minute and stirred. Further, mixed solution containing ethanol (11.5) and water (0.9) was added to the mixture for 120 minutes and stirred, to produce a sol. P25 (RTM: titania fine powder) (6), ethanol (16 ml) and acetyl acetone (0.2 ml) were supplied to a ball mill and mixed for 15 minutes, to obtain dispersion. The sol was mixed with the dispersion in ratio of 2:1, to obtain titania paste. The titania paste was applied on the surface of a substrate and dried at 20degreesC for 5 minutes, to form a coating film. The film was heat-processed at 140-250degreesC, maintained for 30 minutes, and cooled, to form a titania porous layer. The formed porous layer was used in forming solar cell having favorable photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The length of the longest direction of the sheet is 10-300 nm. The nano sheet has wave-like curved surface shape. A portion of the nano sheet is of uniformly wound cylindrical shape or heterogeneously wound cone shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: M1 is Fe and M2 is Au, Cr, W, or Co. M1 is Co and M2 is Cr or W. (I) is a ternary alloy consisting of Pd, M1 and M2 (preferably Pd (50-70 At.%), Fe (50-30 At.%) and Au (up to 20 At.%); Pd (40-60 or 30-60 or 30-80 At.%), Co (40-60 or 30-70 or 10-30 At.%) and Cr (up to 30 or less than 20 or 20-40 At.%); Pd (20-70 or 60 or more At.%), Co (40-70 or 40 or less At.%) and W (up to 30 or up to 20 At.%); or Pd (40-80 or 30-80 At.%), Fe (20-60 or 20-70 At.%) and Cr (up to 20 or up to 40 At.%)). (I) is PdCoCr, PdCoW, PdFeCr, PdFeW, PdCrW, PdWAu, PdCrAu, PdCoFe or PdFeAu. EXAMPLE - PdCoAu system 3 ternary PdCoAu samples were prepared by the techniques as described in WO 2005/035820.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive layer comprises a fluorine doped metal oxide, preferably fluorine-doped tin oxide having a thickness of 5000-7500 Angstrom or 3000-5500 Angstrom ; or tin doped indium oxide. The light transmittance optimizing interlayer comprises a metal oxide layer, preferably titanium oxide layer having an average thickness of 300-600 (preferably 450-500) Angstrom . The light transmittance optimizing interlayer comprises an oxide of titanium. The silicon layer comprises amorphous silicon. The color suppression film comprises a tin oxide layer having a thickness of 250-600 Angstrom , and a silica layer having a thickness of 250-350 Angstrom . The silicon layer has a refractive index of at least 5.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas barrier layer contains aluminum oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film comprises polyethylene terephthalate. The weather-resistant film comprises polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The secondary battery comprises a container (14) accommodating the anode collector, cathode collector, the organic compound and a supply unit to supply organic compound to the container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is titania, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten trioxide, niobium pentoxide, titanium-strontium trioxide or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (1) is of formulae (2-6).Preferred Dye: Dye (I) is ruthenium complex, xanthine dye, cyanine dye, phenosafranine, cabri blue, thiosine, basic dye, porphyrin compound, azo dye, phthalocyanine compound, ruthenium trisbipyridyl complex, anthraquinone dye, polycyclic quinone dye or their mixtures. Dye (II) is a quantum dot compound chosen from (a) element (I) chosen from II, XII, XIII and XIV group elements and element (II) chosen from XVI group elements; (b) element (I) chosen from XIII group elements and element (II) chosen from XV group elements; and (c) XIV group element, or their core-shell structure compound. The quantum dot compound is preferably oxide, sulfide, selenide and telluride of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, aluminum, gallium, tin, lead and indium, silica, germanium oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum-antimony compound, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium-antimony compound, indium nitride, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, indium-antimony compound, silica, germanium or their core-shell structure compound. Preferred Definitions:    X,Y=-COOR, -OCOR, -COSR, -SCOR, -NRR', -OR or -OSR;and    R,R'=H, halogen, cyanide, nitro, 1-10C optionally substituted alkyl, 2-10C optionally substituted alkenyl, 1-10C optionally substituted alkoxy, 6-20C optionally substituted (hetero)aryl, 6-20C optionally substituted (hetero)aryloxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal other than rhodium chosen from group VIII of the periodic table, is platinum or palladium. The amount of rhodium in the catalyst is 0.05-20 mass%. The amount of metal other than rhodium is 0.01-10 weight times the amount of rhodium. EXAMPLE - A catalyst support was prepared using gamma-alumina molding with surface area of 165 g/cm2. Zirconia was supported on the catalyst support in an amount of 12 mass% and the support was baked at 800degreesC. Rhodium (12 mass%) and platinum (2 mass%) were supported on the support and baked at 800degreesC after drying, to obtain a catalyst. The catalyst had excellent sulfur poisoning resistance and partial-oxidation modification reactivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A semiconductor electrode consists of electroconductive support, a semiconductor layer coated on the electroconductive surface, and indole derivative (1) as pigment adsorbed on the surface of semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester film preferably has intrinsic viscosity of 0.8-1.8 and anisotropic index of 0.80-1.30. The polyester film is laminated with a film having relative reflectance of 80% or more. EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in weight parts) (64) was mixed with dimethyl terephthalate (100). Further antimony trioxide (0.1) and zinc acetate (0.03) were added as catalyst. The ester interchange was performed at reflux temperature of ethylene glycol. Then, trimethyl phosphate (0.08) was added and polymerized at 271degreesC for 5 hours to obtain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) of intrinsic viscosity 0.55. Solid state polymerization of the obtained chip was performed using a rotary vacuum dryer at 220degreesC and pressure of 0.5 mmHg for 50 hours to obtain PET of intrinsic viscosity 0.82. The PET chip was extruded at 295degreesC, and cooled to obtain an unstretched film. The obtained film was heat processed and extended along longitudinal and width directions, to obtain film of thickness 50 microns. The obtained PET film had intrinsic viscosity of 0.72, plane-orientation coefficient (fn) of 0.169, anisotropic index of 0.95, favorable hydrolysis resistance and curl-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal atom is neutral atom, or iron, ruthenium or osmium. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, preferably carboxyl group or its quaternary salt;    R3=H, amino group disubstituted by 1-20C alkyl group, 1-20C alkoxy group, 2-20C alkoxy alkyl group, 6-20C aryl oxy group, 7-20C aryl alkyl oxy group, 7-20C aryl oxy alkyl group, 1-20C alkyl thio group, 2-20C alkyl thio alkyl group, 6-20C aryl thio group, 7-20C aryl thio alkyl group, 1-20C alkyl group, 1-20C alkyl sulfonyl group, 6-20C aryl sulfonyl group or 6-20C aryl group, preferably H or 1-20C alkyl group, more preferably 1-20C alkoxy group;    -(A)m-,-(B')n-=-S-, -O-, -SO-, -SO2-, -PR5-, -NR5-, -Si(R5)(R6)- or -Se-, preferably -S-;    R5,R6=H, 1-20C alkyl or 6-20C aryl group;    a+b,c+d=2;    Y1,Y2=group of formula (IV);and    R1-Y1,R2-Y2=group of formula (V').    Ar=aromatic group, preferably thiophene;and    p=1-3, preferably 1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 149 specific complex compounds containing bipyridyl ring-containing ligands, such as of formula (I-2), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - N,N-dimethyl formamide (20 ml) and ruthenium complex containing p-cymene (231 mg) were stirred at room temperature. Bipyridyl compound of formula (III-3) (22 mg) was added to the obtained mixture and stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Bipyridyl compound of formula (II-4) (46 mg) was added and heated to 80degreesC. A solution of potassium thio cyanate (101 mg) in water was further added and stirred at 100degreesC for 7 hours to obtain an ester compound. The reaction solution containing the ester compound was concentrated, crystallized and purified to obtain complex compound of formula (I-2). The photo electrochemical cell produced using the compound had high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The seal material is a thermosetting polysiloxane or thermoplastic material which is curable by heat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: At least one of the metallic elements is platinum, manganese or cobalt. EXAMPLE - Nanostructured support films were employed. Nanostructured perylene red films on a microstructured substrate were made by thermal sublimation and vacuum annealing organic pigment C.I Pigment Red. Highly oriented crystal structures were formed. Catalyst crystals was deposited on PR149 microstructures. Catalyst material was deposited. The substrates were attached to a rotating drum. The platinum loading of the deposited ternary applied to the nanostructured thin film catalyst layer was 0.08 mg/cm2. A catalyst coated membrane was made by lamination transfer of pure platinum anode material and ternary catalyst cathode. The membrane electrode assembly was tested. The result showed electrochemical surface area of 10 m2/g-Pt for the nanostructured catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The oxide superacid compound is 0.5-60 wt.%.Preferred Properties: The oxide superacid compound has an acidity function of Hammett of -20--11.93.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The oxide superacid compound further contains an element (Z) (0.01-40 mo.%) consisting of yttrium, scandium, lanthanum, samarium, gadolinium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum of the concentration of platinum, palladium and titanium, or its oxide, carbide or salt, is 94 atomic% or more. The concentration of platinum, its oxide, carbide or salt, is less than 60 atomic%. The concentration of palladium, its oxide, carbide or salt, is less than 50 atomic%, preferably 5-50 atomic%. The concentration of titanium, its oxide, carbide or salt, is less than 75 atomic%, preferably 20-70 atomic%. Platinum, palladium and/or titanium are in their metallic oxidation state. The composition contains oxide of titanium. EXAMPLE - A composition containing palladium (in atomic%) (50), platinum (17) and titanium (33) was prepared. The electrode produced using the composition had favorable relative activity with respect to platinum standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin material contains styrene-isobutylene-styrene tri block copolymer (5-50 phr), polyphenylene oxide resin (35 wt.%) and olefin resin (65 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The biodegradable resin has structure of formula (I).R1,R4=H or alkyl group;R2=alkyl group;R3=ether bond containing group of formula (a) or ester bond containing group of formula (b);m=50-100;andn=10-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A metal microparticle coated with polymer film is further introduced in addition to the fuel gas and oxidizing gas, to the cylinder. The metal microparticle is introduced in a state mixed with the fuel gas or oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The porous material contains binding substance (2-10 wt.%), and carbon nano fiber bonded mutually by the binding substance. The carbon nano fiber is mixed with an elastomer. Preferred Method: The porous material is obtained by heat-processing the elastomer and performing decomposition-vaporization. The temperature of heat processing is more than the decomposition-vaporization temperature of the elastomer. The elastomer has unsaturated bond or group(s) having affinity with respect to carbon nano fiber. Preferred Properties: The molecular weight of the elastomer is 5000-5000000. The elastomer has spin-spin relaxation time of 100-3000 microsecondseconds, measured at 30degreesC by Hahn echo method using pulse method nuclear magnetic resonance. The porous material has compressive strength of 1-11 MPa. The average diameter of carbon nano fiber is 0.5-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum in the form of complex oxide is contained in an amount of 10 mol% or more with respect to the whole quantity of platinum in the catalyst component. The metal in the complex oxide is cerium, titanium, zirconium, niobium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, chromium, manganese, rhenium, and/or cobalt, preferably cerium, titanium, zirconium and/or niobium. The inorganic support contains cerium and further contains titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum. A water-soluble oxide sol is used for the manufacture of the shift catalyst.Preferred Property: The co-catalyst concentration index in the shift catalyst is 0.1-50 calculated from the ratio of support molar quantity of the metal and value of electronegativity of the metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolysis metal plating contains metal chosen from zinc, chromium, copper, silver, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, gold and palladium. The porous metal thin film is formed by electrolysis metal plating in super critical state of carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric film consists of an oxide or nitride. The transparent electrically conductive film consists of an oxide. The photovoltaic layer contains I-III-VI group compound semiconductor or silicon-type semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film is equipped with ITO (tin dope indium oxide), FTO (fluorine dope tin oxide), ATO (antimony dope tin oxide), ZnO (zinc oxide), and multilayer film of SnO2/ITO (tin oxide/indium-tin oxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A barrier layer formed between the passivation layer and contact layer comprises zinc sulfide, magnesium fluoride, silicon oxide and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Material: The alkyne and catalyst are dispersed in a matrix, optionally together with a promoter. The alkyne is a compound with an aromatic substituent at the triple bond, e.g. diphenylacetylene or phenylacetylene, or a polyacetylene oligomer or polymer. The support comprises activated carbon, graphitized activated carbon, silica or alumina. The group VIII metal is platinum, palladium, nickel or a platinum-palladium alloy and is present in an amount of 0.05-50% by weight of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - A mixture of a 5% platinum/carbon catalyst (0.6 g) and phenylacetylene (10 g) was stirred and heated to 160degreesC in an autoclave at 50 atmospheres. The product was capable of absorbing 11 liters of hydrogen in 60-80 minutes, corresponding to a storage capacity of about 9.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The first layer may have a base of tin oxide (SnO2) and the second layer may have a base of tin oxide doped with fluorine (SnO2 :F) or the first layer may have a base of zinc oxide (ZnO) and the second layer may have a base of zinc oxide doped with aluminum (ZnO :Al) (both claimed). The substrate may also include a barrier layer, notably with respect to alkalis, between the substrate and the electrode, this barrier layer having a base of dielectric material chosen from silicon nitride or oxynitride or silicon oxide or oxycarbide (claimed). The substrate is made of extra-clear glass of the albarino or diamond type (claimed). The substrate may also be coated by a pile providing an anti-glare or hydrophobic or photocatalytic functionality (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The immobilization is thermally induced. The immobilization is induced due to internal current flow. The photosensitive material has an absorption spectrum that overlaps an electroluminescence spectrum of the conjugated polymer. The p-i-n junction emits electroluminescent light and induces curing and immobilization of polymerizable ions. The conductive material is transparent. The conductive material is indium tin oxide. The conductive material is carbon nanotube. The conductive material is conducting polymer. The anions or cations are immobilized. The immobilization is not subject to reversal. The polyelectrolyte further comprises a polymer chain containing conjugated chain and ionic moieties.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer composite comprises a solid electrolyte that is photochemically curable. The polymerizable ions are part of an ionic liquid monomer. The polymerizable ions are immobilized near a contact electrode. The polymerizable ions are photocurable. The polymer thin film layer further comprises a photosensitive material that absorbs wavelengths in the visible spectrum. The polyelectrolyte further comprises a polymer chain containing conjugated chain and ionic moieties.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The coating layer formed in the container is poly paraxylene type resin such as parylene N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage system comprises hydride material, glass spheres, and/or glass tubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydride material is a reversible metal hydride material having a reversible storage capacity of greater than 5.0 wt.%.Preferred Component: The reversible metal hydride material comprises magnesium hydride (MgH2), or a mixture of lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and magnesium hydride (MgH2) in a two to one ratio, respectively.Preferred Composition: The anode exhaust comprises less than 15 vol.% of hydrogen. The catalytic combustor comprises a combustion catalyst, which is platinum/aluminum oxide (Pt/Al2O3), Pt-palladium/Al2O3, Pt-rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, Pt-rhenium (Re)/Al2O3, Pt-ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, and/or Pt-iridium (Ir)/Al2O3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of silicon. The etching paste contains hydrogen fluoride, ammonium fluoride or ammonium hydrogen fluoride, and phosphoric acid. The diffusion mask is silicon oxide film or silicon nitride film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate has a heat-resistant layer and an acid-resistant layer formed on the surface of a porous layer side of the heat-resistant layer. An oxide semiconductor electrode has a laminated component and a base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particle: The semiconductor fine particle is titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The average composition of titanium component contained in binder composition is given by formula: Ti(O-iC3H7)4-xnRn (1), Ti(O-iC3H7)4-n(OR1)n (1a), Ti(O-iC3H7)4-n(CH3COCHCOCH3)n (1b) or Ti(O-iC3H7)4-2n(OC2H4)n (1c).R = modification group introduced into titanium tetraisopropoxide by reaction with organic solvent;x = reaction valence of organic solvent;n in formula (1) is such that xn = 0-4;R1 = 1C,2C or 4C alkyl;n in formula (1a,1b) = greater than 0-less than 4;andn in formula (1c) = greater than 0-less than 2.The composition contains 0.1-3 mol/L of titanium by titanium tetraisopropoxide conversion.Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is monovalent 1C, 2C or 4C lower alcohol, acetylacetone or ethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carotenoid is beta-carotene. EXAMPLE - The terminal of a carbon nanotube was opened by heating unpurified carbon nanotube at 100-1000degreesC for 30 minutes. Then, the tube was dipped in hydrochloric acid (18 wt.%) and filtered. The tube was then washed with pure water and the hydrochloric acid processing was performed twice. beta-carotene (in mg) (15) and carbon nanotube (1) were dipped in methanol (10 ml) and ultrasonicated at 50-60degreesC for 60 minutes. The carotenoid contained in the outer side of the carbon nanotube was flushed using tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) and the carotenoid was included inside the carbon nanotube. An ultraviolet light (365 nm) was irradiated with respect to beta-carotene dissolved in DMF solution and beta-carotene included in by carbon nanotube dissolved in DMF solution. The photolysis was carried out and the change of absorption intensity was observed. The result showed that the photodegradation was prevented in carotenoid inside the carbon nanotube compared to beta-carotene simple substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of the base in the solution is 0.001-20 mmol/L. Preferred Definitions:    L1,L2=bidentate ligand of formula (2);    M=ruthenium; and    R=1-50C alkyl group or 3-50C alkyl amino carbonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is selected from palladium, platinum or rhodium as active ingredient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The doped metal is at least one of niobium, tantalum, vanadium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, carbon, silicon, copper, tin, lead, bismuth, antimony, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, and other lanthanoids. Preferred Condition: The temperature of the metal-doped titanium oxide thin film during plasma irradiation is 70degreesC or less. Preferred Method: The metal-doped titanium oxide thin film is formed on the base plate, by sputtering method, chemical vapor deposition method, vapor deposition method, sol gel process, spin coat method, photogravure coating or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film is a polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, acryl, polycarbonate, polystyrene, triacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, metal ion cross-linked ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, polyurethane and/or cellophane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as copper, stainless steel or alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a chemically resistant, non-conductively formed plastic substrate. The current collector plates made from an electrically conductive material such as polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The ceramic coating is made from aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The housing part of the first fuel cell unit has fuel gas openings (122) and oxidant openings (124). The housing part of the first fuel cell is made from sheet metal, especially corrosion resistance steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The noble metal element is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium and/or gold. The total content of noble metal is 4-50 atomic% with respect to all the metallic elements which comprise the metal oxide fine particle. The load of metal oxide fine particle in the fine particle supported carbon particle is 5050 wt.%.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of carbon particles which support the metal oxide fine particle is 20-70 nm. The average particle diameter of fine particle supported carbon particles is 20-90 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive metal is selected from copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, manganese, rhenium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, indium, tin, lead, antimony and/or bismuth. The halide ion source is selected from a water-soluble metal halide, an alkali metal halide, alkaline earth metal halide, an ammonium halide, a hydrogen halide, aluminum halide or zinc halide (preferably chloride ion source).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder is selected from polyvinyl butyrals and (meth)acrylate-based polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell is a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC), an Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC), a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), or a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is arsenic, bismuth, thallium, or preferably antimony. The top layer comprises gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide, gallium phosphide arsenide, gallium indium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium phosphide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide, aluminum gallium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium arsenide, indium phosphide arsenide, aluminum indium phosphide arsenide, silicon germanium, cadmium zinc selenide, cadmium zinc telluride, zinc sulfur selenide, zinc selenium telluride, copper gallium indium selenide, copper gallium indium sulfur selenide, silver gallium indium selenide, or preferably gallium indium phosphide such as Ga0.505In0.495P or Ga0.515In0.485P.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The surfactant is introduced in a molar ratio of 1x10-5 - 0.1, defined as triethylantimony (TESb)/(trimethylgallium (TMGa) + trimethylindium (TMIn)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: Configuring the flow field plate comprises utilizing silicon to configure the flow field. The flow field is configured from a silicon wafer. An electrolyte retaining membrane is disposed among the porous layer of catalyst on the flow field plate. The porous catalyst layer is coupled with the flow field plate. Forming the porous catalyst layer comprises depositing the porous catalyst layer on the flow field plate. Depositing the porous catalyst layer comprises sputtering the porous catalyst layer onto the flow field plate; utilizing Raney metal deposition, vapor evaporation, electrochemical deposition, electroless deposition, or ink coating to deposit the porous catalyst layer onto the flow field plate. Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a first flow field plate in juxtaposition with the membrane; a gas diffusion layer between the membrane and the first flow field plate; and a second flow field in juxtaposition with the membrane. Preferred Conditions: The membrane is configured to operate above 100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: An alloy, platinum, palladium, and/or tin oxide is used as the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The membrane comprises polybenzimidazole material. The polybenzimidazole binds phosphoric acid as an electrolyte for use in the membrane as a positive charge transport mechanism. The membrane is a polymer electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst-bearing current collector layer sections are disposed on the inner wall of the first groove and the inner wall of the second groove, respectively, and the fuel liquid and the oxidant liquid come in direct contact with the electrolyte membrane. The first and second grooves have a width of up to 1000 microns and a depth of up to 1000 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution has a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.01-5 mol/L. The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution flows through the second channel at a flow rate of 0.1-50 ml/min per square millimeter of the channel cross-sectional area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a metal catalyst. The metal is platinum or platinum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel liquid is methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol, mixtures comprising at least one of the alcohols, or aqueous solutions of at least one of the alcohols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a silicon or resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The anode active material and the cathode active material are in contact/coated with the polymers. The Lewis acid properties of the polymer that coats the anode active material differ from those of the polymer that coats the cathode active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The polymer that coats the cathode active material is a polycation, which is a polymer having a functional group that acts as a Lewis acid. The polymer that coats the anode active material is a polyanion, which is a polymer having a functional group that acts as a Lewis base. The polyanion is a polymer having -COOR and/or -SO3H and the polycation is a polymer having -NHR.R = H or alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is anatase-type titanium oxide polycrystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The outer layer has thickness of 0.15 microns or more. The ratio of thickness of outer layer and inner layer is 1:1-10:1. EXAMPLE - E-105GM (RTM: propylene homopolymer) (in mass parts) (100), ADEKA STAB FP-2100 (RTM: phosphate type flame retardant) (25), and Metablen A-3000 (RTM: acrylic modified polytetrafluoroethylene resin) (1.25), were mix-kneaded to form flame retardant resin composition. The obtained flame retardant resin composition was extruded to form outer layer. Polypropylene homopolymer was used as inner layer. The inner layer and outer layer was fused to form flame retardant resin piping. The obtained flame retardant resin piping had tensile strength of 1150 MPa as measured by JIS K7113-1995, excellent flame retardance, and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Apparatus: A modifier comprises the catalyst, a carrier which supports catalyst, and container to store the carrier supporting the catalyst. A fuel and water vapor are reacted within the container, and hydrogen is removed from the reaction material. A fuel cell system comprises a fuel cell, modifier, and hydrogen supply path to supply hydrogen removed from modifier to fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide further contains titanium or zinc. The catalyst further contains a solid acid catalyst. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst precursor is a sintered compact obtained by baking a mixture of aluminum compound and copper compound, mixture of aluminum compound, copper compound and titanium compound, or mixture of aluminum compound, copper compound and zinc compound at 700-1300degreesC, preferably at 600-1000degreesC. The content of titanium and zinc in catalyst precursor is 0.01-2 wt.% and 10-50 wt.%, respectively by metal conversion. The catalyst further contains cobalt metal particles embedded on oxide in dispersed state. The content of copper metal is 0.01-5 mol% with respect to cobalt metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substrate is a carbon group substrate. The carbon group substrate comprises carbon black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanocluster, fullerene, pyrolytic carbon and/or activated carbon.Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains a transition metal adhered to the substrate.
EXAMPLE - Ruthenium powder having purity of 99.9% and TIE11PB (RTM: titanium powder) having purity of 99.9% particle size of 10 microns, were mixed for 1 hour, such that composition of formula: Ru1-xAx (where x=0.8) was obtained. The obtained mixture was heated at 1700degreesC and sintered, to obtain a sintered compact having sintered density of 98%. Plasma arc melting of the obtained sintered compact was carried out for 30 minutes and cooled, to obtain a ruthenium alloy ingot having thickness of 7 mm. A ruthenium alloy film having film thickness of 200 nm was formed on the substrate, using the obtained ruthenium alloy ingot. The ruthenium alloy film had favorable corrosion resistance and minimum discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Coupling agent containing glycidyl, amino and isocyanate groups is contained in the adhesive coat layer. The adhesive coat layer is mixture of polyester type resin or epoxy resin, and acrylic resin, at least one having cross-linked structure. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on at least one layer of the polyester base material of multi-layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive coat layer is formed using water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 100degreesC or more. The adhesive coat layer contains polyfunctional isocyanate type compound, polyfunctional epoxy type compound, melamine type compound or silane compound (R1-Si(R2)(R4)-R3), preferably silane compound.R1-R4=H, halogen, optionally substituted (alkyl, alkoxy (meth)acryloyl, allyl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto or amine) group.The adhesive coat layer is formed on polyester base material. The sheet has a multi-layer structure comprising one or more polyester base material layer. EXAMPLE - Urethane type adhesive comprising polyester, isophorone diisocyanate/xylylene diisocyanate group hardener is vapor deposited on dry laminate of multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film. Water dispersion ionomer type polyurethane resin having softening point of 180degreesC was provided on multi-layer polyethylene terephthalate film to form a sheet. The sheet was adhered on tempered glass and preheated at 40degreesC for 3 minutes to form solar cell module. The sheet had excellent adhesivity with polyethylene terephthalate film, and electric insulation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal film formed in the photoelectrode substrate, is made of titanium or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin-film is made of material selected from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether-sulfone (PES), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyallylate (PAR), polyamide-imide (PAI), or poly benzimidazole (PBI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal composite oxide is Sr9La2Ta4O22, Sr8La3Ta4O22.5, Sr9Y2Nb4O22, Sr10YNb4O21.5, or Sr10BaNb4O21.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The fuel consuming agent comprises a hydrogen consuming agent, or a hydrogen getter. The hydrogen consuming agent comprises a hydrogen recombining agent. The hydrogen recombining agent comprises a hydrogen oxidizing material and an activating material. The activating material includes a first activating component and a second activating component, the first and second activating components each being capable of cleaving hydrogen. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises copper oxide. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises manganese oxide, manganese oxyhydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, copper oxide, barium oxide, silver oxide, mercury oxide, potassium permanganate, silver permanganate, manganese phosphate, or bismuth oxide. The first and second activating components include a transition metal, or its salt or oxide. The transition metal is palladium, platinum, or ruthenium. Preferred Method: The coating step comprises painting, spraying, dipping, or printing the external surface with the fuel consuming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol, ethanol, methane, propane, butane, formic acid, hydrazine, or ammonia. The hydrogen oxidizing material comprises m-dinitrobenzene, or quinone. A coating is provided over the hydrogen consuming agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The gas-permeable matrix comprises a silicone polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge generating layer is made of metal selected from gold, silver, platinum, copper and palladium. The semiconductor layer comprises titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin having point of inflexion (a2) is polyether imide. The content of polyether imide in the resin layer (B) is 40-80 wt.%. Preferred Properties: The total thickness of resin layer (B) is 1.5-10 microns, and thickness of polyester film is 5-200 microns. The ratio of total thickness of resin layer (B) and thickness of polyester film is 10-40%. The non-combustible gas incidence rate of the resin layer (B) at 180-450degreesC is 0.01-3%.
EXAMPLE - Terbium oxide (Tb4O7) having purity of 99.9% or more, bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) powder and tungsten oxide (WO3) were mixed in a molar ratio of 67.25:17:15.75 and filled in a platinum crucible. The mixture was heated at 1,150degreesC for 60 hours in air. An electric conduction material having 67.25Tb2O3.17Bi2O3.15.75WO3 was obtained. The obtained electric conduction material had favorable electrical conductivity and semiconductor characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal oxide nanocrystal contains an oxide of cobalt, manganese or molybdenum, preferably tri-manganese tetroxide. The surface layer from which the valence differs comprises manganese dioxide. The raw material of the transition metal oxide nanocrystal is a manganese monoxide sintered compact, a tricobalt-tetroxide sintered compact or a molybdenum dioxide sintered compact.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline earth metal oxide contains boron oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, zinc oxide, lithium oxide, aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, potassium oxide and sodium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is butyl cellosolve and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The silica precursor is formed using silane selected from tetramethoxy silane, tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutoxy silane and tetrapropoxy silane, preferably siloxane and polysiloxane. The titanium precursor is formed using titanium compound of formula: R'nTi(OR)4-n (where R is methyl, ethyl or phenyl, R' is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or i-propyl and n is 0-2), preferably tetraisopropoxy titanium, titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrafluoride and/or titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thickener is ethyl cellulose and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The printable semiconductor element comprises silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum phosphide (AlP), aluminum arsenide (AlAs), gallium nitride (GaN), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), gallium antimonate (GaSb), gallium phosphide (GaP), cadmium telluride (CdTe), lead sulphide (PbS), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc telluride (ZnTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), mercuric sulfide (HgS), lead sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), lead telluride (PbTe), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum indium sulfide (AlInS), aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium indium phosphorus (GaInP), AlGaAs-antimonate, AlGaIn-phosphorus, GaInAs-phosphorus and gallium nitride (GaN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon number of sulfur-containing alcohol or sulfur-containing phenol is 1-20. The sulfur-containing alcohol or sulfur-containing phenol has a structure which does not contain sulfur atom in the terminal of molecule.Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further comprises a base (in weight parts) (100) chosen from water, alcohol, glycol and/or glycol ether, with respect to sulfur-containing alcohol or sulfur-containing phenol (0.01-20).Preferred Properties: The sulfur-containing alcohol or sulfur-containing phenol maintains electric conductivity and electric conductivity fluctuation of coolant at 10 muS/cm or less and 0.1-10 muS/cm, respectively. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 compounds of sulfur-containing alcohol or sulfur-containing phenol are specifically claimed e.g. 2-(methyl thio) ethanol, 3-mercapto-2-butanol or 3,6-dioxa-8-mercapto octane-1-ol.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (in weight parts) (50), ion exchange water (50) and 2-(methylthio) ethanol (1) were mixed and coolant composition of fuel cell was obtained. The coolant composition suppressed increase in electric conductivity of fuel cell even after long-term use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Film: The metal oxide polymer layer comprises an anodized metal alloy film. The metal alloy film is a hafnium-doped tantalum film. The metal coatings contain nickel, palladium and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon monoxide adsorbent comprises an adsorbent selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, iridium or their compounds; molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta) or their carbides; nitride of Mo, W, V, Cr, or Ta; molecular sieve 5A, molecular sieve 13 X, or halogenated copper optionally supported on Y-zeolite; or silver optionally supported on Y-zeolite. The desorption gas is helium, neon, argon, nitrogen or air. Preferred Compositions: The concentration of carbon monoxide at an exit of the shift reactor is less than or equal to5000 ppm during the steady-state operation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A carbon monoxide detector detects a concentration of carbon monoxide at an exit of the shift reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous semiconductor layer is formed from metal-oxide semiconductor. The carrier transport layer is electrolyte containing ionic liquid, preferably gel-form or solid-state electrolyte. The film thickness of titanium oxide thin film is 0.01-1 microns. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetraisopropoxide (in ml) (5), 2-propanol (15) and acetic acid (5.5) were mixed and added to water (3). The obtained suspension liquid was left for 1 week, and used for forming transparent electrical conductivity glass of reverse electronic transition prevention layer. The obtained reverse electronic transition prevention layer was laminated on sensitizing dye-supported porous titanium oxide thin film formed on glass substrate, and photoelectrode was obtained. An electrolyte containing 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazolium iodide was used for forming carrier transport layer. The obtained photoelectrode, carrier transport layer and platinum counter electrode were sequentially laminated to obtain dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye sensitized solar cell was economical, flexible, and had improved photoelectric conversion efficiency. The reverse electronic transition was effectively and easily prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conduction group is sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the heterojunction layer is 50-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The p-type conjugated polymer is polyphenylene vinylene or poly(3-hexyl thiophene). Preferred Definitions:    Fu=C60;    R=methyl or ethyl;and    X=dimer-tetramer of thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The hydroscopic agent is calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, or diphosphorus pentaoxide. The hydroscopic agent is supported by the air holes of the porous component in a ratio of 20-95%. The porous component has a porosity of 5-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is polymer containing monomer containing acid phosphoxy group and/or 2-(meta) acryloyl oxyethyl phosphorylcholine. Preferred Composition: The content rate of the phosphoric acid portion in the phosphoric acid ester group-containing polymer is 10-6 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen permselective separation membrane is electroconductive oxygen permselective separation membrane, such as carbon film. The carbon film is obtained by thermal decomposition of carbon film precursor organic polymer film at 400-1400degreesC in oxygen-free atmosphere. The carbon film is dispersed with nano metal microparticles chosen from VIII group metal and IB group metal. The electroconductive oxygen permselective separation membrane has electrode catalyst function. An electroconductive path is formed in interior or exterior of separation membrane. The fuel electrode contains metal microparticle in one surface of separation membrane. Preferred Metal: The VIII group metal is chosen from ruthenium, platinum or palladium. The IB group metal is chosen from copper, silver or gold. The nano metal microparticle is platinum-ruthenium or platinum-palladium. Preferred Method: One surface of carbon film is localized and catalyst layer is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal oxide semiconductor particles contain titanium oxide, zinc oxide, stannic oxide and/or niobium oxide, preferably brookite-type titanium oxide.Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide semiconductor particles is 0.01-40 wt.%. The content of metal atom complex is 0.01-100 wt.%.Preferred Method: Heating, pressurization, ultrasonic welding processing, microwave irradiation processing, ultraviolet irradiating processing, and ozone treatment are carried out during manufacture of metal oxide semiconductor electrode.Preferred Properties: The particle size distribution of secondary particle structure is less than standard deviation plus minus 70 nm by weight conversion. The thickness of metal oxide semiconductor particle dispersion formed into film on base material is 2-50 microns. The heat processing is carried out 250degreesC or less. The ratio of length and breadth of primary semiconductor particles is 5 or more. The semiconductor particles have breadth of 100-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is 1C or more linear alkyl alcohol.Preferred Complex: The metal atom complex has particle structure of formula (2).M = same as defined above; andR1-R3 = H or monovalent substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of transparent electrode base material is a resin. Preferred Definitions:    M = magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, scandium, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, indium, tin, barium, lanthanum and/or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The barrier film has average light transmittance of 80% or more in 400-700 nm wavelength. The polymer layer has thickness of 0.5-10 microns and central line average surface roughness of 10 nm or less. The average particle diameter of the mist of the coating liquid is 5 microns or less, preferably 1 microns or less. Preferred Composition: The barrier film has polymer layer(s) provided between the base material and the barrier layer, such that one of the polymer layer contacts the base material, and another polymer layer contacts the barrier layer(s). Preferred Compound: The polymerizable monomer is chosen from meta-acryl compound, acryl compound, epoxy compound and/or oxetane compound. Preferred Process: The polymer layer coating liquid is cured by ultraviolet irradiation or atmospheric pressure plasma processing. EXAMPLE - Dipentaerythritol hexa acrylate monomer (in mass parts) (60), dipentaerythritol hexa acrylate dimer (20), dipentaerythritol hexa acrylate trimer (20), diethoxy benzophenone photoinitiator (2), isopropyl alcohol (50), ethyl acetate (50) and methyl ethyl ketone (50), were mixed to obtain polymer layer coating liquid. The mist-like droplets of coating liquid were sprayed on base material, and ultraviolet irradiation was carried out, to form polymer layer having thickness of 3 microns. A barrier layer comprising adherence layer, ceramic layer and production layer was formed on the polymer layer, and a barrier film was produced. The obtained barrier film had excellent gas barrier property, visible light transmittance and smoothness, and provided display element with excellent durability and economical efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal alkoxide is titanium alkoxide or zirconium alkoxide. The polymer or oligomer and/or reactive monomer have a nitrogen atom. The resin composition further contains a solvent having nitrogen atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer or oligomer does not have hydroxyl group and/or carboxyl group, and has nitrogen atom. The polymer or oligomer and/or reactive monomer are of formula (I).R1=H or 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Properties: The film like optical component has film thickness of 1-1000 microns and refractive index of 1.8 or more. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetraisopropoxide (in weight parts) (100), Pitscol K-30 (RTM: polyvinyl pyrrolidone) (100), P1010 (RTM: poly((3-methyl-1,5-pentane diol)-alt-adipic acid)) (50), AOEC (RTM: 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate) (17), IB-XA (RTM: isobornyl acrylate) (13), ACMO (RTM: acroyl morpholine) (17), and isopropyl alcohol (300), were mixed, and resin composition was obtained. The resin composition had ratio (nN/nM) of number of moles of nitrogen atom in the resin composition (nN) and number of moles of metal alkoxide (nM) of 2.557, ratio of mass of the nitrogen atom (WN), and the mass of the whole resin composition (Wtotal) of 0.025. The moisture content of the whole system was less than 1 wt.%. The composition was colorless and transparent, and had favorable solubility, and formed film of favorable quality.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The guanidine derivative is of formula H3C-N(CH3)-C((H)N+(H))-N(CH3)-CH3 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Initially, 0.71 mmol guanidine hydrochloride was dissolved in 10 ml pure water, to prepare a solution 1. Cis-dithiocyanato-bis(4,4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) complex (N3 dye) (0.35 mmol) forming molecular structure D in the photosensitizer was added to 10 ml pure water. While stirring this solution, 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution was gradually dropped until N3 dye was completely dissolved, to prepare a solution 2. Solutions 1 and 2 were mixed, and the resultant solution was left for reaction for 30 minutes at 70degreesC in a dark place. After cooled to a room temperature, the reaction solution was filtered. The resultant solid was dried under vacuum, to obtain photosensitizer (yield: 75%) providing a dye-sensitized solar cell, a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Either the anode half-cell or the cathode half-cell is supplied with reactants through a conduit (602, 603). The anode half-cell is formed by anode cells, and the cathode half-cell is formed by cathode cells. Either the conduit or the structured membrane is formed by relief of a plane surface and enclosed by a mating cover. Fluids are provided to the conduits by a piezoelectric pump. The structured membrane forms a slot between the cover and the relief of plane surface. Spaces between the structural membrane elements are filled with porous matrix, porous gel matrix, molecule lattice, impure aggregate, salt, and/or oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cover comprises doped polycrystalline silicon. The gate electrode comprises polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carbon yield material comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electroconductive porous material has a noble metal layer formed at the surface side of a nitrated case and the rear side. The porous material is a metallic substrate obtained by compression-molding a fibrous metal material. The nitrated case is obtained by carrying out nitriding of the surface of a base material containing an alloy of iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum, and has a cubic crystal structure of M4N type in which a nitrogen atom is positioned in an octahedron space based on unit cells of a face-centered cubic lattice formed with transition metal atoms chosen from iron, chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen recovering unit has a valve (7) which opens and closes according to the pressure of the gas which is connected with the portion formed and occupies the space (6) formed in the upper portion of liquid level of the desulfurized liquid hydrocarbon in the storage tank. The de-sulfuring apparatus is used in a fuel cell system. The fuel cell system is further provided with a modifier (11) which modifies the liquid hydrocarbon and generates hydrogen. The fuel cell system generates electric power by the generated hydrogen. The hydrogen recovered by the hydrogen recovering unit of the de-sulfuring apparatus is supplied to burner of the modifier and burnt. The kerosene supply flow path (24) which leads hydrogen from hydrogen recovering unit to the modifier and reformed-gas flow path (21) of the modifier are purged, when the modifier is stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Tungstic acid and ammonia are reacted under water, a water-soluble organic solvent is added and the reaction material is deposited. A thickener is added to the reaction material, and formed into a film. The film is then sintered. EXAMPLE - Tungstic acid (H2WO4) (0.25 g) was dissolved in an ammonia aqueous solution and stirred. Ethanol (1 ml) was added and a white deposit was precipitated. Polyethylene glycol (thickener) (0.78 g) was added and stirred, and the viscous liquid was left undisturbed. The supernatant liquid was removed. The viscous liquid containing white precipitate was applied to an indium tin oxide electrode substrate, dried at room temperature for 1.5 hours and sintered at 550degreesC. A tungsten oxide film having a nanoporous structure on the surface was formed. The tungsten oxide film had high photocatalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is nickel. The ratio of nickel with respect to the total amount of nickel and substance containing barium titanate is 1 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent is butyl cellosolve and/or N-methyl-2-pyrolidone. The silica precursor is formed from silicon compound of formula (I), tetramethoxy silane, tetraethoxy silane, tetrabutoxy silane, tetrapropoxy silane and tetramethoxy silane, or siloxane and polysiloxane. The titania precursor is formed from titanium compound of formula (II): R'nTi(OR)4-n (where R, R' and n are defined above), and tetraiso propoxy titanium, and/or titanium chloride, titanium fluoride and titanial sulphate. Preferred Composition: The contents of silica precursor and/or titania precursor, and thickener, in the masking paste, are 5-15 mass% and 5-15 mass%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The thickener is ethyl cellulose and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The conductive layer contains electroconductive material chosen from inorganic electroconductive material and organic electroconductive material. The inorganic electroconductive material is metal oxide chosen from carbon material, metal material and metal oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from indium-tin oxide and titanium oxide. The inorganic electroconductive material is inorganic electroconductive particle chosen from particle-form metal material and carbon material. The conductive layer contains inorganic electroconductive particle and a binder. The inorganic electroconductive particle is chosen from carbon black, silver powder, gold powder and platinum powder, preferably carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic electroconductive material is conductive polymer chosen from polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and polyindole. Preferred Binder: The binder is chosen from epoxy resin, acrylic resin, modified urethane resin, cellulosic resin, fluororesin and wax, preferably fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is preferably given by a formula: (PH2xCH2x(t+tan)-2xPO2xCO2xtca)greater than 0, where PH2 is hydrogen partial pressure (in kPa) of fuel electrode, PO2 is oxygen partial pressure (in kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, t is thickness (in cm) of electrolyte film, tan is thickness (in cm) of fuel electrode catalyst layer, tca is thickness (in cm) of oxidizing-agent electrode catalyst layer, CO2 is oxygen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of oxidizing-agent electrode, and CH2 is hydrogen gas transmission rate (in molxcm/cm2/seconds/kPa) of fuel electrode. The gas pressure of fuel-gas supply unit and oxidizing-agent gas supply unit is controlled such that the relationship between hydrogen amount and oxygen amount in the boundary where electrolyte film touches the oxidizing-agent gas electrode, is given by a formula: (1.25xPH2x(t+tan)-PO2xtca)greater than 0. Preferred System: The fuel cell system further has a circulation compressor (216), which recycles and supplies fuel gas to fuel electrode. The gas supply control unit controls fuel electrode hydrogen partial pressure by the circulation compressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The circularity change rate in the catalyst component formation order of cell is 40% or less. The cross-sectional shape of cell is a tidal-wave shape and/or a rectangular shape. The viscosity of the base layer formation agent is 70 Pa.second.Preferred Composition: The coat amount of the base layer is 100 g or less per metal support volume of 1L. The base layer and adhesive agent contain noble metals component.Preferred Method: A heat resistant adhesive agent containing alumina and titanium oxide, and binder containing phosphoric acid and element chosen from alumina and titanium oxide, sodium and sulfur, silicon, calcium, chlorine, zinc, gallium, zirconium, and niobium, as a base-layer formation agent, is applied, dried and baked, to obtain base layer. The base layer formation agent is applied to the surface of a metal foil. Subsequently, the metal foil is wound, and a metal support is molded. After appropriate time, the molded support is dried and baked. Alternately, the metal foil is wound and a metal support is molded. Subsequently, the base layer formation agent is applied to the molded metal support. After appropriate time, the molded support is dried and baked. EXAMPLE - Ceramer bond 503 (RTM: heat resistant adhesive agent) was applied on metallic foil of R20-50SR ferrite type stainless steel, dried and baked to obtain a base layer. A catalyst component layer formation slurry comprising platinum (1.4 g/L) and binder (5 g/L) was applied, dried and baked, and a catalyst component layer was formed. The catalyst component layer had excellent adhesion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal portion is titanium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The first section of the electrical connection communicates with the flow path or an opening formed in the fuel cell plates. The plates have recesses which extend down from a first surface of the plates. The first section is connected to a sensor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The coating is made from polytetrafluoroethylene, a fluoropolymer or silane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Optionally lanthanum is added along with nickel and barium to alumina or its precursor. Alternately, nickel and lanthanum are added to alumina or its precursor. The mixture is baked at 600degreesC or more to form nickel aluminate. The content of nickel in the support is 1-35 wt.%. The total content of barium and lanthanum in the support is 0.1-20 wt.%.Preferred Compound: The platinum group element is rhodium, ruthenium or platinum. The content of platinum group element in the catalyst is 0.05-5 wt.%. 60% or more of platinum group element is supported on the support at a depth of less than 1 mm from its surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electroactive material (B) manifests a rate performance (R2) which is more than a rate performance (R1) of material (A), when incorporated into rechargeable battery. The composite material manifests a rate performance (R3) which is more than rate performance (R1), when incorporated in cathode of rechargeable battery. The c lattice parameters of electroactive materials (A,B) are different. Preferred Composition: The amount of electroactive materials (A,B) is 5-99 wt.% and 95-1%, preferably 80-20 wt.% and 20-80 wt.%, respectively. Preferred Material: The electroactive material (A) is oxide or phosphate of at least one metal. The electroactive material (A) contains lithium, oxygen, and cobalt, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, chromium and/or titanium. The electroactive material (A) has compositional formula: Li1-xMyM'1-y-zM"zO2, where x-z are 0-1, and M, M' and M" are chosen from nickel, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, manganese, chromium and cobalt, preferably cobalt. The electroactive material (B) contains lithium, iron and phosphate. The electroactive material (B) further contains transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum of the concentration of oxide, carbide and/or salt of platinum, copper and tungsten is more than 92 atomic%. The concentration of oxide, carbide and/or salt of platinum is 10-80 atomic%, concentration of oxide, carbide and/or salt of tungsten is 10-80 atomic%, preferably 40-80 atomic% and concentration of oxide, carbide and/or salt of copper is 1-60 atomic%, preferably 2-25 atomic%. Platinum, copper and tungsten are in their metallic oxidation states. The composition contains alloy of platinum, copper and tungsten, and tungsten oxide. Copper has an average oxidation state of 0. The composition has face-centered-cubic lattice structure. EXAMPLE - A composition containing copper (in atomic%) (20), platinum (40) and tungsten (40) was prepared, and used as electrocatalyst powder. The obtained powder had excellent electro catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The purging gas contains nitrogen and the cover gas contains hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is steam-methane reforming catalyst or water gas shift catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: Respective indices of refraction (n) of the transparent conductive film and the protective layer differ by not greater than 0.2.Respective coefficients of thermal expansion of the transparent conductive film and the protective layer do not differ by more than 1%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic protective layer contains not greater than 10% (preferably not greater than 2%) oxygen.Preferred Material: The transparent conductive film comprises ZnAlOx, or zinc oxide and/or tin oxide, and is substoichiometric with respect to oxygen.x = undefined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermoelectric conversion module has p-type and n-type semiconductor chips which comprise element selected from rare earth elements, actinoids, cobalt, iron, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, nickel, antimony, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tin, silicon, manganese, zinc, boron, carbon, nitrogen, gallium, germanium, indium, vanadium, niobium, barium, magnesium, bismuth, tellurium, selenium and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The squarylium type compound is an asymmetrical type squarylium type compound having hydroxyl group at the terminal. The fullerene derivative has carboxylic-acid group at the terminal. EXAMPLE - N-methylglycine and p-formyl benzoic acid were reacted with C60 fullerene in toluene for 8 hours, to obtain functionalized fullerene. Then, 4-dimethyl amino pyridine and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl amino propyl)-carbodiimide were esterified in presence of functionalized fullerene, to obtain fullerene-squarylium dye. The fullerene-squarylium dye had excellent sensitivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide photocatalyst contains titanium. The catalyst is platinum, mixture containing platinum, or alloy containing platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic film is produced by hardening acrylic lacquer by irradiating electron beam. EXAMPLE - Acrylic film with thickness of 50 microns and transparent inorganic compound vapor deposited plastic film with thickness of 12 microns were bonded through polyurethane resin adhesive agent, to obtain a surface protection sheet. The sheet had reduced weight, excellent weather resistance, damp proofing property measured according to JIS K 7129, bendability and produced solar cell module with high power generation efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The oxide thin film solar cell further has a copper oxide film laminated on the silver oxide film. The copper oxide film is formed by carrying out electrolysis processing in alkaline aqueous solution containing water-soluble copper salt. The copper oxide film is oriented at the surface (111). The zinc oxide film is formed by immersing a to-be-processed object into zinc oxide film-forming composition containing an aqueous solution containing zinc ion, nitrate ion and amine borane compound, or aqueous solution containing nitrate ion and zinc ion, and carrying out electrolysis processing. The zinc oxide film is oriented at the surface (0001). The silver oxide film is formed by carrying out electrolysis reaction in aqueous solution containing water-soluble silver salt and performing heat processing. The silver oxide film is oriented at the surface (111).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel supply is used for storing fuels such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The duel supply is used for storing fuels such as ethanol and methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: A second valve (28) is positioned between the hydrogen producing fuel and the fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises multiple fuel cells arranged in a ring. The first valve comprises a multi-opening gate valve rotatable to selectively expose or block a cathode (16) to or from ambient. The second valve is a pressure regulated valve coupled to a pressure responsive flexible diaphragm or to a seat (38) when pressure between the hydrogen producing fuel and fuel cell is above a predetermined level such that it allows exposure of the hydrogen producing fuel to the fuel cell when pressure between the hydrogen producing fuel and fuel cell is below a predetermined level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The first dope is cast from a first casting die, and the second dope is cast from a second casting die disposed at a downstream of the first casting die. The wet membrane is brought into contact with a compound that is a poor solvent of the solid electrolyte. A thickness of a layer-formed from the first dope in the solid electrolyte multilayer membrane is 20 - 800 microns, where the layer is derived from the first layer of the casting membrane. A thickness of a layer-formed from the second dope in the solid electrolyte multilayer membrane is 10 - 500 microns, where the layer is derived from the second layer of the casting membrane. A third dope (116) contains the solid electrolyte, the organic solvent and the catalyst that is cast such that either the first dope is interposed between the second dope and third dope, or a third casting die disposed at an upstream of the first casting die. The catalysts in the second and third dopes are different from each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst includes at least one of gold, iridium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, titanium, palladium, bismuth, nickel, cobalt, iron and hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin film and nano crystals comprise silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) or silicon germanium (SiGe). The insulative layer is made of silicon oxide, and/or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The precious metal comprises a precious metal containing compound chosen from precious metals, alloys of precious metals, and mixtures of precious metals. The precious metal comprises platinum or an alloy of platinum and ruthenium. The atomic ratio of platinum to ruthenium in the alloy is 1:1. The support is Shawinigan acetylene black. The support comprises a graphitic carbon characterized by a d002 spacing less than or equal to 3.50 Angstrom . The support comprises a graphitic carbon characterized by a Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area less than or equal to 80 m2/g. The catalyst composition (II) is chosen from precious metal oxides, mixtures of precious metal oxides and solid solutions of precious metal oxides. The precious metal oxide is a solid solution of RuOx and IrOx, wherein x is greater than 1, preferably about 2. The precious metal oxide comprises a solid solution of RuO2 and IrO2. The atomic ratio of ruthenium to iridium is 90:10. The ratio of the catalyst composition (I) to the catalyst composition (II) by weight is 1.8 to 1. EXAMPLE - Catalyst composition (I) containing platinum/ruthenium alloy supported on Shawinigan acetylene black was produced. Catalyst composition (II) containing unsupported ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide was produced. Anode was obtained using the composition (I,II). The obtained anode provided fuel cell having high tolerance to voltage reversal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition catalyst is ruthenium oxide. The decomposition catalyst is deposited as a layer on an outer surface of the bipolar plate, the diffusion media layer or the MEA. The decomposition catalyst is deposited to a thickness of 50-1000 nm by a chemical vapor deposition process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The bipolar plate is made of stainless steel, titanium, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The bipolar plate is made of carbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cooling apparatus is connected to a bypass line, which is installed ahead of the moisture removing device in a gas flow direction of the anode inlet line. The bypass line comprises valves that selectively allow the hydrogen containing gas to flow through the cooling apparatus. The cooling apparatus comprises a pipe that surrounds the bypass line, and through which cooling water flows. The cooling apparatus is a thermoelectric component having a cold junction inside the bypass line and hot junctions outside the bypass line. The moisture removing device comprises a desiccant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desiccant comprises silica gel and/or a molecular sieve. It is dryable and reusable.Preferred Process: Shutting down of the fuel cell system comprises cooling the hydrogen containing gas to a temperature higher than the dew point of the hydrogen containing gas. Cooling of the hydrogen containing gas comprises cooling the hydrogen containing gas to 70-75degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The filling of the cavity with a metal hydride material is accomplished by using thin/thick film materials synthesis techniques.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The coating may comprise silicon dioxide, polymers (e.g., polyimide, poly methylmethacralate (PMMA)) and metals (e.g., copper or cobalt). The hydrogen permaselective membrane material comprises a high strength polymer (e.g., PMMA, Polyimide) and/or metal alloy, such as palladium and titanium, which enables selective gas permeation through the membrane as a function of temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: An electrical power consuming device is coupled to the power portion of the electrical interface. The electrical interface includes sets of electrical contacts where each set is a complete electrical interface. The fluid interface includes a valve assembly having a pressure or temperature sensitive relief mechanism integrated within the valve assembly. A visual display is electrically coupled to the memory to display information which is representative of the operating parameter of the fuel vessel using data provided by the memory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: About 1-30 of the groups are introduced into the carbon material. At least one of the proton dissociative groups is PO(OH)2, SO3H or COOH.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The fullerene molecule is a spherical carbon cluster molecule Cm.m=36, 60, 70, 6, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, and/or 96. EXAMPLE - A solution of C60 (1000 mg) in dehydrated toluene (600 mL) was added with iodine (353 mg), NaT (2000 mg) and tetraethyl methylene diphosphonate (0.338 mL). Under argon gas atmosphere, the mixture was stirred up at room temperature for 24 hours and then filtered. Work up gave a precursor C60=C(PO(OEt)2)2 of a phosphoric acid type fullerene derivative. The precursor (1 g) was stirred in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution (50 mL) at 60degreesC for 1-30 hours for hydrolysis. The resulting solution was subjected to proton ion exchange and phosphoric-type fullerene derivative C60=C(PO(OH)2)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The fuel-electrode-side porous metal has a three-dimensional structure and pores (6a) formed by the skeleton have a near-spindle shape of 80-800 microns in the average pore size. The average particle size of the particles is 10-60% of the pore size of the fuel-electrode-side porous metal (7). The particle size is less than or equal to10microns. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon reforming catalyst comprises particles in which an active metal component from nickel, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, and/or copper is loaded on a ceramic carrier. The fuel-electrode-side porous metal body for supporting the hydrocarbon reforming catalyst comprises nickel, a nickel-based alloy, iron, or an iron-based alloy. The fuel-electrode layer is formed of a composite material of nickel, palladium, ruthenium, platinum, and/or copper, and a ceramic. The catalyst is loaded in a porous metal body comprising nickel, nickel-based alloy, iron, or iron-based alloy. Preferred Method: The fuel-electrode-side porous metal is constructed by laminating sheet(s) of a porous metal filled with the hydrocarbon reforming catalyst and sheet(s) of a porous metal filled with no catalyst, or by filling a porous metal plate having a three-dimensional skeletal structure with a hydrocarbon reforming catalyst and pressing the porous metal plate. Preferred Composition: The ceramic is from (Ce0.8Sm0.2)O2, (La0.8Sr0.2) (Ga0.8Mg0.15Co0.05)O3, or zirconium oxide doped with yttrium oxide of 3-8 mol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: A material having electrical conductivity is included in the porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compound: The electronic donor compound is tertiary aromatic-amine compound or asymmetrical squarylium type compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 donor-acceptor composite compounds are disclosed such as fullerene-tertiary aromatic-amine type pigment of formula (I).    EXAMPLE - Fullerene (in mmol) (0.278), sarcosine (0.449), 4-(bis(4'-tert-butylphenyl-4-yl)amino)benzaldehyde (0.278) and o-dichlorobenzene (15 ml) were mixed at 110degreesC for 6 hours, and the solvent was distilled. The obtained residue was isolated by column chromatography, to obtain fullerene-tertiary aromatic-amine type pigment of formula (I) and fullerene-squarylium type pigment of formula (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The solidification start edge portion is a region of 1/3 or less of the entire solidification component.The annealing process is carried out by heating the solidification start edge portion at 1400degreesC as attainment upper limit temperature, and the temperature is maintained for 30 minutes or more.The solidification start edge portion is cooled under conditions below 10degreesC/minute.Heating process is carried out after pre-cooling the solidified component under conditions of 10degreesC/minute or more.The annealing process is carried out in an inactive airflow or air atmosphere at 660 Pa to 0.1 MPa, in a state in which the solidified component is in the casting mold or in a state in which the solidified component is removed.Heating is carried out using a heater arranged in the downward direction of the casting mold, with the solidified component mounted on the heater.The semiconductor ingot is cut to obtain a semiconductor substrate for solar-cell elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The copper oxide thin film is doped with dissimilar material and/or nitrogen. The dissimilar metal is chosen from niobium, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, rhenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, silver, gold, zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, bismuth, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium and/or lanthanoid.Preferred Method: The plasma irradiation of copper oxide thin film is carried out at 70degreesC or less. The copper oxide thin film is formed on base plate by sputtering method, chemical vapor deposition method, vapor deposition method, sol gel process, spin coat method, photogravure coating method and/or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film contains polyester, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, acryl, polycarbonate, polystyrene, triacetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidine chloride, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, metal ion cross-linked ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, polyurethane and/or cellophane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The transparent conductive layer contains transparent electroconductivity oxide chosen from indium-tin complex oxide, tin oxide, and indium-zinc complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The diode is a silicon diode. In the hydrogen forming cell, the housing hermetically encloses the components of the cell, this inhibiting the exchange of gaseous components between the interior and exterior.The housing parts (a) and (b) contact the anode and cathode respectively; and are connected via a silicon diode (D1) and optionally a resistor (R1) in the flow direction, so that electrodes released in the zinc anode can flow into the gas anode and two working windows for the cell potential value are defined, i.e. a window for hydrogen generation below 0.42 V and a window for reduction and binding of oxygen from oxidized compounds above 0.42 V.Alternatively (where the opening to the atmosphere is absent or closed) the window of the cathode (in intimate contact with the paraffin oil or hydrocarbon mixture) and the window for hydrogen generation or Raney nickel reduction overlap below 0.42 V, so that the double bonds in the oil are hydrogenated on line with the electron current from the anode, after which the oxidized groups are reduced. EXAMPLE - A gas generating zinc-hydrogen cell (1) in a permanently installed electrical regulating circuit, as shown in the figure, had a conditioning circuit formed by diode (D1) and resistor (R1), in which current only flowed when the cell potential was greater than the drainage potential of the diode. Only part of the cell capacity was thus discharged; specifically a potential of more than 0.422 V was produced. This potential could only reach (rather than the zinc electrode) the oxide parts on the metal parts of the gas electrode (e.g. nickel (hydr)oxide and copper (hydr)oxide) and atmospheric oxygen. The atmospheric oxygen could be excluded by covering over the aeration opening of the cell. The cover acted as a switch; if the cover was removed, current was provided from cathodic oxygen reduction instead of cathodic hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The syngas is derived from the combined process of oxygen-rich air catalytic or air catalytic partial oxidation and steam or carbon dioxide reforming of natural gas. The molar percentage of nitrogen in syngas is 10-50%, preferably 20-40% in the first step and 18-67%, preferably 33-57% in the second step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The first step is carried out in one reactor or two tandem reactors or multistage series reactors. The second step is carried out in a different reactor. The process is carried out at 190-290degreesC under 3-8 MPa and a syngas gas hour space velocity (GHSV) of 500-2000 h-1. EXAMPLE - Copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide catalyst (1.5 g) was loaded into tandem reactors. Copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide and HZSM-5 (RTM: Crystalline alumino silicate) catalysts (3 g) were loaded into dimethyl ether synthesis reactor. The catalysts were reduced at 210degreesC for 4 hours. The obtained feeding gas was then switched to syngas containing nitrogen and the methanol/dimethyl ether synthesis reaction was carried out under 4 MPa, 1000 h-1 and 205degreesC in methanol synthesis reactors and 210degreesC in dimethyl ether synthesis reactor to give methanol and dimethyl ether (90%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material layer is comprised of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods, carbon nanofibers, and/or carbon powder. A thickness of the carbon material layer is 200-400 nm. A width of each of the flow channels is 10-400 microns. A material of the catalyst layer is platinum, gold, ruthenium, or their alloys. A thickness of the catalyst layer is 20-400 nm. Preferred Method: A block layer is formed on the surface in each of the flow channels prior to forming the carbon material layer, and is made of silicon, nickel, or silicon dioxide. The catalyst layer is deposited on the carbon material layer by sputtering or evaporating method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Contacts serve as electrodes formed of variety of conductive materials, such as silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and various combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide optical semiconductor is chosen from titanium oxide, zinc oxide and zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Not given. Preferred Definitions:    R=trimethyl silyl group.    EXAMPLE - 4-trimethyl-silyl benzaldehyde (in g) (4.83) and aldehydic acid (1.35) were dissolved in propionic acid (150 mL). Pyrrole (2.5 mL) was dripped and refluxed for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Water and methanol were added and suction filtration of solid was carried out. The solid was dried under reduced pressure and separated. 5-(4-carboxy phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-trimethyl-silyl phenyl)porphyrin (0.051) was obtained with yield of 4% in the form of purple solid. A photoelectric transducer was manufactured using the obtained compound and had favorable photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The spin-drying membrane separator has a spin-drying separation membrane module (20) with dehydration catalyst on outer surface of a zeolite film having water permselective film substance (22), provided on a porous support, a condensation unit and a suction unit connected with later stage of membrane module. The permselective film substance separates water produced by dehydration reaction, while regenerating hydrate of organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains substance having lanthanoid group metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is mixed oil having aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon compound contains a sulfur compound. Preferred Process: Thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon is carried out, in presence of the modification catalyst, and hydrogen is manufactured. EXAMPLE - Zirconyl nitrate (in g) (21) was dissolved in distilled water (100), and aqueous ammonia (100 ml) was dropped, and precipitate of zirconium hydroxide was obtained. The obtained precipitate was dried at 100degreesC and then baked at 300degreesC for 3 hours, to obtain amorphous zirconia. The obtained amorphous zirconia (2.5) was suspended to solution of rhodium nitrite (0.138), ammonium perrhenate (0.18), nickel nitrate (2.48) and strontium nitrate (0.604) dissolved in distilled water (40), and baked at 540degreesC, to obtain rhodium/rhenium/nickel-strontium/zirconia catalyst (2.14). Hydrogen was efficiently manufactured using the obtained catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Amino acid is reacted with aqueous solvent of phosphonium compound. The solution is stirred and unreacted amino acid is removed to obtain quaternary phosphorus compound. EXAMPLE - L-alanine (in g) (5) was added to tetra butyl phosphonium hydroxide aqueous solution (26.6) and stirred under reduced pressure. Excess water was removed and acetonitrile (60 ml) and methanol (40 ml) were added. The crystals of unreacted alanine were removed and the filtrate was heat-dried to obtain tetra butyl phosphonium alanine (11) with yield of 80%.
EXAMPLE - Methylmethacrylate (as a monomer) (1 g), azobis-isobutyronitrile (5 mm M) (as an initiator) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoamide (as solvent) (2 ml) were mixed and polymerization reaction was carried at 70degreesC for 20 hours in nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a polymer (63.1 %).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is glass or quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The linking layer comprises 60C, and having a linking agent from polyethylene imine, GOP-trimethyl silyl (TMS), triethyl silyl (TES)-PCN, CP-TMS or BTESB (not defined). The channels contain a linear arrangement of luminescent dye molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The spring coil comprises platinum, palladium or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The spring coil has number of turns of 5-35 (preferably 15-35) and elastic modulus of 1x107- 5x107psi. Preferred Component: A diameter wire comprising the spring coil is less than 1/8 inch. The reactor comprises a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (TSOFC), or a tubular solid oxide electrolyzer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The spring coil may comprise an electrically conductive nickel-based alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor electrode further contains steroid compound of formula (5). The steroid endocyclic optionally contains double bond.R21 = H, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo or acidic, optionally having substituent;R22 = acidic group-containing alkyl;andl = 0-13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The p-type semiconductor layer is formed of (poly 3-hexyl thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-gas-shift-reaction catalyst contains platinum (in wt.%) (0.05-5), rhenium (0.01-5) and sulfur (0.01-2). The weight ratio of platinum, rhenium and sulfur in the catalyst is 1:0.2-2.5:0.05-0.5. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetrachloride (in g) (250) and ion exchange water (750) were mixed to obtain titanium tetrachloride aqueous solution. Aqueous ammonia was dropped and pH was adjusted to 7 to precipitate titanium hydroxide. The precipitate was filtered and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours. Ammonium sulfate aqueous solution was added to obtain a slurry. The slurry was dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours to obtain titania support containing sulfur. Ammonium perrhenate aqueous solution was added and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours. Subsequently, chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution was added and dried at 120degreesC for 12 hours and baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours. The baked product was shaped and ground. The obtained particles were reduced at 500degreesC under hydrogen atmosphere for 1 hour to obtain a water-gas-shift-reaction catalyst. The titania support of the catalyst contained platinum (1.0 wt.%), rhenium (0.7 wt.%) and sulfur (0.10 wt.%). The catalyst had high shift reaction activity, carbon monoxide removal capability and did not contain hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Sulfur is provided to electroconductive carbon support as sulfur-containing compound before supporting metal or metal alloy. The sulfur-containing compound is selected from hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus sulfide (P2S5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon disulfide (CS2), sulfuric acid or sulfurous acid. The electroconductive carbon support is chosen from graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, fullerene, carbon nanotube and carbon nanophone. The metal is chosen from 5-11 group metals. EXAMPLE - Ketchen black (in g) (2) was heated at 300degreesC in argon atmosphere for 2 hours. The Ketchen black was maintained in hydrogen disulfide atmosphere for 2 hours or more. The obtained Ketchen black provided with sulfur (1), chloroplatinic acid (0.05) and methanol (500 ml) were mixed, and refluxed at 100degreesC for 24 hours. The mixture was filtered, water washed and dried at 80degreesC for 12 hours. A catalyst having platinum and carbon supported on Ketchen black as support, was obtained. The obtained catalyst had favorable methanol oxidation characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium alloy further contains aluminum (0.3-5) and copper (0.1-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The paste material contains chloride, bromide or fluoride of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The optical semiconductor oxide is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The amphiphilic solvent contains hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, pentamethylene glycol and/or 2-butene-1,4-diol, preferably hexylene glycol.Preferred Paste: The optical semiconductor oxide paste further contains a resin insoluble liquid as additive chosen from water, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and/or glycerin. EXAMPLE - 2,4-Pentanediol was mixed with titanium oxide microparticle aqueous dispersion (having average particle diameter of 20 nm and solid content of 4 wt.%) to obtain an aqueous dispersion. The aqueous dispersion was subjected to solvent substitution process by removing moisture content. The obtained dispersion, ethanol and ethyl cellulose were mixed and subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and evaporation to remove ethanol and to obtain a titanium oxide paste containing titanium oxide ultrafine-particles (in weight%) (35), hexylene glycol (62) and ethylene cellulose (3). The obtained titanium oxide paste had viscosity of 5.42x102 Pa.second. The obtained titanium oxide paste was applied on a transparent electroconductive substrate and baked at 525degreesC for 2 hours using an electric furnace to obtain a titanium oxide porous thin-film electrode. The titanium oxide porous thin film electrode had improved leveling property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The granular particles contain two or more types of oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains plasticizer (in mass parts) (1-20) and binder (5-30) with respect to granular particles (100). The plasticizer is of formula: R(A-G)n-A-R.A = dibasic acid residue;R = terminal terminator residue;G = glycol residue; andn = degree of polymerization.The mixture further contains lubricant chosen from hydrocarbon type wax, higher fatty acid, lower alcohol fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol fatty acid ester, partial ester of fatty acid and polyhydric alcohol, and polyhydric alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder is polyvinyl acetal resin with acetalization degree of 65 mol% or more. EXAMPLE - OZC-8YB (RTM: zirconia particles with specific surface of 20 m2/g and average particle diameter of 52 microns) (in mass parts) (100), polyvinyl acetal resin (15) with acetalization degree of 77%, Polycizer W-320 (RTM: plasticizer) (8) and paraffin wax (4) were heat-mixed at 120degreesC for 1 hour. The mixture was extrusion molded to obtain a green sheet. The green sheet had favorable strength, flexibility and uniform thickness. The generation of streaks or crack in the sheet was not observed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixed solution is spun by electric field spinning method. Heat-pressing is performed by applying pressure, at temperature above the glass transition temperature of the polymeric material. The spinning method is melt-blown method, flash spinning or electrostatic melt-blown method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and/or polyethylene oxide. The cellulose is oriented in the fiber axial direction of the composite fiber. EXAMPLE - Titanium (IV) propoxide (6 g) was added to polymer solution containing polyvinyl acetate (30 g) dissolved in mixture of acetone and dimethyl formamide. Acetic acid (2.4 g) was added and electric field spinning of the mixed solution was carried out. The obtained composite fiber was heat-processed at 450degreesC and polyvinyl acetate was removed to obtain titanium oxide nano rods.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer compound is given by formula (3).R8,R9=H or alkyl;andn=4 or integer more than 4. Preferred Definitions:    R7=divalent organic group having pi conjugation structure, preferably divalent organic group having heterocyclic structure.    EXAMPLE - 3,6-bis(2-(3-n-decyl thienyl))-pyridazine (in g) (1.71) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide (50 ml) and N-bromosuccinimide (2.62), and heated at 60degreesC for 12 hours, to obtain 3,6-bis(2-(5-bromo-3-n-decyl thienyl))-pyridazine. 3,6-bis(2-(5-bromo-3-n-decyl thienyl))-pyridazine (1.21), bis(trimethyl tin) (1.03), tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (10 ml), tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine) palladium (0.17), and copper iodide (I) (0.02) were polymerized at 80degreesC for 48 hours, to obtain poly(3,6-bis(2-(3-n-decyl thienyl))-pyridazine), at a yield rate of 95%. An organic electronic device formed using the obtained polymer had favorable semiconductor characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A process for performing water-repellent processing of the base material for diffused layers, is an impregnation process for impregnating polytetrafluoroethylene particle into the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Crystal: The seed crystal has at least two grain boundaries in crystal growth surface. The seed crystal is polycrystal formed using several single crystals. The number of single crystals in polycrystal is at least 3 or more. The polycrystal having high Sigma value is used as seed crystal and crystal growth is carried out. Polycrystal having low Sigma value is obtained. The polycrystal is silicon polycrystal.Preferred Method: The unidirectional crystal growth is carried out in azimuth direction and crystal orientation is carried out in one direction. Silicon crystal having (110) growth surface and (100) side face, and silicon crystal having (110) growth surface and (111) side face are alternately laminated to form random grain boundary.Preferred Condition: The crystal growth rate in crystal growth initiating surface is velocity less than 0.3 mm/minute.Preferred Properties: The defect of silicon polycrystal is not observed by back scattering electron diffraction pattern method. The conversion efficiency of silicon polycrystal measured in cast cell of 10 square cm is 18% or more to 25% or more. The silicon polycrystal consists of at least four crystal phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The set of laser parameters is selected so that the laser simultaneously locally modifies the electric conductivity of the electrode layers. The first transparent electrode layer is provided on a transparent substrate and the laser irradiation is applied through the substrate. The electric conductivity of the second electrode layer is locally modified through ablation and melting/dewetting. The laser is pulsed. Preferred Component: The organic functional device is an organic light emitting panel or an organic solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The integrated standard power outlet e.g. standard cigarette lighter comprises power outlet in accordance with serial connectors, universal serial bus (USB) connectors, RCA connectors, phone jack/plug, household wall outlets, Ethernet connectors IEEE1394 jacks.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rugged energy collecting power supply uses rugged material selected from the group consisting of polymer, poly-resin, rubber, metal, epoxy resin, polyacrylic, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethanes, vinyl plastics, acrylic, acrylic rubber, acrylic-styrene acrylonitrile, thermoplastic resin, thermoplastic copolymer, phenolic and thermoset polyester, plastic, fiber glass, carbon fiber, ceramic. The rugged energy collecting power supply has housing with protective coating. The protective coating is selected from the group consisting of polymer, poly-resin, rubber, metal, epoxy-resin, vinyl plastics, acrylic, acrylic rubber, thermoplastic resin, thermoplastic copolymer, plastic, fiber glass, carbon fiber. The rugged energy collecting power supply has support structure comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of polymer, poly-resin, rubber, metal, epoxy resin, polyacrylic, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethanes, vinyl plastics, acrylic, acrylic rubber, acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile, thermoplastic resin, thermoplastic copolymer, phenolic, thermoset polyester, plastic, fiber glass, carbon fiber, ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate material is glass, metal or its alloy, organic polymer, ceramics and/or semiconductor.Preferred Material: The precursor material is silicon compound such as SiH4, SiH(CH3)3, SiCl4, and Si(CH3)4, germanium hydride, germanium chloride, antimony hydride, hydrocarbon of aluminum, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide such as NO and NO2, elemental carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, silicon, gallium, mercury, rubidium, cesium, boron, aluminum, zirconium and/or indium.Preferred Method: The thin film coating with the catalyst material is performed by a coating method selected from coating methods comprising plating, chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, thermal evaporation, molecular beam epitaxy, electron beam evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, sputtering, reactive sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystalline transparent conductive film has an antimony content of 8%, and a tin content of 30-80%. The crystalline transparent conductive film is defined by SnOx:Sb.x=1-1.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameter: Mole ratios of ruthenium, M, and tellurium are 10-95:5 to 40:0.1-50. The catalyst has an average particle diameter of 1-2 nm. EXAMPLE - Mo(CO)6, Ru3(CO)12, and Te were reacted in m-xylene, and then all of the m-xylene was evaporated. The resulting product was fired at 200degreesC to prepare a Ru-Mo-Te black powder catalyst having current density of 1.52 mA/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The titanium oxide in the aqueous dispersion is peroxo-form titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An alkaline solution is further added to liquid mixture of mixed slurry. The compound microparticles contain trace components (10 wt.% or less). The trace component contains rare earth elements or noble metal elements. The trace component is preferably nitrate or hydrochloride of rare earth elements or noble metal elements. The inorganic metallic compound is zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, calcium oxide, alumina, silica, titanium oxide and/or ferric oxide.Preferred Conditions: The pulse combustion gas is contacted at a frequency of 50-1000 Hz, pressure amplitude of plus minus 0.2 kg/cm2 and sound pressure of 100-200 dB, and at a temperature of 100-1000degreesC. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (in g) (174) was dissolved in water (508), and an aqueous solution (A) was prepared. Subsequently, an aqueous solution (B) was prepared by dissolving yttrium chloride hexahydrate (8.4) in water (8.4). The aqueous solutions (A,B) were mixed, and the mixed solution was subjected to pulse drying, and precursor dried product was obtained. The dried product was baked at 1000degreesC, and compound microparticles were obtained. The microparticles had average particle diameter of 2.2 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The opposite surface of the surface (A) of film does not have corrugated structure. The polyamic acid is obtained by reacting aromatic diamine having benzoxazole structure and aromatic tetracarboxylic acid. EXAMPLE - 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)benzoxazole (in mass parts) (500), pyromellitic dianhydride (485) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5000) were stirred at 25degreesC for 53 hours to obtain viscous brown polyamic acid solution having reduced viscosity of 5.1 dl/g. The obtained polyamic acid solution was applied on a stainless steel belt, and dried to form polyimide precursor film having thickness of 25 microns. The obtained precursor film was heated and subjected to imidation reaction to obtain polyimide benzoxazole film. The obtained film had excellent heat resistance, toughness, adhesivity and flexible property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal (M) is selected from tungsten, cobalt, ruthenium, palladium, molybdenum, iron, manganese and nickel. The metal (A) is selected from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare earth metal. Preferred Method: The carbon particles are previously baked in air atmosphere. The ion of oxide of transition metal (M) in the dispersion mixture is obtained from ammonium salt of oxide of transition metal (M). The ion of metal (A) in the dispersion mixture is obtained from chlorine salt and/or nitrate of metal (A). The calcination temperature is 400degreesC or more. The obtained catalyst support is dispersed in solution which consists of polar solvent containing metal ion and/or metal complex ion of at least one type of metal selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and osmium. EXAMPLE - Hydrated ammonium meta-tungstate ((NH4)6W12O39.nH2O (in g) (1) and sodium nitride (0.254), were dissolved in and purified water (120) as a solvent and set as homogeneous solution. Ketchen black (RTM: carbon microparticles) (1.61) having surface area of 800 m2/g and primary particle size of 39.5 nm was added. The resulting mixture was dispersed for 10 minutes, maintained for several hours to overnight. Purified water was removed from the mixture using evaporator, then the mixture was heated at 50degreesC, and baked at 750degreesC under nitrogen stream for 2 hours. Sodium tungstate was produced as impurity and oxalic acid aqueous solution (10 mass%) was added into a flask and the product was washed to remove unreacted substance. The product was heated at 80degreesC, suction filtered, washed with purified water, dried in desiccator, and bronze compound (Na0.273WO3) supported on microparticles was obtained as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A solution containing noble metal ion is contacted with a metal base containing base metal having high ionization tendency than noble metal. Noble metal ion is precipitated on the base metal by substituted metal plating, and catalyst particle containing noble metal and base metal is formed on the metal base to obtain catalyst. The substituted metal plating is performed at 80degreesC or less using solution in which hydrogen gas is dissolved. Preferred Particle: The catalyst particle has particle size of 1-100 nm. The abundance ratio of noble metal element in catalyst particle surface is 20-95%. Preferred Metal: The noble metal is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, gold and silver. The base metal is a transition metal. The catalyst base contains carbonaceous material or solid polymer electrolyte supported on base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, hydrogen containing gas is supplied to anode pole and oxygen containing gas is supplied to cathode pole, when anode pole and cathode pole are not electrically connected. Preferred Properties: The maximum diffraction full width of tungsten carbide at half minimum at a area (diffraction angle of 2thetaplus minus0.3degrees of 40-60degrees), is 0.8degrees or more, as determined by X-ray diffraction method using Cu-K alpha ray. Tungsten carbide is obtained by the conversion of tungsten boride, tungsten nitride, tungsten sulfide, tungsten phosphide and tungsten silicide. The average particle diameter of tungsten carbide is 0.1-1000 nm. The anode pole contains transition metal and/or transition metal compound other than tungsten carbide. EXAMPLE - Tungsten carbide having alpha structure was manufactured using tungsten oxide. The maximum diffraction full width at half maximum at diffraction angle (2theta) of 48.251degrees, was 1.888degrees. Tungsten carbide (20 mg) and carbon black (80 mg) having specific surface area of 254 m2/g were mixed with Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) (24.14 mg), glycerol (298 mg) and water (74.72) to form a paste. The obtained paste was applied on fluorine resin sheet and dried to form anode catalyst layer. A cathode catalyst layer containing platinum supporting carbon particles was formed. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell having anode catalyst layer and cathode catalyst layer was formed. Hydrogen gas was supplied to the cathode pole and nitrogen gas was supplied to the anode pole. The fuel cell was processed by maintaining electric potential between -1 V and -50 V by normal hydrogen electrode reference. The catalyst in the fuel cell had excellent activity even after processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredients are ion, metal and/or oxide. The element is preferably 1B group element. The content of active ingredient in the fuel processing agent is 0.1-40 wt.% calculated as an element. EXAMPLE - Crystalline cellulose (in g) (20) and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminate (1180) having average particle diameter of 4 microns and solid content of 85 wt.% were added into a kneader and stirred. Pure water was added so that the water content was 35%. The mixture was extrusion molded to a cylindrical shape, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 600degreesC for 5 hours, and meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product was obtained. The obtained meta silicic acid magnesium aluminum molded product (200) was dispersed in pure water (2 l) and the pH of the dispersion liquid was adjusted to 6.5 with nitric acid aqueous solution (10 wt.%). The dispersion liquid was stirred and silver nitrate (78.8) was added slowly. The mixture was heated at 60degreesC, stirred at 60degreesC for 1 hour, and solid-liquid separated. The resulting product was washed, dried at 130degreesC for 16 hours, baked at 500degreesC for 3 hours, and a fuel processing agent was obtained. The obtained agent had excellent adsorption capability of sulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor produces reformed gas by contacting modification source gas and gas for modification with the catalyst layer, and performing modification reaction. Preferably, the reactor produces hydrogen-containing gas by contacting mixed gas of hydrocarbon-type fuel and water with the catalyst layer. The microwave of 0.3-30 GHz introduced to the reactor, is irradiated at the catalyst layer. The reactor is a cavity resonator (30) of rectangular parallelepiped shape, and is optionally resonated by single mode. The catalyst layer is arranged at a region having maximum electrical field strength in the cavity resonator of resonance state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is supplied as hydrogen during hydride removal process. At least one portion of hydrogen in hydrogen-containing gas produced by modification reaction is stored by heating in hydrogen storage material capable of releasing hydrogen. Hydrogen discharged by storage material is supplied to modification reaction device. The hydrogen storage material is a hydrogen storage metal material. An oxygen-containing gas is supplied after modification and before removal process. Carbon precipitated on the surface of the catalyst is supplied to oxygen, and oxidation removal is enabled. The hydrogen storage material is heated with reaction heat of catalyst via heat exchanger (60) provided between catalyst and hydrogen storage material. The discharge heat from hydrogen storage material is converted to electrical energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: Adaptation of the inner surface comprises filling the inner cavity with a metal or molecular semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises mixing the carbon nanotubes with a solvent before combining with the molecular semiconductor, where solvent is an aromatic amine, preferably aniline. Adapting the carbon nanotubes is carried out using a covalent bonding method, where carbon nanotubes are adapted using amide or ester linkages. At least one of the molecular semiconductor adapting steps is carried out by modifying the conjugated core at the periphery or at a non-periphery position of the semiconductor molecule with moieties.Preferred Material: The molecular semiconductor is a metal free phthalocyanine or metal free porphyrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises removing a flash portion of the separator plate with the laser; and providing a gas diffusion media proximate the fuel cell separator plate, the surface being a surface of the gas diffusion media. Activating the surface with the laser comprises removing a portion of a coating of the gas diffusion media, the removal of the portion of the coating reducing a contact resistance of the fuel cell.Preferred Materials: The coating comprises electrically conductive particles or hydrophobic material. The gas diffusion media comprises a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The die is heated to greater than or equal to550degreesC (preferably greater than or equal to650degreesC). Contacting comprises applying a pressure of greater than or equal to100 psi (preferably greater than or equal to5000 psi) to the die. A release layer (120) is disposed between the first material and the first layer. The first material is attached to the second layer through an adhesive layer (140) on the second layer. The first material is disposed on the first layer by vacuum coating or solution coating.Preferred Material: The release layer comprises a metal with a melting point of greater than or equal to550degreesC. The metal comprises molybdenum, titanium, or stainless steel. The transparent electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive layer comprises epoxies, polyurethanes, polyureas, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, polyethylene-based polymers, or polypropylene-based polymers. The first or second layer comprises polyethylene terephthalates, polyimides, polyethylene naphthalates, polymeric hydrocarbons, cellulosic polymers, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyethers, and/or polyether ketones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid acid catalyst is proton donor or cation exchange resin. The solid acid catalyst contains sulfonic acid group. The solid acid catalyst is used in an amount of 0.1-100 mol%, preferably 1-50 mol% with respect to fullerene oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The carbonyl compound is aldehyde or ketone. The aldehyde is chosen from aromatic aldehyde, aliphatic aldehyde and alicyclic aldehyde. The ketone is chosen from aromatic ketone, aliphatic ketone, carbocyclic ring-type ketone and heterocyclic ketone.Preferred Composition: The mix ratio of fullerene oxide and carbonyl compound is 1:1-1:1000, preferably 1:10-1:100. The concentration of fullerene oxide is 10-1-10-4 M, preferably 10-2-10-3 M.Preferred Conditions: The reaction is performed at -10degreesC to 110degreesC, preferably 20-100degreesC. EXAMPLE - Cyclohexanone (200 mg) was reacted with 0.001 mol% of benzene solution of fullerene monoxide (20 ml) in presence of Amberlyst 15 (RTM: cation exchange property resin as solid acid catalyst) (250 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at 65degreesC and filtered to obtain fullerene 1,3-dioxolane having molecular weight of 834.8, with yield of 60%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The colloid-forming polymeric acid is polymeric sulfonic acids, polymeric carboxylic acids, polymeric acrylic acids, or polymeric phosphoric acids. It can be a fluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid. EXAMPLE - A 142.68 g SE-10072(RTM: Not defined) and 173.45 g deionized water were poured in a plastic bottle. A stock solution of ferric sulfate was made by dissolving 0.0667 g ferric sulfate hydrate with deionized water to a total weight of 12.2775 g. A 1.40 g ferric sulfate solution and 1.72 g sodium persulfate were placed into the plastic bottle. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in a reaction vessel. A 0.63 ml Baytron-M(RTM: 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was added to the reaction mixture. Polymerization was performed at 23degreesC. When dismantling the reaction vessel, no gel particles were noticed on the stirring shaft or on the glass wall of the reaction vessel. Total yield of the polymerization liquid was 297.10g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature of bipyridine, ruthenium chloride and alcohol, is 95-160degreesC. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium-chloride(III) hydrate (in g) (3.97) having ruthenium content of 40.7%, 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (7.62) and ethanol (76.4) were reacted under nitrogen atmosphere in an autoclave at 110degreesC for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was filtered at room temperature, washed with methanol and dried to obtain black green crystals of ruthenium complex of formula (X-I) (10.65) with an esterification rate of 90% and yield of 89.7%. The complex had cis-dichloro-bis(4,4'-diethyl oxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) as main component. The filtration washing liquid was concentrated, washed with 7.3% hydrochloric acid (42.3) and dried, to obtain black green crystals of cis-dichloro-bis(4,4'-diethyl oxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (X-I) (0.95) with a yield of 7.9% and esterification rate of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ruthenium is in a form of a ruthenium compound, such as ruthenium chloride, ruthenium chloride hydrate, ruthenium nitrosyl chloride hydrate or ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate. The platinum is in a form of a platinum compound such as platinum chloride, hydrogen hexachloroplatinate hydrate or platinum acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is methane, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline and/or diesel. EXAMPLE - Steam reforming, finely powdered, nickel-alumina catalyst with 10% nickel content (20 g) was immersed in a solution (200 cc) containing ruthenium chloride (8.2 g), followed by drying at 120degreesC for 4 hours and calcinating at up to 900degreesC for 9 hours to give ruthenium-supported nickel-based catalyst, which contains 0.1 g (0.1%) of ruthenium per 100 g of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid acid type desulfurizing agent is solid superstrong acid chosen from sulfate radical zirconia, sulfate-radical alumina, sulfate-radical oxidation tin, sulfate-radical iron oxide, tungstic acid zirconia and tungstic acid oxidation tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas environment comprises a mixture of nitrogen gas, and preferably hydrogen gas. The layer(s) is provided with a silicon nitride (SiNx) layer(s), which is realized on the SiOx layer to provide an anti-reflection layer. Hydrogen (H2) or a mixture of H2 and an inert gas e.g. nitrogen (N2) or argon (Ar), is supplied to the plasma, in particular for annealing the layer(s) and/or for increasing the diffusion of H2 in the layer(s).Preferred Parameter: The ratio of nitrogen:hydrogen in the mixture is approximately 75:25 to 99:1, preferably approximately 90:10.Preferred Material: The precursor(s) is silane (SiH4), oxygen (O2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), methyl silane (CH3SiH3), 2(CH3)SiH2, 3(CH3)SiH, siloxanes, hexamethylsiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane, octamethyltetrasiloxane, or tetraethyl ortho silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the optically functional composition contains fluorine-containing monomer, inorganic fluorescent substance microparticles, and polymerization initiator. The mass ratio of monomer and microparticles is 1/99-99.99/0.01. The fluorine-containing monomer is fluorine-containing acrylic acid or its derivative(s). EXAMPLE - A fluorinated compound (1 g) of formula (A) was dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone (5 ml) in a flask. A dispersion solution (10 ml) of zinc sulfide-manganese microparticles (35 mg) was added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was cast at room temperature, to obtain a self-supporting film having a thickness of 50 microns. The film had a fluorine-containing rate of 55 mass %, a thermal decomposition temperature of 260 degreesC, and excellent light-emitting intensity and external appearance.    n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred polymer: The plastic is chosen from a group of selectively soluble fluoropolymers, acrylates, polyurethanes, silicones and mixtures of these. The carrier is of polyethylene terephthalate or naphthenate or of ethylenetetrafluorethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell power plant further comprises an anode effluent discharge passage (11) combined with an anode effluent purge valve (20) for discharging the fuel gas after reaction in the anode as an anode effluent, and a cathode effluent discharge passage (14) combined with a cathode effluent purge valve (24) for discharging the oxidant gas after reaction in the cathode as a cathode effluent, where
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate surface is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The reactor is provided with a substrate carrier first electrode and a gas shower second electrode. The substrate is introduced to reside on the first substrate carrier electrode. The crystalline Si-layer is deposited on the dielectric layer by plasma activating a gas or gas mixture which produces etching and layer growth contributing radicals. A gas mixture comprising silicon-containing gas, halogen-containing gas, hydrogen or noble gas is plasma activated. At least one of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, fluorinated silicon oxide is deposited.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas or gas mixture comprises silicon tetrafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The oxidizer catalyst is platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) and the substrate coating is alumina, silica, zirconia, alumina-ceria and/or ceria. Each of the catalyst members comprises a ceramic monolith body or a metallic monolith body. The second catalyst member is spaced from the first catalyst member by 0-6 inches. The channel density of the channels of the first catalyst member is less than or equal to200 (preferably 100) channels per square inch and the channel density of the channels of the second catalyst member is greater than or equal to250 (preferably 400) channels per square inch. The channel width of the channels of the first catalyst member is greater than or equal to0.071 inch or greater and the channel width of the channels of the second catalyst member is less than or equal to0.063.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Particles: The sinterable particles contain composite material of ceramic, or composite material of ceramic and metal. The particles include an electrode material or a catalyst material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxygen absorbent further comprises metal chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, magnesium, scandium, nickel, copper and neodymium, and metal chosen from rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The electroconductive paste further contains glass powder. The paste is screen-stenciled on a silicon substrate and baked to form the solar cell component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The organic binder contains cellulose type resin and/or acrylic type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption agent processes the material made of carrier selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, activated carbon, polystyrene type resin support halogenated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal (M) and gaseous chlorosilane are reacted to obtain silicon. Direct solidification of obtained silicon is carried out, and polycrystalline silicon is manufactured. Preferred Composition: The metal (M) is potassium, cesium, rubidium, strontium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc and/or manganese, preferably aluminum. The amount of boron and phosphorus contained in metal (M) is each less than 1 ppm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gaseous chlorosilane added to molten metal is mixed gas of chlorosilane or chlorosilane and inert gas, preferably tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane and/or monochlorosilane. The amount of gaseous chlorosilane added to molten metal is 10 volume% or more. EXAMPLE - Tetrachlorosilane gas of purity 99.9999 wt.% was reacted with molten aluminum having purity of 99.999 wt.%, at 1273 K. Molten aluminum contained iron (0.73 ppm), silicon (2.7 ppm), copper (1.9 ppm), magnesium (0.45 ppm), boron (0.05 ppm) and phosphorus (0.27 ppm). Tetrachlorosilane gas contained iron (5.2 ppb), aluminum (0.8 ppb), copper (0.9 ppb), magnesium (0.8 ppb), sodium (2.4 ppb) and calcium (5.5 ppb). The reaction material was maintained at 20degreesC, and argon gas was flown as carrier gas, and cooled. The obtained polycrystalline silicon was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and weight of silicon in the sample was 82 wt.%, and weight of silicon with respect to supplied aluminum was 46%. The obtained silicon contained iron (0.88 ppm), copper (0.41 ppm), magnesium (0.3 ppm), boron (0.05 ppm) and phosphorus (0.67 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The separator plates are substantially hydrophilic and porous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sheet: The water impermeable sheet is silicon vapor deposition sheet or metal sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The cured coating film is formed on both surfaces of water impermeable sheet. The back sheet has cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint formed on one surface of water impermeable sheet, and coating film of fluorine-containing polymer paint does not having hardenable functional group, fluorine-containing polymer sheet, polyester sheet or coating film of polyester coating material on other surface. The cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint is formed on water impermeable sheet of sealing agent bending side of solar cell module. A pigment is dispersed in the cured coating film of hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer paint. Preferred Polymer: The hardenable functional group-containing fluorine-containing polymer is tetrafluoroethylene group polymer. EXAMPLE - Zeffle GK570 (RTM: hardenable tetrafluoroethylene group copolymer having solid content of 65 mass% and hydroxyl value of 60 mgKOH/g) (in mass parts) (223.2), black pigment (250) and butyl acetate (126.8) were mixed and dispersed with glass beads (780) having diameter of 1.2 mm. Glass bead was separated, and hardenable tetrafluoroethylene group copolymer (269.2) was added to the solution to obtain black coating material. Butyl acetate (100), Coronate HX (RTM: hardener) (7), silane coupling agent (NCO-C3H6-Si(OCH3)3) (3) and black coating material (100) were mixed to obtain hardenable coating material. The obtained coating material was applied on one surface of silicon vapor deposited polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 80degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain back sheet. The back sheet had favorable adhesion and bendability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The silver alloy contains platinum, palladium and gold as additional elements (E1), and additional elements (E2). The additional elements (E2) is gallium, thulium, dysprosium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, terbium, gadolinium, erbium, aluminum, neodymium, holmium, copper, cobalt, tin, titanium, bismuth, scandium, yttrium, praseodymium, manganese, germanium, indium, samarium, ytterbium, strontium, boron, silicon, chromium, iron, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, lead, calcium, antimony, hafnium, lanthanum, cerium, lithium, phosphorus and carbon and preferably gallium, copper, dysprosium, indium, tin, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, manganese, gadolinium, erbium, praseodymium, samarium, lanthanum and yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The additional element (I) is preferably chosen from dysprosium, gadolinium, erbium, praseodymium, samarium, lanthanum and yttrium. The silver alloy further contains an additional element (II) chosen from gallium, platinum, palladium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, gold, aluminum, copper, cobalt, tin, titanium, bismuth, manganese, silicon, chromium, iron, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, rhodium, iridium, indium, lead, calcium, antimony, strontium, hafnium, germanium, boron, lithium, phosphorus and carbon, preferably gallium, palladium, indium, tin, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The silver alloy contains copper, titanium, zirconium, manganese or yttrium and further contains gallium, thulium, dysprosium, platinum, palladium, magnesium, zinc, terbium, gadolinium, erbium, gold, aluminum, neodymium, holmium, tin, bismuth, praseodymium, germanium, indium, samarium, ytterbium, strontium, boron, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, lead, antimony, hafnium, lanthanum, cerium, europium, calcium, lithium or phosphorus, preferably gallium, palladium, dysprosium, indium, tin, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, gadolinium, erbium, praseodymium, samarium or lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The silver alloy contains gallium, indium, tin, zinc, magnesium, and aluminum as additional elements (E1), and additional elements (E2). The additional elements (E2) is platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, lead, copper, manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, cobalt, yttrium, iron, scandium, zirconium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, thulium, ytterbium, boron, erbium and carbon, preferably palladium, dysprosium, copper, titanium, zirconium, manganese, gadolinium, erbium, praseodymium, samarium, lanthanum and yttrium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The upper and lower sheet gaskets comprise a heat resistive polymer having a glass transition temperature of greater than or equal to130degreesC, and a thermal decomposition temperature of greater than or equal to200degreesC. The upper and lower sheet gaskets comprise polyimide, polybenzimidazole, poly(amideimide), or poly(arylene ether phosphine) oxide. A thickness of the upper and lower sheet gaskets is 1-300 p.m. The adhesive comprises a heat resistive adhesive formed of a resin selected from silicon-based resin, amide-based resin, or preferably a fluorine-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material in the water-splitting reaction tank for the hydrogen generation is water. The catalysts for the water-splitting chemical reactions include iodine and sulfur dioxide. Preferred Ratio: The ratio between the water, the iodine, and the sulfur dioxide is 2:1:1 by mole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The Raney Nickel assembly is made of Raney Nickel panels and is installed in the water-splitting reaction tank to serve as a heat reducing agent, thus eliminating the heat requirement for the water-splitting process. The iodine, the sulfur dioxide, and a portion of the water to be split are regenerated, retained, and reused in the water-splitting reaction tank for the continuance of the hydrogen generation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base of the working electrode is made of titanium. The porous oxide semiconductor layer is titania nano porous layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic-film sheet e.g. as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polycarbonate (PC) are used as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Features: The first and/or second phase of the reaction mixture is a solid phase and is subjected to a pyrolysis reaction. The first and second phases are produced by hydrogenating the reaction mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Materials: The boss is a metal boss. The tank assembly has liner layer made of plastic and the outer layer is made of a graphite composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material that has a water vapor transmission rate that is less than about grams/meters2/day at 37.8degreesC as measured by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E96 procedure. The polyester material has a dielectric breakdown voltage greater than 12,000 V measured by the ASTM D149 procedure for a 0.002 inch thick layer. The polyester material has a tensile strength of at least 18,000 psi as measured by the ASTM D882 procedure. The photovoltaic module passed Impulse Voltage Testing at a voltage of 8,000 V as measured by the procedure in International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61730-2. The photovoltaic module also passed the Wet Leakage Current Test at a voltage of 1000 V as measured by the IEC 61215 procedure after an ultraviolet radiation exposure simulation test.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic module has an organo-reactive silane-type of primer added to the encapsulant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photovoltaic module has a back sheet with one layer of polyester material. The photovoltaic module junction box is attached to the back sheet by an adhesive selected from oxime-cured adhesive, and amine-cured adhesive, an enoxy-cured adhesive or an alkoxy-cured adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat radiation film is formed of film from composition made of liquid consisting of partial hydrolysate, alkoxy titanium and organic solvent of alkoxysilane compound containing specific metallic compound, or specific alkali-metal silicate, silicone resin emulsion and liquid consisting of any one of the silane compounds containing specific metallic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles are platinum group element particles, iron group element particles and/or group Ib element particles. The ionic radius of site elements (A,B) is 0.09-0.18 nm and 0.05-0.1 nm, respectively. The metal particles are supported by particles of pervoskite oxide. Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst further comprises a conductive support agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method increases production of reducing gas used for dry distillation of hydrocarbons, such as coal (c) and a carbohydrate in dry distillation apparatus, using partial hydrogen from fuel cell. The electricity generated from the fuel cell is utilized for the heater of dry distillation apparatus. The water (w), water vapor and hot water generated from the fuel cell is utilized for decomposition of the dry distillation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum catalyst powder contains cerium atom supported on platinum component (22). The platinum catalyst powder further contains atom(s) chosen from titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. The copper catalyst powder further contains rare earth atoms. The content of platinum atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-20 mg/ml. The content of cerium atom per catalyst unit volume is 50-500 mg/ml. The content of copper atom per catalyst unit volume is 0.1-80 mg/ml. The content of copper catalyst powder is 0.1-10 mass parts with respect to 1 mass part of the platinum catalyst powder. The inorganic support contains inorganic oxide containing atom(s) chosen from silicon, aluminum, titanium, cerium and zirconium. The inorganic oxide does not contain copper atom. EXAMPLE - Platinum catalyst powder was prepared using dinitro diamine platinum complex salt. Copper catalyst powder was prepared using copper nitrate. The platinum catalyst powder and copper catalyst powder were mixed, and slurry was produced. The slurry was coated on a monolith support, dried, and a shift catalyst was obtained. The shift catalyst had high catalytic activity in low temperature and high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The constituent material of the electron carrying layer as an oxide semiconductor selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide and nickel oxide. A metallic compound is further added as a constituent material of the hole transport layer. The metal compound is selected from halogenated metal, thiocyanate metal and/or amidation metal. Ionic liquid which consists of normal temperature fused salt is further added as a constituent material of the hole transport layer. The ionic liquid is preferably an imidazolinium compound. A photosensitization compound (5) is supported by the electron carrying layer. Five photosensitization compounds are claimed such as ruthenium complex is of formula (8).R20-R22=carboxyl, quaternary ammonium salt of carboxyl, alkyl group having acidic group, alkenyl group having acidic group or alkyl group optionally having substituted;andX1=halogen atom, cyano, thiocyanic acid and isocyanic acid group.The electron carrying layer is a multilayer structure of layer which consists of a non-porous structure and layer which consists of a porous structure. The layer which consists of a porous structure has non-porous structure obtained by bake processing semiconductor microparticles. Preferred Properties: The roughness factor of the semiconductor microparticles in the inside of the nano porous structure is 20 or more. The film thickness of the electron carrying layer is 100 nm to 100 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is five polymeric materials such as polymeric material is of formula (5).Ar1,Ar4=same as defined above;R14-R17=halogen atom, (un)substituted alkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio;andr,s,t,u=0-4.The polymeric material contained as constituent material of the hole transport layer, is contained as constituent material of the hole current collection electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric support element is made of flexible polymeric material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder layer is formed with the film containing titanium nitride or tantalum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber composition further contains organo polysiloxane of formula: R1tSiO(4-t)/2.R1=1-10C monovalent hydrocarbon group of which hydrogen atom(s) is optionally substituted by cyano group or halogen group;andt=1.9-2.1.The weight ratio of copolymer (A) and organopolysiloxane is 99.9:0.1-5:95. Preferred Compound: The silicon hydride group-containing compound is given by formula (III or IV). Preferred Properties: The fuel cell sealing material is void-free and has volume resistivity of more than 1x1010 ohm.cm. The hard-disk drive top cover material is void-free. The hard-disk drive top cover and gasket are integrated by an adhesive agent. The Duro A hardness of the wire-connector sealing material is 45 or less. EXAMPLE - Ethylene (1.3 kg), propylene (2.5 kg), 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (130 g), aluminum ethylene chloride (Al(C2H5)1.5Cl1.5) (161 mmol), vanadium oxy ethoxy chloride (VO(OC2H5)Cl2) (23 mmol) and hexane (60 mmol) were polymerized in presence of methanol, to obtain ethylene-propylene-5-vinyl-2-norbornene random copolymer. The obtained copolymer (in wt.pts) (100), F-200 (RTM: carbon black) (15), High micron HE-5 (RTM: talc) (20), Crystallite (RTM: silica) (20), silicone hydride group-containing compound (160) of formula (III), cross-linking agent (5), ethynyl cyclohexanol (2.1), platinum-1,3,5,7-tetravinyl methyl cyclo siloxane complex (0.4) were mixed and pressed at 150degreesC for 10 minutes, to obtain cross-linked rubber sheet of 2 mm thickness. The tensile strength, elongation and volume resistivity of the obtained sheet was 3 MPa, 500% and 1014 ohm cm, respectively. The sheet had favorable acid resistance, hardness, compression permanent-deformation proof property, leak proof property, adhesivity and formability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tactifier contains polypropylene resin, a polyvinyl chloride resin, a polyurathene-type resin, rosin type-resin, a terpene type resin, a phenol-type resin, an aliphatic type petroleum resin, acrylic acid ester resin, the xylene type-resin, a coumarone indene type-resin, a styrene resin, a dicyclopentadiene type-resin, the polybutene type-resin, a polyether type-resin, a urea type-resin, a melamine type-resin ,a vinyl-acetate type-resin, a poly isobutyl type-resin, a isoprene rubber, butyl type-rubber, styrene-butadiene type-rubber and nitrile type-rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste composition contains 0.1-18 mass % of carbon powder which is the paste composition of carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The anode off gas inlet supplies anode off gas to a vertically upper position of the divided section of the gas flow passage. The housing further includes a ventilation air inlet to supply ventilation air supplied from the fuel cell to a vertically upper position of the divided section of the gas flow passage. A vertically upper one of the flow paths has an upstream end that is closed. The gas flow passage inside the housing is divided into three of the flow paths that are arranged in accordance with properties of gases to be supplied. The vertically upper one of the flow paths has an obstructing entity that is configured and arranged to selectively close and open the upstream end of the vertically upper one of the flow paths. The catalyst comprises a catalyst carrier having cells, a wash coat on the catalyst carrier and a precious metal dispersed in the catalyst carrier; and the precious metal in the catalyst has a vertically lower portion with a first volumetric density and a vertically upper portion with a second volumetric density that is lower than the first volumetric density of the vertically lower portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains silver-containing powder. The glass frit composition is lead-free glass frit composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic medium comprises polymeric binder and volatile organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The glass has original softening point of 325-600degreesC.Preferred Composition: The total glass frit content is 0.01-5 wt.% based on the total thick film composition. The composition further comprises silver-containing powder. The glass frit composition is a lead-free composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic medium comprises a polymeric binder and a volatile organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide powder is silicon oxide powder, preferably amorphous silicon dioxide powder of diatomaceous earth origin. The fused salt is selected from calcium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, cesium chloride, magnesium chloride, strontium chloride, barium chloride, calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, strontium fluoride and/or barium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon ingot has average particle diameter of 3 mm or less in position of 15-20 mm from outer surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The air electrode layer comprises metal material chosen from platinum, nickel oxide, ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The charge-separation material of fuel-electrode layer contains fullerene (C60). The charge-separation material comprises microparticles of gold and/or silver or pigment chosen from phthalocyanine compound, porphyrin and its metal complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyarylene ether-type polymer further contains a structural component of formula (2).Ar'=same as Ar.Preferred Properties: The moisture permeable material has porosity of 20% or less and film thickness of 500 microns or less. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-di-sulfo-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone disodium salt (in g) (6), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (2.67), 4,4'-biphenol (5.169) and potassium carbonate (4.412) were stirred at 150degreesC for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was maintained at 195-200degreesC and poured into water, and strand-shaped polymer was settled. The obtained polymer was washed with boiling water for 1 hour and dried, to obtain a polymer (moisture-permeable material). The obtained polymer had logarithmic viscosity of 1.31. A film obtained from the polymer, had elasticity modulus of 1.5 GPa, strength of 53 MPa, elasticity of 71% and moisture permeability of 450 g/m2.hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The sample solution flows continuously through a receptacle in contact with the electrolyte.The potential is measured in a currentless manner.The temperature is measured and taken into account in determining the methanol concentration.The electrolyte is a sulfonated polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The electrodes are in direct contact with the electrolyte.The electrodes comprise platinum/ruthenium mesh.The measuring electrode is the anode of a direct methanol fuel cell and the sample solution is a methanol-containing medium supplied to the anode.The sample is circulated in an anode-side circuit of a direct methanol fuel cell system.At least two reference solutions are used simultaneously or alternately.The reference solution is continuously replaced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The fluorine-containing material undergoes a change of tensile strength of less than or equal to10% in a 200degreesC/100 hour heating test. Preferred Component: The curable composition further comprises a polyfluoromonoalkenyl compound of formula Rf1-(X')p-CH=CH2, and a linear polyfluoro compound of formula A-O-(CF2CF2CF2O)d or compounds of formula A-O-(CF2O)f(CF2CF2O)h-A.Rf1=F-(CF(CF3)CF2O)w-CF(CF3);w=1-500;A=CeF2e+1-;d=1-500;e=1-3; andf,h=1-300. EXAMPLE - Fumed silica (20 parts) treated with dimethylsiloxy groups and having a specific surface area of 200 m2/g and carbon powder (0.5 part) were added to a fluoro-polymer of formula CH2=CHSiMe2-Ph-NMe-C(O)-Rf-C(O)-NMe-Ph-SiMe2CH=CH2 (100 parts). They were heat treated and milled. To the mixture were added a fluorinated organosilicon compound of formula C8F17CH2CH2Si(CH2SiMe2-H)3 (3 parts), a toluene solution (0.2 part) of a catalyst in the form of chloroplatinic acid modified with CH2=CHSiMe2OSiMe2CH=CH2 (platinum concentration 1 wt.%) and a 50 wt.% toluene solution of ethynyl cyclohexanol (0.3 part). They were mixed to form a composition. The composition was deaerated in vacuo, cast into a rectangular frame of 2 mm thick, deaerated again, press cured at 100 kg/cm2 and 150degreesC for 10 minutes, and post cured at 200degreesC for 4 hours. The resulting composition had a hardness of 50 Durometer A, elongation of 460%, tensile strength of 10.3 MPa, volume swell of 9%, tensile strength change at 200degreesC/100 hour of -4%, freeze resistance (TR-10) of -50degreesC.    Rf=-CF(CF3)-(OCF2CF(CF3))-OCF2CF2O-CF(CF3)CF2O-CF(CF3)-;    n+m=100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The molecular anion comprises boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride anion, sulfuric-acid 1 hydrogen anion, and phosphoric acid dihydrogen anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ionic liquid of fuel cell comprises hydrophilic ionic liquid containing molecular cation such as imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation, and ammonium derivative cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyester film is monolayer or multilayer film consisting of another layer of polyester with melting point of more than 5degreesC or more of the polyester in the film. Preferred Composition: The polyester film contains polyalkylene terephthalate. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) obtained by copolymerizing 5 mol% of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and aggregated silica particles (20 ppm) were melt-extruded and laminated to form three layers of copolymerized PET (C)/ copolymerized PET (D)/ copolymerized PET (C). The unstretched film was extended longitudinally and coating agent containing lauryl sodium sulfonate (in weight parts) (3), ion exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5), sodium hydrogen nitrite (0.2), methyl methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (21.9) and polyethylene oxide methacrylate (39.4) was applied on the surfaces. Subsequently, the film was dried at 100degreesC and extended to obtain polyester film for solar cell reverse side protective film. The obtained film had excellent durability and adhesivity with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The support is complex oxide of zirconium, titanium and/or aluminum. The support is preferably lanthanum-zirconium-aluminum complex oxide of formula: La2O3.ZrO2.Al2O3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The active metal is platinum and palladium. The ratio of platinum, palladium and support is 1.5:5:5-5:5:5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The resource circulation method uses a saccharified liquid subjected to heat pressurization after adding acid. The method carries out both wastewater treatment and electric-power generation. The electric repair method uses ionic harmful-substance-containing foodstuffs or foodstuffs waste material instead of soil and bottom-sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal mesh and metallic foil are formed using titanium, chromium, tungsten, platinum, stainless steel and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Synthesis of (B) is at 650-1000degreesC and atmospheric pressure, with the tube being supplied with a source of carbon (5-50 cm3/minute); reactive reducing agent (5-50 cm3/minute); catalyst and transport gas (350-2000 cm3/minute). EXAMPLE - A reactor at 750degreesC was supplied with 40 cm3/minute acetylene; 0.3 cm3/minute iron pentacarbonyl; 40 cm3/minute hydrogen and 2000 cm3/minute nitrogen (carrier). The carbon nanotubes formed had better than 90% purity and yield was over 2%, based on acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layer is made up of aluminum, iron, gold, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, platinum, titanium or an alloy of those. The electron acceptor material contains fullerene, inorganic nanoparticle, oxadiazole, discotic liquid crystal, carbon nanorods or inorganic nanorods. The electron donor material contains discotic liquid crystals. The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material of photoactive material comprises selenides, sulfides, tellurides, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The release layer is made of polyester or polyethylene. The photoactive material applied to receiving substrate includes electron acceptor material that is made of polymers containing fluorocarbon (CF3) groups and nitrocarbon (CN) groups. The electron donor material in photoactive material contains polythiophenes, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylene, polysilane, polythienylvinylenes, or polyisothianaphthalene. The transfer/receiving substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polymeric hydrocarbons, cellulosic polymer, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyether or polyether ketones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elongated solar cells as fluorescent material such as copper activate zinc sulfide, silver activated zinc sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, strontium aluminate activated by europium, strontium titanium activated by praseodymium and aluminum, calcium sulfide with strontium sulfide with bismuth, copper, magnesium activated zinc sulfide etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solutions: The positive and negative half cell solutions have a supporting electrolyte chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrogen bromide and mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen bromide, and vanadium ion chosen from vanadium (III), vanadium (IV) and vanadium (V).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The cation exchange membrane contains a polymer chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluorosulfonic acid and perfluorosulfonic acid/PTFE copolymer. The membrane is treated with aqueous solution chosen from hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor nanocrystal cores further comprise shells formed around the semiconductor nanocrystal cores. The semiconductor base layer is an n-type base layer, and the semiconductor emitter layer is a p-type emitter layer. The semiconductor nanocrystal complex comprises two populations of semiconductor nanocrystals having different properties. Preferred Property: The material properties of the semiconductor nanocrystal cores produces energy minibands within a bandgap of the semiconductor base layer and the semiconductor emitter layer. The material properties comprise spacing of the semiconductor nanocrystal cores, a size of the semiconductor nanocrystal cores, or electronic properties of the semiconductor nanocrystal cores. A lowest of the energy minibands has a miniband energy level approximatelyone half of a bandgap energy of the semiconductor base layer and the semiconductor emitter layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic material comprises a semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The volume is penetrated by greater than or equal to20 nanoscale wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The volume of material is composed of p doped silicon (Si), and the nanometer-scale wires are composed of n doped Si. The first electrode is composed of transparent conductive alloyed or non-alloyed metal. The nanowires are composed of cadmium telluride or gallium nitride. The volume of material is cadmium sulfide or indium gallium nitride. Preferred Property: The sizes of wires are greater than or equal to10 nm in diameter and their shapes can be circular, square, or ellipsoidal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Combining the acid and the amine-borane(s) to form a catalytic initiator comprises combining the acid and the amine-borane(s); and heating the combined acid and the amine-borane(s) to 0-100degreesC. The polymeric (R1R2B-NR3R4)n product is reacted with a metal catalyst or heated to 25-200degreesC to release hydrogen.Preferred Compounds: The acid is a Lewis acid or a Bronsted acid. The Lewis acid is a borane, a trialkylaluminum compound, a trityl species, or a trimethylsilyl species. The Bronsted acid is trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, a water adduct of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, water, a mineral acid, an oxonium borate, or a trifluoroacetic acid. EXAMPLE - Ammonia-borane (H3NBH3) was dissolved in dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) dimethoxyethane to form a 0.2 M solution. A solution of 0.1 equivalent acid was added to the amine-borane solution. The reaction mixture was then heated at 80degreesC for 24 hours. After this time, all of the ammonia-borane had been consumed and both soluble products including borazine and cyclotriborazane and insoluble products had formed. Hydride abstraction from H3NBH3 resulted in the formation of a boronium cation intermediate. This species interacted with an additional equivalent of ammonia-borane, resulting in the proper alignment of the nitrogen-hydrogen bonds of the boronium cation and the boron-hydrogen bonds of additional substrate. The dehydrogenation reaction proceeded with release of hydrogen and propagation of the boronium cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The storage medium has sodium borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The electrode substrate comprises a glassy carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolyte solution comprises sulfuric acid (H2SO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The Group VIII noble metal comprises palladium (Pd). The M comprises titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co) and/or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell for generating electricity is a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon particulate is carbon black. The recovery mechanism is a membrane gas separation unit. The disintegration mechanism is a grinder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The thermocatalytic reactor with a moving bed of carbon particulates is a fluidized bed reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidic support material comprises alumina or ceria zirconia. The monolithic structure is made from ceramic, metal, open-cell ceramic foam and/or open-cell metal foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support material is promoted with Group IA, Group IIA, manganese or iron metal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: An element selected from silicon, titanium and boron is contained in the electroconductive polymeric layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is chosen from gold, silver, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and/or iridium.Preferred Properties: The average volume particle diameter of the noble metal colloidal particles is 0.8-12 nm. The molar ratio of the reducing agents (A,B) is 1.7 or more.Preferred Agents: The reducing agent (A) is citric acid or citrate. The reducing agent (B) is tannic acid, tannate, ascorbic acid or ascorbate. EXAMPLE - Chloro auric acid tetrahydrate (in g) (1) was dissolved in pure water (100 ml). Sodium citrate (1) was dissolved in pure water (100 ml). Tannic acid (1) and potassium carbonate (0.35) were dissolved separately in pure water (100 ml). The sodium citrate aqueous solution (50 ml) and tannic acid aqueous solution were mixed, and stirred. Pure water (400 ml) was added, and heated at 100degreesC for 2 hours. The prepared chloro auric acid aqueous solution was added, and further heated at 100degreesC. The reducing agent solution was gradually added, and color of solution was changed to bright red. Heating was stopped, and reaction solution was cooled to produce stable gold colloid solution. The concentration and particle diameter of the gold colloid particles in solution were 96% and 3 nm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A process gas is blown into molten silicon after heat-melting, and stirred. Suspended particles of molten silicon are removed, and substrate for precipitation is immersed into molten silicon after blowing gas. Silicon is precipitated into base material. The silicon is then peeled from surface of base. The silicon off-cuts are upper surface off-cuts of silicon ingot, side face off-cuts and/or bottom face off-cuts. The silicon off-cuts are cut, crushed and washed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The shrinkage percentage of pellet formed at 1350degreesC under pressure is 5-10%. The average particle diameter of the tungsten oxide powder is 50% or less of average particle diameter of nickel oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Ultrasonication of carbon black is carried out in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and a palladium solution containing palladium chloride in dissolved state. Filtration is carried out after reduction precipitation, and platinum is separated. The resulting material is dried at low temperature to 150degreesC or less to produce platinum catalyst. Preferred Composition: The content of chloroplatinic acid and ammonia in plating liquid is (2-6)x10-3 mol/l and (5-15)x10-3 mol/l, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The copper-type catalyst and noble metal catalyst are provided in a copper-type catalyst portion and a noble metal type catalyst portion, which are divided, respectively. The noble metal catalyst portion is arranged in front stage side, and copper-type catalyst portion is arranged in later stage side. The copper-type catalyst is a catalyst obtained by supporting metal copper or copper oxide as active component, on oxide chosen from aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, vanadium oxide, cobalt oxide, chromium oxide and metal silicate. The copper-type catalyst is perovskite-type complex oxide obtained using copper as active component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalytic carrier material contains a catalyst chosen from nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium and/or osmium. The carrier is a metal chosen from aluminum, titanium, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or iron, or ceramic material chosen from alumina, zirconia, ceria, silica, aluminosilicate, magnesium alumino silicate or mixture of alumino silicate and magnesium alumino silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glass laminated fabric is made of glass fiber fabric and resin which may be in the form of epoxy, melamine, silicon, phenol, polyimide, and polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The electrode comprises a ceramic phase comprising an ionic conductor. The refractory additive is alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electrode is an anode (12). The device further comprises a second electrode, and an electrolyte (14) comprising an ionic conductor. The electrolyte has a thickness of less than 50 (preferably less than 100) microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The transition metal is nickel. The additive is tin. The ionic conductor comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia. The alloy further comprises a refractory additive. Preferred Compositions: The alloy or the intermetallic compound is present in the electrode at 10-60 (preferably 30-40) vol.%, and present in the catalytic material in 1-30 (preferably 10-15) vol.%. The additive is present in the alloy or the intermetallic compound at 30-40 mol%. Preferred Properties: The m.pt. of the alloy or the intermetallic compound is greater than 600 (preferably greater than 1000)degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reactant gas is a fuel supply comprising hydrocarbon, methane, dry methane, hydrocarbon mixed with carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon mixed with steam, methane mixed with carbon dioxide, methane mixed with steam or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal atom is a metal cation chosen from cations of iron, ruthenium, osmium, technetium and/or rhodium.The acidic group is chosen from carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, sulfinic acid group, boronic acid groups, and/or their salts.The dye-sensitized electrode has titanium oxide (TiO2) layer disposed on the electrically conductive surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The coordinative nitrogen atoms of ligand (c) are comprised within at least one aromatic radical.The ligand (c) has bipyridine structure of formula (V).The ligand (b) preferably has phenanthroline structure of formula (II).c, d = a;R7, R8 = R1; andR5, R6 = R1 including H.Preferred Composition: The metal complex further comprises at least one ligand (d) containing halogen atom, thiocyanate group, isothiocyanate, hydroxyl group, cyano group, isocyanate group, isocyanide group, selenocyanate group, and isoselenocyanate group, preferably thiocyanate or isothiocyanate group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Ligand (c) is of formula (VI).    EXAMPLE - Titania surface was dyed using 0.3 mM dye solution (85 ml) of metal complex (cis-dithiocyanato-2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate-3-ethyl-2-phenylimidazo(4,5-f)-1,10-phenanthroline ruthenium (II) complex) in dimethyl sulfoxide, and an dye-sensitized electrode of solar cell was manufactured. The obtained solar cell had excellent cell efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aromatic compound is a pyrrole compound of formula (1), or thiophene compound of formula (2). The bis (perfluoro alkane sulfonyl) imide is of formula (3).R1,R2=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen, nitro, amino, carboxyl, sulfo, or phosphonium;andR3,R4=1-8C perfluoro alkyl.R1 and R2, and R3 and R4 may connect to form a ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The porous material has a specific surface area of 10 m2 g or more. The formed porous material is separated from the electrode substrate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic compound is pyrrole, 3-methyl pyrrole, 3-butyl pyrrole, and/or 3-octyl pyrrole, or thiophene, 3-methyl thiophene, 3-butyl thiophene, 3-octyl thiophene, and/or 3,4-ethyl dioxy thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The filter layers are joined together in a firmly bonded manner along the edges or are welded together. They may be formed as stampings. The further filter arrangement comprises a chemical filter or an activated carbon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Materials: The first filter layer and/or second filter layer are made from non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass component comprises bismuth oxide (5-85 mol%) and silica (1-70 mol%), and further vanadium oxide (0.1-30 mol%), trivalent oxide (1-20 mol%) of aluminum, boron, lanthanum, yttrium, gallium, indium, cerium and/or chromium and pentavalent oxide (0.1-20 mol%) of phosphorus, tantalum, niobium and/or antimony, alkali oxide (0.1-25 mol%), alkaline earth oxide (0.1-20 mol%), zinc oxide (0.1-25 mol%) and silver oxide (0.1-12 mol%). The solid portion further comprises crystalline additive selected from bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, silica, zirconia, alumina, boron oxide, vanadium oxide, tantalum oxide, 12Bi2O3.SiO2, 2Bi2O3.SiO2, 3Bi2O3.5SiO2, Bi2O3.4SiO2, 6Bi2O3.SiO2, Bi2O3.SiO2, 2Bi2O3.3SiO2, Bi2O3.2TiO2, 2Bi2O3.3TiO2, 2Bi2O3.4TiO2, 6Bi2O3.TiO2, 6Bi2O3.V2O5, BiVO4, 2Bi2O3.3V2O5, BiV3O9, 6.5Bi2O3.2.5V2O5.TiO2, 2ZnO.3TiO2, ZnO.SiO2, ZrO2.SiO2, MgO.V2O5, SrO.V2O5, CaO.V2O5, BaO.V2O5, ZnO.V2O5, Na2O.17V2O5, K2O.4V2O5, 2Li2O.5V2O5 and/or their reaction products, and metal (0.5-25) selected from lead, bismuth, zinc, indium, gallium and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): 7 Methods for the preparation of the polymers are given in the specification, e.g. Preparation of the polymer (I) (where v is 2) involves reacting an aliphatic chain compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-CH2-CH2-Z2R1 (ia) with acyl compound of formula R2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (ib) to prepare macromonomer compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (IIa) in the presence of an enzyme (e.g. Candida antarctica lipase B); and reacting the macromonomer (IIa) with a main chain polymer of formula Ra-(C(O)-J(Z1H)-C(O)-Y-CH2-CH2(Z'-Q-CH2)n1-Y)n2-H (ib).X=halide or sulfonate.Preferred Components: The polymeric mixture is a physical blend of the polymers.Preferred Compound: The macromonomer is a compound of formula RZ2-CH2-CH2-Z2-(CH2-CH2-Z2)n-CH2-CH2-Z2-C(O)-Q-(CH2)m-X (IIa). Preferred Definitions:    v and m=1;    R=H;    J=phenylen-1,3,5-triyl;    Ra=OH;    Y, Z', Z1 and Z2=O;    Q=alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises introducing a gas (i.e. hydrogen) at the interface between the second surface and a surface on which the substrate is supported.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The thermal control barrier is a layer of metal, semiconductor, or dielectric material. It is optically reflective. It is a thermal insulator.Preferred Method: The method comprises providing a catalyst on the thermal control barrier, where catalyst is a metal or mixture of metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a plastics material.Preferred Method: A second surface of the substrate is cooled uniformly, while the nanostructures or nanomaterials are formed. It is cooled by introducing a coolant into a cooling well.Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the substrate is less than 350degreesC, while the nanostructures or nanomaterials are formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive film comprises zinc-aluminum oxide-silver. The target comprises zinc (50% or more), aluminum (0.5-7%) and silver (0.001-3%). The target is a ceramic target. Aluminum is a primary charge carrier dopant in the transparent conductive film and silver is a co-dopant in the film. The primary dopant comprises aluminum and/or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel reforming system further comprises an upper plate comprising a groove through which a refrigerant may flow, and a heat radiation fin; and a lower plate comprising a groove through which a refrigerant may flow. The reaction plate further comprises a heat radiation fin. The heat cracking unit reforms a hydrogen containing fuel by a steam thermal reforming, an autothermal reforming method, or a partial oxidation method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refrigerant comprises air. The CO oxidation catalyst comprises a platinum catalyst or a ruthenium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen containing fuel comprises an alcoholic fuel, a hydro-carbonaceous fuel, or a natural gas fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer is made of tin oxide with or without fluorine doping, indium-tin oxide or zinc oxide. The outer coaxial layer of semiconductor junction is made of cadmium sulfide, tin dioxide, zirconia, zinc oxide or doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner core of conductive core is made of polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, poletheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon base material is chosen from carbon nanotube and/or carbon black and preferably multilayer carbon nanotube. The content of phosphorus (7) is 2-50 atomic% with respect to total amount of platinum, ruthenium and phosphorus. The particle size of particles containing platinum, ruthenium and phosphorus is 5 nm or less, preferably 1-3 nm. The ratio of platinum and ruthenium in particles is Pt40Ru60-Pt90Ru10. EXAMPLE - Bis (acetylacetonate) platinum (II) (in mmol) (1.69), tris (acetylacetonate) ruthenium (III) (1.69) and hypophosphite (0.338) were dissolved in ethylene glycol (100 ml). Then, Balkan XC-72R (RTM: carbon base material) (0.5 g) having specific surface area of 254 m2/g was dispersed in ethylene glycol solution (100 ml). The solution was then refluxed for 4 hours, and stir-heated at 200degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere to form precipitate of platinum-ruthenium-phosphorus catalyst microparticles. The microparticles had particle size of 1-3 nm. The formed catalyst microparticles were washed, dried and supported on carbon base material to form heterogeneous catalyst. The obtained heterogeneous catalyst had current density of 13 mA in electric potential of 0.6V, high catalytic activity and high surface area.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal-oxide layers (I,II) comprise titanium, niobium, zinc and/or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The titanium alloy oxide is alloy oxide containing titanium, aluminum, vanadium, tin, zirconium, molybdenum, iron, silicon, niobium, and chromium, such as Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti-7Al-4Mo, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6Al-5Zr-O.5Mo-0.2Si, Ti-5.5Al-3.5Sn-3Zr-0.3Mo-1Nb-0.3Si, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr, Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn, Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al, Ti-15Mo-5Zr or Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The microwave absorption exothermic layer is layer of titanium oxide (TiO2-x) or titanium oxynitride (TiOxNy). The inorganic semiconductor layer is formed with titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system also comprises a thermostat (3) to control the temperature of the heated fluid, pump to circulate the fluid around the system through convection, and tank (5) for storing heated fluid. The system is designed such that the heated fluid flows through an indoors side of the brick and radiation of heat to the outdoors is discouraged. The solar cell comprises a heat absorber. The bricks have a cavity for receiving insulation. The bricks comprise a hole through a top or bottom surface to allow a cable or pipe to pass between different vertical levels, and a slot to receive at least a part of a doorframe or a window frame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen outlet pipe is connected to a purification unit (8), which has outlets for purified hydrogen and impurities. The reactor can be heated with the impurity stream. The fuel inlet pipe and residual fuel outlet pipe form part of the heat exchanger. The reactor acts in combination with a catalyst. The reactor is mounted in an aircraft and is heated with bleed air or with waste heat from a turbine or fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Catalyst: The metals are iron, cobalt, nickel and/or manganese. The precursors are hydroxides or carbonates. The catalyst comprises the active components on a support. The secondary structures have a diameter of 0.5-100 microns. Preferred Process: Activation is effected at 300-1000degreesC in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Activation is effected ex situ or in situ during use of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - A catalyst precursor was prepared by mixing 3050 ml of an aqueous solution containing 1172.28 g ammonium carbonate, 3130 ml of a solution containing 960.4 g cobalt nitrate and 828.3 g manganese nitrate and 960 ml of 10.46 M ammonia at 50degreesC and then filtering, washing and drying the precipitate. The precursor was activated with hydrogen/nitrogen (5/95) at 550degreesC for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Aluminum contains boron (5 ppm or less, preferably 0.5 ppm or less), phosphorus (0.5 ppm or less, preferably 0.3 ppm or less), iron (150 ppm or less, more preferably 3 ppm or less), copper (290 ppm or less, more preferably 3 ppm or less), titanium (7 ppm or less, more preferably 0.3 ppm or less) and vanadium (20 ppm or less, more preferably 1 ppm or less). The amount of iron, copper, titanium and vanadium contained in aluminum satisfy a relation: XFe/150+XCu/290+XTi/7+XV/20 less than or equal to1, where XFe, XCu, XTi and XV are amount of iron, copper, titanium and vanadium respectively.Preferred Property: Silicon halide has purity of more than 4 N. Aluminum has purity of 99.99 wt.% or more.Preferred Process: Silicon is purified by direct solidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacers are rectangular flat teeth of Teflon (RTM: polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE)), or soft spacers, made of Teflon (RTM: PTFE) or EVA (RTM: Ethylene vinyl acetate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Crystal seeds are added to the mixture (M1) before cooling. The element of VI group is sulfur chosen from thiourea and/or thioacetamide, selenium and/or tellurium. The mixture (M1) contains cadmium myristate, when manufacturing cadmium sulfide quantum dots, and the mixture (M1) comprises cadmium source chosen from 2-18C cadmium carboxylate and/or cadmium oxide, when manufacturing cadmium semiconductor quantum dots.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent (S1) is an organic solvent, preferably benzene, toluene, n-hexane, n-heptane or cyclohexane, and the solvent (S2) is water. The capping agent is oleic acid and/or trioctylphosphine oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The gas extraction membranes and the openings are formed at least at locations corresponding to apexes of a regular polyhedron that contact the outer surface of the main body. The liquid-gas separator includes a weight installed at the other end of the flexible tube from the end connected to the outlet.Preferred Properties: The regular polyhedron is a regular tetrahedron. The specific gravity of the weight is greater than 1. A length of the flexible tube is the same as a diameter of the main body.Preferred Methods: The gas extraction membrane is formed by pressing the PTFE with a porous reinforcing mechanism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is a water and methanol mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gas extraction membrane is formed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is compound containing trioxane and/or polyacetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microparticles are silicon oxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, single wall carbon nanotube, multiwall carbon nanotube and carbon black. The semiconductor particles in the semiconductor layer consist of titanium dioxide which contains columnar crystals. The pigment is ruthenium metal complex pigment. The liquid electrolyte includes an oxidation reduction substance which consists of an iodine and an iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte in the layer (4,5) contains a fused salt with a polymer compound. The polymer compound is a reaction material of compound which has an isocyanate group and a compound which has an active hydrogen group. The electrolyte layer (5) is a solid electrolyte in which liquid electrolyte containing fused salt is maintained by microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide semiconductor thin film contains titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or tin oxide, and a metal complex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The methine group dye is preferably expressed with formula (II or III).m,n,R1,X,Y,A1,A2=as defined above;A=(un)substituted aromatic residual or aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally substituted with hydroxyl group, cyano group, halogen atom, amide group, nitro group, alkoxy group, carboxyl group, alkoxy carbonyl, acyl group or amino group, and forms a ring having optionally substituent;andZ=carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group or sulfonic acid group. Preferred Definitions:    Y=group of formula (III);    R9,R10=hydrogen, (un)substituted aromatic residual or aliphatic hydrocarbon residue or acyl group, and forms ring with benzene ring (B);    B=same as ring (A);    X=sulfur or -CR5R6;    m=1-5;    n=1-6;    R1=group of formula (V);    Q1,Q2=hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl group or (un)substituted aromatic residual or aliphatic hydrocarbon residue, preferably hydrogen;    Q=carboxyl group, phosphoric acid group, sulfonic acid group, hydroxyl group or acyl group;and    q=1-18, preferably 1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The methine group dye is chosen from 337 disclosed compounds such as compound of formula (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkaline zirconia sol (A) and base zirconium carbonate salt (B1) are mixed. The resulting liquid mixture is aged at 20-100degreesC, preferably 60-100degreesC. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of solid content (BS) converted to zirconia of base zirconium carbonate salt (B1) to solid content (As) converted to zirconia of alkaline zirconia salt (A), is 0.05-4. The quaternary ammonium carbonate is a quaternary ammonium carbonate of formula: (NR4)2CO3 and/or a quaternary ammonium carbonate of formula: NR4HCO3, where R is hydrocarbon group. The quaternary ammonium ion in the quaternary ammonium carbonate comprises 1-18C hydrocarbon group, preferably 1-4C hydrocarbon group. The zirconium salt (B2) is zirconium oxy salt, preferably zirconium oxy carbonate. The base zirconium salt is ammonium zirconium carbonate. Preferred Property: The obtained alkaline zirconia sol has pH of 8-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The inner resin layer comprises low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene group polymer, cyclic polyolefin copolymer, polyamide, olefin resin, polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The high density polyethylene is obtained by Phillips method using chromium oxide type catalyst. Linear low density polyethylene is obtained using metallocene catalyst during polymerization. The cartridge has a main layer comprising polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer comprises aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), cadmium stannate and cuprous oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer comprises silver, copper, gold and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The oxide layer comprises polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The photovoltaic device has a hole/exciton blocking layer (112) formed on the layer of light responsive material. The hole/exciton blocking layer contains 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The layer of light responsive material comprises materials (I,II) having triplet exciton state. Materials (I,II) are donor and acceptor materials, respectively. The acceptor material comprises C60, and the donor material comprises 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine platinum (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer of light responsive material comprises a polymer blend of poly 3-hexylthiophene and methano fullerene (6,6)-phenyl 61C butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Crystalline silicon is used for the absorber layer. Amorphous silicon with hydrogen concentration is used for the emitter layer and a buffer layer. Aluminum oxide is used for the insulation layer. Aluminum is used for the contact grid. Aluminum or transparent conductive oxide is used for the contact layer. Chrome or silver is used for a contact unit. Silicon oxide or silicon nitride is used for a top coat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass, ceramic, plastic or sapphire.Preferred Layer: The conductive layer is transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) or transparent conductive polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound used as p-type semiconductor is pentacene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The velocity at which chemical oxide film is formed by oxidative aqueous solution is higher than the etching velocity of the chemical oxide film. Preferred Solution: The oxidative aqueous solution is hydrogen peroxide solution. The alkaline aqueous solution is aqueous solution of 1 or more alkaline substance chosen from ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The concentration of alkaline substance in the alkaline aqueous solution is 0.01-5 wt.%. The liquid mixture is added with a surface active agent. The alkaline aqueous solution used for etching is aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Substrate: The semiconductor substrate is p-type single crystal silicon substrate doped with gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion conductor further contains hollow fiber, and the polar-liquid supply portion is formed using the hollow fiber. The hollow fiber contains alumina, silica, titania and/or zirconia. Portion(s) of the normal temperature fused salt is hydrophilic normal temperature fused salt containing cation and anion. The anion is chosen from boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride` anion, hydrogen sulfate anion and/or dihydrogen phosphate anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is chosen from imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation and/or ammonium derivative cation. The ion conductor contains polar liquid comprising water as an essential component. EXAMPLE - Normal temperature fused salt containing 1,2-diethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion (cation) and boron tetrafluoride anion, was mixed with pure water in a ratio of 1:1. A gelatinizer of diamide derivative obtained from trans-1,2-diamino cyclohexane was added to the obtained mixture at rate of 50 g/L. A hollow fiber containing alumina was arranged on mold, and polar-liquid supply portion was formed. The obtained ion conductor was poured in the mold containing hollow fiber and hardened. The hardened ion conductor was removed from the mold. The obtained ion conductor had excellent proton conductivity. A fuel cell containing the ion conductor had excellent electric power generation capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ion conductor contains hydrophilic normal temperature fused salt containing cation component and anion component. The cation component is molecular cation having one or more hetero atom chosen from imidazolium derivative cation, pyridinium derivative cation, pyrrolidinium derivative cation and ammonium derivative cation. The anion component is molecular anion chosen from boron tetrafluoride anion, trifluoromethane sulfonate anion, hydrogen fluoride anion, sulfuric acid mono-hydrogen anion and phosphoric acid dihydrogen anion. The polar substance has polar value of 30 or more, and is chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, alpha-picoline, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. EXAMPLE - Normal temperature fused salt containing 1,2-diethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ion of imidazolium trisubstituted derivative cation and/or boron tetrafluoride anion and water as polar substance were mixed in the molar ratio of 1:1 at normal temperature to obtain an ion conductor. The ion conductor had improved proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic film is formed on the substrate by immersing the substrate into a liquid containing compound having silane group or by applying the liquid or compound on the substrate. Ferritin is arranged at the organic film by immersing substrate formed with organic film. The metal catalyst particles are artificially, physically or chemically adsorbed to the organic film. The metal catalyst particles are arranged on the organic film along molecule nanowire arranged on the organic film, by applying oxidation electric potential or reduction electric potential. A region having different electroconductivity is provided at organic film, and metal catalyst particles having different particle size are formed on the substrate. The metal catalyst particles are included in ferritin arranged on the organic film. Protein portion and organic film of ferritin are removed by heat processing at 400degreesC for 1 hour in air, with respect to substrate in which metal catalyst particles are arranged. The cylindrical carbon molecule is grown by chemical vapor deposition method using reactive gas containing carbon source having temperature of 600-1200degreesC. The reactive gas contains 20 g/m3 of water vapor. An enzyme is trapped in the cylindrical carbon molecule in three-dimensions after growth process, and set as enzyme sensor, catalyst support or capacitor. Metal particles or metal particles and pigment are trapped in cylindrical carbon molecule in three-dimensions and set as solar cell. Preferred Property: The metal catalyst particles have desired particle size by reacting with chelate solution. The chelate solution contains nitrilo triacetic acid as chelating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The molecule nanowire is a polymer obtained from synthetic macromolecule, polypeptide or DNA as origin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell system (1) has a modifier (31), a desulfurizer (23) provided at upstream side of modifier, and liquefied petroleum gas storage tank. Desulfurization of liquefied petroleum gas gasified by vaporization system is carried out in desulfurizer, and modification of desulfurized gas is carried out in modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The capacity of liquefied petroleum gas remained in storage tank is preferably 15-40 volume%, more preferably 15-30 volume% with respect to storage capacity. Preferred Apparatus: A desulfurizing agent containing zeolite and/or a desulfurizing agent containing metallic element, metal oxide and metal component-supported oxide is contained in desulfurizer of fuel cell system. Zeolite has beta structure and/or faujasite structure. Preferred Agent: The desulfurizing agent contains silver component, copper component, nickel component, zinc component, manganese component, iron component, cobalt component, alkali metal component, alkaline earth metal component and rare earth metal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyimide copolymer has at least one structural unit of formulae (1-4). The molar ratio of sum of structural units of formulae (1,3) and sum of structural units of formulae (2,4) is 5:95-95:5. Preferred Properties: The polyimide copolymer has glass transition temperature of 300degreesC, fracture elongation of 10% or more, birefringence of 0.01 or less, and light transmittance of 50% or more, preferably 80% or more in 400 nm wavelength. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Methylene bis(cyclohexylamine) (in mmol) (70) and isophorone diamine (30) were dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide. Then, pyromellitic dianhydride powder (10) was gradually added, stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and transparent and viscous polyimide precursor varnish having monomer content of 13 wt.% was obtained. The polyimide precursor varnish was applied to glass support, dried at 60degreesC for 1 hour and polyimide precursor film was obtained. The support was maintained under reduced pressure at 250degreesC for 30 minutes, and heated at 300degreesC for 1 hour. Heating dehydration was performed and imidation reaction was carried out to obtain polyimide copolymer film having thickness of 20 microns. The polyimide copolymer film was peeled from the support, and annealed at 310degreesC or more for 1 hour. The polyimide copolymer film had glass transition temperature of 324degreesC, cut-off wavelength of 347 nm, light transmittance of 83%, elasticity modulus of 1.72 GPa, fracture elongation of 55%, birefringence of 0.0013 and line thermal expansion coefficient of 51.5 ppm/k.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: Inert gas such as argon gas is used during the manufacture of transparent electrically conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes an aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic film is made from polyethyleneterephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crystalline semiconductor layer provided on the carrier substrate comprises silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of liquid fuels e.g. methanol, directly into an electric energy. The fuel compound is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol and formic acid. The organic impurity represents an organic material excluding methanol, formic acid, methyl formate, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, methyl orthoformate and dimethoxy methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The load of ruthenium oxide and platinum with respect to carbon particles is 1-25 wt.% and 1-50 wt.%. The average particle diameter of target particles (P) is 10-80 nm.Preferred Process: Ruthenium oxide microparticles are precipitated on the surface of platinum supported carbon particles by drying platinum supported carbon particles, which adsorbed ruthenium complex ion, to obtain target particles (P).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel electrode has fuel electrode layer (A) containing nickel particle which is not coated with oxide catalyst layer, adjoined and provided at a solid electrolyte (2), and a fuel electrode layer (B) containing nickel particle coated with oxide particle layer, adjoined with the layer (B). The electrolyte is lanthanum gallate group electrolyte. The fuel electrode has a ceria layer provided at interlayer of fuel electrode layers (A, B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The main component of semiconductor substrate is silicon. The main component of antireflective film is silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resins: The easily-adhering coat layer consists of acrylic-type, epoxy-type, phenol-type, polyester-type, urethane-type or styrene-type resin, and/or their modified substances, and/or resin obtained by introducing a silane compound of formula: R1-Si(-R2)(-R4)-R3 to the resins or their modified substances.R1-R4=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxyl, (meth)acryloyl, aryl, vinyl, glycidyl, isocyanate, mercapto, or amine.A silane compound of formula: R5-Si(-R6)(-R8)-R7, is blended with the resin(s).R5-R8=R1.Preferred Base Material: The sheet base-material consists of polyester base material, and the coat layer is provided on the base material. An inorganic compound vapor deposition layer is provided on the polyester base material. The base material consists of white polyester layer and polyester layer (B-2) not containing a coloring agent, and the coat layer is provided at the side of polyester layer not containing coloring agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The electrode has catalyst comprising platinum (14) supported on fibrous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The n electrode diffused layer includes titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag), or titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd), or titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au). The p electrode diffused layer includes aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The protective layer is formed using metal such as nickel, tungsten, palladium, rhodium, platinum, chromium, ruthenium, iridium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The difference of the melting point of the solder of the solder bump and the melting point of the solder of the solder dip lead wire, is 20degreesC or less.Preferred Composition: The solder of the solder dip lead wire contains copper (0-4) and silver (2.5-7.7). The solder of the solder bump contains zinc (2.5-4), antimony (0.5-3), and aluminum (0.02-0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hole extraction layer also contains an amphiphilic material, preferably non-ionic surfactant or fluorochemical surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is polymeric organic semiconductor material, preferably conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The divalent and monovalent copper complex have tetrahedron coordination structure, and are twisted. Change of monovalent into divalent copper complex and divalent into monovalent copper complex are suppressed by three-dimensional structure of L1 and L2. The concentration ratio of divalent copper complex with respect to sum total of divalent and monovalent copper complex is 0.1-0.6. The composition further contains lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is nitrile compound type solvent, preferably methoxy acetonitrile.Preferred Composition: The composition further contains t-butyl pyridine. Preferred Definitions:    L1,L2=coordination compounds which forms two coordination bonds between copper atoms.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The monovalent and divalent copper complex are selected from compounds of formulae (A-C), preferably compounds of formulae (A,B), more preferably compound of formula (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glass microspheres are hollow or solid. The microspheres are dispersed in fluoropolymer in an amount of 0.05 - 2 wt.% based on the weight of the fluoropolymer. The glass microspheres have volume average diameter of 10 - 50 microns and strength of at least 5000 psi. The fluoropolymer is semi-crystalline fluoropolymer having melting point of 120 - 230degreesC; or is copolymer derived from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride. EXAMPLE - A fluoropolymer film (test) of FC-1 (i.e. fluoroplastic containing 60% tetrafluoroethylene, 22% vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and 18% hexafluoroethylene) comprising Scotchlite S60HS (RTM: high strength glass microspheres having density of 0.6 kg/l and strength of 1800 psi) (0.1%) was extruded at a thickness of 150 microns. A film made of pure FC-1 was used as control. The test/control films were evaluated for light transmittance at wavelengths of 250, 350, 450, 700, 1000 and 1100 respectively. The results for test/control films were: light transmittance at wavelength 250 = 92/93; at wavelength 350 = 102/97; at wavelength 450 = 95/96; at wavelength 700 = 97/98; at wavelength 1000 = 97/98 and at wavelength 1100 = 95/98 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The neutral gas is selected from group consisting of noble gases and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carbon precursor comprises material selected from group consisting of polystyrene, naphthalene, and anthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The end part of the first gasket layer is inserted between the cathode catalytic layer and the polymer electrolyte membrane, or covers the end part of the cathode catalytic layer. The electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly further comprises a second gasket layer formed at a part of the end part or the peripheral part of the anode catalytic layer. The first gasket layer is formed between the cathode catalytic layer and the polymer electrolyte membrane so as to be covered with the end part of the cathode catalytic layer, and the second gasket layer is formed between the anode catalytic layer and the polymer electrolyte membrane so as to be covered with the end part of the anode catalytic layer; the first gasket layer is formed to cover the end part of the cathode catalytic layer and the second gasket layer is formed to cover the end part of the anode catalytic layer; or the first gasket is formed between the cathode catalytic layer and the polymer electrolyte membrane so as to be covered with the end part of the cathode catalytic layer, and the second gasket layer is formed to cover the end part of the anode catalytic layer. The first gasket layer comprises a first gas impermeable layer and a first adhesive layer. The inner part of the first gas impermeable layer is outside from the end part of the cathode catalytic layer in the thickness direction of the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly, and the first adhesive layer is between the inner end part of the gas impermeable layer and the end part of the cathode catalytic layer. In the first gasket layer, at least the overlapped part with the end part of the cathode catalytic layer, or the contact part with the end part of the cathode catalytic layer, suppresses gas permeability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first adhesive layer is formed of a hot-melt type adhesive.